query: when did stephen hawking wrote a brief history of time

pos: A Brief History of Time be about a different subject and eventually canceled completely. A Brief History of Time A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes is a popular-science book on cosmology (the study of the universe) by British physicist Stephen Hawking. It was first published in 1988. Hawking wrote the book for nonspecialist readers with no prior knowledge of scientific theories. In "A Brief History of Time", Hawking writes in non-technical terms about the structure, origin, development and eventual fate of the universe, which is the object of study of astronomy and modern physics. He talks about basic concepts

pos: A Brief History of Time A Brief History of Time A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes is a popular-science book on cosmology (the study of the universe) by British physicist Stephen Hawking. It was first published in 1988. Hawking wrote the book for nonspecialist readers with no prior knowledge of scientific theories. In "A Brief History of Time", Hawking writes in non-technical terms about the structure, origin, development and eventual fate of the universe, which is the object of study of astronomy and modern physics. He talks about basic concepts like space and time, basic building blocks that make

pos: The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time is 1973 book about the theoretical physics of spacetime by Stephen Hawking and George Ellis. Hawking and Ellis attempt to describe the foundation of space itself and its nature of infinite expansion, using differential geometry to examine the consequences of the physicist Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. Hawking co-wrote the book with Ellis, while a post doc at Cambridge University. In his 1988 book "A Brief History of Time", he describes "The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time" as "highly technical" and unreadable for the common reader. The

pos: The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time book, now considered a classic, has also appeared in paperback format and has been reprinted many times. The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time is 1973 book about the theoretical physics of spacetime by Stephen Hawking and George Ellis. Hawking and Ellis attempt to describe the foundation of space itself and its nature of infinite expansion, using differential geometry to examine the consequences of the physicist Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. Hawking co-wrote the book with Ellis, while a post doc at Cambridge University. In his 1988 book "A Brief History of Time", he

pos: Liz Perle College. Perle was a publishing executive in New York at Addison-Wesley, Bantam Books, and Times Books. At Bantam, she created the marketing plan for "A Brief History of Time" by Stephen Hawking. In 1988, she was publisher and vice president of Prentice Hall Press. After returning to the United States from Singapore, she worked at HarperSanFrancisco as editor at large and wrote the book "When Work Doesn’t Work Anymore: Women, Work and Identity" (1997). In 2002, she and Jim Steyer cofounded and she later became editor-in-chief of Common Sense Media to help parents and their children use digital media responsibly.

pos: Stephen Hawking Time", was completed in 1984. One of the first messages Hawking produced with his speech-generating device was a request for his assistant to help him finish writing "A Brief History of Time". Peter Guzzardi, his editor at Bantam, pushed him to explain his ideas clearly in non-technical language, a process that required many revisions from an increasingly irritated Hawking. The book was published in April 1988 in the US and in June in the UK, and it proved to be an extraordinary success, rising quickly to the top of best-seller lists in both countries and remaining there for months. The

pos: The Universe in a Nutshell The Universe in a Nutshell The Universe in a Nutshell is a 2001 book about theoretical physics by Stephen Hawking. It is generally considered a sequel and was created to update the public concerning developments since the multi-million-copy bestseller "A Brief History of Time" published in 1988. In it Hawking explains to a general audience various matters relating to the Lucasian professor's work, such as Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem and P-branes (part of superstring theory in quantum mechanics). He tells the history and principles of modern physics. He seeks to "combine Einstein's General Theory of Relativity and Richard Feynman's idea of

pos: The Universe in a Nutshell multiple histories into one complete unified theory that will describe everything that happens in the universe." "The Universe in a Nutshell" is winner of the Aventis Prizes for Science Books 2002. The Universe in a Nutshell The Universe in a Nutshell is a 2001 book about theoretical physics by Stephen Hawking. It is generally considered a sequel and was created to update the public concerning developments since the multi-million-copy bestseller "A Brief History of Time" published in 1988. In it Hawking explains to a general audience various matters relating to the Lucasian professor's work, such as Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem and

pos: Turtles all the way down that appears on his 2014 album "Metamodern Sounds in Country Music". "Turtles All The Way Down" is also the title of a 2017 novel by John Green about a teenage girl with obsessive compulsive disorder. Stephen Hawking incorporates the saying into the beginning of his 1988 book "A Brief History of Time": Justice Antonin Scalia of the U.S. Supreme Court discussed his "favored version" of the saying in a footnote to his plurality opinion in "Rapanos v. United States": Turtles all the way down "Turtles all the way down" is an expression of the problem of infinite regress. The saying

pos: The Theory of Everything (2014 film) the Queen and continues his research, with no plans to retire. Screenwriter Anthony McCarten had been interested in Hawking since reading his seminal book "A Brief History of Time" in 1988. In 2004, McCarten read Jane Hawking's memoir "Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen", and subsequently began writing a screenplay adaptation of the book, with no guarantees in place. He met numerous times with Jane at her home to discuss the project. After multiple drafts, he was introduced in 2009 to producer Lisa Bruce via their mutual ICM agent, Craig Bernstein. Bruce spent three years with McCarten, further convincing

neg: Stephen Hawking but is self-contained... then God would not have had any freedom to choose how the universe began." Hawking did not rule out the existence of a Creator, asking in "A Brief History of Time" "Is the unified theory so compelling that it brings about its own existence?" In his early work, Hawking spoke of God in a metaphorical sense. In "A Brief History of Time" he wrote: "If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reasonfor then we should know the mind of God." In the same book he suggested that the existence of

neg: Cygnus X-1 HDE 226868 would be a fifth magnitude star and thus visible to the unaided eye. Cygnus X-1 was the subject of a bet between physicists Stephen Hawking and Kip Thorne, in which Hawking bet against the existence of black holes in the region. Hawking later described this as an "insurance policy" of sorts. In his book "A Brief History of Time" he wrote: According to the updated 10th anniversary edition of "A Brief History of Time", Hawking has conceded the bet due to subsequent observational data in favor of black holes. In his own book, "Black Holes and Time Warps",

neg: Stephen Hawking for the home video version of the "A Brief History of Time", Leonard Nimoy, who had played Spock on "Star Trek", learned that Hawking was interested in appearing on the show. Nimoy made the necessary contact, and Hawking played a holographic simulation of himself in an episode of "" in 1993. The same year, his synthesizer voice was recorded for the Pink Floyd song "Keep Talking", and in 1999 for an appearance on "The Simpsons". Hawking appeared in documentaries titled "The Real Stephen Hawking" (2001), "Stephen Hawking: Profile" (2002) and "Hawking" (2013), and the documentary series "Stephen Hawking, Master of

neg: My Brief History My Brief History My Brief History is a memoir published in 2013 by the English physicist Stephen Hawking. The book recounts Hawking's journey from his post-war London boyhood to his years of international acclaim and celebrity. "My Brief History" has received modest praise from critics. Ian Sample of "The Guardian" wrote, "Hawking's memoir, "My Brief History", is a skip across the surface of the Cambridge cosmologist's life, from his quirky upbringing in London and St Albans to his latest work on the beginning of time and the evolution of the universe. The details are sketched, but the brevity makes for

neg: A Brief History of Time (film) until 2014, when The Criterion Collection issued a release on April 15, 2014. A Brief History of Time (film) A Brief History of Time is a 1991 biographical documentary film about the physicist Stephen Hawking, directed by Errol Morris. The title derives from Hawking's bestselling book "A Brief History of Time", but whereas the book is an explanation of cosmology, the film is a biography of Hawking's life, featuring interviews with family members, colleagues, and even his childhood nanny. The music is by frequent Morris collaborator, Philip Glass. The film project originated with executive producer Gordon Freedman who brought the

neg: Descent (Star Trek: The Next Generation) under its influence. However Geordi intervenes, and advises him to keep the chip until he is ready. (The chip would eventually be implanted into Data during the course of the film "Star Trek Generations".) At a screening for the 1991 documentary film "A Brief History of Time", which was based on the book of the same name by British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking, Hawking was introduced to the audience by veteran "Trek" actor Leonard Nimoy. "A Brief History" executive producer Gordon Freedman told Nimoy that Hawking was an avid "Star Trek" fan. This led to an arranged visit by Hawking

neg: Raymond Laflamme Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge where he received the Part III of Math. Tripos degree in 1984. Subsequently, his PhD supervisor was Stephen Hawking. Hawking has mentioned in his book A Brief History of Time that Laflamme and Don Page were responsible for convincing him that time does not reverse in a contracting universe. Hawking inscribed a copy of the book as follows: "To Raymond, who showed me that the arrow of time is not a boomerang. Thank you for all your help. Stephen." After completing his PhD, Laflamme worked as a Killam

neg: A Brief History of Time Hawking or the publisher, and the publisher did not have the right to reprint it in perpetuity. Hawking wrote his own introduction for later editions. In 1991, Errol Morris directed a documentary film about Hawking, but although they share a title, the film is a biographical study of Hawking, and not a filmed version of the book. The New York's Metropolitan Opera had commissioned an opera to premiere in 2015–16 based on Hawking's book. It was to be composed by Osvaldo Golijov with a libretto by Alberto Manguel in a production by Robert Lepage. The planned opera was changed to

neg: Stephen Hawking some way. Hawking also maintained his public profile, including bringing science to a wider audience. A film version of "A Brief History of Time", directed by Errol Morris and produced by Steven Spielberg, premiered in 1992. Hawking had wanted the film to be scientific rather than biographical, but he was persuaded otherwise. The film, while a critical success, was not widely released. A popular-level collection of essays, interviews, and talks titled "Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays" was published in 1993, and a six-part television series "Stephen Hawking's Universe" and a companion book appeared in 1997. As Hawking

neg: A Brief History of Time a single equation: "E" = "mc". The book does employ a number of complex models, diagrams, and other illustrations to detail some of the concepts it explores. In "A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking attempts to explain a range of subjects in cosmology, including the Big Bang, black holes and light cones, to the nonspecialist reader. His main goal is to give an overview of the subject, but he also attempts to explain some complex mathematics. In the 1996 edition of the book and subsequent editions, Hawking discusses the possibility of time travel and wormholes and explores the possibility

neg: A Brief History of Time (film) A Brief History of Time (film) A Brief History of Time is a 1991 biographical documentary film about the physicist Stephen Hawking, directed by Errol Morris. The title derives from Hawking's bestselling book "A Brief History of Time", but whereas the book is an explanation of cosmology, the film is a biography of Hawking's life, featuring interviews with family members, colleagues, and even his childhood nanny. The music is by frequent Morris collaborator, Philip Glass. The film project originated with executive producer Gordon Freedman who brought the project to Anglia Television as a co-producer. After acquiring the property, Freedman met

neg: Einstein vs. Stephen Hawking Einstein vs. Stephen Hawking "Einstein vs. Stephen Hawking" is a song and music video, performed by Zach Sherwin, Peter "NicePeter" Shukoff, and Lloyd "EpicLLOYD" Ahlquist. It is the 7th episode of the 1st season of the YouTube video series "Epic Rap Battles of History". The video was released on 30 March 2011 on Shukoff's YouTube channel. The video features 20th-century German-American theoretical physicist Albert Einstein (portrayed by Zach Sherwin) and English theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking (portrayed by NicePeter) facing off in a rap battle. American astronomer Carl Sagan (portrayed by EpicLLOYD) makes a brief cameo appearance. As of June 2017,

neg: Search for extraterrestrial intelligence A Message From Earth were transmitted in 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2008 from the Evpatoria Planetary Radar. Physicist Stephen Hawking, in his book "A Brief History of Time", suggests that "alerting" extraterrestrial intelligences to our existence is foolhardy, citing mankind's history of treating his fellow man harshly in meetings of civilizations with a significant technology gap. He suggests, in view of this history, that we "lay low". In one response to Hawking, in September 2016, astronomer Seth Shostak, allays such concerns. Astronomer Jill Tarter also disagrees with Hawking, arguing that aliens developed and long-lived enough to communicate and travel across

neg: Reality philosophers do not believe its techniques can aim so high. Some scientists think a more mathematical approach than philosophy is needed for a TOE, for instance Stephen Hawking wrote in "A Brief History of Time" that even if we had a TOE, it would necessarily be a set of equations. He wrote, "What is it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe?" On a much broader and more subjective level, private experiences, curiosity, inquiry, and the selectivity involved in personal interpretation of events shapes reality as seen by one and only one individual

neg: Stephen Hawking cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. Hawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. His book "A Brief History of Time" appeared on the British "Sunday Times" best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking was a fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the

neg: Brief Answers to the Big Questions lectures and keynote speeches. The book was incomplete at the time of the author's passing in March 2018, but was completed with “his academic colleagues, his family and the Stephen Hawking Estate”. A foreword to the book was written by Eddie Redmayne, Oscar-winning actor who portrayed Stephen Hawking in the 2014 film, "The Theory of Everything"; an introduction by Kip Thorne, Nobel-prize winning physicist; and an afterword by Lucy Hawking, the author's daughter. A portion of the royalties from the book are to go to the Motor Neurone Disease Association and the Stephen Hawking Foundation. The book is divided into

neg: Theory of everything (philosophy) devoted: Lorenz B. Puntel, "Structure and Being" (2008; translation of "Struktur und Sein", 2006) and "Being and God" (2011; translation of "Sein und Gott", 2010) and Alan White, "Toward a Philosophical Theory of Everything" (2014). The SSP makes no claims to finality; it aims to be the best systematic philosophy currently available. Other philosophers do not believe philosophy should aim so high. Some scientists think a more mathematical approach than philosophy is needed for a ToE, for instance Stephen Hawking wrote in "A Brief History of Time" that even if we had a ToE, it would necessarily be a set

neg: Stephen Hawking insisted, this time the focus was entirely on science. Hawking continued his writings for a popular audience, publishing "The Universe in a Nutshell" in 2001, and "A Briefer History of Time", which he wrote in 2005 with Leonard Mlodinow to update his earlier works with the aim of making them accessible to a wider audience, and "God Created the Integers", which appeared in 2006. Along with at CERN and Jim Hartle, from 2006 on Hawking developed a theory of "top-down cosmology", which says that the universe had not one unique initial state but many different ones, and therefore that it

neg: A Briefer History of Time (Schulman book) . . . .""). A Briefer History of Time (Schulman book) A Briefer History of Time is a science humor book by the American astronomer Eric Schulman. In this book, Schulman presents humorous summaries of what he claims are the fifty-three most important events since the beginning of time. The title and cover are a parody of Stephen Hawking's book "A Brief History of Time". Coincidentally, Hawking would later write a "sequel" entitled "A Briefer History of Time". Hawking's publisher Bantam Books was aware the title had already been used in a popular science book, but went ahead since "The

neg: A Briefer History of Time (Schulman book) A Briefer History of Time (Schulman book) A Briefer History of Time is a science humor book by the American astronomer Eric Schulman. In this book, Schulman presents humorous summaries of what he claims are the fifty-three most important events since the beginning of time. The title and cover are a parody of Stephen Hawking's book "A Brief History of Time". Coincidentally, Hawking would later write a "sequel" entitled "A Briefer History of Time". Hawking's publisher Bantam Books was aware the title had already been used in a popular science book, but went ahead since "The other book was published

neg: Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication and member of the Advisory Council Starmus since its first edition. The other side combines the image of Alexei Leonov of the first spacewalk and the iconic guitar – the “Red Special” – to demonstrate music, another major component of the Starmus Festival. "The Stephen Hawking Medal will be awarded for the first time at Starmus III to the human being who by their sharing of science and music with us all, is the greatest inspiration to the next generation of artists and scientists." Brian May, Starmus III "I did a sketch of Stephen Hawking….and when i showed it to

neg: Micro black hole of any current technology. It is estimated that to collide two particles to within a distance of a Planck length with currently achievable magnetic field strengths would require a ring accelerator about 1,000 light years in diameter to keep the particles on track. Stephen Hawking also said in chapter 6 of his "A Brief History of Time" that physicist John Archibald Wheeler once calculated that a very powerful hydrogen bomb using all the deuterium in all the water on Earth could also generate such a black hole, but Hawking does not provide this calculation or any reference to it to

neg: University College Boat Club (Oxford) nineteenth century was a period of great success for UCBC being Head of the River in 1869–71, 1874–5 and 1877–8. One undergraduate Charles Cree recorded the celebrations in 1871: Univ won the headship in 1914, the college now being in possession of an original commemorative blade from that time. Sadly, many of that crew did not live to see the end of the Great War. Stephen Hawking was a member of the club in the 1960s, coxing the Men's Second VIII. The club features on the front cover of his autobiography, My Brief History Univ was last Eights Head of

neg: MC Hawking parody of Ice-T's "Body Count" — with whom he has performed such songs as "Why Won't Jesse Helms Just Hurry Up and Die", "UFT for the MC" (a parody of the Sex Pistols song "Anarchy in the UK"), and "The Big Bizang". He is also an occasional Song Fight! participant. His "greatest hits" album is called "A Brief History of Rhyme: MC Hawking's Greatest Hits", a parody of Hawking's book "A Brief History of Time". It included many songs that were available on the official website, plus new material (four songs and three interludes from a fictional radio interview). Stephen

neg:
Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking played the physicist in the 2004 BBC TV film "Hawking". Episode 1: Aliens
Episode 2: Time Travel
 Episode 3: The Story of Everything (At least some portions of this episode were used for the premiere episode of Curiosity, entitled "Did God create the universe?".) Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking is a 2010 science documentary television mini-series written by British physicist Stephen Hawking. The series was created for Discovery Channel by Darlow Smithson Productions and features computer generated imagery of the universe created by Red Vision. The series premiered on 25 April 2010 in the

neg: Simon Mitton Earlier in his career, while employed by the Cambridge University Press, he was the editor in question when Stephen Hawking famously put the success of his bestseller "A Brief History of Time" down to advice from his editor that for every equation in the book the readership would be halved. As a result, the book included only a single equation, E = mc2. Jointly with Jacqueline Mitton, he occasionally gives astronomy lectures on cruise ships. Recent assignments were with Fred. Olsen and Cunard. He stood as the Conservative Party candidate for Castle ward in the Cambridge City Council election, 2015,

neg: MC Hawking Hawking has said that he is "flattered, as it's a modern-day equivalent to "Spitting Image"". On the inside cover of "A Brief History of Rhyme", Lawrence thanks Stephen Hawking "for taking this joke in the spirit that it was intended." In 2013, Lawrence, along with longtime collaborators Len Pal and Dave B. Mitchell (voice actor), launched "MC Hawking's Podcore Nerdcast", a podcast in which the hosts discuss movies, games, books, and music (and particularly nerdcore hip hop). as well as interviews with nerdcore musicians including MC Frontalot, MC Lars, Random (musician), and Atheist (Scott Knopf). In June 2014, Cassie joined

neg: Time horizon One attempt to bring about a global simultaneous policy is being attempted by the International Simultaneous Policy Organization's SIMPOL campaign. Also, in terms of physics, the term "time horizon" is also synonymous with event horizon, first identified in Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time. Hawking stated that the time horizon is the boundary that separates a black hole from other celestial bodies. Even time and light cannot escape once trapped in the black hole. Time horizon A time horizon, also known as a planning horizon, is a fixed point of time in the future at which point certain processes

neg: Stephen Hawking American Franklin Medal, and in the 1982 New Year Honours appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). These awards did not significantly change Hawking's financial status, and motivated by the need to finance his children's education and home expenses, he decided in 1982 to write a popular book about the universe that would be accessible to the general public. Instead of publishing with an academic press, he signed a contract with Bantam Books, a mass market publisher, and received a large advance for his book. A first draft of the book, called "A Brief History of

neg: Hartle–Hawking state Hartle–Hawking state In theoretical physics, the Hartle–Hawking state, named after James Hartle and Stephen Hawking, is a proposal concerning the state of the Universe prior to the Planck epoch. Hartle and Hawking suggest that if we could travel backwards in time towards the beginning of the Universe, we would note that quite near what might otherwise have been the beginning, time gives way to space such that at first there is only space and no time. Beginnings are entities that have to do with time; because time did not exist before the Big Bang, the concept of a beginning of

neg: Science book Science book A science book is a work of nonfiction, usually written by a scientist, researcher, or professor like Stephen Hawking ("A Brief History of Time"), or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson ("A Short History of Nearly Everything"). Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training, as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have, and are therefore referred to as popular science. As such, they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics

neg: Science book on evolutionary biology, David Eagleman on neuroscience, Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology, Steven Pinker, Noam Chomsky, and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science, Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology, and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology, and Fulvio Melia on black holes. Science book A science book is a work of nonfiction, usually written by a scientist, researcher, or professor like Stephen Hawking ("A Brief History of Time"), or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson ("A Short History of Nearly Everything"). Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a

neg: Stephen Hawking over so that only time-travellers would know to attend; as expected, nobody showed up to the party. On 20 July 2015, Hawking helped launch Breakthrough Initiatives, an effort to search for extraterrestrial life. Hawking created "Stephen Hawking: Expedition New Earth", a documentary on space colonisation, as a 2017 episode of "Tomorrow's World". In August 2015, Hawking said that not all information is lost when something enters a black hole and there might be a possibility to retrieve information from a black hole according to his theory. In July 2017, Hawking was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Imperial College London. Hawking's

neg: A Brief History of Time holes did not exist, because he did not want his work on black holes to be wasted. He lost the bet. This chapter explains more about black holes. Hawking realized that the event horizon of a black hole could only get bigger, not smaller. The area of the event horizon of a black hole gets bigger whenever something falls into the black hole. He also realized that when two black holes combine, the size of the new event horizon is greater than or equal to the sum of the event horizons of the two other black holes. This means that

neg: Math Arrow with Stephen Hawking, A Briefer History of Time and The Grand Design. Commenting on the invention, The Guardian's Alex Bellos wrote: "The point behind Todd's reinvented number line is a valid and interesting one: that visual memory needs to be exploited far more than it currently is when we learn numbers. [...] Professional mathematicians will often tell you that the only way they can fully understand certain abstract concepts is by creating a visual image. So why not encourage children to do the same with numbers?" Education Today highlighted the fact that Math Arrow is not the only product of

neg: Genius by Stephen Hawking Genius by Stephen Hawking Genius by Stephen Hawking is a television series aired on PBS hosted by Stephen Hawking. It premiered on May 18, 2016 and ended on June 1, 2016, with only one season being produced before Hawking's death in 2018. "Genius by Stephen Hawking" is a series that first aired on PBS on Wednesdays, from May 18 to June 1, 2016. Professor Stephen Hawking challenges volunteers to think like geniuses and solve some of humanity's most enduring questions. "What, Why, Where, are We" (as in humanity) are covered, as well as "Are We Alone" and "Can We Time

neg: The Hawking Excitation to be "worth doing". Howard reveals that he gave Hawking the paper three days ago. Sheldon finally gets to meet Hawking in person. When they meet, Hawking points out an arithmetic error in Sheldon's paper that makes the whole paper incorrect: at this, a shocked Sheldon faints. Stephen Hawking has been mentioned several times on the show, including in the Pilot. Hawking has appeared on comedy television shows previously: he did the voice-over for cartoon versions of himself in "Futurama", and in four episodes of "The Simpsons". On March 9, 2012, Bill Prady announced that a "super-secret, super-cool guest star"

neg: Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe did praise it for showing "the little glimpses of Prof Hawking's private life, like sharing a takeaway curry with a group of adoring young disciples." Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe is a documentary television series produced by the television broadcaster Channel 5. The subject of the series is British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking, known for his work on black hoes, who is also the presenter of the series. The series includes interviews with astrophysicist Kim Weaver, Bernard Carr, a student of Hawking's, and three theoretical physicists: Michio Kaku, Edward Witten, known for his

neg: Stephen Hawking was awarded the Copley Medal from the Royal Society (2006), the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is America's highest civilian honour (2009), and the Russian Special Fundamental Physics Prize (2013). Several buildings have been named after him, including the Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador, ElSalvador, the Stephen Hawking Building in Cambridge, and the Stephen Hawking Centre at the Perimeter Institute in Canada. Appropriately, given Hawking's association with time, he unveiled the mechanical "Chronophage" (or time-eating) Corpus Clock at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in September 2008. During his career, Hawking supervised 39 successful PhD students. One doctoral student

neg: Marika Taylor holes. She explored the possibility of Non-relativistic holography. Marika Taylor Marika Maxine Taylor (born 1974) is a Professor of Theoretical Physics and the Head of Applied Mathematics at University of Southampton. Taylor was inspired to study physics after reading "A Brief History of Time" whilst an GCE Advanced Level student. She studied Physics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge, where she heard a series of lectures by Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose about cosmology. This inspired her to choose courses on cosmology and black holes for her final year of study. She stayed at Cambridge, where she completed

neg: Marika Taylor Marika Taylor Marika Maxine Taylor (born 1974) is a Professor of Theoretical Physics and the Head of Applied Mathematics at University of Southampton. Taylor was inspired to study physics after reading "A Brief History of Time" whilst an GCE Advanced Level student. She studied Physics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge, where she heard a series of lectures by Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose about cosmology. This inspired her to choose courses on cosmology and black holes for her final year of study. She stayed at Cambridge, where she completed Part III of the Mathematical Tripos. In 1995

neg: Jacob Bekenstein the first to suggest that black holes should have a well-defined entropy. He wrote that a black hole's entropy was proportional to the area of its (the black hole's) event horizon. Bekenstein also formulated the generalized second law of thermodynamics, black hole thermodynamics, for systems including black holes. Both contributions were affirmed when Stephen Hawking (and, independently, Zeldovich and others) proposed the existence of Hawking radiation two years later. Hawking had initially opposed Bekenstein's idea on the grounds that a black hole could not radiate energy and therefore could not have entropy. However, in 1974, Hawking performed a lengthy calculation

neg: Talk (Yes album) lyrics and singing most of the vocals on the same day. Anderson singled out "I Am Waiting" as a favourite, described the song as "real pure music" because of the spontaneous way it was written. The music to "Real Love" was mainly written by Squire; Kaye described it as "pretty heavy". The lyrics were partly inspired by Rabin's reading of "A Brief History of Time" by British physicist Stephen Hawking ("Far away in the depths of Hawking's mind..."). "State of Play" originated from an incident with Rabin where an emergency services vehicle passed him with its siren on. He recalled

neg: Supergravity the highest spin in this theory which is a spin 2 particle). More supersymmetries would mean the particles would have superpartners with spins higher than 2. The only theories with spins higher than 2 which are consistent involve an infinite number of particles (such as String Theory and Higher-Spin Theories). Stephen Hawking in his "A Brief History of Time" speculated that this theory could be the Theory of Everything. However, in later years this was abandoned in favour of String Theory. There has been renewed interest in the 21st century with the possibility that this theory may be finite. Higher-dimensional

neg: A Brief History of Time shaped differently. Some black holes are perfectly spherical - like a ball. Other black holes bulge in the middle. Black holes will be spherical if they do not rotate. Black holes will bulge in the middle if they rotate. Black holes are difficult to find because they do not let out any light. They can be found when black holes suck in other stars. When black holes suck in other stars, the black hole lets out X-rays, which can be seen by telescopes. In this chapter, Hawking talks about his bet with another scientist, Kip Thorne. Hawking bet that black

neg: Kitty Ferguson "Black Holes in Spacetime", intended for children, and later wrote his biography "Stephen Hawking: Quest for a Theory of Everything". Hawking, in turn, later consulted her for his own book "The Universe in a Nutshell". In Cambridge, Ferguson met further renowned scientists including the physicist Brian Pippard. After her return to the United States, she wrote her highly successful books on science. Her book "Stephen Hawking: Quest for a Theory of Everything", published 1991, became a Sunday Times bestseller. At the occasion of Hawking's 70th birthday, she published a second book on his life. Ferguson's works are recognized for their

neg: Treehouse of Horror VI about to fall in the black hole, Homer says, "There's so much I don't know about astrophysics. I wish I'd read that book by that wheelchair guy." This is a reference to the bestseller "A Brief History of Time" by astrophysicist Stephen Hawking, who was quadraplegic. In "Attack of the 50 Foot Eyesores", some of the mascots are parodies of real life mascots. For example, the giant walking unnamed peanut is a parody of Mr. Peanut. Willie's bagpipe spider form is a reference to the fictional creature of the same name mentioned in an episode of "The Goodies". In its

neg: Fine-structure constant numerological explanation has ever been accepted by the community. In the early 21st century, multiple physicists, including Stephen Hawking in his book "A Brief History of Time", began exploring the idea of a multiverse, and the fine-structure constant was one of several universal constants that suggested the idea of a fine-tuned universe. Fine-structure constant In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as Sommerfeld's constant, commonly denoted by (the Greek letter "alpha"), is a dimensionless physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles. It is related to the elementary charge , which characterizes the strength of

neg: Not All Dogs Go to Heaven convenience store in Quahog, making it impossible for him to drown his sorrows. Desperate, and suffering from delirium tremens (he hallucinates seeing several alcoholic beverages begging him to drink them), Brian fakes his repentance and convinces Meg to cease all hostilities against him so he can get back to drinking, but she takes him to burn books that are "harmful to God" (including "On the Origin of Species" by Charles Darwin, "A Brief History of Time" by Stephen Hawking, and a book titled "Logic for First Graders"). A disgusted Brian admits his bluff and attempts to convince Meg that what

neg: A Brief History of Time justification enough for our continuing quest. and that our goal is nothing less than a complete description of the universe we live in." Stephen Hawking talks about how the Aristotle theory of absolute space came to an end by the Newton's theory that 'rest' and 'motion' can be the same state if an observer sees the event at rest or if he moves with the same speed as that of the event. So 'rest' can't be the standard position. Moreover, Galileo Galilei also disproves Aristotle theory that heavier body falls more quickly than the lighter one just because of its

neg: Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe Brief History of Time". The title is derived from a "Newsweek" cover,". The series consisted of two episodes. The first describes Hawking's personal life, his challenges in overcoming his motor neurone disease, and his career in physics. It covers his childhood, education, marriage, family life, and his work on the Big Bang and black holes. The second episode discusses string theory and supersymmetry. Both episodes are 48 minutes long, and premiered as half hour-long programes. The series was released on CD by Channel 4 in the UK as a Region 2, one disc-DVD (B00140SGOM) on 18 March 2008. The premiere

neg: N=8 Supergravity only theories with spins higher than 2 which are consistent involve an infinite number of particles (such as String Theory and Higher-Spin Theories). Stephen Hawking in his Brief History of Time speculated that this theory could be the Theory of Everything. However, in later years this was abandoned in favour of String Theory. There has been renewed interest in the 21st century, with the possibility that this theory may be finite. It has been found recently that the expansion of N=8 Supergravity in terms of Feynman diagrams has shown that N=8 Supergravity is in some ways a product of two

neg: Carl Sagan "Contact" in 1985, based on a film treatment he wrote with his wife in 1979, but he did not live to see the book's 1997 motion picture adaptation, which starred Jodie Foster and won the 1998 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. Sagan wrote a sequel to "Cosmos", "Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space", which was selected as a notable book of 1995 by "The New York Times". He appeared on PBS's "Charlie Rose" program in January 1995. Sagan also wrote the introduction for Stephen Hawking's bestseller, "A Brief History of Time". Sagan was also

neg: My Brief History a bold picture. Hawking's intellectual activity soars as his illness takes hold and eventually puts an intolerable burden on his marriages." Chuck Leddy of "The Boston Globe" similarly observed, "It's clear, though, that Hawking is more comfortable looking up at the universe than into himself, more concerned with detailing the evolution of a career than the twists and turns of a life, though he does reveal some interesting details about his beginnings as a scientist. In clean, direct prose, Hawking leads us from his birth in Oxford in 1942 to the present." My Brief History My Brief History is a

neg: Stephen Hawking Stephen Hawking Stephen William Hawking (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author, who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge at the time of his death. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009. His scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of

neg: Stephen Hawking 1965, he wrote his thesis on this topic. Hawking's thesis was approved in 1966. There were other positive developments: Hawking received a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge; he obtained his PhD degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology, in March 1966; and his essay "Singularities and the Geometry of Space-Time" shared top honours with one by Penrose to win that year's prestigious Adams Prize. In his work, and in collaboration with Penrose, Hawking extended the singularity theorem concepts first explored in his doctoral thesis. This included not only the existence

neg: The Hawking Excitation The Hawking Excitation "The Hawking Excitation" is the 21st episode of the fifth season of "The Big Bang Theory" that first aired on CBS on April 5, 2012. It is the 108th episode overall. After learning that Stephen Hawking is coming to lecture at Caltech, Howard (Simon Helberg) is hired to maintain his wheelchair equipment. When Sheldon (Jim Parsons) discovers this, he is desperate to meet Hawking. Howard says he can, but only if he completes a humiliating series of tasks. The final scene of the episode features a short cameo appearance by cosmologist Stephen Hawking. Hawking was revealed to

neg: AI takeover a Friendly AI were superintelligent, it may be possible to use its assistance to prevent future "Unfriendly AIs" from taking over. Physicist Stephen Hawking, Microsoft founder Bill Gates and SpaceX founder Elon Musk have expressed concerns about the possibility that AI could develop to the point that humans could not control it, with Hawking theorizing that this could "spell the end of the human race". Stephen Hawking said in 2014 that "Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history. Unfortunately, it might also be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks." Hawking believed

neg: Einstein vs. Stephen Hawking the video has received over 111 million views on YouTube. On 20 November 2013, the song was certified Gold by the RIAA. ERB had become the first YouTube channel to do so with the certification of "Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney" (S2 E08) as Gold in July 2013. Einstein vs. Stephen Hawking "Einstein vs. Stephen Hawking" is a song and music video, performed by Zach Sherwin, Peter "NicePeter" Shukoff, and Lloyd "EpicLLOYD" Ahlquist. It is the 7th episode of the 1st season of the YouTube video series "Epic Rap Battles of History". The video was released on 30 March 2011

neg: Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet "insurance policy" of sorts: In the updated and expanded edition of "A Brief History of Time", Hawking states, "Although the situation with Cygnus X-1 has not changed much since we made the bet in 1975, there is now so much other observational evidence in favour of black holes that I have conceded the bet. I paid the specified penalty, which was a one year subscription to "Penthouse", to the outrage of Kip's liberated wife." While Hawking described the bet as having been made in 1975, the written bet itself—in Thorne's handwriting, with his and Hawking's signatures—bears witness signatures under the

neg: A Brief History of Time into 35 languages by 2001. Early in 1983, Hawking first approached Simon Mitton, the editor in charge of astronomy books at Cambridge University Press, with his ideas for a popular book on cosmology. Mitton was doubtful about all the equations in the draft manuscript, which he felt would put off the buyers in airport bookshops that Hawking wished to reach. With some difficulty, he persuaded Hawking to drop all but one equation. The author himself notes in the book's acknowledgements that he was warned that for every equation in the book, the readership would be halved, hence it includes only

neg: Stephen Hawking about one word per minute. With this decline there was a risk of his developing locked-in syndrome, so Hawking collaborated with Intel researchers on systems that could translate his brain patterns or facial expressions into switch activations. After several prototypes that did not perform as planned, they settled on an adaptive word predictor made by the London-based startup SwiftKey, which used a system similar to his original technology. Hawking had an easier time adapting to the new system, which was further developed after inputting large amounts of Hawking's papers and other written materials and uses predictive software similar to other

neg: Stephen Hawking his second and third year when, according to Berman, Hawking made more of an effort "to be one of the boys". He developed into a popular, lively and witty college member, interested in classical music and science fiction. Part of the transformation resulted from his decision to join the college boat club, the University College Boat Club, where he coxed a rowing crew. The rowing coach at the time noted that Hawking cultivated a daredevil image, steering his crew on risky courses that led to damaged boats. Hawking estimated that he studied about 1,000 hours during his three years at

neg: Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication of the great diversity, richness, creativity, and scope, that science communicators use to reach a wide popular audience... I am very pleased to support and honour the work of science communicators, and look forward to awarding The Stephen Hawking Medal at STARMUS Festivals." Stephen Hawking, Starmus III Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication The Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication is an honor bestowed by the Starmus Festival to individuals in science and the arts to recognize the work of those helping to promote the public awareness of science. The Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication was initially announced on

neg: Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication The Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication is an honor bestowed by the Starmus Festival to individuals in science and the arts to recognize the work of those helping to promote the public awareness of science. The Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication was initially announced on December 16, 2015 at the Royal Society in London, by a panel including Professor Stephen Hawking, the Starmus founding director Professor Garik Israelian, Dr. Brian May, Professor Richard Dawkins, Alexei Leonov and Nobel Laureate Sir Harold Kroto. The Stephen Hawking Medals will award Science Communicator of the

neg: Stephen Hawking God was not necessary to explain the origin of the universe. Later discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that the existence of God was also compatible with an open universe. Further work by Hawking in the area of arrows of time led to the 1985 publication of a paper theorising that if the no-boundary proposition were correct, then when the universe stopped expanding and eventually collapsed, time would run backwards. A paper by Don Page and independent calculations by Raymond Laflamme led Hawking to withdraw this concept. Honours continued to be awarded: in 1981 he was awarded the

neg: A Brief History of Time it will probably not go backwards in time to a more smooth, orderly state. The thermodynamic arrow in the contracting phase will not be as strong. As for why humans experience these three arrows of time going in the same direction, Hawking postulates that humans have been living in the expanding phase of the universe. He thinks that intelligent life couldn't exist in the contracting phase of the universe. Only the expanding phase of the universe is suitable for intelligent beings like humans to exist, because it contains a strong thermodynamic arrow. Hawking calls this the "weak anthropic principle". Physicists

neg: The Hawking Excitation overall was "one utterly predictable, unimaginative joke after another." Simon Helberg complimented Stephen Hawking on his comedic timing via Twitter. "The Huffington Post" said that "none of [Hawking's guest appearances] felt quite as right as when he appeared as himself on "The Big Bang Theory"." The Hawking Excitation "The Hawking Excitation" is the 21st episode of the fifth season of "The Big Bang Theory" that first aired on CBS on April 5, 2012. It is the 108th episode overall. After learning that Stephen Hawking is coming to lecture at Caltech, Howard (Simon Helberg) is hired to maintain his wheelchair equipment.

neg: Stephen Hawking changes when he returned home for Christmas, and medical investigations were begun. The diagnosis of motor neurone disease came when Hawking was 21, in 1963. At the time, doctors gave him a life expectancy of two years. In the late 1960s, Hawking's physical abilities declined: he began to use crutches and could no longer give lectures regularly. As he slowly lost the ability to write, he developed compensatory visual methods, including seeing equations in terms of geometry. The physicist Werner Israel later compared the achievements to Mozart composing an entire symphony in his head. Hawking was fiercely independent and unwilling

neg: MC Hawking are synthesized by the text-to-speech program WillowTalk. The beats for MC Hawking are provided by DJ Doomsday (another alter-ego of Ken Lawrence). The beats are a combination of samples of classic hip hop tracks, commercial royalty-free loop libraries, live performances, and midi compositions. The lyrics are a mixture of gangsta rap topics, science topics and Stephen Hawking quotations (such as the famous "When I hear of Schrödinger's cat, I reach for my gun", which became "Every time I think of them my trigger finger itches", referring to creationists). Among subjects of MC Hawking songs are various scientific topics and Hawking's

neg: They Saved Lisa's Brain unable to speak, and he communicated using a custom-made computer. With small movements of his body, Hawking wrote a text onto the computer, which was then spoken by a voice synthesizer. Because of this, Hawking had to write all his lines on his computer, while the staff recorded them by placing a microphone in front of the computer's speaker. "It's easy to do a fake Stephen Hawking in your comedy TV show", Selman said in the DVD commentary for the episode. "Any computer can sound just like his computer, but every line that we wrote for him, he typed in

neg: Black Holes and Time Warps by Stephen Hawking and an introduction by Frederick Seitz. In addition to the main text, the book provides biographical summaries of the major scientists in the text, a chronology of key events in the history of black hole physics, a glossary of technical terms, twenty-three pages of notes, a bibliography, and alphabetical indices of subjects and people referred to in the text. Of the book, "The New York Times" wrote, "the close and sometimes difficult reasoning it embodies is lightened by a deft, anecdotal approach, and by the author's whimsical drawings and diagrams." "Kirkus Reviews" opined that "the reader has

neg: They Saved Lisa's Brain of the show, and that Hawking's family members wanted him to guest-star. Bill Mann of "The Press Democrat" argued that Hawking was chosen to guest star in order to boost the series' ratings during the May "sweeps". Mann wrote that "sweeps" are "used to set local TV ad rates for the months ahead". In her book "Stephen Hawking: a biography", Kristen Larsen wrote that Hawking almost missed his recording session, as his wheelchair broke down two days before his flight to Los Angeles, where the recording took place. In order to make the necessary repairs, Hawking's graduate assistant Chris Burgoyne,

neg: A Brief History of Time straight line paths are Geodesics. Twin paradox, a part theory of Relativity which explains that two twins can age differently if they move at relatively different speeds or even at different places where spacetime curvature is different. Special relativity is based upon arenas of space and time where events take place whereas General Relativity is dynamic where force could change spacetime curvature, which gives rise to the expanding universe. Hawking and Roger Penrose worked upon this and later proved using general Relativity that if the Universe had a beginning then it also must have an end. In this chapter, Hawking

neg: Stephen Hawking CERN following construction of the Large Hadron Collider. Hawking quickly conceded that he had lost his bet and said that Higgs should win the Nobel Prize for Physics, which he did in 2013. In 2007, Hawking and his daughter Lucy published "George's Secret Key to the Universe", a children's book designed to explain theoretical physics in an accessible fashion and featuring characters similar to those in the Hawking family. The book was followed by sequels in 2009, 2011, 2014 and 2016. In 2002, following a UK-wide vote, the BBC included Hawking in their list of the 100 Greatest Britons. He

neg: Jane Hawking irony in her faith-based strength to support him in light of Stephen Hawking's well-known atheism. In 1999 she wrote an autobiography about her first marriage, "Music to Move the Stars: A Life with Stephen". She and her first husband established a working relationship following his separation and divorce from his second wife. In 2007, an updated version of the autobiography was re-published under the title "Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen" and was subsequently made into the award-winning film "The Theory of Everything". Following the release of the film, Hawking discussed her life on BBC Radio 4's "Woman's Hour"

neg: Oliver Wendell Jones of the tonic, Oliver's dad went totally bald (by sneezing his hair off). After Oliver began searching for an explanation of the universe in the form of an equation, he was told that Stephen Hawking was doing the same (this caused him to bang his head on the wall several times). Oliver then wrote a letter to Hawking, ridiculing him and his mathematical abilities. Hawking responded by mailing Oliver a thermonuclear bomb (which never actually detonated). Oliver eventually beat Hawking to the equation, and attempted to explain it to Opus. Under closer examination, however, the equation disproves the existence of

neg: Connan Mockasin Angeles before a concert by Jassbusters, followed by a Connan Mockasin performance. After hinting at such a collaboration since 2010, Mockasin's album with Sam Dust (Sam Eastgate of Late Of The Pier) "Soft Hair" surfaced in October 2016. The album was made principally in Loughborough, during a period of time when Hosford believed he had contracted H.I.V. . When asked why it took so long to release, Connan replied simply, "We had a falling out". Rumoured fans include theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author Stephen Hawking, who wrote his final paper "Soft Hair" in 2018. In 2015, Mockasin and British artist

neg: A Brief History of Time Bang. The model for this is called the "hot big bang model". When the universe starts getting bigger, the things inside of it also begin to get cooler. When the universe was first beginning, it was infinitely hot. The temperature of the universe cooled and the things inside the universe began to clump together. Hawking also discusses how the universe could have been. For example, if the universe formed and then collapsed quickly, there would not be enough time for life to form. Another example would be a universe that expanded too quickly. If a universe expanded too quickly, it

neg: Stephen Hawking prior to the Planck epoch, the universe had no boundary in space-time; before the Big Bang, time did not exist and the concept of the beginning of the universe is meaningless. The initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models was replaced with a region akin to the North Pole. One cannot travel north of the North Pole, but there is no boundary thereit is simply the point where all north-running lines meet and end. Initially, the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed universe, which had implications about the existence of God. As Hawking explained, "If the universe has no boundaries

neg: Genius by Stephen Hawking Travel". Generally three volunteers with these questions are followed as they try to find the answers to their questions. The idea is to teach the volunteers and watchers how to think like a genius. All are G-rated TV hour episodes originally aired in pairs. Genius by Stephen Hawking Genius by Stephen Hawking is a television series aired on PBS hosted by Stephen Hawking. It premiered on May 18, 2016 and ended on June 1, 2016, with only one season being produced before Hawking's death in 2018. "Genius by Stephen Hawking" is a series that first aired on PBS on Wednesdays,

neg: Impact event System objects, when the comet broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994. An extrasolar impact was observed in 2013, when a massive terrestrial planet impact was detected around the star ID8 in the star cluster NGC 2547 by NASA's Spitzer space telescope and confirmed by ground observations. Impact events have been a plot and background element in science fiction. In April 2018, the B612 Foundation reported "It's a 100 per cent certain we'll be hit [by a devastating asteroid], but we're not 100 per cent sure when." Also in 2018, physicist Stephen Hawking, in his final book "Brief

neg: The Grand Design (book) undermined by what Hawking has said." British scientist Baroness Greenfield also criticized the book in an interview with BBC Radio: "Of course they can make whatever comments they like, but when they assume, rather in a Taliban-like way, that they have all the answers, then I do feel uncomfortable." She later claimed her Taliban remarks were "not intended to be personal", saying she "admired Stephen Hawking greatly" and "had no wish to compare him in particular to the Taliban". Denis Alexander responded to Stephen Hawking's The Grand Design by stating that "the 'god' that Stephen Hawking is trying to debunk

neg: Stephen Hawking supported Bekenstein's reasoning about their entropy. His results, which Hawking presented from 1974, showed that black holes emit radiation, known today as Hawking radiation, which may continue until they exhaust their energy and evaporate. Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By the late 1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1974, a few weeks after the announcement of Hawking radiation. At the time, he was one of the youngest scientists to become a Fellow. Hawking was appointed

neg: Wu Zhongchao from Cambridge University in 1984, and his doctoral thesis was titled "Cosmological models and the inflationary universe". Wu's dissertation on the dimensionality of space and time won the third prize in the 1985 Gravity Research Foundation dissertation competition. In 2002, Wu Zhongchao established the Institute of Astrophysics at Zhejiang University of Technology. Wu has also translated Hawking's books into Chinese. In 2001, he translated "A Brief History of Time" and in 2011 he released a Chinese translation of "The Grand Design". When Hawking visited China in 1985, 2002 and 2006 Wu served as his interpreter. Wu Zhongchao Wu Zhongchao (,

neg: Stephen Hawking chosen by Hawking himself. They were composer Hans Zimmer, physicist Jim Al-Khalili, and the science documentary "Particle Fever". In March 2018, it was announced that two Russian astronomers who discovered GRB180316A, a newborn black hole in the Ophiuchus constellation on 16 March 2018, had dedicated their find to Stephen Hawking, having discovered it two days after his death. Co-written with his daughter Lucy. Stephen Hawking Stephen William Hawking (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author, who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge at

neg: Stephen Hawking of what happens to the information held by objects once they disappear into a black hole". Also in October 2018, Hawking's last book, "Brief Answers to the Big Questions", a popular science book presenting his final comments on the most important questions facing humankind, was published. Hawking was born on the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death and died on the 139th anniversary of Einstein's birth. His private funeral took place at 2 pm on the afternoon of 31 March 2018, at Great St Mary's Church, Cambridge. Guests at the funeral included Eddie Redmayne, Felicity Jones, and Queen guitarist and astrophysicist

neg: Stephen Hawking no public comment except to say that he did not read biographies about himself. After his second marriage, Hawking's family felt excluded and marginalised from his life. For a period of about five years in the early 2000s, his family and staff became increasingly worried that he was being physically abused. Police investigations took place, but were closed as Hawking refused to make a complaint. In 2006, Hawking and Mason quietly divorced, and Hawking resumed closer relationships with Jane, his children, and his grandchildren. Reflecting this happier period, a revised version of Jane's book called "Travelling to Infinity: My Life

neg: Stephen Hawking Hawking decided to study physics and chemistry. Despite his headmaster's advice to wait until the next year, Hawking was awarded a scholarship after taking the examinations in March 1959. Hawking began his university education at University College, Oxford, in October 1959 at the age of 17. For the first 18 months, he was bored and lonelyhe found the academic work "ridiculously easy". His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said, "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it." A change occurred during

neg: Dikran Tahta Rossall School in 1954, where he began teaching English and History, but gradually moved into mathematics teaching. In 1955, he moved to teach mathematics at St Albans School, Hertfordshire, where the young Stephen Hawking was a pupil. When asked later to name a teacher who had inspired him, Hawking named "Mr Tahta". Tahta remained at St Albans for six years before taking up the post of lecturer in mathematics education at St Luke's College, Exeter, in 1961. By 1974, he was a Mathematics tutor at the University of Exeter's School of Education at Thornlea, on the New North Road. In