query: when did internet access for private use begin in south africa

pos: Internet in South Africa 1988. On 12 November 1991, the first IP connection was made between Rhodes' computing centre and the home of Randy Bush in Portland, Oregon. By November 1991, South African universities were connected through UNINET to the Internet. Commercial Internet access for businesses and private use began in June 1992 with the registration of the first .co.za subdomain. The African National Congress, South Africa's governing political party, launched its website, , in 1997, making it one of the first African political organizations to establish an Internet presence; around the same time, the Freedom Front Plus () registered . The Internet user

neg: Educational technology in sub-Saharan Africa of e-health, e-learning, waste management, mobile banking, etc., and phones are the preferred way for many to access the internet. Initially, ICT in Sub-Saharan Africa was primarily restricted to private use, but today it has been introduced in formal and institutional spheres as a tool for development, social growth, economic expansion and population growth. A study conducted by the McKinsey Global Institute (MGC) released in November 2015 highlights that the internet only contributes 2.9 percent to Kenya's GDP and 1.2 percent to South Africa's GDP. There is a huge push for mobile ICT in Sub-Saharan Africa for three key reasons:

neg: Africa Online Africa Online Africa Online Holding Ltd., sometimes abbreviated to AFOL, is the largest Internet Service Provider (ISP) in Africa. Based in Nairobi, Kenya, it offers Internet access and operates in ten African countries, including Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Services provided by Africa Online include dial-up Internet access, leased line services, e-mail accounts, VSAT connectivity, DSL, WAN and VPN for private and business customers. In 2007 it has become a subsidiary of Telkom South Africa. The company was started in 1994 by Ayisi Makatiani, Karanja Gakio and Amolo Ng'weno, three Kenyans who met each other while

neg: Anriette Esterhuysen Anriette Esterhuysen Anriette Esterhuysen is a human rights defender and computer networking pioneer from South Africa. She has pioneered the use of Internet and Communications Technologies (ICTs) to promote social justice in South Africa and throughout the world, focusing on affordable internet access. She has been the Executive Director of the Association for Progressive Communications since 2000 until April 2017, when she became APC's Director of Policy and Strategy. Esterhuysen holds a BA in Social Science, a Post Graduate Diploma in Library and Information Science and a BA in Musicology from the University of the Witwatersrand. During her university years,

neg: Wireless Internet service provider on the 900 MHz unlicensed radio band. LARIAT was taken private in 2003 and continues to exist as a for-profit wireless ISP. Another early WISP was a company called Internet Office Parks in Johannesburg, South Africa that was founded by Roy Pater, Brett Airey and Attila Barath in January 1996 when they realized the South African Telco, Telkom could not keep up with the demand for dedicated Internet links for business use. Using what was one of the first wireless LAN products available for wireless barcode scanning in stores, called Aironet (now owned by Cisco), they worked out if they

neg: Internet in Africa September 2007, African broadband subscribers were 1,097,200, with a major part of these subscriptions from large companies or institutions. Internet access is also irregularly distributed, with 2/3 of overall online activity in Africa being generated in South Africa (which only accounts for 5% of the continent's population). Most of the remaining 1/3 is in Morocco and Egypt. The largest percentage of Internet subscribers are found in small economies such as Seychelles, where as much as 37% of the population has Internet access (while in South Africa this value is 11% and in Egypt it is 8%). It has been noted,

neg:
IPv4 modes, or to provide addressing space for public, unrestricted uses on private networks.
 Of the approximately four billion addresses defined in IPv4, three ranges are reserved for use in private networks. Packets addresses in these ranges are not routable in the public Internet, because they are ignored by all public routers. Therefore, private hosts cannot directly communicate with public networks, but require network address translation at a routing gateway for this purpose.
 Since two private networks, e.g., two branch offices, cannot directly interoperate via the public Internet, the two networks must be bridged across the Internet

neg: Digital divide by country the rest of the continent. The rest is mainly distributed among Morocco and Egypt, both countries that have better infrastructures than the majority of the countries in Africa, yet not as strong as that of South Africa. There have been many initiatives in the U.S. to push for better infrastructure which would eventually lead to better Internet access in Africa. The digital divide in Bangladesh is a gap in the population of Arshads who can access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and those without proper access or skills. Information and communication technologies use in Bangladesh began to grow in 2005

neg: Internet in Africa countries for the provision of Internet broadband connectivity is VSAT, which allows businesses to access the European or US Internet backbone via satellite in regions that lack terrestrial Internet access. Fiber in Africa has been restricted to big coastal cities facing North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. According to World Bank data only 37% of Africa's 1.2 billion people actually live in those regions. Therefore, satellite remains to be the most effective and viable way to reach rural areas, and thus a major portion of Africa's population. Satellite access in Africa is popular on KU band and C band,

neg: Digital divide in South Africa Hence, South Africa’s low access rate to the Internet and below average connection speed make it difficult for the country to compete with other countries in attracting foreign investments. In a study conducted in 2011, they estimate that internet access is only available to roughly fourteen percent of the African population. This means that while the world’s population is only composed of fifteen percent of Africans, around six percent of that subscribe to the internet. Digital divide in South Africa The Digital Divide is described as the characterization of the gap between individuals or countries that have access to technology

neg: Heather Ford in telecomms policy from the University of the Witwatersrand. During 2006 Heather co-founded The African Commons Project, a South African non-profit organisation working on the commons in Africa. In 2006, Ford was appointed Executive Director of iCommons, a UK private charitable corporation. Working with Creative Commons, iCommons collaborates with communities interested in open education, access to knowledge, free software, open access publishing and free culture. After iCommons, in 2009 Ford founded the GeekRetreat, an event aiming to bring together technologists from around South Africa to discuss improving the local Internet. She said in 2010 that Creative Commons and Wikipedia are

neg: Telkom (South Africa) service portfolio across managed voice, managed data, IT services & applications, and diversifying into new revenue growth opportunities in adjacent markets. Recent acquisitions of Kenyan ISP Africa Online, and Nigerian mobile operator Multi-Links gives Telkom strategic hubs to expand data and voice services into Africa. Africa Online (AFOL) is a Pan African Internet Service Provider operating in eight countries with the 9th country through a joint-venture with Verizon South Africa. Multi-Links is a private telecommunications operator (as of 2009 a wholly owned Telkom subsidiary) with a Unified Access License allowing fixed, mobile, data, long distance and international telecommunications services focused

neg: Alief, Houston personal computers placed in all of Houston's branch libraries so that all Houstonians could access the internet "information superhighway" during their visits. In 1996, the Henington-Alief Library began offering free internet access to the public. The service was text-only and was limited to 20 minutes when other users were waiting to use the computers. The move by the Houston Public Library was intended to bring internet access to Houstonians who did not have a home computer and therefore did not have home access to the internet. In 2005, Alief became home to many Hurricane Katrina evacuees. More than 3,000 evacuees

neg: Wireless community network Wireless community network Wireless community networks or wireless community projects are the organizations that attempt to take a grassroots approach to providing a viable alternative to municipal wireless networks for consumers. Because of evolving technology and locales, there are at least four different types of solution: Certain countries regulate the selling of internet access, requiring a license to sell internet access over a wireless network. In South Africa it is regulated by the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA). They require that WISP's apply for a VANS or ECNS/ECS license before being allowed to resell internet access over a

neg: Home network the growing amount of private data, is fast becoming an issue by itself. Keeping overview, applying without delay SW updates and security patches, keeping juniors internet use within safe boundaries, structuring of storage and access levels for private files and other data, Data backups, deetection and cleaning of any infections, operating virtual private networks for easy access to resources in the home network when away, etc.. Such things are all issues that require attention and planned careful work in order to provide a secure, resilient, and stable home network easy to use for all members of the household and their

neg: Snowball Effect ISP and I-ECS licenses. In 2007 Snowball participated in the ISPA Superteacher sponsorship program. Apart from wireless Snowball offers uncapped ADSL and virtual private server hosting services. Snowball is located in Technopark Stellenbosch, South Africa where it owns and operates a data centre. <br> Snowball Effect ISP Snowball Effect is a South African Internet service provider (ISP) that provides internet access, hosting, VoIP, and web development services. The business was founded by brothers Eugene and Storm van der Merwe in 1998. Initially Snowball offered web hosting and web development services but later added internet connectivity. Snowball is a founding member of

neg: Bidorbuy operation. At the slowest point, the company employed only one other person. From 2005 things started to change with the adoption of broadband, always-on internet access by businesses and private users in South Africa. bidorbuy.co.za soon became the largest online marketplace of its kind in South Africa and Africa. In 2010, bidorbuy made an investment into PayFast.co.za, a local online payment solutions company. In May 2014 bidorbuy invested into the e-commerce company uAfrica.com. bidorbuy follows the eBay business model. It is an online auction site and marketplace where users, buyers and sellers, transact with each other. Anyone over the age

neg: Internet in South Korea average and 79 times as fast as the average speed in the United States. South Korea has pulled ahead of every other country when it comes to broadband Internet in all categories including Speed and Quality, Adoption, Price, and Literacy and Gender Equality according to Internet Monitor. As many large, powerful countries begin to fall behind broadband experts look to South Korea for solutions. However, there are multiple reasons why South Korea’s broadband is successful, such as, “Government planning, healthy competition, urban population density, private-sector growth, and Korean culture”, which have made it difficult for other countries to mimic their

neg: Mobile reporting Internet. Mobile reporting is particularly relevant in areas that lack modern Internet infrastructure (Sub Sahara Africa, Central Asia, South America, Latin America). The mobile phone is low in cost when compared to more traditional reporting equipment. Specifically, mobile field reporting may also refer to enabling employees and staff, and first responders (police, fire, EMS) to access their networks and resources in a secure and timely manner using various public or proprietary mobile devices and applications. Mobile Reporting makes use of a content repurposing platform. This is a platform that supports services that let content owners and users create, share and

neg: National Broadband Plan (United States) ConnectEd, a plan to provide high-speed Internet to many schools that did not already have it. Under the 1996 Telecommunications Act, schools and libraries paid lower prices for telecommunications services, and Obama wanted the E-Rate program expanded to include Internet access. White House aides made the claim that only one-fifth of American students could use high-speed Internet at school, but all South Korea students could. Repeating a similar goal from 2008, Obama stated he would ask the FCC to "connect 99 percent of America's students to high-speed broadband Internet within five years." Internet access has become a vital tool in

neg: Digital divide in South Africa a stark regional disparity in the growth rate of ICT, with Gauteng, Northern Cape and Western Cape far ahead of other provinces. In both primary and secondary schools, basic computer knowledge is being taught. However, there is a disparity in the capabilities of students and teachers to use ICT effectively to integrate technology into teaching and learning. According to Statistics, by the end of 2009, 10.8 percent of the entire population in South Africa has access to the Internet. Having an average Internet speed of about 1 Mbit/s, the country’s connection speed is below the 2 Mbit/s Broadband international average.

neg: A Human Right is to have a satellite in geo-synchronous orbit over Africa, which would provide free internet access to African nations. A Human Right intends to pay for the operation of the satellite through buying and reselling high-speed bandwidth while providing low-bandwidth internet for free. They are also working on developing an open-source, low-cost modem as part of providing internet access to those who can't currently pay for it. SAex (South Atlantic Express) is a proposed submarine communications cable that will link South Africa and Angola to Brazil, with onward connectivity to the United States. The cable route, as originally planned, was

neg: E-democracy corruption, poverty, and oppression within society. This 18-day revolution did not begin with guns, violence, or protests, but rather with the creation of a single Facebook page which quickly gained the attention of thousands, and soon millions, of Egyptians, spreading into a global phenomenon. The internet empowered protesters and allowed for anyone with access to the internet be involved in the democratization process of their government. In order to have a democratic, free nation, all information that can be shared, should be shared. Protestors communicated, organized, and collaborated through the use of this technology with real time, real impacts. Technologies

neg: Institute for Democracy in South Africa v African National Congress Institute for Democracy in South Africa v African National Congress Institute for Democracy in South Africa v African National Congress is an important case in South African administrative and constitutional law, concerning the right of access to information. The applicants sought access to the donation records of certain political parties, but the latter were judged to be private bodies in relation to those records. Section 8(1) of the Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) recognises that a body may be "public" or "private" for the purposes of the Act depending on whether the record in question "relates to the

neg: South African wireless community networks referrals, request ambulance services and order supplies. The project ran into difficulties at first because Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) was illegal in South Africa, even over the UWC Telehealth network. The regulator removed this restriction, but there are still legislative obstacles to providing Internet access, which the project directors are challenging. Orange Farm is an informal settlement of about 300,000 people south of Johannesburg. Most people cannot afford mobile phones, and cannot afford to use the Internet cafes. However Dabba, a telecommunications company, is providing affordable telephone service in Orange Farm through wireless mesh technology. Dabba has installed several

neg: Institute for Democracy in South Africa v African National Congress exercise of a power or the performance of a function as a public body or as a private body." Institute for Democracy in South Africa v African National Congress Institute for Democracy in South Africa v African National Congress is an important case in South African administrative and constitutional law, concerning the right of access to information. The applicants sought access to the donation records of certain political parties, but the latter were judged to be private bodies in relation to those records. Section 8(1) of the Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) recognises that a body may be

neg: Internet in South Africa African market is split into two main tiers: top-tier Internet access providers; and downstream retail ISPs. ISPs are licensed as VANS providers, although under the Electronic Communications Act of 2006, these licenses were converted in January 2009 to individual or class electronic communication service (ECS) licenses. All domestic ISPs gain international connectivity through one of the Internet access providers: SAIX (Telkom), Neotel, Verizon Business, Internet Solutions (IS), MTN Network Solutions, DataPro, and Posix Systems. Following the deregulation of the VANS industry in South Africa, a number of leading operators have diversified from being a top-tier ISP to becoming a converged

neg: Wireless Internet service provider which can most likely be provided in rural areas only with satellite or wireless network Internet access. In high internet cost countries such as South Africa, prices have been drastically reduced by the government allocating spectrum to smaller WISPs, who are able to deliver high speed broadband at a much lower cost. WISPs often offer additional services like location-based content, Virtual Private Networking and Voice over IP. Isolated municipal ISPs and larger statewide initiatives alike are tightly focused on wireless networking. WISPs have a large market share in rural environments where cable and digital subscriber lines are not available; further,

neg: Internet censorship However circumvention may not be possible by non-tech-savvy users, so blocking and filtering remain effective means of censoring the Internet access of large numbers of users. Different techniques and resources are used to bypass Internet censorship, including proxy websites, virtual private networks, sneakernets, and circumvention software tools. Solutions have differing ease of use, speed, security, and risks. Most, however, rely on gaining access to an Internet connection that is not subject to filtering, often in a different jurisdiction not subject to the same censorship laws. According to GlobalWebIndex, over 400 million people use virtual private networks to circumvent censorship or

neg: Telecommunications in Mozambique criticize the government publicly or privately without reprisal. Some individuals express a fear that the government monitors their private telephone and e-mail communications. Many journalists practice self-censorship. Telecommunications in Mozambique Telecommunications in Mozambique include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Mozambique has a comparatively low Internet penetration rate with only 4.8% of the population having access to the Internet compared to 16% for Africa as a whole. Telecommunication de Mozambique (TDM), Mozambique's national fixed-line operator, offers ADSL Internet access for home and business customers. In early 2014 packages ranged from 512 kbit/s with a 6 GByte cap

neg: Computer technology for developing areas in many cases access to the Internet via cable or wireless and electricity remain overwhelming issues. Less than one percent of Africans access broadband and only four percent use the Internet according to the BGBC in an article about Intel backing wireless access in Africa. The cost of wireless remains prohibitive to most Africans and possibly more important is that there is not an overall "education model" that supports how to integrate forms of hardware to provide the wireless network. Kenya provides an example pursuing the use of fiber optic cable to connect to the Internet thus being able to

neg: Computer technology for developing areas the world's population. For example, as of 2010, on average of only one in 130 people in Africa had a computer while in North America and Europe one in every two people had access to the Internet. 90% of students in Africa had never touched a computer. Local networks can provide significant access to software and information even without utilizing an internet connection, for example through use of the Wikipedia CD Selection or the eGranary Digital Library. Africa presents a unique cultural climate for the introduction of computer technology not only because of its diverse population, varied geography and multifaceted

neg: Wireless community network piece to the larger picture of building autonomy and people power.” Wireless community network Wireless community networks or wireless community projects are the organizations that attempt to take a grassroots approach to providing a viable alternative to municipal wireless networks for consumers. Because of evolving technology and locales, there are at least four different types of solution: Certain countries regulate the selling of internet access, requiring a license to sell internet access over a wireless network. In South Africa it is regulated by the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA). They require that WISP's apply for a VANS or

neg: Electronic business to private networks, as well as public networks that a company may use. The firewall also has the ability to log attempts into the network and provide warnings as it is happening. They are very beneficial to keep third-parties out of the network. Businesses that use Wi-Fi need to consider different forms of protection because these networks are easier for someone to access. They should look into protected access, virtual private networks, or internet protocol security. Another option they have is an intrusion detection system. This system alerts when there are possible intrusions. Some companies set up traps or "hot

neg: Media consumption begin school, then climbs to peak at almost 8 hours daily among 11 and 12-year-old children. Media exposure is positively related to risk-taking behaviors and is negatively related to personal adjustment and school performance. Of teenagers ages 12 to 17, 78% have a cell phone, and 47% of those own smartphones. 23% of teens have a tablet computer and 93% have a computer or access to one at home. Of teenagers ages 14 to 17, 74% access the Internet on mobile devices occasionally. One in four teens are cell-mostly users, meaning that when accessing the Internet, they mostly use their

neg: Internet access benefits of access to the global Internet. The U.S. trade embargo is a barrier limiting Internet access in Cuba. Access to computers is a dominant factor in determining the level of Internet access. In 2011, in developing countries, 25% of households had a computer and 20% had Internet access, while in developed countries the figures were 74% of households had a computer and 71% had Internet access. The majority of people in developing countries do not have Internet access. About 4 billion people do not have Internet access. When buying computers was legalized in Cuba in 2007, the private ownership

neg: MWEB MWEB MWEB was founded in 1997 and is today South Africa’s second largest Internet Service Provider (ISP). MWEB offers a range of Internet access offerings, differentiated tools and services to approximately 320 000 customers. The company's main division, MWEB Connect, is focused on the residential and small business market. MWEB is a division of Internet Solutions Digital (Pty) Ltd, a subsidiary of Dimension Data, and its headquarters are located in the MWEB Building in Parow, Cape Town. As one of the first Internet Service Providers in South Africa, MWEB launched dial-up internet in South Africa with the Big Black Box

neg: North–South divide and Central America, north of Africa and the Middle East, climbing north over China and Mongolia, but dipping south so as to include Australia and New Zealand in the "Rich North". The global digital divide is often characterised as corresponding to the north–south divide; however, Internet use, and especially broadband access, is now soaring in Asia compared with other continents. This phenomenon is partially explained by the ability of many countries in Asia to leapfrog older Internet technology and infrastructure, coupled with booming economies which allow vastly more people to get online. Uneven immigration patterns lead to inequality: in the

neg: Camp Victory players. Camp Victory had a well-equipped gym, and was always in use by the many troops on post. There were two Morale, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR) buildings on Camp Victory, one near Building 51F and the other near Dodge City South. They provided free internet access, commercial phones, televisions, and indoor sports equipment such as table tennis and air hockey. Internet access was also available at housing on post to soldiers at a rate of $65 per month, which was provided by Jackal Wireless, a private contractor. WWE had held their annual Tribute to the Troops at the base several

neg: Private Internet Access 521) handshakes; however, the default settings are AES-128, SHA1, RSA-2048. Private Internet Access servers operate VPN gateways in 44 regions across 29 countries. As of April 22, 2018, Private Internet access servers were located in countries: Private Internet Access Private Internet Access (PIA) is a personal virtual private network (VPN) service. It supports multiple VPN technologies such as PPTP, L2TP/IPsec, SOCKS5 and OpenVPN. The company was founded by Andrew Lee. PIA offers several features like the following: The CEO of Private Internet Access (and its parent company, London Trust Media, Inc) is Ted Kim. The founder is Andrew Lee. London

neg: Johannesburg Internet Exchange policy adopted by some of the larger participants, like TENET and MWEB and the large content base that is available from provider like Internet Solutions. When using JINX figures to extrapolate Internet usage stats in South Africa, bear in mind that a significant amount of traffic does not go through the public switch fabric, but is changed over private peering sessions. Most major South African Internet Service Providers have chosen to peer via JINX: some examples are Internet Solutions, Neotel, TENET, iBurst, Vox Telecom and MWEB. Real time traffic statistics are available on the JINX Traffic Graphs. In 2009, the

neg: Eduroam eduroam is deployed in Kenya (KENET), Morocco (MARWAN) and South Africa (TENET). Eduroam eduroam ("edu"cation "roam"ing) is an international roaming service for users in research, higher education and further education. It provides researchers, teachers, and students easy and secure network access when visiting an institution other than their own. Authentication of users is performed by their home institution, using the same credentials as when they access the network locally, while authorization to access the Internet and possibly other resources is handled by the visited institution. Users do not have to pay for using eduroam. The service is provided at the

neg: Generic Access Network Cell C launched WiFi Calling on its South African network. UMA is not implemented in Asia, Australia, Africa and some European countries. While UMA is nearly always associated with dual-mode GSM/Wi-Fi services, it is actually a ‘generic’ access network technology that provides a generic method for extending the services and applications in an operator's mobile core (voice, data, IMS) over IP and the public Internet. GAN defines a secure, managed connection from the mobile core (GANC) to different devices/access points over IP. GAN/UMA is not the first system to allow the use of unlicensed spectrum to connect handsets to a

neg: Internet censorship and surveillance by country is generally respected in South Africa. Political content is not censored, and neither bloggers nor content creators are targeted for their online activities. In 2006, the government of South Africa began prohibiting sites hosted in the country from displaying X18 (explicitly sexual) and XXX content (including child pornography and depictions of violent sexual acts); site owners who refuse to comply are punishable under the Film and Publications Act 1996. In 2007 a South African "sex blogger" was arrested. There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without

neg: Sophia Bekele and served as a director on the Internet Society ISOC San Francisco chapter based in San Francisco Bekele was recruited out of college by Bank of America and later held managerial positions with UnionBanCal Corporation and PriceWaterhouseCoopers. Her initial field of expertise was Information Security. In 2006, Bekele founded DotconnecAfrica Trust, a private Trust organization, which she formed to champion Internet access in Africa and serve as a platform to realize charitable projects aimed at giving back to the community such as the miss .africa and the generation .africa program to empower girls and young people in Africa in the

neg: Politics and technology online spaces for their own "networked counterpublics" such as through the use of hashtags like #Ferguson and #BlackLivesMatter. Another factor which affects access to the digital public sphere is the digital divide, which refers to how people from less developed countries tend to have less access to information and communications technologies compared to those from more developed countries. For example, the most developed regions of the world, such as North America and Western Europe, have the highest Internet penetration rates at over 80% each, while the least developed countries such as in Africa and South Asia have less than 30%

neg: Crime in South Africa of enclosed neighbourhoods (existing neighbourhoods that have controlled access across existing roads) in Gauteng has continued to grow. The South African Police Service is responsible for managing 1,115 police stations across South Africa. To protect themselves and their assets, many businesses and middle-to-high-income households make use of privately owned with armed security guards. The South African Police Service employ private security companies to patrol and safeguard certain police stations, thereby freeing fully trained police officers to perform their core function of preventing and combating crime. A December 2008 BBC documentary, "Law and Disorder in Johannesburg", examined such firms in the

neg: M-kopa had connected over 300,000 homes in East Africa to Solar power, as of early January 2016 In 2016, M-Kopa sold 30,000 solar TVs in Kenya, looking to add internet access. By December 2016, the company had sold around 400,000 systems in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda since its launch in 2011, under CEO Jesse Moore. As of 2016, there were plans to begin manufacturing all the products in Kenya. A similar named company in Kenya, MKOPA Investments, has disputed M-Kopa's use of the name and has demanded M-Kopa cease and desist. By January 2018, the company had wired at least 500,000

neg: Africa Online mining. For a while the company enjoyed favor from investors, listing on the Nairobi Stock Exchange in 2001, but its stock subsequently lost ground and it was delisted in both London and Nairobi in 2003. By that time, the 3 founders had departed Africa Online. Africa Online was bought by Telkom South Africa in 2007. Africa Online Africa Online Holding Ltd., sometimes abbreviated to AFOL, is the largest Internet Service Provider (ISP) in Africa. Based in Nairobi, Kenya, it offers Internet access and operates in ten African countries, including Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Services provided

neg: Media of Zimbabwe inciting violence against the opposition. Internet use is unrestricted by the government as 10.955% of the population are able to access it, due to high costs. However, this is one of the highest rates of usage in Africa. Due to the unrestricted nature of the internet, foreign based Zimbabwean papers and news sites are accessible from inside Zimbabwe. The government has considered monitoring emails and restricting internet sites for the purposes of "national security", but currently this is not in place. In 2007, according to the CIA World Factbook, 1.35 million Zimbabweans were able to access the internet. Currently, there

neg: Oxbridge Academy (South Africa) to offer certain courses. The courses are all offered on a distance learning basis. Distance learning, particularly in the South African context, gives students the opportunity to further their studies even when they do not have access to transport, or when they are required to work to support their families, instead of undergoing further education on a full-time basis. Oxbridge Academy (South Africa) Oxbridge Academy is a private distance learning college based in Stellenbosch, South Africa. It was founded in 1997, to help address the skills shortage in the South African job market. Oxbridge Academy also offers courses to students

neg: Internet in Africa Africa is considered a key intermediate objective for the fulfillment of the Millennium Development Goals. The information available about the ability of people in Africa to use the internet (for instance ISP subscriptions, host number, network traffic, available bandwidth and bandwidth cost) give an essentially homogeneous picture. South Africa is the only African country that has figures similar to those of Europe and North America: it is followed by some smaller, tourist-dependent economies such as Seychelles and Mauritius, and a few North African countries, notably Morocco and Egypt. The leading Subsaharan countries in telecommunication and internet development are South Africa

neg: Midwives in South Africa to who attended to births in South Africa prior to commencement of Dutch colonisation in 1652. From 1652, midwives could function independently and were certified and licensed. Between 1948 and 1991, the apartheid system of racial segregation in South Africa influenced the way that nursing training was structured and organised. In the 1960s, most women in South Africa delivered in hospitals as it was believed that this was the best place for birth. Additionally, hospitals in both the public and private sector did not support independent midwives by allowing them to use their facilities. Midwives then assumed the positions of

neg: Internet in Venezuela believe it the government that is blocking". However, the Venezuelan government published a statement saying that they did not block Twitter or images on Twitter, and implied that it was a technical problem. During the same period of time, it was reported that Internet access was unavailable in San Cristóbal, Táchira for up to about half a million citizens from an alleged blockage of service by the government with multiple sources claiming that the Venezuelan government blocked Internet access. Internet access was reported to be available again one day and a half later. Internet in Venezuela Use of the Internet

neg: Internet in Africa is hosted on Web servers located elsewhere. Additionally, measurable data do not consider private peering, i.e., inter-ISP traffic that does not go through IXPs. For example, the main academic network in South Africa, TENET, has 10 Gbit/s private peering with ISP Internet Solutions both in Johannesburg and Cape Town. The privatization of the telecommunication market, as well as the regulation of the competition in this market, are in an early stage of development in many Africa countries. Kenya and Botswana have started a privatization process for Telkom Kenya and Botswana Telecommunications Corporation (BTC), respectively. The mobile telephony market is generally

neg: Native Military Corps Africa. Thirty percent of recruits came from urban South Africa with the other seventy percent coming from the rural areas. Initial recruitment was through posters and film. Recruitment posters were often mounted in public places frequented by black men. Propaganda recruitment films showing recruits in training were used too, making use of mobile film vans that showed films in black regions of the country. Attempts were made to use Native Commissioners to recruit black men but they were more a hinderance to the process as most black people mistrusted them to begin with. An attempt was made to private companies

neg: Private Internet Access Private Internet Access Private Internet Access (PIA) is a personal virtual private network (VPN) service. It supports multiple VPN technologies such as PPTP, L2TP/IPsec, SOCKS5 and OpenVPN. The company was founded by Andrew Lee. PIA offers several features like the following: The CEO of Private Internet Access (and its parent company, London Trust Media, Inc) is Ted Kim. The founder is Andrew Lee. London Trust Media also owns the Freenode and Snoonet IRC networks. Private Internet Access supports the AES (128-bit or 256-bit) specifications, SHA1 and SHA256 authentication, and RSA (2048, 3072, 4096) or Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) (256R1, 256K1,

neg: Internet access Internet applications more feasible. LEO systems include Globalstar and Iridium. The O3b Satellite Constellation is a proposed MEO system with a latency of 125 ms. COMMStellation™ is a LEO system, scheduled for launch in 2015, that is expected to have a latency of just 7 ms. Mobile broadband is the marketing term for wireless Internet access delivered through mobile phone towers to computers, mobile phones (called "cell phones" in North America and South Africa, and "hand phones" in Asia), and other digital devices using portable modems. Some mobile services allow more than one device to be connected to the Internet

neg: Digital divide in South Africa Digital divide in South Africa The Digital Divide is described as the characterization of the gap between individuals or countries that have access to technology and individuals or countries that do not. This also includes, but is not limited to: access to computers, internet, and information literacy. General contributions to the digital divide are geography and next generational users. Next generational users are more involved with using devices that can connect to the internet, while the geography factor focuses more on how an individuals' location put them at an advantage or disadvantage to compete with the digital age. However, only

neg: News24 site’s news sections with specific significance to locally produced South African content. Having grown to an average of 150,000 unique browsers per month, it is the biggest multimedia component of a news website in South Africa. In 2003 News24 started to develop its WAP site to make content available on cellphones. Mobile was identified as a key growth sector for News24.4 In South Africa, and other African countries, internet penetration is still low as many people only have web access at work, while others don’t have any access at all. However, South Africa’s cellular penetration stood at 98% in 2009.

neg: Mobile Literacy in South Africa local knowledge online and increase internet use in Africa. Researching Mobile Media at the University of Cape Town: Researchers at the University of Cape Town have conducted a number of research projects exploring mobile literacy. These include studies of digital literacy and the relationship between mobile literacies and multilingualism Projects have highlighted the important role of public access spaces such as libraries and cybercafes in supporting mobile literacies. This builds on research in the Centre for ICT4D at the University of Cape Town which explores how technical innovations can support sharing media on mobile devices and which describes the nature

neg: Legal aspects of file sharing Assembly’s Committee on Culture, Sports, Tourism, Broadcasting & Communications (CCSTB&C). With help from local internet service providers, the CCSTB&C have gained access and formed communication channels to specific file sharing users. In a series of cases, Spanish courts have ruled that file sharing for private use is legal. In 2006, the record industry's attempts to criminalize file sharing were thwarted when Judge Paz Aldecoa declared it legal to download indiscriminately in Spain, if done for private use and without any intent to profit, and the head of the police's technology squad has publicly said "No pasa nada. Podéis bajar lo

neg: Snowball Effect ISP Snowball Effect ISP Snowball Effect is a South African Internet service provider (ISP) that provides internet access, hosting, VoIP, and web development services. The business was founded by brothers Eugene and Storm van der Merwe in 1998. Initially Snowball offered web hosting and web development services but later added internet connectivity. Snowball is a founding member of WAPA (Wireless Access Provider's Association) and has a wireless network in Cape Town and the greater Western Cape from where it offers low cost wireless services. Snowball is also a member of the Internet Service Provider's association of South Africa and holds I-ECNS

neg: Digital divide by country estimated that investment in better roads increased investment in telecommunications would help further develop the infrastructure in the continent. Furthermore, the differentiating languages between the existing countries and pre-existing differences between different cultures provides a barrier to Inter-Continental development. According to 2011 estimates, about 13.5% of the African population has Internet access Internet in Africa. Africa accounts for 15% of the World population, but only 6.2% of the world's population is African. However, these statistics are skewed due to the fact that most of these Internet users come from South Africa, a country that has a much better infrastructure than

neg: Internet in France Internet in France Internet in France has been available to the general public since 1994, but widespread Internet use did not take off until the mid-2000s. As of 31 December 2014, France had 26 million Internet broadband and high-speed connections on fixed networks. In 2014, 80.7% of French households (22.5 million households) had Internet access (47 million users in January 2015, according to Médiamétrie), while 19.3% did not (5.4 million households, out of a total of 27.8 million households). In 2014, 82% of French people aged 12 and over had Internet access at home (even though only 77% used it),

neg: Internet in Africa in the world. In the 2000s, mobile telephone service in Africa has been booming, and mobile telephone use is now substantially more widespread than fixed line telephony. Telecommunication companies in Africa are looking at Broadband Wireless Access technologies as the key to make Internet available to the population at large. Projects are being completed that aim at the realization of Internet backbones that might help cut the cost of bandwidth in African countries. The International Telecommunication Union has held the first Connect the World meeting in Kigali, Rwanda (in October 2007) as a demonstration that the development of telecommunications in

neg: Japanese popular culture access was more for academic use, fear of change and taking risks, an initial lack of competition in the telecommunications field, the difficulty of using a keyboard with a 2,000+ kanji based language, and high rates causing hefty bills after just a few hours of internet usage. Until the mid 1990s, it was hard for Japanese society to access the internet and there wasn't much for them to do once they did get on. Once it did kick off, mobile phones were preferred over PCs or laptop computers, which has shaped how Japan's internet culture is interfaced, having to adapt

neg: TENET (network) organisations. In addition, it maintains private peering links with a number of large ISPs in South Africa and peers at both the JINX (in Johannesburg) and CINX (in Cape Town) Internet exchange points. International connectivity at 10Gbit/s is provided from points of presence in London and Amsterdam via the SEACOM cable. A second 20Gbit/s route on the WACS cable up the West Coast provides redundant access and was obtained as an IRU by South Africa's Department of Science and Technology as part of the broader aims of SANReN and in support of bandwidth-hungry applications such as the Square Kilometer Array

neg: White spaces (radio) and Ohangwena", using "TV White Space technology". Google, in a partnership with the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA), CSIR Meraka Institute, the Wireless Access Providers Association (WAPA) and Carlson wireless delivers wireless access to 10 schools through 3 base stations at the campus of Stellenbosch University’s Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences in Tygerberg, Cape Town. There was an initial trial that took place within 10 schools in order to deliver affordable internet to the selected schools in South Africa without TV interference, and to spread awareness about future TVWS technologies in South Africa. The trial took place

neg: Internet in prisons statutes in both public and private correctional institutions are significant barriers in expanding the use of the Internet to support the delivery of postsecondary education. Many inmates experience a lack of access to computer equipment and security routines in prisons interfere with their education. Inmates can also use the internet for other, illegal purposes. It has been recorded that through smuggling smart phones, inmates have called up phone directories, maps, and photographs for criminal activities. As our society becomes increasingly internet-dependent, gang violence and drug trafficking is being conducted through the internet, thus inmates are able to keep up with

neg: Telkom (South Africa) service provides and will cut Telkom's last mile completely out of the connectivity loop. High cost of Internet access is a major point of consumer frustration in South Africa. Telkom's monopoly, backed by government investment, over fixed line provision and international access is often pointed out as the primary reason for the high costs of telecommunications. In light of the high cost of entry, many broadband users have settled for cellular alternatives instead. Telkom Mobile's current out-of-bundle data rate is R0.29 ($0.024) per MB. The continuing monopoly of Telkom in South Africa's communications industry, and government's large stake in the

neg: Wi-Fi facilities of this type as well, without use of a smartphone; examples include the MiFi- and WiBro-branded devices. Some laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi-Fi access points. Wi-Fi also connects places that normally don't have network access, such as kitchens and garden sheds. Google is intending to use the technology to allow rural areas to enjoy connectivity by utilizing a broad mix of projection and routing services. Google also intends to bring connectivity to Africa and some Asian lands by launching blimps that will allow for internet connection with Wi-Fi technology. In

neg: Media of South Africa these are inoperative. The majority of radio stations broadcast in English, although the other official languages of South Africa are represented on the airwaves as well. The industry is regulated by ICASA. In comparison with the rest of Africa, this sector is fairly big and robust. However, it is dominated by the fixed line monopoly Telkom, which has been criticised in recent years for hampering further growth. Telephone and internet access is also available via mobile network operators, such as Vodacom and MTN, but is an even more expensive option. Media of South Africa The media of South Africa has

neg: Internet in Serbia world. Serbian analyses of the latter usually conclude that use of Internet for this was successful. Dial-up was the only way to access the Internet until the early 2000s, when several ISPs started to offer wireless access via unlicensed hardware. The equipment required for access was too expensive for most people (about 200 euros), so this type of connection was popular only in limited urban areas. The situation changed in 2002 when Serbia Broadband (SBB), then a growing cable operator, approached subscribers with a cable Internet option of a tariff based 128 kbit/s access. As of 2013 SBB offers speeds

neg: History of cricket in South Africa from 1970–71 to 1990 February 1990. This event and date effectively marked the end of apartheid and the way was soon clear for the South African team to return to the international arena. "This competition is a limited overs knockout with 50 overs per innings" Despite the official ban on tours to South Africa during this period, several private tours did take place, some of them arousing great controversy. For information about the unofficial tours, see: International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981 and South African rebel tours. South Africa resumed official international cricket in 1991 when the team made a short

neg: Internet café East Village neighborhood of New York City: Internet Cafe, opened by Arthur Perley, the @Cafe, and the Heroic Sandwich. In 1996, the Internet café Surf City opened in downtown Anchorage, Alaska. A variation of Internet café called PC bang (similar to LAN gaming centers) became extremely popular in South Korea when StarCraft was released in 1998. Although computer and broadband penetration per capita were very high, young people went to PC bangs to play multiplayer games. Internet cafés are located worldwide, and many people use them when traveling to access webmail and instant messaging services to keep in touch with

neg: Internet bottleneck new Net Neutrality rules by not counting Comcast's Xfinity video service against the monthly data allotment of 250gb, but counting the use of Netflix or any other video service monthly data allotment. Users access the Internet through telecommunications devices in which they purchase a type of Internet service to use that device. Individual users are given limited access to the information about their Internet access other than the download and upload speeds. Further, they are not generally told when their use of the network experiences a bottleneck nor are they told about the actual speeds at which their Internet will

neg: Media of Mauritius the public entity Mauritius Telecom together with its strategic partner Orange S.A. Other service provider include Emtel and MTML. Mauritius has several operators like Mauritius Telecom, Nomad, Mahanagar Telephone Mauritius Limited (MTML) & Emtel. Each operator uses a different technology to provide Internet access. Nomad makes use of WiMAX, MTML uses CDMA2000 and Emtel uses HSDPA(3.5G). The monopoly is retained by Mauritius Telecom (MT) which provides dial-up & ADSL services over existing telephone lines. High-quality internet access is also widely available in Mauritius; Ebène Cyber Tower, in Ebène CyberCity, hosts the AfriNIC, the internet registry for Africa. Media of Mauritius

neg: Internet in Tunisia Internet in Tunisia The Internet in Tunisia played an important role in the dramatic events of the Arab Spring which began in Tunisia. The ouster of previous President of Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ushered in more open access and use of the Internet. Political leaders in Tunisia are making use of social media to communicate with the electorate. Restructuring the Tunisian Internet Agency under the auspices of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies is one of the items that the transition government is working on. Tunisia has one of the most developed telecommunications infrastructures in North Africa

neg: Internet Solutions Internet Solutions Internet Solutions (IS) is an Internet services provider for public and private sector organisations. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Dimension Data Group and part of NTT. Headquartered in South Africa, IS has operating offices in Mozambique, Uganda, Ghana, Kenya and Nigeria, as well as sales offices in the UK, Singapore and USA. IS has six international Points of Presence (PoPs) – in New York, London (2), Germany, Hong Kong and Singapore, and 65 PoPs across the African continent. The company has over 12 000 m of data centre space across Africa and is the largest

neg: Healthcare in South Africa Healthcare in South Africa In South Africa, private and public health systems exist in parallel. The public system serves the vast majority of the population, but is chronically underfunded and understaffed. The wealthiest 20% of the population use the private system and are far better served. In 2005, South Africa spent 8.7% of GDP on health care, or US$437 per capita. Of that, approximately 42% was government expenditure. About 79% of doctors work in the private sector. It has the highest levels of obesity in sub-Saharan Africa. The first hospital in South Africa, a temporary tent to care for sick

neg: Mobile Literacy in South Africa mobile devices in developing countries. Although only 7% of households in Africa have Internet connection, more than 65% have access to a mobile phone. The content of the UNESCO report shows that there remains potential for enhancing literacy by providing content using mobile devices. The mLiteracy ecosystem in South Africa developed organically through the work of several stakeholders using mobile platforms to encourage literacy. These include content providers, platforms, mobile networks, funding agencies, training facilities (including schools and libraries), authors and users. Several organisations working within or based in South Africa have links to and synergies with projects across Africa.

neg: ForgetMeNot Africa phone subscriber to an operator deploying the Message Optimiser technology to access Facebook Chat, update their profiles, ‘like’ their friends’ statuses and comment on threads via SMS. In September 2009 ForgetMeNot Africa helped Econet Telecom Lesotho to more than double the population's access. Lesotho’s highly literate population struggles to access vital information, such as healthcare, travel and educational resources as according to the International Telecommunication Union only 3.4 per cent of the population use the Internet. Expanding the country’s access to email via entry level, low end mobile phones improves access to information, communications with friends and family and trade

neg: South African wireless community networks approaches. Currently, VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) service is allowed only in areas where less than five percent of the population have access to a telephone, and WiFi is restricted to use by individuals or organisations within the confines of their own premises. The argument is that low-cost or free VoIP over WiFi would destroy the incentive for commercial network providers to upgrade rural networks. However, several commentators consider that this policy is counter-productive. As discussed later, many wireless community networks deliberately ignore the restrictions. Most cities in South Africa have one or more non-profit groups collaborating in running Wireless

neg: Treatment Action Campaign to begin roll-out of antiretroviral access through public-sector health clinics. In the South African system, the Cabinet can overrule the President, and it appeared to have done so in this case. Although the Cabinet voted to reaffirm that South African AIDS policy is based on the evidence that HIV causes AIDS, former President Thabo Mbeki continued to support the AIDS denialist position, as did his Minister of Health, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang. The Minister of Health put special emphasis on nutrition as an alternative to antiretroviral treatment. As the top health official of South Africa, she was a particular target of TAC

neg: SpaceX the company asked the federal government for permission to begin testing for a project that aims to build a constellation of 4,425 satellites capable of beaming the Internet to the entire globe, including remote regions which currently do not have Internet access. The Internet service would use a constellation of 4,425 cross-linked communications satellites in 1,100 km orbits. Owned and operated by SpaceX, the goal of the business is to increase profitability and cashflow, to allow SpaceX to build its Mars colony. Development began in 2015, initial prototype test-flight satellites were launched on the SpaceX PAZ mission in 2017. Initial

neg: Opportunity Driven Multiple Access base station via multihop transmission. Mobile stations with high data rate inside the cell are used as multihop relays. The initial concept of Opportunity Driven Multiple Access (ODMA) was conceived and patented in South Africa by David Larsen and James Larsen of SRD Pty Ltd in 1978 The ODMA standard was tabled by the 3GPP committee in 1999 due to complexity issues. The technology continues to be developed and enhanced by IWICS who holds the key patents describing the methods employed in ODMA to effect opportunity driven communications. Basic Concepts With the explosion of cellular phone use and Internet multi-media

neg: Helen Ladd of students from advantaged and disadvantaged families and their lack of focus on the educational challenges of disadvantaged students. Another area of research concerns the impact of technology on education, wherein Ladd, Vigdor and Erika Martinez confirm earlier findings of large gaps between different racial and socioeconomic groups' access and use of home computers and observe that the introduction of home computer technology and high-speed Internet access in households tends to modestly decrease students' math and reading test scores. Furthermore, in another study outside the U.S., Ladd and Fiske have evaluated the post-Apartheid education reform in South Africa, concluding that

neg: IlissAfrica exchange and cooperation among its members. The "Africa Section" of the Electronic Journals Library (EZB) was one source for the Wikipedia-article African Studies Journals. ilissAfrica allows the coordinated acquisition of free electronic documents of the partner libraries. IlissAfrica The Internet Library Sub-saharan Africa (ilissAfrica) is a German Internet portal that offers an integrated access to relevant scientific information resources (conventional and digital) in the field of African Studies and the region Africa South of the Sahara. ilissAfrica covers social sciences, history, philology, ethnology and cultural studies. The website is presented in German, English and French. With ilissAfrica users can search

neg: Censorship in China are instructed by their editors and supervisors to use VPNs in order to access international news. Chinese netizens also use the method of "tunneling" to access blocked webpages. Tunneling is when information is transmitted using a different communications protocol than the usual. One example of tunneling is if internet user "A" in China emailed internet user "B" in America asking for the contents of a blocked webpage. Internet user "B" could then respond with an email containing the contents of that blocked webpage, allowing internet user "A" to access the censored information. This method can be generalized by Web-page-by-mail services;

neg: Hellkom and factual information is provided in an effort to educate the South African and international public of the current telecommunication situation in South Africa. Currently, 1.7 million South Africans have Internet access, from a population of 44 million people. 0.2% of the population have ADSL broadband access. (Source: INTUG) South African ADSL broadband usage is currently being hampered by the 3 GB monthly traffic limit (equivalent to less than a day of moderately sustained usage, after which access is cut off for the rest of the month), by the cost of the service, and by the heavy port prioritization and

neg: Microsoft Data Access Components the ability to execute shell commands on the IIS system as a privileged user. This allowed the attacker to use MDAC to tunnel SQL and other ODBC data requests through the public connection to a private back-end network when on a multi-homed Internet-connected IIS system. It also allowed the user to gain unauthorized access to secured, non-published files on the IIS system MDAC 1.5 was the last data access component release supported under Windows NT 3.51 SP5. MDAC 2.0 was distributed with the Data Access 2.0 SDK and included the contents of MDAC 1.5, the ODBC 3.5 SDK and the

neg: Internet café cafés for multiplayer gaming is particularly popular in certain areas of Asia like India, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea and the Philippines. In some countries, since practically all LAN gaming centers also offer Internet access, the terms net cafe and LAN gaming center have become interchangeable. Again, this shared-access model is more affordable than personal ownership of equipment and/or software, especially since games often require high end and expensive PCs. There are also Internet kiosks, Internet access points in public places like public libraries, airport halls, sometimes just for brief use while standing. Many hotels, resorts, and cruise ships

neg: Ruffy Biazon Wide Web, opening doors of new opportunities for learning. Owing to the huge amount needed to complete the program, he funded it through his congressional fund on a multi-year basis which was already factored in when the project was formulated. A believer in private sector participation in government, Congressman Biazon also engaged Non-Government Organizations as partners in his projects. One example is his partnership with Gearing up for Internet Literacy and Access for Students (GILAS), a project of top-notch private corporations such as Smart Communications, Globe Telecoms, PLDT, Ayala Corporation and many others. Not only did it provide a more

neg: Telkom (South Africa) primarily on corporate clients in Nigeria. Via Africa Online, Telkom intends leveraging its international capacity to deploy satellite based Internet access. Through Multi-Links, Telkom is introducing converged fixed and mobile services to the Nigerian market. Telkom experiences a high volume of complaints on a daily basis (one of the highest in South Africa). Many customers in South Africa are dissatisfied with the level of service delivery. Many users indicate that if a new subscriber is looking for a service that they should turn to alternative sources as Telkom cannot deliver on their promises. FTTH is now available from several select

neg: Internet in Africa of inter-ISP cost partition. For example, while ITU has long ratified that the cost of inter-provider telephonic connections must be charged to all involved providers in equal parts, in 2002 the Kenyan ISP association has denounced that all costs of Internet traffic between Europe and Africa are charged to African providers. According to 2011 estimates, about 13.5% of the African population has Internet access. While Africa accounts for 15.0% of the world's population, only 6.2% of the World's Internet subscribers are Africans. Africans who have access to broadband connections are estimated to be in percentage of 1% or lower. In

neg: Internet University of London and later at University College London. In December 1974, ("Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program"), by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term "internet" as a shorthand for "internetworking" and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks. TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet) provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States

neg: 4-meter band South Africa. Access to the 4-metre band has always been limited by access to suitable 4-metre transceivers. A limited number of transceivers were purposely built for amateurs on this band while converted Private Mobile Radio equipment is in widespread use e.g. Phillips FM1000 and the Ascom SE550. Some low power FM commercial equipment is available for the band although it is of relatively simple specifications as generally suitable for communication of up to around or so with simple antennas. In the Sporadic E seasons communication around Europe is possible with such equipment. Currently, the only Japanese-made, "mass-market" amateur radio transceivers

neg: Mobile Literacy in South Africa mobile phones is growing. - Access to literature and literacy projects via mobile phone serves the form of communication young people are accustomed to. - The number of relevant content (for example e-books) is growing. (partly provided by the above projects) On the other side, there are still a number of major challenges: - The lack of Africa-relevant content and content in African languages remains a major problem - The costs of airtime to access information via mobile phones can in many cases be threshold, the majority of users (96%) access the internet on their mobile phone via prepaid, which

neg: Wave of democracy for uprisings, helped to publicize key igniting events, and then facilitated those uprisings and their diffusion; but digital media did not do this alone or as suddenly as some observers have claimed. The story of the Arab Spring, according to Howard and Hussain, began over a decade ago as Internet access and mobile phones began to diffuse rapidly through North Africa and the Middle East. The citizens that could afford internet access, the wealthy and powerful mostly, played a huge role in the Egypt, Tunisia, and Bahrain uprisings. Over time, online criticisms of regimes became more public and common, setting