query: what is the most popular music in cuba

pos: Music of Cuba Cuban music with jazz, and groups like NG La Banda, Orishas and Son 14 continued to add new elements to son, especially hip hop and funk, to form timba music; this process was aided by the acquisition of imported electronic equipment. There are still many practitioners of traditional "son montuno", such as Eliades Ochoa, who have recorded and toured widely as a result of interest in the "son montuno" after the Buena Vista Social Club success. Europe-based Cuban female singer-songwriter Addys Mercedes merged her roots of Son and Filin with elements of urban, rock and pop-music, reaching mainstream airplay charts

pos: Charanga (Cuba) Charanga (Cuba) Charanga is a traditional ensemble that plays Cuban dance music. They made Cuban dance music popular in the 1940s and their music consisted of heavily son-influenced material, performed on European instruments such as violin and flute by a Charanga orchestra. (Chomsky 2004, p. 199). The style of music that is most associated with a Charanga is termed 'Danzón', and is an amalgam of both European classical music and African rhythms. "Scholars agree that Spain and parts of West and Central Africa provided the most crucial influences in the development of Cuban popular and religious music. But in the

pos: Music of Cuba stylistic and percussion instruments elements. The Cuban Son is one of the most influential and widespread forms of Latin American music: its derivatives and fusions, especially salsa, have spread across the world. The Son, said Cristóbal Díaz, is the most important genre of Cuban music, and the least studied. It can fairly be said that son is to Cuba what the tango is to Argentina, or the samba to Brazil. In addition, it is perhaps the most flexible of all forms of Latin-American music. Its great strength is its fusion between European and African musical traditions. Its most characteristic instruments

pos: Songo music of songo offer a more complex palate of rhythmic textures for jazz than the "angular" mambo rhythms typically used in Latin jazz. The funky rhythms of present-day timba evolved from songo. Most timba bands are horn-based rather than charanga-based. It is also very popular in Spanish Christian Pentecostal churches. Songo music Songo is a genre of popular Cuban music, created by the group Los Van Van in the early 1970s. Songo incorporated rhythmic elements from folkloric rumba into popular dance music, and was a significant departure from the son montuno/mambo-based structure which had dominated popular music in Cuba since the

pos: Son cubano and also became a second home for trendy and influential bands from New York City. The son experienced a period of transformation from 1925 to 1928, when it evolved from a marginal genre of music to perhaps the most popular type of music in Cuba. A turning point that made this transformation possible occurred when then-president Machado publicly asked La Sonora Matancera to perform at his birthday party. In addition, the acceptance of son as a popular music genre in other countries contributed to more acceptance of Son in mainstream Cuba. At that time many sextets were founded such as

pos: Songo music Songo music Songo is a genre of popular Cuban music, created by the group Los Van Van in the early 1970s. Songo incorporated rhythmic elements from folkloric rumba into popular dance music, and was a significant departure from the son montuno/mambo-based structure which had dominated popular music in Cuba since the 1940s. Blas Egües was the first drummer in Los Van Van, but it was the band's second drummer, José Luis Quintana "Changuito", who developed songo into the world-wide phenomenon it is today. Songo is the most famous of the post-Revolution Cuban rhythms, beginning with the mozambique, which drew from

pos: Music of Cuba All the same, those pieces of high musical and lyrical quality, among which Puebla's "Hasta siempre, Comandante" stands out, will probably last as long as Cuba lasts. Son remains the basis of most popular forms of modern Cuban music. Son is represented by long-standing groups like Septeto Nacional, which was re-established in 1985, Orquesta Aragón, Orquesta Ritmo Oriental and Orquesta Original de Manzanillo. Sierra Maestra, is famous for having sparked a revival in traditional son in the 1980s. Nueva trova still has influence, but the overtly political themes of the 1960s are well out of fashion. Meanwhile, Irakere fused traditional

pos: Canción of Spain at the time. In Spanish-language concerts and recordings, when the title of a particular song does not belong to a danceable genre (such as son in Cuba, or chacarera in Argentina, its genre is mentioned as "canción". Canción Canción ("song") is a popular genre of Latin American music, particularly in Cuba, where many of the compositions originate. Its roots lie in Spanish popular song forms, including tiranas, polos and boleros; also in Italian light operetta, French romanza, and the slow waltz. Initially, even when written by the creole population of Cuba, who opposed the ruling hierarchy, the music

pos: Music of Cuba has been used to describe popular dance music in Cuba, rivaled only lately by Reggaetón. Though derived from the same roots as salsa, Timba has its own characteristics, and is intimately tied to the life and culture of Cuba, and especially Havana. As opposed to salsa, whose roots are strictly from Son and the Cuban "conjunto" bands of the 1940s and 1950s, Timba represents a synthesis of many folkloric (rumba, guaguancó, batá drumming and the sacred songs of santería.), and popular sources (even taking inspiration from non Afro Cuban musical genres such as rock, jazz and funk). According to Vincenzo

pos: Rhumba in music and in dance, to what the Cubans of an older generation called the bolero-son. It is easy to see why, for ease of reference and for marketing, rhumba is a better name, however inaccurate; it is the same kind of reason that led later on to the use of salsa as an overall term for popular music of Cuban origin. All social dances in Cuba involve a hip-sway over the standing leg and, though this is scarcely noticeable in fast salsa, it is more pronounced in the slow ballroom rumba. In general, steps are kept compact and the

pos: Son cubano States, son also became extremely popular. After the Cuban Revolution separated Cuba from the U.S., son, mambo and rumba, along with other forms of Afro-Cuban music contributed to the development of salsa music, initially in New York. The mass popularization of son music led to an increased valorization of Afro-Cuban street culture and of the artists who created it. It also opened the door for other music genres with Afro-Cuban roots to become popular in Cuba and throughout the world. . At present, the traditional-style son is seldom heard but has been assimilated into other genres and is present in

pos: Music of Cuba Afrobeat, Dominican Bachata and Merengue, Colombian Cumbia and Spanish Nuevo flamenco and to the Arabo-Cuban music (Hanine Y Son Cubano) developed by Michel Elefteriades in the 1990s. The African beliefs and practices certainly influenced Cuba's music. Polyrhythmic percussion is an inherent part of African music, as melody is part of European music. Also, in African tradition, percussion is always joined to song and dance, and to a particular social setting. The result of the meeting of European and African cultures is that most Cuban popular music is creolized. This creolization of Cuban life has been happening for a long time,

pos: Israel Kantor Israel Sardinas in 1949 in Alturas de Canasi, a locale in the Western region of Cuba. His birthplace is a town situated roughly equidistant from Matanzas and Havana, Cuba. He spent the majority of his early youth in Havana, the capital city of Cuba. He first became popular in the 1970s, and rose to fame in Cuba as a sonero, a singer of the Son cubano style of music. He started out performing with pianist Meme Solís, who cultivated his singing skills. He was a fan of music by Raúl Planas and Benny Moré; listening to them helped shape his

pos: Mambo (dance) derived from Cuban son, with which it shares its timing (234 - 678, with pauses on 1 and 5) both styles derived from the American Mambo with the freestyle steps based on jazz and tap steps. Mambo (dance) Mambo is a Latin dance of Cuba which was developed in the 1940s when the music genre of the same name became popular throughout Latin America. The original ballroom dance which emerged in Cuba and Mexico was related to the danzón, albeit faster and less rigid. In the United States, it replaced rhumba as the most fashionable Latin dance. Later on, with

pos: Music of Cuba wrote the first bolero, "Tristezas", which is still sung today. The bolero has always been a staple part of the trova musician's repertoire. Originally, there were two sections of 16 bars in 2/4 time separated by an instrumental section on the Spanish guitar called the "pasacalle". The bolero proved to be exceptionally adaptable, and led to many variants. Typical was the introduction of sychopation leading to the bolero-moruno, bolero-beguine, bolero-mambo, bolero-cha. The bolero-son became for several decades the most popular rhythm for dancing in Cuba, and it was this rhythm that the international dance community picked up and taught as

pos: Music history of the United States early 1970s, using multiple sources from Latin America in the pan-Latin melting pot of the city. Puerto Rican [[plena]] and [[Bomba (Puerto Rico)|bomba]] and Cuban [[Cha-cha-cha (music)|chachacha]], [[son montuno]] and [[Mambo (music)|mambo]] were the biggest influences, alongside [[Jamaica]]n, Mexican, [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]], [[Trinidad]]ian, [[Argentina|Argentinian]], [[Colombia]]n and [[Brazil]]ian sources. Many of the earliest salsa musicians, like [[Tito Puente]], had had a long career in various styles of Latin music. Salsa grew very popular in the 1970s and into the next two decades, spreading south to Venezuela, Colombia, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Peru and especially Cuba. Punk rock arose as a reaction against what

pos: Son cubano until their official retirement in 1960. By the late 1930s, the heyday of "Classic son" had largely ended. The sextetos and septetos that had enjoyed wide commercial popularity increasingly lost ground to jazz bands and amplified conjuntos. The very music that son had helped to create was now replacing son as the more popular and most requested music in Cuba. Original son conjuntos were faced with the option to disband and refocus on newer styles of Cuban music or go back to their roots. In the 1940s, Arsenio Rodríguez became the most influential player of son. He used improvised solos,

pos: Conga the popular and folk music of other countries has resulted in diversification of terminology for the instruments and the players. In Cuba, "congas" are called "tumbadoras". Conga players are called "congueros", while "rumberos" refers to those who dance following the path of the players. The term "conga" was popularized in the 1930s, when Latin music swept the United States. Cuban son and New York jazz fused together to create what was then termed mambo, but later became known as salsa. In that same period, the popularity of the Conga Line helped to spread this new term. Desi Arnaz also played

pos: Music of Cuba Music of Cuba The music of Cuba, including its instruments, performance and dance, comprises a large set of unique traditions influenced mostly by west African and European (especially Spanish) music. Due to the syncretic nature of most of its genres, Cuban music is often considered one of the richest and most influential regional musics of the world. For instance, the son cubano merges an adapted Spanish guitar (tres), melody, harmony, and lyrical traditions with Afro-Cuban percussion and rhythms. Almost nothing remains of the original native traditions, since the native population was exterminated in the 16th century. Since the 19th century

pos: Music of Cuba titles indicate those that have not been translated into English. Music of Cuba The music of Cuba, including its instruments, performance and dance, comprises a large set of unique traditions influenced mostly by west African and European (especially Spanish) music. Due to the syncretic nature of most of its genres, Cuban music is often considered one of the richest and most influential regional musics of the world. For instance, the son cubano merges an adapted Spanish guitar (tres), melody, harmony, and lyrical traditions with Afro-Cuban percussion and rhythms. Almost nothing remains of the original native traditions, since the native population

pos: Tresillo (rhythm) bass lines and vamps. "La Paloma" (1863) is one of the most popular habaneras, having been produced and reinterpreted in diverse cultures, settings, arrangements, and recordings over the last 140 years. The song was composed and written by Spanish composer Sebastián Iradier (later Yradier) after he visited Cuba in 1861. In the excerpt below, the left hand plays the tresillo rhythm. </score> As used in Cuban popular music, tresillo refers to the "three-side" (first three strokes) of the son clave pattern. \new RhythmicStaff { </score> Although the triplet divides the main beats by three pulses (triple-pulse) and tresillo divides them

pos: Pregón hawkers also often based their pregones on rural tunes or popular genres such as son and guaracha. The Cuban music historian Cristóbal Díaz Ayala has compiled a list of nearly five hundred examples of popular tunes based on hawker songs ‒ most from Cuba, but also from other Latin American countries such as Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Peru, Argentina, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. One of the best-known examples of a pregón is the song entitled "El Manisero" ("The Peanut Vendor" in English) which was written by Cuban musician and composer Moisés Simons and first recorded by Rita

neg: Bolero vocal synthesis to win universal recognition. In time, this dance music spread to other countries, leaving behind what Ed Morales has called the "most popular lyric tradition in Latin America". The Cuban bolero tradition originated in Santiago de Cuba in the last quarter of the 19th century; it does not owe its origin to the Spanish music and song of the same name. In the 19th century there grew up in Santiago de Cuba a group of itinerant musicians who moved around earning their living by singing and playing the guitar. Pepe Sanchez is known as the father of the

neg: Music of Cuba Galán. Although, in Cuba, many composers have written both classical and popular creole types of music, the distinction became clearer after 1960, when (at least initially) the regime frowned on popular music and closed most of the night-club venues, whilst providing financial support for classical music rather than creole forms. From then on most musicians have kept their careers on one side of the invisible line or the other. After the Cuban Revolution in 1959, a new crop of classical musicians came onto the scene. The most important of these is guitarist Leo Brouwer, who made significant innovations in classical

neg: Culture of Cuba not simply entertainment added to life, it "is" life. The result of the meeting of European and African cultures is that most Cuban popular music is creolized. This creolization of Cuban life has been happening for a long time, and by the 20th century, elements of African belief, music and dance were well integrated into popular and folk forms. The roots of most Afro-Cuban musical forms lie in the cabildos, self-organized social clubs for the African slaves, separate cabildos for separate cultures. The cabildos were formed mainly from four groups: the Yoruba (the Lucumi in Cuba); the Congolese (Palo in

neg: Musicology in Cuba Grenet published his important work "Cuban popular music", which represented a serious study of the Cuban popular music genres, and a thorough insight into the most important aspects of the musical creation in Cuba, from the 19th Century until that time. The book also included 80 scores of representative compositions. In 1946, the famous Cuban writer, art critic and musicologist Alejo Carpentier (b. 104) established a benchmark with his work “La música en Cuba” (1946), an attempt to put together a comprehensive history of Cuban music from the 16th century until his time. Although the work presented as facts some

neg: Music of Cuba León, Maria Teresa Linares, Pablo Hernández Balaguer, Alberto Muguercia and Zoila Lapique. A second generation of musicologists formed after de Cuban revolution of 1959 include: Zoila Gómez, Victoria Elí, Alberto Alén Pérez, Rolando Antonio Pérez Fernández and Leonardo Acosta. It is obvious that the first popular music played in Cuba after the Spanish conquest was brought by the Spanish conquerors themselves, and was most likely borrowed from the Spanish popular music in vogue during the 16th century. From the 16th to the 18th century some danceable songs that emerged in Spain were associated to Hispanic America, or considered as been

neg: Guillermo Portabales so important as his rootsier compatriot, Ñico Saquito, but what he did compose was of high quality, and still is popular. Four of his noteworthy compositions: "El carretero"; "Nostalgia guajira"; "Cumbiamba"; "Cuando salí de Cuba". Guillermo Portabales Guillermo Portabales (born "José Guillermo Quesada Castillo", Rodas, Cuba, 6 April 1911 – San Juan, Puerto Rico, 25 October 1970) was a Cuban singer-songwriter and guitarist who popularized the "guajira" style of Cuban music from the 1930s through the 1960s. His languid, melancholy, intensely lyrical "guajiras" and his elegant, stylish singing made him popular throughout Latin America, where he is still revered. His

neg: Music of Cuba ever existed, was singing Boleros with a salsa cadence in the 1940s. It was not until the 1950s that Cuban music became popular for Puerto Rican bands. Plena, Bomba an other styles or music were popular at the time in Puerto Rico. Many famous Puerto Rican musicians went to learn the music styles of Cubans in the 1930s and 1940s, and it was not until the arrival of Castro in 1959 and the Cuban music stopped its exportation to the world, that Puerto Ricans in New York were able to be greatly noticed, but what is known as Salsa today,

neg: Music of Cuba and by the 20th century, elements of African belief, music and dance were well integrated into popular and folk forms. Among internationally heralded composers of the "serious" genre can be counted the Baroque composer Esteban Salas y Castro (1725–1803), who spent much of his life teaching and writing music for the Church. He was followed in the Cathedral of Santiago de Cuba by the priest Juan París (1759–1845). París was an exceptionally industrious man, and an important composer. He encouraged continuous and diverse musical events. Aside from rural music and Afro-Cuban folk music, the most popular kind of urban Creole

neg: Music of Cuba genre of Cuban popular music called Clave.[1] The Clave became a very popular genre in the Cuban vernacular theater and was created by composer Jorge Anckermann based on the style of the Coros de Clave. The Clave served, in turn, as a model for the creation of a new genre called Criolla. According to musicologist Helio Orovio, "Carmela", the first Criolla, was composed by Luis Casas Romero in 1909, which also created one of the most famous Criollas of all times, "El Mambí".[2] Clearly, the origin of African groups in Cuba is due to the island's long history of slavery.

neg: WSKQ-FM Irish, all serving their various communities. The "Forward Hour", a popular variety show, was MC'd by Furman for many years. He had a major role in developing and procuring the most popular of all Jewish jingles: "Joe and Paul a fargenigen ... A suit, a coat kenst du krigen." In October 1983 SBS bought WVNJ in Newark, New Jersey, and converted what had been big band/adult standards-format into a Spanish Adult contemporary music station with the callsign of WSKQ. Known on-air as "Super KQ", the station was led by Rafael-Diaz Gutierrez, Raúl Alarcón Jr. (former DJ in Cuba), and Adriano

neg: Classical guitar in Cuba Classical guitar in Cuba The guitar (in the form of its direct ancestor, the “vihuela”) was the first instrument that was heard in Cuba after the conch horns, flutes and drums that the original aborigines used to play; as it was documented by Spanish chroniclers such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo. . Through the centuries, the guitar has continued to be one of the most important and cherished instruments in Cuba, both in the practice of popular music as well as in the classical music tradition. Founded by renowned professors such as Clara Romero, Isaac Nicola, Clara (Cuqui) Nicola, Carlos

neg: Jazz drumming the jazz band, phrases known as "comping patterns" have included elements of the clave since the very early days of the music. Comping is support of other musicians, often soloists, and echoing or reinforcement of the composition. The culture that created the most commonly used version of this pattern was that of Cuba. The circumstances that created that music and culture were very similar to those that created jazz; French, African, Spanish, and native Cuban cultures were all combined in Cuba and created many popular musical forms as well as the clave, which was a rather early invention. The music

neg: Music of Martinique the birthplace of the Gibson Brothers who achieved significant chart success worldwide, most notably with their single "Cuba". Biguine is a Martinican form of clarinet and trombone music which can be divided into two distinct types: Evolving out of string band music, biguine spread to mainland France in the 1920s. Early stars like Alexandre Stellio and Sam Castandet became popular. Its popularity abroad died relatively quickly, but it lasted as a major force in popular music on Martinique until Haitian compas took over in the 1950s and mini-jazz artists like Les Gentlemen and Les Vikings de Guadeloupe became popular in

neg: Reggaeton observers with its sensuality but was featured in several music videos. It is known as daggering, grinding or juking in the U.S. Over the past decade, reggaeton has received mainstream recognition in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, where the genre originated from, in countries including Puerto Rico, Cuba, Panama, the Dominican Republic, Colombia and Venezuela, where it is now regarded as one of the most popular music genres. Reggaeton has also seen increased popularity in the wider Latin America region, including in El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Ecuador and Peru. In Cuba, reggaeton came to incorporate elements

neg: Clave (rhythm) testament to the musical vitality of the clave is the spirited debate it engenders, both in terms of musical usage and historical origins. This section presents examples from non-Cuban music, which some musicians (not all) hold to be representative of clave. The most common claims, those of Brazilian and subsets of American popular music, are described below. "Clave" is a Spanish word and its musical usage as a pattern played on claves was developed in the western part of Cuba, particularly the cities of Matanzas and Havana. Some writings have claimed that the clave patterns originated in Cuba. One frequently

neg: Reggaeton popular local reggaeton act is Zamboangueño duo Dos Fuertes, who had a dance hit in 2007 with "Tarat Tat", and who primarily uses the Chavacano language in their songs. Reggaeton Reggaeton (also known as reggaetón and reguetón) is a music style which originated in Puerto Rico during the late 1990s. It is influenced by hip hop and Latin American and Caribbean music. Vocals include rapping and singing, typically in Spanish. Reggaeton is regarded as one of the most popular music genres in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, in countries including Puerto Rico, Panama, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Colombia and Venezuela. Over the past

neg: Football in Cuba Football in Cuba Football in Cuba is run by the Asociación de Fútbol de Cuba. The association administers the national football team, as well as the Campeonato Nacional. Football is the second most popular sport in Cuba after baseball, and has it has been very popular among young people and the new generations in Cuba. Most Cubans either support Barcelona or Real Madrid from La Liga. Professional sports have been forbidden by the Cuban government since 1961, but in 2016, Maikel Reyes became the first Cuban to be allowed to sign a professional contract with a foreign team when he

neg: Music of Cuba Cuban music has been hugely popular and influential throughout the world. It has been perhaps the most popular form of regional music since the introduction of recording technology. Cuban music has contributed to the development of a wide variety of genre and musical styles around the globe, most notably in Latin America, the Caribbean, West Africa and Europe. Examples include rhumba, Afro-Cuban jazz, salsa, soukous, many West African re-adaptations of Afro-Cuban music (Orchestra Baobab, Africando), Spanish fusion genres (notably with flamenco), and a wide variety of genres in Latin America. Large numbers of African slaves and European, mostly Spanish, immigrants

neg: Timba on II, III and VI. Throughout the 1970s and 80s, more and more elements of the pop music harmonic palette became acceptable in Latin music and by the 1990s, anything that produced a hook became fair game, resulting in an explosion of brilliant songwriting while North American salsa continued to be constrained by the formulaic limitations of the genre.—Moore (2010: v. 4: 22) Ritmo Oriental, often known as "La Ritmo", was one of the most popular bands in Cuba in the 1970s and 80s. Although the group is not very well known outside Cuba, almost everyone who hears them becomes

neg: Football in Cuba joined Mexican third-tier side Cruz Azul Premier. Until then, Cuban footballers who played professionally had done so without approval of the country's football association and after fleeing the country. Football in Cuba Football in Cuba is run by the Asociación de Fútbol de Cuba. The association administers the national football team, as well as the Campeonato Nacional. Football is the second most popular sport in Cuba after baseball, and has it has been very popular among young people and the new generations in Cuba. Most Cubans either support Barcelona or Real Madrid from La Liga. Professional sports have been forbidden

neg: Diaz Ayala Cuban and Latin American Popular Music Collection pregón musical latinoamericano (1988); Música cubana del areito al rap cubano (1993); Cuando salí de La Habana: 1898-1997: cien años de música cubana por el mundo (1998); La marcha de Los Jíbaros 1898-1997 (1998); Cuba canta y baila: discografía de la música cubana, primer volumen: 1898-1925 (1994) y segundo volumen: de 1925 a la actualidad (2005); Los contrapuntos de la música cubana (2006), San Juan-New York: discografía de la música puertorriqueña (2009), Oh Cuba Hermosa Volumen 1 y 2". Diaz Ayala has also compiled and published two major selections of the most representative music of Cuba (100 Canciones cubanas del

neg: Music of Cuba used to be played (e.g. night clubs), and so indirectly threw many musicians out of work. This undoubtedly had deleterious effects on the evolution of popular music and dance. Many young musicians now studied classical music and not popular music. All musicians employed by the state were given academic courses in music. In Cuba, the Nueva Trova movement (including Pablo Milanés) reflected the new leftist ideals. The state took over the lucrative Tropicana Club, which continued as a popular attraction for foreign tourists until 1968, when it was closed along with many other music venues (and later reopened with the

neg: Music of Cuba street culture and of the artists who created it. It also opened the door for other music genres with Afro-Cuban roots to become popular in Cuba and throughout the world. The history of jazz in Cuba was obscured for many years, but it has become clear that its history in Cuba is virtually as long as its history in the US. Much more is now known about early Cuban jazz bands, but a full assessment is plagued by the lack of recordings. Migrations and visits to and from the US and the mutual exchange of recordings and sheet music kept

neg: Popular music mass," or the music becomes the tool for oppression. A society's popular music reflects the ideals that are prevalent at the time it is performed or published. David Riesman states that the youth audiences of popular music fit into either a majority group or a subculture. The majority group listens to the commercially produced styles while the subcultures find a minority style to transmit their own values. This allows youth to choose what music they identify with, which gives them power as consumers to control the market of popular music. Form in popular music is most often sectional, the most

neg: Timba lyrically original, sometimes straying into controversial areas that resulted in songs being censored by the government and always pushing the envelope of musical creativity in wonderful and varied ways. Klimax is the most harmonically original and sophisticated popular music band in Cuban history.—Moore (2010: v. 5: 21) Bakuleye, known as a magic wand that awakens a deity living under the Earth, is another popular band in Cuba known for its timba. The band's creator, Pedro Pablo Vargas, describes Bakuleye as the awakening of new ideas. The music of Bakuleye is a fusion of different musical rhythms such as Latin jazz,

neg: Music of Colombia the Guabina that is played faster and is called Torbellino. Another type of Guabina, known as "guabina-torbellino", is a mixture of the instrumental torbellino and the sung guabina, particularly in its "a cappella" format. Guabina is most popular in rural communities. "Música llanera" is a harp-led genre of music from Los Llanos popular throughout Colombia. It includes the traditional joropo musical style, and is known for verbal contests called contrapunteo. Artists in this genre include Alfredo Rolando Ortiz (born in Cuba), Alma Llanera (Colombian band), Cimarrón (band), Luis Ariel Rey, Carlos Rojas, Sabor Llanero, Arnulfo Briceño, and Orlando Valdemarra. This

neg: Guajeo three interlocking guitar parts are reminiscent of the Cuban practice of layering guajeos. Highlife was the most popular genre in Ghana and Nigeria during the 1960s. This arpeggiated highlife guitar part is essentially a guajeo. The rhythmic pattern is known in Cuba as "baqueteo". The pattern of attack-points is nearly identical to the 3-2 "clave motif" guajeo shown earlier in this article. The bell pattern known in Cuba as "clave", is indigenous to Ghana and Nigeria, and is used in highlife. Afrobeat is a combination of traditional Yoruba music, highlife, jazz, and funk, popularised in Africa in the 1970s. The

neg: Music of Cuba the wrongly-named 'rumba'. The Cuban bolero was exported all over the world, and is still popular. Leading composers of the bolero were Sindo Garay, Rosendo Ruiz, Carlos Puebla, and Agustín Lara (Mexico). "Canción" means 'song' in Spanish. It is a popular genre of Latin American music, particularly in Cuba, where many of the compositions originate. Its roots lie in Spanish, French and Italian popular song forms. Originally highly stylized, with "intricate melodies and dark, enigmatic and elaborate lyrics" The canción was democratized by the trova movement in the latter part of the 19th century, when it became a vehicle for

neg: Orquesta Hermanos Palau Orquesta Hermanos Palau The Orquesta Hermanos Palau (Palau Brothers Orchestra) was one of the most renowned dance bands in Cuba during the early 1930s and late 1940s, following the tradition of local jazz bands started by the Jazz Band Sagua in 1914. These orchestras emerged as an influential sign of the American music in Cuba, to achieving a bridge between popular music genres and the characteristic sound of American jazz big bands. The original orchestra, which was founded in 1920, was originally known as "Los Califates", but at the end of the decade changed its name to that of the

neg: Music of Cuba Rappers who explicitly speak about race or racism in Cuba are still under scrutiny by the government. The government recognizes that hip-hop is growing in Cuba, and would be difficult to eliminate. Like Spanish reggae from Panama is a new genre for the Cubans but by 2012 was so massively popular that "the face of Cuban pop music" was considered to be Cuban reggae (cubatón) singer, Osmani García "La Voz". The advent of web software helped to distribute music unofficially. Both lyrics and dance movements have been criticised. Reggaeton musicians such as responded by making songs that defended their music.

neg: Lou Perez (musician) Lou Perez (musician) Lou Pérez (June 21, 1928 – May 27, 2005) was an American flautist, bandleader, composer and arranger. He was one of the most influential and popular "charanga" musicians in the 1960s and 1970s, and his music was used in the film "Dirty Dancing". He was born in New York City, to parents from Puerto Rico and Cuba. At the age of four, he moved with his father to Manzanillo, Cuba, and then to Havana, returning to New York when he was nine years old. He studied music, first playing the bass before moving to the saxophone, flute,

neg: Abortion in Cuba fertility regulation. While abortion remains a highly popular method for fertility regulation in Cuba, the IUD and oral contraceptives are the most popular preventative measures against pregnancy for Cuban women. In Cuba, low birth rates are commonly associated with the idea of modernity, and they have been made possible by the availability of safe abortion throughout the country. Abortion in Cuba Abortion in Cuba is legal and available upon request, which is rare in Latin America because of widespread Catholic influence. It is unlikely that the rest of Latin America will soon follow the Cuban model as politicians, social commentators,

neg: Sport in Cuba Sport in Cuba Due to historical associations with the United States, many Cubans participate in sports which are popular in North America, rather than sports traditionally promoted in other Latin American nations. Baseball is by far the most popular; other popular sports and pastimes include boxing (Cuba is a dominant force in amateur boxing, consistently achieving high medal tallies in international competitions), volleyball, basketball, sailing and trekking. Post Revolutionary Cuba prides itself on its success in sports. Fidel Castro expressed that sports should be “the right of the people,” not the right of the wealthy. He compared Pre-Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary

neg: Sport in Cuba Summer Olympics when it won the bronze medal after defeating Italy in its last match. Aside from the traditional cockfighting and other gambling sports, along with baseball, boxing was one of the most popular sports in pre-Revolutionary sports Cuba. It is still very popular on the island today. By 1992, there were over 16,000 boxers on the island. Across Cuba today there are 494 boxing coaches and 185 facilities. Of the 99,000 athletes in Cuba currently, 19,000 are boxers, including 81 of Olympic competence, even though only 12 make the Olympic team. Football is not as popular as baseball or

neg: Reggaeton Reggaeton Reggaeton (also known as reggaetón and reguetón) is a music style which originated in Puerto Rico during the late 1990s. It is influenced by hip hop and Latin American and Caribbean music. Vocals include rapping and singing, typically in Spanish. Reggaeton is regarded as one of the most popular music genres in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, in countries including Puerto Rico, Panama, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Colombia and Venezuela. Over the past decade, the genre has seen increased popularity across Latin America, as well as acceptance within mainstream Western music. The word "reggaeton" (from the Puerto Rican tradition of combining a

neg: Juego de maní most popular "maní" songs is ""Vamos a la guerra si maní"" ('We go to war if [there is] "maní"'). Skilled practitioners are called "". A grandmaster of the art who still teaches in Cuba is Juan de Dios Ramos Morejón, the founder-director of Cuban folkloric dance company Raices Profundas ('Deep Roots'). De Dios grew up fighting in the streets of Cuba and he has been called a "living encyclopedia" of the art, when he chooses to teach it. He has been an ambassador of Afro-Cuban music and martial arts for many years, having traveled to teach in places as diverse

neg: María Teresa Linares Savio about Cuban and Caribbean music and ethnology. Her most distinguished books include "“Introducción a Cuba”, “La Música y el Pueblo”, “La Música Entre Cuba y España”, “El Punto Cubano”" musicological analysis of Cuban Country Music" and "“La Habanera”" an in-depth analysis of a 19-Century genre still popular in Spain and Mexico, among other publications. Maria Teresa Linares has been awarded the “Frank País” Order, “Juan Marinello” Order, “Romárico Cordero” Order, "Distinction for the National Culture", “Antero Regalado” Distinction, “Alejo Carpentier” Medal, "National Award for Research in Culture", "“Fernando Ortíz International Research Prize"”(2000) and the National Cultural Research Prize (1999). Argeliers

neg: Mainstream jazz Mainstream jazz Mainstream jazz is the popular jazz music of an era. The term that was established in the 1950s by music journalist Stanley Dance, who considered anything within the popular jazz music of the Swing Era, "mainstream". Another way to describe mainstream jazz in the 1950s was music that did not incorporate the bebop style. After Dance defined Mainstream Jazz in the 1950s, the definition changed with the evolution and progression of jazz music. What was mainstream then would not be considered mainstream now. In a general sense, Mainstream Jazz can be considered what was most popular at the

neg: Mambo (dance) Mambo (dance) Mambo is a Latin dance of Cuba which was developed in the 1940s when the music genre of the same name became popular throughout Latin America. The original ballroom dance which emerged in Cuba and Mexico was related to the danzón, albeit faster and less rigid. In the United States, it replaced rhumba as the most fashionable Latin dance. Later on, with the advent of salsa and its more sophisticated dance, a new type of mambo dance including breaking steps was popularized in New York. This form received the name of "salsa on 2", "mambo on 2" or

neg: Salsa music not influenced by developments in Cuban popular music during the 1970s. One notable exception was Sonny Bravo of Típica '73, who arranged songs by contemporary Cuban charangas. In 1979 Típica '73 travelled to Havana to record "Típica '73 en Cuba", a collaboration between the band and Cuban musicians. In 1980 the Mariel boatlift brought thousands of Cuban refugees to the United States. Many of these refugees were musicians, who were astonished to hear what sounded to them like Cuban music from the 1950s. It was as if the 60s never happened. Cuban conguero Daniel Ponce summarized this sentiment: "When the

neg: Culture of Cuba the Caribbean and some of Central America, football is not a major game in Cuba, but is gaining popularity. Baseball is the most popular sport in Cuba. Introduced by American dockworkers in Havana in the 19th century, the game has played a role in Cuban independence from Spain. Banned in 1895 by the Spanish, secret games funded José Martí's revolt. Cuban "peloteros" rank highly internationally and some have migrated to Major League Baseball in the United States. The Cuba national baseball team finished second in the first World Baseball Classic against the Japanese national team. Boxing is also rather popular

neg: Sport in Cuba good players to keep them from playing for other countries. These offerings weren’t to completely prevent talented Cuban’s from leaving the country instead they were there to keep the system balanced. By the year 2007 there were 50 nations around the world who employed several hundred Cuban sports trainers and coaches. Baseball is the most popular sport in Cuba and 62% play it. Baseball is the official sport of Cuba. Basketball is one of the top sports in Cuba. Yet, it is not as popular as baseball and boxing. The Cuban national basketball team was particularly successful at the 1972

neg: Florencia, Cuba symposium of Cuba)instituted by humble country men. People are proud of their traditions and popular celebrations. The most important events are spending entire Saturday nights in "parrandas güajiras" (Cuban country music parties), celebration of "14 de Diciembre, los Pinos" (pine tree), memorials to Isabel Victoria (the first teacher and the greatest contributor to public works in Florencia town) and Lucas Buchillon (the regional poet). At other times, the election of "La Flor de Virama" (the tobacco flower) (similar to a Miss Florencia contest) and the "Carnaval Star" are some of the most exciting activities. In Tamarindo the celebration of January'28

neg: Canción Canción Canción ("song") is a popular genre of Latin American music, particularly in Cuba, where many of the compositions originate. Its roots lie in Spanish popular song forms, including tiranas, polos and boleros; also in Italian light operetta, French romanza, and the slow waltz. Initially, even when written by the creole population of Cuba, who opposed the ruling hierarchy, the music retained its European style of "intricate melodies, and dark, enigmatic and elaborate lyrics". Later, in the latter part of the nineteenth century, the canción came under the influence of the trovador movement. This resulted in the lyrical expression of

neg: St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Liverpool "Alma de Cuba" (Spanish: "Soul of Cuba") restaurant and bar, which officially opened in September 2005. Alma de Cuba is focused on the food and culture of Cuba, although it also draws influence from other Hispanic and Latin American countries. Besides serving as a restaurant and bar, Alma de Cuba is also a popular live music and late night venue being situated near to the hub of Liverpool's nightlife - Concert Square. Alma de Cuba has seen international acclaim and has been awarded 'Best Bar', 'Best Restaurant' and 'UK's Best Venue' in 2008 and 2009. When St Peter's Church was

neg: Rum and Coke other countries. Its simple recipe and inexpensive, ubiquitous ingredients have made it one of the world's most popular alcoholic drinks. Drink critics often consider the drink mediocre, but it has been noted for its historical significance. The drink was created in Cuba in the early 1900s, but its exact origins are not known with certainty. It became popular shortly after 1900, when bottled Coca-Cola was first imported into Cuba from the United States. Its origin is associated with the heavy U.S. presence in Cuba following the Spanish–American War of 1898; the drink's traditional name, "Cuba Libre" (Free Cuba), was the

neg: Timba influx of tourists to the island helped broaden the appeal of the music and dance of timba. The stand-off between Cuba and most of the rest of the world gave timba space to breathe new life into the city, causing the nightlife and party scene to grow. Timba's danceable beat and energizing sound was popular among the tourists at a time when the music and dance scene was indirectly helping provide some support for Cuba's struggling economy. While timba developed at the beginning of a decade when Afro-Cuban conservatory graduates were turning to popular music catering to inner-city youth, its

neg: Baseball in Cuba Baseball in Cuba Baseball is one of the most popular sports in Cuba. It was popularized in Cuba by Nemesio Guillot, who founded the first major baseball club in the country. It became the most played sport in the country in the 1870s, before the period of American intervention. Despite its American origin, baseball is strongly associated with Cuban nationalism, as it effectively replaced colonial Spanish sports such as bullfighting. Since the Cuban Revolution, the league system in Cuba has been officially amateur. Top players are placed on the national team, earning stipends for training and playing in international competitions.

neg: Musicology in Cuba musical form analysis as well as music pedagogy, in publications such as: “La forma de las formas musicales” and “Diagnosticar la musicalidad”. Rolando Pérez developed extensive investigations about Afro-Cuban music and is well known for having documented and analyzed the process of transition from ternary rhythms to binary rhythms of the Cuban and Latin American popular music, during the 18th and 19th centuries, in his book: “Proceso de binarización de los ritmos ternarios africanos en América Latina (1987).” Olavo Alén (b. 1947) has closely followed the steps of Argeliers León in his studies of Afro-Cuban music and, most importantly, has

neg: Afro-Cuban jazz and the Cuban-born Omar Sosa and Orestes Vilato. Jan L. Hartong’s Nueva Manteca is based in The Hague, Netherlands and Yilian Cañizares in Lausanne, Switzerland. "Jazz bands" began forming in Cuba as early as the 1920s. These bands often included both Cuban popular music and popular North American jazz, and show tunes in their repertoires. Despite this musical versatility, the movement of blending Afro-Cuban rhythms with jazz was not strong in Cuba itself for decades. As Leonardo Acosta observes: "Afro-Cuban jazz developed simultaneously in New York and Havana, with the difference that in Cuba it was a silent and almost

neg: Music of China probably developed from sung poems and verses with music. Instrumental pieces played on an erhu or dizi are popular, and are often available outside of China, but the pipa and zheng music, which are more traditional, are more popular in China itself. The qin is perhaps the most revered instrument in China, even though very few people know what it is or seen and heard one being played. The zheng, a form of zither, is most popular in Henan, Chaozhou, Hakka and Shandong. The pipa, a kind of lute, believed to have been introduced from the Arabian Peninsula area during

neg: Salsa music en la cara, nunca en el corazón'—in his final masterpiece before leaving Cuba, "Diós sabe"). Prior to D'León's performance, Cuban musicians had for the most part, rejected salsa, considering it bad imitation Cuban music. Something changed after d'León's performance. By that time, Cuban popular music had moved way beyond the old Cuban templates used in salsa. Cuba's momentary "salsa craze" brought back some of those older templates. For example, Orquesta Ritmo Oriental started using the most common salsa timbale bell and bongo bell combination. That bell arrangement became the standard for timba, which emerged at the end of the 1980s.

neg: Music of Cuba in Germany. In the 1990s, increased interest in world music coincided with the post-Soviet Union "periodo especial" in Cuba, during which the economy began opening up to tourism. Orquesta Aragón, Charanga Habanera and Cándido Fabré y su Banda have been long-time players in the charanga scene, and helped form the popular timba scene of the late 1990s. The biggest award in modern Cuban music is the Beny Moré Award. Cubans have never been content to hear their music described as "salsa", even though it is crystal clear that this "was" a label for their music. Since the early 1990s Timba

neg: Spanish immigration to Cuba the island. In 1514, a settlement was founded in what was to become Havana. Spanish was brought to Cuba by the Spaniards and is the dialect of the Spanish language as it is spoken in Cuba. Cuban Spanish is most similar to, and originates largely from the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands. Cuba owes much of its speech patterns to the heavy Canarian migrations, of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Cuba is traditionally a Catholic country. The Roman Catholic religion was brought to Cuba by Spanish colonialists at the beginning of the 16th century, is the most prevalent

neg: European hip hop are well-known performers across Europe, especially in the Eastern Bloc. Many rappers from Poland are collaborating with artists from Europe, the USA and even Cuba. Slovak hip hop is said to have begun in 1988. The hip hop scene was not popular among general public up until the start of new millennia. After 2001 hip hop music started to gain popularity as the quality of rap and music production improved. The most controversial and prominent slovak rapper and singer Rytmus is among the best selling artists in Slovakia and Czech Republic. With some of his music videos reaching more than

neg: Music of Cuba of the woman. The yambú, now a relic, featured a burlesque imitation of an old man walking with a stick. All forms of rumba are accompanied by song or chants. Rumba (de solar o de cajón) is today a fossil genre usually seen in Cuba in performances of professional groups. There are also amateur groups based on "Casas de Cultura" (Culture Centers), and on work groups. Like all aspects of life in Cuba, dance and music are organised by the state through Ministries and their various committees. Coros de Clave were popular choral groups that emerged at the beginning of

neg: La Argentina (dancer) popular music from Salamanca. Malaguena, music by Albeniz. Castilla, music by Albeniz, « Matid 1 800 ». Cuba, music by Albeniz. Alegrias, music by Ballesteros. 1933 Zapataedo, music by Granados. Tientos, music by Infante. 1934 Sacra-Monte, music by Turina. Esquisse Gitane, music by Infante. La Fregona, music by Vives. Suite Argentine, based on a popular air (Condicion-Bailecito - Zamba). Suite Andalouse, based on popular airs (Sevillanas-Peteneras - Bulerias). 1936 1935 Fandango, music by Turina. Polo Gitano, music by Breton. La Firmeza, based on Argentinian popular music, becoming the last dance in the Suite Argentine. 2. Ballets 1925 L’Amour Sorcier, music

neg: Irakere popular North American jazz, and show tunes in their repertoires. Despite this musical versatility, the movement of blending Afro-Cuban rhythms with jazz was not strong in Cuba itself for decades. As Leonardo Acosta observes: "Afro-Cuban jazz developed simultaneously in New York and Havana, with the difference that in Cuba it was a silent and almost natural process, practically imperceptible" (2003: 59). Cuba's significant contribution to the genre came relatively late. However, when it did come, the Cubans exhibited a level of Cuban-jazz integration that went far beyond most of what had come before. The first Cuban band of this new

neg: Music of Guinea included popular groups like Keletigui Et Ses Tambourinis, Balla et ses Balladins, and Kebendo Jazz (also known as Orchestre de Danse de Guéckédou). Many of these bands recorded on Syliphone records. Bembeya Jazz National further enriched Guinea's musical melting pot after visiting Cuba in 1965. Music of Guinea Guinea is a West African nation, composed of several ethnic groups. Among its most widely known musicians is Mory Kanté - "10 Cola Nuts" saw major mainstream success in both Guinea and Mali while "Yeke Yeke", a single from "Mory Kanté à Paris", was a European success in 1988. French is the

neg: Contemporary Jewish religious music and popular music on religious themes, Yiddish songs, klezmer music, Israeli music, and art music by serious composers. Every sector of the Jewish community – from the most right-wing Orthodox to the most secular – participates in the Jewish music endeavor, creating, performing, and listening to the particular music that meets its taste and needs.” The question of what is Jewish music and what makes music Jewish continues to be explored in academic and artistic circles alike. It may be seen in the work of Velvel Pasternak, who has spent much of the late twentieth century as a preservationist committing

neg: Music of Cuba forbidden in Cuban cities. The style of the Coros de Clave music, and particulally its rhythm, originated at a later time a popular song genre called Clave, which most probable served as the original prototype for the creation of the Criolla genre. Both genres, the Clave and the Criolla became very popular within the Cuban vernacular theater repertoire. In a similar way as the first Spanish song-dances spread from the cities to the countryside, also the characteristics of the Cuban Guaracha, that enjoyed great popularity in Havana, began to spread to the rural areas in an undetermined time during the

neg: Music of Cuba Varela is famous in Cuba for his open criticism of some aspects of Castro's revolution. The nueva trova, initially so popular, suffered both inside Cuba, perhaps from a growing disenchantment with one-party rule, and externally, from the vivid contrast with the Buena Vista Social Club film and recordings. Audiences round the world have had their eyes opened to the extraordinary charm and musical quality of the older forms of Cuban music. By contrast, topical themes that seemed so relevant in the 1960s and 1970s now seem dry and passé. Even "Guantanamera" has been damaged by over-repetition in less skilled hands.

neg: Joe Cuba himself as a student and fan and soon they developed what was to become a lifetime friendship. This event motivated Cuba to organize his own band. In 1954, his agent recommended that he change the band's name from the José Calderón Sextet to the Joe Cuba Sextet and the newly named Joe Cuba Sextet made their debut at the Stardust Ballroom. In 1962, Cuba recorded his first album with the Joe Cuba Sextet called "To Be With You", featuring the impressive vocals of Cheo Feliciano and Jimmy Sabater Sr. The band became popular in the New York Latin community. The

neg: Independent digital media in Cuba magazine to be legally produced in Cuba. The publication focuses mainly on popular music and cultural phenomena within Cuba. Play-Off is a monthly sports webzine that was founded in March 2015. It offers sports analysis, photography, statistics, and essays specializing in Cuban sports. In addition to independent news outlets that have emerged in recent years, publications from the Catholic Church in Cuba also offer an alternative to the official state mass media. One such example is the magazine Espacio Laical, which is published by the Father Felix Varela Cultural Center of the Archdiocese of Havana. The 96-page magazine is published

neg: Cuban folk music principles of coherence, exclusivity, exhaustivity and most importantly, dychotomy." According to the Cuban popular music "Generic complex theory", Cuban folk music is classified as follows: The "Generic complex theory" has been refuted since long time ago by renowned musicologists such as Leonardo Acosta, which explains in his article titled "About the Generic Complexes and other matters": According to Cuban composer and musicographist Armando Rodríguez Ruidíaz: From the elaboration and fusion process of the first Spanish song-dances with sesquiáltera rhythm that arrived in Cuba, such as the Sarabanda and Chacona from the 16th century, three main lines of generic evolution originated,

neg: Timba artistic excellence and Cuban music is regarded as a source of revenue and a legitimate way to attract tourism. However, the island's most popular dance bands have been virtually ignored by Latino radio in the US and some parts of Cuba, and are absent from the charts. However, pieces of Cuban sound are beginning to reach large audiences in the USA through musical recordings produced by popular musicians, such as Willy Chirino and Qbadisc, from New York City, Miami, and Puerto Rico who currently incorporate timba into their songs. New York and Puerto Rican musicians have further blended the double-hit

neg: Cinema of Cuba spanned fiction, documentary and animation, but also allowed for the exhibition and spread of popular knowledge of the best of cinema from all over the world. It also created the film archives of the Cinemateca de Cuba, and took part in initiatives such as Cinemóviles, which made cinema available on the most intricate sites of the national geography. The institution also helped developing the Cuban poster, as a mean of promoting films. It gave birth between 1969 and 1977, to the Grupo de Experimentación Sonora, which influenced Cuban music to a great extent, serving as a starting point for the

neg: Danzón development led to more syncopation, which eventually led to the danzón-chá, nuevo ritmo, cha-cha-chá, pachanga and mambo. From the 1940s to the 1960s danzón and its derivatives were highly popular in Cuba, with several truly fine charangas playing most days of the week. Orquesta Aragón kept up an exceptionally high standard for many years, but the danzón itself gradually dropped out, and is now a relic dance. Danzón has never ceased to influence Cuban musicians, and it is reflected in many popular Cuban music genres, in Cuban Latin jazz, salsa, songo and timba, the latter building upon the charanga orchestration.

neg: Music of Cuba congas and bongoes. The new "Mambo" included a catchy counterpoint between the trumpets and the saxophones, that impulsed the body to move along with the rhythm, stimulated at the end of each musical phrase by a characteristic deep throat sound expression. Prado's recordings were meant for the Latin American and U.S. Latino markets, but some of his most celebrated mambos, such as "Mambo No. 5" and "Que Rico el Mambo", quickly crossed over to the United States. Chachachá is a genre of Cuban music. It has been a popular dance music which developed from the Danzón-mambo in the early 1950s,

neg: Ballroom dance Spanish bolero was developed in the late 18th century out of the "seguidilla", and its popularization is attributed to court dancers such as Sebastián Cerezo. It became one of the most popular ballroom dances of the 19th century and saw many classical adaptations. However, by the 20th century it had become old-fashioned. A Cuban music genre of the same name, bolero, which became popular in the early 20th century, is unrelated to the Spanish dance. Although Cuban bolero was born as a form of "trova", traditional singer/songwriter tradition from eastern Cuba, with no associated dance, it soon became a ballroom

neg: American pop American pop American pop is pop music in the United States. American folk singer Pete Seeger defined pop music as "professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music". An early genre of American pop music was the swing craze, a popular dance style in the early part of the 20th century. Jazz artist Rudy Vallée became what was perhaps the first complete example of the 20th century mass media pop star. Vallée became the most prominent and, arguably, the first of a new style of popular singer, the crooner. One of the most successful crooners was

neg: Transport in Cuba Transport in Cuba Transportation in Cuba is composed of a system of railways, roads, airports, waterways, ports and harbours: Cuba built the first railway system in the Spanish empire, before the 1848 start in the Iberian peninsula. While the rail infrastructure dates from colonial and early republican times, passenger service along the principal Havana to Santiago corridor is increasingly reliable and popular with tourists who can purchase tickets in Cuban convertible pesos. As with most public transport in Cuba, the vehicles used are second hand, and the flagship "Tren Francés" ("French train") between Havana and Santiago de Cuba is operated

neg: Ivorypress the first comparsas marched, beginning what was to become a popular celebration in Cuba. The work reverses the direction of the choreography and music, while suppressing the emergence of the bright colours characteristic of a traditional comparsa, whose festive and collective nature becomes a tool for cultural communication. "Polaris", by Los Carpinteros, describes the journey of a musician who hikes up the Pyrenees, drums in tow. Also recorded in a real scenario, it is essentially a sound piece that explores large areas of silence, where the notion of pilgrimage takes on a central role as an abstract and personal ritual.

neg: Music of Cuba music. Hip hop grew steadily more popular in Cuba in the 1980s and 1990s through Cuba's Special Period. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cuban economy went into decline. Poverty became more widespread and visible in Cuba. In the 1990s, some Cubans started to protest this situation by means of rap and hip-hop. During this period of economic crisis, which the country's poor and black populations especially hard, hip hop became a way for the country's Afro-descended population to embrace their blackness and articulate a demand for racial equality for black people in Cuba. The idea of blackness

neg: Guaracha among other popular pieces. There is little evidence as to what style of dance was originally performed to the guaracha in Cuba. Some engravings from the 19th century suggest that it was a dance of independent couples, that is, "not" a sequence dance such as the contradanza. The prototype independent couples dance was the waltz (early 19th century "Vals" in Cuba). The first creole dance form in Cuba known for certain to be danced by independent couples was the danzón. If the guaracha is an earlier example, this would be interesting from a dance history point of view. During the

neg: Boxing in Cuba fighting for their country most Cubans continue to stay in the sport, many as administrators or trainers. Through this way the knowledge and experience is passed down to the next generation of athletes. Boxing in Cuba Boxing is a popular sport in Cuba. As of 1992, there were over 16,000 boxers on the island. Across Cuba today there are 494 boxing coaches and 185 facilities. Of the 99,000 athletes in Cuba currently, 19,000 are boxers, including 81 of Olympic competence, even though only 12 make the Olympic team. Boxing originally arrived in Cuba as a tourist attraction mainly as championship

neg: Music of Cuba batá-rock. Later artists created the mozambique, which mixed conga and mambo, and batá-rumba, which mixed rumba and batá drum music. Mixtures including elements of hip hop, jazz and rock and roll are also common, like in Habana Abierta's rockoson. The triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 signalled the emigration of many musicians to Puerto Rico, Florida and New York, and in Cuba artists and their work came under the protection (and control) of the Socialist state, and the monopoly state-owned recording company EGREM. The Castro government abolished copyright laws in Cuba, closed many of the venues where popular music

neg: Anónimo Consejo Anónimo Consejo Anónimo Consejo was a Cuban rap duo whose name translates into English as Anonymous Advice. The group consisted of Maigel "MC Kokino" Entenza Jaramillo and Yosmel "MC Sekou" Sarrias, and was known for the social and political themes in their music. It was one of the most popular hip hop groups in Cuba during its prime. In 2011, the duo split to pursue individual interests. Their material included some of the most politically edgy lyrics in all of Cuban music, but due to the Cuban government's unwillingness to support hip-hop the group was careful to restrain some of

neg: Music of Cuba African cultures had musical traditions, which survive erratically to the present day, not always in detail, but in general style. The best preserved are the African polytheistic religions, where, in Cuba at least, the instruments, the language, the chants, the dances and their interpretations are quite well preserved. In what other American countries are the religious ceremonies conducted in the old language(s) of Africa? They certainly are in Lucumí ceremonies, though of course, back in Africa the language has moved on. What unifies all genuine forms of African music is the unity of polyrhythmic percussion, voice (call-and-response) and dance in