query: where did the franco prussian war take place

pos: Franco-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (, ), often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and later the Third French Republic, and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1871, the conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears of the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck deliberately provoked the French into declaring

pos: Franco-Prussian War would have significantly strengthened the Prussian military. In Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's later statement: "I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised." Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. He was convinced

pos: Causes of the Franco-Prussian War those States that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's quote: "I knew that a Franco-Prussian War must take place before a united Germany was formed." Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the Southern German States to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of a Prussian prince to the throne of Spain – France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern prince's candidacy was

pos: Kingdom of Prussia that capacity was able to instruct the Prussian delegates to the Bundesrat. The southern German states (except Austria) were forced to accept military alliances with Prussia, and Prussia began steps to merge them with the North German Confederation. Bismarck's planned "Kleindeutschland" unification of Germany had come considerably closer to realisation. The final act was the Franco-Prussian War (1870), where Bismarck maneuvered Emperor Napoleon III of France into declaring war on Prussia. Activating the German alliances put in place after the Austro-Prussian War, the German states came together and swiftly defeated France, even managing to take Napoleon prisoner. Even before then,

pos: Causes of the Franco-Prussian War Causes of the Franco-Prussian War The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the German unification. In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War (1866), Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. Prussia then turned its attention towards the south of Germany, where it sought to expand its influence. France was strongly opposed to the annexation of the Southern German States (Bavaria, Wurttemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt), which would have created too powerful a country next to its border. In Prussia, a war against France was deemed necessary to arouse German nationalism in

pos: History of the North Sea the North Sea though they saw little action. The Austro-Prussian War (1866) resulted in Prussia's gaining full control of the Kiel Canal, allowing their Baltic ports access to the North Sea. France declared war on Prussia 19 July 1870 which initiated the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). The French Navy was, at the time far larger and superior to the North German Federal Navy, the Navy of the North German Confederation. Though the French did take a number of merchant ships bound to and from North Germany, shortages of manpower and coal, as well as conflicting orders, made the attempted blockade of

pos: Victor Jaclard of Napoléon III in 1870. He returned to France to take part in the revolution and in the defence of France against the Germans, who were winning the Franco-Prussian War. In early September 1870, Victor Jaclard seems to have been involved in the uprising of the Lyons Commune, which proclaimed the Republic even before Paris did. Bakunin arrived in Lyons on September 16. Jaclard went on to Paris, charged with establishing a "liaison" between the Commune of Lyons and the Paris Commune. Jaclard and Anna Korvin-Kurkovskaya were reunited in Paris where, after leaving Russia in 1869 "chaperoned" by her newly

pos: Franco-Prussian War defeat became in high demand, such as those by Alphonse de Neuville. Franco-Prussian War The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (, ), often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and later the Third French Republic, and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1871, the conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears of the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded. Some historians argue that

pos: Capture of Rome needed the troops to defend their homeland, but there was also real concern in Paris that Italy might use the French presence in Rome as a pretext to go to war with France. In the earlier Austro-Prussian War, Italy had allied with Prussia and Italian public opinion favoured the Prussian side at the start of the war. The removal of the French garrison eased tensions between Italy and France. Italy remained neutral in the Franco-Prussian War. With the French garrison gone, widespread public demonstrations demanded that the Italian government take Rome. But Rome remained under French protection on paper, therefore

pos: Franco-Prussian War The German conquest of France and the unification of Germany upset the European balance of power that had existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and Otto von Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades. French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war, along with British apprehension about the balance of power, became factors in the causes of World War I. The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and

pos: Koch–Pasteur rivalry a mistranslated term from French to German during Pasteur's lecture triggered Koch's indignation, whereupon Koch's two bacteriologist colleagues, Friedrich Loeffler and Georg Gaffky, published denigration of the entirety of Pasteur's research on anthrax since 1877. Germany had unified by way of its victory in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), seizing Alsace-Lorraine from France. Pasteur was professor in the University of Strasbourg, located in Alsace, where he married the daughter of the rector. Jean Baptiste Pasteur, the only son of Louis and Marie Pasteur, was a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War. The tone set by this war contributed to the rivalry between

pos: SMS Meteor (1865) the period she operated off Venezuela, "Meteor" left once for periodic repairs at Willemstad, Curacao. On 16 March, she departed Venezuelan waters, bound for Port-au-Prince, Haiti, where she was to meet "Arcona". On the way, "Meteor" struck a coral reef off Gonâve Island, though she was able to get off on her own power. After arriving in Port-au-Prince, Knorr learned that "Arcona" had gone to La Guaira, and he was to take his vessel there as well. On 19 July, France declared war on Prussia, initiating the Franco-Prussian War. On 7 November 1870, "Meteor" arrived in Havana, Cuba, where the

pos: Danube Valley Railway (Baden-Württemberg) the Donautalbahn near Inzigkofen, and it was decided to extend the Donautalbahn to Sigmaringen. The gap between Inzigkofen and Tuttlingen remained in place. This situation only changed when the German general staff began to take interest in the railway in the middle of the 1880s. The generals remembered well the experience made during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71. Rail transport had played a very significant role in that conflict, and it was assumed that an efficient East-West rail connection would be needed in case of another war with France. In particular, the military had issues with the transport of troops

pos: Camille Saint-Saëns place in the repertoire, his Second Piano Concerto. Playing this and other works he became a noted figure in the musical life of Paris and other cities in France and abroad during the 1860s. In 1870, concerned at the dominance of German music and the lack of opportunity for young French composers to have their works played, Saint-Saëns and Romain Bussine, professor of singing at the Conservatoire, discussed the founding of a society to promote new French music. Before they could take the proposal further, the Franco-Prussian War broke out. Saint-Saëns served in the National Guard during the war. During

pos: 1871 French legislative election 1871 French legislative election Legislative elections were held in France on 8 February 1871 to elect the first legislature of the French Third Republic, the unicameral National Assembly. The elections were held during a situation of crisis in the country, as following the Franco-Prussian War, 43 departments were occupied by Prussian forces. As a result, all public meetings were outlawed and Paris was the only city where an election campaign took place. The electoral law allowed candidates to run in more than one seat at a time. As a result, several candidates were elected in more than one seat, with

pos: Kingdom of Italy War of Independence began. Italy fared poorly in the war with a badly-organized military against Austria, but Prussia's victory allowed Italy to annex Veneto. At this point, one major obstacle to Italian unity remained: Rome. In 1870, Prussia went to war with France, igniting the Franco-Prussian War. To keep the large Prussian Army at bay, France abandoned its positions in Rome – which protected the remnants of the Papal States and Pius IX – in order to fight the Prussians. Italy benefited from Prussia's victory against France by being able to take over the Papal States from French authority. Rome

pos: Tom Proctor (trade unionist) place in the election, with 2,248 votes. Proctor did not stand for Parliament again until the 1918 general election, when he was selected for Nottingham East by the renamed Labour Party, with the support of the ILP. He took second place, with 2,817 votes. Tom Proctor (trade unionist) Thomas Proctor (born 1855) was a British trade unionist and Labour Party politician. Born in Nottingham, Proctor left school at the age of twelve, then when he was fifteen travelled to France and joined Giuseppe Garibaldi's Army of the Vosges, fighting in the Franco-Prussian War. Although he was captured and taken prisoner,

pos: Jakob Meckel Jakob Meckel Klemens Wilhelm Jacob Meckel (28 March 1842 – 5 July 1906) was a general in the Prussian army and foreign advisor to the government of Meiji period Japan. Meckel was born in Cologne, Rhine Province, Prussia. He graduated from the Prussian Army Staff College in 1867. He was a veteran of the Franco-Prussian War, during which he was decorated with the Iron Cross. After the government of Meiji period Japan decided to model the Imperial Japanese Army after the Prussian army, following the German victory over the French in the Franco-Prussian War, Meckel (with the rank of major

pos: Thankful Villages some uncertainty, generally over the place of residence of a serviceman. Tavernspite, in Pembrokeshire, has been mooted as a third doubly thankful village in Wales. In France, where the human cost of war was higher than in Britain, Thierville in Upper Normandy was the only village in all of France with no men lost from World War I. Thierville also suffered no losses in the Franco-Prussian War and World War II, France's other bloody wars of the modern era. On 3 June 2016 singer-songwriter Darren Hayman released the first of three albums inspired by and written in-situ at the Thankful

pos: 26th Division (German Empire) Württemberg's 2nd Infantry Division on July 27, 1849, to form Württemberg's Infantry Division and was dissolved in 1868. The division was reestablished after the Franco-Prussian War on December 18, 1871, as the 26th Division (1st Royal Württemberg), taking its new numbering as part of the Prussian Army structure. Although the 26th Division was not formed until 1871, its predecessors saw action in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 against Prussia and in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 on the side of Prussia against France. The Württemberg Infantry Division saw action in the Main campaign in 1866, suffering a reverse at Tauberbischofsheim.

pos: History of Italy Italian War of Independence began. The victory against Austria allowed Italy to annex Venice. The one major obstacle to Italian unity remained Rome. In 1870, France started the Franco-Prussian War and brought home its soldiers in Rome, where they had kept the pope in power. Italy marched in to take over the Papal State. Italian unification was completed, and the capital was moved from Florence to Rome. In Northern Italy, industrialisation and modernisation began in the last part of the 19th century. The south, at the same time, was overpopulated, forcing millions of people to search for a better life

pos: Nesser brothers Kirsch, near Trier, Alsace-Lorraine, which was the border region between Germany and France. He eventually got a job with the German railroad as an apprentice boilermaker. Soon afterwards the German government, which operated and controlled all the railroads, sent him to Metz, where he worked for twelve years as a boilermaker. In 1870, at the age of twenty, he fought with the German army in the Franco-Prussian War although he did not care for the fighting. (He lost part of his left hand ring finger when he was shot in the war). After the war, around 1873, Theodore met Katerina

pos: Fort d'Issy Fort d'Issy Fort d'Issy was one of the fortifications of the city of Paris, France, built between 1841 and 1845. It was one of six forts built to the south of the main wall around the city. The fort was placed too close to the city to be effective, and had a poor design that did not take into account recent experience of siege warfare. It was quickly silenced during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. After the armistice of February 1871 the fort was defended by National Guards of the Paris Commune against the French regular army in April–May 1871.

pos: Province of Posen insanity and was firmly entrenched in traditions of Prussian mentality and history. While he did not write or talk about it, it pre-occupied his mind. There was little need for discussions in Prussian circles, as most of them, including the monarch, agreed with his views. Poles suffered from discrimination by the Prussian state; numerous oppressive measures were implemented to eradicate the Polish community's identity and culture. The Polish inhabitants of Posen, who faced discrimination and even forced Germanization, favored the French side during the Franco-Prussian War. France and Napoleon III were known for their support and sympathy for the Poles

pos: French bicycle industry and 40 minutes. However, tensions between France and Prussia building since the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 erupted into the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and production of bicycles at Michaux was suspended to support the war effort. As a result, the next innovations occurred in Great Britain. Prior to the Franco-Prussian war, the Michaux family had reached an agreement with Rowley B. Turner of the Coventry Sewing Machine Company to manufacture 400 Michaux velocipedes to be sold in France. With the war, Turner arranged instead to sell them in England. James Starley, a foreman at Coventry, began to make improvements and

pos: Prix Lupin Prix Lupin The Prix Lupin was a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It was run at Longchamp over a distance of 2,100 metres (about 1 mile and 2½ furlongs), and it was scheduled to take place each year in May. The event was established in 1855, and it was originally called the Prix de l'Empereur. It was initially held at the Champ de Mars, and was transferred to Longchamp in 1857. It was cancelled due to the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, and was renamed the Grande Poule des Produits in 1872.

pos: Charles Renard Charles Renard Charles Renard (1847–1905) born in Damblain, Vosges, was a French military engineer. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 he started work on the design of airships at the French army aeronautical department. Together with Arthur C. Krebs and his brother Paul, in 1884 he constructed "La France", which made its maiden flight on 9 August 1884 at Chalais Meudon, making a 23-minute circular flight. This was the first time that a flying machine made a flight which returned to the place of take-off. It was later exhibited at the Paris Exposition Universelle (1889). He also proposed a now

pos: Benignus von Safferling had to leave the country, he was acquired by the Bavarian army, where he was advanced to Unterleutnant in 1945, in 1849 to Oberleutnant and in 1859 to Hauptmann. He took part in the Austro-Prussian War 1866, and served as a Major in the general staff in the 1st Royal Bavarian Division under General Stephan during the Franco-Prussian War. After the war he stood in France as Bavarian military representative at the Oberkommando of the occupation army until 1872. Back in Bavaria, he became commander of the training troops, which had to teach Prussian parade rules in the Bavarian forces.

pos: Bitche originating from a castle built at the beginning of the 13th century. The fortress is noted for its resistance during the Franco-Prussian War. Louis-Casimir Teyssier, its commander and chief, held the place for about 8 months with 3,000 men against about 20,000 Prussian and Bavarian soldiers until the French government ordered him to surrender after the ceasefire in . The town became part of Germany after that date until the end of the First World War, when it was given back to France. During the Second World War, it was annexed by the Third German Reich (-). Bitche is located

pos: 27th Division (German Empire) Austro-Prussian War of 1866 against Prussia and in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 on the side of Prussia against France. The Württemberg Infantry Division saw action in the Main campaign in 1866. During the Franco-Prussian War, the Württemberg Field Division fought at the battles of Wœrth and Sedan, and then participated in the Siege of Paris and the battles of Villiers (November 30 and December 2, 1870). During World War I, the division served on the Western Front. In 1914, it fought in the Allied Great Retreat. It fought in the Battle of the Somme in 1916 and the Battle

pos: Place des États-Unis ground, in the triangle formed by three streets: Lauriston, Paul Valéry, and Copernic, about two hundred metres to the west-northwest.) The Place des États-Unis was originally called "Place de Bitche" to honor a town in the Moselle department in northeastern France that valiantly resisted the Prussian invasion during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. The square's name was changed after Levi P. Morton, the American ambassador to France, established his residence and his country's embassy there in 1881 after abandoning unsuitable offices a few blocks away at 95, Rue de Chaillot. The similarity between the name of the Moselle city, "Bitche",

pos: Elihu B. Washburne War, and to give Washburne diplomatic clout after being appointed minister to France. Washburne's tenure as Secretary of State lasted for only eleven days, but he served in France for eight years, where he became known for diplomatic integrity and his humanitarian support of Americans, other neutrals, and Germans in France during the Franco-Prussian War. For his efforts, he received formal praise from governments in both France and Germany. Washburne's friendship with Grant ended after the contentious 1880 Republican convention, when Washburne was a candidate for president. He did not garner wide support, but Grant had been the front runner

neg: Franco-Prussian War and has no desire to take the offensive"". Two days later, he told MacMahon that he had not found ""a single enemy post ... it looks to me as if the menace of the Bavarians is simply bluff"". Even though Ducrot shrugged off the possibility of an attack by the Germans, MacMahon tried to warn his other three division commanders, without success. The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in

neg: Austro-Prussian War German nationalism would encourage the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and then to accede to the crowning of King William of Prussia as German Emperor in 1871. The united German states would become one of the most influential of all the European powers. In addition to war reparations, the following territorial changes took place: The war meant the end of the German Confederation. Those states who remained neutral during the conflict took different actions after the Prague treaty: The Austrian Chancellor Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust was "impatient to take his revenge

neg: Ludwig (film) husband to Sophie who loves him, and he postpones and eventually cancels the marriage. Instead, he starts having relationships with his servants, although the devout Catholic feels guilt about his homosexuality. Bavaria supports the Prussian army in the Franco-Prussian War 1871, but during the following Unification of Germany the Bavarian King loses a lot of his sovereignty to the Prussian emperor Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck. Shortly after the Franco-Prussian War, the mental health of Ludwig's younger brother Otto declines and doctors have to take care of him. Ludwig is shocked by his brother's illness. Ludwig does not care

neg: Anschluss states (including the non-German regions of Austria), but Prussia would have had to take second place. This controversy, called dualism, dominated Prusso-Austrian diplomacy and the politics of the German states in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1866 the feud finally came to an end during the German war in which the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and thereby excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany. The Prussian statesman Otto von Bismarck formed the North German Confederation, which included the remaining German states and further expanded the power of Prussia. Bismarck used the Franco-Prussian war (1870-1871) as a way to convince

neg: Christmas tree upper Rhineland for a relatively long period of time. The custom did eventually gain wider acceptance beginning around 1815 by way of Prussian officials who emigrated there following the Congress of Vienna. In the 19th century, the Christmas tree was taken to be an expression of German culture and of , especially among emigrants overseas. A decisive factor in winning general popularity was the German army's decision to place Christmas trees in its barracks and military hospitals during the Franco-Prussian War. Only at the start of the 20th century did Christmas trees appear inside churches, this time in a new

neg: Maneuver warfare warfare. The results of this review were seen in the Franco-Prussian War. As a result of the introduction of various forms of mechanized transport starting with the steam powered trains in the mid-19th century, logistics were vastly improved and the opposing armies were no longer limited in speed by the pace of march. Some train-borne maneuvering took place during the American Civil War in the 1860s, but the sizes of the armies involved meant the system could provide only limited support. Armored trains were among the first armored fighting vehicles employed by mankind. In the Franco-Prussian War, the Prussian Army,

neg: Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet) Pyramides, in Paris, near where Joan of Arc was wounded during her failed attempt to take Paris. Other copies can be seen at: Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet) Jeanne d'Arc is an 1874 French gilded bronze equestrian sculpture of Joan of Arc by Emmanuel Frémiet. The outdoor statue is prominently displayed in the Place des Pyramides in Paris. The original statue was commissioned by the French government after the defeat of the country in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War. It is the only public commission of the state from 1870 to 1914, called the Golden Age of statuary in Paris, the other statues

neg: Gaston Tissandier teacher at Association polytechnique. His interest in meteorology led him to take up aviation. His first trip in the air was conducted at Calais in 1868 together with Claude-Jules Dufour, where his balloon drifted out over the sea and was brought back by an air stream of opposite direction in a higher layer of air. In September 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, he managed to leave the besieged Paris by balloon. His most adventurous airtrip took place near Paris in April 1875. He and companions Joseph Crocé-Spinelli, journalist, and Théodore Henri Sivel, naval officer, were able to reach in a

neg: Pax Britannica after which the Royal Navy established the West Africa Squadron and the government negotiated international treaties under which they could enforce the ban. Sea power, however, did not project on land. Land wars fought between the major powers include the Crimean War, the Franco-Austrian War, the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War, as well as numerous conflicts between lesser powers. The Royal Navy prosecuted the First Opium War (18391842) and Second Opium War (18561860) against Imperial China. The Royal Navy was superior to any other two navies in the world, combined. Between 1815 and the passage of the German naval

neg: Moncure D. Conway someone to take his place after being drafted to serve in the Union army, Conway traveled to Italy. There he reunited with his wife and children in Venice before moving back to London. There in 1864 he became minister of the South Place Chapel (serving in 1864–65 and 1893–97) as well as leader of the then named South Place Religious Society in Finsbury, London. Conway continued writing and publishing, including articles in both British and American magazines, and traveled to Paris and even Russia. He also served as a war correspondent during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. Conway published biographies

neg: German Jewish military personnel of World War I Empire in 1871, Jews having served in the Prussian Army in the German Campaign of 1813, the "Wars of Liberation". Meno Burg became the highest ranking German Jew in the Prussian Army in the 19th century, reaching the rank of Major. Jews continued to serve in the Prussian Army during the Second Schleswig War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). After the establishment of the Empire in 1871, Jews in the Prussian Army did not receive the anticipated equal rights; they were barred from government positions and officer ranks, while other German states like Hamburg and

neg: History of Rome attack the Papal States but remain outside Rome. In the Austro-Prussian war however, a deal was made between the new Italy and Prussia, where Italy would attack Austria in return for the region of Venetia. The war was a major success for the Prussians (though the Italians did not win a single battle), and the northern front of Italy was complete. In July 1870, the Franco-Prussian War started, and French Emperor Napoleon III could no longer protect the Papal States. Soon after, the Italian army under general Raffaele Cadorna entered Rome on 20 September, after a cannonade of three hours,

neg: Causes of the Franco-Prussian War volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence, and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera. After the fall of Napoleon III following the Battle of Sedan, Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment, which was best exemplified by the reaction of Garibaldi soon after the revolution in Paris, who told the "Movimento" of Genoa on 7 September 1870, "Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means." Causes of the Franco-Prussian War The causes of the Franco-Prussian War

neg: 8 cm Kanone C/73 C/73 did not have a recoil mechanism or a gun shield. For transport, the gun was attached to a limber for towing by a six-horse team. The limber also had seats for crew members plus ammunition and supplies. There were also seats attached to the axle of the gun carriage for the crew. 8 cm Kanone C/73 The 8 cm Kanone C/73 was a field gun developed after the Franco-Prussian War and used by Germany before and during World War I. After the Franco-Prussian War, the German Army began to study replacements for its existing C/61 steel breech-loaded cannons. Although

neg: Franco-Prussian War two Prussian corps held the entire French army for the whole day. Outnumbered 5 to 1, the extraordinary élan of the Prussians prevailed over gross indecision by the French. The French had lost the opportunity to win a decisive victory. The Battle of Gravelotte, or Gravelotte–St. Privat (18 August), was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War. It was fought about west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in to complete the destruction of the French forces. The combined German

neg: Battle of Villersexel Battle of Villersexel The Battle of Villersexel took place on 9 January 1871 as part of the Franco-Prussian War. Elements of the French "Armée de l'Est" under General Bourbaki engaged August von Werder's Prussian forces. It resulted in a French victory. In the turmoil and confusion following major reverses and capitulations at Sedan, Paris, and Metz, the remaining French armies faced major supply difficulties which restricted their movements. The "Armée de l'Est" was tasked with reaching and assisting Belfort, where Colonel Denfert-Rochereau still held out. Werder's Prussians caught up to Bourbaki in the evening of 9 January at Villersexel, where

neg: Military strategy Cold Harbor and Vicksburg, trench networks foreshadowed World War I. Many of the lessons of the American Civil War were forgotten, when in wars like the Austro-Prussian War or the Franco-Prussian War, manoeuvre won the day. In the period preceding World War I, two of the most influential strategists were the Prussian generals, Helmuth von Moltke and Alfred von Schlieffen. Under Moltke the Prussian army achieved victory in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), the latter campaign being widely regarded as a classic example of the conception and execution of military strategy. In addition to exploiting railroads

neg: Switzerland Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. The second was in response to the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. The third mobilisation of the army took place in September 1939 in response to the German attack on Poland; Henri Guisan was elected as the General-in-Chief. Because of its neutrality policy, the Swiss army does not currently take part in armed conflicts in other countries, but is part of some peacekeeping missions around the world. Since 2000 the armed force department has also maintained the Onyx intelligence gathering system to monitor satellite communications. Following the end of the Cold War

neg: Emil Körner the state of the same name which that year had been annexed to Prussia, where he continued his military studies, standing out in military sciences, showing great physical resistance and a work capacity superior to his classmates. In 1868 he was promoted to ensign and continued his studies in the Artillery and Engineering School of Charlottenburg in Berlin where he stood out because of his educational results. From there he graduated with the rank of second lieutenant in 1870, the year he participated in the Franco-Prussian War. In the campaigns of the Franco-Prussian War, despite his few years of service,

neg: Gerson von Bleichröder when completed in 1887, was named the Kaiser Willhelm Canal. Indeed, the economic motivation behind the canal most probably was the main motivation for the war on Denmark in the first place. The Schleswig-Holstein War of 1864 was the first of three wars which are credited with bringing about the unification of Germany into a single state under the authority of the Prussian crown. The second war was the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the third and final war was the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. In January 1871, a ceremony was held in Versailles which made William I of Prussia

neg: Neu-Bamberg and Wonsheim. The meeting, which had begun with much enthusiasm ended less praiseworthily: during a drinking binge, an argument, and then a fight, broke out. When in the end the movement was beaten by the Prussians, the militiamen wished they had never said or done anything. In 1866, four men from Neu-Bamberg went to war in the Prussian forces against Austria, fighting in the Austro-Prussian War, among them Philipp and Michael Bremmer, who also fought alongside 17 others from the village in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871); one of them did not come back from the latter war. It was, however,

neg: Hart Common on Hewlett Street and a cast iron footbridge over the railway. Many men in the district found work in there. During the Franco-Prussian War in the mid-1870s, the miners were able to earn £1 per day, however when the war ended the price of coal fell to 6 shillings per ton and Mr Hewlett called for drastic reductions in the miners' wages. These were strenuously opposed by the miners and a strike ensued. It was then that more workers arrived and settled at Hart Common from further afield, which the villagers did not take kindly to. By 1896 the Wigan

neg: Eduard von Fransecky Eduard von Fransecky Eduard Friedrich Karl von Fransecky (16 November 1807 – 22 May 1890) was Prussian general who served in the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War. Fransecky was born in 1807 in Gedern in a military family. In 1818 he entered a Prussian cadetschool in Potsdam. In 1825 he was commissioned as an ensign in the 16th Infantry regiment stationed in Düsseldorf. Between 1843 and 1857 Fransecky served in the Historical division of the Prussian general staff. He fought in the war against Denmark in 1848, serving in Schleswig. In 1860 von Fransecky was attached to Oldenburg where

neg: Alexander Siemens his studies there to lay telegraph cables in the Middle East. These cables were to form part of the Indo-European Telegraph and much of the work was undertaken by Siemens Brothers. Upon the annexation of Hanover by Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War Siemens became a Prussian citizen and liable to conscription. He was conscripted in 1870 as a private to fight in the Franco-Prussian War where he was wounded at the Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande. It was for his actions in this battle where Prussian forces won a decisive victory over the numerically superior French army that he was

neg: Belgium and the Franco-Prussian War Belgium and the Franco-Prussian War Though not actually a belligerent in the Franco–Prussian War (1870–71), Belgian society and politics were heavily affected by the conflict, and in particular the fear of invasion by either side. The mobilization of the army in 1870 highlighted the inadequacies of the Belgian military and led to reform of the system of conscription (and the abandonment of the system of "Remplacement") and a programme of re-fortification towards the end of the 19th century which would greatly influence the early phases of the First World War. It was assumed by many that in the event of

neg: Franco-Prussian War order of battle Chief of Staff: "Generalleutnant" Leonhard von Blumenthal Though not a belligerent in the conflict, the Belgian army was mobilized and placed on readiness at the country's borders in fear of a preemptive attack by either party through the neutral territory during the Franco-Prussian War. (See Belgium and the Franco-Prussian War). Commander-in-Chief: King Leopold II Chief of Staff: Lieutenant General Bruno Renard Minister of War: Major General Henri Guillaume The Army of Observation ("Armée d'Observation") numbered approximately 55,000 men. Its role was to defend the country's borders. Commander: Lieutenant-General Baron Félix Chazal Chief of Staff: Colonel Monoyer The Army of Antwerp

neg: Franco-Prussian War order of battle ("Armée d'Anvers"), based in the "National Redoubt" fortress in Antwerp, numbered approximately 15,000. It was a defensive force, designed to hold the city of Antwerp alone. Approximately 8,000 additional men served as guards at other fortresses around the country, including Liège. Commander: Lieutenant-General Alexis-Michel Eenens Chief of Staff: Colonel Henri Alexis Brialmont Franco-Prussian War order of battle This is an order of battle of the French and German Armies at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Order of battle at the beginning of the war: Commander in Chief: Emperor Napoléon III<br> Chief of Staff: Marshal Edmond Le Bœuf

neg: Franco-Prussian War order of battle Franco-Prussian War order of battle This is an order of battle of the French and German Armies at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Order of battle at the beginning of the war: Commander in Chief: Emperor Napoléon III<br> Chief of Staff: Marshal Edmond Le Bœuf French Infantry divisions were square divisions, with two infantry brigades of two infantry regiments each. Generally, one brigade per division also had a light infantry (chasseur) battalion. French cavalry divisions were also generally square, with two brigades of two regiments each, but the cavalry divisions of the Imperial Guard Corps, the 1st

neg: Guards Corps (German Empire) Guards Corps (German Empire) The Guards Corps / GK () was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I. The Corps was headquartered in Berlin, with its units garrisoned in the city and nearby towns (Potsdam, Jüterbog, Döberitz). Unlike all other Corps of the Imperial German Army, the Guards Corps did not recruit from a specific area, but from throughout Prussia and the "Imperial Lands" of Alsace-Lorraine. The Corps served in the Austro-Prussian War. During the Franco-Prussian War it was assigned to the 2nd Army. In peacetime

neg: SMS Basilisk (1862) SMS Basilisk (1862) SMS "Basilisk" was a of the Prussian Navy (later the Imperial German Navy) that was launched in 1862. A small vessel, armed with only three light guns, "Basilisk" served during all three wars of German unification in the 1860s and early 1870s. The ship was present during the Battle of Heligoland in May 1864 during the Second Schleswig War, but was too slow to engage the Danish squadron. During the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, "Basilisk" was stationed in the North Sea to help defend the coast, but she did not see

neg: Royal Prussian Military Railway Royal Prussian Military Railway The Royal Prussian Military Railway (German: "Königlich Preußische Militär-Eisenbahn"), also called the "Königliche Militär-Eisenbahn" (Royal Military Railway, KME), was a Prussian state railway, operated by the army, between Schöneberg (now part of Berlin) and Kummersdorf (now in the municipality of Am Mellensee), later extended to Jüterbog. After the Franco-Prussian War, it was decided to build a line where railway troops could practise, as the strategic importance of the railways had increased considerably. On 9 January 1873, the Berlin-Dresden Railway Company ("Berlin-Dresdener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft") entered into a contract with the Prussian War Ministry, to build a line west

neg: Bad Ems became the summer residence of various European monarchs and artists, including Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany, Tsars Nicholas I and Alexander II of Russia, Richard Wagner, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Vasili Vasilyevich Vereshchagin, etc. In 1870, the town, then part of Prussian Hesse-Nassau, became known as the place where the Ems Dispatch originated, instigating the Franco-Prussian War. In 1876, in the "Haus Vier Türme" (Four Tower House), the Ems Edict was signed by Alexander II of Russia, banning the use of the Ukrainian language. Today, a monument at the spot commemorates this historical event. In the 19th and 20th centuries a

neg: Julius von Bose Corps, with which he served at the battle of Wörth where he was wounded. His wounds kept him out of the war until 1871. For his services during the war he was given a donative of 100.000 thaler. In 1880 he was ennobled a count. Julius von Bose Friedrich Julius Wilhelm Graf von Bose (12 September 1809 – 22 July 1894) was a Prussian general who commanded the Prussian XI Corps during the Franco-Prussian War. In 1821 Bose was a page boy at the court of Weimar. Bose entered the Prussian 26th Infantry Regiment in 1826. He became an officer

neg: Marc-Edmond Dominé During the Franco-Prussian War, he was wounded a second time at the Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande. Marc-Edmond Dominé Marc-Edmond Dominé (21 June 1848 – 28 June 1921) was a French Army officer who served in the Franco-Prussian War, the Sino-French War, and in the various territories of the French colonial empire. Marc-Edmond Domine was admitted to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1866. In October 1868, following his graduation from the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, Dominé selected the infantry as his preferred branch of the French Army. Dominé was deployed to Algeria where he was wounded in a skirmish;

neg: Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy was Daniel Itzig, and his paternal great-grandfather was Moses Mendelssohn. He studied sciences at Heidelberg University, where Robert Bunsen was amongst his colleagues. After graduating in 1863 he went to Berlin to study with Wilhelm Hoffmann. He volunteered as a soldier in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, taking part in the Battle of Königgrätz and becoming an officer. (He was later to be recalled for the Franco-Prussian War, where he won the Iron Cross). After the Austro-Prussian War he met with Alexander Martius, a former student of Justus von Liebig, who had set up a dye factory in England. They

neg: Les Soirées de Médan Les Soirées de Médan Les Soirées de Médan ("Evenings at Médan") is a collection of six short stories by six different writers associated with Naturalism, first published in 1880. All the stories concern the Franco-Prussian War. The contents of the book are as follows: The collection took its title from Zola's house at Médan, near Paris, where writers would meet for literary dinners. The authors were often referred to collectively as the "Médan group". The aim of the collection was to promote the ideals of Naturalism, by treating the events of the Franco-Prussian War in a realistic and often unheroic

neg: French aviso Bouvet (1865) French aviso Bouvet (1865) Bouvet was a sail and steam aviso of the French Navy, lead ship of her class. She is remembered as the opponent of the German gunboat SMS "Meteor" during the Battle of Havana in 1870, at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. Commissioned on 18 June 1866, "Bouvet" served in Mexico, in the Caribbean and off Terre-Neuve. At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, she was sent to the Caribbean, where she intervened to rescue the liner SS "Nouveau Monde". Under Commander Franquet, she fought against SMS "Meteor" during the Battle of Havana, managing to ram

neg: Daniel Vierge from the Franco-Prussian War. He was never prolific and suffered a stroke at the age of 30, which forced him to learn to draw with his left hand. He died in Boulogne-sur-Seine at the age of 53. Daniel Vierge Daniel Urrabieta y Vierge (5 March 185110 May 1904) was a Spanish-born French illustrator who revolutionized the reproduction of illustrations. He was born in Madrid. He went to Paris in 1867 to seek his fortune, where he became attached to "Le Monde illustré" in 1870, just before the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and, like other artists in the paper, came under

neg: Lorenz rifle improved Model 1862 variant; these were used in the Austro-Prussian War. Muzzle-loading Lorenz rifles were the main Austrian weapon during the Austro-Prussian War where the Prussian needle gun generally outclassed them. The Austro-Hungarian Empire converted some 70.000 Lorenz rifles into the Wanzl breechloader until they had enough M1867 Werndl-Holub rifles to arm the military. Also the Prussians, who had large numbers of captured Lorenz rifles, and converted about 35,599 rifles into Zündnadel-Defensionsgewehr Ö/M (M1854/II System Lorenz) and used them in Landwehr units in the Franco-Prussian War. In the late 19th century surplus Lorenz rifles were sold in Africa as trade

neg: Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1811–1873) at by pirates within sight of Morocco’s Rif coast and was wounded. During the Second Schleswig War of 1864 (also known as the "Danish-Prussian War") he commanded the Baltic Squadron, without being able to take an active role in the war. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, which led to the creation of the German Empire, Adalbert laid down his title of "Prince-Admiral" and retired from the now-renamed Imperial Navy. He died two years later of liver disease in Karlsbad. Adalbert was married to the dancer Therese Elssler (Frau von Barnim); their only son, Adalbert v. Barnim (born 1841), died

neg: Frédéric Janssoone was done earlier than in the normal scheme, due to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War at the time. Military chaplains were in great need, and he was quickly assigned to serve at a military hospital. After the war Jannsoone helped to establish a friary in Bordeaux, where he was appointed as guardian in 1873. Since he found the role unbearable, he was relieved of this responsibility a year later. His release gave him the freedom to take a course in homiletics, at which he would excel all his life. In 1876 Janssoone applied to serve in the Order's international

neg: Capture of Rome could not take its seat in Rome because it did not control the territory. In addition, a French garrison was maintained in the city by Emperor Napoleon III in support of Pope Pius IX, who was determined not to hand over temporal power in the States of the Church. In July 1870, at the very last moment of the Church's rule over Rome, the First Vatican Council was held in the city – affirming the doctrine of papal infallibility. In July 1870, the Franco-Prussian War began. In early August, Napoleon III recalled his garrison from Rome. The French not only

neg: Siegfried Karfunkelstein Siegfried Karfunkelstein Siegfried Karfunkelstein (21 February 1848 – 30 October 1870) was a German Jewish soldier. He joined the army in 1866 and fought during the Austro-Prussian War, and was later killed in action during Franco-Prussian War in October 1870 during the Battle of Le Bourget. He had been awarded the Iron Cross, second class, for his military services, two days prior to his death. Karfunkelstein was born at Beuthen, Silesia on 21 February 1848. At the age of 18, in 1866 he volunteered for military service and fought during the Austro-Prussian War. In the Franco-Prussian War, Karfunkelstein distinguished himself

neg: Villers-Bretonneux Villers Bretonneux was the scene of a battle of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 for the defense of Amiens. The French were defeated, and the population had to pay a tribute of 100,000 francs to the Prussians. In the First World War the town was the site of the First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux and Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux. The first tank against tank combat in history took place here on 24 April 1918. In the interwar years, the city of Melbourne in Australia was a sponsor of the town of Villers-Bretonneux and helped in its reconstruction as did as the

neg: Camäleon-class gunboat Mediterranean. During the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the completed members of the class served in the Baltic and North Seas, or in the case of "Camäleon" and "Comet", were not activated at all. The ships in service did not see significant action, since the Austrian fleet was contained in the Adriatic Sea by Prussia's ally Italy. "Cyclop", "Delphin", "Blitz", and the ironclad turret ship supported the Prussian Army's campaign against the Kingdom of Hanover. In 1869, the last two members of the class, "Meteor" and "Drache", were finally completed. At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, the ships

neg: Vincent, Count Benedetti Benedetti remained in Berlin until the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and during these years, he played an important part in the diplomatic history of Europe. His position was a difficult one, for Napoleon III did not keep him fully informed as to the course of French policy. In 1866, the Austro-Prussian War broke out, and during the critical weeks which followed the attempt of Napoleon to intervene between Prussia and Austria, he accompanied the Prussian headquarters in the advance on Vienna. During a visit to Vienna, he helped to arrange the preliminaries of the armistice signed at

neg: Sedantag became a "de facto" national holiday, last celebrated in 1918. After the Treaty of Versailles had been signed in mid 1919, on 27 August 1919 the Ministry of the Interior of the Weimar Republic declared that no further Sedantag celebrations should take place. Sedantag Sedantag (, "Day of Sedan") was a semi-official memorial holiday in the German Empire celebrated on the second day of September to commemorate the victory in the 1870 Battle of Sedan. After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War a few weeks later, French emperor Napoleon III and his army were taken prisoner in the fortress of

neg: Clausen German war cemetery Federal Republic of Germany, German remains from 150 different cemeteries throughout Luxembourg were moved to Sandweiler German war cemetery however those in Clausen were left in place. Clausen German war cemetery The Clausen German war cemetery ("" in German) is a German military cemetery in Luxembourg City. The cemetery primarily contains remains from World War I and World War II; however it also contains military remains from the Belgian Revolution, the Prussian garrison located in the city between 1815-1867 and the Franco-Prussian War. As a consequence of the Congress of Vienna became part of German Confederation and Luxembourg City was

neg: Battle of Königgrätz Palatinate and Luxembourg. In his speech to the Reichstag on 2 May 1871, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck stated: The Königgrätzer Marsch was written to commemorate the battle. The French public resented the Prussian victory and demanded "Revanche pour Sadova" or "Revenge for Sadowa", which formed part of the build-up to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Battle of Königgrätz The Battle of Königgrätz was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War in which the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian Empire. Taking place near Königgrätz (Czech: Hradec Králové) and Sadowa (Sadová) in Bohemia on 3 July 1866, it was an example

neg: Dobrovolsk Dobrovolsk were approved. Although much of the town remains destroyed from World War II, it is nevertheless home to numerous memorials and cemeteries reflecting the fighting of the recent centuries. An obelisk commemorates Prussian soldiers killed in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, and there is a First World War cemetery containing the graves of fallen Germans and Russian soldiers. A Soviet Memorial Complex commemorating the fallen of the World War II, of whom approximately 5,300 are buried here. Where religion is recorded from the census process, pre-1945 census data show the religious affiliation of the population as overwhelmingly Prussian Evangelical.

neg: Stormtrooper an end. For a time, up to the turn of the 19th century, armies tried to circumvent the problem by moving into range in dispersed formations and charging only the last metres, as the French did in the Second Italian War of Independence (1859), the Prussians in the Austro-Prussian War (1866), or the Germans against the French in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). The advent of the machine gun and the adoption of hydraulic-recoil artillery was a further setback for close order. The showing of the Boers against the British in the Boer War (1899-1902) fanned an enthusiasm for "Boer tactics":

neg: 12 cm Kanone C/80 C/80 remained in service until the end of the war due to the sheer number in service. 12 cm Kanone C/80 The 12 cm Kanone C/80 was a fortress and siege gun developed after the Franco-Prussian War and used by Germany before and during World War I. After the Franco-Prussian War, the Army began to study replacements for its 12 cm Kanone C/64 breech loaded cannons. Although Prussian artillery had outclassed their French rivals during the war the breech mechanism they used was weak and there was a tendency for barrels to burst due to premature detonation of shells. In

neg: Alexander von Kluck French. Alexander von Kluck Alexander Heinrich Rudolph von Kluck (20 May 1846 – 19 October 1934) was a German general during World War I. Kluck was born in Münster, Westphalia on 20 May 1846. He was the son of architect Karl von Kluck and his wife Elisabeth, née Tiedemann. He visited school Paulinum in his hometown Münster. In 1874 he married Fanny von Donop (1850–1938); they had three sons and one daughter. He enlisted in the Prussian army in time to serve in the seven-week Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War, where he was wounded twice in the

neg: Alexander von Kluck Alexander von Kluck Alexander Heinrich Rudolph von Kluck (20 May 1846 – 19 October 1934) was a German general during World War I. Kluck was born in Münster, Westphalia on 20 May 1846. He was the son of architect Karl von Kluck and his wife Elisabeth, née Tiedemann. He visited school Paulinum in his hometown Münster. In 1874 he married Fanny von Donop (1850–1938); they had three sons and one daughter. He enlisted in the Prussian army in time to serve in the seven-week Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War, where he was wounded twice in the Battle

neg: Maximilian von Prittwitz Prittwitz retired to Berlin, where he lived for three years before dying of a heart attack. He was buried in the Invalidenfriedhof in Berlin. Maximilian von Prittwitz Maximilian “Max” Wilhelm Gustav Moritz von Prittwitz und Gaffron (27 November 1848 – 29 March 1917) was an Imperial German general. He fought in the Austro-Prussian War, the Franco-Prussian War, and briefly in the First World War. Prittwitz came from an old aristocratic Silesian family in Bernstadt (now Bierutów, Poland). His father was Gustav von Prittwitz, a Prussian general, and his mother was Elizabeth von Klass. On 19 May 1874 Prittwitz married Olga

neg: 1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince" 1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince" The 1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers was established in December 1655 by Boleslaw Von Schwerin. The regiment was used at the Battle of Warsaw.The regiment also took part in the First and Second Silesian Wars. During the Napoleonic Wars, the unit was renamed East Prussian Grenadier Regiment No. 1 "crown prince".In 1855, the 1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince" was moved from Danzig to Königsberg,(where it remained).The regiment also took part in the Franco-Prussian War and the Austro-Prussian War.In memory of the former chief, the regiment received the name "Grenadier Regiment King

neg: 12 cm Kanone C/80 12 cm Kanone C/80 The 12 cm Kanone C/80 was a fortress and siege gun developed after the Franco-Prussian War and used by Germany before and during World War I. After the Franco-Prussian War, the Army began to study replacements for its 12 cm Kanone C/64 breech loaded cannons. Although Prussian artillery had outclassed their French rivals during the war the breech mechanism they used was weak and there was a tendency for barrels to burst due to premature detonation of shells. In 1873 a new gun which retained the same caliber as the previous gun and designated the 12

neg: Paul de Ladmirault 1867. During the Franco-Prussian War he was placed in command of the IV Corps of the "Army of the Rhine", taking part in the battles of Mars-la-Tour and Saint-Privat; during the latter he repulsed the German attack at Amanvillers. After the capitulation of the Bazaine's army however, he became a Prussian prisoner of war. He was freed in order to take part in the assault against the Paris Commune, during which he led the assault against the Gate of Saint-Ouen and Montmartre. After the suppression of the Commune, he was named military governor of Paris, a post he held until

neg: Bernhard von Langenbeck He also served in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. He was in Orléans at the end of 1870 after the city had been taken by the Prussians and in his capacity as surgeon or as consultant tended to the wounded men with whom every public building was packed. He also utilized the opportunities for instruction that thus arose, and the Militär-ärztliche Gesellschaft, which met twice a week for some months, and in the discussions of which every surgeon in the city, irrespective of nationality, was invited to take part, was mainly formed by his

neg: Military Cabinet (Prussia) to the monarch and subordinate only to him. The king appointed all members of the Military Cabinet and the chief had the coveted "Immediatvortrag", direct personal access to the king, which even the chief of the Great General Staff and the Minister of War did not have. The cabinet was essentially a privy council to the monarch and its constitutional position was unclear. It was modernized under the leadership of Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel, from 1856/1857 to 1865. During Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War the chief of the Military Cabinet was a member of the army

neg: Austro-Prussian War mainly on whether he had a master plan that resulted in this war, the North German Confederation and the unification of Germany. Bismarck maintained that he orchestrated the conflict in order to bring about the North German Confederation, the Franco-Prussian War and the eventual unification of Germany. However, historians such as A. J. P. Taylor dispute his interpretation and believe that Bismarck did not have a master plan, but rather was an opportunist who took advantage of the favourable situations that presented themselves. Taylor thinks Bismarck manipulated events into the most beneficial solution possible for Prussia. On 22 February 1866,

neg: Gerd von Rundstedt dismissal by Adolf Hitler in March 1945. Rundstedt was aware of the various plots to depose Hitler, but refused to support them. After the war, he was charged with war crimes, but did not face trial due to his age and poor health. He was released in 1949, and died in 1953. Gerd von Rundstedt was born in Aschersleben, north of Halle in Prussian Saxony (now in Saxony-Anhalt). He was the eldest son of Gerd Arnold Konrad von Rundstedt, a cavalry officer who served in the Franco-Prussian War. The Rundstedts are an old Junker family that traced its origins to

neg: Franco-Prussian War had become extremely intense, becoming a door to door battle of survival. Despite an unceasing attack from Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions. The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans. The French troops who did not surrender retreated westward, leaving behind and wounded and another and all of their remaining ammunition. The final attack by the Prussian troops also cost The German cavalry then failed to pursue the French and lost touch with them. The attackers had an initial superiority of numbers, a broad deployment which made envelopment highly

neg: Gustave Caillebotte in 1868 and a license to practice law in 1870, and he also was an engineer. Shortly after his education, he was drafted to fight in the Franco-Prussian war, and served from July 1870 to March 1871 in the "Garde Nationale Mobile de la Seine". After the war, Caillebotte began visiting the studio of painter Léon Bonnat, where he began to study painting seriously. He developed an accomplished style in a relatively short time and had his first studio in his parents' home. In 1873, Caillebotte entered the École des Beaux-Arts, but apparently did not spend much time there. He

neg: 15 cm Ring Kanone C/72 like in neighboring city of Setúbal and the islands of Azores and Madeira, for coastal defensive duties. 15 cm Ring Kanone C/72 The 15 cm Ring Kanone C/72 was a fortress and siege gun developed after the Franco-Prussian War and used by Germany and Portugal before and during World War I. After the Franco-Prussian War, the Army began to study replacements for its cast bronze 15 cm Kanone C/61 and steel 15 cm Kanone C/64 breech loaded cannons. Although Prussian artillery had outclassed their French rivals during the war the breech mechanism the C/64 used was weak and there was

neg: 15 cm Ring Kanone C/72 15 cm Ring Kanone C/72 The 15 cm Ring Kanone C/72 was a fortress and siege gun developed after the Franco-Prussian War and used by Germany and Portugal before and during World War I. After the Franco-Prussian War, the Army began to study replacements for its cast bronze 15 cm Kanone C/61 and steel 15 cm Kanone C/64 breech loaded cannons. Although Prussian artillery had outclassed their French rivals during the war the breech mechanism the C/64 used was weak and there was a tendency for barrels to burst due to premature detonation of shells. In 1872 a new gun

neg: Political union the Second Schleswig War, the Austro-Prussian War, and the Franco-Prussian War, Sardinia annexed many of the Duchies and City-states in Italy during the period of Italian unification, in 1918 during the Podgorica Assembly the Kingdom of Serbia annexed the Kingdom of Montenegro, and in 1949 and 1951 the People's Republic of China annexed Tibet (1950) and East Turkestan (Xinjiang) (1949). In a federal or confederal union the states continue in existence but place themselves under a new federal authority. The federal state alone will be the state in international law though the federated states retain an existence in domestic law.

neg: Gabriel Davioud are the popular Saint-Michel Fountain in Place Saint-Michel, the old Palais du Trocadéro (demolished 1937), and the two theatres at the Place du Châtelet (the Théâtre du Châtelet and the Théâtre de la Ville.) In 1868, Davioud succeeded Jacques Landry as mayor of Houlgate, where he stayed until 1871. His mandate was interrupted when he was appointed "capitaine du génie" during the Franco-Prussian War. Noted for his work in Paris, he built a single villa in Houlgate, "La Brise", on the "Route de Caumont". Gabriel Davioud Jean-Antoine-Gabriel Davioud (; 30 October 1824 – 6 April 1881) was a French architect.