query: which class is thought to have been descended from dinosaurs

pos: Evolution of reptiles Jurassic; the mammals and the tritylodontids were the only survivors of the line by the end of the period. The main points to the transition from reptile to bird are the evolution from scales to feathers, the evolution of the beak (although independently evolved in other organisms), the hallofication of bones, development of flight, and warm-bloodedness. The evolution of birds is thought to have begun in the Jurassic Period, with the earliest birds derived from theropod dinosaurs. Birds are categorized as a biological class, Aves. The earliest known species in Aves is "Archaeopteryx lithographica", from the Late Jurassic period. Modern

pos: Bipedalism that includes both dinosaurs and crocodilians. All dinosaurs are thought to be descended from a fully bipedal ancestor, perhaps similar to "Eoraptor". Bipedal movement also re-evolved in a number of other dinosaur lineages such as the iguanodons. Some extinct members of the crocodilian line, a sister group to the dinosaurs and birds, also evolved bipedal forms - a crocodile relative from the triassic, "Effigia okeeffeae", is thought to be bipedal. Pterosaurs were previously thought to have been bipedal, but recent trackways have all shown quadrupedal locomotion. Bipedalism also evolved independently among the dinosaurs. Dinosaurs diverged from their archosaur ancestors approximately

pos: Physiology of dinosaurs includes "Allosaurus" and "Tyrannosaurus" diverged from the line that led to "Tenontosaurus" very early in the evolution of dinosaurs, the presence of medullary bone in both groups suggests that dinosaurs in general produced medullary tissue. On the other hand, crocodilians, which are dinosaurs' second closest extant relatives after birds, do not produce medullary bone. This tissue may have first appeared in ornithodires, the Triassic archosaur group from which dinosaurs are thought to have evolved. Medullary bone has been found in specimens of sub-adult size, which suggests that dinosaurs reached sexual maturity before they were full-grown. Sexual maturity at sub-adult size

pos: Physiology of dinosaurs return to their previous size and shape, and the animal exhales. They also presented this as a reason for doubting that birds descended from dinosaurs. Critics have claimed that, without avian air sacs, modest improvements in a few aspects of a modern reptile's circulatory and respiratory systems would enable the reptile to achieve 50% to 70% of the oxygen flow of a mammal of similar size, and that lack of avian air sacs would not prevent the development of endothermy. Very few formal rebuttals have been published in scientific journals of Ruben "et al."'s claim that dinosaurs could not have

pos: Paraphyly the order remains uncertain. Without the Cetacean descendants the Artiodactyls must be paraphyletic. The class Reptilia "as traditionally defined", is paraphyletic because it excludes birds (class Aves) and mammals. In the ICZN Code, the three taxa are classes of equal rank. However, mammals hail from the synapsids (which were once described as "mammal-like reptiles") and birds are descended from the dinosaurs (a group of Diapsida), both of which are reptiles. Alternatively, reptiles are paraphyletic because they gave rise to (only) birds. Birds and reptiles together make Sauropsids. Osteichthyes, bony fish, are paraphyletic when they include only Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and

pos: Longisquama The questions relating to the reptilian classification of "Longisquama" and to the exact function of the 'long scales' relate to a wider debate about the origin of birds, and whether they are descended from dinosaurs. A consensus of paleontologists agrees that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs. The scenario for this hypothesis is that early theropod dinosaurs were endothermic, and evolved simple filamentous feathers for insulation. These feathers later increased in size and complexity and then adapted to aerodynamic uses. Ample evidence for this hypothesis has been found in the fossil record, specifically for such dinosaurs as "Kulindadromeus", "Sinosauropteryx", "Caudipteryx", "Microraptor"

pos: Changyuraptor length of for feathers from non-avian dinosaurs. The elongated tail feathers are thought to have helped provide softer and safer landings. They could have controlled pitch, a feature useful for a heavier animal, that would have attained a faster gliding speed. While elongated feathers on the hindlimbs were present in many early birds, such as "Archaeopteryx", the morphology of microraptorines suggests a different aerodynamic model from that of modern birds, which have characteristically bald legs and exhibit stable flight using two wings only. "Changyuraptor" is thought to have existed alongside a variety of predatory and herbivorous dinosaurs of the Jehol

pos: Feather development a subset of reptiles instead of their own category. Although this is a simplification, it originates from bird’s homology with reptiles. Birds evolved from fast bipedal dinosaurs, but feathers evolved before them, and not for flying as what was originally thought. The theory of feathers evolving for flight unraveled in the 1970s when theropod dinosaurs (some common theropods were "Tyrannosaurus rex" and "Velociraptors") were discovered to have feathers. By looking at melanosomes, which are structures whose shape and arrangement determines how light reflects off of the pigment, in dinosaur fossils, scientists have found that dinosaurs did in fact have bold

pos: Theropoda known bird, "Archaeopteryx"), the bird-like troodontids and oviraptorosaurs, the ornithomimosaurs (or "ostrich dinosaurs"), the strange giant-clawed herbivorous therizinosaurs, and the avialans, which include modern birds and is the only dinosaur lineage to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. While the roots of these various groups are found in the Middle Jurassic, they only became abundant during the Early Cretaceous. A few paleontologists, such as Gregory S. Paul, have suggested that some or all of these advanced theropods were actually descended from flying dinosaurs or proto-birds like "Archaeopteryx" that lost the ability to fly and returned to a terrestrial habitat. On July

pos: Bone Wars Marsh simply had more men and money at his disposal than Cope. Cope also had a much broader set of paleontological interests, while Marsh almost exclusively pursued fossilized reptiles and mammals. Several of Cope's and Marsh's discoveries are among the most well-known of dinosaurs, encompassing species of "Triceratops", "Allosaurus", "Diplodocus", "Stegosaurus", "Camarasaurus" and "Coelophysis". Their cumulative discoveries defined the then-nascent field of paleontology; before Cope's and Marsh's discoveries, there were only nine named species of dinosaur in North America. Some of their ideas—such as Marsh's argument that birds are descended from dinosaurs—have been upheld; while others are viewed as having

pos: Air sac and suggested that dinosaurs had a "tidal" respiratory system (in and out) powered by a crocodile-like hepatic piston mechanism – muscles attached mainly to the pubis pull the liver backwards, which makes the lungs expand to inhale; when these muscles relax, the lungs return to their previous size and shape, and the animal exhales. They also presented this as a reason for doubting that birds descended from dinosaurs. Critics have claimed that, without avian air sacs, modest improvements in a few aspects of a modern reptile's circulatory and respiratory systems would enable the reptile to achieve 50% to 70% of

pos: Feathered dinosaur Feathered dinosaur Since scientific research began on dinosaurs in the early 1800s, they were generally believed to be closely related to modern reptiles such as lizards. The word "dinosaur" itself, coined in 1842 by paleontologist Richard Owen, comes from the Greek for "fearsome lizard". This view began to shift during the so-called dinosaur renaissance in scientific research in the late 1960s, and by the mid-1990s significant evidence had emerged that dinosaurs were much more closely related to birds, which descended directly from the theropod group of dinosaurs and are themselves a subgroup within the Dinosauria. Among non-avian dinosaurs, feathers or

pos: Gareth J. Dyke Birds Now Found to Have Been Contemporaries of Dinosaurs,” Dyke reported that “[m]odern birds, long thought to have arisen only after the dinosaurs perished, turn out to have lived alongside them.” Noting that “molecular studies and a smattering of equivocal fossil finds have hinted that modern birds might have” originated earlier than previously thought, recent analysis of “fossils of ancient modern birds confirm this earlier origin, raising the question of why these birds, but not the archaic ones, survived the mass extinction.” In a 2011 "Scientific American" article entitled “The Dinosaur Baron of Transylvania,” Dyke wrote about Franz Nopcsa, “a

pos: Dinosaur renaissance dinosaurs gained support among palaeontologists, and today it is almost universally accepted. Newer methods, such as cladistics, and the discovery of several feathered dinosaurs have helped confirm the relationship. The relationship between dinosaurs and birds has led to considerable interest in dinosaur—particularly theropod—phylogeny, which is now far better understood. Initially, dinosaurs were thought to be a monophyletic group, comprising animals with a common ancestor not shared by other reptiles. However, Harry Seeley disagreed with this interpretation, and split the Dinosauria into two orders, the Saurischia ("lizard-hipped") and the Ornithischia ("bird-hipped"), which were seen as members of the Archosauria with no

pos: Evolution of mammals amniotes apparently arose in the middle Carboniferous from the ancestral reptiliomorphs. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: mammals' synapsid ancestors and the sauropsids, from which lizards, snakes, turtles/tortoises, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds are descended. The earliest known fossils of synapsids and sauropsids (such as "Archaeothyris" and "Hylonomus", respectively) date from about 320 to 315 million years ago. The times of origin are difficult to know, because vertebrate fossils from the late Carboniferous are very rare, and therefore the actual first occurrences of each of these types of animal might have been considerably earlier than the

pos: The Origin of Birds reptilian ancestors. After making a bold assertion that birds are descended from reptiles, Heilmann cites Dollo's law of irreversibility as the primary reason why he believes birds cannot be descended from theropod dinosaurs, despite their many morphological similarities. Dollo's Law states that a feature or organ once lost by evolution cannot be regained. One consistently confounding issue Heilmann had encountered in his research into the bird-reptile link was that modern birds possess a wishbone and theropod dinosaurs, by his observations, did not. Since ancient reptilian fossils that predated dinosaurs clearly possessed a different sort of wishbone, Heilmann concluded that this

pos: Digit (anatomy) Panderichthys and tetrapods are convergent, or that Panderichthys is closer to tetrapods than Tiktaalik. At any rate, it demonstrates that the fish–tetrapod transition was accompanied by significant character incongruence in functionally important structures." Birds and theropod dinosaurs (from which birds evolved) have three digits on their hands. Paradoxically the two digits that are missing are different: the bird hand (embedded in the wing) is thought to derive from the second, third and fourth digits of the ancestral five-digit hand. In contrast, the theropod dinosaurs seem to have the first, second and third digits. Recently a Jurassic theropod intermediate fossil Limusaurus

pos: Avialae birds, and so it has been specifically excluded from Avialae in more recent studies. Avialae is also occasionally defined as an apomorphy-based clade (that is, one based on physical characteristics). Jacques Gauthier, who named Avialae in 1986, re-defined it in 2001 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flapping flight, and the birds that descended from them. Gauthier (page 34) identified four conflicting ways of defining the term "Aves", which is a problem because the same biological name is being used four different ways. Gauthier proposed a solution, number 4 below, which is to reserve the term Aves

pos: John Ruben dinosaurs, actually represent flightless descendants of older birds, as he said: "We think the evidence is showing that these animals which are usually considered dinosaurs were actually descended from birds, not the other way around". Ruben sees it more possible that perhaps a creature like the diapsid reptile "Longisquama" represents the ancestor to birds. John Ruben John A. Ruben is a researcher in Zoology and Vertebrate paleontology at the Oregon State University in Corvallis. Much of his published research is focused on studying the respiratory system in birds, in order to contradict the theory of theropodan ancestry of birds, as

pos: Physiology of dinosaurs birds, and that the use of gastroliths for grinding food may have appeared early in the group of dinosaurs from which these dinosaurs and birds both evolved. When laying eggs, female birds grow a special type of bone in their limbs between the hard outer bone and the marrow. This medullary bone, which is rich in calcium, is used to make eggshells, and the birds that produced it absorb it when they have finished laying eggs. Medullary bone has been found in fossils of the theropods "Tyrannosaurus" and "Allosaurus" and of the ornithopod "Tenontosaurus". Because the line of dinosaurs that

pos: African collared dove species thought to be the wild ancestor of the domestic Barbary dove, though some suggest the Eurasian collared dove ("Streptopelia decaocto") may also have been involved. The African collared dove is able to hybridise with the Barbary dove, and it is thought that the increase in the range of colours of Barbary doves available that occurred in the later twentieth century was the result of the importation of African collared doves into the United States for interbreeding. It is reported to have been introduced into New Zealand, but it is more likely that the birds there are descended from domestic

pos: Origin of birds been more complex than previously thought. Detailed examination of the "protofeathers" of "Sinosauropteryx prima" showed that individual feathers consisted of a central quill ("rachis") with thinner "barbs" branching off from it, similar to but more primitive in structure than modern bird feathers. Because feathers are often associated with birds, feathered dinosaurs are often touted as the missing link between birds and dinosaurs. However, the multiple skeletal features also shared by the two groups represent the more important link for paleontologists. Furthermore, it is increasingly clear that the relationship between birds and dinosaurs, and the evolution of flight, are more complex

pos: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and it may be that the quality of the dinosaur fossil record is simply not good enough to permit researchers to distinguish between the options. There is no evidence that late Maastrichtian non-avian dinosaurs could burrow, swim, or dive, which suggests they were unable to shelter themselves from the worst parts of any environmental stress that occurred at the K–Pg boundary. It is possible that small dinosaurs (other than birds) did survive, but they would have been deprived of food, as herbivorous dinosaurs would have found plant material scarce and carnivores would have quickly found prey in short supply. The

neg: Physiology of dinosaurs frequently referring to an ongoing "dinosaur renaissance". He used a variety of anatomical and statistical arguments to defend his case, the methodology of which was fiercely debated among scientists. These debates sparked interest in new methods for ascertaining the palaeobiology of extinct animals, such as bone histology, which have been successfully applied to determining the growth-rates of many dinosaurs. Today, it is generally thought that many or perhaps all dinosaurs had higher metabolic rates than living reptiles, but also that the situation is more complex and varied than Bakker originally proposed. For example, while smaller dinosaurs may have been true

neg: Giganotosaurus its ecosystem, and it may have fed on juvenile sauropod dinosaurs. "Giganotosaurus" is thought to have been one of the largest theropod dinosaurs, but the incompleteness of its remains have made it difficult to estimate its size reliably. It is therefore impossible to determine with certainty whether it was larger than "Tyrannosaurus", for example, which has been considered the largest theropod historically. Different size estimates have been reached by several researchers, based on various methods, and depending on how the missing parts of the skeleton have been reconstructed. Length estimates for the holotype specimen have varied between , with a

neg: Dinosaur renaissance the late 19th century, frequently referring to an ongoing "dinosaur renaissance". He used a variety of anatomical and statistical arguments to defend his case, the methodology of which was fiercely debated among scientists. These debates sparked interest in new methods for ascertaining the palaeobiology of extinct animals, such as bone histology, which have been successfully applied to determining the growth-rates of many dinosaurs. Today, it is generally thought that many or perhaps all dinosaurs had higher metabolic rates than living reptiles, but also that the situation is more complex and varied than Bakker originally proposed. For example, while smaller dinosaurs

neg: Crystal Palace Dinosaurs thought were made by the animals were included in the ground around the models. Gigantic and visually impressive, the "Megalosaurus" became one of the park's three 'mascot dinosaurs' along with the "Iguanodon" and (less so) the Ichthyosaurs. Working from fragmentary evidence from Jurassic fossils found in England, consisting mainly of a hip and femur (thigh bone), with a rib and a few vertebrae, Owen conjectured the animal was quadrupedal; palaeontologists now believe it to have been bipedal (standing like "Tyrannosaurus rex"). The first suggestion that some dinosaurs might have been bipedal came in 1858, just too late to influence the

neg: Heterodontosaurus groups within the order of ornithischian dinosaurs. In spite of the large tusks, "Heterodontosaurus" is thought to have been herbivorous, or at least omnivorous. Though it was formerly thought to have been capable of quadrupedal locomotion, it is now thought to have been bipedal. Tooth replacement was sporadic and not continuous, unlike its relatives. At least four other heterodontosaurid genera are known from the same geological formations as "Heterodontosaurus". "Heterodontosaurus" was a small dinosaur. The most complete skeleton, SAM-PK-K1332, belonged to an animal measuring about in length. Its weight was variously estimated at , , and in separate studies. The

neg: Iguanodon and is probably descended from a camptosaur-like animal. At one point, Jack Horner suggested, based mostly on skull features, that hadrosaurids actually formed two more distantly related groups, with "Iguanodon" on the line to the flat-headed hadrosaurines, and "Ouranosaurus" on the line to the crested lambeosaurines, but his proposal has been rejected. The cladogram below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald, 2012. Because "Iguanodon" is one of the first dinosaur genera to have been named, numerous species have been assigned to it. While never becoming the wastebasket taxon several other early genera of dinosaurs (such as "Megalosaurus") became, "Iguanodon" has

neg: Return to Eden (novel) Return to Eden (novel) Return To Eden is a 1988 science fiction novel by American writer Harry Harrison. The novel is the third and final volume in Harrison's "Eden". The first two stories of the trilogy are "West of Eden" and "Winter in Eden". The novel tells an alternate history of planet Earth in which the extinction of the dinosaurs never occurred. There is a war between a group of Cro-Magnon-level humans, who are descended from New World monkeys, and a reptilian race called the Yilanè, who are descended from the prehistoric mosasaur and have become the dominant lifeform on

neg: Mitochondrion the arthropod mitochondrial genetic code has undergone parallel evolution within a phylum, with some organisms uniquely translating AGG to lysine. Mitochondrial genomes have far fewer genes than the bacteria from which they are thought to be descended. Although some have been lost altogether, many have been transferred to the nucleus, such as the respiratory complex II protein subunits. This is thought to be relatively common over evolutionary time. A few organisms, such as the "Cryptosporidium", actually have mitochondria that lack any DNA, presumably because all their genes have been lost or transferred. In "Cryptosporidium", the mitochondria have an altered ATP

neg: Microsoft Dinosaurs the fictional "Dino" Don Lessem. The game contains sequences featuring dinosaurs feeding, fighting and breeding, which had previously been broadcast in an American television series put out by the Public Broadcasting Service. The Obscuriority felt the title "demonstrates how thoughtfully crafted reference material can bring value to information", adding that guided learning experiences such as this have value even in the age of Wikipedia. Compute! magazine thought the title was "highly entertaining and educational". PC Magazine deemed it instantly usable and a "visual delight". PCWorld.ol felt the title was aesthetically perfect and extremely rich in substance. The Seattle Times thought

neg: Stratiotosuchus unlike the more circular surface in living crocodilians and more like that of a theropod dinosaur. On the hip of "Stratiotosuchus", a depression on the ilium is convergent with the brevis fossa of dinosaurs, and the small bump anchoring the puboischiotibialis muscle is convergent with the obturator tubercle of maniraptoriform theropods. Along with anatomical similarities, "Stratiotosuchus" and other baurusuchids are thought to have had lifestyles very similar to those of theropod dinosaurs. While many small carnivorous crocodyliforms are known from the Adamantina Formation, "Stratiotosuchus" and "Baurusuchus" are believed to have been the only large carnivores the Adamantina ecosystem. Decades of

neg: Alan Feduccia feathers, like the oviraptorosaur "Caudipteryx", suggest that there might have been an extensive, and hitherto unrecognized radiation of cryptic avian lineages, some of which rapidly lost flight and secondarily adopted a cursorial lifestyle, converging on theropods. On this argument, very birdlike groups like Dromaeosauridae and Oviraptorosauria, which are currently considered by most workers to be theropod dinosaurs, are thought actually to represent avian lineages, probably more derived than "Archaeopteryx", that through homoplasy associated with the loss of flight and secondary acquisition of cursoriality, converged on theropod dinosaurs. Other lineages, like that represented by "Microraptor" and "Anchiornis", are hypothesized to have

neg: Primal Carnage Primal Carnage Primal Carnage is an asymmetrical, class-based, online multiplayer PC game released in October 2012, created by indie development team Lukewarm Media and released by Reverb Publishing. The game pits a group of armed humans against predatory dinosaurs in various combat scenarios. Human gameplay takes the form of a first-person shooter, whilst the dinosaurs are controlled from a third-person perspective. A sequel, "" was released on PC in 2015, whilst a planned prequel, "", is still on indefinite hold. In "Primal Carnage", dinosaurs have been recreated on a remote island by the fictional corporation Phoenix International, only to escape

neg: Fabrosauridae Fabrosauridae The Fabrosauridae is an obsolete group of basal ornithischian dinosaurs from the Early to Middle Jurassic, originally proposed by Galton (1972). Recent studies indicate the Fabrosaurs are not a natural grouping of dinosaurs, and instead consist of unrelated genera. The proposed "Fabrosaurs" descended from a "Lesothosaurus"-like animal. Proposed fabrosaurids were 1–2 meters long, and were lightly built and bipedal. Their skulls were triangular and had very large eye sockets. They were herbivorous and would have used agility to escape predators. Fabrosaurids are known from southern Africa in the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic, as well as in China from

neg: Deinonychus the late 1960s revolutionized the way scientists thought about dinosaurs, leading to the "dinosaur renaissance" and igniting the debate on whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded or cold-blooded. Before this, the popular conception of dinosaurs had been one of plodding, reptilian giants. Ostrom noted the small body, sleek, horizontal posture, ratite-like spine, and especially the enlarged raptorial claws on the feet, which suggested an active, agile predator. "Terrible claw" refers to the unusually large, sickle-shaped talon on the second toe of each hind foot. The fossil YPM 5205 preserves a large, strongly curved ungual. In life, archosaurs have a horny sheath over

neg: Dinosaur classification shift away from traditional, ranked Linnaean taxonomy in favor of rankless phylogenetic systems, few ranked taxonomies of dinosaurs have been published since the 1980s. The following schema is among the most recent, from the third edition of "Vertebrate Palaeontology", a respected undergraduate textbook. While it is structured so as to reflect evolutionary relationships (similar to a cladogram), it also retains the traditional ranks used in Linnaean taxonomy. The classification has been updated from the second edition in 2000 to reflect new research, but remains fundamentally conservative. Michael Benton classifies all dinosaurs within the Series Amniota, Class Sauropsida, Subclass Diapsida, Infraclass

neg: Coelophysis rhodesiensis In South Africa, several individuals were collected in 1985 from mudstone deposited during the Hettangian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 201 to 199 million years ago. In Zimbabwe, twenty-six individuals were collected in 1963, 1968 and 1972 from yellow sandstone deposited during the Hettangian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 201 to 199 million years ago. The Upper Elliot Formation is thought to have been an ancient floodplain. Fossils of the prosauropod dinosaur "Massospondylus" and "Ignavusaurus" have been recovered from the Upper Elliot Formation, which boasts the world's most diverse fauna of early Jurassic ornithischian dinosaurs, including "Abrictosaurus", "Fabrosaurus",

neg: Angonisaurus front of the mouth is equipped with a horny beak, as in turtles and ceratopsian dinosaurs. Food was processed by the retraction of the lower jaw when the mouth closed, producing a powerful shearing action, which would have enabled dicynodonts to cope with tough plant material. Angonisaurus Angonisaurus is an extinct genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont from the Late Triassic of Africa somewhere between 251 million years ago and 199 million years ago. Only one species, "Angonisaurus cruickshanki" has been assigned to this genus. This genus is thought to have been widely spread but rare in southern Gondwana. Though few in

neg: Tom McClintock is Al Gore said this and Al Gore said that. My climate change discovery came in the fall of 1964, when Miss Conroy took our third grade class to the Museum of Natural History. It was there that we saw the panorama of dinosaurs tromping around the steamy swamps that are now part of Wyoming. That panorama was right next to the exhibit of the Wooly Mammoths foraging on glaciers that were also once the same part of Wyoming. And I thought to myself, 'Gee, those dinosaurs are nifty.” And then I thought to myself, “Good God, the climate must

neg: Sunosuchus town of Nong Bua Lamphu. This single specimen is the most well preserved vertebrate fossil that has been found from the formation; other vertebrates, including dinosaurs, are known only from fragmentary remains. The age of the Phu Kradung Formation is uncertain. It was once thought to be Early Jurassic, which would have made "S. thailandicus" the oldest species of "Sunosuchus". However, the formation has more recently been considered to be Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous in age, potentially making "S. thailandicus" the youngest species of the genus. However, a newly discovered specimen showed that "S. thailandicus" is sufficiently distinct from

neg: Julia Clarke unlikely that dinosaurs roared. She proposed that it was much more likely that they made noises that were similar to those made by a modern pigeon. In 2018 she was reporting on a small chicken sized dinosaur that was found in China by a farmer. The dinosaur was relatively well preserved and analysis indicates that it had multi-feathers. The creature is not thought to have been able to fly but appears to have been a small carnivore. The feather's purpose may have been insulation whilst the variation in colour is thought to have made the dinosaur attractive to a potential

neg: Dinosaur behavior a move to their nesting grounds. Many African herding animals engage in this kind of seasonal herding today. Herds would also have afforded some level of protection from the chief predators of ceratopsids, tyrannosaurids. Trackways have also confirmed parental behavior among ornithopods from the Isle of Skye in northwestern Scotland. Based on current fossil evidence from dinosaurs such as "Oryctodromeus", some herbivorous species seem to have led a partially fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle. The first potential evidence of herding behavior was the 1878 discovery of 31 "Iguanodon" dinosaurs which were then thought to have perished together in Bernissart, Belgium, after they

neg: Dracovenator the type specimen, exhibits a mosaic of both ancestral and derived theropod characteristics. The following cladogram, based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Smith, Makovicky, Pol, Hammer, and Currie in 2007, outlines the relationships of "Dracovenator" and its close relatives: The Upper Elliot Formation is thought to have been an ancient floodplain. Fossils of the prosauropod dinosaur "Massospondylus" and "Plateosaurus" have been recovered from the Upper Elliot Formation, which boasts the world's most diverse fauna of early Jurassic ornithischian dinosaurs, including "Abrictosaurus", "Fabrosaurus", "Heterodontosaurus", and "Lesothosaurus", among others. The Forest Sandstone Formation was the paleoenvironment of protosuchid crocodiles, sphenodonts, the

neg: Revueltosaurus diagnosis for that species and referred it to "Revueltosaurus", under the new combination "R. olseni". All species of "Revueltosaurus" were thought to represent monospecific genera of basal ornithischian dinosaurs based on their teeth. New discoveries of skeletal material of "R. callenderi" have suggested that "Revueltosaurus" is a pseudosuchian. According to William Parker, "we have pretty much erased the record of Triassic ornithischian dinosaurs from North America, Europe and worldwide, except for South America." His co-author Randall Irmis said, "because the teeth look like those we know from herbivorous ornithischians, people assigned them to the dinosaurs. We think we've shown that

neg: Velociraptor "Fighting Dinosaurs" specimen, found in 1971, preserves a "Velociraptor mongoliensis" and "Protoceratops andrewsi" in combat and provides direct evidence of predatory behavior. When originally reported, it was hypothesized that the two animals drowned. However, as the animals were preserved in ancient sand dune deposits, it is now thought that the animals were buried in sand, either from a collapsing dune or in a sandstorm. Burial must have been extremely fast, judging from the lifelike poses in which the animals were preserved. Parts of the "Protoceratops" are missing, which has been seen as evidence of scavenging by other animals. Comparisons between

neg: Fiji banded iguana Fiji crested iguana and "B. bulabula". The genus "Brachylophus" is thought to be descended from ancestors that rafted west across the Pacific Ocean from the Americas, where their closest relatives are found. It has also been suggested that they descended from a more widespread lineage of (now extinct) Old World iguanids that diverged from their New World relatives in the Paleogene. However, no other members of the putative lineage, living or fossil, have been found outside Fiji and Tonga. The Fiji banded iguana is endemic to the Fiji Islands and is found on the islands of Wakaya, Moturiki, Beqa, Vatulele,

neg: Tyrannosauridae Tyrannosauridae Tyrannosauridae (or tyrannosaurids, meaning "tyrant lizards") is a family of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs that comprises two subfamilies containing up to thirteen genera, including the eponymous "Tyrannosaurus". The exact number of genera is controversial, with some experts recognizing as few as three. All of these animals lived near the end of the Cretaceous Period and their fossils have been found only in North America and Asia. Although descended from smaller ancestors, tyrannosaurids were almost always the largest predators in their respective ecosystems, putting them at the apex of the food chain. The largest species was "Tyrannosaurus rex", one of the

neg: Compsognathidae digits, but with a distinct metacarpal I morphology where the metacarpal is stocky and short. Compsognathidae also has a projection from the manus that is on this metacarpal. Compsognathidae were carnivores and certain specimen have contained the remains of their diet. The German specimen of Compsognathus included remains in the digestive region, which was initially thought to be an unborn embryo. However, further analysis found that the remains belong to a lizard with an elongated tail and stretched legs. Other compsognathids, such as "Sinosauropteryx," have been shown to eat lizards. Compsognathidae Compsognathidae is a family of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs. They

neg: Vrtare Male cave system, which was fractioned in a catastrophe during the Pleistocene. Similarly, the cave entrance is thought to have been larger than today, as large animals have been found in the cave. Vrtare Male Vrtare Male is a pit cave located near Dramalj, a seaside village in Croatia. Its depth is believed to be , with around submerged. It was first explored in 1966 by the Mountaineering Society Velebit. In 1996, Dragan Pelić, a photographer and spelaeologist from nearby Crikvenica, descended into the cave and found a rare Decapoda specimen, which was confirmed by Croatian spelaeologist Branko Jalžić. This prompted

neg: Venaticosuchus Venaticosuchus Venaticosuchus is a genus of Late Triassic quadrupedal crurotarsan archosaur. It was a medium-sized predator, reaching up to 2 m (7 ft) in length. Originally it was thought to be the ancestor to the carnosaur dinosaurs (which then included "Tyrannosaurus"); however, now it is known to be more closely related to crocodilians than dinosaurs. It was a carnivore. A single species of "Venaticosuchus" has been described, the type species, "V. rusconii" from the Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, around 210 million years ago. "Venaticosuchus" is a member of Ornithosuchidae, a family of facultatively bipedal carnivores that were geographically

neg: Therizinosauridae groups thought to have returned to herbivory, therizinosaurians are thought to have made the switch first, and are subsequently the most widely regarded candidate for the emergence of herbivory within Theropoda. Therizinosauridae Therizinosauridae ("reaper lizards") is a family of theropod dinosaurs whose fossil remains have been dated to the Mid-to-Late Cretaceous period (100 to 70 mya). Even though representative fossils have only been found throughout China, Mongolia, and the United States, the range of Therizinosauridae was believed to have spanned much of the supercontinent of Laurasia at its height. Therizinosauridae was named after the large, claw-bearing ungual found on the

neg: The New Dinosaurs The dinosaurs and other animals in "The New Dinosaurs" were heavily influenced by the paleontology of its time. The ideas of the Dinosaur Renaissance - replacing the older ideas of dinosaurs as dumb and slow creatures with active, agile and bird-like animals are heavily used in the book. Dixon extrapolated on the ideas of paleontologists such as Robert Bakker and Greg Paul when creating his creatures and also used patterns seen in the actual evolutionary history of the dinosaurs and pushing them to an extreme, such as with the creation of the "gourmand", an armless and massive scavenger descended from

neg: Physiology of dinosaurs they evolved from a predatory theropod lineage, they have small jaws and lack the blade-like teeth of typical predators, but there is no evidence of their diet or how they ate and digested it. Features of other groups of dinosaurs indicate they were herbivores. These features include: Sauropods, which were herbivores, did not chew their food, as their teeth and jaws appear suitable only for stripping leaves off plants. Ornithischians, also herbivores, show a variety of approaches. The armored ankylosaurs and stegosaurs had small heads and weak jaws and teeth, and are thought to have fed in much the same

neg: Venaticosuchus widespread during the Late Triassic. Two other genera, "Ornithosuchus" and "Riojasuchus", are currently known. Venaticosuchus Venaticosuchus is a genus of Late Triassic quadrupedal crurotarsan archosaur. It was a medium-sized predator, reaching up to 2 m (7 ft) in length. Originally it was thought to be the ancestor to the carnosaur dinosaurs (which then included "Tyrannosaurus"); however, now it is known to be more closely related to crocodilians than dinosaurs. It was a carnivore. A single species of "Venaticosuchus" has been described, the type species, "V. rusconii" from the Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, around 210 million years ago. "Venaticosuchus"

neg: Euoplocephalus had a broad muzzle, which could indicate that it was a non-selective feeder, perhaps similar to a hippopotamus. This would provide niche separation from contemporaneous nodosaurids with narrower muzzles. Ankylosaurians have historically been thought of as feeding using simple up-and-down movements of the jaws. Georg Haas (1969) examined the evidence for the jaw muscles of two skulls (AMNH 5337 and 5405) and concluded that despite the large size of the skulls the associated musculature was relatively weak. He also thought jaw movement was largely orthogonal, in the vertical plane only. Haas extrapolated from this that dinosaurs like "Euoplocephalus" likely ate

neg: Dicynodont of the skull and the lower jaw are generally narrow and, in all but a number of primitive forms, toothless. Instead, the front of the mouth is equipped with a horny beak, as in turtles and ceratopsian dinosaurs. Food was processed by the retraction of the lower jaw when the mouth closed, producing a powerful shearing action, which would have enabled dicynodonts to cope with tough plant material. Many genera also have a pair of tusks, which it is thought may have been an example of sexual dimorphism. The body is short, strong and barrel-shaped, with strong limbs. In large

neg: Hațeg Island plants can thrive in a seasonally monsoonal environment today as long as they have access to sufficient amounts of water year-round, and the Haţeg environment seems to have been dominated by braided rivers and lakes. Early rock layers are dominated by volcanic deposits, but these are absent in higher layers, indicating that volcanic activity dropped off during this time. About nine species of dinosaurs, and several species of pterosaur are thought to have been indigenous to the island. Most of these animals were smaller versions of mainland megafauna, which became smaller due to island dwarfism, although this is certainly not

neg: Ignotosaurus not certain (the other features are on the femur and tibia, which are not preserved). It is thought that the Ischigualasto Formation at this time was a river basin habitat with abundant vegetation. As "Ignotosaurus" was probably a herbivore, like other silesaurids, it would probably have flourished here, competing for food with rhynchosaurs, cynodonts and possibly some early dinosaurs. Ignotosaurus Ignotosaurus is an extinct genus of silesaurid dinosauriform known from the Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. It was therefore contemporary with early dinosaurs such as "Herrerasaurus," and lived in the same place. The name, meaning 'unknown lizard' from

neg: Negative Syndicate always different. The are the Jyaryu Clan's giant monsters: cybernetic, genetically altered dinosaurs which must be piloted from within. They have the kind of steering wheel that one would find in a nautical ship and the cockpit of most Great Evil Dragons is also a throne room for Ryuoon. is a stealth assassin-group descended from the ninja order called the . They are experts in espionage that work to obtain the Precious for the highest bidder. Dark Shadow has no footsoldiers of its own, but Yaiba and Shizuka do utilize the Curse on several occasions. After Yaiba's betrayal and Gajya's

neg: Pinniped Pinniped Pinnipeds, commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic marine mammals. They comprise the extant families Odobenidae (whose only living member is the walrus), Otariidae (the eared seals: sea lions and fur seals), and Phocidae (the earless seals, or true seals). There are 33 extant species of pinnipeds, and more than 50 extinct species have been described from fossils. While seals were historically thought to have descended from two ancestral lines, molecular evidence supports them as a monophyletic lineage (descended from one ancestral line). Pinnipeds belong to the order Carnivora and their

neg: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Trevorrow also said the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film's story would involve militarized dinosaurs, which would only be mentioned in the film. For the film's second half where dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland, Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings. Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal, but these locations ultimately did not work for the film's story. Although the film was shot partly in England, Spielberg felt the country was too far from the fictional Isla

neg: Trilinga Kshetras Trilinga Kshetras The word "Telugu" is thought to have been derived from "trilinga", as in "Trilinga Desa", "the country of the three lingas". According to a Hindu chronicle, Shiva descended as linga on three mountains namely, Kaleswaram in Telangana, Srisailam in Rayalaseema and Bhimeswaram, also known as Draksharamam in Coastal Andhra, which marked the boundaries of the Telugu country. It also thought to be believed that the word Telangana derived from Telingana,Telinga, Trilinga. In "Andhra Kaumudi", a Telugu grammar book, it was mentioned that Āndhra Viṣhṇu having built an immense wall, connecting Sri Sailam, Bhimeswaram, and Kaleswaram, with the Mahendra

neg: Postosuchus theory that "Postosuchus" could also walk bipedally. In 2013, a major study of the skeletal structure concluded that "Postosuchus" may have been an obligate biped based on evidence from the anatomy of the digits, vertebrae, and pelvis. The proportions of the limbs and weight-bearing sections of the spine were very similar to many theropod dinosaurs, nearly all of which are thought to have been strictly bipedal. During an expedition in 1980, paleontologists of the Texas Tech University discovered a new geological site rich in fossils near Post, Garza County, Texas, US, where a dozen well-preserved specimens belonging to a new

neg: The New Dinosaurs the tyrannosaurids. Many of the hypothetical animals created for "The New Dinosaurs" ended up resembling actual Mesozoic creatures that have since been discovered. Many of the hypothetical dinosaurs featured in the book are covered in fuzzy integument, which in modern times have been discovered in dinosaurs of most groups. The tree-climbing abrosaurs are similar to actual tree-climbing small theropods such as "Microraptor" (described in 2000) and the large terrestrial pterosaurs, such as the "lank", resemble some animals in the actual pterosaur group Azhdarchidae. The New Dinosaurs The New Dinosaurs: An Alternative Evolution is a 1988 speculative evolution book written by

neg: Winter in Eden peace. Vaintè initially obeys, but later defies efforts to make peace with the humans, so Lanefenuu banishes her. Winter in Eden Winter in Eden is a 1986 science fiction novel by American author Harry Harrison, the second in the "Eden" series. It tells an alternate history of planet Earth in which the extinction of the dinosaurs never occurred. The story began in "West of Eden", which depicts a war between a group of Cro-Magnon-level humans that evolved from New World monkeys and a reptilian race called the Yilanè, who are descended from the prehistoric mosasaur and have become the dominant

neg: Qovurma Qovurma Qovurma is a cooked dish that is part of the cuisine of Azerbaijan. There are several varieties, all of which involve stewing meat with fruit, herbs, or vegetables. Despite sometimes being translated as "kourma", the dish has no culinary relationship to the korma of the Indian subcontinent,although both names are derived from the same Turkic root. The word "qovurma" is one of many, in several languages, thought to have descended from a prototypical Turkic root "qawirma", first recorded in the 13th century, and which may have been spread across the region by the upper classes in the Timurid era.

neg: Winter in Eden Winter in Eden Winter in Eden is a 1986 science fiction novel by American author Harry Harrison, the second in the "Eden" series. It tells an alternate history of planet Earth in which the extinction of the dinosaurs never occurred. The story began in "West of Eden", which depicts a war between a group of Cro-Magnon-level humans that evolved from New World monkeys and a reptilian race called the Yilanè, who are descended from the prehistoric mosasaur and have become the dominant lifeform on the planet. The central characters from the first book return: Vaintè, an ambitious Yilanè, and Kerrick,

neg: Unaysaurus connected to each other in their natural positions. It is one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons (including complete skull) ever recovered in Brazil. "Unaysaurus" was found in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, near the city of Santa Maria. It was recovered from the red beds of the Caturrita Formation, which is the geologic formation where similarly old dinosaurs like "Saturnalia" have been found. The oldest dinosaurs in the world are from here and nearby in Argentina (like the "Eoraptor"), which suggests that the first dinosaurs may have originated in the area. The new species and

neg: Ampelosaurus Villalba de la Sierra, Gres de Saint-Chinian, Marnes Rouges Inférieures and Gres de Labarre formations. Recent attention has made "Ampelosaurus" one of the most well-known dinosaurs known from France. Like most sauropods, "Ampelosaurus" would have had a long neck and tail, but it also carried armor in the form of osteoderms long. The four osteoderms found have three different morphologies, they are plate, bulb, and spine-shaped. "Ampelosaurus" is thought to have measured to in length and about 8000 kg in weight. "Ampelosaurus atacis" is known from many unattached bones and teeth. It is one of the best-known dinosaurs from France.

neg: Welsh hillman Welsh hillman The Welsh hillman dog was an ancient landrace or type of herding dog in Wales, used for herding and droving. The variety is thought to have become extinct around 1990. The Welsh hillman dog was thought to have been descended from ancient Welsh herding dogs. It was possibly the oldest Welsh sheepdog, and may have been the descendant of the old "gellgi" or "Welsh wolfhounds" used around a thousand years ago. Some sources, without any obvious evidence, suggest it was crossbred with similar dogs seen in North Africa. It was a large but rangy dog, up to around

neg: Evolution of dinosaurs known from the Jurassic, to be more precise between 227 and 121 Ma. The Cretaceous sauropods form two groups. The Diplodocoidea lived from 121 to 66 Ma. The Titanosauriformes lived from 132 to 66 Ma. The latter clade consists of series of nested subgroups, the Titanosauria, the Titanosauridae and Saltasauridae. Both the Diplodocoidea and Titanosauriformes are descended from the Neosauropoda, the earliest of which lived in about 169 Ma. The sauropods are famous for being the largest land animals that ever lived, and for having relatively small skulls. The enlargement of prosauropod and sauropod dinosaurs into these giants and the

neg: Dinowars Dinowars Dinowars: The Jurassic War of the Worlds is a comic book from Antarctic Press. It centers on Earth today beset by dinosaurs that escaped into space to avoid the ice age and have now returned to claim the world as their own, mirroring the original "The War of the Worlds". The comic is written and illustrated by Eisner-nominated artist Rod Espinosa. "Prepare for World War D! We thought the dinosaurs were all gone. We were dead wrong. 65 million years ago, a species of evolved dinosaurs left our Earth, and now they're back! It's the Jurassic War of the

neg: Catopsbaatar which the jaw muscles were attached. The mandible was strong and very elongated. It had very robust incisors, and cheek teeth with multiple cusps (for which multituberculates are named). The pelvic bones differed from those of other multituberculates in that they were not fused to each other. "Catopsbaatar" had spurs on its ankles, like those of the male platypus and echidna, without evidence of a venom canal (present in the former). The spurs of "Catopsbaatar" and other Mesozoic mammals may have been used for protection against theropod dinosaurs and other predators. Multituberculates are thought to have given live birth, and

neg: Stratiotosuchus lived alongside a river system with many small ephemeral lakes. With a fully erect stance, "Stratiotosuchus" has many features convergent with theropod dinosaurs, which are fully bipedal. In "Stratiotosuchus", a roughly surfaced region on the upper part of the femur is analogous to the accessory trochanter common to tetanuran theropods. These projections are thought to have anchored the same muscle, called the puboischiofemoralis internus pars dorsalis. A crest on the forward edge of the tibia is similar to those seen in early theropod dinosaurs. The articular surface of the tibia that attaches to the femur is laterally compressed, which is

neg: Allosauridae the bones of the skull and allowed allosaurids to open their mouths to very large angles. Allosaurids have 28 precaudal vertebrae (9 cervical, 14 dorsal, 5 sacral) and an estimated 45-50 caudal vertebrae. Gastralia and ferculae are rarely preserved as fossils but are presumed to occur in all allosaurids The pubis is highly elongated and extends ventrally to form a pubic foot which like in other large dinosaurs is thought to have been used to support the weight of the body in a resting crouch position. Like most other theropods, allosaurids have very short forelimbs relative to their hindlimbs with

neg: Revueltosaurus Revueltosaurus Revueltosaurus ("Revuelto lizard") is an extinct genus of suchian pseudosuchian from Late Triassic (late Carnian to middle Norian stage) deposits of New Mexico, Arizona and North Carolina, United States. Many specimens, mostly teeth, have been assigned to "Revueltosaurus" over the years. Currently, three species are included in this genus, all of which were originally thought to represent monospecific genera of basal ornithischian dinosaurs. It was 1 meter (3.3 feet) long. "R. callenderi" was named by Adrian P. Hunt in 1989 and it is the type species of the genus. The generic name honors its type locality, Revuelto Creek, Quay

neg: Tyrannosauridae row of five prominent bony bumps on the nasal bones; a similar row of much lower bumps is present on the skull of "Appalachiosaurus", as well as some specimens of "Daspletosaurus", "Albertosaurus", and "Tarbosaurus". In "Albertosaurus", "Gorgosaurus" and "Daspletosaurus", there is a prominent horn in front of each eye on the lacrimal bone. The lacrimal horn is absent in "Tarbosaurus" and "Tyrannosaurus", which instead have a crescent-shaped crest behind each eye on the postorbital bone. These head crests may have been used for display, perhaps for species recognition or courtship behavior. "Tyrannosaurus", like most dinosaurs, was long thought to have

neg: Necromantis relationship with emballonurid bats has been proporsed, possibly as a basal member descended from the early Eocene radiation of this clade, but currently this is inconclusive as well. The more recent consensus is a position in Rhinolophoidea. "Necromantis" occurs in the Quercy Formation deposits estimated to date from the Middle to Late Eocene, 44-36 million years ago. The regional climate is thought to have been tropical in nature, marked by dense rainforests. Much like modern equatorial forests, the Quercy Formation bears a massive diversity in bat species; though the overall diversity of the region is thought to be incomplete, there

neg: Doedicurus America, especially in the Luján Formation in Argentina. Other fossil remains have been found in the San José and Dolores Formations of Uruguay and in Santa Vitória do Palmar, Brazil. Given the late date of its disappearance, it was encountered and probably also hunted by the first human settlers of South America. Its tail club was probably used in intraspecific conflict rather than defense against predators like "Smilodon", in contrast to the superficially similar club of the ankylosaurs, which are thought to have been used to defend against predatory dinosaurs. For one thing, the latter use would have been difficult

neg: Batak pony Batak pony The Batak pony, also called the Deli pony is a pony breed from Indonesia. Originating in Central Sumatra, it is thought to have descended from Mongolian Horse and Arabian blood, and has continually been infused with additional Arabian blood to improve its quality. The Batak is selectively breed by the Indonesians, and is often used to upgrade the quality of the horses and ponies on nearby islands. The ponies are slender, but still strong and sturdy. In general, they are well-conformed, and most of their faults are partly to blame on the poor forage to which they have

neg: Welsh hillman a hill farm near Hay-on-Wye by the author and broadcaster Jeanine McMullen, and was spayed before her owner realised her rarity. Welsh hillman The Welsh hillman dog was an ancient landrace or type of herding dog in Wales, used for herding and droving. The variety is thought to have become extinct around 1990. The Welsh hillman dog was thought to have been descended from ancient Welsh herding dogs. It was possibly the oldest Welsh sheepdog, and may have been the descendant of the old "gellgi" or "Welsh wolfhounds" used around a thousand years ago. Some sources, without any obvious evidence,

neg: Artiocetus have been primarily aquatic, the discovery of ankle bones lends to the idea that this fossil may have been a transition between sea-based and land-based mammals. While whales eventually returned to the sea, the anthracotheres, ancestors of the hippopotamus, are thought to have descended from an ancestor shared with the whale. Like "Rodhocetus", "Artiocetus" had limbs comparable to "Ambulocetus" but larger fore and hind feet, which were probably webbed. They could probably move on land, but rather clumsily like a modern seal. Protocetidae were the first group of whales to develop tail flukes, which suggests they were quick, agile predators.

neg: Pubis (bone) pictured below. The acetabulum, which can be thought of as a "hip-socket", is an opening on each side of the pelvic girdle formed where the ischium, ilium, and pubis all meet, and into which the head of the femur inserts. The orientation and position of the acetabulum is one of the main morphological traits that caused dinosaurs to walk in an upright posture with their legs directly underneath their bodies. The "prepubic process" is a bony extension of the pubis that extends forward from the hip socket and toward the front of the animal. This adaptation is thought to have

neg: Tyrannosaurus San Antonio, Schweitzer and colleagues published an analysis in 2011 of what parts of the collagen had been recovered, finding that it was the inner parts of the collagen coil that had been preserved, as would have been expected from a long period of protein degradation. Other research challenges the identification of soft tissue as biofilm and confirms finding "branching, vessel-like structures" from within fossilized bone. As of 2014, it is not clear if "Tyrannosaurus" was endothermic (warm-blooded). "Tyrannosaurus", like most dinosaurs, was long thought to have an ectothermic ("cold-blooded") reptilian metabolism. The idea of dinosaur ectothermy was challenged by

neg: Baseball Before We Knew It nonlinear evolution. "Tut-ball" may have been its immediate predecessor. "Stool-ball", an earlier sport, may have been even more influential in the evolution of baseball, and is also a likely parent of cricket, which developed independently. Medieval texts also suggest that baseball's English antecedents may themselves have descended from Continental bat-and-ball games. An illustration in the French manuscript "The Romance of Alexander" (1344) depicts a group of monks and nuns engaged in a game, thought to be "la soule", that looks much like co-ed softball. Two other French games, "théque" and "la balle empoisonée" ("poisoned ball"), also bear similarities to early

neg: Brain neuron cell bodies. Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other). All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 485-540 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body.

neg: Eoraptor skeleton and concluded that "Eoraptor" was not a theropod but a basal sauropodomorph, consistent with the earlier observation made by Martinez "et al". (2011). A large phylogenetic analysis of early dinosaurs by Matthew Baron, David Norman and Paul Barrett (2017) found "Eoraptor" to be the earliest diverging member of Theropoda, within the larger clade Ornithoscelida. "Eoraptor" is thought to have been an omnivore. It was a swift sprinter and, upon catching its prey, it would use claws and teeth to tear the prey apart. Unlike later, carnivorous dinosaurs, it lacked a sliding joint at the articulation of the lower jaw,

neg: Tibetan pony Tibetan pony The Tibetan pony is today found in Tibet. Once thought to be simple hardy mountain ponies developed from Mongolian stock, recent research indicates that there may be up to six separate horse breeds native to Tibet. It is generally believed that most Tibetan ponies descended from ancient stock, likely partly from the Mongolian Pony and Chinese breeds. However, some breeds, such as the Nangchen horse have apparently have been bred pure for centuries. Another type, the Riwoche horse, has been hypothesized to have been developed in isolation to a degree that some claim it is an evolutionary link

neg: Ankylosaurus the snout may have been for heat and water balance or may have played a role in vocalization. The tail club is thought to have been used in defense against predators or in intraspecific combat. "Ankylosaurus" has been found in the Hell Creek, Lance, Scollard, Frenchman, and Ferris formations, but appears to have been rare in its environment. Although it lived alongside a nodosaurid ankylosaur, their ranges and ecological niches do not appear to have overlapped, and "Ankylosaurus" may have inhabited upland areas. "Ankylosaurus" also lived alongside dinosaurs such as "Tyrannosaurus", "Triceratops", and "Edmontosaurus". "Ankylosaurus" was the largest-known ankylosaurine dinosaur

neg: Conversion to Judaism (members of the priestly class) is prohibited and any children of the union do not inherit their father's kohen status. While a Jew by birth may not marry a mamzer, a convert can. Converts can become rabbis. For instance, Rabbi Meir Baal Ha Nes is thought to be a descendant of a proselyte. Rabbi Akiva was also a very well known son of converts. The Talmud lists many of the Jewish nation's greatest leaders who had either descended from or were themselves converts. In fact, King David is descended from Ruth, a convert to Judaism.() In Orthodox and Conservative communities

neg: Revueltosaurus was redefined to exclude it. The analysis found "Gracilisuchus", "Turfanosuchus" and the "Revueltosaurus"+Aetosauria clade to nest in a large polytomy with "Ticinosuchus"+Paracrocodylomorpha. The cladogram below follows Nesbitt (2011). Revueltosaurus Revueltosaurus ("Revuelto lizard") is an extinct genus of suchian pseudosuchian from Late Triassic (late Carnian to middle Norian stage) deposits of New Mexico, Arizona and North Carolina, United States. Many specimens, mostly teeth, have been assigned to "Revueltosaurus" over the years. Currently, three species are included in this genus, all of which were originally thought to represent monospecific genera of basal ornithischian dinosaurs. It was 1 meter (3.3 feet) long. "R.

neg: Poposaurus dinosaur, a phytosaur, and a "rauisuchian". Like theropod dinosaurs, "Poposaurus" was an obligate biped, meaning that it walked on two legs rather than four. However, as a pseudosuchian, it is more closely related to living crocodilians than to dinosaurs. "Poposaurus" is thought to have evolved this form of locomotion independently, possibly from early archosaurs' ability to high walk. "Poposaurus" was about long, with the tail comprising about half the body length. It is estimated to have weighed around , with the largest individuals reaching . The body of "Poposaurus" is laterally compressed, with a long and narrow hip structure. The

neg: Ferugliotherium other animals, including crocodiles, plesiosaurs, lungfish ("Ceratodus"), and dinosaurs (including "Carnotaurus"). The high-crowned sudamericids were probably herbivores, but the lower-crowned "Ferugliotherium" was more probably an insectivore or omnivore, like similar multituberculates such as "Mesodma", which is thought to have eaten insects, other arthropods, seeds, and/or nuts. It may have used its incisors for gnawing or slicing, and the blade-like p4 may also have been used for slicing hard plant parts, such as seeds. The wear patterns on "Ferugliotherium" teeth independently suggest that the animal may have eaten some plant material. Ferugliotherium Ferugliotherium is a genus of fossil mammals in the

neg: Cat gap eruption, an enormous eruption about 27 million years ago. The scale of the Fish Canyon eruption was far beyond anything known in human history (erupting more than for a VEI 8+ magnitude), and was possibly the most energetic event on Earth since the Chicxulub impact, which is thought by many paleontologists to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The resulting explosive volcanism probably ejected large amounts of dust and debris into the stratosphere causing major cooling (see volcanic winter). Climatic effects could also have been caused by sulphur ejected into the stratosphere, which rapidly

neg: Cultural depictions of dinosaurs presenting lively dinosaurs and feathered dinosaurs as these concepts were first being considered. Cultural depictions of dinosaurs have been an important means of translating scientific discoveries to the public. Cultural depictions have also created or reinforced misconceptions about dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals, such as inaccurately and anachronistically portraying a sort of "prehistoric world" where many kinds of extinct animals (from the Permian animal "Dimetrodon" to mammoths and cavemen) lived together, and dinosaurs lived lives of constant combat. Other misconceptions reinforced by cultural depictions came from a scientific consensus that has now been overturned, such as dinosaurs being slow and

neg: Marasuchus anterior trochanter on the femur, similar to those found in dinosaurs. The presence of these characteristics in "Marasuchus" shows that some of the features limited to dinosaurs and their close relatives had begun to evolve in the Middle Triassic prior to the formal origin of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic. Until 2003 "Marasuchus" was thought to be one of the closest relatives of the dinosaurs. At present it has been supplanted by other dinosauromorphs such as "Silesaurus". Nonetheless, "Marasuchus" remains an important animal for understanding the origin and evolution of dinosaur characteristics. The following is a cladogram of basal Dinosauriformes

neg: Germanic weak verb dis-taúrnan "to be torn asunder, burst asunder" (Class IV dis-taíran "to tear asunder, burst"), ufar-hafnan "to be exalted" (Class VI ufar-hafjan "to exalt"), bi-auknan "to abound, become larger" (Class VII bi-aukan "to increase, add to"). In the modern languages, the various classes have mostly been leveled into a single productive class. Icelandic, Norwegian and Frisian have retained two productive classes of weak verbs. (In Frisian, in addition to the class with -de, there is a class of je-verbs, where the dental suffix has dropped, i.e. -je < -iad.) Swiss German also has two types of weak verbs, descended from Class