query: when were the first skyscrapers built in new york

pos: Early skyscrapers an 11-story iron-framed skyscraper. This encouraged the building of more skyscrapers in New York, although the city remained cautious about the technology for some years. Finally, in 1895 a breakthrough was made with the construction of the American Surety Building, a twenty-story, high-steel development that broke Chicago's height record. From then on, New York thoroughly embraced skeleton frame construction. In particular, New York newspaper companies adopted the skyscraper, building several along Park Row, sometimes termed "Newspaper Row", in the 1880s and 1890s. A few early skyscrapers were also constructed in Baltimore, Boston, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Rochester, and Buffalo, such as

neg: Early skyscrapers were frequently narrower towers which, more eclectic in style, were often criticized for their lack of elegance. In 1892, Chicago banned the construction of new skyscrapers taller than , leaving the development of taller buildings to New York. A new wave of skyscraper construction emerged in the first decade of the 20th century. The demand for new office space to hold America's expanding workforce of white-collar staff continued to grow. Engineering developments made it easier to build and live in yet taller buildings. Chicago built new skyscrapers in its existing style, while New York experimented further with tower design. Iconic

neg: New York skyscrapers (O'Keeffe) city life. Additionally, skyscrapers, which had been a symbol of America's success, became a symbol of its failure with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. New York skyscrapers (O'Keeffe) Georgia O'Keeffe created a series of paintings of New York skyscrapers between 1925 and 1929. They were made after O'Keeffe moved with her new husband into an apartment on the 30th floor of the Shelton Hotel, which gave her expansive views of all but the west side of the city. She expressed her appreciation of the city's early skyscrapers that were built by the end of the 1920s. One of her

neg: New York skyscrapers (O'Keeffe) New York skyscrapers (O'Keeffe) Georgia O'Keeffe created a series of paintings of New York skyscrapers between 1925 and 1929. They were made after O'Keeffe moved with her new husband into an apartment on the 30th floor of the Shelton Hotel, which gave her expansive views of all but the west side of the city. She expressed her appreciation of the city's early skyscrapers that were built by the end of the 1920s. One of her most notable works, which demonstrates her skill at depicting the buildings in the Precisionist style, is the "Radiator Building—Night, New York", of the American Radiator

neg: Early skyscrapers the sites would have made the towers relatively narrow and – when packed with the necessary elevators and service facilities – economically unviable. Many other skyscrapers built on larger or more expensive plots opted for the tallest towers possible, including the $24 million ($3.8 billion in 2010 terms) Bank of Manhattan Trust Building and the City Bank-Farmers Trust Company Building. New York continued its lead in tall skyscrapers throughout the period; in 1920 it had ten times the number of tall buildings than its nearest rival Chicago. Some New York skyscrapers complemented traditional, cubicle offices linked by corridors, with larger,

neg: Early skyscrapers support from the real estate industry who hoped to slow the construction of additional office space and shore up their diminishing profit margins. The height of new buildings was limited to , with lower height levels on narrower streets, effectively curtailing the construction of any taller skyscrapers. The early years of the 20th century saw a range of technically sophisticated, architecturally confident skyscrapers built in New York; academics Sarah Landau and Carl Condit term this "the first great age" of skyscraper building. Some were relatively conservative buildings in a classical style, such as the Mutual Life, Atlantic Mutual, and Broad

neg: Morse Building Morse Building The Morse Building, also known as the Nassau-Beekman Building, is a high-rise building located in Manhattan, New York City. The Morse Building was one of the world's first prismatically shaped skyscrapers and, at 140 feet, one of the tallest buildings in New York when built. Its sheer walls and flat roof were a departure from designs of previous buildings topped by step-backs, mansard roofs, or towers. It was developed by G. Livingston and Sidney E. Morse, nephews of telegraph inventor Samuel F. B. Morse. The building was designated a New York City landmark in September, 2006. The site

neg: Morse Building the 8th story, which are mostly wood). Morse Building The Morse Building, also known as the Nassau-Beekman Building, is a high-rise building located in Manhattan, New York City. The Morse Building was one of the world's first prismatically shaped skyscrapers and, at 140 feet, one of the tallest buildings in New York when built. Its sheer walls and flat roof were a departure from designs of previous buildings topped by step-backs, mansard roofs, or towers. It was developed by G. Livingston and Sidney E. Morse, nephews of telegraph inventor Samuel F. B. Morse. The building was designated a New York

neg: Window cleaner type of equipment then it is advisable to combine different tools to be able to clean it properly. Direct access to a window obtained by egress from that window. This method is still used at the Empire State Building in New York City. Windows that needed cleaning became higher as buildings became higher. A trade in window cleaning developed, for instance, in New York City in the late 19th century when early skyscrapers were being built. The height increased the risk to the washers. At first, washers cleaned skyscraper windows by standing on the window ledge and holding onto the

neg: Early skyscrapers Early skyscrapers The early skyscrapers were a range of tall, commercial buildings built between 1884 and 1939, predominantly in the American cities of New York City and Chicago. Cities in the United States were traditionally made up of low-rise buildings, but significant economic growth after the Civil War and increasingly intensive use of urban land encouraged the development of taller buildings beginning in the 1870s. Technological improvements enabled the construction of fireproofed iron-framed structures with deep foundations, equipped with new inventions such as the elevator and electric lighting. These made it both technically and commercially viable to build a new

neg: Early skyscrapers to preserve the history of the skyscraper. Bibliography Early skyscrapers The early skyscrapers were a range of tall, commercial buildings built between 1884 and 1939, predominantly in the American cities of New York City and Chicago. Cities in the United States were traditionally made up of low-rise buildings, but significant economic growth after the Civil War and increasingly intensive use of urban land encouraged the development of taller buildings beginning in the 1870s. Technological improvements enabled the construction of fireproofed iron-framed structures with deep foundations, equipped with new inventions such as the elevator and electric lighting. These made it both

neg: Early skyscrapers buildings such as the Flatiron were followed by the tall Singer Tower, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower and the Woolworth Building. Though these skyscrapers were commercial successes, criticism mounted as they broke up the ordered city skyline and plunged neighboring streets and buildings into perpetual shadow. Combined with an economic downturn, this led to the introduction of zoning restraints in New York in 1916. In the interwar years, skyscrapers spread to nearly all major U.S. cities, while a handful were built in other Western countries. The economic boom of the 1920s and extensive real estate speculation encouraged a wave

neg: Skyscraper Düsseldorf, Germany; the Kungstornen "(Kings' Towers)" in Stockholm, Sweden, which were built 1924–25, the Edificio Telefónica in Madrid, Spain, built in 1929; the Boerentoren in Antwerp, Belgium, built in 1932; the Prudential Building in Warsaw, Poland, built in 1934; and the Torre Piacentini in Genoa, Italy, built in 1940. After an early competition between Chicago and New York City for the world's tallest building, New York took the lead by 1895 with the completion of the tall American Surety Building, leaving New York with the title of the world's tallest building for many years. Modern skyscrapers are built with steel

neg: Early skyscrapers Corbusier acclaimed New York in 1935 as being "overwhelming, amazing, exciting, violently alive", but went on to complain that there were still too few skyscrapers, and those that had been built were not yet tall enough. Lewis Hine, employed to record the building of the Empire State Building, portrayed the skyscraper construction teams as courageous heroes, creating a genre of photography that continued up until 1941. Their critics expressed concerns about the effect of modern technology and urban living on the human condition, arguing that skyscrapers generated pollution and noise, and imposed a regimented and dehumanising lifestyle on the people

neg: Early skyscrapers older ways of life in the city, echoing Steigler's work in the first decade of the century. Hollywood used skyscrapers extensively in popular films. "The Skyscrapers of New York" in 1906 became the first of many, and in the 1920s Harold Lloyd produced his five "skyscraper films", most prominently "Safety Last!", in which the hero dangles from a clock on the side of a Los Angeles building. In these early silent movies, skyscrapers were closely associated with masculine identity; Lloyd's climbing of skyscrapers closely associated with his characters' transformation from young men into mature adults, and the winning of the

neg: Hudson Terminal Hudson Terminal Hudson Terminal was a rapid transit station on the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (H&M) in Manhattan, New York City. The terminal, which contained five tracks and three platforms, was located in the Lower Manhattan neighborhood of Radio Row. The two 22-story office skyscrapers above the terminal, built to serve the H&M station, were among the world's largest when the H&M terminal opened in 1909. In 1962, as part of the construction of the World Trade Center, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey took over the H&M railroad, rebranding it as the PATH, and agreed to

neg: Early skyscrapers city. The New York style emphasized stunning height and a somewhat eclectic use of architectural features from other periods, creating an energetic, flamboyant appearance. Towers were common, making best use of the relatively small plots of land in New York. Some New York skyscrapers emulated the tripartite style of Chicago, but others broke their exterior down into many different layers, each with its own style. Proponents argued that this reintroduced a sense of human proportion to these tall buildings; critics felt that the results were confusing and ungainly. Early skyscrapers were mainly made up of small office cubicles, commonly only

neg: Skyscraper Vanity height first appeared in New York City skyscrapers as early as the 1920s and 1930s but supertall buildings have relied on such uninhabitable extensions for on average 30% of their height, raising potential definitional and sustainability issues. The current era of skyscrapers focuses on sustainability, its built and natural environments, including the performance of structures, types of materials, construction practices, absolute minimal use of materials and natural resources, energy within the structure, and a holistically integrated building systems approach. LEED is a current green building standard. Architecturally, with the movements of Postmodernism, New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture, that

neg: Early skyscrapers on a skyscraper was to build it 63 stories high, returning an annual profit of 10.25 percent. Skyscrapers continued to spread both across the U.S. and internationally. New York and Chicago remained the center of skyscraper development, but most major cities in the U.S. had built skyscrapers by 1929, frequently as a result of competition between rival cities for status and investment. Cincinnati built the Cincinnati Towers in 1914, followed by the Carew Tower Complex in 1930. In Detroit, the General Motors Building opened in 1920 and the Fisher Building in 1928. Cleveland acquired the Union Trust Building in 1923

neg: Art Deco Union and Pavilion du Nouveau Esprit, built by the magazine of that name run by Le Corbusier, were built in an austere style with plain white walls and no decoration; they were among the earliest examples of modernist architecture. American skyscrapers marked the summit of the Art Deco style; they became the tallest and most recognizable modern buildings in the world. They were designed to show the prestige of their builders through their height, their shape, their color, and their dramatic illumination at night. The first New York skyscraper, the Woolworth Building, in a neoclassical style, was completed in 1913,

neg: Early skyscrapers Flatiron's "monstrous shape soars in massive flight". Artists such as Alvin Coburn and John Marin experimented with producing portraits of New York's skyscrapers, capturing the positive and negative aspects of the modern structures. In 1908 artist Harry Pettit produced a romantic interpretation of a future New York, filled with giant skyscrapers supporting aerial bridges and receiving dirigibles from around the globe. Amongst the architectural community, the Exposition in Chicago inspired many in America to champion planning cities that had a unified design, in which each building had unique features but elegantly complemented its neighbours, typically by being built to a

neg: Jewelry District (Los Angeles) 703 S. Broadway, which was built in 1923. In the early twentieth-century, downtown was rapidly developing but it did not feature skyscrapers as tall as Chicago and New York. The buildings were limited to 150 feet by law, which was favored by architects and planners who saw the towering skyscrapers of the east coast metropolises as unsustainable and not conducive to the Southern California lifestyle. Although many residents were living in apartment buildings at the time, the architects and planners argued that excessive vertical expansion would lead to inhumane overconcentration and congestion. The influx of jewelry stores in the area

neg: 1 New York Plaza be completely gut-renovated. Office tenants were allowed to return starting November 17, 2012, and the retail concourse reopened in the winter of 2014. 1 New York Plaza 1 New York Plaza is an office building in New York City's Financial District, built in 1969 at the intersection of South and Whitehall Streets. It is the southernmost of all Manhattan skyscrapers. The building is 640 feet (195 m) tall with 50 floors. The building was designed by William Lescaze & Assocs. and Kahn & Jacobs. The building has 2.556 million square feet of office space. There is a retail concourse on

neg: Circular Quay 2000 and 2014. Large liners and cruise ships often dock here, dominating cove. Major redevelopment of East Circular Quay did not occur until the 1950s. Wool stores were demolished and replaced by a number of modernist commercial buildings lining the eastern side of Circular Quay. The height limit was increased from in 1959, and Circular Quay soon became dominated by skyscrapers. A number of Sydney's first skyscrapers were built around Circular Quay. The AMP Centre building on the southern shore was the tallest building Sydney when completed in 1962. In 1973 the Sydney Opera House was built at the northeastern

neg: The Phoenix Companies first life insurer authorized by the New York Insurance Department. In 1894, Home Life built a new 16-story headquarters on Broadway in New York City, which as one of the world's first steel-framed skyscrapers for a short time was one of the world's tallest buildings. In the early 20th century, the company pioneered several innovations in the marketing of insurance. In 1901, Phoenix published "The Field", believed to be the first agent newsletter and in 1906 produced "A Prospectus and Ten Lessons Upon Life Insurance," the first agent training course used by a life insurance company. In 1912, Phoenix became

neg: Early skyscrapers was later challenged by Robert Bruegmann and Daniel Bluestone, who argued that it underplayed the links of the movement to pre-existing Chicago culture. During the 1980s and 1990s, analysis of the early skyscrapers increasingly shifted away from the architects and architecture of the individual buildings to considerations of skyscrapers' roles in the wider urban context. Histories stressing the social, economic, and cultural dimension of skyscrapers began to be produced, with New York's skyscrapers receiving greater attention than before. The Skyscraper Museum – the first to address the theme – was founded in New York in 1997 by historian Carol Willis

neg: Skyscraper can afford the rents in the city center and thus most tenants of skyscrapers are of these classes. Some skyscrapers have been built in areas where the bedrock is near surface, because this makes constructing the foundation cheaper, for example this is the case in Midtown Manhattan and Lower Manhattan, in New York City, but not in-between these two parts of the city. Today, skyscrapers are an increasingly common sight where land is expensive, as in the centers of big cities, because they provide such a high ratio of rentable floor space per unit area of land. formula_1 One problem

neg: Art Deco in the United States buildings have been restored and are now historical landmarks. The Art Deco style had been born in Paris, but no buildings were permitted in that city which were higher than Notre Dame Cathedral (with the sole exception of the Eiffel Tower). As a result, the United States soon took the lead in building tall buildings. The first skyscrapers had been built in Chicago in the 1880s in the Beaux-Arts or neoclassical style. In the 1920s New York architects used the new Art Deco style to build the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building. The Empire State building was the

neg: Thompson–Starrett Co. now known as Woodrow Wilson Hall, located on the campus of Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey. Works in New York City include: Works in Chicago include: Works elsewhere include: Thompson–Starrett Co. Thompson–Starrett Co. was an American construction contracting and engineering firm based in New York City that operated from 1899 until 1968. During the company's first 30 years, it was a pioneer in the construction of skyscrapers and one of the first companies to develop a national practice involving large-scale construction projects. At least six of the company's works built between 1905 and 1923 have been designated as

neg: Architecture of New York City and Tishman Speyer Properties (25%). The Chrysler Building was the first structure in the world to surpass the 1,000 foot threshold. The Comcast Building is a slim Art Deco skyscraper and the focal point of Rockefeller Center. At 850 ft (259 m) with 70 floors, it is the seventh tallest building in New York and the 30th tallest in the United States. Built in 1933 and originally called the RCA Building, it is one of the most famous and recognized skyscrapers in New York. The frieze above the main entrance was executed by Lee Lawrie and depicts Wisdom, along with

neg: William A. Starrett There were seven children in the family, five boys and two girls. Starrett worked part-time in a wholesale grocery house when he was in his early teens. Starrett entered the University of Michigan in 1893. However, he had to leave his studies in 1895 to help the family financially. He immediately entered the construction field, joining his four brothers in companies which built skyscrapers. Starrett also worked for Starrett & van Vleck in designing and constructing department store buildings in New York City. Ultimately he passed on this steel construction technology to Japan so they could design buildings to resist

neg: Le Corbusier asked by American journalists what he thought about New York City skyscrapers; he responded, characteristically, that he found them "much too small". He wrote a book describing his experiences in the States, "Quand les Cathédrales etait blanc- voyages au pays des timides" (When Cathedrals were White; voyage to the land of the timid) whose title expressed his view of the lack of boldness in American architecture. He wrote a great deal but built very little in the late 1930s. The titles of his books expressed the combined urgency and optimism of his messages: "Cannons? Munitions? No thank you, Lodging please!"

neg: Ysrael Seinuk the structural design of skyscrapers. "The New York Times" wrote that Seinuk "made it possible for many of New York City's tallest new buildings to withstand wind, gravity and even earthquakes. He has been credited with innovations in the use of reinforced concrete as a structural material in skyscrapers. Elizabeth O'Donnell, associate dean of architecture at Cooper Union, called him "the person who brought reinforced concrete to New York City, because this was primarily a city where its high-rises were structured in steel." In 2004, "Real Estate Weekly" wrote, "You can't walk down the streets of Manhattan without seeing a

neg: New York skyscrapers (O'Keeffe) New York City skyscrapers and cityscapes between 1925 and 1929. Her works are evocative of her own style. In 1925, she created "New York Street with Moon", which reflects her opinion that "one can't paint New York as it is, but rather as it is felt." Between the city skyscrapers is a sunset with a moon and fluffy clouds. The tall buildings, in an angled composition, are in the shadows and a streetlight casts a bright halo. She made "The Shelton with Sunspots, N.Y." in 1926 that depicts an optical illusion that O'Keeffe saw of the Shelton Hotel one morning

neg: T. F. Šimon us with a view of history, through the eyes of a painter, that takes us back to a time when neon lights were marvels, when geisha were icons, before commercial air travel and when the only way to share your adventure with loved ones and family was through sending letters home. Arriving in New York, he wrote, ""The ship’s orchestra was playing as we slowly approached the port of New York City in the morning. In the distance we could see the outlines of skyscrapers drowning in a silver haze then, as we came closer, rising and standing, etched against

neg: Samuel Newhouse He maintained residences on Long Island, New York and in London and a chateau in France. He preferred living in Salt Lake City, where he developed a large tract of downtown, trying to shift the center of town four blocks south from Temple Square. He built the city's first skyscrapers (11 stories), the Boston and Newhouse buildings. At one time he owned the lot where the future Flatiron Building in New York City would be located. However, "his financial empire crashed in 1916". Samuel Newhouse Samuel Newhouse (October 18, 1853 – September 22, 1930) was a Utah entrepreneur and mining

neg: Architecture of New York City building's structure. The Condé Nast Building (2000) is an important example of green design in American skyscrapers. The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In the outer boroughs, large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian. Split two-family homes are also widely available across the outer boroughs, for example in the

neg: History of New York City (1898–1945) workers from Southern and Eastern Europe expanded the labor force until the World War ended immigration in 1914. Labor shortages during the war attracted African Americans from the Southeast, who headed north as part of the Great Migration. They sponsored the Harlem Renaissance of literature and culture celebrating the black experience. The Roaring Twenties were years of glamour and wealth, highlighted by a construction boom, with skyscrapers built higher and higher in the famous skyline. New York's financial sector came to dominate the national and the world economies. The economy of New York City prospered after 1896, with a few

neg: History of New York City Robert Moses, ended the blight of many tenement areas, expanded new parks, remade streets, and restricted and reorganized zoning controls. For a while, New York City ranked as the most populous city in the world, overtaking London in 1925, which had reigned for a century. During the difficult years of the Great Depression, the reformer Fiorello La Guardia was elected as mayor, and Tammany Hall fell after eighty years of political dominance. Despite the effects of the Great Depression, some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were built during the 1930s. These included Art Deco masterpieces that are still part of

neg: George B. Post George B. Post and Sons through 1930. Post's eight-story Equitable Life Assurance Society (1868–70), was the first office building designed to use elevators; Post himself leased the upper floors when contemporaries predicted they could not be rented. His Western Union Telegraph Building (1872–75) at Dey Street in Lower Manhattan, was the first office building to rise as high as ten stories, a forerunner of skyscrapers to come. When it was erected in "Newspaper Row" facing City Hall Park, Post's twenty-story New York World Building (1889–90) was the tallest building in New York City. Post was born on December 15, 1837

neg: Early skyscrapers the final pre-war skyscraper was built in 1934. The Field Building was commissioned during the final boom years of the inter-war economy, and the Home Insurance Building – the first skyscraper, built in 1884 – was demolished to make way for the "wing and tower"-style development. Public interest in skyscrapers increased during the 1920s, particularly after the Tribune competition. The competition drawings were circulated on display, with 25,000 people coming to see them in Chicago in just one month. In the aftermath, images of skyscrapers flourished across American culture, commencing what historian Merrill Schleier dubbed a "skyscraper mania". The "Titan

neg: Early skyscrapers science, or alternatively examples of the ills of modern life and society. Skyscraper projects after World War II typically rejected the designs of the early skyscrapers, instead embracing the international style; many older skyscrapers were redesigned to suit contemporary tastes or even demolished—such as the Singer Tower, once the world's tallest skyscraper. Early skyscrapers emerged in the U.S. as a result of economic growth, the financial organization of American businesses, and the intensive use of land. New York was one of the centers of early skyscraper construction and had a history as a key seaport located on the small island

neg: Architecture of Hong Kong One Island East. At present, Hong Kong has the world's biggest skyline with a total of 7,681 skyscrapers, placing it ahead of even New York City, despite the fact that New York is larger in area. Most of these were built in past two decades. Hong Kong's best-known building is probably I. M. Pei's Bank of China Tower. The building attracted heated controversy from the moment its design was released to the public, which continued for years after the building's completion in 1990. The building was said to cast negative feng shui energy into the heart of Hong Kong due

neg: John De Cesare 50 employees until it ceased activities, around 1945-48. He then retired and devoted his time to architectural drawing until his death in New York in 1972. From 1916 on, the 1916 Zoning Resolution increased the number of skyscrapers being built in New York. Buildings were also meant to convey a strong corporate identity through architecture and ornaments. The prevalent architectural Art Deco style was characterized by the variety of materials used (steel, concrete, aluminium, stone, brick, ceramics, glass, etc.) and its exotic inspiration. John de Cesare created sculptural ornaments or bas-reliefs sculptures with motifs such as fruits, grapes, animals or

neg: The Fountainhead used her memory of the British democratic socialist Harold Laski to help her imagine what Toohey would do in a given situation. She attended a New York lecture by Laski as part of gathering material for the novel, following which she changed the physical appearance of the character to be similar to that of Laski. New York intellectuals Lewis Mumford and Clifton Fadiman also helped inspire the character. When Rand first arrived in New York as an immigrant from the Soviet Union in 1926, she was greatly impressed by the Manhattan skyline's towering skyscrapers, which she saw as symbols of

neg: 1 New York Plaza 1 New York Plaza 1 New York Plaza is an office building in New York City's Financial District, built in 1969 at the intersection of South and Whitehall Streets. It is the southernmost of all Manhattan skyscrapers. The building is 640 feet (195 m) tall with 50 floors. The building was designed by William Lescaze & Assocs. and Kahn & Jacobs. The building has 2.556 million square feet of office space. There is a retail concourse on the lower level. The facade was designed by Nevio Maggiora, consisting of a boxlike "beehive" pattern with the windows recessed within, made of

neg: Olympia and York great success. In the 1980s, Olympia & York grew to be the largest property development firm in the world. In the early 1980s, the New York real estate market was severely depressed, and the Reichmanns bought a group of nine skyscrapers for the low price of 300 million dollars. In only a few years the group rose in value to 3.5 billion. The company became centred on New York opening an office on Park Avenue. The company won the rights to the largest development project in the city when they were awarded the contract to develop the Battery Park City

neg: Daily News Building Art Deco presences" by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, as well as "the first fully modernistic free-standing skyscraper of architect Raymond Hood." It was among the first skyscrapers to be built without an ornamental crown. A 1957–60 addition to the building which expanded the lobby on the southwest corner of Second Avenue was designed by Harrison & Abramovitz, echoing the vertical stripes of the original design, except with a wider stripe. The building, including the newspaper's new printing presses, cost $10,700,000 – about $135 million in 2010 dollars. The lobby of the building includes a black glass domed

neg: New York Central MU Cars New York Central MU Cars The New York Central MU Cars were built for the New York Central Railroad in 1906–1929 when the New York Central began electrifying its lines for both the Hudson Division and the Harlem Division. These were the first electric multiple units ever bought by the New York Central Railroad. They were retired between 1950-1973 by the ACMUs and M1A railcars. The first cars were built in 1906–1907 by American Car and Foundry Company and St. Louis Car Company, which together delivered 182 all steel MUs to the New York Central Railroad. They were built for

neg: Skyscraper example the Empire State Building in New York City, United States completed in 1931 and is still in active use. Skyscrapers have considerable mass, which means that they must be built on a sturdier foundation than would be required for shorter, lighter buildings. Building materials must also be lifted to the top of a skyscraper during construction, requiring more energy than would be necessary at lower heights. Furthermore, a skyscraper consumes a lot of electricity because potable and non-potable water has to be pumped to the highest occupied floors, skyscrapers are usually designed to be mechanically ventilated, elevators are generally

neg: American modernism Harlem Renaissance in literature and abstract expressionism in visual art. New York City is iconic not only for Americans, but also for many Europeans as the city of melting pot where many ethnic groups live, often in specific neighborhoods, such as Chinatown, Little Italy. In American modernism, New York became the first stop for immigrants seeking a better life. The city's population boomed, 5 boroughs were formed, the New York City Subway was opened and became a symbol of progress and innovation. The city saw construction of skyscrapers in the skyline. "Take New York City skyline, for example – that

neg: Kahnawake Kahnawake (Mohawk) died in the collapse of the Quebec Bridge in 1907, one of the worst construction failures of all time. The small community was devastated by the loss of so many men. They erected crosses of steel girders at both ends of the reserve to honor them. Many Kahnawake ironworkers went to New York City to work during the first half of the 20th century. Its building boom stimulated construction of notable skyscrapers and bridges. For more than a generation, many Kahnawake men participated in building the Empire State Building, and other major skyscrapers in New York City, as

neg: Blair Building He also worked on the Gillender Building. In 1928 the building was purchased to be part of the expanding stock exchange complex. Irving Underhill photographed the building in 1932. It was next to the adjoining Commercial Cable Building built in 1897 at 20 Broad Street. Blair Building The Blair Building, also known as the Blair and Company Building, was one of New York City's earliest skyscrapers. It was constructed in 1902–1903. It was located at 24 Broad Street in New York City's Financial District and had a white marble facade. It was built by Andrew J. Robinson Company. The "Architectural

neg: Continental Center (New York City) classrooms for use by the occupants. Continental Center (New York City) The Continental Center is an office skyscraper, located on New York City, New York. Built in 1983, in the construction of Swanke Hayden Connell Architects, the building is 41 stories tall and reaches the maximum height of 169 meters. It was originally designed for an insurance company, the building is occupied by major financial and legal firms. The octagonal floor of the building and the glass facade contrast with the neighboring high-rise skyscrapers, such as 120 Wall Street and One Chase Manhattan Plaza. In addition to offices, the building

neg: Continental Center (New York City) Continental Center (New York City) The Continental Center is an office skyscraper, located on New York City, New York. Built in 1983, in the construction of Swanke Hayden Connell Architects, the building is 41 stories tall and reaches the maximum height of 169 meters. It was originally designed for an insurance company, the building is occupied by major financial and legal firms. The octagonal floor of the building and the glass facade contrast with the neighboring high-rise skyscrapers, such as 120 Wall Street and One Chase Manhattan Plaza. In addition to offices, the building includes a cafeteria, an auditorium and

neg: Wall Street Company Building), 40 Wall Street (The Trump Building), 55 Wall Street (the former world headquarters of Citicorp), the New York Stock Exchange at the corner of Broad Street and the US headquarters of Deutsche Bank at 60 Wall Street. The Deutsche Bank building (formerly the J.P. Morgan headquarters) makes Deutsche Bank the last remaining major investment bank to have its headquarters on Wall Street. The older skyscrapers often were built with elaborate facade, which have not been common in corporate architecture for decades; the nearby World Trade Center, built in the 1970s, was very plain and utilitarian in comparison. Excavation

neg: Theo & the Skyscrapers Theo & the Skyscrapers Theo & the Skyscrapers are an experimental electronic band from New York City consisting of Theo Kogan (formerly of the band Lunachicks, and also a model and actress), Sean Pierce (of Toilet Böys), Chris Kling and Dimitry Makhnosky. Their sound has also been described as "a cross breed of new wave and metal". and a "gloriously trashy technicolor electro-clash disco cabaret, with quirky art-punk and metallic overtones." In the fall of 2003, Theo and her husband, Sean, met Chris and Dimitry and Theo & the Skyscrapers was formed. The band released "Theo and the Skyscrapers" in

neg: New York City from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller

neg: Early skyscrapers as Charles McKim and Stanford White refused to work on such projects altogether. Calls were made in New York for legislation to prevent the growth of skyscrapers, citing their effect on the city skylines, but these attempts faced legal obstacles. The United States Constitution did not give local government authority to prevent the buildings on the grounds of aesthetics alone, and any such law in New York was considered likely to face judicial challenge. Others argued that legal reform of skyscraper construction was needed for public health and safety reasons, an area in which U.S. law was normally more supportive

neg: V Tower skyscrapers. These high-rises are each of 109, 104, and 79 meters in height. Because of the high number of high-rises in the area, the plain has been dubbed the “Prague Manhattan” as the skyline is becoming reminiscent of one which would be seen in New York. In addition to the other skyscrapers which are also situated on the plain, V Tower will be close to a residential building, which is also yet to be built, but is planned to have a height of 108 metres. The "V" (Victoria) is the general symbol of openness, freedom, joy and optimism. The idea

neg: Detroit Financial District Building in 1907 and the 23-story Dime Building in 1913. In the 1920s, even larger skyscrapers invaded, culminating in the 40-story Guardian Building and 48-story Greater Penobscot Building, both built in 1927-29. When completed in 1928, the Penobscot became the world's eighth-tallest building and the tallest outside of New York and Chicago. It was the city's tallest from 1928 to 1977. The Penobscot stands at the center of the Detroit Financial District. The Great Depression halted the construction of buildings in the Financial District, and substantial new construction wasn't undertaken again until the late 1940s with the construction of the

neg: Hongkong Land point for Hongkong Land's development of "Central" as Hong Kong's business district. Following construction of The New Oriental Building, between June 1904 and December 1905, Central saw the completion of five major buildings that were Hong Kong's first 'skyscrapers'. These included the Alexandra Building in 1904, which was built on the location of today's Alexandra House. By 1941 the company possessed 13 major properties in Central. The most valuable among them were Marina House, Alexandra Building, Holland House, Queen’s Building and Prince’s Building. Hongkong Land ceased business for three years and eight months during the Second World War. But when

neg: Camp Peary I when what is now the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown was created. The first World War II Seabee recruits were the men who helped build Boulder Dam, America's highways and New York City skyscrapers. At Naval Construction Training Centers and Advanced Base Depots established on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, Seabees were taught military discipline and the use of light arms. During Seabee training, Capt. J.G. Ware was raising hogs on the property so the recruits called the place Capt. Wares hog farm. Originally the hog farm was in the center of things, but the enlisted men complained that the

neg: Northwest Tower Robey serving French-American cuisine. They hotel is operated by Grupo Habita, a Mexico-based hotel group with 14 hotels in Mexico and one in New York. Northwest Tower The Northwest Tower, popularly known as the Coyote Building, is a 12-story art deco building at the corner of North Avenue and Milwaukee Avenue in Chicago. It was designed by Perkins, Chatten & Hammond and built between 1928 and 1929. The Northwest Tower is one of the first skyscrapers in Chicago to have been constructed outside the downtown area. The tower was built on the site of the Noel State Bank, near the

neg: Des Moines, Iowa Plan", a regional plan focused on developing central Iowa in a sustainable fashion, centrally planning growth and resource consumption to manage the local population. The skyline of Des Moines changed during the 1970s and 1980s, as several new skyscrapers were built. Additional skyscrapers were built in the 1990s, including Iowa's tallest. Before then, the 19-story Equitable Building, from 1924, was the tallest building in the city and the tallest building in Iowa. The 25-story Financial Center was completed in 1973 and the 36-story Ruan Center was completed in 1974. They were later joined by the 33-story Des Moines Marriott Hotel

neg: Floating Skyscrapers Floating Skyscrapers Floating Skyscrapers () is a 2013 Polish drama film written and directed by Tomasz Wasilewski, and starring Mateusz Banasiuk, Marta Nieradkiewicz, Bartosz Gelner and Katarzyna Herman. It follows the story of Kuba, an aspiring professional swimmer who falls in love with another man to the disapproval of his mother and to the surprise of his girlfriend, who tries to hold on to him and their relationship. Premiering at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival in New York City, the film is the first Polish production that primarily deals with the topic of same-sex relationships, and is often paired together

neg: Early skyscrapers of their office space. Owners could charge significantly more for office space close to the main windows, making it most efficient to build skyscrapers with as much premium office space as possible, even if this cost slightly more to construct in the first instance. As a result, a standard pattern for office units in both New York and Chicago emerged, with either a single rectangular office adjoining an exterior wall, or a "T" shaped design, with a reception room giving way to two windowed offices, separated by glass partitions. Skyscrapers usually took on large numbers of relatively small companies as

neg: Early skyscrapers their tenants. A skyscraper such as the Woolworth Tower had around 600 different tenants in 1913, for example, while a typical tenant might rent four or five office units in a skyscraper. Skyscrapers, particularly those in New York, attracted considerable comment, much of it negative. On his return to New York, writer Henry James condemned the buildings in "The American Scene" as simply "giants of the mere market", "mercenary monsters" doomed to be torn down in turn as other, even larger, buildings took their place. In Chicago the combination of the environmental pollution and skyscrapers meant that, as Charles Warner

neg: Architecture of New York City as the first major building to be completed since the September 11th terrorist attacks and has become known to many New Yorkers as the "new twin towers." Additional publicity was generated in 2003 when David Martinez paid $45 million for a penthouse condominium, a record for New York residential sales. The Condé Nast Building, officially Four Times Square, is a modern skyscraper in Times Square in Midtown Manhattan and one of the most important examples of green design in skyscrapers in the United States. Environmentally friendly gas-fired absorption chillers, along with a high-performing insulating and shading curtain wall, ensure that

neg: Philip Johnson York State Theater, built in a massive and unadorned modernist style. He also undertook his first foreign commission, the modernist art museum in Bielefeld, Germany, with a modernist facade clad in dark red stone, and a modernist colonnade of slender pillars (1968). In 1967 Johnson entered a new phase of his career, founding a partnership with architect John Burgee. Johnson and Burgee won commissions for a series of new skyscrapers. including the IDS Center in Minneapolis (1973), and the two matching towers, facing each other like bookends, of Pennzoil Place in Houston, Texas. The two towers of Pennzoil Place have

neg: Obsolescence thus escalates maintenance costs for obsolete products. This ultimately leads to prohibitive expense in keeping old technology functioning. The term "obsolescence" was first applied to the built environment in 1910 in an attempt to explain American skyscrapers' sudden loss of value. New York engineer Reginald P. Bolton attributed this phenomenon to "something new and better out-competing the old" and calculated the average architectural lifespan of varying building types in order to formulate a rough estimate for their impending obsolescence. For example, he suggested that hotel's obsolescence will occur faster than banks due to their ever-changing functions and tastes. Sometimes marketers

neg: Art Deco and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the Art Deco style became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel, and plastic. A sleeker form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s; it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco is one of the first truly international styles, but its dominance ended with the beginning of World War II and the rise of the strictly functional and unadorned styles of modernism and the International

neg: New York skyscrapers (O'Keeffe) represented by the Radiator Building. O'Keeffe depicted a realistic view of Manhattan rooftops, the East River, and Long Island City of Queens in "East River from the Thirtieth Story of the Shelton Hotel" in 1928. Beyond the Manhattan skyline and the East River, factories in Queens emit smoke, creating a smoggy atmosphere and a dismal image. O'Keeffe stopped depicting New York's skyscrapers and its cityscape in 1929, when she went to Mabel Dodge Luhan's ranch in Taos, New Mexico and developed an interest in making paintings of the Southwest. At the time, she was unhappy in her marriage and with

neg: Architecture of Boston in Boston were built during the latter 20th Century. The Prudential Tower, located in Back Bay, was completed in 1964, while the John Hancock Tower, which was the third such building constructed by John Hancock Insurance, was completed in 1976. The tower, now known as "200 Claredon Street", remains the tallest building in Boston and New England. The Prudential and Hancock Towers anchor a string of skyscrapers in Back Bay known as the High Spine, which stands out against the surrounding Victorian-era buildings of the neighborhood. Many of the skyscrapers in the Financial District were also built during the 1960s

neg: History of New York City attacked black neighborhood and abolitionist homes. Many blacks left the city and moved to Brooklyn. After the Civil War, the rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply, and New York became the first stop for millions seeking a new and better life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886. From 1890 to 1930, the larger cities were the focus of national attention. The skyscrapers and tourist attractions were widely publicized. Suburbs existed, but they were largely bedroom communities for commuters to the central city. San Francisco dominated the West, Atlanta

neg: Skyscraper and other lateral loads. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, which are sometimes also structurally required. The term "skyscraper" was first applied to buildings of steel framed construction of at least 10 stories in the late 19th century, a result of public amazement at the tall buildings being built in major American cities like Chicago, New York City, Philadelphia, Detroit, and St. Louis. The first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building (originally 10 stories with a height of ) in Chicago, Illinois in

neg: New York 2140 of capitalism, unregulated financial systems, and market economies. Many of the citizens of the city live in communes and rely on organizations that pool resources, while the wealthy live in former office buildings and newly-built skyscrapers above 125th Street and in Yonkers. According to the literary criticism aggregator Literary Hub, critics gave the novel generally positive reviews. Gerry Canavan, writing for the "Los Angeles Review of Books", referred to the novel as a further step in Robinson's "construction of a huge metatextual history of the future... distributed across overlapping but distinct and mutually irreconcilable texts". New York 2140 New York

neg: Flatiron District it is above 29th Street and below Canal Street, and as a result, and under the influence of zoning laws, the tallest buildings in the area used to top out at around 20 stories; older buildings of 3-6 floors are still numerous, especially on the side streets. Notable buildings in the district include the Flatiron Building, one of the oldest of the original New York skyscrapers, and just to east at 1 Madison Avenue is the Met Life Tower, built in 1909 and the tallest building in the world until 1913, when the Woolworth Building was completed. It is now

neg: Guttenberg, New Jersey printing press, though other sources indicate that the name derives from "good village" in German. Galaxy Towers, developed by Prudential Insurance Company, were built in the late 1970s on Boulevard East. The three octagonal skyscrapers rise and contain 1,075 apartments. Guttenberg is located atop the Hudson Palisades, south of Woodcliff and the Racetrack Section in North Bergen and north of West New York. Its western border is Kennedy Boulevard. Bergenline Avenue, the commercial corridor of North Hudson, runs north and south through the town, and is the heart of ""Havana on the Hudson"". Its eastern border is the Hudson River,

neg: Early skyscrapers access to light and air, noting that when tall buildings rose straight up from the sidewalk, they cast long shadows across the street, preventing healthy sunlight from reaching smaller buildings below. Early attempts by Ernest Flagg to limit the height of New York's skyscrapers in 1896 failed; further unsuccessful attempts followed between 1906 and 1908, and legislation was turned down again in 1909, partially because of pressure from the real estate industry. After 1913, however, the property market in New York entered a recession, and vacancy levels in buildings began to rise. The campaign for change was helped by the

neg: Early skyscrapers real estate boom occurred in the U.S. after the end of the First World War, with a particular surge in the construction of new skyscrapers between 1925 and 1931. In New York, a quarter of the financial district was rebuilt between 1928 and 1931, with of new office space added between 1925 and 1929 alone. In Chicago, limited wartime construction created supply shortages, and rent levels rose in response by around 100 percent between 1919 and 1924. This level of potential profits encouraged an explosion of new building projects in the city. The boom inflated prices in the real estate

neg: Pullman Flatiron Building Flatiron, besides height, is what creates the height: steel. The New York Flatiron reaches its height of 21 floors because of its steel skeleton. The Pullman Flatiron is only two stories because its original construction was not steel at all, but masonry. Masonry construction today is typically reinforced with steel and when the front end loader damaged the Flatiron in 1994, the reconstruction actually used steel reinforcement. With its references to the growing age of skyscrapers and a landmark in New York City, is clearly an icon in its own town. It recalls a building which was the first of

neg: Early skyscrapers that worked in them. Social commentator Lewis Mumford reflected the concerns of many in his critiques entitled "Is the Skyscraper Tolerable?" and "The Intolerable City". Political theorist Stefan Hirsch condemned the buildings as "bandages covering the sky, stifling our breath". Inventor Thomas Edison expressed fears that an uncontrolled expansion of skyscrapers would result in overcrowding and disaster. Artist Howard Cook's engravings critiqued the oppressive character of the new skyscrapers as they loomed over the traditional city. Berenice Abbott's photographic studies of New York in the 1930s explored the complex theme of urban change and the effect of skyscrapers on the

neg: History of San Francisco the Transamerica Pyramid was also completed during that year. During the administration of Mayor Dianne Feinstein (1978–1988), San Francisco saw a development boom referred to as "Manhattanization." Many large skyscrapers were built—primarily in the Financial District—but the boom also included high-rise condominiums in some residential neighborhoods. An opposition movement gained traction among those who felt the skyscrapers ruined views and destroyed San Francisco's unique character. Similar to the freeway revolt in the city decades earlier, a "skyscraper revolt" forced the city to embed height restrictions in the planning code. For many years, the limits slowed construction of new skyscrapers. She

neg: 14 Maiden Lane In 1920, the buildings to the east were destroyed in a fire which killed several people. The buildings to the west were demolished in 2015 to make way for a planned hotel. 14 Maiden Lane 14 Maiden Lane, or the Diamond Exchange, is an early example of a New York skyscraper in what is now the Financial District of Manhattan. Completed in 1894, it is still standing. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the area around Maiden Lane and John Street became home to a number of early skyscrapers built speculatively to house businesses

neg: Modern architecture Empire State Building and Rockefeller Center in New York City, and Guardian Building in Detroit. The first skyscrapers in Chicago and New York had been designed in a neo-gothic or neoclassical style, but these buildings were very different; they combined modern materials and technology (stainless steel, concrete, aluminum, chrome-plated steel) with Art Deco geometry; stylized zig-zags, lightning flashes, fountains, sunrises, and, at the top of the Chrysler building, Art Deco "gargoyles" in the form of stainless steel radiator ornaments. The interiors of these new buildings, sometimes termed Cathedrals of Commerce", were lavishly decorated in bright contrasting colors, with geometric patterns

neg: New York, New York (Tha Dogg Pound song) are rapping around the Skyscrapers in New York. The video, set in New York City, New York, was also heightened when the set was fired upon in a drive-by. After the shooting, Snoop Dogg and Tha Dogg Pound filmed scenes kicking down a building in New York. DJ Pooh produced the song and it never charted. In response to this song East Coast duos Capone-N-Noreaga and Mobb Deep collaborated with Tragedy Khadafi to release a response song named "L.A., L.A." dissing Dogg Pound members. This song also uses a sample of Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five's song with the

neg: Madrid the old town and the Ensanche were destroyed, and numerous blocks of flats were built. Examples of post-war architecture include the Spanish Air Force headquarters and the skyscrapers of Plaza de España, at the time (the 1950s) the highest in Europe. With the advent of Spanish economic development, skyscrapers, such as Torre Picasso, Torres Blancas and Torre BBVA, and the Gate of Europe, appeared in the late 20th century in the city. During the decade of the 2000s, the four tallest skyscrapers in Spain were built and together form the Cuatro Torres Business Area. Terminal 4 at Madrid-Barajas Airport was

neg: Italian Americans in the Little Italies were most often employed in manual labor and were heavily involved in public works, such as the construction of roads, railway tracks, sewers, subways, bridges and the first skyscrapers in the northeastern cities. As early as 1890, 90 percent of New York City's public works employees were Italian. The women most frequently worked as seamstresses in the garment industry or in their homes. Many established small businesses in the Little Italies to satisfy the day-to-day needs of fellow immigrants. A "New York Times" article from 1895 provides a glimpse into the status of Italian immigration at

neg: Thompson–Starrett Co. Thompson–Starrett Co. Thompson–Starrett Co. was an American construction contracting and engineering firm based in New York City that operated from 1899 until 1968. During the company's first 30 years, it was a pioneer in the construction of skyscrapers and one of the first companies to develop a national practice involving large-scale construction projects. At least six of the company's works built between 1905 and 1923 have been designated as National Historic Landmarks, including the Woolworth Building (the tallest skyscraper in the world from 1913 to 1930), the Equitable Building in Manhattan, the former General Motors Building in Detroit, the Sears,

neg: Madison Square and Madison Square Park MADison Square Park "). On the south end of Madison Square, southwest of the park, is the Flatiron Building, one of the oldest of the original New York skyscrapers, and just to east at 1 Madison Avenue is the Met Life Tower, built in 1909 and the tallest building in the world until 1913, when the Woolworth Building was completed. It is now occupied by Credit Suisse since MetLife moved their headquarters to the PanAm Building. The marble clock tower of this building dominates the park. The Met Life Tower absorbed the site of the architecturally distinguished 1854 building of

neg: La Défense tourists each year and houses an open-air museum. La Défense is named after the statue "La Défense de Paris" by Louis-Ernest Barrias, which was erected in 1883 to commemorate the soldiers who had defended Paris during the Franco-Prussian War. In September 1958, The (EPAD) buildings (of which the Esso Tower was the very first) were built and began to slowly replace the city's factories, shanties, and even a few farms. The Center of New Industries and Technologies (CNIT) was built and first used in 1958. These "first generation" skyscrapers were all very similar in appearance, limited to a height of

neg: Transportation Building (Manhattan) the 1950s. Transportation Building (Manhattan) The Transportation Building is a 44-story office building located at 225 Broadway on the corner of Barclay Street in the Civic Center neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It also carries the address 2-4 Barclay Street. It was built in 1927 and was designed by the architecture firm of York & Sawyer, in the Renaissance Revival style, using setbacks common to skyscrapers built after the adoption of the 1916 Zoning Resolution. It sits across Barclay Street from the Woolworth Building. The site of the Transportation Building had previously been the northern portion of

neg: Transportation Building (Manhattan) Transportation Building (Manhattan) The Transportation Building is a 44-story office building located at 225 Broadway on the corner of Barclay Street in the Civic Center neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It also carries the address 2-4 Barclay Street. It was built in 1927 and was designed by the architecture firm of York & Sawyer, in the Renaissance Revival style, using setbacks common to skyscrapers built after the adoption of the 1916 Zoning Resolution. It sits across Barclay Street from the Woolworth Building. The site of the Transportation Building had previously been the northern portion of the Astor

neg: Elbridge Thomas Gerry York mansion at 2 East 61st Street had long been a center of cultivated and fashionable life, even as it came to be surrounded by skyscrapers. When he built it, he told architect Richard Morris Hunt specifically about needing to house his collection of 30,000 law books and cost a reported $3,000,000. After his death, the family mansions in Manhattan were soon demolished, to make way for the Pierre Hotel. Gerry maintained a summer home named "Seaverge" on Bellevue Avenue in Newport, Rhode Island. His wife's estate in the Catskill Mountains was called "Aknusti", supposedly from an American Indian word

neg: Berger Factory precision engineering equipment. Its gear was used in surveys for the Panama Canal, in the construction of New York City skyscrapers, and in American polar expeditions of Admiral Richard E. Byrd and Robert Peary. Berger Factory The Berger Factory is a historic factory building at 37 Williams Street in Boston, Massachusetts. Built in 1902, it was home to one of the nation's first manufacturers of precision engineering and surveying instruments, and a surviving example of Roxbury's late 19th-century industrial development. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and now houses residences. The former Berger Factory

neg: Wilder Building Wilder Building Wilder Building is a historic office building located in Rochester, New York. It is an eleven-story steel or iron framed brick clad structure built between 1887 and 1888 in a modified Romanesque style. It is considered Rochester's first modern skyscraper, and is considered to be among the oldest of the early skyscrapers. It was designed by noted Rochester architects Warner & Brockett. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The Wilder Building originally contained spires at each corner of its roof, but they have since been removed. James Goold Cutler received U.S. Patent

neg: Francis H. Kimball Times article describing him as the "father of the skyscraper" noted his bankruptcy. Kimball died in 1919 in New York City and buried at Linwood Cemetery in Haverhill, Essex County, Massachusetts. From 1892 to 1898, he was part of Kimball & Thompson which built: Notes Francis H. Kimball Francis Hatch Kimball (1845–1919) was an American architect practicing in New York City, best known for his work on skyscrapers in lower Manhattan and terra-cotta ornamentation. He was an associate with the firm Kimball & Thompson. His work includes the Empire Building, Manhattan Life Insurance Building, and Casino Theatre (Broadway). All but

neg: One Worldwide Plaza by Frank Williams. The complex, whose component skyscrapers are among the list of tallest buildings in New York City, occupies an entire city block, bounded by Eighth Avenue, Ninth Avenue, 49th Street, and 50th Street. Located on the west side of Eighth Avenue, One Worldwide Plaza is built on the site of New York City's third Madison Square Garden. Designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the Worldwide Plaza complex was developed by William Zeckendorf, Jr. and Victor Elmaleh of the World Wide Group. The building of One Worldwide Plaza was documented in a Channel 4 / PBS

neg: Penn Plaza East Penn Plaza East The Penn Plaza East complex takes its name for its location near Penn Station in Newark, New Jersey. Fronting Raymond Boulevard on the banks of the Passaic River, the two office buildings were constructed during a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s when they and numerous postmodern skyscrapers were built near the station and Gateway Center. While others went up between the station and traditional Downtown Newark, Penn Plaza East is on the Ironbound, or east, side of the major transportation hub. As of 2010, the buildings were occupied by the Newark headquarters of New