query: who invented the first submarine used in war

pos: History of submarines the submarine's oxygen. To solve this problem, Monturiol invented an air-independent propulsion system. As the air-independent power system drove the screw, the chemical process driving it also released oxygen into the hull for the crew and an auxiliary steam engine. Apart from being mechanically powered, Monturiol's pioneering double hulled vessels also solved pressure, buoyancy, stability, diving and ascending problems that had bedeviled earlier designs. The submarine became a potentially viable weapon with the development of the first practical self-propelled torpedoes. The Whitehead torpedo was the first such weapon, and was designed in 1866 by British engineer Robert Whitehead. His 'mine

pos: Submarine the Spanish navy during the Chincha Islands War. The first submarine not relying on human power for propulsion was the French ("Diver"), launched in 1863, which used compressed air at 180 psi (1241 kPa). Narcís Monturiol designed the first air–independent and combustion–powered submarine, "Ictineo II', which was launched in Barcelona, Spain in 1864. The submarine became a potentially viable weapon with the development of the Whitehead torpedo, designed in 1866 by British engineer Robert Whitehead, the first practical self-propelled or 'locomotive' torpedo. The spar torpedo that had been developed earlier by the Confederate navy was considered to be impracticable, as

neg: Percy F. Westerman inventor, who had discovered a new kind of lighter-than-air gas that he called “helia”, which was much lighter than helium or hydrogen. He used helia in many inventions, including back-packs that could help a man float in the air or fly upwards, and in the remarkable titular submarine that could, when enough helia was used, fly! Eventually he used his flying submarine to win a war between his South American country and its belligerent neighbour. It is highly likely that Westerman derived the idea for this super-weapon from Jules Verne's "Terror", the speedboat, submarine, automobile, or aircraft superweapon invented by

neg: Charles A. Morris The United States Navy's first commissioned submarine, . Morris served as the shipyard superintending engineer on the submarine project from 1896-1897. The pioneering submarine was purchased by the United States Government on 11 April 1900. Charles A. Morris Charles A. Morris (1853 - March 8, 1914) was a Bloomfield, New Jersey engineer who owned his own dredging firm in New Jersey in the 1880s. Born in 1853, Morris came from a family of engineers and inventors. He invented a sliding bucket used for loading ships and other shipping devices. He helped the pioneering inventor John Philip Holland gain acceptance of

neg: African Americans invented an improvement for the incandescent light bulb. More recent inventors include Frederick McKinley Jones, who invented the movable refrigeration unit for food transport in trucks and trains. Lloyd Quarterman worked with six other black scientists on the creation of the atomic bomb (code named the Manhattan Project.) Quarterman also helped develop the first nuclear reactor, which was used in the atomically powered submarine called the Nautilus. A few other notable examples include the first successful open heart surgery, performed by Dr. Daniel Hale Williams, and the air conditioner, patented by Frederick McKinley Jones. Dr. Mark Dean holds three of

neg: Royal School of Military Engineering photo-reconnaissance was seen. Captain (later Sir) William de Wiveleslie Abney RE, whilst acting as department head in the 1870s, invented the photolithographic process called `Papyrotype'. The interest in chemistry continued through to the First World War and gave rise to the development, by the Corps, of chemical weapons in response to the German use of poison gas in 1915. Lithography First introduced into the curriculum in the 1850s. It was invented in 1798 as a method of printing using stones. Diving and Submarine mining This subject was of a personal interest to Pasley, who introduced it in 1838. To trained

neg: Anti-submarine warfare underwater vehicle are generally believed to have been during the American Revolutionary War, using what would now be called a naval mine but what then was called a torpedo, though various attempts to build submarines had been made before this. The first self-propelled torpedo was invented in 1863 and launched from surface craft. The first submarine with a torpedo was "Nordenfelt I" built in 1884-1885, though it had been proposed earlier. By the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War all the large navies except the German had acquired submarines. Nevertheless, in 1904 all still defined the submarine as an experimental vessel

neg: Morgan Robertson regarding the Titanic. In 1905, Robertson's book "The Submarine Destroyer" was released. It described a submarine that used a device called a periscope. Despite Robertson's later claims that he had "invented" a prototype periscope himself (and was refused a patent), Simon Lake and Harold Grubb had perfected the model used by the U.S. Navy by 1902, three years before Robertson's "prescient" novel. In 1914, in a volume that also contained a new version of "Futility", Robertson included a short story called "Beyond the Spectrum", which described a future war between the United States and the Empire of Japan, a popular

neg: Periscope account of the Moon]. Hevelius saw military applications for his invention. In 1854, Hippolyte Marié-Davy invented the first naval periscope, consisting of a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. Simon Lake used periscopes in his submarines in 1902. Sir Howard Grubb perfected the device in World War I. Morgan Robertson (1861–1915) claimed to have tried to patent the periscope: he described a submarine using a periscope in his fictional works. Periscopes, in some cases fixed to rifles, served in World War I (1914-1918) to enable soldiers to see over the tops of trenches, thus

neg: Imperial Wireless Chain Canada, opening on 16 June 1928. Guglielmo Marconi invented the first practical radio transmitters and receivers, and radio began to be used for practical ship-to-shore communication around 1900. His company, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, dominated early radio. In the period leading up to World War I, long distance radiotelegraphy became a strategic defense technology, as it was realized that a nation without radio could be isolated by an enemy cutting its submarine telegraph cables, as indeed happened during the war. Starting around 1908, industrialized nations built global networks of powerful transoceanic wireless telegraphy stations to exchange Morse code telegram

neg: Turtle (submersible) well-known, he is often credited with revolutionizing naval warfare from below. Bushnell's "Turtle" created a military vantage point unseen prior to the Revolutionary War—a view from under the war-stricken waters. As historian Alex Roland argues, Bushnell's legacy as an inventor was also burnished by American writers and historians who in the early nineteenth-century lionized Bushnell and his submarine. To a new postwar generation of Americans, he seemed "the ingenious patriot who invented the submarine that terrified the British." Bushnell joined the ranks of American inventors of the era such as Eli Whitney and Robert Fulton. These men served as national

neg: Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea as an inhabitant of British Colonial India, "is an inhabitant of an oppressed country". Verne took the name "Nautilus" from one of the earliest successful submarines, built in 1800 by Robert Fulton, who later invented the first commercially successful steamboat. Fulton's submarine was named after the paper nautilus because it had a sail. Three years before writing his novel, Jules Verne also studied a model of the newly developed French Navy submarine "Plongeur" at the 1867 Exposition Universelle, which inspired him for his definition of the "Nautilus". The breathing apparatus used by "Nautilus" divers is depicted as an untethered version

neg: David Bushnell David Bushnell David Bushnell (August 30, 1740 – 1824 or 1826), of Westbrook, Connecticut, was an American inventor, a patriot, a scholar, and a veteran of the Revolutionary War. He invented the first submarine to be used in battle. Bushnell was born near Saybrook, Connecticut into a farming family. He was the first of five children born to Nehemiah and Sarah Ingram Bushnell. Following the death of his father circa 1769, he sold his half interest in the family Westbrook farm to his brother Ezra and entered Yale College in 1771 at the relatively old age of 31. Bushnell is

neg: John Dolphin folding motorbike that could be dropped in a parachute container and be used by paratroopers. Codenamed the "Welbike" this was to be the first operational transport for individual parachutists. The Welbike was the smallest motorcycle ever used by the British Armed Forces. Between 1942 and 1945, 3853 were built and although it was not much used by the SOE, many were issued to the Parachute Regiment and used at Arnhem during Operation Market Garden. Dolphin invented the 'Welman', a one-man submarine that was prototyped at Station IX. The miniature submarine had no periscope so was hard to navigate as the

neg: John Ernest Williamson John Ernest Williamson John Ernest Williamson (8 December 1881 – 15 July 1966) invented the "photosphere" from which he filmed and photographed undersea. He is credited as being the first person to take an underwater photograph from a submarine. He was born in Liverpool, England 1881 to Charles Williamson, a sea captain from Norfolk, Virginia. Charles had invented a deep-sea tube, made of concentric iron rings, "which stretched like an accordion". The tube was used for underwater repair and for ship salvage. In 1912 Williamson, while working as a reporter, used the device to make underwater photographs in Norfolk Harbor.

neg: Philip Abelson was not formally associated with the atom bomb project, the liquid thermal diffusion isotope separation technique that he invented at the Philadelphia Navy Yard was used in the S-50 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and proved a critical step in creating the large amount of nuclear fuel required for building atomic bombs. After the war, he turned his attention under the guidance of Ross Gunn to applying nuclear power to naval propulsion. While not written at an engineering-design level, he wrote the first physics report detailing how a nuclear reactor could be installed in a submarine, providing both propulsion and

neg: Katharine Burr Blodgett were used for projectors and cameras by the post-war movie industry. Blodgett's glass was also used for submarine periscopes and airplane spy cameras during World War II. Blodgett also invented the color gauge, a method to measure the molecular coatings on the glass to one millionth of an inch. The gauge employs the concept that different thicknesses of coatings are different colors. While examining the layering of stearic acid on a glass plate, she realized that the addition of each layer, about 2/10,000,000 inch thick, reliably changed the color of the plate. Before her invention, the best measurement instruments were

neg: Victor Vacquier He worked for Gulf Research Laboratories, the research arm of Gulf Oil, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and then during World War II he moved to the Airborne Instruments Laboratory at Columbia University, where he applied the fluxgate magnetometer, an instrument he had invented at Gulf, to submarine detection. Following the war, he worked at Sperry Gyroscope Inc. developing gyrocompasses; then in 1953 he moved to the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, where he worked on groundwater detection. At Scripps, where he moved in 1957, he directed a program that used his war-surplus flux magnetometers to measure the patterns formed

neg: Rocket U-boat a counter-measure, known as Operation Teardrop. This operation was actually carried out in early 1945 when a group of U-boats were detected heading for the US east coast. Most of these submarines were quickly pounced on in Mid-Atlantic and destroyed in the massive anti-submarine operation, though post–war analysis showed no credible missile threat had existed. Rocket U-boat The Rocket U-boat was an abandoned military project to create the first ballistic missile submarine. It was conceived of by Nazi Germany during the Second World War. Plans for the rocket U-boat involved an attack on New York City with newly invented V-2

neg: Ballast tank argonaut octopus, and the concept has been invented and reinvented many times by humans to serve a variety of purposes. The first documented example of a submarine using a ballast tank was in David Bushnell's Turtle, which was the first submarine to ever be used in combat. Also, in 1849 Abraham Lincoln, then an Illinois attorney, patented a ballast-tank system to enable cargo vessels to pass over shoals in North American rivers. To provide adequate stability to vessels at sea, ballast weighs the ship down and lowers its centre of gravity. International agreements under the Safety Of Life At Sea

neg: Submarine the submarine is inextricably linked to the development of the torpedo, invented by Robert Whitehead in 1866. His invention is essentially the same now as it was 140 years ago. Only with self-propelled torpedoes could the submarine make the leap from novelty to a weapon of war. Until the perfection of the guided torpedo, multiple "straight-running" torpedoes were required to attack a target. With at most 20 to 25 torpedoes stored on board, the number of attacks was limited. To increase combat endurance most World War I submarines functioned as submersible gunboats, using their deck guns against unarmed targets, and

neg: Lloyd Mandeno Station from 1913 to 1916. He promoted all-electric buildings, and invented, then improved an early electric storage water heater. He was a very early user of prefabricated steel poles. He invented molds to cast concrete poles on site. At Kaikohe he used New Zealand’s first pole-erecting machine. On Urupukapuka Island in the Bay of Islands, he installed a submarine cable to Zane Grey’s fishing camp. He arranged the North Island's first electric milking shed and sawmill. Chateau Tongariro and its ski-lifts were powered by his systems. He developed high-pressure hot-water systems for Auckland and Tauranga hospitals. Mandeno served on the

neg: Herbert Pither was the New Zealand and Australian cycling champion having defeated A A Zimmerman in a race at Sydney. Pither, in the late 1890s invented a submarine and using all his savings took his design to the War Office in London. There, over a period of nine months, he tried unsuccessfully to promote it, but could not gain entry. After retiring from the Australasian professional racing circuit, Pither, who had been living in Sydney, returned to Christchurch in 1903. There he set up the Standard Cycle Works in Columbo Street as an engineer, making first bicycles, then small engines, before moving

neg: National Submarine War Memorial National Submarine War Memorial The National Submariners' War Memorial is a war memorial on the Victoria Embankment in London, England, between Waterloo Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge. The memorial is also referred to as the National Submarine War Memorial, the National Submarine Memorial, the Submarine War Memorial and the Submariner Memorial. It commemorates the Royal Navy submariners who died in the First and Second World Wars. The Royal Navy Submarine Service had 57 operational vessels at the start of the First World War in 1914, but expanded to 137 vessels by the time the war ended in 1918, with another 78

neg: Underwater diving in popular culture the character of former navy veteran and now government agent Charles Grant is referenced as a communications expert and experienced frogman. The film "Submarine X-1", made in 1969, loosely based on the real Operation Source, depicts British World War II frogmen's equipment inaccurately. The breathing sets shown are open-circuit and are merely a very fat cylinder across the belly, with a black single-hose second-stage regulator such as was not invented until the 1960s. Also shown were ordinary recreational scuba weight belts and diving half-masks with elliptical windows. The frogmen in the real war operation mostly used Sladen suits and an

neg: Anti-submarine weapon been used to disable submarines from the First World War onwards, while a helicopter missile attack was used to disable the "Santa Fé" in the Falklands War. After the First World War, special ASW shells were developed for medium calibre naval guns. Perhaps the simplest of the anti-submarine weapons, the depth charge, is a large canister filled with explosives and set to explode at a predetermined depth. The concussive effects of the explosion could damage a submarine from a distance, though a depth charge explosion had to be very close to break the submarine's hull. Air-dropped depth charges were referred

neg: Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook doctors were unable to discover a cure and it was a Portuguese medic who cured him by administering orally iodine solution until the fungus was arrested. A J P Taylor later wrote that Beaverbrook was a pathbreaker who "invented all the methods of publicity" used by Britain to promote the war, including the nation's first war artists, the first war photographers, and the first makers of war films. He was especially effective in promoting the sales of war bonds to the general public. Nevertheless, he was widely disliked and distrusted by the political elite, who were suspicious of all they

neg: Dundee International Submarine Memorial International Submarine Memorial was dedicated on 17 September 2009. It commemorates the crews who are "Still on Patrol" and honours the gallantry of all the submariners who went on patrol from the River Tay during the Second World War. The memorial is sited between Victoria and Camperdown docks in Dundee Harbour, an appropriate location as the two docks were much used by the wartime submarines. Dundee International Submarine Memorial Dundee International Submarine Memorial commemorates the 296 sailors and commandos lost on operations from the Dundee submarine base, HMS "Ambrose", during the Second World War. Dundee in Scotland was the home

neg: German submarine U-249 transferred to Loch Ryan in Scotland for Operation "Deadlight". She was sunk on 13 December 1945. In May 2013 her official visitors' book, and Captain Kock's fixed-focus Zeiss binoculars, taken as spoils of war by the British officer who commanded her prize crew, were shown on the BBC television series Antiques Roadshow by the officer's son, himself a former submarine captain, who used the binoculars during his career. German submarine U-249 German submarine "U-249" was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 23 January 1943 at the Friedrich Krupp

neg: Submarine chaser Submarine chaser A submarine chaser is a small and fast naval vessel that is specifically intended for anti-submarine warfare. Many of the American submarine chasers used in World War I found their way to Allied nations by way of Lend-Lease in World War II. U.S. Navy submarine chasers were designed specifically to destroy German submarines in World War I, and Japanese and German submarines in World War II. The small SC-1-class submarine chasers of the design used in World War I carried the hull designator SC (for Submarine Chaser). Their main weapon was the depth charge. They also carried machine

neg: Wisbech Grammar School with the school was Peter Fenn (1931–2011), director of music for Anglia Television, who attended the school as an evacuee during World War II. Philip Vassar Hunter (1883–1956) was awarded the CBE for his anti-submarine research in World War I, and in World War II invented the buoyant cable which contributed to the defeat of the magnetic mine. He was later President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and manager of the British Ice Hockey Association. Sir Frank Stockdale (1883–1949) was a Holmes Scholar, and during his career as an agriculturalist played a leading part in establishing rubber, tea, and

neg: Submarine Falklands War, the Argentine cruiser was sunk by the British submarine , the first sinking by a nuclear-powered submarine in war. Before and during World War II, the primary role of the submarine was anti-surface ship warfare. Submarines would attack either on the surface, using deck guns or submerged, using torpedoes. They were particularly effective in sinking Allied transatlantic shipping in both World Wars, and in disrupting Japanese supply routes and naval operations in the Pacific in World War II. Mine-laying submarines were developed in the early part of the 20th century. The facility was used in both World Wars.

neg: Museum of the Peaceful Arts late Henry F. Towne." Fay Cluff Brown (1881-1968) was a physicist and inventor who created and supervised the development of educational exhibits, most notably in the Museum of Science and Industry at New York City’s Museums of the Peaceful Arts. Much of his scientific research focused on the element selenium. Early in his career, Brown invented a device using selenium, which translated printed text into sound. Among the items owned by the Museum of the Peaceful Arts was America's first submarine: "Dr. Peter J. Gibbons and his son, Austin Flint Gibbons, who recently bought the old United States submarine boat

neg: History of submarines British unmanned vehicle was used for recovering an entangled Russian submarine crew in 2005. A new NATO Submarine Rescue System entered service in 2007. Wireless was used to provide communication to and from submarines in the First World War. The D-class submarine was the first submarine class to be fitted with wireless transmitters in 1907. With time the type, range and bandwidth of the communications systems have increased. With the danger of intercept, transmissions by a submarine are minimised. Various periscope-mounted aerials have been developed to allow communication without surfacing. The standard navigation system for early submarines was by eye,

neg: Rocket U-boat Rocket U-boat The Rocket U-boat was an abandoned military project to create the first ballistic missile submarine. It was conceived of by Nazi Germany during the Second World War. Plans for the rocket U-boat involved an attack on New York City with newly invented V-2 rockets. During World War II, several projects were undertaken at Peenemunde to mount rockets on a U-boat. In 1941 first trials were held, using a Nebelwerfer rocket launcher, mounted on the deck of . Tests were carried out, with successful firings from the surface, and from up to 12 metres underwater without any effect on

neg: HMS A8 four days after the accident at which point a loose rivet was found in the bow plating. The submarine was then repaired and recommissioned and used for training during the First World War along with "A9" as part of the First Submarine Flotilla, operating near Devonport through early 1916. She was scrapped in October 1920 at Dartmouth. HMS A8 HMS "A8" was an early Royal Navy submarine. She was a member of Group Two of the first British A-class of submarines (a second, much different A-class submarine appeared towards the end of the Second World War). Like the other members

neg: Inflatable boat The airship company Zodiac Aerospace began to develop inflatable rubber boats, and in 1934, invented the inflatable kayak and catamaran. These led to the modern Zodiac inflatable boat. Development continued after World War II with the discovery of new synthetic materials, such as neoprene and new adhesives, which allowed the boats to become sturdier and less prone to damage. Submarine warfare in the Battle of the Atlantic led to casualties among warships and merchant ships. In the military, inflatable boats were used to transport torpedoes and other cargo. They also helped troops land in shallow water, and their compact size

neg: Leapfrogging (strategy) part because the Allies used submarine and air attacks to blockade and isolate Japanese bases, weakening their garrisons and reducing the Japanese ability to resupply and reinforce them. Thus troops on islands which had been bypassed, such as the major base at Rabaul, were useless to the Japanese war effort and left to "wither on the vine". General Douglas MacArthur greatly supported this strategy in his effort to regain the Philippines from Japanese occupation. This strategy began to be implemented in late 1943 in Operation Cartwheel. While MacArthur claimed to have invented the strategy, it initially came out of the

neg: Middlefield, Connecticut upland terrain, with river valleys and coastal lowlands. Parklands include Cockaponset State Forest, Meshomasic State Forest Preserve, and Hurd and Devil's Hopyard state parks. The Western Nehantic Indians inhabited the area when John Winthrop the Younger established the Puritan settlement of Saybrook in the 1630s. Later renamed Old Saybrook, it was where David Bushnell invented and built the "Turtle" (1775), a submarine used during the American Revolution. The county was formed in 1785 and named for Middlesex, England. Essex, a center of shipbuilding from the 1720s to the 1840s, was raided during the War of 1812. There is no county

neg: British F-class submarine British F-class submarine The F class submarine was built for the Royal Navy as a coastal submarine based on the doubled hulled V class submarine (World War I) with very few minor improvements. The only important improvement was the addition of a stern torpedo tube. The F class were ordered as a successor to the E class submarine, but only three were built out of the ten ordered. During World War I, the F class submarine was primarily used for coastal defence. Only three of the class were built, the first "F1" being built at Chatham. All three of the

neg: Tambor-class submarine Tambor-class submarine The "Tambor"-class submarine was a United States Navy submarine design, used primarily during World War II. It was the USN's first fully successful fleet submarine, and began the war close to the fighting. Six of the class were in Hawaiian waters or the Central Pacific on 7 December 1941, with at Pearl Harbor during the attack. They went on to see hard service; seven of the twelve boats in the class were sunk before the survivors were withdrawn from front-line service in early 1945; this was the highest percentage lost of any US submarine class. "Tautog" was credited

neg: USS Greer (DD-145) incident the principal focus of one of his famed "fireside chats", where he explained a new order he issued as commander-in-chief that escalated America nearer to outright involvement in the European war. In Roosevelt's words: The "Greer" was flying the American flag. Her identity as an American ship was unmistakable. She was then and there attacked by a submarine. Germany admits that it was a German submarine. The submarine deliberately fired a torpedo at the "Greer", followed by another torpedo attack. In spite of what Hitler's propaganda bureau has invented, and in spite of what any American obstructionist organisation may

neg: Philip Vassar Hunter Philip Vassar Hunter Philip Vassar Hunter CBE (c. 1883 – ) was a British engineer and businessman. Born in 1883 in Emneth Hungate, Norfolk, he attended Wisbech Grammar School and was later educated at Faraday House, an engineering college in Charing Cross, London. During the First World War he was the Engineering Director in the experiments and research section of the anti-submarine division of the Naval Staff and was appointed a CBE in January 1920. In the Second World War he invented the buoyant cable which contributed to the defeat of the magnetic mine. In 1933 he was president of

neg: Type commander (Kriegsmarine) days of Dönitz's tenure, his submarine force consisted of a single flotilla which he also commanded. At the height of World War II, the submarine force consisted of several U-boat regional commands within which were interspersed over thirty U-boat flotillas. The submarine force would see its greatest amount of combat in the Battle of the Atlantic. Dönitz himself personally directed the movement of individual submarines from his headquarters and also invented the "wolfpack" concept where submarines would group together to attack multiple targets. The wolf packs were temporary tactical formations and were not permanently maintained as the U-boat flotillas were.

neg: Anti-submarine warfare arm trawlers and to mass-produce ASDIC sets. Depth sounders were developed that allowed measurement by moving ships and an appreciation obtained of the properties of the ocean affecting sound propagation. The bathythermograph was invented in 1937, which was soon fitted to ASW ships. There were few major advances in weapons. However, the performance of torpedoes continued to improve. During the Second World War, the submarine menace revived, threatening the survival of island nations like Britain and Japan which were particularly vulnerable because of their dependence on imports of food, oil, and other vital war materials. Despite this vulnerability, little had

neg: Military history Vietnam War. The Iraqi Navy of Saddam Hussein used naval mines extensively during the Tanker War, as part of the Iran–Iraq War. The first navigable submarine was built in 1624 by Cornelius Drebbel, it could cruise at a depth of 15 feet (5 m). However, the first military submarine was constructed in 1885 by Isaac Peral. The "Turtle" was developed by David Bushnell during the American Revolution. Robert Fulton then improved the submarine design by creating the "Nautilus". The Howitzer, a type of field artillery, was developed in the 17th century to fire high trajectory explosive shells at targets that

neg: British U-class submarine British U-class submarine The British U-class submarines (officially ""War Emergency 1940 and 1941 programmes, short hull "") were a class of 49 small submarines built just before and during the Second World War. The class is sometimes known as the "Undine" class, after the first submarine built. These small submarines, of around 630 tons, were originally intended as unarmed training vessels to replace the ageing H class, to be used as practice targets in anti-submarine training exercises. The first three boats, HMS "Undine", HMS "Unity", and HMS "Ursula" were ordered in 1936, and during construction were modified to accommodate four

neg: Winfield Scott Sims invention of the submarine torpedo boat was followed by the devising of a boat with a speed of 22 miles an hour to carry a 500 pound charge of dynamite. He invented also a wireless dirigible torpedo for the Japanese Government in 1907. The Sims-Dudley dynamite gun, also of his invention, was used by the Cuban insurgents, and, at the battle of Santiago by the "Rough Riders". Others of his designs are a dynamite gun for use with dirigible war ships and an aeroplane dynamite gun. Sims was president of the New York Ordnance Company. He died in Newark in

neg: Carbine Williams Carbine Williams Carbine Williams is a 1952 American drama film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring James Stewart. The film follows the life of its namesake, David Marshall Williams, who invented the operating principle for the M1 Carbine while in a North Carolina prison. The M1 Carbine was used extensively during World War II and Korea. Originally filmed in black-and-white, it is also shown in a computer-colorized version. The film follows the life of David Marshall Williams (James Stewart), who was a member of the Winchester team that invented the semi-automatic M1 Carbine used in World War II. Williams was

neg: Charles Edward Montague one of the first prose works to strongly criticise the way the war was fought, and is regarded by some as a pivotal text in the development of literature about the First World War. "Disenchantment" criticised the British Press' coverage of the war and the conduct of the British generals. Montague accused the latter of being influenced by the "public school ethos" which he condemned as a "gallant robust contempt for "swats" and for all who invented new means to new ends and who trained and used their brains with a will". He returned to "The Manchester Guardian", but felt

neg: History of underwater diving the attention of the Italian Navy, The Italians developed similar rebreathers for the combat swimmers of the Decima Flottiglia MAS, especially the Pirelli ARO which was used effectively in World War II. During the 1930s and all through World War II, the British, Italians and Germans developed and extensively used oxygen rebreathers to equip the first frogmen. The British used the Davis apparatus for submarine escape, but they soon adapted it for their frogmen during World War II. Germans used the Dräger rebreathers, which were also originally designed as submarine escape sets and only adapted for use by frogmen during

neg: Tambor-class submarine are often listed as ""Gar"-class" submarines. They were ordered in fiscal year 1940 (FY40); the previous six were ordered in FY39, and some design differences were anticipated. On 17 December 1938, the secretary of the navy decided that the FY40 class would duplicate the FY39 class. However, design collapse depth was increased from to , with test depth remaining at . Tambor-class submarine The "Tambor"-class submarine was a United States Navy submarine design, used primarily during World War II. It was the USN's first fully successful fleet submarine, and began the war close to the fighting. Six of the class

neg: Chronograph used heavily in artillery fire in the mid to late 1800s. More modern uses of chronographs involve piloting airplanes, car racing, diving and submarine maneuvering. The term "chronograph" comes from the Greek ( 'time recording'), from ( 'time') and ( 'to write'). Early versions of the chronograph are the only ones that actually used any "writing": marking the dial with a small pen attached to the index so that the length of the pen mark would indicate how much time had elapsed. The first modern chronograph was invented by Louis Moinet in 1816, solely for working with astronomical equipment. It

neg: Charles Wesley Shilling the submarine USS "Squalus". Divers from the submarine rescue ship , under the direction of the salvage and rescue expert Charles Momsen, employed the new Rescue Chamber he had invented years earlier but which the US Navy command had repeatedly blocked. Earlier in development of the bell, they demonstrated that a bell could attach to a submarine torpedo room hatch but the submarine crew had not decided who should transfer to the surface in the bell. One of the crew stated, within Shilling's hearing, "Take the Doc. He's the most useless piece of furniture we've got". Shilling then became the

neg: German submarine U-858 surrendering, she was used for publicity in War bond drives. After being used for torpedo practice near the New England area, she was scuttled by the US Navy at the end of 1947. She was the first German warship to surrender to US forces. German submarine U-858 German submarine "U-858" was a Type IXC/40 U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. She was ordered on 5 June 1941, laid down on 11 December 1942 and launched on 30 September 1943. She had one commander for her three patrols, "Kapitänleutnant" Thilo Bode. German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger

neg: Submarine chaser to attack submarines and, later, depth charges. Additional motor launches of the Fairmile A and B and other classes were built for World War II. The British sub chasers were operated around the coast in defence. However, they were uncomfortable, wet and not suited to British sea conditions. Although used during the First World War, they were sold when the war ended. Submarine chasers were used mostly by the United States Coast Guard in World War II for destroying German U-boats that were stationed off the coast of the United States that were trying to sink merchant convoys as they

neg: Submarine anticipated, with the first only ready for a diving trial at sea on 6 April 1902. Although the design had been purchased entirely from the US company, the actual design used was an untested improvement to the original Holland design using a new petrol engine. These types of submarines were first used during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. Due to the blockade at Port Arthur, the Russians sent their submarines to Vladivostok, where by 1 January 1905 there were seven boats, enough to create the world's first "operational submarine fleet". The new submarine fleet began patrols on 14 February, usually

neg: Petrochemical discovered polystyrene by accident by distilling storax. In 1856, William Henry Perkin discovered the first synthetic dye, Mauveine. In 1888, Friedrich Reinitzer, an Austrian plant scientist observed cholesteryl benzoate had two different melting points. In 1909, Leo Hendrik Baekeland invented bakelite made from phenol and formaldehyde. In 1928 synthetic fuels invented using Fischer-Tropsch process. In 1929, Walter Bock invented synthetic rubber Buna-S which is made up of styrene and butadiene and used to make car tires. In 1933, Otto Röhm polymerized the first acrylic glass methyl methacrylate. In 1935, Michael Perrin invented polyethylene. After World War II, polypropylene was discovered

neg: Ross Gunn Ross Gunn Ross Gunn (May 12, 1897 – October 15, 1966) was an American physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II. The New York Times described him as "one of the true fathers of the nuclear submarine program". From 1927 to 1947, Gunn worked at the Naval Research Laboratory. He was the author of over 28 papers, and received 45 patents. He designed radio devices for controlling aircraft, which were used in the development of the first drones. He was one of the first to appreciate the possibility of using nuclear power for submarine propulsion. During

neg: Japanese submarine tender Komahashi Japanese submarine tender Komahashi , was an auxiliary vessel operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy, serving from the 1910s through World War II. Her classification changed numerous times during her operational life. Although officially designated as a submarine tender for most of her career, "Komahashi" very rarely functioned in this role, but was used instead as an oceanographic survey vessel throughout the Pacific, and as a "kaibokan" escort vessel for convoys of merchant ships during the Pacific War. The Imperial Japanese Navy received its first submarines during the Russo-Japanese War, but these vessels were not operational until after the war

neg: Midget submarine Indonesian Navy expects to be commissioning the first Midget Class submarine in 2014. The Turkish navy has evaluated two midget submarine designs from German firm ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, Type 200 and Type 300 classes: The Royal Navy has used a number of midget submarines. Most were developed during the Second World War. The decommissioning of the Stickleback class 1958–early 1960s marked the end of midget submarines designed for combat in the Royal Navy. Midget submarine A midget submarine (also called a mini submarine) is any submarine under 150 tons, typically operated by a crew of one or two but sometimes

neg: Submarine Seahawk Submarine Seahawk Submarine Seahawk is a 1958 World War II film directed by Spencer Gordon Bennet and starring John Bentley and Brett Halsey. The film was originally released as a double feature with "Paratroop Command". The plot tells the story of a by-the-book officer (in his first command in the Pacific war) who is ordered to take his submarine on a reconnaissance mission to locate a fleet of Japanese fighting ships the Allies have lost track of. At first, the rest of the crew resent his distant manner and the way he keeps avoiding taking on the Japanese. "Submarine Seahawk"

neg: Depth charge Depth charge A depth charge is an anti-submarine warfare weapon. It is intended to destroy a submarine by being dropped into the water nearby and detonating, subjecting the target to a powerful and destructive hydraulic shock. Most depth charges use high explosive charges and a fuze set to detonate the charge, typically at a specific depth. Depth charges can be dropped by ships, patrol aircraft, and helicopters. Depth charges were developed during World War I, and were one of the first effective methods of attacking a submarine underwater. They were widely used in World War I and World War II.

neg: German submarine tender Saar 1972 to 1976 she was used as a target ship during the development of the MM38 Exocet anti-ship missile. On 26 February 1976, the ship was finally sunk by a torpedo from the submarine "Doris", in the Mediterranean, south of Marseille, in position . The wreck lies at a depth of . German submarine tender Saar Saar was the first purpose-built submarine tender of the German "Kriegsmarine", and served throughout World War II. She later served in the post-war French Navy as Gustave Zédé. The ship was laid down on 19 September 1933 at the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft shipyard in

neg: Gato-class submarine a yearly inspection and a "report card". Some boats, like "Cod" and "Silversides", have been used in film production. The following is a complete list of Gato-class museum boats: Gato-class submarine The "Gato" class was a class of submarines built for the United States Navy and launched in 1941–1943; they were the first mass-production U.S. submarine class of World War II. Together with their near-sisters the and es, their design formed the majority of the United States Navy's World War II submarine fleet. Named after the lead ship of the class, , the "Gato"s and their successors formed the core

neg: Oceanography the submersible . In the 1950s, Auguste Piccard invented the bathyscaphe and used the bathyscaphe to investigate the ocean's depths. The United States nuclear submarine made the first journey under the ice to the North Pole in 1958. In 1962 the FLIP (Floating Instrument Platform), a spar buoy, was first deployed. From the 1970s, there has been much emphasis on the application of large scale computers to oceanography to allow numerical predictions of ocean conditions and as a part of overall environmental change prediction. An oceanographic buoy array was established in the Pacific to allow prediction of El Niño events.

neg: HMS R4 13 knots. She was used as a fast underwater target at the Portland anti-submarine school until 1934, then sold on 26 May 1934 to Young, Sunderland. HMS R4 HMS "R4" was one of 10 R-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. The boat was not completed before the end of the war and was sold for scrap in 1934. The R-class submarine was designed to meet an Admiralty requirement for a specialised hunter-killer submarine with an emphasis on submerged performance. The boats had a length of overall, a beam of and a mean draft of

neg: French Narval-class submarine from 1986 to be used as a test bed for equipment and sensors to be installed on the s, then under design. When finally decommissioned in 1992, she was the oldest submarine in service. She was later expended as a target ship off Toulon. In 1985, "Espadon" became the first French submarine used as a museum ship. French Narval-class submarine The "Narval" class ("sous-marins d'escadre", "fleet submarines") were patrol submarines built for the French Navy in the 1950s. The "Narval" type was an offspring of the "E-48" project, inspired by the German Type XXI U-boats of the Second World War,

neg: Raytheon radar systems, particularly for submarine detection. Raytheon ranked 71st among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. Raytheon's research on the magnetron tube revealed the potential of microwaves to cook food. In 1945, Raytheon's Percy Spencer invented the microwave oven by discovering that the magnetron could rapidly heat food. In 1947, the company demonstrated the Radarange microwave oven for commercial use. In 1945, the company expanded its electronics capability through acquisitions that included the Submarine Signal Company (founded in 1901), a leading manufacturer of maritime safety equipment. With its broadened capabilities, Raytheon developed the

neg: Anti-submarine weapon Anti-submarine weapon An anti-submarine weapon (ASW) is any one of a number of devices that are intended to act against a submarine and its crew, to destroy (sink) the vessel or reduce its capability as a weapon of war. In its simplest sense, an anti-submarine weapon is usually a projectile, missile or bomb that is optimized to destroy submarines. Prior to about 1890, naval weapons were only used against surface shipping. With the rise of the military submarine after this time, countermeasures were considered for use against them. The first submarine installation of torpedo tubes was in 1885 and the

neg: Station IX by Station IX at Welwyn were given prefix "Wel-". Dolphin was responsible for the Welbike and Welman submarine and led the development of the Welfreighter. One of the most productive and creative engineers attached to Station IX was Major H. Q. A. Reeves who invented both the Welrod and the Sleevegun. He was also, among others, behind the silencer for the Sten gun, fluorescent night sights, the Welgun and the Welbum. This was made clear in a document that was produced at the end of the war to ensure that the correct people were credited for their inventions. Station IX

neg: Gun century the Ottoman empire used firearms as part of its regular infantry. The first successful rapid-fire firearm is the Gatling Gun, invented by Richard Gatling and fielded by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s. The world's first sub-machine gun (a fully automatic firearm which fires pistol cartridges) able to be maneuvered by a single soldier is the MP18.1, invented by Theodor Bergmann. It was introduced into service in 1918 by the German Army during World War I as the primary weapon of the Stosstruppen (assault groups specialized in trench combat). The first assault rifle was

neg: Kil-class sloop Kil-class sloop The Kil class was a class of sloops, also referred to as gunboats, built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. They were designed for anti-submarine warfare, but were completed too late in the war to be used extensively in that role. They were designed to be double-ended to confuse submarine observers, and were painted in dazzle camouflage. Following the war, the majority of the class were sold off and converted to coastal cargo vessels. The Kil class were designed to counter the U-boat threat posed by the Imperial German Navy during the First World War.

neg: Kil-class sloop Kil-class sloop The Kil class was a class of sloops, also referred to as gunboats, built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. They were designed for anti-submarine warfare, but were completed too late in the war to be used extensively in that role. They were designed to be double-ended to confuse submarine observers, and were painted in dazzle camouflage. Following the war, the majority of the class were sold off and converted to coastal cargo vessels. The Kil class were designed to counter the U-boat threat posed by the Imperial German Navy during the First World War.

neg: United States Naval Research Laboratory used in Los Angeles-class submarine radomes to repel water and enable radar operation soon after surfacing. Scientists at NRL frequently contribute theoretical and experimental research on novel materials, particularly magnetic materials and nanomaterials and thermoplastic. The first modern U.S. radar was invented and developed at NRL in Washington, DC in 1922. By 1939, NRL installed the first operational radar aboard the USS New York, in time for radar to contribute to naval victories of the Coral Sea, Midway and Guadalcanal. NRL then further developed over-the-horizon radar as well as radar data displays. NRL's Radar Division continues important research & development

neg: Anti-submarine weapon caused by large metal objects, such as the steel hull of a submarine. Before the development of sonar buoys, MAD gear was often installed in aircraft to pick up shallow-submerged submarines. It is still used today. Submarine detector loops were one of the first ways of finding the presence of an underwater submarine. The "sniffer" for detecting diesel exhausts was developed in the Second World War. More recently indirect methods of submarine detection have been tried, mainly via its wake. Anti-submarine weapons can be divided into three categories according to their mode of operation: guided weapons, non-guided weapons and rocket

neg: Briggs Cunningham Las Vegas, of complications from Alzheimer's disease, at the age of 96. In 1931 Cunningham was a crew member on the "Dorade" when it won the Fastnet race. In 1958 he skippered the first victorious 12-metre yacht "Columbia" in the first post war America's Cup race. He invented the eponymous Cunningham commonly used to control a sailboat's luff tension and improve sail shape. Introduced to motorsports as a youngster when his uncle took him to road races just after the first world war, Cunningham began international racing in 1930 with his Yale College friends Miles and Samuel Collier, who in

neg: Portsmouth Naval Shipyard launched in a single day. When the war ended, the shipyard became the Navy's center for submarine design and development. In 1953, revolutionized submarine design around the world with its teardrop hull and round cross-section. It is now a museum and tourist attraction in Portsmouth. , the first nuclear-powered submarine built at the base, was launched in 1957. The last submarine built here was the , launched in 1969. Today the shipyard provides overhaul, refueling, and modernization work. In the early years of submarine construction, the wood from Lignumvitae tree logs was used for propeller shaft bearings. A small pond,

neg: Keroman Submarine Base of the city was flattened. After the war the base was used by the French Navy until 1997. Rechristened by the French as Base Ingénieur Général Stosskopf in July 1946, the new name commemorated Jacques Stosskopf, a German-speaking Alsatian Frenchman who had been the deputy director of naval construction for the Germans at the base while secretly in the French Resistance, and had given valuable information on submarine movements to the Allies during the war until his activities were discovered and he was killed. To this day the Keroman U-boat base is open to the public. During tours, the submarine

neg: Syphon recorder Syphon recorder The syphon or siphon recorder is an obsolete electromechanical device used as a receiver for submarine telegraph cables invented by William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin in 1867. It automatically records an incoming telegraph message as a wiggling ink line on a roll of paper tape. Later a trained telegrapher would read the tape, translating the pulses representing the "dots" and "dashes" of the Morse code to characters of the text message. The syphon recorder replaced Thomson’s mirror galvanometer as the standard receiving instrument for submarine telegraph cables, allowing long cables to be worked using just a few volts

neg: Acoustic torpedo anti-submarine passive acoustic homing torpedo. The first production Mk. 24s were delivered to the U.S. Navy in March 1943, and it scored its first verified combat kills in May 1943. The Mk. 24 went on to become a successful anti-submarine weapon and later in the war was also adapted for submarine and surface ship use. Since its introduction, the acoustic torpedo has proven to be an effective weapon against surface ships as well as serving as an anti-submarine weapon. Today, "acoustic torpedoes" are mostly used against submarines. Before a torpedo is launched, the target must be 'boxed in'. A fire

neg: Arctic Submarine Laboratory exploration of the Arctic Basin, and particularly providing the capability to operate attack submarines in the Arctic under the ice canopy. In 1941, Dr. Waldo K. Lyon started work at the Navy Radio and Sound Lab, as their first Ph.D. physicist. He was charged with forming and directing initial efforts of the Sound Division. The lab was used during World War II for testing, repairing and modifying submarine equipment and harbor defense systems in the Pacific Ocean. Lyon recalls the creation of the Arctic Submarine Laboratory after the war: His recommendation initiated an effort that would last over four decades.

neg: Sōryū-class submarine Sōryū-class submarine The Sōryū"-class submarines (16SS") are diesel-electric attack submarines. The first boat in the class entered service with the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force in 2009. The design is an evolution of the , from which it can most easily be distinguished by its X-shaped stern combination diving planes and rudders. The "Sōryūs" have the largest displacement of any submarine used by post-war Japan. It is Japan's first air-independent propulsion submarine. The boats in the class are fitted with Kockums Naval Solutions Stirling engines license-built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, allowing them to stay submerged for longer periods of time. The

neg: Submarine Force Library and Museum Also at the museum is a replica of David Bushnell's "Turtle", built in 1775 and the first submarine used in combat; midget submarines from World War II; working periscopes, salvaged parts from the nuclear USS "NR-1", a submarine control room, models of submarines, and the Explorer, an early U.S. research submarine. The sail section from the , the first US nuclear powered ballistic missile sub, showing its hull number "598" is on outdoor display near the main entrance. In addition to its large collection of submarines and related objects, the museum also has a library with around 20,000 documents and

neg: Hilda Lyon tunnels on boundary layer suction, then joined the Stability Section. She later became head of this section, and also served on the Aeronautical Research Council. Lyon died on 2 December 1946 following an operation. After her death, her research and the "Lyon Shape" which she devised were incorporated into the American submarine , which had the prototype streamlined hull form for almost all subsequent US submarines. Hilda Lyon Hilda Lyon, ARAeS (31 May 1896 – 2 December 1946) was a British engineer who invented the "Lyon Shape", a streamlined design used for airships and submarines. Lyon was born in 1896

neg: Turtle (submersible) the nuclear-powered ICBM submarines of the Cold War, modern navies embraced the submarine, first, for missions of reconnaissance and commerce-raiding, but, increasingly, in offensive, attack roles. In the postwar era, the submarine has become a central component of modern navies. Submarine usage has gone far beyond Bushnell's conception of lifting naval blockades designed to bleed a country dry of their imports to become an essential arm of offensive naval warfare and power projection. The "Turtle" was the first submersible vessel used for combat and led to the development of what we know today as the modern submarine, forever changing underwater

neg: German submarine U-852 German submarine U-852 German submarine "U-852" was a Type IXD2 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. The submarine, which was a special long-range version of the Type IX, had four bow and two stern torpedo tubes and a Focke-Achgelis Fa 330 "Bachstelze" cable-towed lookout gyroglider. It was laid down in Bremen and completed in June 1943. She was commanded by "Kapitänleutnant" Heinz-Wilhelm Eck, who led her through her sea trials and onto her first war patrol on 18 January 1944. Eck and his officers were the only "Kriegsmarine" submariners to be tried for war crimes at

neg: USS Thach (FFG-43) USS Thach (FFG-43) USS "Thach" (FFG-43), an , was a ship of the United States Navy named for Admiral John Thach, a Naval Aviator during World War II, who invented the Thach Weave dogfighting tactic. "Thach" was laid down on 6 March 1981 by the Todd Pacific Shipyards, Los Angeles Division, San Pedro, California; launched on 18 December 1982; sponsored by Mrs. Madalyn J. Thach, widow of the namesake; and commissioned on 17 March 1984 at Long Beach, Cmdr. Dale H. Moses in command. "Thach"s mission was to provide anti-air, anti-surface, and anti-submarine protection for carrier battle groups, naval expeditionary

neg: Radio acoustic ranging distances of were common. Radio acoustic ranging had its origins in a growing understanding of underwater acoustics and their practical application during the early decades of the 20th century, and developed in parallel with echo sounding. The first step took place in the early 1900s, when the Submarine Signal Company invented a submarine bell signalling device and a hydrophone that could serve as a receiver of the underwater sounds the bells generated. The crew of a ship equipped with the receiving hydrophone could plot their ship's distance from the submarine bell mechanism and plot intersecting lines from two or more

neg: Albert R. Behnke Wilmon, and Master Diver James McDonald with more divers. They met Dr. Shilling on site to begin work. Divers from the submarine rescue ship , under the direction of the salvage and rescue expert Momsen, employed the new Rescue Chamber he had invented years earlier but which the US Navy command had repeatedly blocked. They were able to rescue all 33 surviving crew members from the sunken submarine including future Rear Admiral Oliver F. Naquin. The salvage divers used recently developed heliox diving schedules and successfully avoided the cognitive impairment symptoms associated with such deep dives, thereby confirming Behnke's theory

neg: Battle of the Atlantic of the war. This was in stark contrast to the traditional view of submarine deployment up until then, in which the submarine was seen as a lone ambusher, waiting outside an enemy port to attack ships entering and leaving. This had been a very successful tactic used by British submarines in the Baltic and Bosporus during World War I, but it could not be successful if port approaches were well patrolled. There had also been naval theorists who held submarines should be attached to a fleet and used like destroyers; this had been tried by the Germans at Jutland with

neg: Carbine Williams a profit of $575,000. Carbine Williams Carbine Williams is a 1952 American drama film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring James Stewart. The film follows the life of its namesake, David Marshall Williams, who invented the operating principle for the M1 Carbine while in a North Carolina prison. The M1 Carbine was used extensively during World War II and Korea. Originally filmed in black-and-white, it is also shown in a computer-colorized version. The film follows the life of David Marshall Williams (James Stewart), who was a member of the Winchester team that invented the semi-automatic M1 Carbine used in World

neg: American Diver team. Nonetheless, it was decided in February 1863, to tow the submarine down the bay to Fort Morgan and attempt an attack on the Union blockade of Mobile. However, the submarine foundered in the heavy chop caused by foul weather and the currents at the mouth of Mobile Bay and sank. The crew escaped, but the boat was not recovered. American Diver American Diver, also known as the Pioneer II, was a prototype submarine built for the Confederate States of America military. It was the first successor to the "Pioneer". The "Diver" was invented and built by the same consortium

neg: History of weapons the European society, engineers started to design their walls keeping in mind the danger the walls could have when facing the newly introduced bombards. The use of the bayonet in starting in the 17th century allowed soldiers to use muskets as pikes in close combat. The flintlock, invented slightly earlier, made firearms more reliable. Cartridges were also invented around this time, and made existing firearms easier to load. Submarine technology gradually advanced during the 17th and 18th centuries. Early submarines were mounted with spars and powered by hand cranks. By the mid-19th century, self-propelled torpedoes started to be used. They

neg: USS Alligator (1862) United States Navy's first submarine. Attribution USS Alligator (1862) The USS Alligator, the fourth United States Navy ship of that name, is the first known U.S. Navy submarine, and was active during the American Civil War. The first American submarine, built during the Revolutionary War, was "Turtle", which the civilian David Bushnell designed and built, and Sergeant Ezra Lee of the Continental Army operated. In the autumn of 1861, the Navy asked the firm of Neafie & Levy to construct a small submersible ship designed by the French engineer Brutus de Villeroi, who also acted as a supervisor during the

neg: Naval Submarine Base New London retired Commodore Timothy A. Hunt, who was recalled up to service. Living in New Haven, Commodore Hunt used the Central Hotel on State Street, New London when in town to attend to Yard duties on an "as needed" basis. Despite being physically located in the Town of Groton, the name New London became associated with the Navy Yard because the base had its main offices and housing in New London. Following World War I, the Navy established schools and training facilities at the base. The first diesel-powered US submarine, , was commissioned in Groton on February 14, 1912, Lieutenant Chester

neg: Hippolyte Marié-Davy Hippolyte Marié-Davy Edme Hippolyte Marié-Davy (28 April 1820 – 26 July 1893) was a French chemist and inventor of the 19th century. He was born in Clamecy, Nièvre. In 1854, he invented the first naval periscope, consisting in a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. He also invented a mercury bisulfate battery that bears his name, "the Marie-Davy". In 1854, Marié-Davy invented an electromagnetic motor. Based on it, he proposed a submarine with an electrically driven propeller. McClintock and Watson once planned to use the device on the "Hunley". The engine was said to

neg: Brayton cycle used to power a second submarine, the "Fenian Ram". John Philip Holland's submarines are preserved in the Paterson Museum in the Old Great Falls Historic District of Paterson, New Jersey. In 1878, George B. Selden patented the first internal combustion automobile. Inspired by the internal combustion engine invented by Brayton displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, Selden patented a four-wheel car working on a smaller, lighter, multicylinder version. He then filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process, resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent was granted on

neg: Clorinde-class submarine installed in 1916 when they entered service. Clorinde-class submarine The "Clorinde"-class submarines were built for the French Navy prior to World War I. There were two boats in this class, neither of them would be used during World War I, but they operated in the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel until they were stricken in 1926. The "Clorinde-class submarines" were both built at Arsenal de Rochefort in November 1910, they were double-hulled submarines and built under the 1909 programme Project of Julien Hutter on the basis of Labeuf Brumaire. They were launched in 1913 and the first submarine "Clorinde"

neg: Clorinde-class submarine Clorinde-class submarine The "Clorinde"-class submarines were built for the French Navy prior to World War I. There were two boats in this class, neither of them would be used during World War I, but they operated in the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel until they were stricken in 1926. The "Clorinde-class submarines" were both built at Arsenal de Rochefort in November 1910, they were double-hulled submarines and built under the 1909 programme Project of Julien Hutter on the basis of Labeuf Brumaire. They were launched in 1913 and the first submarine "Clorinde" was completed in October 1916, while her

neg: British submarine flotilla in the Baltic the effect of allowing the Kriegsmarine to dominate the Baltic. Finns raised some parts of the scuttled British submarines before World War II but did not consider any of the submarines to be worth repairing. It is believed that the remains were raised in 1953 by the German company Beckedorf Gebryder and used as scrap metal. Wreck of "Cicero" is believed to have been located in 1995. British submarine flotilla in the Baltic A British submarine flotilla operated in the Baltic Sea for three years during the First World War. The squadron of nine submarines was attached to the Russian