query: what did hobos do during the great depression

pos: Hobo festivities. There is also stock-car racing. Examples of characters based on hobos include: Musicians known for hobo songs include: Baby Gramps, Railroad Earth, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Utah Phillips, Jimmie Rodgers, Seasick Steve, and Boxcar Willie. Examples of hobo songs include: Hobo A hobo is a migrant worker or homeless vagrant, especially one who is impoverished. The term originated in the Western—probably Northwestern—United States around 1890. Unlike a "tramp", who works only when forced to, and a "bum", who does not work at all, a "hobo" is a traveling worker. The origin of the term is unknown. According to etymologist Anatoly

neg: Youngstown (song) of Tom Joad" song, after reading Dale Maharidge's 1985 book "", illustrated by Michael Williamson. "Journey to Nowhere" chronicled the story of middle class Americans who lost their jobs and had become hobos riding freight trains like in the Great Depression. The stories of dying steel towns inspired "Youngstown" and the stories of boxcar hobos inspired "New Timer". In an interview with BBC Radio, Springsteen stated that his connection to this song was "probably through my own kids and my own job, in the sense that the thought of being told after 30 years or so, that what you're doing

neg: High School English a Rush concert that night. Mark Twain appears and closes out the story. Outside the mansion, Peter is detained, but the cops allow him to tell the final story. During the Great Depression, George and Lenny (Stewie and Chris) are two hobos seeking to open an inn as they arrive on a train in California. They stop at a nearby dog ranch to get a job and the owner Slim (Peter) interviews them and hires them on the spot. They do great at handling the pups where one of them (Brian) advises Slim not to give him to Lenny since

neg: Hobo the United States at about 500,000 (about 0.6% of the US population at the time). His article "What Tramps Cost Nation" was published by "The New York Telegraph" in 1911, when he estimated the number had surged to 700,000. The number of hobos increased greatly during the Great Depression era of the 1930s. With no work and no prospects at home, many decided to travel for free by freight train and try their luck elsewhere. Life as a hobo was dangerous. In addition to the problems of being itinerant, poor, and far from home and support, plus the hostility of

neg: Maurice W. Graham Napoleon, Ohio. He was 89. Maurice W. Graham "Steam Train Maury" Graham (June 3, 1917 – November 18, 2006) was best known as five-time holder of the title "King of the Hobos", and was later known as "Patriarch of the Hobos". Born to a broken home in Ohio, he was shunted from father to mother to aunt to married siblings. In 1931, at the age of 14, Graham began riding the rails as a hobo during the Great Depression. He settled in Toledo, Ohio with his wife Wanda in the late 1930s, and worked as a cement mason and founded

neg: Maurice W. Graham Maurice W. Graham "Steam Train Maury" Graham (June 3, 1917 – November 18, 2006) was best known as five-time holder of the title "King of the Hobos", and was later known as "Patriarch of the Hobos". Born to a broken home in Ohio, he was shunted from father to mother to aunt to married siblings. In 1931, at the age of 14, Graham began riding the rails as a hobo during the Great Depression. He settled in Toledo, Ohio with his wife Wanda in the late 1930s, and worked as a cement mason and founded a trade school for masons.

neg: Kathleen Rockwell dynamo, able to shake down almost any business or person for a contribution to a social cause; during the Great Depression she made gallons and gallons of soup to help out the hobos". She never achieved any of the fame she had briefly held in the Yukon, although she made full use of the memories. "Sourdough" reunions in the 1930s provided a measure of uptick in her fame, as did training young Hollywood starlets in the 1940s. She lived in Oregon for the last 45 years of her life, first in the Bend area, then near Salem, and finally in

neg: Pioneers Rest (Fort Worth, Texas) monument honoring Tarrant was placed in 1931. During the Great Depression, Pioneers Rest became a popular campsite for hobos because it was near the railroad, offered dense shrubs as cover, and the Tarrant County Courthouse lawn in downtown Fort Worth had already become overcrowded. Inscriptions from all grave markers were recorded for Fort Worth's centennial in 1948, and updated in 1976. A Texas Historical Marker honoring Edward H. Tarrant was dedicated in 1987. All grave plots in Pioneers Rest had been sold by the 1920s, but the last burial did not take place until 1993. A marker for the first

neg: Waterloo Village, New Jersey underwent a steady decline, and so did Waterloo Village. Although the canal was not officially abandoned until 1924, rarely did more than one boat a year (to fulfill the conditions of the canal's charter) run through the canal after 1900. By the time of the Great Depression, Waterloo Village had been abandoned by its original owners. The village's location, within a short distance of the Lackawanna Railroad (which had to overcome a steep eastbound grade towards New York near Waterloo, slowing freight trains to a crawl as they labored up the hill to Netcong), made it easy for hobos to

neg: Train surfing as the railroads began pushing westward, especially among migrant workers who became known as "hobos". It continued to be widely used by those unable to afford other transportation, especially during times of widespread economic dislocation such as the Great Depression. In the first half of the 20th century during the era of trams rising in Europe and USA, trams in some cities became overcrowded, so some passengers began a practice of riding on footboards, doors, couplers and sometimes on the roofs of trams. Also, train surfing often occurred in European countries during the war conflicts, especially during the First World

neg: Wabash Cannonball Great Depression era of the 1930s and 1940s, and the song was also recorded by Piedmont Blues legend Blind Willie McTell. Bing Crosby recorded the song for his album "Bing Crosby Sings The Great Country Hits". The song increased in popularity during this time. There are many theories of the origin of "The Wabash Cannonball". Utah Phillips states that hobos imagined a mythical train called the "Wabash Cannonball" which was a "death coach" that appeared at the death of a hobo to carry his soul to its reward. The song was then created, with the lyrics and music telling the

neg: Daddy, what did you do in the Great War? Daddy, what did you do in the Great War? "Daddy, what did YOU do in the Great War?" was a British recruitment poster from 1915. It was released by the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee. A war recruitment poster from the First World War shows a daughter posing a question to her father, "Daddy, what did YOU do in the Great War?" There was an extensive recruitment campaign in Great Britain during World War I. Recruitment for World War I was different from prior wars, which had been fought by the regular (professional) army. Samuel Hynes writes that the war was fought

neg: Patrick Dearen story of hobos riding the railroad tracks of Texas during the Great Depression. He is also known for his interest in folklore, and writes to please professional historians and general readers. Dearen was named the runner-up in 2013 for the Will Rogers Medallion from the Academy of Western Artists for his novel "To Hell or the Pecos". He has also been honored for his work by the Western Writers of America, the San Antonio Conservation Society, and the Permian Historical Association. Dearen enjoys backpacking and playing ragtime on the piano. His wife and he have one son, Wesley Joseph Dearen

neg: Freighthopping Freighthopping Freighthopping or train hopping is the act of surreptitiously boarding and riding a railroad freight car. In the United States, this became a common means of transportation following the American Civil War as the railroads began pushing westward, especially among migrant workers who became known as "hobos". It continued to be widely used by those unable to afford other transportation, especially during times of widespread economic dislocation such as the Great Depression. For a variety of reasons the practice is less common today, although a community of freight-train riders still exists. Typically, riders will go to a rail yard

neg: Handout Handout A handout is something given freely or distributed free to those in need. It can refer to government welfare or a charitable gift, and it may take the form of money, food, or other necessities. During the Great Depression, many people lived entirely on handouts of one kind or another when they could not afford to buy food. The term became especially popular among hobos, who developed a system of signs and symbols to describe the nature, quantity, and availability of handouts. The term "handout" is used specifically in sociology and welfare analysis to identify direct payments or provision

neg: José Figueres Ferrer laws upon the whole country with the complete support of virtually all the country. Both of these leaders' programs were in many cases exactly like the ones Franklin D. Roosevelt passed during the Great Depression that helped lift the US out of its own economic slump and social decline it had faced in the 1930s. Figueres admired what president Franklin D. Roosevelt did, however he noted that "the price he had to pay to get his programs through was to leave the business community free overseas to set up dictatorships and do whatever they liked...What we need now is an

neg: Emmett Kelly going for. The Kirk mask did, resulting in the crew selecting it for the film. However, in the opening scene to "The Dark Knight", Heath Ledger's Joker character is seen waiting to cross a busy Gotham City street holding an Emmet Kelly mask, which he is later seen wearing during a bank robbery. Emmett Kelly Emmett Leo Kelly (December 9, 1898March 28, 1979) was an American circus performer, who created the memorable clown figure "Weary Willie", based on the hobos of the Depression era. Kelly began his career as a trapeze artist. By 1923, Emmett Kelly was working his trapeze

neg: Causes of the Great Depression banking system and the government should cut taxes and accelerate spending in order to keep the nominal money stock and total nominal demand from collapsing. The United States government and the Federal Reserve did not do that during the 1929‑32 slide into the Great Depression The existence of "liquidationism" played a key part in motivating public policy decisions not to fight the gathering Great Depression. An increasingly common view among economic historians is that the adherence of some Federal Reserve policymakers to the liquidationist thesis led to disastrous consequences. Regarding the policies of President Hoover, economists Barry Eichengreen and J.

neg: Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe daughter-in-law Onzell as cooks, and becomes secondary guardian to Ruth's son, Buddy Jr. (known as 'Stump' after losing an arm in an accident). The café quickly became known to hobos all over the U.S. during The Great Depression as a welcome place to find a meal. The most recurrent is 'Smokey Lonesome' Phillips, who secretly loves Ruth. When Ruth dies of cancer, Idgie is heartbroken. After the railroad yard closes, the cafe (and ultimately the town) ceases operation. Several years later, Idgie and Big George are arrested for Frank Bennett's murder; but the case is dismissed when the local minister,

neg: Mulligan stew (food) comprise such available ingredients as opossum or squirrel. Only a pot and a fire are required. The hobo who put it together was known as the "mulligan mixer." During the Great Depression, homeless men (hobos) would sleep in a "hobo jungle" (a campsite used by the homeless near a railway). Traditionally, the jungle would have a large campfire and a pot into which each person would put in a portion of their food, to create a shared dish that was, hopefully, more tasteful and varied than his original portion. Usually, they would afterward enjoy themselves with story-telling and, sometimes, the

neg: Norwich Police Department (New York) O&W railroad yards where tons of World War I supplies passed. At this time "State Vagrants" or Hobos were a constant policing problem in and around the railroad yards. These hobos raided nearby homes and gardens and one transient murdered a young girl near the railroad tracks on Division Street. During the depression era of the 1930s the Police Force was active with the federal laws prohibiting the manufacture of alcoholic beverages. A notable event was the leveling of a building on Lackawanna Avenue when a basement still went unattended and exploded. Through the World War II years the Norwich

neg: History of the United States Republican Party blamed everything on him as the opposition splintered in 1924. The pro-business policies of the decade seemed to produce an unprecedented prosperity—until the Wall Street Crash of 1929 heralded the Great Depression. Although the party did very well in large cities and among ethnic Catholics in presidential elections of 1920–1924, it was unable to hold those gains in 1928. By 1932, the cities—for the first time ever—had become Democratic strongholds. Hoover was by nature an activist and attempted to do what he could to alleviate the widespread suffering caused by the Depression, but his strict adherence to what he believed

neg: Emperor of the North Pole ruling over the North Pole would reign over nothing but a vast barren, cold, empty, and stark wasteland. The film depicts the story of two hobos' struggle (esp. vs. "The Establishment") during the US' Great Depression in 1930s Oregon. Its screenplay is quite significantly inspired by three separate, yet inter-related self-published seminal writings from earlier decades: Jack London's better-known 1907 travel memoir, "The Road", and, two lesser-known books, both by legendary hobo "A-No.-1", pen-name of Leon Ray Livingston, "The Trail of the Tramp", and his 1917 travelogue, "From Coast to Coast with Jack London". Carradine's character, Cigaret, uses the moniker

neg: The Piano Lesson female character as well as from the question regarding self-worth. What "The Piano Lesson" finally seems to ask is: "What do you do with your legacy, and how do you best put it to use?" Set in 1936 Pittsburgh during the aftermath of the Great Depression, "The Piano Lesson" follows the lives of the Charles family in the Doaker Charles household and an heirloom, the family piano, which is decorated with designs carved by an enslaved ancestor. The play focuses on the arguments between a brother and a sister who have different ideas on what to do with the piano.

neg: Great Depression Italy the largest state-owned industrial sector in Europe (excluding the USSR). IRI did rather well with its new responsibilities—restructuring, modernising and rationalising as much as it could. It was a significant factor in post-1945 development. But it took the Italian economy until 1935 to recover the manufacturing levels of 1930—a position that was only 60% better than that of 1913. The Great Depression did not strongly affect Japan. The Japanese economy shrank by 8% during 1929–31. Japan's Finance Minister Takahashi Korekiyo was the first to implement what have come to be identified as Keynesian economic policies: first, by large fiscal

neg: Federal Music Project Federal Music Project The Federal Music Project (FMP), part of the Federal government of the United States New Deal program Federal Project Number One, employed musicians, conductors and composers during the Great Depression. In addition to performing thousands of concerts, offering music classes, organizing the Composers Forum Laboratory, hosting music festivals and creating 34 new orchestras, employees of the FMP researched American traditional music and folk songs, a practice now called ethnomusicology. In the latter domain the Federal Music Project did notable studies on cowboy, Creole, and what was then termed Negro music. During the Great Depression, many people visited

neg: The Hobos praised both for the new direction The Hobos were taking with their own songs and for some of the covers. After the release of "Radio Jah Jah", The Hobos decided to take some time to do other projects. Vilnis Krieviņš went back to play with the legendary Latvian hard rock band Līvi. Rolands Ūdris and Egons Kronbergs formed a side-project called U.K. and released the album KU. Finally, in year 2006 the band went back to studio and a new album is expected sometime in 2009. The Hobos The Hobos are a Latvian rock group formed in 1991 by Rolands

neg: Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander southern whites over the Democratic Party, although she also criticized Republican political appointments, as well as what she saw as uneven benefits of the New Deal which did not do enough to help blacks who were most hurt by the great depression. During World War II, Alexander saw similarities in a rise in racial violence and discrimination in the US as paralleling the treatment of Jews in Germany. Near the end of the war, she supported integrating labor unions to increase their bargaining power once the war economy slowed and industrial employment moved toward pre-war levels. Her interest in labor

neg: University of North Dakota year, classes were suspended so the campus could become an army base for soldiers during World War I. During the Great Depression, UND provided free housing to students willing to do manual labor on campus. "Camp Depression," as it was called, consisted of railroad cabooses that each housed eight male students. "Camp Depression" students did not get regular meals from the cafeteria and had to be satisfied with free leftovers. However, Grand Forks citizens often opened their homes and kitchen tables to many of these young men. After World War II, enrollment quickly grew to more than 3,000. A large

neg: Great Depression was spread worldwide by the rigidities of the Gold Standard, it was suspending gold convertibility (or devaluing the currency in gold terms) that did the most to make recovery possible. Every major currency left the gold standard during the Great Depression. The UK was the first to do so. Facing speculative attacks on the pound and depleting gold reserves, in September 1931 the Bank of England ceased exchanging pound notes for gold and the pound was floated on foreign exchange markets. The UK, Japan, and the Scandinavian countries left the gold standard in 1931. Other countries, such as Italy and

neg: The Great Bust Ahead to 54-year-olds in the country. Both trends are predicted to increase until 2011-2012 and subsequently crash hard, leading to a depression that is seven times worse than the Great Depression in the 1930s that lasts for roughly 13 years. It may even begin earlier as well according to Arnold. The latest prediction as of January 2009 is that the current recession/financial crisis has nothing to do with the demographically induced depression to come but is merely a warm-up to what is to come. The Great Bust Ahead The Great Bust Ahead is a somewhat controversial book by Dan Arnold predicting

neg: Causes of the Great Depression representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again."<br> — Ben S. Bernanke After the Depression, the primary explanations of it tended to ignore the importance of the money supply. However, in the monetarist view, the Depression was "in fact a tragic testimonial to the importance of monetary forces." In their view, the failure of the Federal Reserve to deal with the Depression was not a sign that monetary policy was impotent, but that

neg: Robert F. Yonash a factory, so I stopped and got in line as you did during the Depression. I asked one of the guys in line who was hiring and he said, “Vultee Aviation.” I thought, “What do I know about airplanes?” I did have a little experience with aluminum welding, although at the time I didn’t know I couldn’t have passed their certification test. "The guy two in front of me, when asked what he was, said, “Aluminum welder.” Their response was, “Sorry, we have all the welders we need.” When they came to the guy in front of me, he said,

neg: Great Depression in the United States this statement in a speech honoring Friedman and Schwartz: Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again.<br> — Ben S. Bernanke The Wall Street Crash of 1929 is often cited as the beginning of the Great Depression. It began on October 24, 1929, and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States. Much of

neg: The New Timer "new timer," defined by Maharidge as a "new breed of street person, forced to the bottom by economic hardship. Unlike older hobos, they had once been members of the middle class, making their circumstances particularly painful. The 1996 reprint of "Journey to Nowhere" included an introduction by Springsteen and the lyrics of his "The New Timer" and "Youngstown." Another influence on the song was the real-life story of Thomas Jefferson "Alabama" Glenn, who became a hobo after the Great Depression. Glenn and two others were killed one night for no apparent reason, like Frank in the song. Woody Guthrie's songs

neg: Emperor of the North Pole Emperor of the North Pole Emperor of the North Pole is a 1973 American DeLuxe Color film directed by Robert Aldrich, starring Lee Marvin, Ernest Borgnine, and Keith Carradine. It was later re-released on home media (and is more widely known) under the shorter title Emperor of the North, ostensibly chosen by studio executives to avoid being confused as a heartwarming holiday story. This original title is an homage to the historic joke among Great Depression-era hobos that the world's best hobo was "Emperor of the North Pole", a way of poking fun at their own desperate situation, since somebody

neg: Thomas Van Orden is also considered noteworthy because he was at the time of his lawsuit and during the litigation destitute and homeless, living out of a tent. The media thus dubbed him "The Homeless Lawyer", a label Van Orden expressed distaste for, stating, "What do you think defines me: where I slept or what I did all day?" However, when friends put him up in an apartment, he soon left to return to his tent in the woods. Suffering from depression during professional and financial troubles, he was divorced in the 1990s. In early 1992 Thomas Van Orden resided in Henderson, Texas,

neg: A Monetary History of the United States became more popular as Keynesian stabilizers failed to ameliorate the stagflation of the 1970s and political winds shifted away from government intervention in the market into the 1980s and 1990s. During this period, the Federal Reserve was recognized as a critical player in setting interest rates to counter excessive inflation and also to prevent deflation that could lead to real economic distress. The book lays most of the blame for the Great Depression upon the Federal Reserve, arguing that it did not do enough to prevent the Depression. Economists such as Peter Temin have raised questions about whether or not

neg: David Dellinger theology at Union Theological Seminary with the intention of becoming a Congregationalist minister. At Yale he had been a classmate and friend of the economist and political theorist Walt Rostow. Rejecting his comfortable background, he walked out of Yale one day to live with hobos during the Depression. While at Oxford University, he visited Nazi Germany and drove an ambulance during the Spanish Civil War. Dellinger, who opposed the war's victorious Nationalist fraction, led by Francisco Franco, later recalled, "After Spain, World War II was simple. I wasn't even tempted to pick up a gun to fight for General Motors,

neg: Causes of the Great Depression war, less families being formed, and an imbalance of mortgage payments and loans in 1928–29 that mainly contributed to the decline in the number of houses being built. This (What?) caused the population growth rate to decelerate(How?). Though non-residential units continued to be built "at a high rate throughout the decade", the demand for such units was actually very low There is an ongoing debate between historians as to what extent President Calvin Coolidge's laissez-faire hands-off attitude has contributed to the Great Depression. Despite a growing rate of bank failures he did not heed voices that predicted the lack of

neg: Michael Graham (singer) the final line-up, manager Louis Walsh changed his mind after firing two members for their lack of commitment. Graham gained a reputation as 'the quiet one' in the band. However, despite their success, he felt that Boyzone's pop-styles did not give him a chance to expand his own musical taste which included rock and folk. ("Creatively and musically, what I wanted to do personally wasn't what was required for the band's product, so that suppression of what I wanted led to low self-esteem.") Following Boyzone's split in 2000, he sank into depression, but gradually recovered. During his break from Boyzone,

neg: Lynching or supposed public offense." While the frequency of lynching dropped in the 1930s, there was a spike in 1930 during the Great Depression. For example, in North Texas and southern Oklahoma alone, four people were lynched in separate incidents in less than a month. In his book "Russia Today: What Can We Learn from It?" (1934), Sherwood Eddy wrote: "In the most remote villages of Russia today Americans are frequently asked what they are going to do to the Scottsboro Negro boys and why they lynch Negroes." A spike in lynchings occurred after World War II, as tensions arose after

neg: Great Contraction this statement: Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again. <br> — Ben S. Bernanke Friedman and Schwartz argued that the Federal Reserve could have lessened the severity of the Depression, but failed to exercise its role of managing the monetary system and ameliorating banking panics under Fed chairmen Roy Young and Eugene Meyer. The Great Contraction is not to

neg: Great Depression of British Agriculture Great Depression of British Agriculture The Great Depression of British Agriculture occurred during the late nineteenth century and is usually dated from 1873 to 1896. The depression was caused by the dramatic fall in grain prices following the opening up of the American prairies to cultivation in the 1870s and the advent of cheap transportation with the rise of steamships. British agriculture did not recover from this depression until after the Second World War. In 1846 Parliament repealed the Corn Laws—which had imposed a tariff on imported grain—and thereby instituted free trade. There was a widespread belief that free trade

neg: European interwar economy timber industry. This allowed Finland to experience tremendous growth during the latter half of the 1930s. Norway also grew after a strong recovery in 1934 from stagnant foreign trade and rising unemployment caused by the great depression. Denmark’s neutrality during World War 1 allowed it to supply both sides and profit from this war. It used this profit to lessen the effects of the great depression and stimulate a quick economic recovery. Sweden did not feel the effects of the great depression until the early 1930s, but recovered quickly and stabilized its economy by supplying goods to most of Europe.

neg: A Worn Path are open to interpretation. Many critics have commented on the significance of the main character's name in relation to the mythology phoenix, relating to her indomitable ability to rise again and make her journey. Many writers argue that it emphasizes racial and economic inequalities in the Deep South during the Depression. It is similar to the story of Odysseus, who faces many trials along his journey. Welty herself has said it is a story about how a writer works. What kind of obstacles did Phoenix overcome while on her journey through the forest? What do they symbolize about Phoenix and

neg: A Portrait of Merle Haggard in labor camps during the Great Depression, Haggard's way of "commemorating a whole generation of Okies who persisted through persecution and suffering to transplant their culture to California." "Hungry Eyes" is considered by many to be one of Haggard's greatest pieces of songwriting. According to Daniel Cooper's essay for the 1994 Haggard box set "Down Every Road", Haggard had been carrying the title around in his head for two years before deciding what to do with it, and the "canvass-covered cabin" referred to in the song is a direct reference to the home of Escar and Willie, the great-uncle and

neg: Leon Ray Livingston "a brief respite from the hardships of the Road" after the hobo lifestyle brought him "dangerously close to the verge of a mental and physical collapse." As a result, Cambridge Springs became a "veritable 'Mecca' to chronic hobos." There were many hobos who imitated Livingston and claimed the moniker A-No.-1. Due to this, Livingston was known to travel with a scrapbook of his journeys (which included a personalized note from President William Howard Taft and an autograph from Theodore Roosevelt), copies of his books, and always two $50 bills. In a rarity among hobos of his time, Livingston did not

neg: Kim Novak through more of the depression than the mania part." "I don't think I was ever cut out to have a Hollywood life," Novak also commented. "Did I do the right thing, leaving? Did I walk out when I shouldn't have? That's when I get sad." On the possibility of acting again, Novak said in another interview, with the fashion website "LifeGoesStrong," "Who knows what the future holds? It would take an awful lot to lure me out there, but I would never say never." Also during the TCM Festival, Novak was honored in a handprint and footprint ceremony at Grauman's

neg: The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression length of the Depression and for its effects on individuals. Shlaes praises the model offered by Wendell Willkie before the 1940 presidential election, where the New Deal would have been scaled back and business would have stepped in. The book begins with an anecdote of the 1937 recession, eight years after the Depression began, when Roosevelt adopted budget-balancing policies indistinguishable from the stereotype of what Hoover supposedly did. Shlaes presents her arguments in part by telling stories of self-starters who showed what the free market could have accomplished without the New Deal. The book argues that members of FDR's "Brain

neg: Woodrow Wilson patience and sweetness." He was at her bedside to the end, which came August 6, when Wilson despairingly said "Oh my God, what am I to do." Wilson later wrote accurately of his mourning and depression, "Of course you know what has happened to me…God has stricken me almost beyond what I can bear". Six months of depression followed for him, though mourning continued. At the same time that Wilson's private world shattered, World War I broke out in Europe, and this momentously changed his political life. In January 1915, Wilson emerged from his depression during a spirited speech in

neg: Beauford Delaney in the United States. But it was also the time of the Great Depression, and it was this that Beauford was confronted with on his arrival. "Went to New York in 1929 from Boston all alone with very little money…this was the depression, and I soon discovered that most of these people were people out of work and just doing what I was doing – sitting and figuring out what to do for food and a place to sleep." Delaney felt an immediate affinity with this "multitude of people of all races – spending every night of their lives in

neg: The Harvest Gypsies the squatters. The Great Depression did not do away with class differences, however, as different families were able to live in varying levels of sanitation and well-being. Steinbeck notes a family whose children refused to go to school, weary of the bullying that they would receive from "The better-dressed children." Teachers had too much on their hands to deal with such behavior, and the parents of the better-off students did not want the diseases of households with poorer hygiene to enter schools. The Depression did reorient class structures, however. The middle class was poor, and the lower class was even

neg: Phila Hach or heroine who has made a great contribution to food". Hach was keynote speaker at large conventions including the Culinary Institute of America. Southern food writer Betty Fussell said of Phila Hach, "What the 'Grand Ole Opry' did for country music, she has done for Southern food..." Hach was born in Nashville, the child of innkeepers Sophia and Arthur Lee Rawlings. Her mother, who was Swiss, also worked as a home demonstration agent for the U.S. Government during the great depression. Her job was to provide hot lunches to local schools. As a teen, Hach spent the summers of 1942-44

neg: Duck Soup (1933 film) and is also the only scene in the film that has anything remotely to do with ducks or soup. Popular belief holds that "Duck Soup" was a box office failure, but this is not true. Although it did not do as well as "Horse Feathers", it was the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1933, according to Glenn Mitchell in "The Marx Brothers Encyclopedia" and Simon Louvish in "Monkey Business", his biography of the Marx Brothers. However the film was a box office disappointment for Paramount. One possible reason for the film's lukewarm reception is that it was released during the Great Depression.

neg: Great Depression of British Agriculture Consolidated Fund and the setting up of a government department for agriculture. The government at the time, a Liberal administration under William Ewart Gladstone, did little. Lord Salisbury's government founded the Board of Agriculture in 1889. After a series of droughts in the early 1890s, Gladstone's government appointed another Royal Commission into the depression in 1894. Its final report found foreign competition as the main cause in the fall in prices. It recommended changes in land tenure, tithes, education, and other minor items. Great Depression of British Agriculture The Great Depression of British Agriculture occurred during the late nineteenth century

neg: Clown Russian пая́ц. In the early 20th century, with the disappearance of the rustic simpleton or village idiot character of everyday experience, North American circuses developed characters such as the tramp or hobo. Examples include Marceline Orbes, who performed at the Hippodrome Theater(1905), Charlie Chaplin's "The Tramp" (1914), and Emmett Kelly's "Weary Willie" based on hobos of the Depression era. Another influential tramp character was played by Otto Griebling during the 1930s to 1950s. Red Skelton's Dodo the Clown in "The Clown" (1953), depicts the circus clown as a tragicomic stock character, "a funny man with a drinking problem". In the

neg: Men in Black (1997 film) of the film's aesthetic during pre-production: "I started out saying aliens shouldn't be what humans perceive them to be. Why do they need eyes? So Rick did these great designs, and I'd say, 'That's great — but how do we know where he's looking?' I ended up where everyone else did, only I took three months." The maquettes built by Baker's team would later be digitized by Industrial Light and Magic, who was responsible for the visual effects and computer-generated imagery, for more mobile digital versions of the aliens. Danny Elfman composed the film's score, making use of his usual

neg: Men in Black (film series) say, because it wouldn't make any sense." Sonnenfeld also changed a lot of the film's aesthetic during pre-production: "I started out saying aliens shouldn't be what humans perceive them to be. Why do they need eyes? So Rick did these great designs, and I'd say, 'That's great — but how do we know where he's looking?' I ended up where everyone else did, only I took three months." Filming began in March 1995. Five months into the shoot, the crew realized their ending was unexciting. It was originally meant to be a humorous existential debate between Agent J and the

neg: Great Depression gold standard in April, 1932 and declared a moratorium on all interest payments. The country also adopted protectionist policies such as import quotas, which a number of European countries did during the time period. Protectionist policies coupled with a weak drachma, stifling imports, allowed Greek industry to expand during the Great Depression. In 1939, Greek Industrial output was 179% that of 1928. These industries were for the most part "built on sand" as one report of the Bank of Greece put it, as without massive protection they would not have been able to survive. Despite the global depression, Greece managed

neg: Great Depression in Canada Great Depression in Canada The worldwide Great Depression of the early 1930s was a social and economic shock that left millions of Canadians unemployed, hungry and often homeless. Few countries were affected as severely as Canada during what became known as the Dirty Thirties, due to Canada’s heavy dependence on raw material and farm exports, combined with a crippling Prairies drought. Widespread losses of jobs and savings ultimately transformed the country by triggering the birth of social welfare, a variety of populist political movements, and a more activist role for government in the economy. By 1930, 30% of the labour

neg: Peter Temin and Social Welfare programs foreshadowed what is probably his most influential and best known work: "Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression?" (1976). This work hypothesized that it was not primarily the actions of the Federal Reserve in response to the economic downturn of 1930 which turned a recession into the most far reaching slump in the modern economic period, but instead was an autonomous drop in demand. He would later revisit this thesis in his 1989 work "Lessons from the Great Depression", as well as publish several papers building on his conclusions. He joined, in some way, the conclusions

neg: Erwin Mill foot mill cost $2,500,000 to build and had 35,000 spindles and 1,200 looms. The mill was named Mill No. 4 because two other mills were already operating outside of Durham County. Although the plant's growth was staggered in the mid-20th century, the management of Erwin Mills continued profit and expand, even through the Great Depression. The mill was largely unaffected compared to other businesses in the country because of an established system that had produced a consistent profit prior to the Great Depression. The mill did not do particularly well when the country faced hard times from 1929-1938, but thousands

neg: Milton Friedman Depression was then published as a stand-alone book entitled "The Great Contraction, 1929–1933". Both books are still in print from Princeton University Press, and some editions include as an appendix a speech at a University of Chicago event honoring Friedman in which Ben Bernanke made this statement: Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again. Friedman also argued for the

neg: Oil and Vinegar It doesn't need anything. It's one of his great scripts. He had so many great scripts. For instance, he would stay up all night, music blasting, and at like 5:30 or 6 a.m., he'd hand me what was supposed to be a rewrite on "Some Kind of Wonderful". We needed five pages, and it was 50 pages. I said, "What did you do?! What is this?" and he said, "Oh, I didn't do that. I did something else. Tell me what you think?" And it was "Ferris Bueller's Day Off". He wrote the first half of the movie in, like,

neg: Modern psychoanalysis against the self-attack seen in cases ranging from schizophrenia, depression, and somatization to neurotic forms of self-sabotage. This is accomplished by helping the patient to "say everything." The ego is protected by what is called "object oriented questions." These are questions directed toward the motives of other people rather than the patient, i.e., "What makes her do that?" or, "Why did I do that?” To guide the quality and number of such interventions modern analysts follow the "contact function," the efforts made by the patient to establish some discourse with the analyst. Questions asked by the patient indicate what the

neg: Great Depression up well, as did agriculture. By far the most serious negative impact came after 1936 from the heavy destruction of infrastructure and manpower by the civil war, 1936–39. Many talented workers were forced into permanent exile. By staying neutral in the Second World War, and selling to both sides, the economy avoided further disasters. By the 1930s, Sweden had what America's "Life magazine" called in 1938 the "world's highest standard of living". Sweden was also the first country worldwide to recover completely from the Great Depression. Taking place in the midst of a short-lived government and a less-than-a-decade old Swedish

neg: Studs Terkel Good War": An Oral History of World War Two", which detailed ordinary peoples' accounts of the country's involvement in World War II, won the Pulitzer Prize. For "", Terkel assembled recollections of the Great Depression that spanned the socioeconomic spectrum, from Okies, through prison inmates, to the wealthy. His 1974 book, "Working", in which (as reflected by its subtitle) "People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do", also was highly acclaimed. "Working" was made into a short-lived Broadway show of the same title in 1978 and was telecast on PBS in 1982.

neg: Riot Act (album) during Pearl Jam's performance at the 2000 Roskilde Festival – "You start feeling like, 'What do I have to say? What is my opinion?' Then I realized I did have an opinion. Not only did I have one, but I felt like it was formed by processing a lot of information and having good influences. Ament also told that "I think the time's right to turn our voice up a bit [. . .] And Ed did it in a great way, with humour and a mystical, magical approach. It isn't just, 'We're pissed off, and fuck you! Riot! Anarchy!'

neg: The Great Crash, 1929 knowledge of what happened in 1929 was the best safeguard against its recurrence. Galbraith wrote the book during a break from working on the manuscript of what would become "The Affluent Society". Galbraith was asked by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. if he would write the definitive work on the Great Depression that he would then use as a reference source for his own intended work on Roosevelt. Galbraith chose to concentrate on the days that ushered in the depression. "I never enjoyed writing a book more; indeed, it is the only one I remember in no sense as a labor

neg: Before Midnight (novel) wants the prize money to secure a better life for her family; Harold Rollins, a condescending academic who entered the competition as part of an intellectual exercise; Susan Tescher, a magazine editor who wants to do a profile on Wolfe himself; and Philip Younger, a retiree seeking to recover a fortune he lost during the Great Depression. Although skeptical that Wolfe is only investigating the theft and not the murder, Inspector Cramer shares what the police have learned about the case so far. Other than the financial motive, none of the contestants appears to have had any serious reason or

neg: Philip L. Boyd climate would help him recover. According to Boyd, his long illness forced him to consider what he would do with his life once he was healed. Boyd started work as a secretary for the Palm Springs Chamber of Commerce and opened the first branch of Bank of America in Palm Springs. During the Great Depression Boyd was able to delve into real estate, buying ranch lands in the area of Deep Canyon. In 1953 Boyd, who was on the board of trustees for the Palm Springs Art Museum, leased property for a nature reserve now part of the Living Desert

neg: Carol M. Highsmith she immediately informed the Library's Prints & Photographs Division's curators that she intended to do likewise. Lange is remembered for her fieldwork for the federal Farm Security Administration among migrant workers and other dispossessed families during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Decades after Lange's work, Highsmith photographed surviving shacks in the Weedpatch "Okie" camp in Kern County, California, that was the setting for much of John Steinbeck's novel "The Grapes of Wrath". "Two hundred years from now, people might want to study what types of screws were sold, and they will be able to study my images and find

neg: Arthur Cutts Willard current way students were educated. "We are going to have a new order of things in this country. Somebody may know what it will be—I don't. But I know this much—the universities are going to have to do a better job of turning out men and women who can take care of themselves. The average college graduate . . . has been prepared for everything but life." Willard received the presidency during a difficult time in history; the nation was facing The Great Depression. Financial resources were limited and task of rebuilding confidence in the future was Willard's most important

neg: Jimmy Lydon Jimmy Lydon James J. Lydon (born May 30, 1923) is an American actor and television producer whose career in the entertainment industry began as a teenager during the 1930s. Lydon was born in Harrington Park in northeastern New Jersey, the fifth of nine children. His family was of Irish heritage. He was raised in Bergenfield. In 1932, Lydon's father, who was an alcoholic, decided to retire from working. This decision forced all of the other family members to seek employment in the depths of the Great Depression. In 1937, Jimmy Lydon, not knowing what he wanted to do, tried his

neg: History of Lamar University college and high school. The next year, 1933, the separation of the college from South Park High School began with construction of new facilities. These changes occurred during the troubled days of the Great Depression, a time when many institutions faltered, but Lamar continued to grow. College authorities did what they could to help students during this difficult period. In 1938, about half of the students were employed by the college at wages that enabled them to earn all or part of their tuition, fees and textbooks. In 1938, realizing that Lamar College's continued growth would place significant burden on

neg: Daddy, what did you do in the Great War? do in the Great War?" were not the only contributing factor to these recruitment figures, writing that recruiters "quickly decided that using the latest forms of mass advertising had a negative effect". The poster played on the guilt associated with not volunteering for wartime service. Karyn Burman writes that propaganda posters of the time "presented a carefully crafted image of manhood defining 'real' men as those who fought for their families, for King and Country." She cites this poster as an example of an image that was "designed to question a man's sense of self-worth". Daddy, what did you do

neg: No Depression in Heaven No Depression in Heaven "No Depression in Heaven" (or simply "No Depression") is a song that was first recorded by the original Carter Family in 1936 during the Great Depression. Although A. P. Carter has frequently been credited as the author, some sources attribute the song to James David Vaughan. Over the years the song has been recorded by artists as diverse as the New Lost City Ramblers and Sheryl Crow. Uncle Tupelo made the song the title cut of their 1990 album, "No Depression". Since then, the title has become synonymous with alternative country music. What is now described

neg: Causes of the Great Depression of the Great Depression by economists Paul R. Flacco and Randall E. Parker. Economist Ludwig Lachmann argues that it was pessimism that prevented the recovery and worsening of the depression President Hoover is said to have been blinded from what was right in front of him. Economist James Deusenberry argues economic imbalance was not only a result of World War I, but also of the structural changes made during the first quarter of the Twentieth Century. He also states the branches of the nation's economy became smaller, there was not much demand for housing, and the stock market crash "had

neg: Sulphur Bank Mine graduated at the University of California, Berkeley in 1926. He eventually served as president of the Bradley Mining Company. In later years, Worthen Bradley recalled the Bradleys’ interest in the Sulphur Bank mine was generated by a rise in the price of quicksilver. During the Depression years of the 1930s the mine was active or inactive, dependent upon the price, he told a local newspaper in 1955. “We are trying to do with one shovel and two shifts, what we did with several in World War II," Bradley said in 1955. “We are still in the stage of getting started

neg: Oscar L. Olson did successfully convince the board to move away from the classics curriculum. On December 18, 1926, Olson inaugurated the campus radio station, KWLC, by reading the Gettysburg Address at the start of the first broadcast. In 1932, due to mounting debt in part because of the Great Depression, the board asked Olson to resign, which he agreed to do. Olson continued teaching English at Luther College until retiring in 1952. Olson passed away in 1956. During homecoming on October 12, 1951, Olson was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Luther College. Olson Hall, a dormitory on the Luther

neg: Huey Long first 100 days in office, Long eventually came to believe that Roosevelt's "New Deal" policies did not do enough to alleviate the issues of the poor. In time, he developed his own solution: the "Share Our Wealth" program, which would establish a net asset tax, the earnings of which would be redistributed so as to curb the poverty and homelessness epidemic nationwide during the Great Depression. Long's Share Our Wealth plan was established on February 23, 1934 with the motto "Every Man a King." To stimulate the economy, Long advocated federal spending on public works, schools and colleges, and old

neg: Mitchell Fields immigrant families who came of age during the Great Depression, some of his works may be seen as part of the Social Realist movement, one of whose aims was to depict the working class as heroic. Yet he did not accept the tenets of Socialist Realism (for whose practitioners the purpose of art was to forward the international agenda of socialism or communism). Indeed, despite his left-wing political views, the large majority of his works do not bear a political message. Even after World War II, when many American artists moved in the direction of Abstract Expressionism, Fields continued to

neg: Jimmy Bryant work but his personality did not mesh well with Nashville's highly political music and recording industry. In 1978, in declining health, Bryant learned that he had lung cancer; he was a heavy smoker. He died in Moultrie in September 1980 at the age of 55. Jimmy Bryant Ivy J. Bryant, Jr. (March 5, 1925 – September 22, 1980), known as Jimmy Bryant, was an American country music guitarist. Bryant was born in Moultrie, Georgia, the oldest of 12 children. During the Great Depression he played the fiddle on street corners to help the family buy food, pushed to do so

neg: Ben Bernanke supply and has on several occasions argued that one of the biggest mistakes made during the period was to raise interest rates too early. In a speech on Milton Friedman's ninetieth birthday (November 8, 2002), Bernanke said: "Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna [Schwartz, Friedman's coauthor]: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again." Bernanke has cited Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz in his decision to

neg: The Great Cybernetic Depression metaphor for the anxiety and depression she was experiencing during the writing of the album. "It's a fictional world event 10 or so years in the future (of course). It is a metaphor for the anxiety and depression I was experiencing during the writing of said album. I like channelling personal stuff through a narrative. It's easier to sing about the end of the world than how sad you are. However sometimes on the album I just straight up get emo on it – 'We Are Very Happy'. I'd like to try to be able to do that more in

neg: Deflation Depression. Nobel laureate Friedrich Hayek, a libertarian Austrian Economist, stated about the Great Depression deflation: While an increase in the purchasing power of one's money benefits some, it amplifies the sting of debt for others: after a period of deflation, the payments to service a debt represent a larger amount of purchasing power than they did when the debt was first incurred. Consequently, deflation can be thought of as an effective increase in a loan's interest rate. If, as during the Great Depression in the United States, deflation averages 10% per year, even an interest-free loan is unattractive as it

neg: Institutions in the Southern Victory Series or because there were not enough of them to matter, as in the case of Jews. The sole exception to this seems to be the Mormons; in GW:AF, a loyal Mormon in the US suggested that what the Russians do to Jews, the CSA does to the Mormons. The depression of the 1930s hit the Empire of Mexico hard and many workers began to cross into Sonora and Chihuahua to obtain work. As the black population of the Confederacy was "reduced", during the Second Great War, workers from Mexico replaced them in the low-status, low-paying, but steady jobs. The United

neg: A Monetary History of the United States bought silver, but that didn't help when the country was on gold. Later, during the Great Depression, the US bought gold at inflated prices to help silver miners. The result was tragic for the money supplies of China and Mexico. The authors measure the velocity of money. The authors talk about it a lot, but do not make any conclusions about it. Lastly, a theme is "decision making at the Federal Reserve". The authors try to find out the people making the decisions and what information they had. Probably just as important is the decision making process. The NY Fed

neg: I Stand Here Ironing guilt that will be developed during the narration of the whole story. The mother is standing here ironing and within the next 30 minutes she will recall the whole trip of her and her daughter's life. Trying to find an answer for: what she can do now when it is too late? Her feeling that her daughter can claim her responsible for her suffering was the main idea in this short story. The story moves through a fairly long timeframe; although it is set in the early 1950s, it looks back to the 1930s (the time of the Great Depression),

neg: Alexander's Mall at the World Trade Center, and a store in Paramus, New Jersey that featured one of the largest murals in the world. In 1928 George Farkas, a Brooklyn native, opened a store on Third Avenue in the Bronx with $7,500 and named it for his deceased father, Alexander. Catering to the well-to-do middle class, the store offered discounted designer clothing and high-quality private label goods. Its advertising slogan at one time was "You'll find Alexander's has what you're looking for; how lucky can you get?!" The store thrived even during the Great Depression, with a location on Fordham Road

neg: Farewell, My Lovely every plot point fit together with consistency and lucidity. As he said of his work, "my whole career is based on the idea that the formula doesn't matter, the thing that counts is what you do with the formula; that is to say, it is a matter of style." Chandler used recognisable locations in Los Angeles as settings, but he created the fictional town of Bay City as a stand-in for Santa Monica, known for its widespread corruption in city government during the Great Depression. "Farewell, My Lovely" was the first Philip Marlowe novel to be filmed. In 1942, "The

neg: Our Daily Bread (1934 film) selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". A couple, down on their luck during the Great Depression, move to a farm to try to make a go of living off the land. They have no idea what to do at first, but soon find other downtrodden people to help them. Soon they have a collective of people, some from the big city, who work together on a farm. A severe drought is killing the crops. The people then dig a ditch by hand, almost two miles long, to divert water

neg: History of East Texas State Teachers College and to hold a State teaching certificate". The reverberations of the Great Depression struck Texas and its economy in earnest during the 1932–33 academic year, with the State Legislature reducing ETSTC's budget for that year by over $35,000; over a three-year period, the school's total budget was reduced by over 25%. Although Whitely did not resort to mass layoffs, he did drastically reduce salaries (faculty saw a 25% reduction in their compensation in fall 1934), while he himself lost his life's saving in failed banks. The Great Depression also decimated enrollment at ETSTC: in 1933–34, it dropped by 40%, from

neg: Depression (economics) depression, with the failure of banks and record high unemployment levels. Starting with the adoption of the gold standard in Britain and the United States, the Long Depression (1873–1896) was indeed longer than what is now referred to as the Great Depression, but shallower. However, it was known as "the Great Depression" until the 1930s. The best-known depression was the Great Depression, which affected most national economies in the world throughout the 1930s. This depression is generally considered to have begun with the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the crisis quickly spread to other national economies. Between 1929 and

neg: Depression cake 1929, families were forced to stretch their budgets and “make do” with minimal and cheap ingredients when it came to cooking. Some women were able to feed their families on $5 per week. Dessert became a luxury for most, and depression cake was a more affordable alternative to other cakes that used milk, eggs, and butter. Affordability was achieved through ingredient substitution. For example, shortening was substituted for butter, water was substituted for milk, and baking powder was substituted for eggs. Depression cake is just one of many examples of ingredient substitution during the Great Depression, as some women took

neg: Owari no Hoshi no Love Song after it was released in 2011. Around that time, Maeda was depressed and thought about what he wanted to do, leading him to want to collaborate with Yanagi. In thinking about what he wanted to do if he could work with Yanagi, he touched on doing a concept album that would make free use of his world view and a series of settings and stories. Maeda credits Yanagi for being a single ray of hope in the middle of his depression and for giving him something to work towards. Maeda did not expect it would be easy to get her

neg: Catholic Worker Catholic Worker The Catholic Worker is a newspaper published 7 times a year by the Catholic Worker Movement community in New York City. The newspaper was started by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin to make people aware of church teaching on social justice. Day said the word "Worker" in the paper's title referred to "those who worked with hand or brain, those who did physical, mental, or spiritual work. But we thought primarily of the poor, the dispossessed, the exploited." When Communism was popular in the United States during the Great Depression, Day and Maurin wanted to teach what they

neg: Richard Cobden cheap food and abundant employment, and did far more; that he exploded the economic basis of class government and class subjection. Stanley Baldwin said in December 1930, during the Great Depression, that the Conservatives were "a national party of all those who believe that any improvement in the industrial and economic position of this country can only be achieved by cutting loose from the Cobdenism of the last generation and putting this country on what is and must be a protectionist basis". Two weeks later Baldwin attacked the Labour government's handling of the Imperial Conference: "At that Conference the Government

neg: Banque Worms modelled on English merchant banks. Raymond Poincaré had stabilized the franc on 25 June 1928, and the banking industry was entering what promised to be a prosperous period. At first Banking Services mainly handled signature transactions, or bank acceptances, in the spirit of a merchant bank. The other departments of Worms & Cie became customers, as did companies associated with the partners. Signature transactions led to discounting commercial paper. This led to deposits, which enabled new types of financial transactions and equity investments. Banking Services was involved in various financing operations during the difficult period of the Great Depression. Ferdinand

neg: Alexandre Hogue “abstract realist,” saying that naturalism is not possible because every artist recreates a realistic landscape and changes it to fit their own idea of what the view really looks like. He argues that naturalism is created in the head of the artist. In the 1960s Hogue’s self-defined style shifted more towards the abstract end. With realism still intact, Hogue did drawings and paintings of realistic images, but from different points of view, such as close- up studies like the "Tent Olive" images. Hogue painted during and after the Great Depression, which greatly affected most of his works. He was not