query: who makes the paper money is printed on

pos: Crane Currency 2013. In 2008, Crane acquired Visual Physics, a subsidiary of Nanoventions, based in Atlanta, Georgia. This purchase gave Crane exclusive control of Motion micro-optic security technology that is used for the protection of banknotes. Crane Currency Crane Currency is a manufacturer of cotton-based paper products used in the printing of national currencies, passports and banknotes. Crane remains the sole supplier of paper for use in U.S. currency (Federal Reserve Notes). Stephen Crane was the first in the Crane family to become a papermaker, buying his first mill, "The Liberty Paper Mill", in 1770. He sold currency-type paper to engraver Paul

pos: Crane Currency Crane Currency Crane Currency is a manufacturer of cotton-based paper products used in the printing of national currencies, passports and banknotes. Crane remains the sole supplier of paper for use in U.S. currency (Federal Reserve Notes). Stephen Crane was the first in the Crane family to become a papermaker, buying his first mill, "The Liberty Paper Mill", in 1770. He sold currency-type paper to engraver Paul Revere, who printed the American Colonies' first paper money. In 1801, Crane was founded by Zenas Crane, Henry Wiswall and John Willard. The company's original mill had a daily output of 20 posts (1

neg: Money burning the paper on which the money is printed is the property of the State, and its intrinsic value belongs to the person. Articles 98 and 99 of the New Brazilian Civil Code give "money" its own definition. This is because a banknote cannot become a common good, if the owner himself decides to keep it in his possession indefinitely. This makes money different from other state assets such as rivers, seas, streets, roads and piazzas, which are all immobile. The Currency Act states that "no person shall melt down, break up or use otherwise than as currency any coin that

neg: Science and technology of the Song dynasty issue paper-printed money—the banknote ("see Jiaozi and Huizi"). Toilet paper had been in general use in China since the 6th century, paper bags for preserving the flavor of tea leaves by the 7th century, and by the Song dynasty government officials who had done a great service were rewarded by the court with gifts of paper-printed money wrapped in paper envelopes. During the Song dynasty, independent and government sponsored industries were developed to meet the needs of a growing population that had reached over 100 million. For example, for the printing of paper money alone, the Song court established several

neg: History of printing in East Asia (1115–1234) and Southern Song (1127–1279) dynasties with embedded bronze metal types for anti counterfeit markers. Such paper money printing might date back to the 11th-century "jiaozi" of Northern Song (960–1127). The typical example of this kind of bronze movable type embedded copper-block printing is a printed "check" of Jin Dynasty with two square holes for embedding two bronze movable type characters, each selected from 1000 different characters, such that each printed paper money has different combination of markers. A copper block printed paper money dated between 1215–1216 in the collection of Luo Zhenyu's "Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties",

neg: Canadian Tire money Canadian Tire money Canadian Tire money, officially Canadian Tire 'money' or CTM is a loyalty program operated by the Canadian retail chain Canadian Tire. It consists of coupons, issued by the company, which resemble real banknotes. It can be used as scrip in Canadian Tire stores, but is not considered a private currency. The notes are printed on paper similar to what Canadian currency was printed on when they were still paper, and were jointly produced by two of the country's long-established security printers, British American Banknote Company (BABN) and Canadian Bank Note Company (CBN). Some privately owned businesses in

neg: Paper money of the Hungarian pengő Paper money of the Hungarian pengő Hungarian pengő paper money () was part of the physical form of Hungary's historical currency, the Hungarian pengő. Paper money usually meant banknotes, which were issued (either in fact or in name) by the Hungarian National Bank. Later – during and after World War II – other types of paper money appeared, including emergency money, bonds and savings certificates. Initially, paper money was designed abroad, and printed using simple methods. Later, more advanced techniques were used, creating banknotes which reflected stability. After the war, in parallel with their loss in value, the quality of

neg: Paper money catalog Paper money catalog A paper money catalog or banknote catalog (or catalogue) is a catalog of banknotes and articles related to notable ones. The catalog is an essential tool of collecting as it provides information about the articles that many times cannot be extracted from them directly, such as the amount of banknotes printed. In the 1950s, Robert Friedberg published the "Paper Money of the United States". Friedberg devised an organizing number system of all types of U.S. banknotes; the system is widely accepted among collectors and dealers to this day, and the volume has been regularly updated. Another pioneer

neg: Page (paper) print pages in the web. Web pages can be printed by downloading to the hard disk or directly from the browser. Easiness of printing a web page depends on its length. Longer web pages with infinite scrolling are harder to print as the number of unloaded pages is unknown to the user. Clickbait makes printing a web page difficult, as the printed version contains ads. This issue can be overcome using browser extensions such as Print Friendly & PDF in Google Chrome. Page (paper) A page is one side of a leaf (or sheet) of paper, parchment or other material

neg: Paper money catalog 58,227 banknotes from 295 different locations. Starting 2011, BanknoteNews.com began publishing "The Banknote Book", a catalog available as high-resolution full-color PDF files, as well as a 3-volume print edition published by Spink Books. Paper money catalog A paper money catalog or banknote catalog (or catalogue) is a catalog of banknotes and articles related to notable ones. The catalog is an essential tool of collecting as it provides information about the articles that many times cannot be extracted from them directly, such as the amount of banknotes printed. In the 1950s, Robert Friedberg published the "Paper Money of the United States".

neg: Banknote The geographic limitation changed between the years 1265 and 1274, when the late Southern Song government finally produced a nationwide standard currency of paper money, once its widespread circulation was backed by gold or silver. The range of varying values for these banknotes was perhaps from one string of cash to one hundred at the most. Ever since 1107, the government printed money in no less than six ink colors and printed notes with intricate designs and sometimes even with mixture of unique fiber in the paper to avoid counterfeiting. The founder of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan, issued paper

neg: History of printing markers. A copper block printed paper banknote dated between 1215–1216 in the collection of Luo Zhenyu's "Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties", 1914, shows two special characters: one called "Ziliao", the other called "Zihao", for the purpose of preventing counterfeit. Over the "Ziliao" there is a small character (輶) printed with movable copper type, while over the "Zihao" there is an empty square hole; apparently the associated copper metal type was lost. Another sample of Song dynasty money of the same period in the collection of Shanghai Museum has two empty square holes above "Ziliao" as well as "Zihou",

neg: Yuan dynasty a Buddhist text commented by Cosgi Odsir were printed just within Beijing. By 1328, annual sales of printed calendars and almanacs reached over three million in the Yuan dynasty. One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the "chao", the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275. The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister Bolad was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan

neg: Confederate States of America were used up by hard work, malnourishment, disease and battle wounds; they had a life expectancy of about seven months. Both the individual Confederate states and later the Confederate government printed Confederate States of America dollars as paper currency in various denominations, with a total face value of $1.5 billion. Much of it was signed by Treasurer Edward C. Elmore. Inflation became rampant as the paper money depreciated and eventually became worthless. The state governments and some localities printed their own paper money, adding to the runaway inflation. Many bills still exist, although in recent years counterfeit copies have proliferated.

neg: Letterhead on a local output device or sent electronically. Letterheads are generally printed by either the offset or letterpress methods. In most countries outside North America, company letterheads are printed A4 in size (210 mm x 297 mm). In North America, the letter size is typically 8.5 x 11 inches (215 x 280 mm). Although modern technology makes letterheads very easy to imitate, they continue to be used as evidence of authenticity. Letterhead A letterhead, or letterheaded paper, is the heading at the top of a sheet of letter paper (stationery). That heading usually consists of a name and an address,

neg: Hell money as of 2006 banned the practice of "vulgar" burnt-offerings for the deceased, which include paper ""luxury villas, sedan cars, mistresses, and other messy sacrificial items"", as well as Viagra and simulated models of "karaoke hostesses" and "Supergirls" based on the hit TV contest "Mongolian Cow Yoghurt Supergirl", according to the Ministry, in effort to eradicate "feudal" and superstitious behavior. Hell money Hell money is a form of joss paper printed to resemble legal tender bank notes.The notes are not an official form of recognized currency or legal tender since their sole intended purpose is to be offered as burnt offerings

neg: Sizing in papermaking at the wet end are alkyl succinic anhydride (ASA), alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and rosin. By making the paper web more hydrophobic, the sizing agents influence dewatering and retention of fillers and fibers in the paper sheet. Next to paper quality, internal sizing agents' main effect is on runability of the paper machine. While sizing is intended to make paper more suitable for printing, it also makes printing paper less durable and poses a problem for preservation of printed documents. Sizing with starch was introduced quite early in the history of papermaking. Dard Hunter in "Papermaking through Eighteen

neg: Stamp act documents. The Stamp Act 1765 (short title "Duties in American Colonies Act 1765"; 5 George III, c. 12) was a direct tax imposed by the British Parliament on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp. These printed materials were on every legal document, magazine, and newspaper, plus many other types of paper used throughout the colonies, including playing cards. Unlike previous taxes, the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency, not in colonial paper money.

neg: Netpage Netpage Netpage is a software system and infrastructure which makes printed paper interactive. It has multiple manifestations, including digital pens, digital paper, and augmented reality interfaces, such as the Netpage mobile app. The app uses image recognition technology to recognise content on Netpage-enabled printed pages, and then serves up a "digital twin" of the recognized page. The digital twin contains enhanced functionality such as the ability to share the page via social media sites (e.g. Facebook, Pinterest and Twitter), the ability to purchase products, watch embedded videos, follow hyperlinks, translate text, download and attach files, and other functionality. Any iOS

neg: Stamp Act 1765 Stamp Act 1765 The Stamp Act of 1765 (short title "Duties in American Colonies Act 1765"; 5 George III, c. 12) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain that imposed a direct tax on the Thirteen Colonies and required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp. Printed materials included legal documents, magazines, playing cards, newspapers, and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies. Like previous taxes, the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency, not in colonial paper money. The

neg: Bradley's Toy Money Complete with Game of Banking down on the table, and the players (including the Banker) alternate in drawing them. Each player follows the instructions printed on the card, going to the box, and counting the money himself. If the player makes an error in counting the money, he must forfeit one dollar to the player who discovers the error. The one who first has $25.00 wins the game. If the Banker wins the game, he remains Banker for the next game. Milton Bradley Company, Springfield, Mass. "Makers of the Worlds Best Games." The dollar bills are one, two, five, ten, and twenty. They say "educational

neg: Sope Creek Ruins Mill in Marietta was one of the first wood using Mills in the State of Georgia. The Wood-using Mill went into operation in 1864 shortly after the original Mill was burned by the Union Army. The Mill made newsprint paper by grinding loblolly and short leaf pine mixed with imported pulp. One of the major products manufactured was paper for Confederate Money. The story of the Mint developed over time from the fact that the Mill manufactured and shipped paper that Confederate Money was printed on. There was no Mint and the Mill did not print money but it did

neg: Alexander del Mar and in the absence of such knowledge it is deemed safer to include the entire paper issues in the circulation. This at least is a known quantity; the " reserves," as experience has too often and too sadly proved, may only exist in the playful imagination of that fortunate class who have secured the prerogative to issue bank money. Some works by Del Mar were announced but apparently not printed, including "The politics of money" and "The history of money in modern countries". Alexander del Mar Alexander del Mar (aka Alexander Del Mar and Alexander Delmar) (August 9, 1836 -

neg: Movable type "Ziliao" there is a small character (輶) printed with movable copper type, while over the "Zihao" there is an empty square hole – apparently the associated copper metal type was lost. Another sample of Song dynasty money of the same period in the collection of the Shanghai Museum has two empty square holes above "Ziliao" as well as "Zihou", due to the loss of the two copper movable types. Song dynasty bronze block embedded with bronze metal movable type printed paper money was issued on a large scale and remained in circulation for a long time. The 1298 book "Zao

neg: Braintree Instructions in the American Revolution and ultimately be elected the second President of the United States in 1796. The Stamp Act of 1765 (short title "Duties in American Colonies Act 1765"; 5 George III, c. 12) required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper made in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp. These printed materials were legal documents, magazines, newspapers and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies. The tax was to be paid in valid British currency, not in colonial paper money. The purpose of the tax was to help pay for

neg: Greenback (1860s money) Greenback (1860s money) Greenbacks were paper currency (printed in green on the back) issued by the United States during the American Civil War. They were in two forms: Demand Notes, issued in 1861–1862, and United States Notes issued in 1862–1865. They were legal tender by law, but were not backed by gold or silver, only the credibility of the U.S. government. Before the Civil War, the only money issued by the United States was gold and silver coins, and only such coins ("specie") were legal tender; that is, payment in that form had to be accepted. Paper currency in the

neg: Benjamin Franklin modern terms. Franklin was inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 1999. The Franklin Mercantile Chess Club in Philadelphia, the second oldest chess club in the U.S., is named in his honor. In 1736, Franklin created the Union Fire Company, one of the first volunteer firefighting companies in America. In the same year, he printed a new currency for New Jersey based on innovative anti-counterfeiting techniques he had devised. Throughout his career, Franklin was an advocate for paper money, publishing "A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency" in 1729, and his printer printed

neg: Fairview Enterprise Fairview Enterprise The Fairview Enterprise is a newspaper, based in Fairview, Kansas. It was established in 1888. The "Fairview Enterprise" of Fairview, Kansas, was first printed on March 24, 1888. Col S. O. Grosbeck, formerly of Valley Falls, Kansas, was the owner and editor. The first edition was a six column, eight page paper and four pages of ready print. When he started the "Enterprise", he was not certain it would succeed so he did not invest his money in printing equipment. Instead the paper was printed for several years in Horton, Kansas. The first Enterprise office was just an

neg: Movable type back to the 11th-century "jiaozi" of Northern Song (960–1127). The typical example of this kind of bronze movable type embedded copper-block printing is a printed "check" of the Jin Dynasty with two square holes for embedding two bronze movable-type characters, each selected from 1,000 different characters, such that each printed paper note has a different combination of markers. A copper-block printed note dated between 1215–1216 in the collection of Luo Zhenyu's "Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties", 1914, shows two special characters – one called "Ziliao", the other called "Zihao" – for the purpose of preventing counterfeiting; over the

neg: History of paper tea was served from baskets with multi-colored paper cups and paper napkins of different size and shape. During the Song dynasty (960–1279) the government produced the world's first known paper-printed money, or banknote ("see Jiaozi and Huizi"). Paper money was bestowed as gifts to government officials in special paper envelopes. During the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), the first well-documented Europeans in Medieval China, the Venetian merchant Marco Polo remarked how the Chinese burned paper effigies shaped as male and female servants, camels, horses, suits of clothing and armor while cremating the dead during funerary rites. According to Timothy Hugh Barrett, paper

neg: French Directory France, where he was kept prisoner until his death in 1801. Many of the economic, social and political woes during the Directory were results of the breakdown of the financial system. The principal problem was a great shortage of money with real value; that is, coins made of silver, and an excess of paper money, the value of which shrank as more and more was printed. The Directory produced only 32 million livres worth of silver-based coins in its first two years. Much of this money was hoarded, since, unlike the paper money, it had and retained real value. As

neg: Delfortgroup Martin Zahlbruckner and the CFO and COO is Roland Faihs. delfort makes papers for the food and packaging industry, plugwrap, cigarette and tipping base papers for the tobacco industry, base paper for industrial labels, leaflets for the pharmaceutical industry and thinprint papers for religious literature, catalogue and scientific printing, printed products and other specialties. Delfortgroup delfort is a privately owned manufacturer of specialty paper and printed products with headquarters in Traun, Upper Austria. As of 2016, the company employs over 2,300 employees worldwide and operates six mills in Europe and Asia, three converting plants in the US and Mexico, and

neg: Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration reforms broad culture". Another reforming cabinet member was United States Secretary of Treasury George S. Boutwell who was confirmed by the Senate on March 12, 1869. His first actions were to dismiss S.M. Clark, the chief of U.S. Bureau and Engraving, and to set up a system of securing the plates that the paper money was printed on to prevent counterfeiting. Boutwell set up a system to monitor the manufacturing of money to ensure nothing would be stolen. Boutwell prevented collusion in the printing of money by preparing sets of plates for a single printing, with the red seal being imprinted

neg: Hell money paper as "hell bank notes" or "hell money" is largely a Western construct, since these items are simply regarded as yet another form of joss paper (冥幣, 陰司紙, 紙錢, or 金紙) in East Asian cultures and have no special name or status. The word "hell" on hell bank notes refers to "Diyu" (, "underworld prison"; also 地府, "dìfǔ", "underworld court"). These words are printed on some notes. In traditional Chinese belief, it is thought to be where the souls of the dead are first judged by the Lord of the Earthly Court, Yan Wang. After this particular judgement, they are

neg: Knife (envelope) Knife (envelope) Knife is the cutting die for envelope or wrapper blanks. It is called a "knife" rather than a "die" because the latter is an object that makes an embossed printed impression of the stamp or indicium on the envelope. Traditionally, a knife would normally be made of forged steel. It was placed on a stack of paper with the sharp edge against the paper. The press head forced the cutting edge all the way through the stack of paper. The cut blanks were removed from the knife and the process repeated. Not only could it cut out the

neg: Card money the sum of 3.20 guilders as late as 1900. During the French Revolution, "billets de confiance" ("bills of trust") were issued on card money and similar paper by employers or similar authorities. An estimated 5500 different "billets" were issued from approximately 1500 communes between 1790 and 1793. They were generally printed on cards or coloured paper, and signed by the bearer or issuing authority. This money was generally oriented horizontally, and decorations could include revolutionary symbolism (such as a liberty cap or fasces), patriotic slogans, the name of commune where a "billet" was issued, or an ornate border. These "billets

neg: Water-jet printer be rapidly ‘erased’ by heating it to 70 °C. The print remained legible for around 22 hours before evaporation wiped the page clean. Paper prepared in this way can be printed on and then erased more than 50 times. Water-jet printer A water-jet printer (or waterjet printer) is a printer that makes use of paper coated with special dyes and ink cartridges filled with water to print paper copies of documents. Using paper treated with oxazolidine, the water jet changes the colour of the chemical to produce a print which fades in about a day, depending on temperature, and the

neg: Leominster, Massachusetts money to hackers in order to recover its computer systems after they were infected with the WannaCry ransomware and adequate backups were not available. The "Sentinel & Enterprise", a daily paper based in Fitchburg, is the main source of printed media in Leominster. The paper formed in 1973 by the merger of the "Fitchburg Sentinel" and the "Leominster Enterprise", which dated back to 1873. The paper maintains a satellite news bureau in Leominster. Worcester County is also served by the daily "Worcester Telegram & Gazette" out of Worcester. Locally, the "Leominster Champion" serves as a weekly community paper. "On The

neg: Erkelenz of paper money finally ran out and the communal authorities were permitted to print their own paper money. In 1921 the town had emergency money printed in the shape of paper notes with values of 50 and 75 pfennigs to a total value of 70,000 marks. This emergency currency went into partial circulation, but was withdrawn again in 1922. When the French and Belgians occupied the Ruhr in January 1923, in order to take coal and steel back to their own countries, there was passive resistance, which later became known as the Battle of the Ruhr ("Ruhrkampf"). In Erkelenz this

neg: Commuter newspaper based on this advertising money. Companies and/or individuals can come to have great influence over a publication due to the money they contribute to getting the paper printed. The interest of take-ones, if they wish to keep running, can easily become about their advertisers' interests rather than their own journalistic ones. Since commuter newspapers are ad- revenue-based, it is possible that it would be susceptible to corporate bias or bias from advertisers trying to slip their products into the paper's stories. This in theory could lead to a less consistent, and ultimately a less trustworthy paper, however this concern is

neg: Paper Credit can exacerbate a contraction of money supply (which would now be called a deflationary spiral. He says that people may become more likely to hold on to money and liquefiable assets as their confidence in the economy declines, creating a "loss sustained" in economic activity. All of this anticipated much more advanced monetary theory a century later, proving a basis for classical economics and Austrian school monetary theory well into the 20th century. Thornton also explains the function of the Bank of England in great detail, including why it printed paper money, and how that was regulated, with the impact

neg: Paper money of the Hungarian korona Paper money of the Hungarian korona The paper money of the Hungarian korona was part of the circulating currency in the post-World War I Kingdom of Hungary until the introduction of the pengő in 1927. The variety of the banknotes and treasury notes and the variety of issuing authorities reflect the chaotic postwar situation in the country. The "Oesterreichisch-ungarische Bank / Osztrák-magyar Bank" (Austro-Hungarian Bank), the joint bank of the Monarchy had the exclusive patent to print banknotes throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Banknotes were printed in Vienna, Hungary was supplied from there. During the First World War, the chief secretary

neg: Paper money of the Hungarian korona resize the banknotes: from 1923, smaller versions were printed with the same (or slightly different) design. "Main state note printing mark variations:" After 25 August 1926 the 1000 to 1 000 000 korona banknotes were overstamped to show the value in pengő. Paper money of the Hungarian korona The paper money of the Hungarian korona was part of the circulating currency in the post-World War I Kingdom of Hungary until the introduction of the pengő in 1927. The variety of the banknotes and treasury notes and the variety of issuing authorities reflect the chaotic postwar situation in the country. The

neg: Song dynasty facilitating the flow of iron products from production centres to the large market in the capital city. The annual output of minted copper currency in 1085 reached roughly six billion coins. The most notable advancement in the Song economy was the establishment of the world's first government issued paper-printed money, known as Jiaozi (see also "Huizi"). For the printing of paper money, the Song court established several government-run factories in the cities of Huizhou, Chengdu, Hangzhou, and Anqi. The size of the workforce employed in paper money factories was large; it was recorded in 1175 that the factory at Hangzhou

neg: Gaykhatu Chinese ones so closely that they even had Chinese words printed on them. The Muslim confession of faith was printed on the banknotes to placate local sentiment. The plan was to get his subjects to use only paper money, and allow Gaykhatu to control the treasury. The experiment was a complete failure, as the people and merchants refused to accept the banknotes. Soon, bazaar riots broke out, economic activities came to a standstill, and the Persian historian Rashid ud-din speaks even of "'the ruin of Basra' which ensued upon the emission of the new money". Gaykhatu had no choice but

neg: Legal Tender Cases is a form of currency that is physically printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, under authority of the Federal Reserve System. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing is part of the U.S. Treasury Department, whereas the Federal Reserve is not. In contrast to paper money, coins are physically produced by the U.S. Mint, within and under authority of the U.S. Treasury. The Federal Reserve System can authorize as much paper money as it sees fit, but the U.S. Treasury is restricted by law to a certain maximum amount of coinage in circulation. The Federal Reserve System can increase

neg: Graph paper the lines would intersect. Graph paper Graph paper, coordinate paper, grid paper, or squared paper is writing paper that is printed with fine lines making up a regular grid. The lines are often used as guides for plotting mathematical functions or experimental data and drawing two-dimensional graphs. It is commonly found in mathematics and engineering education settings and in laboratory notebooks. Graph paper is available either as loose leaf paper or bound in notebooks. The first commercially published "coordinate paper" is usually attributed to Dr. Buxton of England, who patented paper, printed with a rectangular coordinate grid, in 1794. A

neg: Graph paper Graph paper Graph paper, coordinate paper, grid paper, or squared paper is writing paper that is printed with fine lines making up a regular grid. The lines are often used as guides for plotting mathematical functions or experimental data and drawing two-dimensional graphs. It is commonly found in mathematics and engineering education settings and in laboratory notebooks. Graph paper is available either as loose leaf paper or bound in notebooks. The first commercially published "coordinate paper" is usually attributed to Dr. Buxton of England, who patented paper, printed with a rectangular coordinate grid, in 1794. A century later, E. H.

neg: Catherine Farish are characterized by "luminous tones and contrasts surgically presented within mixed media: etching on copper and cardboard, collage with Chinese paper, drawing or added pigment." Created through multiple runs with found objects used as plates or as collage materials, she works in stages. Following an initial idea or "primo pensiero", Farish makes plates from found objects, such as recycled cardboard or pieces of discarded steel, which is then marked or manipulated. She prints on Arches paper and works intuitively, often layering and mounting printed handmade paper, washi, as one-of-a-kind works of art. Her method of working allows her to develop

neg: Brenda Starr, Reporter (film) took his satchel of stolen money and he gives her a coded message. Kruger (Jack Ingram), the gangster who shot Heller, escapes to his gang's hideout with the bag, but discovers it is filled with paper rather than money. The gang, knowing Heller gave Brenda a coded message, makes many attempts on her life to get her to reveal where Heller hid the payroll money, but thanks to Chuck and Police Lieutenant Larry Farrel (Kane Richmond), she evades them, until Pesky (William 'Billy' Benedict), a "Daily Flash" office boy, succeeds in decoding the Heller message. Joan Woodbury later recalled: It

neg: Gaykhatu be quicker". Gaykhatu is known to have spent government money in an extravagant way. Among his beneficiaries were the Nestorian Christians, who praise him abundantly for his gifts to the Church, as apparent in the history of Mar Yahballaha III. In 1294, Gaykhatu wanted to replenish his treasury emptied by royal extravagance and a great cattle plague. In response, his vizier Ahmed al-Khalidi proposed the introduction of a recent Chinese invention called "Chao" (paper money). Gaykhatu agreed and called for Kublai Khan's ambassador Bolad in Tabriz. After the ambassador showed how the system worked, Gaykhatu printed banknotes which imitated the

neg: Call money call money is known as the call rate. It is a highly volatile rate that varies from day to day and sometimes even from hour to hour. There is an inverse relationship between call rates and other short-term money market instruments such as certificates of deposit and commercial paper. A rise in call money rates makes other sources of finance, such as commercial paper and certificates of deposit, cheaper in comparison for banks to raise funds from these sources. In the international market, the term usually refers to the short term financing by banking institutions to brokers for maintaining the

neg: Printing sheet. Basically, instead of running one postcard that is 4 x 6 as an individual job the printer would place 15 different postcards on 20 x 18 sheet therefore using the same amount of press time the printer will get 15 jobs done in the roughly the same amount of time as one job. Printed electronics is the manufacturing of electronic devices using standard printing processes. Printed electronics technology can be produced on cheap materials such as paper or flexible film, which makes it an extremely cost-effective method of production. Since early 2010, the printable electronics industry has been gaining

neg: History of printing in East Asia 1914, shows two special characters one called "Ziliao", the other called "Zihao" for the purpose of preventing counterfeit; over the "Ziliao" there is a small character (輶) printed with movable copper type, while over the "Zihao" there is an empty square hole, apparently the associated copper metal type was lost. Another sample of Song dynasty money of the same period in the collection of Shanghai Museum has two empty square holes above "Ziliao" as well as "Zihou", due to the loss of two copper movable types. Song dynasty bronze block embedded with bronze metal movable type printed paper money was

neg: Maryland pound 4 shillings 6 pence. In 1780 two types of continental currency were issued, one valuing the Spanish dollar at 4 shillings 6 pence (printed in red ink and known as "Red Money"), the other (printed in black ink and known as "Black Money") valuing the Spanish dollar at 7 shillings 6 pence. The continental currency was replaced by the U.S. dollar at the rate of 1000 continental dollars = 1 U.S. dollar. Maryland pound The pound was the currency of Maryland until 1793. Initially, the British pound circulated along with foreign coins. From 1733, this was supplemented by paper money,

neg: What Hetty Did postage mistakenly on the cost of sending a Penguin paperback, and "What Hetty Did" was printed on superior paper with card covers, so it was heavier than expected and he lost money on postage. However the book sold well at £3.95 a copy and he soon had another 3,000 copies printed. The novel is still published by The Quince Tree Press. The book is notable for the fact that he gave his name as James Carr on the spine and J.L. Carr on the front. Carr was christened Joseph Lloyd and adopted the name 'Jim' or even 'James' in his

neg: W. H. Davies as "The Ark" which he grew to despise. Fearing the contempt of his fellow tramps, he would often feign slumber in the corner of his doss-house, mentally composing his poems and only later committing them to paper in private. At one stage he borrowed money to have his poems printed on loose sheets of paper, which he then tried to sell door-to-door through the streets of residential London. When this enterprise failed, he returned to his lodgings and, in a fit of rage, burned all of the printed sheets in the fire. Davies self-published his first book of poetry, "The

neg: Postal voting and identification features on the reverse: When issuing each postal ballot paper, the officer marks on a list (called the corresponding number list) next to the postal ballot's unique identification number the elector number of the voter to whom the postal ballot is sent, and then makes a mark next to the voter's name in a separate list of postal voters. The unique identification number of the postal ballot paper is also marked on the postal voting statement sent within the postal ballot pack. The local authority name and address and the name of the constituency/ward are printed on both

neg: Tissue paper tissue can be made from 100% chemical pulp to 100% recycled fibre or a combination of the two. Normally, some long fibre chemical pulp is included to improve strength. Wrapping tissue is a type of thin, translucent tissue paper used for wrapping/packing various articles & cushioning fragile items. Custom-printed wrapping tissue is becoming a popular trend for boutique retail businesses. There are various on-demand custom printed wrapping tissue paper available online. Sustainably printed custom tissue wrapping paper are printed on FSC-certified, acid-free paper; and only use soy-based inks. Rolls of toilet paper have been available since the end of the

neg: Scripophily certificate a printer's prototype usually stamped with the word "specimen"? Usually, issued certificates are more valuable and desirable. Printers - Who printed the certificate? Was it a famous printer? Type of Engraving Process - How was the certificate made? By hand? By wood engraving? Steel engraving? Lithograph? Preprinted form? Paper - Was the paper use in the printing high quality or low quality? Has it held up over time? Does it have a watermark to prevent counterfeiting? Due to historical nature of collecting, it makes no sense to track scripophily market using stock market indices like S&P 500 Index, Dow

neg: Stephen Ansolabehere in 2008. Ansolabehere is known for his research on multiple aspects of elections in the United States, including public opinion, mass media, and representation. In 2003, he published a paper arguing that in the United States, people and corporations tend to consider donating money to be an inefficient way of influencing politicians. The same paper argued that most people who donate to a politician do so because they genuinely support the politician's cause, and because donating to support their preferred politician makes them feel good, and that campaign spending as a percentage of GDP may have actually declined in the

neg: The Mole (U.S. season 4) picture after the third player finishes is worth $2,000. Briefcase Test: At the beginning of the episode, each player was given a briefcase and told not to open it. If they all followed instructions, the group would double the money from the Flashback game. However, inside the briefcase is a piece of photographic paper with the answers printed on one side. When developed, the paper would remain white if it had not been exposed to light (i.e., by a player opening their briefcase). If any player opened their briefcase, the paper would turn black when developed. In that event, no

neg: Pittsburgh Courier five hundred copies from a printer in Philadelphia. The five men sold most of the copies of this issue throughout the Hill District on January 5, 1910. During this period, "Courier" issues were four pages in length. In early March 1910, Robert Lee Vann drew up incorporation papers for the "Courier" and began writing articles. Although the "Courier" was being printed by the Union News Company in Pittsburgh to save money, by March Harleston began to run out of money for the paper. Through Vann's connections, the paper was able to attract some wealthy investors, including Cumberland Willis Posey Sr..

neg: John Fielden adherent to Cobbett’s views. Cobbett thought it an able speech, said as much in his own speech, and printed it two weeks running in his "Weekly Political Register". (The "Manchester Guardian" criticised his views on banking and paper money; he responded in a series of three letters, promptly published (together with his speech) as "The Mischiefs and Iniquities of Paper Money".) Whilst preparations for Cobbett to stand for Manchester went ahead, Fielden decided to stand, not for Rochdale (which would elect only one MP), but for Oldham (which would elect two). He declared he would not wish to be an

neg: Private currency Asia and North Africa). Today, there are over four thousand privately issued currencies in more than 35 countries. These include commercial trade exchanges that use barter credits as units of exchange, private gold and silver exchanges, local paper money, computerized systems of credits and debits, and digital currencies in circulation, such as digital gold currency. In the United States, the lasted between 1837 and 1866, when almost anyone could issue paper money. States, municipalities, private banks, railroad and construction companies, stores, restaurants, churches and individuals printed an estimated 8,000 different types of money by 1860. If an issuer went bankrupt,

neg: Netpage is published by Hearst, in the December 2012 edition as reported by the Wall Street Journal and Mashable. The technology is developed and funded in Australia. The following documents are freely available and are good demonstrations of the capabilities of Netpage. They require the use of the Netpage app, which can be downloaded from the Apple App Store. Netpage Netpage is a software system and infrastructure which makes printed paper interactive. It has multiple manifestations, including digital pens, digital paper, and augmented reality interfaces, such as the Netpage mobile app. The app uses image recognition technology to recognise content on

neg: Southern California InFocus the managing editor states that the paper is "editorially independent from CAIR". 20,000 copies of the paper are printed monthly; 500 copies are mailed to paid subscribers and the remainder are distributed free through Muslim-owned businesses and mosques in Southern California. The paper "covers a large variety of local, national, and international events, features, profiles, and has the following sections: arts, book review, restaurant review, Islam, money, legal, kids, travel, interfaith, commentary, and opinion." The paper describes its mission as: Managing editor Ahmad describes the paper as, "an Islamic newspaper but not a publication about Islam," and says she wants,

neg: Newspaper titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint. For example, the "Financial Times" is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, and Sheffield's weekly sports publication derives its name, the "Green 'Un", from the traditional colour of its paper. The Italian sports newspaper "La Gazzetta dello Sport" is also printed on pink paper while "L'Équipe" (formerly "L'Auto") is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; for example the leader in the Giro d'Italia wears

neg: Public disclosure as well as written communication. "(b) the invention was patented "or described in a printed publication" in this or a foreign country or in public use or on sale in this country, "more than one year prior to the date of the application for patent" in the United States..." "Printed publications" generally include all paper and electronic forms of publication. For example, books, scientific journals, posters, conference slide presentations, and website articles would all qualify as disclosure media. Public disclosure Public disclosure is any non-confidential communication which an inventor or invention owner makes available to one or more members of

neg: Post-Digital Print (which never happened),” analyzes 7 moments when a new medium in history was thought to be a superior alternative to paper. Chapter 2, “A history of alternative publishing reflecting the evolution of print,” depicts how artistic avant-garde has used print during the 20th century. Chapter 3, “The mutation of paper: material paper in immaterial times,” looks at the explanations for why paper makes sense even in our digital age. Chapter 4, “The end of paper: can anything actually replace the printed page?” critically views electronic devices, strategies, and platforms. Chapter 5, “Distributed archives: paper content from the past, paper content

neg: Sunday Mirror end of his time in charge Edwards oversaw the introduction of colour to the paper (in 1988). The paper also introduced the "Sunday Mirror Magazine" which had an extra-large format and was printed on glossy paper. It had the best of big name stories, star photographs, money-saving offers and glittering prizes for competition winners. Today's incarnation of the magazine is "Notebook". In 1992 the "Sunday Mirror" was criticized and challenged by attorneys of Mel Gibson for reporting what was said in confidential Alconholics Anonymous meetings. In 2001 Tina Weaver was appointed editor of the "Sunday Mirror", a position she held

neg: Scoundrel Days: A Memoir that ""Frazer scatters memories like used tissues in share houses across Brisbane, Townsville, Airlie Beach, Melbourne and Perth. He subsists on pot noodles and weed, fuelled by Kerouac, Byron, Burroughs and Russian revolutionaries. Money, he reckons, is "coloured paper printed by some swindler [...] Sometimes the yarns stretch into tales taller than Mount Surprise, but then Scoundrel Days is more autobiographical fiction than memoir".". The Newtown Review of Books commented "Scoundrel Days" contains enough meat for half a dozen creative writing theses, but "violence emerges as the major theme" [...] teens who railed against stultifying suburban hells of the late

neg: Ko (film) printed in their newspaper and this makes Renuka to fall in love with Ashwin, which the latter reciprocates. Saro is initially jealous of the love between Ashwin and Renuka, but later accepts it and gets over Ashwin. Meanwhile, Vasanthan Perumal (Ajmal Ameer), a recent graduate and engineer who is Ashwin's former college mate, strives hard to enter the politics by contesting the upcoming election. He is contesting against more experienced politicians who capture the people by giving freebies and money. No one cares about Vasanthan and his team of graduates, who promise a healthy government to people. Their party name

neg: Acta Mathematica containing the paper was printed, Poincaré found an error that invalidated his proof. He paid more than the prize money to destroy the print run and reprint the issue without his paper, and instead published a corrected paper a year later in the same journal that demonstrated that the system could be unstable. This paper later became one of the foundational works of chaos theory. Acta Mathematica Acta Mathematica is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering research in all fields of mathematics. According to Cédric Villani, this journal is "considered by many to be the most prestigious of all mathematical

neg: Numismatic history of the United States with the Susan B. Anthony dollar, to fill in until the Sacagawea Dollar came about in 2000. Concurrent is the Presidential Dollar series, which ended its production in the fall of 2016. Numismatic history of the United States The numismatic history of the United States began with Colonial coins and paper money; most notably the foreign but widely accepted Spanish piece of eight, ultimately descended from the Joachimsthaler and the direct ancestor of the U.S. Dollar. Paper money would not be printed by the United States until 1861. The Coinage Act of 1792 established the United States Mint and regulated

neg: Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya quality. The central core of the MNC paper money collection, which embraces a wide range of documents of different types, is formed by its 4,100 examples of banknotes. These include the Spanish series containing all the banknotes issued by the Bank of Spain from 1874 to the present, as well as the series of paper money printed by the Catalan Government and local authorities in the country during the Spanish Civil War. The Cabinet also exhibits a range of different pieces of interest due to their direct or indirect connection with numismatics. These include, amongst other things, tools used for

neg: Alexandria "Blue Boy" Postmaster's Provisional Alexandria "Blue Boy" Postmaster's Provisional The Alexandria "Blue Boy" is a very rare stamp. It takes its name from the feature that makes it unique: its color. One of the few surviving stamps from a rare issue—the Postmaster's Provisionals produced in Alexandria, D.C., beginning in 1846, only seven of which are known—the Blue Boy is the sole example printed on blue paper (the others are on buff-colored paper). Postally used, the Blue Boy remains affixed to its original envelope, which last sold in 1981 and still holds the record for the highest priced cover of United States philately. Alexandria was

neg: Banknote of materials other than paper have been used to print banknotes. This includes various textiles, including silk, and materials such as leather. Silk and other fibers have been commonly used in the manufacture of various banknote papers, intended to provide both additional durability and security. Crane and Company patented banknote paper with embedded silk threads in 1844 and has supplied paper to the United States Treasury since 1879. Banknotes printed on pure silk "paper" include "emergency money" Notgeld issues from a number of German towns in 1923 during a period of fiscal crisis and hyperinflation. Most notoriously, Bielefeld produced a

neg: Currencies of Puerto Rico ordered the production of provincial paper money. The decree was officially enacted on August 31, 1812. These banknotes used the "peso" being used as equivalent to Spanish "reales". Produced by hand, these banknotes featured quantities in the thousands, with 1 "peso" being worth 8 "reales". Mechanical printing had arrived to Puerto Rico years earlier, but up until 1813, part of the issued notes were being produced by hand and stamped. Between 1812 and 1813, the tradition of collecting paper money continued, which reduced the amount of surviving banknotes drastically. The other notes printed between 1813 and 1814, featured a combination

neg: Global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries to mint it into coinage. That process was so widespread that local Chinese government officials would demand taxes to be paid in silver to the point that silver eventually backed all of China's economy. The world's first paper money ("flying money") was invented by the Chinese and they needed some commodity to back it. Traditional coins were useful, but the amount of coins needed for large purchases could be bulky and dangerous to transport. That problem was solved when the Chinese created small pieces of paper with pictures of the coin printed on them. By the nature of their geography,

neg: The Revised Standard Reference Guide to Indian Paper Money Goa and Indo-French territories at Pondicherry. The cash coupons of Indian Princely States that were printed on paper were issued to counteract the shortage of metal during World War II. The Prisoner of War coupons used as money by the interned prisoners of the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902, World War II, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 are also illustrated. The book has an entire chapter on Essays, Patterns, Proofs and Trials, which displays many of the best Indian banknotes that were designed but never made it into circulation. The book illustrates the watermarks and explains the minute features of

neg: Photo album cover, whereas a smaller photo book is normally bound in a soft cover. The print quality of photo books varies from photographic paper prints to inkjet prints on normal paper. Digital photo books have digitally printed pages as opposed to albums that consist of traditional photos. Both flush mount albums as well as coffee table books are printed digitally. The photos of flush mount albums are printed on photographic paper, which is comparable to the quality of traditionally developed photos. Coffee table books, on the other hand, are printed with inkjet on ordinary paper and are therefore of a lower

neg: Theory of Colours wave theory to show that colour is the visible manifestation of light's wavelength. Physicists today attribute both a corpuscular and undulatory character to light—comprising the wave–particle duality. The first edition of the "Farbenlehre" was printed at the Cotta’schen Verlagsbuchhandlung on May 16, 1810, with 250 copies on grey paper and 500 copies on white paper. It contained three sections: i) a didactic section in which Goethe presents his own observations, ii) a polemic section in which he makes his case against Newton, and iii) a historical section. From its publication, the book was controversial for its stance against Newton. So

neg: 2011 Botany by-election endorsing Paul Young. It is further alleged the paper ran an ad in the same edition for the New Citizen Party. The editor of the United Chinese Press insists the newspaper in question was printed on the day before, and therefore legal. 2011 Botany by-election A by-election was held in the New Zealand electorate of Botany on 5 March 2011. The seat was vacated by former National Ethnic Affairs Minister Pansy Wong, who announced her resignation from the New Zealand Parliament on 14 December 2010 following allegations her husband Sammy had misused taxpayer money in relation to overseas travel. The

neg: Blacklight paint chemical reaction when exposed to high intensity light sources (HILS) and the visual result is a fading in the colors of the inks. With paper, significant visible change in the color saturation can typically be observed within 45 minutes to one hour of exposure to the HILS. To date, there is no absolute method to prevent this phenomenon, although certain laminations, lacquer coatings and glass or plastic protective sheets can effectively slow the fading characteristics of the dyes. Other common usage of the black light pigments is in security features of money notes, various certificates printed on paper, meal coupons,

neg: Negotiable instrument that document upon arrival in the Holy Land to retrieve their funds in an amount of treasure of equal value. In the mid-13th century, the Ilkhanid rulers of Persia printed the "cha" or "chap" which was used as paper money for limited usage for transactions between the court and the merchants for about three years before it collapsed. The collapse was caused by the court accepting the "cha" only at progressive discount. Later, such documents were used for money transfer by Middle Eastern merchants, who had used the prototypes of bills of exchange ("suftadja" or "softa") from the 8th century

neg: Currency Act the debt from King William’s War. Other colonies quickly followed suit, and by 1715 ten of the thirteen had resorted to the issuance of paper currency. Economist Stanley Finkelstein highlights the advantage of paper currency, “that unless it is backed by specie it is cost free currency.” The paper currency depreciated quickly because the colonies printed more than what was taxed out of circulation. By 1740, Rhode Island bills of exchange were only four percent of face value and those of Massachusetts were eleven percent. The money supply was growing at a much faster rate than that of the overall

neg: James Drake (physician) Drake's "Orationes Tres" on medical subjects were printed in 1742, with a preface by Edward Milward. He contributed a paper concerning the influence of respiration on the action of the heart to the "Philosophical Transactions". Drake also wrote "The Sham Lawyer, or the Lucky Extravagant" (adapted from John Fletcher's "Spanish Curate" and "Wit without Money"), acted in 1697 and printed, according to the title-page, "as it was damnably acted at Drury Lane". He is also said to have written "The Antient and Modern Stages Reviewed" (1700), one of the replies to Jeremy Collier, and prefixed a life to the works

neg: Monopoly (game) needed "by merely writing on any ordinary paper". However, Hasbro's published Monopoly rules make no mention of this. Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand. One such site has created a $1,000 bill; while a $1,000 bill can be found in "" and "Monopoly: The Card Game", both published by Winning Moves Games, this note is not a standard denomination for "classic" versions of Monopoly. In several countries there is also a version of the game that features electronic banking. Instead of

neg: Paper money of the Hungarian korona of the Vienna headquarters intentionally suspended the delivery of banknotes to Hungary. After the World War, the Hungarian Károlyi government requested the joint bank to deliver printing plates and banknote paper to Hungary, since it would have been too dangerous to deliver printed banknotes due to the political uncertainty. The banknotes (1, 2, 25 and 200 Krone / korona) printed in Budapest under the Károlyi government and then under the Soviet Republic were distinguished with a different serial number (1 K: higher than 7000; 2 K: higher than 7000; 25 K: higher than 3000; 200 K: higher than 2000). After

neg: Bryan Money Bills” in which the designs were printed on material similar to paper money, and silk fabrics featuring embroidered designs that were used for neckties and other purposes. Coin collectors had little interest in Bryan Money in the late 1800s because it was not a true currency, but rather political commentary. Farran Zerbe raised awareness of the tokens’ collectible nature when he published his definitive catalog, "Bryan Money: Tokens of the Presidential Campaigns of 1896 and 1900 - Comparative and Satirical", in the July 1926 volume of "The Numismatist". Now, due to its political relevance, both numismatists and collectors of political

neg: Hyperinflation hyperinflation generally look for a relationship between seigniorage and the inflation tax. In both Cagan's model and the neo-classical models, a tipping point occurs when the increase in money supply or the drop in the monetary base makes it impossible for a government to improve its financial position. Thus when fiat money is printed, government obligations that are not denominated in money increase in cost by more than the value of the money created. From this, it might be wondered why any rational government would engage in actions that cause or continue hyperinflation. One reason for such actions is that

neg: CSI: Crime City Suspicion is also thrown over Monica's cousin, Olivia, who was apparently passed out in her hotel room for the duration of the day and didn't report Monica's murder/disappearance and who may also have resented all the attention being received by her beautiful cousin. Sean, a dirt bike champion, is found shot in the chest at the tracks. Evidence reveal a sabotaged bike chain, and a paper from Kirkland, who invested money into Sean, got angry for Sean quitting to work with him, which makes him number one suspect. Later on, LVPD talk to Melissa, Sean's ex-girlfriend who got fired by

neg: Paper Jamz Klausner. According to Gibson CEO, Henry Juszkiewicz, WowWee later paid Gibson an undisclosed amount of money to license the likeness of Gibson guitars. Paper Jamz products continued manufacture into 2011 and then, seem to have ceased production. Paper Jamz Paper Jamz was a collection of musical toys, produced by WowWee. Introduced in 2010, Paper Jamz were paper thin musical toys, which included guitars, microphones, keytars, drum kits, and amplifiers. They were also marketed as "Instant Rock Star" instruments. There were no physical buttons, knobs or keys used while playing the instruments. Instead, the battery-operated instruments featured a printed, touch-and-gesture enabled

neg: Lahainaluna High School The first paper currency of Hawaii was printed here in 1843. A student was expelled in 1844 for counterfeiting, which resulted in the government re-issuing all the paper money with secret marks. Many archived publications are on public display at the site, now a museum maintained by the Lahaina Restoration Foundation. Hale Pa'i, also known as Hawaii Site No. 50-03-1596, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Lahainaluna High School is located on the side of an extinct volcano. The multiple classroom buildings are widespread. The grounds are covered with many benches, pathways, grass, plants and

neg: Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty were funded to support the publishing of books. Private printing businesses also flourished under the Yuan. They published a diverse range of works, and printed educational, literary, medical, religious, and historical texts. The volume of printed materials was vast. In 1312, 1,000 copies of a Buddhist text commented by Cosgi Odsir were printed just within Beijing. By 1328, annual sales of printed calendars and almanacs reached over three million in the Yuan dynasty. One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the "chao", the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees.

neg: History of Massachusetts their depreciation allowed the discharge of debts with depreciated paper at a rate less than contracted for, to the great discouragement and prejudice of the trade and commerce of his Majesty's subjects. The ban proved extremely harmful to the economy of the colonies and inhibited trade, both within the colonies and abroad. The colony was always short of gold and silver and printed a great deal of paper money, which caused inflation that favored farmers but angered business interests. By 1750, however, the colony recalled its paper currency and transitioned to a specie currency based on the British reimbursement (in

neg: Lorrin Andrews character would lead to his next career as a judge. He served as a seamen's chaplain at Lahaina, which had become a popular port for the whaling industry. He remained involved with publishing and in 1843 directed the printing some of the first paper currency issued in the Kingdom. Since the nation had no official currency of its own, it was based on the U.S. Dollar and called "hoʻokahi dala". Five smaller paper denominations were also printed. By 1844 a student was expelled for counterfeiting, forcing all the paper money to be re-issued with secret marks. There were very few

neg: Hell money Hell money Hell money is a form of joss paper printed to resemble legal tender bank notes.The notes are not an official form of recognized currency or legal tender since their sole intended purpose is to be offered as burnt offerings to the deceased as a superstitious solution to resolve their ancestors’ financial problems. This custom has been practiced by the modern Chinese and across East Asia since the late 19th century. Early 20th century examples bore resemblance to minor commercial currency of the type issued by businesses across China until the mid-1940s. The identification of this type of joss

neg: Telex that the message would be prepared off-line, using paper tape. All common telex machines incorporated a 5-hole paper-tape punch and reader. Once the paper tape had been prepared, the message could be transmitted in minimum time. Telex billing was always by connected duration, so minimizing the connected time saved money. However, it was also possible to connect in "real time", where the sender and the recipient could both type on the keyboard and these characters would be immediately printed on the distant machine. Telex could also be used as a rudimentary but functional carrier of information from one IT system

neg: Carbon paper that facilitates diffusion of reagents across the catalyst layered membrane portion of membrane electrode assembly. The advent of word-processing and the decline of typewriting meant that any number of copies of a document could be printed on demand, and the decline of carbon paper, which had already been partially superseded by photocopying and carbonless copy paper, became irrevocable. A few specialist or remnant uses remain. Examples of these are receipts at point of sale (though they have mostly been relegated to being backups for when electronic POS devices fail) or for on-the-spot fine notices, duplicate checks, and some money orders