query: what is the tallest volcano in hawaiian islands

pos: Mauna Kea Mauna Kea Mauna Kea ( or , ) is a dormant volcano on the island of Hawaii. Its peak is above sea level, making it the highest point in the state of Hawaii. Most of the mountain is under water, and when measured from its oceanic base, Mauna Kea becomes the tallest mountain in the world measuring over . Mauna Kea is about a million years old, and has thus passed the most active shield stage of life hundreds of thousands of years ago. In its current post-shield state, its lava is more viscous, resulting in a steeper profile. Late

pos: Mountain possible candidates for the tallest mountain on land by this measure. The bases of mountain islands are below sea level, and given this consideration Mauna Kea ( above sea level) is the world's tallest mountain and volcano, rising about from the Pacific Ocean floor. The highest mountains are not generally the most voluminous. Mauna Loa () is the largest mountain on Earth in terms of base area (about ) and volume (about ). Mount Kilimanjaro is the largest non-shield volcano in terms of both base area () and volume (). Mount Logan is the largest non-volcanic mountain in base area

pos: Oceania Zealandia then locked together with Australia to form the Australian Plate (40 Ma), and a new plate boundary was created between the Australian Plate and Pacific Plate. Most islands in the Pacific are high islands (volcanic islands), such as, Easter Island, American Samoa and Fiji, among others, having peaks up to 1300 m rising abruptly from the shore. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands were formed approximately 7 to 30 million years ago, as shield volcanoes over the same volcanic hotspot that formed the Emperor Seamounts to the north and the Main Hawaiian Islands to the south. Hawaii's tallest mountain Mauna Kea

pos: Hawaii tallest mountain Mauna Kea is above mean sea level; it is taller than Mount Everest if measured from the base of the mountain, which lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and rises about . The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea magma source called the Hawaii hotspot. The process is continuing to build islands; the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. Because of the hotspot's location, all currently active land volcanoes are located on the southern half of

pos: Waiakea Mission Station-Hilo Station Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions with Joseph Goodrich as preacher and Samuel Ruggles as teacher. The Hawaiian village at the time was called Waiākea, in the district called Hilo. The name of the village came from "wai ākea" in the Hawaiian language meaning "broad waters", and was located in what is now the southeast part of the city of Hilo. In December 1824, Goodrich met Chiefess Kapiolani at the Kīlauea volcano, for a dramatic demonstration that the new faith was acceptable. In June 1825 arrived, and Goodrich guided a party to the summit of Mauna Kea. In 1825 a

neg: Teide Teide Mount Teide (, , "Teide Peak") is a volcano on Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Spain. Its 3,718-metre (12,198 ft) summit is the highest point in Spain and the highest point above sea level in the islands of the Atlantic. If measured from the ocean floor, it is at 7,500 m (24,600 ft) the highest volcano in the world base-to-peak outside of the Hawaiian Islands, and is described by UNESCO and NASA as Earth's third-tallest volcanic structure. Teide's elevation makes Tenerife the tenth highest island in the world. Teide is an active volcano: its most recent eruption occurred in

neg: Hawaiian Islands fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions, such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin. Hawaii island (the Big Island) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, built from five volcanoes. Mauna Loa, taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest shield volcano on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than , from sea level to sea floor about .. If Continental masses are ignored, this also makes it the tallest free standing volcano

neg: Haleakalā Haleakalā Ranger station, at a lower elevation, lies in the subtropical highland climate zone. Haleakalā Haleakalā (; Hawaiian: ), or the East Maui Volcano, is a massive shield volcano that forms more than 75% of the Hawaiian Island of Maui. The western 25% of the island is formed by another volcano, Mauna Kahalawai, also referred to as the West Maui Mountains. The tallest peak of Haleakalā ("house of the sun"), at , is Puu Ulaula (Red Hill). From the summit one looks down into a massive depression some 11.25 km (7 mi) across, 3.2 km (2 mi) wide, and nearly

neg: Haleakalā Haleakalā Haleakalā (; Hawaiian: ), or the East Maui Volcano, is a massive shield volcano that forms more than 75% of the Hawaiian Island of Maui. The western 25% of the island is formed by another volcano, Mauna Kahalawai, also referred to as the West Maui Mountains. The tallest peak of Haleakalā ("house of the sun"), at , is Puu Ulaula (Red Hill). From the summit one looks down into a massive depression some 11.25 km (7 mi) across, 3.2 km (2 mi) wide, and nearly 800 m (2,600 ft) deep. The surrounding walls are steep and the interior mostly

neg: Hawaiian Islands southeastern island, Hawaii, and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast, Loihi. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the USGS documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism. Kīlauea has been erupting nearly continuously since 1983. Almost all of the magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained gabbro and diabase. Nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. The majority of eruptions in Hawaii are Hawaiian-type eruptions because basaltic magma is relatively

neg: Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes went through the rejuvenated stage, while its younger neighbors, East Molokai and West Maui, have evidently done so. It is currently unknown what stage of development the submerged volcano of Penguin Bank is in. In recent years research at other seamounts, for instance Jasper Seamount, has confirmed that the Hawaiian model applies to other seamounts as well. Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes The fifteen volcanoes that make up the eight principal islands of Hawaii are the youngest in a chain of more than 129 volcanoes that stretch across the North Pacific Ocean, called the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain. Hawaii's volcanoes rise an

neg: Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Waialeale, and Niihau volcanoes are in this stage of development. Eventually, erosion and subsidence break the volcano down to sea level. At this point, the volcano becomes an atoll, with a ring of coral and sand islands surrounding a lagoon. All the Hawaiian islands west of the Gardner Pinnacles in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are in this stage. Atolls are the product of the growth of tropical marine organisms, so these islands are only found in warm tropical waters. Eventually, the Pacific Plate carries the volcanic atoll into waters too cold for these marine organisms to maintain a reef by

neg: Pele (deity) shares features similar to other malignant deities inhabiting volcanoes, as in the case of the devil Guayota of Guanche Mythology in Canary Islands (Spain), living on the volcano Teide and was considered by the aboriginal Guanches as responsible for the eruptions of the volcano. Several phenomena connected to volcanism have been named after her, including Pele's hair, Pele's tears, and Limu o Pele (Pele's seaweed). A volcano on the Jovian moon Io is also named Pele. Pele (deity) In the Hawaiian religion, Pele (pronounced ), is the goddess of fire, and volcanoes and the creator of the Hawaiian Islands. Often

neg: Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes a seven-volcano island, which was transformed into five islands as a result of subsidence. High rainfall due to the trade wind effect impacts on the severity of erosion on many of the major volcanoes. Coastline collapses, a notable part of the history of many of the Hawaiian volcanoes, are often devastating and destroy large parts of the volcanoes. When a volcano is created near the Hawaiian hotspot, it begins its growth in the submarine preshield stage, characterized by infrequent, typically low volume eruptions. The volcano is steep-sided, and it usually has a defined caldera and has two or more rift

neg: Volcano School School paintings is usually on display at the Honolulu Museum of Art. Although the American landscape painter Frederic Edwin Church produced similar paintings of Ecuador’s Cotopaxi Volcano during and after visits in 1853 and 1857, he is not considered a member of this group and he never visited the Hawaiian Islands. Volcano School The Volcano School refers to a group of non-native Hawaiian artists who painted dramatic nocturnal scenes of Hawaii's erupting volcanoes. Some of the artists also produced watercolors, which, by the nature of the medium, tended to be diurnal. At their best, these paintings exemplify a fusion of

neg: Kīlauea Iki Kīlauea Iki Kīlauea Iki is a pit crater that is next to the main summit caldera of Kīlauea on the island of Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Islands. Lava tubes associated with Kīlauea Iki are responsible for the vast ʻAilāʻau eruption, carbon 14 dated from circa 1445 and erupting continuously for approximately 50 years, which blanketed much of what is now Puna District with 5.2 ± 0.8 km of basalt lava. In August 1959, a swarm of deep earthquakes was detected by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. In October it was indicated by seismographs that Kilauea summit was filling with magma. This

neg: Waimea Canyon State Park but also by a catastrophic collapse of the volcano that created Kauai. Like the other Hawaiian islands, Kauai is the top of an enormous volcano rising from the ocean floor. With lava flows dated to about 5 million years ago, Kauai is the oldest of the large Hawaiian islands. Roughly 4 million years ago, while Kauai was still erupting almost continuously, a portion of the island collapsed. This collapse formed a depression which then filled with lava flows. In the time since, rainwater from the slopes of Mount Waialeale have eroded Waimea Canyon along one edge of the collapse. On

neg: Nihoa Nihoa Nihoa (; Hawaiian: ), also known as Bird Island or Moku Manu, is the tallest of ten islands and atolls in the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). The island is located at the southern end of the NWHI chain, southeast of Necker Island. Nihoa is the closest NWHI in proximity to the eight main windward Hawaiian Islands at approximately northwest of the island of Kauai. The island has two peaks, Miller's Peak in the west, and Tanager Peak in the east. Nihoa's area is about and is surrounded by a coral reef. Its jagged outline gives the island its

neg: Kīlauea Route 130. Kīlauea Kīlauea (, ; ) is a currently active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, and the most active of the five volcanoes that together form the island of Hawaii. Located along the southern shore of the island, the volcano is between 300,000 and 600,000 years old and emerged above sea level about 100,000 years ago. It is the second youngest product of the Hawaiian hotspot and the current eruptive center of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Because it lacks topographic prominence and its activities historically coincided with those of Mauna Loa, Kīlauea was once thought to be a

neg: Kīlauea Kīlauea Kīlauea (, ; ) is a currently active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, and the most active of the five volcanoes that together form the island of Hawaii. Located along the southern shore of the island, the volcano is between 300,000 and 600,000 years old and emerged above sea level about 100,000 years ago. It is the second youngest product of the Hawaiian hotspot and the current eruptive center of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Because it lacks topographic prominence and its activities historically coincided with those of Mauna Loa, Kīlauea was once thought to be a satellite of

neg: Nihoa their luncheon was cut short when one of the party ignited a wildfire by accident. The group tried to flee the island, but the rising tides made it difficult and several boats were flooded, destroying some of the photographs taken. Nihoa Nihoa (; Hawaiian: ), also known as Bird Island or Moku Manu, is the tallest of ten islands and atolls in the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). The island is located at the southern end of the NWHI chain, southeast of Necker Island. Nihoa is the closest NWHI in proximity to the eight main windward Hawaiian Islands at approximately

neg: Yuryaku Seamount Yuryaku Seamount Yuryaku Seamount (also called "Yuryaku Guyot") is a seamount (underwater volcano) and guyot (flat-topped) located northwest of Hawaii. It is located a little southwest of the V-shaped bend separating the Emperor Seamounts from the older Hawaiian islands, all of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain in the North Pacific Ocean. Alkalic basalt dredged from Yuryaku Seamount is similar to the alkalic basalt that caps the volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands. Analyses gave a mean age of 42.3 ± 1.6 m.y. for Yuryaku Seamount. The data collected helped show that the age of the Hawaiian-Emperor bend is about 41 to 43

neg: Lōʻihi Seamount Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain are hotspot volcanoes and formed well away from the nearest plate boundary. Volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands arise from the Hawaii hotspot, and as the youngest volcano in the chain, Lōihi is the only Hawaiian volcano in the deep submarine preshield stage of development. Lōihi began forming around 400,000 years ago and is expected to begin emerging above sea level about 10,000–100,000 years from now. At its summit, Lōʻihi Seamount stands more than above the seafloor, making it taller than Mount St. Helens was before its catastrophic 1980 eruption. A diverse microbial community resides around Lōihi's many

neg: Hawaiian Islands there was a 6.9 earthquake in the zone of volcanic activity from Kīlauea. Earthquakes are monitored by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory run by the USGS. The Hawaiian Islands are subject to tsunamis, great waves that strike the shore. Tsunamis are most often caused by earthquakes somewhere in the Pacific. The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles (kilometers) away. Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of Molokai had a catastrophic collapse or debris avalanche over a million years ago; this

neg: Hanauma Bay period of time. Volcanic chains such as the Hawaiian Islands form as a result of the movement of a tectonic plate across fixed hot spot beneath the surface. In the case of the Hawaiian Islands, the Pacific plate has moved slowly northwestward over such a hotspot. Approximately 3.9 million years ago, the Waianae volcano created the island of Oahu. About 2.5 million years ago, the Koolau volcano breached the ocean's surface and continued to grow in elevation until about 1.7 million years ago, when it went dormant. Most of the eastern or windward portion of Oahu are remnants of this

neg: Bonin petrel create stomach oil, an energy rich oil which is lighter to carry than prey. The Bonin petrel breeds in dense colonies, on islands in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; French Frigate Shoals, Laysan, Lisianski Island, Pearl and Hermes Reef, Midway Atoll and Kure Atoll; and on the Volcano Islands and Bonin Islands south of Japan. Colinies are only visited by birds at night, with birds usually arriving soon after sunset. Nesting occurs in the winter in order to avoid competition for burrows with other nesting procellariids. In the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands the nesting season sometimes overlaps with the larger wedge-tailed shearwater,

neg: Gardner Pinnacles day the tip has not been replaced, and debris from the blast can be found scattered throughout the island. In the Hawaiian Archipelago, adjacent islands/reefs are French Frigate Shoals to the southeast, and Maro Reef to the northwest. Gardner Pinnacles The Gardner Pinnacles (Hawaiian: Pūhāhonu) are two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef and located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at . It is northwest of Honolulu and from French Frigate Shoals. The total area of the two small islets—remnants of an ancient volcano—is . The highest peak is . The surrounding reef has an area in excess of

neg: Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain is dormant. Lōihi Seamount continues to grow offshore of Hawaii island, and is the only known volcano in the chain in the submarine pre-shield stage. The second part of the chain is composed of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, collectively referred to as the "Leeward isles", the constituents of which are between 7.2 and 27.7 million years in age. Erosion has long since overtaken volcanic activity at these islands, and most of them are atolls, atoll islands, and extinct islands. They contain many of the most northerly atolls in the world; Kure Atoll, in this group, is the northernmost atoll on

neg: Yuryaku Seamount m.y. Alkalic basalt have been sampled at Yuryaku Seamount. The last eruptions of Yuryaku Seamount was 43 million years ago, during the Eocene epoch of the Paleogene Period. Yuryaku Seamount Yuryaku Seamount (also called "Yuryaku Guyot") is a seamount (underwater volcano) and guyot (flat-topped) located northwest of Hawaii. It is located a little southwest of the V-shaped bend separating the Emperor Seamounts from the older Hawaiian islands, all of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain in the North Pacific Ocean. Alkalic basalt dredged from Yuryaku Seamount is similar to the alkalic basalt that caps the volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands. Analyses gave

neg: Penguin Bank The site coordinates are: NW (); NE (); SW (); and SE (). Plans to build wind turbines on Penguin Bank were called off in April 2009. Penguin Bank Penguin Bank is the name given to a now-submerged shield volcano of the Hawaiian Islands. Its coral-capped remains lie immediately west of the island of Molokai, under relatively shallow water (see bathymetric map at the right). The Penguin Bank volcano is part of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain. It was one of the seven principal Cenozoic Era volcanoes that formerly constituted the prehistoric island of Maui Nui, along with West Molokai, East

neg: King's Hawaiian representing the beauty of the Hawaiian Islands in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. The float included a volcano that erupted confetti and a stage for musical performers. King's Hawaiian King's Hawaiian is a Torrance, California-based family-owned and operated bakery, known chiefly for its Hawaiian bread. It was founded by Robert Taira, in Hilo, Hawaii, in the late 1950s. Robert Taira founded the company, then called Robert's Bakery, in Hilo, Hawaii, in the late 1950s. In the early 1960s, the company moved to Honolulu and changed its name to King's Hawaiian. By the 1980s, Taira's company, King's Hawaiian Bakery, was grossing

neg: Hawaiian petrel preserve the nesting season of the uau. Biologists didn't have an accurate count of how many of the species remained, but estimated fewer than 1,000 nested on Haleakalā volcano, their primary nesting area. The earlier digital conversion allowed nearby analog transmission towers to be destroyed without disrupting the nesting season, which begins in February. Hawaiian petrel The Hawaiian petrel or uau ("Pterodroma sandwichensis") is a large, dark grey-brown and white petrel that is endemic to Hawaii. The Hawaiian petrel was formerly found on all the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau, but today it is mostly restricted to Haleakalā crater on

neg: Penguin Bank Penguin Bank Penguin Bank is the name given to a now-submerged shield volcano of the Hawaiian Islands. Its coral-capped remains lie immediately west of the island of Molokai, under relatively shallow water (see bathymetric map at the right). The Penguin Bank volcano is part of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain. It was one of the seven principal Cenozoic Era volcanoes that formerly constituted the prehistoric island of Maui Nui, along with West Molokai, East Molokai, Lānai, West Maui, East Maui, and Kahoolawe. The date of the last eruption is unknown. Penguin Bank is about long and wide and less than deep.

neg: Shield volcano example of this. The largest and most prominent shield volcano chain in the world is the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of hotspot volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean. The Hawaiian volcanoes are characterized by frequent rift eruptions, their large size (thousands of km in volume), and their rough, decentralized shape. Rift zones are a prominent feature on these volcanoes, and account for their seemingly random volcanic structure. They are fueled by the movement of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaii hotspot, and form a long chain of volcanoes, atolls, and seamounts long with a total volume of over . The chain

neg: Mana lost by actions, and Hawaiians and Tahitians believe that mana is both external and internal. Sites on the Hawaiian Islands and in French Polynesia are believed to possess mana—for example, the top rim of the Haleakalā volcano on the island of Maui and the Taputapuatea marae on the island of Raiatea in the Society Islands. Ancient Hawaiian believed that the island of Molokaʻi possesses mana, compared with its neighboring islands. Before the unification of Hawaii by King Kamehameha I, battles were fought for possession of the island and its south-shore fish ponds which existed until the late 19th century. A

neg: Koʻolau Range Koʻolau Range Koolau Range is a name given to the dormant fragmented remnant of the eastern or windward shield volcano of the Hawaiian island of Oahu. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1972. It is not a mountain range in the normal sense, because it was formed as a single mountain called Koolau Volcano ("koolau" means "windward" in Hawaiian, cognate of the toponym "Tokelau"). What remains of Koolau is the western half of the original volcano that was destroyed in prehistoric times when the entire eastern half—including much of the summit caldera—slid cataclysmically into the Pacific Ocean. Remains

neg: Volcano Block Building Volcano Block Building The Volcano Block Building is a historic structure in Hilo, Hawaii built in 1914. Completed in 1914, this two story commercial building of reinforced concrete in the Italian Renaissance style is representative of the major structures built in Hilo between 1910 and 1915 as the city grew to be the second largest commercial center in the Hawaiian Islands. Measuring approximately 60 feet by 90 feet and fronting on Waianuenue Avenue, the structure occupies the site of the former Volcano Stables. Three retail spaces on the ground floor each have separate store fronts. The entry stair to the

neg: Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes unstable and as a result, large landslides may occur. At least 17 major landslides have occurred around the major Hawaiian islands. This stage is arguably the most well-studied, as all eruptions that occurred in the 20th century on the island of Hawaii were produced by volcanoes in this phase. Mauna Loa and Kīlauea volcanoes are in this phase of activity. As the volcano reaches the end of the shield stage, the volcano goes through another series of changes as it enters the postshield stage. The type of lava erupted changes from tholeiitic basalt back to alkalic basalt and eruptions become

neg: Hawaiian eruption key factors in generating a Hawaiian eruption are basaltic magma and a low percentage of dissolved water (less than one percent). The lower the water content, the more peaceful is the resulting flow. Almost all lava that comes from Hawaiian volcanoes is basalt in composition. Hawaiian basalts that make up almost all of the islands are tholeiite. These rocks are similar but not identical to those that are produced at ocean ridges. Basalt relatively richer in sodium and potassium (more alkaline) has erupted at the undersea volcano of Lōihi at the extreme southeastern end of the volcanic chain, and these

neg: ʻAilāʻau eruption ʻAilāʻau eruption The ʻAilāʻau eruption is a prehistoric eruption of Kīlauea volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Islands. Carbon 14 dated from approximately 1445 over the next 50 years with an eruptive volume of 5.2 ± 0.8 km and fed by lava tubes near Kīlauea Iki crater, it was among the last of a series of highly voluminous lava flows since about 1290 that blanketed vast swaths of what is now Hawaii County's Puna District. The Kazumura Cave lava tubes were also created by this eruption. The ʻAilāʻau eruption occurred before written records, but was witnessed by

neg: Shield volcano the Galapagos Islands. La Cumbre is an active shield volcano on Fernandina Island in the Galapagos that has been erupting since April 11, 2009. The Galápagos islands are geologically young for such a big chain, and the pattern of their rift zones follows one of two trends, one north-northwest, and one east–west. The composition of the lavas of the Galápagos shields are strikingly similar to those of the Hawaiian volcanoes. Curiously, they do not form the same volcanic "line" associated with most hotspots. They are not alone in this regard; the Cobb–Eickelberg Seamount chain in the North Pacific is another

neg: East Molokai Volcano collapsed and slid off into the sea, about 1.4 million years ago. The landslide was so fast and powerful that it extended into the sea, and generated a high megatsunami that inundated the rest of Molokai and severely damaged the surrounding Hawaiian Islands before eventually reaching the coastlines of California and Mexico. East Molokai Volcano The East Molokai Volcano, sometimes also known as Wailau for the Wailau valley on its north side, is an extinct shield volcano comprising the eastern two-thirds of the island of Molokai in the U.S. state of Hawaii. The East Molokai has a width of and

neg: Halocaridina rubra swimming slow laps. The shrimp is the animal element of the Ecosphere closed-system aquarium. Halocaridina rubra Halocaridina rubra, the Hawaiian red shrimp or volcano shrimp is a small red shrimp of the family Atyidae, with the common Hawaiian name (meaning "red shrimp"). It is a small red shrimp, rarely longer than in length, typically found in brackish water pools near the sea shore, sometimes in large numbers. Such pools are referred to as anchialine pools (from the Greek "" = near the sea). "Halocaridina rubra" is endemic to the Hawaiian islands, and most commonly found in anchialine pools in fresh

neg: Hawaii hotspot it is most likely to run, and maintains a tourist site for viewing the lava. After the subaerial phase the volcano enters a series of postshield stages involving subsidence and erosion, becoming an atoll and eventually a seamount. Once the Pacific Plate moves it out of the tropics, the reef mostly dies away, and the extinct volcano becomes one of an estimated 10,000 barren seamounts worldwide. Every Emperor seamount is a dead volcano. Hawaii hotspot The Hawaii hotspot is a volcanic hotspot located near the namesake Hawaiian Islands, in the northern Pacific Ocean. One of the most well-known and heavily

neg: Halocaridina rubra Halocaridina rubra Halocaridina rubra, the Hawaiian red shrimp or volcano shrimp is a small red shrimp of the family Atyidae, with the common Hawaiian name (meaning "red shrimp"). It is a small red shrimp, rarely longer than in length, typically found in brackish water pools near the sea shore, sometimes in large numbers. Such pools are referred to as anchialine pools (from the Greek "" = near the sea). "Halocaridina rubra" is endemic to the Hawaiian islands, and most commonly found in anchialine pools in fresh lava substrates on Hawaii and Maui Island; it has also been found in limestone

neg: Gardner Pinnacles Gardner Pinnacles The Gardner Pinnacles (Hawaiian: Pūhāhonu) are two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef and located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at . It is northwest of Honolulu and from French Frigate Shoals. The total area of the two small islets—remnants of an ancient volcano—is . The highest peak is . The surrounding reef has an area in excess of . Gardner Pinnacles was first discovered on June 2, 1820, by the American whaler "Maro" commanded by Captain Joseph Allen. The Gardner Pinnacles are home to some species of fish not found anywhere else in the Northwestern Hawaiian

neg: ʻAilāʻau eruption Ancient Hawaiians, and through their oral traditions it is thought to have inspired the Hawaiian myth of ʻAilāʻau, whose name in the Hawaiian language means "forest-eater" in reference to the many forest lands consumed by lava. ʻAilāʻau eruption The ʻAilāʻau eruption is a prehistoric eruption of Kīlauea volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Islands. Carbon 14 dated from approximately 1445 over the next 50 years with an eruptive volume of 5.2 ± 0.8 km and fed by lava tubes near Kīlauea Iki crater, it was among the last of a series of highly voluminous lava flows since

neg: Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes island's stage of development reflects its distance from the Hawaii hotspot. The Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain is remarkable for its length and its number of volcanoes. The chain is split into two subsections across a break, separating the older Emperor Seamount Chain from the younger Hawaiian Ridge; the "V" shape bend of the chain is easily noticeable on maps. The volcanoes are progressively younger to the southeast; the oldest dated volcano, located at the northern end, is 81 million years old. The break between the two sub-chains is 43 million years; in comparison, the oldest of the principal islands, Kauai, is

neg: Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Hawaiian Volcano Observatory The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is a volcano observatory located at Uwekahuna Bluff on the rim of Kīlauea Caldera on the Island of Hawaii. The observatory monitored four active Hawaiian volcanoes: Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, Hualālai, and Haleakalā. Because Kīlauea and Mauna Loa are significantly more active than Hualālai and Haleakalā, much of the observatory's research is concentrated on the former two mountains. The observatory has a worldwide reputation as a leader in the study of active volcanism. Due to the relatively non-explosive nature of Hawaiian volcanic eruptions for many years, scientists could study ongoing eruptions in proximity

neg: Tamu Massif suggestion that it could be a single volcano would make the Tamu Massif the largest known volcano on Earth, dwarfing the current record-holder, Mauna Loa on the Hawaiian Islands. Tamu's rounded dome extends over an area of , totaling more than , many times larger than Mauna Loa, which has an area of , and about half the area of the Martian volcano Olympus Mons. The entire mass of Tamu consists of basalt. Its slopes are very gradual, ranging from less than half a degree to one degree near its summit. While the Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau is comparable in

neg: Volcano plumes, which are hypothesized to be columns of hot material rising from the core-mantle boundary in a fixed space that causes large-volume melting. Because tectonic plates move across them, each volcano becomes dormant and is eventually re-formed as the plate advances over the postulated plume. The Hawaiian Islands are said to have been formed in such a manner; so has the Snake River Plain, with the Yellowstone Caldera being the part of the North American plate above the hot spot. This theory, however, has been doubted. The most common perception of a volcano is of a conical mountain, spewing lava

neg: Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Crater Rim Drive west from the Visitor Center. On May 10, 2018, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was closed to the public in the Kīlauea volcano summit area, including the visitor center and park headquarters, due to explosions, earthquakes and toxic ash clouds from Halemaʻumaʻu Crater. While much of the park was reopened on September 22, the Observatory and Jaggar Museum remain closed. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is a volcano observatory located at Uwekahuna Bluff on the rim of Kīlauea Caldera on the Island of Hawaii. The observatory monitored four active Hawaiian volcanoes: Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, Hualālai,

neg: Frederick S. Lyman the witnesses who were living at lower elevations. It was the largest earthquake in modern recorded history of the Hawaiian Islands. This convinced the family to return to town, where he looked for whatever employment he could. After moving back to Hilo, he started a tanning and saddle business, with William Alfred Todd as partner. Lyman became a Circuit judge from 1869 through 1893. He was fluent in the Hawaiian language, and had the Hawaiian nickname "Pele", a pun based on the volcano goddess Pele and the Hawaiian version of "Freddie". From 1879 through 1888 he acted as secretary for

neg: Island Plate movement across a hot-spot produces a line of islands oriented in the direction of the plate movement. An example is the Hawaiian Islands, from Hawaii to Kure, which continue beneath the sea surface in a more northerly direction as the Emperor Seamounts. Another chain with similar orientation is the Tuamotu Archipelago; its older, northerly trend is the Line Islands. The southernmost chain is the Austral Islands, with its northerly trending part the atolls in the nation of Tuvalu. Tristan da Cunha is an example of a hotspot volcano in the Atlantic Ocean. Another hotspot in the Atlantic is the

neg: Hawaiian duck like a mallard, but its call is softer and it quacks less frequently. The Hawaiian duck is a very wary bird, often found in pairs instead of large groups. The koloa is most prominently found residing in the tall, wetland grasses and streams near the Kohala volcano on the main island of Hawai’i (Reed et al. 2012). They are very secretive birds and do not associate with other animals much. The Hawaiian duck can only get wet when the gods say it can is what the Hawaiian natives say. This means that the duck can only get wet when the

neg: Canary Islands third tallest volcano on Earth on a volcanic ocean island. All the islands except La Gomera have been active in the last million years; four of them (Lanzarote, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro) have historical records of eruptions since European discovery. The islands rise from Jurassic oceanic crust associated with the opening of the Atlantic. Underwater magmatism commenced during the Cretaceous, and reached the ocean's surface during the Miocene. The islands are considered as a distinct physiographic section of the Atlas Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger African Alpine System division. In the summer of

neg: Melicope balloui the male flower has never been seen. The fruit is a capsule about 2.5 centimeters wide. This plant is only known from the slopes of the volcano Haleakalā on Maui. There is a single occurrence containing an unknown number of plants. Melicope balloui Melicope balloui (also called Ballou's melicope or rock pelea) is a species of plant in the Rutaceae family. It is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is threatened by habitat loss. Like other Hawaiian "Melicope", this species is known as alani. This plant was described in 1913 by Joseph Rock, who named it after Howard M. Ballou,

neg: Vog Vog Vog is a form of air pollution that results when sulfur dioxide and other gases and particles emitted by an erupting volcano react with oxygen and moisture in the presence of sunlight. The word is a portmanteau of the words "volcanic" and "smog". The term is in common use in the Hawaiian islands, where the Kīlauea volcano, on the Island of Hawaii (the "Big Island"), has been erupting continuously since January 3, 1983. Based on June 2008 measurements, Kīlauea emits 2,000—4,000 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO) every day. Vog is created when volcanic gases (primarily oxides of sulfur) react

neg: Hualālai Hualālai Hualālai (pronounced in Hawaiian) is an active volcano on the island of Hawaii in the Hawaiian Islands. It is the westernmost, third-youngest and the third-most active of the five volcanoes that form the island of Hawaii, following Kīlauea and the much larger Mauna Loa. Its peak stands above sea level. Hualālai is estimated to have risen above sea level about 300,000 years ago. Despite maintaining a very low level of activity since its last eruption in 1801, and being unusually inactive for the last 2,000 years, Hualālai is still considered active, and is expected to erupt again some time

neg: Shield volcano Mars are very similar to the shield volcanoes on Earth. Both have gently sloping flanks, collapse craters along their central structure, and are built of highly fluid lavas. Volcanic features on Mars were observed long before they were first studied in detail during the 1976–1979 Viking mission. The principal difference between the volcanoes of Mars and those on Earth is in terms of size; Martian volcanoes range in size up to high and in diameter, far larger than the high, wide Hawaiian shields. The highest of these, Olympus Mons, is the tallest known mountain on any planet in the solar

neg: Kaupulehu, Hawaii controlled in the area. Kaupulehu, Hawaii Kaūpūlehu is the site of a historic settlement on the west coast of Hawaii island, the largest of the Hawaiian Islands. Devastated by a lava flow, the area is now the home of luxury hotels such as the Four Seasons Resort Hualalai. Kaūpūlehu is located at in the northern part of the Kona district. The name comes from "Ka ulu pūlehu" which means "the roasted breadfruit" in the Hawaiian language. Access is from the lower Hawaii Belt Road, known as Route 19 or Queen Kaahumanu Highway. In 1800, the volcano Hualālai erupted and the

neg: Kaupulehu, Hawaii Kaupulehu, Hawaii Kaūpūlehu is the site of a historic settlement on the west coast of Hawaii island, the largest of the Hawaiian Islands. Devastated by a lava flow, the area is now the home of luxury hotels such as the Four Seasons Resort Hualalai. Kaūpūlehu is located at in the northern part of the Kona district. The name comes from "Ka ulu pūlehu" which means "the roasted breadfruit" in the Hawaiian language. Access is from the lower Hawaii Belt Road, known as Route 19 or Queen Kaahumanu Highway. In 1800, the volcano Hualālai erupted and the resulting lava flow reached

neg: Vog disaster designation due to the agricultural damage. A recent multi-year computer-modeling feasibility study, known as VMAP, designed to predict the location and concentrations of vog from Kīlauea was conducted by the University of Hawaii. Vog Vog is a form of air pollution that results when sulfur dioxide and other gases and particles emitted by an erupting volcano react with oxygen and moisture in the presence of sunlight. The word is a portmanteau of the words "volcanic" and "smog". The term is in common use in the Hawaiian islands, where the Kīlauea volcano, on the Island of Hawaii (the "Big Island"),

neg: Lava bench Lava bench A lava bench is a volcanic landform with a horizontal surface raised above the level of the surrounding area. They are created when molten lava travels away from a volcanic vent and expands an old shoreline. This is the process that creates new land in the ocean that life can eventually grow on. The Hawaiian islands are an example of land that was formed this way, and the Big Island is currently still expanding due to lava benches. The Kilauea Volcano releases lava that flows down the slope of the volcano and eventually encounters the ocean; this lava

neg: Hualālai polymorpha"), the woody climber Ieie ("Freycinetia arborea"), and a dense undergrowth of Amau ("Sadleria cyatheoides"). Hualālai Hualālai (pronounced in Hawaiian) is an active volcano on the island of Hawaii in the Hawaiian Islands. It is the westernmost, third-youngest and the third-most active of the five volcanoes that form the island of Hawaii, following Kīlauea and the much larger Mauna Loa. Its peak stands above sea level. Hualālai is estimated to have risen above sea level about 300,000 years ago. Despite maintaining a very low level of activity since its last eruption in 1801, and being unusually inactive for the last

neg: Armine von Tempski Armine von Tempski Armine von Tempski (or Tempsky) (1892, Maui, Hawaiian Islands – December 2, 1943, Fresno, California) was an American writer and one of Hawaii's best known authors. She was a granddaughter of Gustavus von Tempsky. Armine Von Tempski's autobiographies and novels were based on her early life among the Hawaiian cowboys (paniolos) on the Haleakala cattle ranch atop the Haleakalā shield volcano. The Haleakala Ranch, which Jack London first visited in 1907, was his favourite of the Hawaiian ranches he enjoyed on several extended visits with his wife Charmian. The young Armine, then sixteen years old, asked London

neg: Lisianski Island Lisianski Island Lisianski Island (Hawaiian: "Papa‘āpoho") is one of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with a land area of and a maximum elevation of above sea level. It is a low, flat sand and coral island about 905 nautical miles (1,676 km) northwest of Honolulu. The island is surrounded by reefs and shoals, including the extensive Neva Shoals. Access to the island is limited by helicopter or by boat to a narrow sandy inlet on the southeastern side of the island. The island is made of limestone that caps the submerged summit of an extinct shield volcano that was active about

neg: Metrosideros polymorpha for the "mountain apple", or "Malay apple" tree, "Syzygium malaccense." In the Hawaiian Islands, however, the word "ōhia" is not only used to refer to "Syzygium malaccense", but also to other species of "Syzygium" and "Metrosideros" that occur there. The derivation of the word "lehua" is more obscure, and while there are many opinions regarding its origin, there has been to date, no historical linguistic study of the word to provide convincing evidence for any particular etymology. In Hawaiian mythology, Ōhia and Lehua were two young lovers. The volcano goddess Pele fell in love with the handsome Ōhia and approached

neg: Armine von Tempski year of birth is sometimes given or presumed as 1899, it is given as 1892 in most source texts. The Ox Bow Press in Woodbridge, Connecticut publishes reprint editions of von Tempski's books. Armine von Tempski Armine von Tempski (or Tempsky) (1892, Maui, Hawaiian Islands – December 2, 1943, Fresno, California) was an American writer and one of Hawaii's best known authors. She was a granddaughter of Gustavus von Tempsky. Armine Von Tempski's autobiographies and novels were based on her early life among the Hawaiian cowboys (paniolos) on the Haleakala cattle ranch atop the Haleakalā shield volcano. The Haleakala Ranch,

neg: East Australia hotspot East Australia hotspot The East Australia hotspot is a volcanic hotspot that forces magma up at weak spots in the Indo-Australian Plate to form volcanoes in Eastern Australia. It does not produce a single chain of volcanoes like the Hawaiian Islands. Unlike most hotspots, the East Australia hotspot has explosive eruptions, as well as the runny lava flows of the Hawaii hotspot, the Iceland hotspot and the Réunion hotspot. The hotspot is explosive because basaltic magma interacts with groundwater in aquifers below the surface producing violent phreatomagmatic eruptions. Tweed Volcano in New South Wales is a large shield volcano that

neg: Guayota evil genies, and was worshiped in the island of Tenerife in the Guanche religion. Guayota shares features similar to other malignant deity-inhabitants of volcanoes, as in the case of the goddess Pele in Hawaiian mythology, who lived in the Kīlauea volcano and was regarded by the native Hawaiians as responsible for the eruptions of the volcano. Currently, like other aboriginal gods, Guayota remains a typical canary creature folklore. His evocation is present in many and varied elements of popular culture: Guayota Guayota, in Guanche mythology of the Tenerife (Canary Islands), was the principal malignant deity and Achamán's adversary. According to

neg: Kāneʻohe Bay and Pauley-Pagen Laboratory (SOEST). Coconut Island was used for the opening sequence of the television program "Gilligan's Island". In August 2010, "" was filmed on the bay. Geologically, Kāneohe Bay forms part of a former caldera of the Koolau volcano. In prehistory, most of the volcano catalysmically slid into the Pacific Ocean, leaving behind only the Range and the Bay. Kāneʻohe Bay Kāneohe Bay, at 45 km², is the largest sheltered body of water in the main Hawaiian Islands. This reef-dominated embayment constitutes a significant scenic and recreational feature along the southeast coast of the Island of Oahu. The largest

neg: Piton de la Fournaise Piton de la Fournaise Piton de la Fournaise (French for "Peak of the Furnace") is a shield volcano on the eastern side of Réunion island (a French department) in the Indian Ocean. It is currently one of the most active volcanoes in the world, along with Kīlauea in the Hawaiian Islands, Stromboli and Etna in Italy and Mount Erebus in Antarctica. A previous eruption began in August 2006 and ended in January 2007. The volcano erupted again in February 2007, on 21 September 2008, on 9 December 2010, which lasted for two days, and on 1 August 2015. The most

neg: Piton de la Fournaise access has been limited since that date, being virtually banned at present. Piton de la Fournaise Piton de la Fournaise (French for "Peak of the Furnace") is a shield volcano on the eastern side of Réunion island (a French department) in the Indian Ocean. It is currently one of the most active volcanoes in the world, along with Kīlauea in the Hawaiian Islands, Stromboli and Etna in Italy and Mount Erebus in Antarctica. A previous eruption began in August 2006 and ended in January 2007. The volcano erupted again in February 2007, on 21 September 2008, on 9 December 2010,

neg: Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain seamount, the youngest volcano in the chain, which lies about southeast of the Island of Hawaiʻi. The chain can be divided into three subsections. The first, the Hawaiian archipelago (also known as the "Windward isles"), consists of the islands comprising the U.S. state of Hawaii. As it is the closest to the hotspot, this volcanically active region is the youngest part of the chain, with ages ranging from 400,000 years to 5.1 million years. The island of Hawaii is composed of five volcanoes, of which three (Kilauea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai) are still active. Haleakalā on the island of Maui

neg: Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes growth. Volcanic islands located beyond the warm water temperature requirements of reef building organisms become seamounts as they subside and are eroded away at the surface. An island that is located where the ocean water temperatures are just sufficiently warm for upward reef growth to keep pace with the rate of subsidence is said to be at the Darwin Point. Islands in more northerly latitudes evolve towards seamounts or guyots; islands closer to the equator evolve towards atolls (see Kure Atoll). After the reef dies, the volcano subsides or erodes below sea level and becomes a coral-capped seamount. These flat-topped

neg: Hawaii major part of the state's musical heritage. The Hawaiian people have inhabited the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge. Their music is largely religious in nature, and includes chanting and dance music. Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on the music of other Polynesian islands; according to Peter Manuel, the influence of Hawaiian music a "unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics". Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist Israel Kamakawiwoʻole, famous for his medley of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World", was named "The Voice of Hawaii" by NPR

neg: Pasco banks W longitude in the South Pacific Ocean, roughly halfway between the Polynesian islands of Samoa and Uvea. The seamount that includes the Pasco Banks is part of the Samoan volcanic chain which extends from Tuvalu, Uvea, and Futuna eastward to the submarine volcano Vailulu'u east of the Manu'a islands of American Samoa. The Samoan volcanic chain results from the plume-driven tectonic Samoa hotspot, not unlike the hotspot responsible for the formation of the Hawaiian Islands. Seafaring Austronesians, perhaps Lapita or proto-Polynesian migrants, were the first humans to discover and utilize the Pasco Banks. In pre-colonial times, Samoan master fishermen ("tautai"

neg: Nephelinite rocks relatively rich in carbon dioxide. Nephelinite is found on ocean islands such as Oahu, although the rock type is very rare in the Hawaiian islands. It is found in a variety of continental settings. An example is the Hamada nephelinite lava flow in southwest Japan which occurred in the late Miocene age. Nephelinite is also associated with the highly alkalic volcanism of the Ol Doinyo Lengai volcanic field in Tanzania. Nyiragongo, another African volcano known for its semipermanent lava lake activity, erupts lava made of melilite nephelinite. The unusual chemical makeup of this igneous rock may be a factor

neg: Lehua at the highest point of the island. Lehua Lehua Island is a small, crescent-shaped island in the Hawaiian islands, north of Niihau, due west of Kauai. The uninhabited, barren island is a tuff cone which is part of the extinct Niihau volcano. Lehua was one of the first five islands sighted by Captain James Cook in 1778 which he spelled as "Oreehoua". Lehua Island is a Hawaii State Wildlife Sanctuary. As a restricted sanctuary, all activities are prohibited on the island without a permit. Public access to the island is restricted to areas below the high tide water mark. Lehua

neg: Lehua Lehua Lehua Island is a small, crescent-shaped island in the Hawaiian islands, north of Niihau, due west of Kauai. The uninhabited, barren island is a tuff cone which is part of the extinct Niihau volcano. Lehua was one of the first five islands sighted by Captain James Cook in 1778 which he spelled as "Oreehoua". Lehua Island is a Hawaii State Wildlife Sanctuary. As a restricted sanctuary, all activities are prohibited on the island without a permit. Public access to the island is restricted to areas below the high tide water mark. Lehua provides habitat for at least 16 species

neg: Submarine landslide which are prone to failure. Failure is particularly common on edifices which are over 2500 m but rare on edifices which are less than 2500 m. Variation in the behaviour of the slides is significant, with some slides barely keeping up with the growth on the upper part of the volcano while others may surge forward great distances, attaining landslide lengths greater than 200 km. Volcanic island submarine landslides occur in places such as the Hawaiian Islands and the Cape Verde Islands. Oversteepening is caused by scouring due to oceanic currents and can result in the triggering of submarine landslides.

neg: Mission (LDS Church) gold-mining missions as regular proselytizing missions. By the time of the Utah War, the California Mission had largely stopped functioning. The Sandwich Islands Mission was begun in 1850. Among the first missionaries sent to what are now called the Hawaiian Islands was George Q. Cannon who converted Jonatana Napela. The two of them translated the "Book of Mormon" into Hawaiian, and the church was able to gain many native Hawaiian converts. The last antebellum mission was the Indian Territory Mission. Organized in 1855 with Henry W. Miller as president, this mission mainly focused on teaching the Cherokee in what is

neg: Green Lake (Hawaii) 2018, the lake was destroyed when lava flows from Kīlauea's lower Puna eruption boiled it away and completely filled the entire basin. Green Lake (Hawaii) Green Lake () was a freshwater lake in Puʻu Kapoho crater on the island of Hawaii. With a surface area of and a maximum depth of , it was the largest natural freshwater lake in the Hawaiian Islands, and besides Lake Waiau one of two freshwater lakes on the Big Island. Hawaiian myths state that the lake was the first place visited by Pele, the volcano deity. The lake was a popular swimming spot for

neg: Green Lake (Hawaii) Green Lake (Hawaii) Green Lake () was a freshwater lake in Puʻu Kapoho crater on the island of Hawaii. With a surface area of and a maximum depth of , it was the largest natural freshwater lake in the Hawaiian Islands, and besides Lake Waiau one of two freshwater lakes on the Big Island. Hawaiian myths state that the lake was the first place visited by Pele, the volcano deity. The lake was a popular swimming spot for locals and tourists. Extensive vegetation, mainly "hibiscus tiliaceus", overhung the lake, shading about twenty percent of the lake's surface. On June 2,

neg: Shield volcano history. The Hawaiian shield volcanoes and the Galápagos islands are unique in that they are not located near any plate boundaries; instead, the two chains are fed by the movement of oceanic plates over an upwelling of magma known as a hotspot. Over millions of years, the tectonic movement that moves continents also creates long volcanic trails across the seafloor. The Hawaiian and Galápagos shields, and other hotspot shields like them, are both constructed of oceanic island basalt. Their lavas are characterized by high levels of sodium, potassium, and aluminium. Features common in shield volcanism include lava tubes. Lava tubes

neg: Bonin petrel "Pterodroma" looking at morphology, calls, breeding biology, diet and parasitic lice. Despite the species having two remote and separate breeding localities the species is monotypic and no subspecies are recognised. 995,000 individuals, about 99% of the total population, breed on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, while 5,000 individuals (1% of the population) breed off the coast of Japan on the Bonin and Volcano Islands. The Bonin petrel and the closely related mottled petrel are the only "Pterodroma" petrels with a fish dominated diet. Principal prey items are fish from the family Myctophidae (lantern fish) and Sternoptychidae (hatchetfish). Squid from the family

neg: History of Solomon Islands Sikaiana, then known as the Stewart Islands, was annexed to the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1856. Hawai'i did not formalize the annexation, and the United States refused to recognize Hawaiian sovereignty over Sikaiana when the United States annexed Hawai'i in 1898. Missionary activity then started at the mid 19th century and European colonial ambitions led to the establishment of a German Protectorate over the North Solomon Islands, which covered parts of what is now Solomon Islands, following an Anglo-German Treaty of 1886. A British Solomon Islands Protectorate over the southern islands was proclaimed in June 1893. German interests were transferred to

neg: Band-rumped storm petrel of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. These include Farilhão Grande (a few tens of kilometres off mainland Portugal), the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic, and the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific. In 2018, the species was reported to have also started breeding on the Mauna Loa volcano on the Hawaiian Islands. Birds nest in colonies close to the sea in rock crevices and females lay a single white egg per breeding attempt. The band-rumped storm petrel spends the non-breeding period at sea. Individuals feed by picking up prey items (invertebrates, small vertebrates and sometimes carrion) from

neg: Hilina Slump unlikely, and "dire predictions of the future breakaway of the Hilina slump ... may be overstated". Would the collapse of a flank of a Hawaiian volcano result in "towering waves crash[ing] with the force of countless atomic bombs onto the coastlines of North America and eastern Asia"? Public awareness of, and anxiety about, so-called "mega-tsunamis" was heightened in 2001 when a respected scientific journal published an article by Steven Ward and Simon Day claiming that 1) the Cumbre Vieja volcano in the Canary Islands "may experience a catastrophic failure of its west flank" that would drop a large volume (perhaps

neg: Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes of the volcano is subdivided into three phases: the submarine, explosive, and sub aerial. During this stage of growth, the volcano accumulates about 95 percent of its mass and it takes on the "shield" shape that shield volcanoes are named for. It is also the stage where the volcano's eruptive frequency reaches its peak. As eruptions become more and more frequent at the end of the preshield stage, the composition of the lava erupted from the Hawaiian volcano changes from alkalic basalt to tholeiitic basalt and the volcano enters the submarine phase of the shield stage. In this phase, the

neg: Shield volcano to become hydrovolcanic. These explosive eruptions are drastically different from the usual shield volcanic activity, and are especially prevalent at the waterbound volcanoes of the Hawaiian Isles. Shield volcanoes are found worldwide. They can form over hotspots (points where magma from below the surface wells up), such as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain and the Galápagos Islands, or over more conventional rift zones, such as the Icelandic shields and the shield volcanoes of East Africa. Many shield volcanoes are found in ocean basins, such as Tamu Massif, the world's largest, although they can be found inland as well—East Africa being one

neg: Olympus Mons Olympus Mons Olympus Mons (; Latin for Mount Olympus) is a very large shield volcano on the planet Mars. The volcano has a height of nearly 25 km (13.6 mi or 72,000 ft) as measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA). Olympus Mons is about two and a half times Mount Everest's height above sea level. It is the largest volcano, the tallest planetary mountain, and the second tallest mountain in the Solar System compared to Rheasilvia on Vesta. It is the youngest of the large volcanoes on Mars, having formed during Mars's Hesperian Period. It had been known

neg: Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes of radioactive dating, advances in petrology and geochemistry, advanced surveillance and monitoring, and detailed geological studies. The ratio of magnesium to silica in the lava is a sign of what stage the volcano is in, as over time the volcano's lavas shift from alkalic to tholeiitic lava, and then back to alkalic. Although volcanism and erosion are the chief factors in the growth and erosion of a volcano, other factors are also involved. Subsidence is known to occur. Changes in sea level, occurring mostly during the Pleistocene, have caused drastic changes; an example is the breakup of Maui Nui, initially

neg: Lōʻihi Seamount Lōʻihi Seamount Lōihi Seamount (also known as Lōʻihi) is an active submarine volcano about off the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii. The top of the seamount is about below sea level. This seamount is on the flank of Mauna Loa, the largest shield volcano on Earth. Lōihi, meaning "long" in Hawaiian, is the newest volcano in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain, a string of volcanoes that stretches over northwest of Lōʻihi. Unlike most active volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean that make up the active plate margins on the Pacific Ring of Fire, Lōʻihi and the other volcanoes of the

neg: Sovereignty Restoration Day movement who compare the British occupation of 1843 to what they believe is the ongoing modern American occupation of the islands and believe the United States government should "follow the example of the British to restore the Hawaiian nation". In Honolulu, the holiday is marked by the celebration of Hawaiian culture, history and activism through organized speeches, presentations, marches, hula performances, music rallies and flag-raising. On the other islands, sovereignty groups organize historical reenactments, rallies, and the ceremonial raising of the Hawaiian flag in place of the American flag. On July 31, 2018, a 12-foot bronze statue of Kamehameha III

neg: Kīlauea the nearest landmass. Historically, the five volcanoes on the island were considered sacred by the Hawaiian people, and in Hawaiian mythology Kīlauea's Halemaumau Crater served as the body and home of Pele, goddess of fire, lightning, wind, and volcanoes. William Ellis, a missionary from England, gave the first modern account of Kīlauea and spent two weeks traveling along the volcano; since its foundation by Thomas Jaggar in 1912, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, located on the rim of Kīlauea caldera, has served as the principal investigative and scientific body on the volcano and the island in general. In 1916, a bill

neg: Canary Islands America and Europe. The archipelago's beaches, climate and important natural attractions, especially Maspalomas in Gran Canaria and Teide National Park and Mount Teide (a World Heritage Site) in Tenerife (the third tallest volcano in the world measured from its base on the ocean floor), make it a major tourist destination with over 12 million visitors per year, especially Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. The islands have a subtropical climate, with long hot summers and moderately warm winters. The precipitation levels and the level of maritime moderation vary depending on location and elevation. Green areas as well as desert exist

neg: Detroit Seamount of the chain. The width of the seamount, as well as the extremely gentle slope, which is very shallow even for a Hawaiian shield volcano, seem to show that the seamount suffered a catastrophic collapse sometime in its history; such a collapse is a relatively common event in the growth of Hawaiian volcanoes, caused when the volcanoes grow so fast that they destabilize. A sequence of sediments to thick compose the volcano, in several layers. Some papers refer to only the shallowest part of the volcano as Detroit Seamount, and the rest of the seamount as the "Detroit Rise." The

neg: Hawaii hotspot This stage produces mostly volcanic ash, a result of the waves dampening the lava. This conflict between lava and sea influences Hawaiian mythology. The volcano enters the subaerial subphase once it is tall enough to escape the water. Now the volcano puts on 95% of its above-water height over roughly 500,000 years. Thereafter eruptions become much less explosive. The lava released in this stage often includes both pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā, and the currently active Hawaiian volcanoes, Mauna Loa and Kīlauea, are in this phase. Hawaiian lava is often runny, blocky, slow, and relatively easy to predict; the USGS tracks where

neg: Sicily 20th century as a driving cap, usually worn by car drivers. The "coppola" is usually made in tweed. Today it is widely regarded as a definitive symbol of Sicilian heritage. Sicily Sicily ( ; ) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy, in Southern Italy along with surrounding minor islands, officially referred to as "Regione Siciliana". Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula, from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Messina. Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna, the tallest active volcano in