query: when was the merriam webster dictionary published online

pos: Merriam-Webster added many specialized dictionaries, language aides, and other references to its repertoire. The G. & C. Merriam Company lost its right to exclusive use of the name "Webster" after a series of lawsuits placed that name in public domain. Its name was changed to "Merriam-Webster, Incorporated", with the publication of "Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary" in 1983. Previous publications had used "A Merriam-Webster Dictionary" as a subtitle for many years and will be found on older editions. The company has been a subsidiary of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. since 1964. In 1996, Merriam-Webster launched its first website, which provided free access

pos: Espresso some cooking websites call the 'x' variant illegitimate. Oxford Dictionaries online states "The spelling "expresso" is not used in the original Italian and is strictly incorrect, although it is common." The "Oxford English Dictionary" and "Merriam-Webster" call it a variant spelling. The "Online Etymology Dictionary" calls "expresso" a variant of "espresso." The "Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style" (2000) describes the spelling "expresso" as "wrong", and specifies "espresso" as the only correct form. The third edition of Fowler's "Modern English Usage", published by the Oxford University Press in 1996, noted that the form "espresso" "has entirely driven out the

pos: Webster's Dictionary Dictionary", 1st edition The "Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary" (editor Noah Porter, Springfield, MA: C. & G. Merriam Co., 1913), from which copyright has lapsed and is now in the public domain, has been digitized in 1996 by MICRA, Inc. and is now available at various free online resources, including: Webster's Dictionary Webster's Dictionary is any of the dictionaries edited by Noah Webster in the early nineteenth century, and numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's name. "Webster's" has become a genericized trademark in the U.S. for dictionaries of the English language, and is widely used in English

neg: Merriam-Webster to an online dictionary and thesaurus. Merriam-Webster has also published dictionaries of synonyms, English usage, geography ("Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary"), biography, proper names, medical terms, sports terms, slang, Spanish/English, and numerous others. Non-dictionary publications include "Collegiate Thesaurus", "Secretarial Handbook", "Manual for Writers and Editors", "Collegiate Encyclopedia", "Encyclopedia of Literature", and "Encyclopedia of World Religions". On February 16, 2007, Merriam-Webster announced the launch of a mobile dictionary and thesaurus service developed with mobile search-and-information provider AskMeNow. Consumers use the service to access definitions, spelling and synonyms via text message. Services also include Merriam-Webster's "Word of the Day"—and "Open Dictionary", a wiki service

neg: Webster's Dictionary the text of the original "Webster's New Universal" dictionary, but rather is a newly commissioned version of the "Random House Dictionary". The "" is not linked to Merriam-Webster Online. It is a multilingual online dictionary created in 1999 by Philip M. Parker. This site compiles different online dictionaries and encyclopedia including the "Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary" (1913), the Wiktionary and Wikipedia. Noah Webster's main competitor was a man named Joseph Emerson Worcester, whose 1830 "Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language" brought accusations of plagiarism from Webster. The rivalry was carried on by Merriam after Webster's death, in

neg: Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year on video games and cell phone text messaging. While the word itself has not been published in its printed dictionary yet, Merriam-Webster claims that its presence in the Open Dictionary and the honors it's been awarded gives "w00t" a better chance at becoming an official word. It originally became popular in online gaming forums and is now used as an expression of excitement and joy. The word is also considered an acronym in the online gaming world for the phrase "We owned the other team." This word was also used in the 1990 film Pretty Woman when Julia Roberts exclaimed

neg: Merriam-Webster Merriam-Webster Merriam-Webster, Inc., is an American company that publishes reference books and is especially known for its dictionaries. In 1828, George and Charles Merriam founded the company as G & C Merriam Co. in Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1843, after Noah Webster died, the company bought the rights to "An American Dictionary of the English Language" from Webster's estate. All Merriam-Webster dictionaries trace their lineage to this source. In 1964, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. acquired Merriam-Webster, Inc. as a subsidiary. The company adopted its current name in 1982. In 1806, Webster published his first dictionary, . In 1807 Webster started two decades

neg: Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year The lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year (for each year) are ten-word lists published annually by the American dictionary-publishing company Merriam-Webster, Inc., which feature the ten words of the year from the English language. These word lists started in 2003 and have been published at the end of each year. At first, Merriam-Webster determined its contents by analyzing page hits and popular searches on its website. Since 2006, the list has been determined by an online poll and by suggestions from visitors to the website. The Words of the Year usually reflect

neg: Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year 2003, Merriam-Webster determined which words would appear on the list by analyzing page hits and popular searches to its website. For example, the 2003 and 2004 lists were determined by online hits to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and Online Thesaurus and to Merriam-WebsterCollegiate.com. In 2006 and 2007, Merriam-Webster changed this practice, and the list was determined by an online poll among words that were suggested by visitors to the site. Visitors were requested to vote for one entry out of a list of twenty words and phrases. The list consisted of the words and phrases that were frequently looked-up on

neg: Word of the year Word of the Year first began in 2006: The lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year (for each year) are ten-word lists published annually by the American dictionary-publishing company Merriam-Webster, Inc., which feature the ten words of the year from the English language. These word lists started in 2003 and have been published at the end of each year. At first, Merriam-Webster determined its contents by analyzing page hits and popular searches on its website. Since 2006, the list has been determined by an online poll and by suggestions from visitors to the website. The following is the list of

neg: Merriam-Webster rules were unnecessarily complex, so his dictionary introduced American English spellings, replacing "colour" with "color", "waggon" with "wagon", and "centre" with "center". He also added American words, including "skunk" and "squash", that did not appear in British dictionaries. At the age of 70 in 1828, Webster published his dictionary; it sold poorly, with only 2,500 copies putting him in debt. However, in 1840, he published the second edition in two volumes with much greater success. In 1843, after Webster's death, George Merriam and Charles Merriam secured publishing and revision rights to the 1840 edition of the dictionary. They published a

neg: Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year events that happened during the years the lists were published. For example, the Word of the Year for 2005, 'integrity', showed that the general public had an immense interest in defining this word amid ethics scandals in the United States government, corporations, and sports. The Word of the Year for 2004, 'blog', was looked up on the Online Dictionary the most as blogs began to influence mainstream media. In 2006, Merriam-Webster received a lot of publicity as 'truthiness', a word coined by Stephen Colbert on "The Colbert Report", topped the list. When the Word of the Year was started in

neg: Webster's Dictionary Following the purchase of Merriam-Webster by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in 1964, a three-volume version was issued for many years as a supplement to the encyclopedia. At the end of volume three, this edition included the "Britannica World Language Dictionary", 474 pages of translations between English and French, German, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and Yiddish. A CD-ROM version of the complete text, with thousands of additional new words and definitions from the "addenda", was published by Merriam-Webster in 2000, and is often packaged with the print edition. The third edition was published in 2000 on Merriam-Webster's website as a subscription service. Planning

neg: Webster's Third New International Dictionary much slower than it had been throughout the previous hundred years. Following the purchase of Merriam-Webster by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in 1964, a three-volume version was issued for many years as a supplement to the encyclopedia. At the end of volume three, this edition included the "Britannica World Language Dictionary", 474 pages of translations between English and French, German, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and Yiddish. A CD-ROM version of the complete text, with thousands of additional new words and definitions from the "addenda", was published by Merriam-Webster in 2000, and is often packaged with the print edition. The Merriam-Webster staff has

neg: Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage is a usage dictionary published by Merriam-Webster, Inc., of Springfield, Massachusetts . It is currently available in a reprint edition (1994) or . (The 1989 edition did not include "Merriam–" in the title. It was added as part of the rebranding campaign to emphasize the differences between Merriam–Webster's dictionaries and dictionaries of other publishers using the generic trademark "Webster's".) The book has been praised by language experts. Stan Carey at the blog "Sentence First" concludes that it operates "in such a thorough and unbiased way is what elevates "MWDEU" so

neg: Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary in Bangladesh and China). Included are 250 maps in black and white. Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary ("Webster's Geographical Dictionary", "Webster's New Geographical Dictionary") is a gazetteer by the publisher Merriam-Webster. The latest edition was released in 2001, edited by Daniel J. Hopkins and contained over 54,000 entries. The first edition was published in 1949 and the second edition in 1972. The dictionary has currently over 54,000 alphabetically arranged entries of mountains, lakes, towns, and countries. It includes almost all places in the United States with a population greater than 2,500. The threshold for inclusion of places outside the

neg: Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary ("Webster's Geographical Dictionary", "Webster's New Geographical Dictionary") is a gazetteer by the publisher Merriam-Webster. The latest edition was released in 2001, edited by Daniel J. Hopkins and contained over 54,000 entries. The first edition was published in 1949 and the second edition in 1972. The dictionary has currently over 54,000 alphabetically arranged entries of mountains, lakes, towns, and countries. It includes almost all places in the United States with a population greater than 2,500. The threshold for inclusion of places outside the U.S. varies (from those over 4500 in Canada to those over 100,000

neg: Noah Webster the second edition was published in two volumes. On May 28, 1843, a few days after he had completed revising an appendix to the second edition, and with much of his efforts with the dictionary still unrecognized, Noah Webster died. The rights to his dictionary were acquired by George and Charles Merriam in 1843 from Webster's estate and all contemporary Merriam-Webster dictionaries trace their lineage to that of Webster, although many others have adopted his name, attempting to share in the prestige. Lepore (2008) demonstrates Webster's paradoxical ideas about language and politics and shows why Webster's endeavors were at first

neg: Webster's Dictionary their own works. Since then, use of the name "Webster" has been rampant. Merriam-Webster goes to great pains to remind dictionary buyers that it alone is the heir to Noah Webster. Although Merriam-Webster revisers find solid ground in Noah Webster's concept of the English language as an ever-changing tapestry, the issue is more complicated than that. Throughout the 20th century, some non-Merriam editions, such as "Webster's New Universal", were closer to Webster's work than contemporary Merriam-Webster editions. Further revisions by Merriam-Webster came to have little in common with their original source, while the "Universal", for example, was minimally revised and

neg: Webster's Dictionary for" the first spelling listed. In addition to its "Collegiate" editions G. & C. Merriam Co. also produced abridged editions for students ("Primary School, Elementary School, Secondary School, High School, Common School, Academic") as well as for general public ("Condensed, Practical, Handy"). The first edition of the abridged "Primary School" dictionary was prepared by Noah Webster in 1833 and later revised by William G. Webster and William A. Wheeler. Below is a list of years of publication of the Collegiate dictionaries. Since the late 19th century, dictionaries bearing the name "Webster's" have been published by companies other than Merriam-Webster. Some

neg: Paradigm in Greek texts such as Plato's Timaeus (28A) as the model or the pattern that the Demiurgos used to create the cosmos. The term had a technical meaning in the field of grammar: the 1900 "Merriam-Webster" dictionary defines its technical use only in the context of grammar or, in rhetoric, as a term for an illustrative parable or fable. In linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure used "paradigm" to refer to a class of elements with similarities. The Merriam-Webster Online dictionary defines this usage as "a philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations

neg: Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage far above the ordinary. Each entry is presented in a much broader context than is typically the case in books that advise on English usage and style." It is critically acclaimed by the linguist Geoffrey Pullum, who calls it "the best usage book I know of... utterly wonderful." It is known for its historical scholarship, analysis, use of examples, and descriptive approach. It has more than 2,300 entries, and includes more than 20,000 quotations from prominent writers. A concise version is also available. Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage is a usage dictionary published by Merriam-Webster,

neg: Scripps National Spelling Bee and an engraved loving cup trophy from Scripps, a $2,500 savings bond, a reference library from Merriam-Webster, $2,500 in reference works and a lifetime membership to Britannica Online Premium from "Encyclopædia Britannica', and an online course and a Nook eReader from K12 Inc. All spellers receive "Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged" on CD-ROM from Merriam-Webster; the Samuel Louis Sugarman Award, which is a $100 U.S. Savings Bond; a cash prize from Scripps for contestants who reach the Semi-finals; and as of 2015, a Microsoft Surface 3 with keyboard and stylus. The cash prizes are determined based on the round,

neg: Noah Webster Noah Webster Noah Webster Jr. (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author. He has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education". His blue-backed speller books taught five generations of American children how to spell and read. Webster's name has become synonymous with "dictionary" in the United States, especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 as "An American Dictionary of the English Language". Born in West Hartford, Connecticut, Webster graduated from Yale College in 1778. He passed the bar examination

neg: Caesarean section by the time the term came into common use. The term "caesarean" is spelled in various accepted ways, as discussed at Wiktionary. The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) uses "cesarean section", while some other American medical works, e.g. "Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary", use "caesarean", as do most British works. The online versions of the US-published "Merriam-Webster Dictionary" and "American Heritage Dictionary" list "cesarean" first and other spellings as "variants", an etymologically anhistorical position. In Judaism, there is a dispute among the "poskim" (Rabbinic authorities) as to whether the first-born son from a

neg: Webster's Dictionary versa. In the 1970s, the "OED" began publishing "Supplements" to its dictionary and in 1989 integrated the new words in the supplements with the older definitions and etymologies in its "Second Edition". Between the 1930s and the 1950s, several college dictionaries, notably the "American College Dictionary" and (non-Merriam) "Webster's New World Dictionary", entered the market alongside the "Collegiate". Among larger dictionaries during this period was (non-Merriam) "Webster's Universal Dictionary" (also published as "Webster's Twentieth Century Dictionary") which traced its roots to Noah Webster and called itself "unabridged", but had less than half the vocabulary and paled in scholarship against the

neg: Merriam-Webster files date back to the late 19th century. Since 2009, all new entries are recorded in an electronic database. Merriam-Webster Merriam-Webster, Inc., is an American company that publishes reference books and is especially known for its dictionaries. In 1828, George and Charles Merriam founded the company as G & C Merriam Co. in Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1843, after Noah Webster died, the company bought the rights to "An American Dictionary of the English Language" from Webster's estate. All Merriam-Webster dictionaries trace their lineage to this source. In 1964, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. acquired Merriam-Webster, Inc. as a subsidiary. The company adopted

neg: Truthiness Merriam-Webster Dictionary announced that "truthiness" was selected as its 2006 Word of the Year on Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year, based on a reader poll, by a 5–1 margin over the second-place word "google". "We're at a point where what constitutes truth is a question on a lot of people's minds, and truth has become up for grabs", said Merriam-Webster president John Morse. Truthiness' is a playful way for us to think about a very important issue." However, despite winning Word of the Year, the word does not appear in the 2006 edition of the Merriam-Webster English Dictionary. In response

neg: Webster's Dictionary "Merriam" editions. After the commercial success of "Webster's Third New International" in the 1960s, Random House responded by adapting its college dictionary by adding more illustrations and large numbers of proper names, increasing its print size and page thickness, and giving it a heavy cover. In 1966, it was published as a new "unabridged" dictionary. It was expanded in 1987, but it still covered no more than half the actual vocabulary of "Webster's Third". The American Heritage Publishing Co., highly critical of "Webster's Third", failed in an attempt to buy out Merriam-Webster and determined to create its own dictionary, "The

neg: Merriam-Webster revision in 1847, which did not change any of the main text but merely added new sections, and a second update with illustrations in 1859. In 1864, Merriam published a greatly expanded edition, which was the first version to change Webster's text, largely overhauling his work yet retaining many of his definitions and the title ""An American Dictionary". This began a series of revisions that were described as being "unabridged" in content. In 1884 it contained 118,000 words, "3000 more than any other English dictionary". With the edition of 1890, the dictionary was retitled "Webster's International". The vocabulary was vastly

neg: Joseph Emerson Worcester to as the "dictionary wars", rivalry and contention between the two dictionaries continued beyond Webster's death in 1843, and long after with Webster's successor, the G. & C. Merriam Company, which bought rights to the "American Dictionary". Worcester continued to revise his dictionary, producing "A Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language" in 1846. When a British edition of the work stated that it was based on the work of Noah Webster, and omitted Worcester's introductory statement claiming otherwise, he responded with "A Gross Literary Fraud Exposed". In 1860, Worcester published "A Dictionary of the English Language", a substantially

neg: Webster's New World Dictionary a distinctly American origin. The college edition is the official desk dictionary of the Associated Press, "The New York Times", "The Wall Street Journal", "The Washington Post", and United Press International. Although the title refers to Noah Webster, the work is unrelated to the series of Webster's dictionaries published by the Merriam-Webster Company, which indeed are descended directly from Noah Webster's original publications. By contrast, "Webster's New World Dictionary" merely cites Webster as a generic name for any American English dictionary, as does Random House's line of "Webster's Unabridged" and derived dictionaries. "Webster's New World" student and children's editions are

neg: Bulgogi National Institute of Korean Language, the word is listed as meat such as beef that is thinly sliced, marinated, and grilled over the fire. The word is also included in English-language dictionaries such as "Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Oxford Dictionary of English". Merriam-Webster dated the word's appearance in the American English lexicon at 1961. Bulgogi is believed to have originated during the Goguryeo era (37 BCE – 668 CE), when it was originally called "maekjeok" (, ), with the beef being grilled on a skewer. It was called "neobiani" (너비아니), meaning "thinly spread" meat, during the Joseon Dynasty and was traditionally

neg: Official Scrabble Players Dictionary Merriam-Webster markets the OSPD as ideal for school and family use. While reading OSPD 2, Judith Grad found several words she considered to be offensive, including "jew", listed as a verb with the definition "To bargain with – an offensive term". (The more conventional sense of "member of a certain ethnoreligious group; Jewish person" was not listed because the dictionary did not include proper nouns.) Her initial letters to Merriam-Webster and Milton Bradley requesting removal of the words resulted in politely negative responses. Merriam-Webster responded "[the] slurs are part of the language and reputable dictionaries record them as such." Milton

neg: Quadripoint and thus evidently the most complicated geopolitical multipoint anywhere, other than the South Pole. Quadripoint A quadripoint is a point on the Earth that touches the border of four distinct territories. The term has never been in common use—it may not have been used before 1964 when it was possibly invented by the Office of the Geographer of the United States Department of State. The word does not appear in the "Oxford English Dictionary" or "Merriam-Webster Online" dictionary, but it does appear in the "Encyclopædia Britannica", as well as in the "World Factbook" articles on Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe,

neg: Quadripoint Quadripoint A quadripoint is a point on the Earth that touches the border of four distinct territories. The term has never been in common use—it may not have been used before 1964 when it was possibly invented by the Office of the Geographer of the United States Department of State. The word does not appear in the "Oxford English Dictionary" or "Merriam-Webster Online" dictionary, but it does appear in the "Encyclopædia Britannica", as well as in the "World Factbook" articles on Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, dating as far back as 1990. An early instance of four political divisions meeting

neg: Circular definition large, but finite chain, then all text-based definitions are ultimately circular. Extension (semantics) to the actual things that referring terms like nouns stand for, provided that agreement on reference is accomplished, is one method of breaking this circularity, but this is outside the capacity of a text-based definition. The 2007 Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a "hill" and a "mountain" this way: Merriam-Webster's online dictionary provides another example of a circular definition with the words "condescending" and "patronizing:" This definition alone is close to suffering from circular definition, but following the definition train: Looking up the word "patronizing" then gives us: The

neg: Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year associated with major news events, such as the United States presidential election of 2004 or natural disasters that hit the US. For 2005, "integrity" was the most looked-up word in Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. According to John Morse, President of Merriam-Webster, the word "integrity" slowly moved up the list to first place in 2005 because ethics scandals emerged around the United States regarding corporations, government, and sports, such as the CIA leak investigations, scandals in Congress, and disgraced athletes. Hurricane Katrina, the bird flu, and the death of Pope John Paul II renewed public interest in words such as "refugee," "tsunami,"

neg: Online deliberation of education topics has less uncivil and more relevant comments than the other news topics. People provide less evidence in their discourse when discussing news of economy topics as compared to the other news topics. Group size, volume of communication, interactivity between participants, message characteristics, and social media characteristics have also been found to impact online deliberation. Deliberation can be defined as being the "act of thinking about or discussing something and deciding carefully" by the Merriam-Webster dictionary. In an online political setting, however, it is more complicated than only reaching a decision. Members need to contribute material with an

neg: Dictionary others use their own pronunciation respelling systems without diacritics: for example, "dictionary" may be respelled as . Some online or electronic dictionaries provide audio recordings of words being spoken. Histories and descriptions of the dictionaries of other languages on Wikipedia include: The age of the Internet brought online dictionaries to the desktop and, more recently, to the smart phone. David Skinner in 2013 noted that "Among the top ten lookups on Merriam-Webster Online at this moment are 'holistic, pragmatic, caveat, esoteric' and 'bourgeois.' Teaching users about words they don’t already know has been, historically, an aim of lexicography, and modern

neg: George Merriam established in 1832 the publishing house of G. and C. Merriam. Their earliest publications were law books, editions of the Bible, and school books. After the death of Noah Webster, the lexicographer, the Merriams purchased the right of future publication of Webster's Dictionary. George Merriam George Merriam (; Worcester, Massachusetts, January 20, 1803 – Springfield, Massachusetts, June 22, 1880) was a publisher. With his brother Charles, he founded G. and C. Merriam, which would eventually become Merriam-Webster, Inc. The Merriam family were printers, book manufacturers, and booksellers in Worcester County in the latter part of the 18th century. George worked

neg: Purebred dog the white ones as purebred. Coppinger says, "The shepherd's definition of pure is not wrong, it is simply different from mine." However, the usual definition is the one that involves modern breeds. The earliest use of the term "pureblood" in English referring to animal breeding, according to the Online Etymological Dictionary, was in 1882 and "pure bred" in 1890. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary dates the use to 1852. "Purebred dogs" are pedigreed members of modern breeds. These dogs may be registered with breed club. The breed clubs may be an "open stud book" or a "closed stud book", the term

neg: Tureng dictionary Google images, Merriam Webster, dictionary.reference.com, Tdk (Turkish Language Association), and thefreedictionary.com, as well. Also the users may contribute by adding or correcting words. IE8 Accelerator, Google ToolBar, iGoogle, Firefox ToolBar, mobile dictionary, PDA and Pocket PC versions are the other helpful features. Tureng dictionary Tureng Dictionary (name coined from the first syllables of the words Turkish and English) is a bilingual online Turkish English dictionary provided by Tureng Çeviri Ltd, a Turkish translation company. As of May 20, 2009, the site has more than 2.000.000 English and Turkish words and phrases, classified into categories by the field of usage with

neg: Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year after Simon Cowell described Anthony Fedorov's performance in "American Idol" as "pleasant, safe, and a little insipid." At number 10 is "inept", a word that received a lot of attention after the days when President George W. Bush delivered a live prime time news conference that came to an awkward end when some television networks cut him off to return to their regularly scheduled programs. After online visitors chose "truthiness" in a five-to-one majority vote as the Word of the Year of 2006, Merriam-Webster received a large amount of publicity. This was the first year in which Merriam-Webster used online

neg: Webster's Dictionary illustrations integrated with the text, "The Imperial Dictionary, English, Technological, and Scientific, Adapted to the Present State of Literature, Science, and Art; On the Basis of Webster's English Dictionary." Editor John Ogilve used Webster's 1841 edition as a base, adding many new, specialized, and British words, increasing the vocabulary from "Webster"s 70,000 to more than 100,000. In response to Joseph Worcester's groundbreaking dictionary of 1860, "A Dictionary of the English Language", the G. & C. Merriam Company created a significantly revised edition, "A Dictionary of the English Language". It was edited by Yale University professor Noah Porter and published in

neg: Official Scrabble Players Dictionary Official Scrabble Players Dictionary The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary or OSPD is a dictionary developed for use in the game Scrabble, by speakers of American and Canadian English. The "Official Scrabble Players Dictionary" was first published in 1978 through the efforts of the National Scrabble Association (NSA) Dictionary Committee and Merriam-Webster, primarily in response to a need for a word authority for NSA-sanctioned clubs and tournaments. Prior to its publication, Scrabble clubs and tournaments used "Funk & Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary" as an official word source, but as tournament play grew, this source proved unsatisfactory. The inclusion of foreign words

neg: Official Scrabble Players Dictionary sixth edition was released on September 24, 2018. 300 new words were added, including "OK", "EW", "ZEN", "EMOJI", "FACEPALM", and "QAPIK". Official Scrabble Players Dictionary The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary or OSPD is a dictionary developed for use in the game Scrabble, by speakers of American and Canadian English. The "Official Scrabble Players Dictionary" was first published in 1978 through the efforts of the National Scrabble Association (NSA) Dictionary Committee and Merriam-Webster, primarily in response to a need for a word authority for NSA-sanctioned clubs and tournaments. Prior to its publication, Scrabble clubs and tournaments used "Funk & Wagnalls Standard

neg: Merriam-Webster of intensive work to expand his publication into a fully comprehensive dictionary, "An American Dictionary of the English Language". To help him trace the etymology of words, Webster learned 26 languages. Webster hoped to standardize American speech, since Americans in different parts of the country used somewhat different vocabularies and spelled, pronounced, and used words differently. Webster completed his dictionary during his year abroad in 1825 in Paris, and at the University of Cambridge. His 1820s book contained 70,000 words, of which about 12,000 had never appeared in a dictionary before. As a spelling reformer, Webster believed that English spelling

neg: Tropical rainforest conservation Tropical rainforest conservation The Collins English Dictionary defines conservation as ""saving and protecting the environment."" The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines conservation as ""a careful preservation and protection of something; especially: planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect."" The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a rainforest as ""a tropical woodland with an annual rainfall of at least 100 inches (254 centimeters) and marked by lofty broad-leaved evergreen trees forming a continuous canopy."" 69Rain Forest Conservation69 Right now, people are conserving the Tropical Rain Forests in many ways, including ecotourism and rehabilitation. Rebuilding and restarting forests in certain areas is

neg: Demonym "-ic". The word "demonym" was derived from the Greek word meaning "populace" (, "demos") with the suffix for "name" (-onym). "National Geographic" attributes the term "demonym" to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990. The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the "Chicago Manual of Style". It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book "Labels for Locals". However, in "What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names" (the

neg: Soju included in the "Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster dated the word's appearance in the American English lexicon at 1951. In 2016, the word was included in the "Oxford Dictionary of English". Chinese "shāojiǔ" (), more commonly known as "báijiǔ" (), and Japanese "shōchū" (), with the altered second character, are the words with the same origin with soju. Another name for soju is "noju" (; "dew liquor"), with its first letter "ro" (; 露; "dew") likening the droplets of the collected alcohol during the distilling process to dew-drops. Some soju brand names include "iseul" (), the native-Korean word for "dew", or "ro"

neg: Google (verb) and "inappropriate" ways to use the verb "google". It was reported that, in response to this concern, lexicographers for the "Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary" lowercased the actual entry for the word, "google", while maintaining the capitalization of the search engine in their definition, "to use the Google search engine to seek online information" (a concern which did not deter the Oxford editors from preserving the history of both "cases"). On October 25, 2006, Google sent a request to the public requesting that "You should please only use 'Google' when you're actually referring to Google Inc. and our services." Ungoogleable (or unGoogleable)

neg: Computational lexicology "Merriam-Webster Seventh Collegiate Dictionary" and the "Merriam-Webster New Pocket Dictionary" in the 1960s by John Olney et al. at System Development Corporation. Today, computational lexicology is best known through the creation and applications of WordNet. As the computational processing of the researchers increased over time, the use of computational lexicology has been applied ubiquitously in the text analysis. In 1987, amongst others Byrd, Calzolari, Chodorow have developed computational tools for text analysis. In particular the model was designed for coordinating the associations involving the senses of polysemous words. Computational lexicology has contributed to the understanding of the content and limitations

neg: WWE SmackDown LED side panels on each side with a titan-tron in a semi circle in the center. The new set also introduced LED floor panels on the entrance ramp. Feedback was more positive for this set design. On July 10, 2007, Merriam-Webster included the word "smackdown" in "Webster's Dictionary." Merriam Webster defined a "smackdown" as: The Oxford English Dictionary traces the use of the word "smackdown" in English back at least as far as 1990, but notes that a professional wrestling television show "popularised" the term. Throughout its broadcast history, the show has aired editions that have different themes. These include

neg: Muted group theory to or created by women. Furthering this idea, Kramarae and Paula Treichler created A Feminist Dictionary with words they believed Merriam-Webster defined on male ideas. For example, the word "Cuckold" is defined as "the husband of an unfaithful wife" in Merriam Webster. However, there is no term for a wife who has an unfaithful husband. She is simply called a wife. Another example Kramarae defined was the word "doll". She defined "doll" as "a toy playmate given to, or made by children". Some adult males continue their childhood by labeling adult female companions "dolls". The feminist dictionary includes up to

neg: Machine-readable dictionary NLP in mind. An ISO standard for MRD and NLP is able to represent both structures and is called Lexical Markup Framework. The first widely distributed MRDs were the Merriam-Webster Seventh Collegiate (W7) and the Merriam-Webster New Pocket Dictionary (MPD). Both were produced by a government-funded project at System Development Corporation under the direction of John Olney. They were manually keyboarded as no typesetting tapes of either book were available. Originally each was distributed on multiple reels of magnetic tape as card images with each separate word of each definition on a separate punch card with numerous special codes indicating

neg: Lisa the Iconoclast Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc." by C. A. Ward, in the sentence "but the people magnified them, to make great or "embiggen", if we may invent an English parallel as ugly. After all, use is nearly everything." The word has made its way to common use and was included in Mark Peters' "Yada, Yada, Do'h!, 111 Television Words That Made the Leap From the Screen to Society". In 2018, it was included in the Merriam-Webster dictionary and the online Oxford English Dictionary. In particular, "embiggen" can be found in string theory. The first occurrence of the word was

neg: Winston tastes good like a cigarette should Mall cigarettes as the #1 cigarette in the United States in 1966, while the advertising campaign continued to make an impression on the mass media. In the fall of 1961, a small furor enveloped the literary and journalistic communities in the United States when Merriam-Webster published its "Third New International Dictionary". In the dictionary, the editors refused to condemn the use of "like" as a conjunction, and cited "Winston tastes good like a cigarette should" as an example of popular colloquial use. After publication of "Webster's Third", "The New York Times" called the edition "bolshevik," and the "Chicago Daily News"

neg: Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary edition, Stein argued (p. vi) that the "Random House Dictionary" steers "a linguistically sound middle course" between the "lexicographer's Scylla and Charybdis: should the dictionary be an authoritarian guide to 'correct' English or should it be so antiseptically free of comment that it may defeat the user by providing him with no guidance at all?" In 1982 Random House published The Random House ProofReader, a computer spell checker based on its dictionary. An expanded second edition of the printed dictionary, edited by Stuart Berg Flexner, appeared in 1987, revised in 1993. This edition adopted the "Merriam-Webster Collegiate" innovation of adding

neg: Webster's Dictionary Webster's Dictionary Webster's Dictionary is any of the dictionaries edited by Noah Webster in the early nineteenth century, and numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's name. "Webster's" has become a genericized trademark in the U.S. for dictionaries of the English language, and is widely used in English dictionary titles. Merriam-Webster is the corporate heir to Noah Webster's original works, which are in the public domain. Noah Webster (1758–1843), the author of the readers and spelling books which dominated the American market at the time, spent decades of research in compiling his dictionaries. His first dictionary, "A

neg: Robert Keith Leavitt & C. Merriam Company of Springfield, Massachusetts in 1947 -- "Noah's Ark" explores the history of Noah Webster and his competitor Joseph Emerson Worcester. The book's first half examines Webster's life and lexicography; the second half etches the "War of the Dictionaries", the struggle for supremacy between Webster's and his competitor Worcester's dictionaries. Leavitt laid out the history of Webster's publishing house after its eponymous title was sold to the Merriam family (today's Merriam-Webster). In "Noah's Ark" Leavitt plumbed the shoals of international lexicography and usage. "In considering the influence of Webster's American Dictionary outside the United States", writes David

neg: Merriam-Webster that provides subscribers the opportunity to create and submit their own new words and definitions. The Merriam-Webster company once used a unique set of phonetic symbols in their dictionaries—intended to help people from different parts of the United States learn how to pronounce words the same way as others who spoke with the same accent or dialect did. Unicode accommodated IPA symbols, but did not specify room for Merriam-Webster phonetics. Hence, to enable computerized access to the pronunciation without having to rework all dictionaries to IPA notation, the online services of Merriam-Webster specify phonetics using a less-specific set of ASCII

neg: Official Scrabble Players Dictionary such as "Ja" and "Oui", the exclusion of common words such as "coven" and "surreal", and a lack of clear guidance on the creation of comparative terms, were all problematic for Scrabble players. Games manufacturers Selchow and Righter, the owners of Scrabble at the time, approached Merriam-Webster Inc. to assist with the compilation of an official Scrabble dictionary. They proposed that words should be included in the new dictionary if they appeared in the five in-print collegiate dictionaries, namely "The Random House College Dictionary" (1968), "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language" (1969), "Webster's New World Dictionary" (1970)", Merriam-Webster's

neg: Electronic dictionary native content from their own lexicographers, licensed data from print publications, or both, as in the case of Babylon offering premium content from Merriam Webster, and Ultralingua offering additional premium content from Collins, Masson, and Simon & Schuster, and Paragon Software offering original content from Duden, Britannica, Harrap, Merriam-Webster and Oxford. As well as Latin script, electronic dictionaries are also available in logographic and right-to-left scripts, including Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Devanagari, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Cyrillic, and Thai. Dictionary software generally far exceeds the scope of the hand held dictionaries. Many publishers of traditional printed dictionaries such as Langenscheidt, Collins-Reverso,

neg: Noah Webster 1831, the first major statutory revision of U.S. copyright law. While working on a second volume of his dictionary, Webster died in 1843, and the rights to the dictionary were acquired by George and Charles Merriam. Webster was born in the Western Division of Hartford (which became West Hartford, Connecticut) to an established family. His father Noah Sr. (1722–1813) was a descendant of Connecticut Governor John Webster; his mother Mercy (Steele) Webster (1727–1794) was a descendant of Governor William Bradford of Plymouth Colony. His father was primarily a farmer, though he was also deacon of the local Congregational church, captain

neg: 86 (term) 86 (term) When used as a verb, eighty-six, eighty-sixed, 86, 86ed, or 86'd is American English slang for getting rid of something by burying it, ejecting someone, or refusing service. According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, "86" is a slang term that is used in the American popular culture as a transitive verb in the food service industry as a term to describe an item no longer being available on the menu. The Merriam Webster dictionary suggests the term may be associated with the word "nix" ("no" or a more general prohibition). "Nix" is related to the word "Nichts", which means "nothing"

neg: McJob the 1999 British film "Human Traffic", one character's work in a generic burger outlet is referred to as a McJob. In the face of objections from McDonald's, the term "McJob" was added to "Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary" in 2003. In an open letter to Merriam-Webster, McDonald's CEO, James Cantalupo denounced the definition as a "slap in the face" to all restaurant employees, and stated that "a more appropriate definition of a 'McJob' might be 'teaches responsibility'". Merriam-Webster responded that "[they stood] by the accuracy and appropriateness of [their] definition." On 20 March 2007, the BBC reported that the UK arm of

neg: Altered state of consciousness self that results in altered states of consciousness. When the reduction of self-awareness and environmental awareness take effect, they produce altered states of consciousness. The specific conditions below provide clarity on the types of conditions compromise accidental and pathological causes. The first condition, traumatic experience, is defined as a lesion caused by an external force (Trauma. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster Dictionary online, 2013). Examples include impact to the brain caused by blunt force (i.e., a car accident). The reason a traumatic experience causes altered states of consciousness is that it changes how the brain works. The external impact diverts the blood

neg: Wedding breakfast Wedding breakfast A wedding breakfast is a dinner given to the newlyweds, and guests at the wedding reception. The phrase is still used in British English. The "Compact Oxford Dictionary" lists the phrase as only “British”, and the Merriam-Webster online dictionary does not list it at all. The custom of the wedding breakfast is occasionally spotted in non-English speaking countries that market themselves as wedding destinations, e.g. Poland. Nowadays the wedding breakfast is not normally a morning meal, nor does it look like a typical breakfast, so its name can be confusing. The name is claimed to have arisen from

neg: Heterosexism Heterosexism Heterosexism is a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. It can include the presumption that other people are heterosexual or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the only norm and therefore superior. Although heterosexism is defined in the online editions of the "American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language" and the "Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary" as anti-gay discrimination or prejudice "by heterosexual people" and "by heterosexuals", respectively, people of any sexual orientation can hold such attitudes and bias, and can form a part of internalised hatred of one's sexual orientation. Heterosexism as discrimination

neg: Webster's Dictionary and its increased size would make it unwieldy and expensive. Merriam-Webster introduced its "Collegiate Dictionary" in 1898 and the series is now in its eleventh edition. Following the publication of "Webster's International" in 1890, two "Collegiate" editions were issued as abridgments of each of their "Unabridged" editions. With the ninth edition ("Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary" (WNNCD), published in 1983), the "Collegiate" adopted changes which distinguish it as a separate entity rather than merely an abridgment of the "Third New International" (the main text of which has remained virtually unrevised since 1961). Some proper names were returned to the word

neg: George M. Hill Company & C. Merriam Company (now called Merriam-Webster) to publish the 1864 unabridged edition of the dictionary with an additional 10,000 words from the 1879 version. Compelled to declare bankruptcy in March 1902, the company had, a few weeks earlier, decided to enlarge its operations and erect a new building. On April 26, Robert O. Law was selected by the court to be the interim trustee. Law authorized the selling of George M. Hill Company's property. On March 29, "Publishers Weekly" reported the sale of hundreds of plates and juvenile books, including books that had yet to be published and Baum's

neg: Encyclopædia Britannica includes a range of supplementary content including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also offers study tools and dictionary and thesaurus entries from Merriam-Webster. "Britannica" Online is a website with more than 120,000 articles and is updated regularly. It has daily features, updates and links to news reports from "The New York Times" and the BBC. , roughly 60% of Encyclopædia Britannica's revenue came from online operations, of which around 15% came from subscriptions to the consumer version of the websites. , subscriptions were available on a yearly, monthly or weekly basis. Special subscription plans are offered

neg: Dord Dord The word dord is a notable error in lexicography, an accidental creation, or ghost word, of the G. and C. Merriam Company's staff in the "New International Dictionary", second edition (1934), in which the term is defined as a synonym for density used by physicists and chemists. Philip Babcock Gove, an editor at Merriam-Webster who became editor-in-chief of "Webster's Third New International Dictionary", wrote a letter to the journal "American Speech", fifteen years after the error was caught, in which he explained why "dord" was included in that dictionary. On July 31, 1931, Austin M. Patterson, Webster's chemistry editor,

neg: Kory Stamper an editorial assistant position with Merriam-Webster in 1998. In addition to her editorial duties, she presents many of Merriam-Webster's "Ask the Editor" videos, a series on the publisher's website and YouTube that discusses the English language, especially unusual or controversial words and usages. She undertakes speaking engagements on behalf of Merriam-Webster and provides expert advice and response to general enquiries on language and lexicography from the public. Stamper drew attention as the Associate Editor responsible for explaining the addition of the term "F-Bomb" into the dictionary. Stamper also provides lexicographical and language-related commentary for various media outlets including the "Chicago

neg: Ain't Merriam-Webster states it is "widely disapproved as non-standard and more common in the habitual speech of the less educated". "Webster's Third New International Dictionary", published in 1961, went against then-standard practice when it included the following usage note in its entry on : "though disapproved by many and more common in less educated speech, used orally in most parts of the U.S. by many cultivated speakers esp. in the phrase "ain't I"." Many commentators disapproved of the dictionary's relatively permissive attitude toward the word, which was inspired, in part, by the belief of its editor, Philip Gove, that "distinctions of

neg: Merriam-Webster expanded in "Webster's New International" editions of 1909 and 1934, totaling over half a million words, with the 1934 edition retrospectively called "Webster's Second International" or simply "The Second Edition" of the New International. The "Collegiate Dictionary" was introduced in 1898 and the series is now in its eleventh edition. Following the publication of "Webster's International" in 1890, two "Collegiate" editions were issued as abridgments of each of their "Unabridged" editions. With the ninth edition ("Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary" (WNNCD), published in 1983), the "Collegiate" adopted changes which distinguish it as a separate entity rather than merely an abridgment

neg: -ism Reformers of the North" (see "The Freedom-of-thought Struggle in the Old South" by Clement Eaton). In the present day, it appears in the title of a standard survey of political thought, "Today's Isms" by William Ebenstein, first published in the 1950s, and now in its 11th edition. Merriam-Webster Dictionary declared in December 2015, this word -ism to be the Word of the Year. A suffix is the Word of the Year because a small group of words that share this three-letter ending triggered both high volume and significant year-over-year increase in lookups at Merriam-Webster.com. Taken together, these seven words represent

neg: Plural form of words ending in -us "Chambers 21st Century Dictionary" and the "Compact Oxford Dictionary" list only "octopuses", although the latter notes that "octopodes" is "still occasionally used"; the British National Corpus has 29 instances of "octopuses", 11 of "octopi" and 4 of "octopodes". "Merriam-Webster 11th Collegiate Dictionary" lists "octopuses" and "octopi", in that order; "Webster's New World College Dictionary" lists "octopuses", "octopi" and "octopodes" (in that order). A search on PubMed for titles or abstracts of peer-reviewed scientific papers found "octopuses" in 176 papers, "octopi" in 15 papers, and no records for "octopodes". However, "octopods" was found in 53 papers. When expanding the search to

neg: Octopus "octopi" – which wrongly assumes it is a Latin second declension "-us" noun or adjective when, in either Greek or Latin, it is a third declension one – is considered grammatically incorrect, but is used frequently enough to be acknowledged by the descriptivist "Merriam-Webster 11th Collegiate Dictionary" and "Webster's New World College Dictionary". The "Oxford English Dictionary" lists "octopuses", "octopi", and "octopodes", in that order, reflecting frequency of use, calling "octopodes" rare and noting that "octopi" is based on a misunderstanding. The "New Oxford American Dictionary" (3rd Edition, 2010) lists "octopuses" as the only acceptable pluralisation, and indicates that "octopodes"

neg: Merriam-Webster Manual of Style", which is followed by many book publishers and magazines in the United States. The "Chicago Manual" states that it "normally opts for" the first spelling listed. Merriam overhauled the dictionary again with the 1961 "Webster's Third New International" under the direction of Philip B. Gove, making changes that sparked public controversy. Many of these changes were in formatting, omitting needless punctuation, or avoiding complete sentences when a phrase was sufficient. Others, more controversial, signaled a shift from linguistic prescriptivism and towards describing American English as it was used at that time. Since the 1940s, the company has

neg: Sexism in American comics Sexism in American comics Sexism, as defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is prejudice or discrimination based on sex. Historically, the English-language comic-book field has been male-dominated. This has led to rampant sexism and the harassment of female fans and creators in the comics industry. The 1940s and 1950s in America were a time when comic books rose to prominence in the public eye. There was a rise in the type and number of comics being published. Where before, comics had only found homes on the pages of newspapers, and were used as tools to sell papers and attract new readers,

neg: Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary dates for the entry of words into the language. Unlike the "Collegiate", which cited the date of the first known citation, "Random House" indicated a range of dates. For example, where the "Collegiate" gave 1676, "Random House" might offer 1670–80. This second edition was described as permissive by in the "Washington Post". Random House incorporated the name "Webster's" into the dictionary's title after an appeals court overturned an injunction awarded to Merriam Webster restricting the name's use. The name "Random House Webster's" is now used on many Random House publications. In 2001, Random House published its "Webster's Unabridged Dictionary of

neg: Edamame the immature soy bean is first referred to in text in the United States. In this book they are first pictured and shown as being eaten out of open shell pods. The first nutritional facts about them are published and some recipes are included as they were a new type of vegetable to the public. The earliest recorded usage in English of the word "edamame" is in 1951 in the journal "Folklore Studies". "Edamame" appeared as a new term in the Oxford English Dictionary in 2003, and in the Merriam-Webster dictionary in 2008. In 2008, the first soybeans grown in

neg: Poutine clubs. A cultural marker, poutine has long been Quebec's adored junk food before spreading out across the rest of Canada and the United States. It is said to be "the perfect thing after a night of drinking". Poutine served as a comfort food for the local community after the Lac-Megantic derailment. Three varieties are offered at the Le Cellier Steakhouse at Epcot Center's Canada pavilion. In May 2014, the word "poutine" was added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary of the English language. In 2007, the CBC declared the outcome of an online survey on the greatest Canadian inventions of all time.

neg: Stupidity Stupidity Stupidity is a lack of intelligence, understanding, reason, wit, or common sense. Stupidity may be innate, assumed or reactive – a defence against grief or trauma. The root word "stupid", which can serve as an adjective or noun, comes from the Latin verb "stupere", for being numb or astonished, and is related to "stupor". In Roman culture, the "stupidus" was the professional fall guy in the theatrical mimes. According to the online Merriam-Webster dictionary, the words "stupid" and "stupidity" entered the English language in 1541. Since then, stupidity has taken place along with "fool," "idiot," "dumb," "moron," and related

neg: Art rock Beethoven, and Wagner instead of Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley; and using language closer to William Blake or T. S. Eliot than to Carl Perkins or Willie Dixon." The boundaries between art and pop music became increasingly blurred throughout the second half of the 20th century. The first usage of the term "art rock", according to Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, was in 1968. As pop music's dominant format transitioned from singles to albums, many rock bands created works that aspired to make grand artistic statements, where art rock would flourish. As it progressed in the late 1960s – in tandem with

neg: Jap considered derogatory; the "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary" notes it is "usually disparaging". A snack food company in Chicago named Japps Foods (for the company founder) changed their name and eponymous potato chip brand to Jays Foods shortly after Pearl Harbor to avoid any negative associations with the name. Spiro Agnew was criticized in the media in 1968 for an offhand remark, intended to be jocular, referring to reporter Gene Oishi as a "fat Jap". In Texas, under pressure from civil rights groups, Jefferson County commissioners in 2004 decided to drop the name "Jap Road" from a road near the city of

neg: Vroom Vroom Vroom (and variant spelling) is an onomatopoeia that represents the sound of an engine revving up. It also describes the act of purposefully operating a motor vehicle at high speeds so as to create loud engine noises. The word is a common early childhood sound, and is used in speech therapy techniques. It is also an example of a cross-linguistic onomatopoeia. According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, the first instance of "vroom" appearing in text was in 1965. Its origin is traced to the United States. "Vroom" is cited in early childhood language development texts as an example of

neg: Chicken shit Chicken shit "Chicken shit", or more commonly "chickenshit", is a slang term, usually regarded as vulgar. The online Merriam-Webster dictionary defines chickenshit (one word) as a vulgar adjective with two possible meanings: "petty, insignificant" or "lacking courage, manliness, or effectiveness". The term has been used figuratively since 1929 to allege cowardice. It can be used as either a noun or an adjective; it is always an insult. In October 2014, an unnamed senior official in the Obama administration was reported to have called Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu a "chickenshit", adding that he "has got no guts". Secretary of State

neg: Pistol which has a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers. But UK/rest of Commonwealth usage does not always make this distinction, particularly when the terms are used by the military. For example, the official designation of the Webley Mk VI revolver was "Pistol, Revolver, Webley, No. 1 Mk VI". In contrast to Merriam-Webster the Oxford English Dictionary (a descriptive dictionary) describes 'pistol' as a small firearm to be used in one hand and the usage of "revolver" as being a type of handgun and gives its original form as "revolving pistol" The pistol originates in the 16th century, when early handguns were

neg: Electronic dictionary allows users to move between the dictionaries when looking up words, and a reverse translation action that allows further look-ups of words displayed in the results. Many manufacturers produce hand held dictionaries that use licensed dictionary content that use a database such as the Merriam Webster Dictionary and Thesaurus while others may use a proprietary database from their own lexicographers. Many devices can be expanded for several languages with the purchase of additional memory cards. Manufacturers include AlfaLink, Atree, Besta, Casio, Canon, Instant Dict, Ectaco, Franklin, Iriver, Lingo, Maliang Cyber Technology, Compagnia Lingua Ltd., Nurian, Seiko, and Sharp. The market

neg: Scripps National Spelling Bee bees whose winners advance to regional-level competition use the "School Pronouncer's Guide", which contains a collection of "Spell It!" words as well as "surprise words" not listed in "Spell It!" but featured in Scripps' official dictionary, the unabridged "Webster's Third New International Dictionary" (published by Merriam-Webster). Scripps provides a "Sponsor Bee Guide" to administrators of regional bees. The "Sponsor Bee Guide" consists of two volumes, each of which contains both words from "Spell It!" and "surprise words". Bees need not use the words from "Spell It!" to be considered official. To participate in the national competition, a speller must be

neg: Webster's Dictionary unsold books and all rights to the copyright and name "Webster" were purchased by brothers George and Charles Merriam, who then hired Webster's son-in-law Chauncey A. Goodrich, a professor at Yale College, to oversee revisions. Goodrich's "New and Revised Edition" appeared on 24 September 1847, and a "Revised and Enlarged" edition in 1859, which added a section of illustrations indexed to the text. His revisions remained close to Webster's work, but removed what later editors referred to as his "excrescences". In 1850, Blackie and Son in Glasgow published the first general dictionary of English that made heavy use of pictorial

neg: Pioneer Valley centuries. Shays's Rebellion, which led directly to the U.S. Constitution, occurred at the Armory ten years after Washington's founding of it - and also forced him to come out of retirement. As regards literary works, the world's first American-English dictionary was published in Springfield in 1806, and is still published in the city by Merriam Webster. Also, the first comprehensive, major United States history book was written by Springfielder George Bancroft in 1830. To the extent that cultural contributions comprise invention, innovation, and progress, Springfield has been, historically, one of the nation's most innovative cities. In 1819, inventor Thomas Blanchard

neg: Orin Hargraves Orin Hargraves Orin Hargraves (born 1953) is an American lexicographer and writer. His language reference works include "Mighty Fine Words and Smashing Expressions: Making Sense of Transatlantic English" (Oxford University Press, 2002), " Slang Rules!: A Practical Guide for English Learners" (Merriam-Webster, 2008), and (with Willard Espy) " Words to Rhyme With: A Rhyming Dictionary" (2nd edition; Facts on File, 2006). In addition he has contributed definitions and other material to dictionaries and other language reference works issued by Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, Longman, Macmillan, HarperCollins, Chambers Harrap, Langenscheidt, Berlitz, Scholastic Corporation, and Merriam-Webster, among others. Orin Knight

neg: Plane of polarization normal to the reflective surface, and the polarized reflected ray. But, as we now know, this plane happens to contain the "magnetic" vectors of the polarized ray, not the electric vectors; the component of the electric vector normal to that plane (i.e., parallel to the surface) is reflected to some extent for "any" angle of incidence, due to the change in permittivity at the surface. The modern implication of Malus's definition — that the plane of polarization contains the "magnetic" vectors — survives in the online Merriam-Webster dictionary. In 1821, Augustin-Jean Fresnel, having already explained diffraction in terms of the

neg: Xlibris output preserved the "richness of humanity". The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines a vanity press as "a publishing house that publishes books at the author's expense". While Xlibris does charge fees up front for authors, it claims not to be a vanity press, on the grounds that ownership of the book remains with the author and that it does not force the author to buy copies of the book. On the other side of the debate, it charges up-front fees without a guarantee of sales and its rates have been reported to be higher than those of competitors. Xlibris Xlibris is