query: when did the concept of original sin begin

pos: Original sin collective guilt. The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics. Other church fathers such as Augustine also shaped and developed the doctrine, seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle (Romans and 1 Corinthians ) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms . Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. Augustine's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, who equated

pos: Christian views on sin guilt, referred to as a "sin nature", to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt. The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics. Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine, seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle ( and ) and the Old Testament verse of . Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. Augustine's formulation of

neg: Original righteousness of the transmission of original sin hold that infants are in pure righteousness; although this view is not widespread, it has been used in discussions of infant baptism. Original righteousness Original righteousness is a concept in Roman Catholic theology relating to the Edenic state of sinlessness. According to this doctrine, Adam and Eve were created without sin (a point that all Christian churches agree upon), and this original righteousness meant that a number of conditions that are now "natural" did not apply. Humans were, in such a state, united with their essence, and therefore their forms were, as their spirits,

neg: Buddhist views on sin Buddhist views on sin There are a few differing Buddhist views on sin. Ethnologist Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf explained, American Zen author Brad Warner states that in Buddhism there is no concept of sin at all. The Buddha Dharma Education Association also expressly states "The idea of sin or original sin has no place in Buddhism." Zen student and author Barbara O'Brien has said that "Buddhism has no concept of sin." Chögyam Trungpa specifically disagreed with the notion of "original sin" saying Walpola Rahula also disagreed with the notion of sin saying "In fact there is no 'sin' in Buddhism, as

neg: Original righteousness Original righteousness Original righteousness is a concept in Roman Catholic theology relating to the Edenic state of sinlessness. According to this doctrine, Adam and Eve were created without sin (a point that all Christian churches agree upon), and this original righteousness meant that a number of conditions that are now "natural" did not apply. Humans were, in such a state, united with their essence, and therefore their forms were, as their spirits, untainted. The Adamic man was immortal, experienced no excess of desire (in either lust or gluttony or greed), and had neither obesity nor starvation. The concept of original

neg: Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard can explain. He who becomes guilty in anxiety becomes as ambiguously guilty as it is possible to become. Vigilius Haufniensis, "The Concept of Anxiety" p. 61. In "The Concept of Anxiety", Haufniensis focuses on the first anxiety experienced by man: Adam's choice to eat from God's forbidden tree of knowledge or not. Since the concepts of good and evil did not come into existence before Adam ate the fruit, which is now dubbed original sin, Adam had no concept of good and evil, and did not know that eating from the tree was evil. What he did know was that

neg: Original sin (economics) Original sin (economics) Original sin is a term in economics literature, proposed by Barry Eichengreen, Ricardo Hausmann, and Ugo Panizza in a series of papers to refer to a situation in which "most countries are not able to borrow abroad in their domestic currency." The name is a reference to the concept of original sin in Christianity. The original sin hypothesis has undergone a series of changes since its introduction. The original sin hypothesis was first defined as a situation "in which the domestic currency cannot be used to borrow abroad or to borrow long term even domestically" by Barry

neg: Persona 2: Eternal Punishment situation and you can change that situation for the better. The title also stemmed from this concept. Together with "Innocent Sin", "Eternal Punishment" is the one of the first entries in the "Megami Tensei" series to feature voice acting. For the PSP version, the music was remixed by Toshiki Konishi, Ryota Kozuka and Atsushi Kitajoh, who also worked on the remixed music for "Innocent Sin"s port. The team, while remixing the music, did not want to destroy the original's foundation. The ruling concept, as defined by Konishi, was "not to far and not too close to the original". For the

neg: Original sin (economics) financial development which is measured most of the time by a ratio of total domestic credits to GDP. Finally, a special care to the level of openness which is generally measured by total foreign trade, should be taken into account. Original sin (economics) Original sin is a term in economics literature, proposed by Barry Eichengreen, Ricardo Hausmann, and Ugo Panizza in a series of papers to refer to a situation in which "most countries are not able to borrow abroad in their domestic currency." The name is a reference to the concept of original sin in Christianity. The original sin

neg: Original sin Instead, Adam will reproach their mortality because of their sins. The concept of inherited sin does not exist in Islam. Islam teaches that Adam and Eve sinned, but then sought forgiveness and thus were forgiven by God. Quotes from the Qur'an: The Qur'an further says about individual responsibility: Original sin Original sin, also called ancestral sin, is a Christian belief of the state of sin in which humanity exists since the fall of man, stemming from Adam and Eve's rebellion in Eden, namely the sin of disobedience in consuming the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good

neg: Original sin Adventist position on original sin reads: Early Adventists Pioneers (such as George Storrs and Uriah Smith) tended to de-emphasise the morally corrupt nature inherited from Adam, while stressing the importance of actual, personal sins committed by the individual. They thought of the "sinful nature" in terms of physical mortality rather than moral depravity. Traditionally, Adventists look at sin in terms of willful transgressions, and that Christ triumphed over sin. Though believing in the concept of inherited sin from Adam, there is no dogmatic Adventist position on original sin. According to the theology of the Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, all

neg: Original antigenic sin This phenomenon was first described in 1960 by Thomas Francis, Jr. in the article "On the Doctrine of Original Antigenic Sin". It is named by analogy to the theological concept of original sin. According to Thomas Francis, who originally described the idea, and cited by Richard Krause: "The antibody of childhood is largely a response to dominant antigen of the virus causing the first type A influenza infection of the lifetime. [...] The imprint established by the original virus infection governs the antibody response thereafter. This we have called the Doctrine of the Original Antigenic Sin." During a primary infection,

neg: Original Sin (Pandora's Box album) Original Sin (Pandora's Box album) Original Sin is a concept album performed by Pandora's Box and produced by Jim Steinman. Steinman wrote the majority of this album, although there are a couple of cover versions. It was the group's only album, and was a commercial flop. Although the album was not a commercial success (except in South Africa), many of the songs have gone platinum with other artists. Steinman is said to be very proud of the songs on this album, even though "Original Sin" sold very poorly in comparison with his highest selling albums and songs. The album charted

neg: Tsumi no Keishō (Original Sin) tour which will be held after the world tour. Both the music video and the lyrics have a profound message about life and human crime. It is appealing to the problem modern society faces. However its concept of sin does not mean crime, yet the existence of humans in this world itself which is similar to Christian original sin that the people are born guilty of sin. A historical tragedy of creature that seeks destruction despite its ability to create, and the sin is repeated endlessly. The message would be to not escape from the reality of living with sin,

neg: Christian mythology god who sacrifices himself in love". Related to the doctrine of transsubstantiation, the Christian practice of eating the flesh and blood of Jesus Christ during the Eucharist is an instance of theophagy. The theological concept of Jesus being born to atone for original sin is central to the Christian narrative. According to Christian theology, by Adam disobeying God in the Garden of Eden, humanity acquired an ingrained flaw that keeps humans in a state of moral imperfection, generally called "original sin". According to Paul the Apostle, Adam's sin brought sin and death to all humanity: "Through one man, sin entered

neg: Heaven Beneath it flow rivers. Perpetual is the fruits thereof and the shade therein. Such is the End of the Righteous; and the end of the unbelievers is the Fire." Islam rejects the concept of original sin, and Muslims believe that all human beings are born pure. Children automatically go to heaven when they die, regardless of the religion of their parents. The concept of heaven in Islam differs in many respects to the concept in Judaism and Christianity. Heaven is described primarily in physical terms as a place where every wish is immediately fulfilled when asked. Islamic texts describe immortal

neg: Original Sin (Pandora's Box album) the remastered original album, while the second disc is a DVD, containing the two promo videos, and some additional promotional footage. DVD Produced by Abbey Road Interactive Original Sin (Pandora's Box album) Original Sin is a concept album performed by Pandora's Box and produced by Jim Steinman. Steinman wrote the majority of this album, although there are a couple of cover versions. It was the group's only album, and was a commercial flop. Although the album was not a commercial success (except in South Africa), many of the songs have gone platinum with other artists. Steinman is said to be

neg: The Concept of Anxiety the concepts of good and evil did not come into existence before Adam ate the fruit, Adam had no concept of good and evil, and did not know that eating from the tree was "evil." What he did know was that God told him not to eat from the tree. The anxiety comes from the fact that God's prohibition itself implies that Adam is free and that he could choose to obey God or not. After Adam ate from the tree, sin was born. So, according to Kierkegaard, anxiety precedes sin. Kierkegaard mentions that anxiety is the presupposition for hereditary

neg: Original sin (economics) of term premiums, issuing short-term debt is cheaper than issuing long-term debt. However, refinancing risk is higher for short-term debt and frequent refinancing implies a larger risk of financing with higher interest rates. Therefore, governments face a trade-off between cheaper funding costs, which tilts the duration towards short-term maturities and refinancing risk, which tilts the duration towards longer-term maturities. Generally, an upward-sloping yield curve is associated with higher long-term borrowing to meet investor demand and, hence, lower original sin. Moreover, size of the investor base is another determinant of the domestic original sin. This concept actually indicates the level of

neg: Islamic views on sin of them here: According to Islam, one can be forgiven of sins through genuine "tawbah" (repentance) which literally means "to return." Unlike the Catholic concept of atonement, "tawbah" does not entail formal, eccelesiastical confession to a religious leader. Like Protestantism, Islam allows followers to repent directly to God. In addition, while Christianity and Islam considers humans as prone to sin, Islam ultimately views them as responsible for their actions and refutes the Christian concept of original sin. More so, in Islam Muslims are discouraged from confessing their sins and sharing the wrongdoings of others. Also, according to Islam, Blood sacrifice

neg: Sin In Eastern Christianity, sin is viewed in terms of its effects on relationships, both among people and likewise between people and God. Also as in Jewish Christianity, Sin is likewise seen as the refusal to follow God's plan and the desire to be "like God" (as stated in Genesis 3:5) and thus in direct opposition to God's will (see the account of Adam and Eve in Genesis). Original sin is a Western concept that states that sin entered the human world through Adam and Eve's sin in the Garden of Eden and that human beings have since lived with the

neg: Fall of man ashamed of their nakedness and God expelled them from the Garden to prevent them from eating from the tree of life and becoming immortal. For many Christian denominations, the doctrine of the fall is closely related to that of original sin. They believe that the fall brought sin into the world, corrupting the entire natural world, including human nature, causing all humans to be born into original sin, a state from which they cannot attain eternal life without the grace of God. The Eastern Orthodox Church accepts the concept of the fall but rejects the idea that the guilt of

neg: Original sin and body, even after baptismal regeneration. Christian parents transmit their wounded nature to children, because they give them birth, not the "re-birth". Augustine used Ciceronian Stoic concept of passions, to interpret St. Paul's doctrine of universal sin and redemption. In that view, also sexual desire itself as well as other bodily passions were consequence of the original sin, in which pure affections were wounded by vice and became disobedient to human reason and will. As long as they carry a threat to the dominion of reason over the soul they constitute moral evil, but since they do not presuppose consent,

neg: Adam held out the means by which the righteous would be restored to the Paradise from which Adam's sin had banished mankind. He did not conceive of this original sin of Adam as being biologically transmitted or that later generations were to be punished for the deeds of a remote ancestor. It was Saint Augustine who took this step, locating sin itself in male semen: when Adam and Eve ate of the fruit they were ashamed and covered their genitals, identifying the place from which the first sin was passed on to all succeeding generations. Only Jesus Christ, who was not

neg: Islam and Mormonism atonement for sin, as they believe God forgave Adam and Eve their sin in Paradise directly, without transmitting the guilt of that sin to any of their posterity; they believe that God furthermore forgives each individual directly without the need for a mediator or savior. Mormonism has a different perception of the Christian concept of original sin, and believes individual sin requires an atonement, or infinite, redeeming sacrifice, which had to be accomplished by Jesus Christ after the individual has sought repentance. Mormonism and Islam each believe in a life after death: belief in the Last Judgment and an Afterlife

neg: Fall of man original sin is passed down through generations, based in part on the passage that says a son is not guilty of the sins of his father. Calvinist Protestants believe that Jesus gave his life as a sacrifice for the elect, so they may be redeemed from their sin. Judaism does not have a concept of "the fall" or "original sin" and has varying other interpretations of the Eden narrative. Lapsarianism, the logical order of God's decrees in relation to the Fall, is the distinction, by some Calvinists, as being supralapsarian (antelapsarian, pre-lapsarian or prelapsarian, before the Fall) or infralapsarian (sublapsarian,

neg: Augustine of Hippo Adam is inherited by all human beings. Already in his pre-Pelagian writings, Augustine taught that Original Sin is transmitted to his descendants by concupiscence, which he regarded as the passion of both, soul and body, making humanity a "massa damnata" (mass of perdition, condemned crowd) and much enfeebling, though not destroying, the freedom of the will. Although earlier Christian authors taught the elements of physical death, moral weakness, and a sin propensity within original sin, Augustine was the first to add the concept of inherited guilt ("reatus") from Adam whereby an infant was eternally damned at birth. Although Augustine's anti-Pelagian

neg: Augustinian theodicy temptation. The Italian theologian Francesco Antonio Zaccaria criticised Augustine's concept of evil in the eighteenth century. He noted a distinction between using the term evil to imply blame (sin) and to imply lament (suffering) and argued that Augustine posited sin to have occurred before suffering. This was problematic for Zaccaria, who believed that it made Augustine seem offhand and uninterested in human suffering. For Zaccaria, Augustine's perception of evil as a privation did not satisfactorily answer the questions of modern society as to why suffering exists. John Hick criticised the Augustinian theodicy when he developed his own theodicy in 1966.

neg: Islamic views on sin supplementary sins as a whole lack the spiritual gravity of the original seven and include things such as drinking alcohol and eavesdropping. Islamic views on sin Sin is an important concept in Islamic ethics. Muslims see sin as anything that goes against the commands of Allah (God), a breach of the laws and norms laid down by religion. Islam teaches that sin is an act and not a state of being. It is believed that Allah weighs an individual’s good deeds and against his or her sins on the Day of Judgement and punishes those individuals whose evil deeds outweigh

neg: Paul Marc Rousseau of limited success there, he expressed frustration, with the limitations of the local live music scene. I Am Committing a Sin, with an average age of 19, spoke out on political issues, and against organized religion, denying the concept of sin. The band did have its consolations, including the opportunity to tour with Silverstein. After I Am Committing a Sin broke up in 2010, Rousseau recorded several songs for a project known as Burst & Bloom, which did not tour, though he posted the songs on Facebook. He sold most of his touring gear, including the van the band traveled

neg: Chinese views on sin (960–1279), the idea of "gongguo ge" 功過格 "ledgers of merit and demerit" became widespread, with sins divinely calculated as demerit points (Yamada 2008:266). Kristofer Schipper (1993:222) noted that although modern Daoists believe the sin of losing "qi" "vital energy" can lead to illness and accidents, sin "is not considered to be irreducible (there is no "original sin"). Neither it is something that is solely and simply moral, but is rather related to the equilibrium of the body." The concept of "sin; offense against god" is a long-standing hamartiological problem for Christianity in China. Uhalley and Wu (2001:71-72) described it as

neg: Ancestral sin the gods grind slowly, even to children's children, and to those who are born after them". The idea of divine justice taking the form of collective punishment is also ubiquitous in the Hebrew Bible, e.g. the Ten Plagues of Egypt, the destruction of Shechem, etc. and most notably the recurring punishments inflicted on the Israelites for lapsing from Yahwism. The formalized Christian doctrine of original sin is a direct extension of the concept of ancestral sin (imagined as inflicted on a number of succeeding generations), arguing that the sin of Adam and Eve is inflicted on all their descendents indefinitely,

neg: Chinese views on sin aid to spiritual progress and clearing karmic obstacles. In the 5th century , Chinese Buddhists used "wei" 穢 "dirty; vile; abominable; ugly" to denote "sin", and correspondingly, "the Buddhist 'paradise,' the place in which there is no sin" is called "jingtu" 淨土 "clean land; pure land" . The Buddhist notion of "sin", translated as Chinese "zui", was explained in terms of karma and reincarnation. Thus, Eberhard explains, The folk-Buddhistic concept of sin did not refer to an action against a single deity or to the provocation of divine anger, but it meant a violation of a moral code which was

neg: Concupiscence early concept of "yetzer hara" (Hebrew: יצר הרע for "evil inclination"). This concept is the inclination of humanity at creation to do evil or violate the will of God. The "yetzer hara" is not the product of original sin as in Christian theology, but the tendency of humanity to misuse the natural survival needs of the physical body. Therefore, the natural need of the body for food becomes gluttony, the command to procreate becomes sexual sin, the demands of the body for rest become sloth, and so on. In Judaism, the "yetzer hara" is a natural part of God's creation,

neg: The Concept of Anxiety sin (which Augustine was the first to call "peccatum originale", "original sin"). However, Kierkegaard mentions that anxiety is a way for humanity to be saved as well. Anxiety informs us of our choices, our self-awareness and personal responsibility, and brings us from a state of un-self-conscious immediacy to self-conscious reflection. (Jean-Paul Sartre calls these terms pre-reflective consciousness and reflective consciousness.) An individual becomes truly aware of their potential through the experience of anxiety. So, anxiety may be a possibility for sin, but anxiety can also be a recognition or realization of one's true identity and freedoms. Alternatively, sin exists in

neg: The Concept of Anxiety gave birth to sin in Adam. The prohibition predisposes that which breaks forth in Adam's qualitative leap. He questions the doctrine of Original Sin, also called Ancestral sin., "The doctrine that Adam and Christ correspond to each other confuses things. Christ alone is an individual who is more than an individual. For this reason he does not come in the beginning but in the fullness of time." Sin has a "coherence in itself". In "Philosophical Fragments" Kierkegaard described the Learner in Error before God. Here he questions how the Learner discovers this Error. New sciences were emerging that challenged the

neg: Interstate 355 construction began in the late 1980s. When the southern extension was opened in Will County in 2007, that segment of road also did not have any oases. In addition to the original alignment of I-355, the Transportation Plan of April 1962 included the concept of a route that ran from Bolingbrook south to Joliet. After the northern portion of I-355 opened in 1989, the Illinois General Assembly authorized the tollway authority to begin studying the southern extension of I-355. The discovery of the Hine's Emerald Dragonfly, an endangered species, and related concerns for the environmental health of the Des Plaines

neg: The Sickness Unto Death The Sickness Unto Death The Sickness Unto Death () is a book written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1849 under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus. A work of Christian existentialism, the book is about Kierkegaard's concept of despair, which he equates with the Christian concept of sin, particularly original sin. Anti-Climacus introduces the book with a reference to Gospel of John 11.4: "This sickness is not unto death." This quotation comes from the story of Lazarus, in which Jesus raises a man from the dead. However, Anti-Climacus raises the question: would not this statement still be true even if Jesus had

neg: The Sickness Unto Death is an elaborate parody of the often bafflingly cryptic philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Hegel; however, some scholars, such as Gregor Malantschuk, have suggested otherwise ("Armed Neutrality and An Open Letter", Simon and Schuster, 1969, pp. 65–6 and n. 7 on pp. 165–6). The Sickness Unto Death The Sickness Unto Death () is a book written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1849 under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus. A work of Christian existentialism, the book is about Kierkegaard's concept of despair, which he equates with the Christian concept of sin, particularly original sin. Anti-Climacus introduces the book with a reference to Gospel

neg: Al-Insān al-Kāmil based upon a hadith, which was used by Ibn Arabi, that states about Prophet Muhammad, 'I was a prophet when Adam was between water and clay'. The Sunni Islamic scholar Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki, has published a Sirah on Muhammad as al-Insān al-Kāmil. Al-Jili was the author of an Arabic text entitled "al-Insān al-Kāmil". Ismailis believe that each Imam is a perfect man. This concept is often explained as the esoteric meaning behind practicing the Sharia, as well as explaining the Qur'anic concept of human beings not having original sin, because the centre of consciousness is pure and perfect. However, esoteric

neg: INXS approached by producer Nile Rodgers; by September 1983, the band had recorded "Original Sin" (originally entitled "Brand New Day") at New York's Power Station Studios. Three tracks from "Shabooh Shoobah" were featured in the soundtrack for the 1984 film "Reckless". The band then travelled to the UK to begin sessions on their fourth album with Nick Launay at the Manor Studios in Oxford. The album "The Swing", released in April 1984, received significant attention from around the world, as "Original Sin" became the band's first No. 1 single in Australia and was popular worldwide with fans and reviewers. During 1984,

neg: The Desert Within pair and kill every man, woman and child in the village. Elias's family are able to escape, although his wife dies while giving birth to their son. Captured, Elias realises he is responsible for the deaths of his entire community and begs the priest for forgiveness before his execution. The priests says he is unable to do so and curses Elias's bloodline. Elias escapes and becomes obsessed with the concept of atoning for his sin. He moves his remaining seven children to the desert where they begin to build a monument to God. As his children begin to die through

neg: Chinese views on sin throughout the Christian era men and women of the western world believed in the existence of a universal phenomenon which they called sin. The tongues they spoke provided terms ("peccatum", "péché", "sin", "Sünde" etc.) which referred to this phenomenon and it was not until the age of discovery that Christian missionaries encountered languages which did not contain any comparable terms. The existence of such languages leads us inevitably to the conclusion that the concept and with it the sense of sin cannot be common to all branches of humanity. This raises the question whether some societies lack the very idea

neg: Kenneth Burke In order to alleviate the results produced by the creation of Guilt, redemption is necessitated. Through the abstraction of redemption, Burke leads to the completion of the cycle. Pollution initially constitutes actions taken by an individual that result in the creation of Guilt. The creation of Guilt occurs upon the rejection of a hierarchy. Challenges to relationships, changes in power, and appropriateness of behaviors to change are each contributing factors toward the formation of Guilt. It is appropriate to draw parallels between the creation of Guilt, and the concept of original sin. Original sin constitutes "... an offense that cannot

neg: Catholic Mariology Orthodox, the Dormition and the Assumption of St Mary are observed at different times of year. The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception is a teaching of Eastern origin but expressed in the terminology of the Western Church. The Western concept of the Virgin Mary being free from original sin as defined by St. Augustine of Hippo is not accepted in the East. However, Eastern Catholics recognized from ancient times that Mary was preserved by God from the contagion of original sin. Eastern Catholics while not observing the Latin-Rite holy day, have no difficulty affirming it or even dedicating their churches

neg: Adam and Eve hereditary: "Death passed upon [i.e., spread to] all men because of Adam, [in whom] all sinned", Original sin became a concept that man is born into a condition of sinfulness and must await redemption. This doctrine became a cornerstone of Western Christian theological tradition, however, not shared by Judaism or the Orthodox churches. Over the centuries, a system of unique Christian beliefs had developed from these doctrines. Baptism became understood as a washing away of the stain of hereditary sin in many churches, although its original symbolism was apparently rebirth. Additionally, the serpent that tempted Eve was interpreted to have

neg: The Concept of Anxiety The Concept of Anxiety The Concept of Anxiety (): "A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin", is a philosophical work written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1844. The original 1944 English translation by Walter Lowrie (now out of print), had the title The Concept of Dread. "The Concept of Anxiety" was dedicated "to the late professor Poul Martin Møller". He used the pseudonym Vigilius Haufniensis (which, according to Kierkegaard scholar Josiah Thompson, is the Latin transcription for "the Watchman" of Copenhagen) for "The Concept of Anxiety". All of Kierkegaard's books have either a preface,

neg: Chinese views on sin Chinese views on sin The concept of sin, in the sense of violating a universal moral code, was unknown in Chinese philosophy and folk religion until around the second century CE, when Buddhism arrived from India and religious Daoism originated. While English lexically differentiates theological "sin" from legal "crime", the Chinese language uses one word "zui" 罪 meaning "crime; guilt; misconduct; sin; fault; blame." Chinese has two common words meaning "sin": "zui" () and "guo" (). The German sociologist Wolfram Eberhard wrote "Guilt and Sin in Traditional China", which said "zui" has three basic meanings "crime, punishment of a crime,

neg: Philip Melanchthon far, asking for more wine, misusing her position. But she was not upset, when Jesus gently scolded her. Mary was negligent, when she lost her son in the temple, but she did not sin. Mary was conceived with original sin like every other human being, but she was spared the consequences of it. Consequently, Melanchthon opposed the feast of the Immaculate Conception, which in his days, although not dogma, was celebrated in several cities and had been approved at the Council of Basel in 1439. He declared that the Immaculate Conception was an invention of monks. Mary is a representation

neg: Ricardo Hausmann real exchange rate and the short term real interest rate. Criticism on the concept of original sin has been twofold. On the one hand, Morris Goldstein and Philip Turner claim that original sin is not a sufficient condition for a currency mismatch, and thus cannot account for the large output losses due to the currency mismatches during financial crises. On the other hand, Carmen Reinhart, Kenneth Rogoff and Miguel Savastano claim that the main problem of emerging market economies is to learn how to borrow "less" rather than learn how to borrow "more" in their domestic currency. They assumed that

neg: John Humphrey Noyes was truly free of sin, then Christianity was a lie, and that only those who were perfect and free of sin were true Christians. This internal religious crisis brought about a new religious conversion within Noyes, after which he began to proclaim that he "did not sin." In 1838 Noyes was married to Harriet Holton. The couple shared a traditional Christian marriage. In the first six years of the marriage Harriet gave birth five times. Four of the five births were premature. Only one of their children survived. These life experiences led Noyes to begin his study of sexual intercourse

neg: Simalungun people Pakpak in order to participate in trade. The Simalungun language is still spoken by many Simalungun people, in addition to Indonesian. Long before Dutch colonialism was established in North-East Sumatra, people now known collectively as Batak Timur (Eastern Batak) claimed the area as their original homeland, for example Sin Raya (Raya's peoples), Sin Silou (Silou's peoples), Sin Bandar (Bandar's peoples), and so forth. Dutch colonialism was first established in the Malay area of Deli (Medan) under "De Vide et impera" (the concept of Dutch political colonialism). The Batak Timur people were ruled by raja (kings), considered to be living gods.

neg: Original sin 2nd century by Irenaeus, the Bishop of Lyon, in his struggle against Gnosticism. Irenaeus contrasted their doctrine with the view that the Fall was a step in the wrong direction by Adam, with whom, Irenaeus believed, his descendants had some solidarity or identity. However, Irenaeus did not believe that Adam's sin was as severe as later tradition would hold, and he was not wholly clear about its consequences. While the belief that all human beings participate in Adam's sin and share his guilt are not totally foreign concepts for Irenaeus, still his doctrine of Original Sin is rather mild compared

neg: History of the United States (1789–1849) Oneida, New York. Noyes believed that the act of final conversion led to absolute and complete release from sin. The Onedia Community believed in the abolition of marriage or monogamous relationships and that sex should be free to whoever consented to it. As opposed to 20th century social movements such as the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s, the Onedians did not seek consequence-free sex for mere pleasure, but believed that, because the logical outcome of intercourse was pregnancy, that raising children should be a communal responsibility. After the original founders died or became elderly, their children rejected the concept of

neg: Original sin which he had developed in reaction to Pelagianism, arose rapidly. After a long and bitter struggle several councils, especially the Second Council of Orange in 529, confirmed the general principles of Augustine's teaching within Western Christianity. However, while the western Church condemned Pelagius, it did not endorse Augustine entirely and, while Augustine's authority was accepted, he was interpreted in the light of writers such as Cassian. Some of the followers of Augustine identified original sin with concupiscence in the psychological sense, but Saint Anselm of Canterbury challenged this identification in the 11th-century, defining original sin as "privation of the righteousness

neg: Criticism of religion economic system. In this perspective, Marx saw religion as escapism. Marx also viewed the Christian doctrine of original sin as being deeply anti-social in character. Original sin, he argued, convinces people that the source of their misery lies in the inherent and unchangeable "sinfulness" of humanity rather than in the forms of social organization and institutions, which Marx argued can be changed through the application of collective social planning. In his 1976 book "The Selfish Gene", Richard Dawkins coined the term memes to describe informational units that can be transmitted culturally, analogous to genes. He later used this concept in

neg: The Concept of Anxiety Kierkegaard offered an avenue of hope for those who have anxiety and human nervousness near the end of this little book. The Concept of Anxiety The Concept of Anxiety (): "A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin", is a philosophical work written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1844. The original 1944 English translation by Walter Lowrie (now out of print), had the title The Concept of Dread. "The Concept of Anxiety" was dedicated "to the late professor Poul Martin Møller". He used the pseudonym Vigilius Haufniensis (which, according to Kierkegaard scholar Josiah Thompson, is

neg: Ricardo Hausmann the problems of emerging markets were not due to original sin, but to so-called debt intolerance: the inability of emerging markets to manage levels of external debt that, under the same circumstances, would be manageable for developed countries. Eichengreen, Hausmann and Panizza respond to both criticisms in a paper elaborating the difference between currency mismatches, debt intolerance and original sin. Self-discovery is a concept developed by Hausmann and Dani Rodrik, referring to the process of discovering what economic activities can profitably be pursued in a given country. In a 2003 paper titled "Economic Development as Self-Discovery", Hausmann and Rodrik contest

neg: Desmond Ford Ellen White taught and mainstream Adventists agree. According to Anglican Geoffrey Paxton, during the 1960s scholars such as Ford and Edward Heppenstall began to try to highlight a shift in the concept of original sin within the SDA church, away from its foundational belief that Seventh-day Adventists do not believe in original sin. Seventh-day Adventists have historically preached a doctrine of inherited weakness, but not a doctrine of inherited guilt. Ellen White and others such as George Storrs, and Uriah Smith were disposed to de-emphasise the corrupt nature inherited from Adam, instead stressing the importance of actual, personal sins committed

neg: Messianic Judaism the other. The New Perspective on Paul is important in Messianic Judaism. Some Messianic believers define sin as transgression of the Torah (Law/Instruction) of God and include the concept of original sin. Some adherents atone for their sins through prayer and repentance—that is, acknowledgment of the wrongdoing and seeking forgiveness for their sins (especially on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement). Disagreeing with these rites and practices, other Messianics hold to a belief that all sin (whether committed yet or not) is already atoned for because of Jesus's death and resurrection. Messianic Jews believe God's people have a responsibility to

neg: Tirtha (Hinduism) Tirtha are a part of "Prāyaścitta" concept, which means "atonement, penance, expiation" for "something one has done, but shouldn't have" or "something one did not do, but should have". Vishnu Dharmasastra asserts that the type of sin that may be expiated through pilgrimages is referred to as anupātakas (small sin), in contrast to mahapātakas (major sin) that require other penances. According to Kane, many texts asserted that "tirtha-yatra (journey to a holy place) was a popular way for redemption of sins in the case of all classes of men and women. The proper procedure for a pilgrimage is debated within

neg: John Calvin's views on Mary doctrine of headship, found in Romans 5:12-21. Considering he believed in both of these doctrines most reformed theologians agree that John Calvin did not accept the doctrine of immaculate conception, considering it conflicted with the aforementioned doctrines and with Romans 3:23 that all have sinned. Taking into account Calvin's belief in headship, this means that Mary could have original sin and not pass it on to Jesus, considering the male is the one who passes on original sin in the doctrine of headship. Since Jesus was conceived by God himself and not by a human man, original sin was not

neg: Original Sin (Taylor Dayne song) This version of the song has slightly altered lyrics referring to the themes of the movie (a line about 'evil lurking in the hearts of men today' based on the intro to "The Shadow" radio program) different from the ones sung by Meat Loaf on "Welcome to the Neighborhood" and Pandora's Box. "Original Sin" was released in the U.S. as a cassette and CD single, but did not chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Meat Loaf recorded the song for his album "Welcome to the Neighborhood". As previously stated, his version has different lyrics from Dayne's. Original Sin (Taylor Dayne

neg: Original antigenic sin Original antigenic sin Original antigenic sin, also known as the Hoskins effect, refers to the propensity of the body's immune system to preferentially utilize immunological memory based on a previous infection when a second slightly different version of that foreign entity (e.g. a virus or bacterium) is encountered. This leaves the immune system "trapped" by the first response it has made to each antigen, and unable to mount potentially more effective responses during subsequent infections. The phenomenon of original antigenic sin has been described in relation to influenza virus, dengue fever, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and to several other viruses.

neg: Bridget D'Oyly Carte Opera Company name, to begin operations in 1988. The company secured sponsorship from Sir Michael Bishop, who eventually became chairman of the Board of Trustees, and BMI British Midland Airways (of which Bishop is chairman). From 1988 to 2003 the new company produced short seasons each year, mounting productions of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas on tour and in London, as well as operettas by Jacques Offenbach, Franz Lehár and Johann Strauss II. The new company did not employ many of the members of the original company and did not follow its performing traditions, even staging some "concept" productions of

neg: Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843 Kierkegaard further explains this whole concept in "Works of Love", The one who loves sees the sin he forgives, but he believes that forgiveness takes it away. This cannot be seen, whereas the sin can indeed be seen; on the other hand, if the sin did not exist to be seen, it could not be forgiven either. Just as one by faith "believes the unseen" into what is seen, so the one who loves by forgiveness "believes" away what is seen. Both are faith. Blessed is the believer, he believes what he cannot see; blessed is the one who loves,

neg: Original Sin (The Vampire Diaries) Original Sin (The Vampire Diaries) "Original Sin" is the third episode of the fifth season of the American series "The Vampire Diaries", and the series' 92nd episode overall. "Original Sin" was originally aired on October 17, 2013, on The CW. The episode was written by Melinda Hsu Taylor and Rebecca Sonnenshine and directed by Jesse Warn. The episode received mixed reviews with some of the reviewers criticizing the amnesia storyline. Elena and Katherine (Nina Dobrev) both have the same dream about Stefan (Paul Wesley). They see him enter a bar, attack someone, let them go and then, when he gets

neg: John Romanides according to Romanides, does not qualify as a theologian in the Eastern Orthodox church. Romanides rejects the Catholic teachings on Original Sin. Orthodox theologians trace this position to having its roots in the works of Saint Augustine. Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Assyrian Church of the East, and Eastern Catholicism, which together make up Eastern Christianity, acknowledge that the introduction of ancestral sin into the human race affected the subsequent environment for humanity, but never accepted Augustine of Hippo's notions of original sin and hereditary guilt. The Catholic Church did not accept all of Augustine's ideas, at least as these

neg: Last Generation Theology According to Augustine and Calvin, humanity inherits not only Adam's depraved nature but also the actual guilt of his transgression, and Adventists look more toward the Wesleyan model. In part, the Adventist position on original sin reads: "The nature of the penalty for original sin, i.e., Adam's sin, is to be seen as literal, physical, temporal, or actual death – the opposite of life, i.e., the cessation of being. By no stretch of the scriptural facts can death be spiritualised as depravity. God did not punish Adam by making him a sinner. That was Adam’s own doing. All die the

neg: Original sin one has the option to choose to follow God. Colm Luibhéid says that, according to Cassian, there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn, while Augustine Casiday says that, in Cassian's view, any sparks of goodwill that may exist, not "directly" caused by God, are totally inadequate and only "direct" divine intervention ensures spiritual progress. and Lauren Pristas says that "for Cassian, salvation is, from beginning to end, the effect of God's grace". Eastern Orthodoxy accepts the doctrine of ancestral sin: "Original sin is hereditary. It did not remain only Adam and Eve's. As life passes from

neg: The Antichrist (book) Christianity and Buddhism to be nihilistic, decadent religions, Nietzsche did consider Buddhism more realistic because it posed objective problems and did not use the concept of God. In all religious history, Nietzsche believed, Buddhism was the only positivistic religion because it struggles against actual suffering, which is experienced as fact or illusion (the concept of "Maya") in various Buddhist traditions. Christianity, by contrast, struggles against sin, while suggesting that suffering can have a redemptive quality. Nietzsche claimed that Buddhism is "beyond good and evil" because it has developed past the "...self–deception of moral concepts... ." Buddha created the religion in

neg: Original sin (economics) of original sin in economics literature. These measures are defined mathematically as one minus the fraction of own currency-denominated securities in the relevant total. Original sin measures range between 0 and 1. A high measure of original sin indicates that a country suffers from high level of original sin. Thus, a country that issues all of its securities in foreign currency would have an original sin measure of one, while a country that issues all of its securities in its domestic currency would have an original sin measure of zero. The first measure of original sin (OSIN1) is defined as

neg: Dust (His Dark Materials) between worlds. However, Dust was lost in the cracks of these windows into the void between universes, and the mulefa noticed that their trees, which depend on Dust for fertilisation, started producing fewer seeds. In Lyra's world, the Bible describes the eating of the apple of knowledge in the Garden of Eden as causing Adam and Eve's dæmons to settle into one shape. The discovery that Dust settles on humans after adolescence, when their dæmons settle, causes the Church to associate it with Original Sin and to demonise it. To that end, they begin a series of experiments on children

neg: Persona 2: Eternal Punishment Halfway through writing the latter's script, Tadashi Satomi felt that the draft gave him the impression of needing an alternate point of view to that of the main hero. This concept formed the basis for "Eternal Punishment"s plot. To foreshadow this, the team showed the main characters from "Eternal Punishment" through minor roles in "Innocent Sin". "Eternal Punishment" began full development after the release of "Innocent Sin". "Innocent Sin" and "Eternal Punishment" both used the same game engine and structure. Kouji Okada, "Innocent Sin"s producer, returned in the same role. When developing "Eternal Punishment", the development team took what they

neg: Adam and Eve hadith, Adam and Eve reunited in the plain of ʻArafat, near Mecca. They had two sons together, Qabil and Habil. There is also a legend of a younger son, named Rocail, who created a palace and sepulcher containing autonomous statues that lived out the lives of men so realistically they were mistaken for having souls. The concept of "original sin" does not exist in Islam, because according to Islam Adam and Eve were forgiven by God. When God orders the angels to bow to Adam, "" questioned, "Why should I bow to man? I am made of pure fire and

neg: Total depravity Total depravity Total depravity (also called radical corruption or pervasive depravity) is a Christian theological doctrine derived from the concept of original sin. It is the teaching that, as a consequence of the Fall of Man, every person born into the world is enslaved to the service of sin as a result of their fallen nature and, apart from the efficacious or prevenient grace of God, is utterly unable to choose to follow God, refrain from evil, or accept the gift of salvation as it is offered. It is advocated to various degrees by many Protestant confessions of faith and

neg: Thomas Aquinas comes from Aristotle's concept of the unmoved mover and asserts that God is the ultimate cause of all things. In the "Summa Theologica" Thomas begins his discussion of Jesus Christ by recounting the biblical story of Adam and Eve and by describing the negative effects of original sin. The purpose of Christ's Incarnation was to restore human nature by removing "the contamination of sin", which humans cannot do by themselves. "Divine Wisdom judged it fitting that God should become man, so that thus one and the same person would be able both to restore man and to offer satisfaction." Thomas

neg: Christian theology depravity (also called absolute inability and total corruption) is a theological doctrine that derives from the Augustinian concept of original sin. It is the teaching that, as a consequence of the fall of man, every person born into the world is enslaved to the service of sin and, apart from the efficacious or prevenient grace of God, is utterly unable to choose to follow God or choose to accept salvation as it is freely offered. It is also advocated to various degrees by many Protestant confessions of faith and catechisms, including those of Lutheranism, Arminianism, and Calvinism. Total depravity is

neg: Catholic Mariology grace from the first instant of her existence and by a special and unique gift of God was free from the lack of grace caused by the original sin at the beginning of human history. In "Fulgens corona" (item 10) Pope Pius XII reaffirmed the concept by stating: "Who will dare to doubt that she, who was purer than the angels and at all times pure, was at any moment, even for the briefest instant, not free from every stain of sin?" "Ineffabilis Deus" (as well as Pope Pius XII's "Munificentissimus Deus" on the Assumption) also teaches the predestination of

neg: El jinete sin cabeza El jinete sin cabeza El Jinete sin cabeza ("The Headless Horseman") is a 1957 Mexican horror film directed by Chano Urueta. The film centers on a mysterious stranger who rides into town as the locals begin talking about a legendary gunfighter as bodies soon litter the town in the stranger's wake. A mysterious stranger on horseback rides into an unnamed Mexican town for an unknown purpose. The superstitious locals soon begin to talk of a legendary gunfighter with the speed to outdraw even the fastest hand. Tensions begin to rise as the stranger leaves a trail of bodies in his

neg: Ad diem illum go further and strive might and main to imitate her example. The Pontiff declared that those only attain everlasting happiness who have by such following reproduced in themselves the patience and sanctity of Jesus Christ. Many modern men deny that mankind has fallen by sin, believing that the concept original sin, and all the evils that were allegedly its consequence, are pure imaginations. With this rejection, there is logically "no place left for Christ, for the Church, for grace or for anything that is above and beyond nature; in one word the whole edifice of faith is shaken from top

neg: Expansion pack have been releasing expansion packs since the 1980s, early examples being the "Dragon Slayer" games "" and "Sorcerian". Other terms for the concept are module and, in certain games' marketing, adventure. The price of an expansion pack is usually much less than that of the original game. As expansion packs consist solely of additional content, most require the original game in order to play. Games with many expansions often begin selling the original game with prior expansions, such as "The Sims Deluxe Edition" ("The Sims" with ""). These bundles make the game more accessible to new players. When games reach

neg: Original sin persist in man". "In other words, human beings do not bear any 'original guilt' from Adam and Eve's particular sin." The Church has always held baptism to be for the remission of sins including the original sin, and, as mentioned in "Catechism of the Catholic Church", 403, infants too have traditionally been baptized, though not guilty of any actual personal sin. The sin that through baptism is remitted for them could only be original sin. Baptism confers original sanctifying grace which erases original sin and any actual personal sin. The first comprehensive theological explanation of this practice of baptizing infants,

neg: Grace in Christianity by Jesus on the Cross was at best a vague sort of moral example. The taint of original sin did extinguish God's grace in men's souls; no matter how righteously they conducted themselves, their virtues could never make them worthy of the infinite holiness of God. Men are "massa peccati", a mass of sin; they can no more endow themselves with grace than an empty glass can fill itself. While we may have "free will" ("liberum arbitrium") in the sense that we can choose our course of conduct, we nevertheless lack true freedom ("libertas") to avoid sin, for sin is

neg: Original sin from original sin when he/she is entirely sanctified: Seventh-day Adventists believe that humans are inherently sinful due to the fall of Adam, but they do not totally accept the Augustinian/Calvinistic understanding of original sin, taught in terms of original guilt, but hold more to what could be termed the "total depravity" tradition. Seventh-day Adventists have historically preached a doctrine of inherited weakness, but not a doctrine of inherited guilt. According to Augustine and Calvin, humanity inherits not only Adam's depraved nature but also the actual guilt of his transgression, and Adventists look more toward the Wesleyan model. In part, the

neg: Original Sin (comics) modified Extremis virus to transform into the Hulk while retaining his intellect. Attempting to escape the Hulk, Iron Man flees to his new city of Troy, incredulous at what their vision revealed. While retreating into the undercity, he experiences a new epiphany of something else he did to Banner in the past. After Hulk destroys Iron Man's latest Hulkbuster armor and takes him back to the original gamma bomb test site where he first became the Hulk, Iron Man reveals that when he analyzed the gamma bomb, he determined that Banner's modifications had actually concentrated the original explosive potential of

neg: Jack Cottrell which says that there are no distinctions between God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Dr. Cottrell calls modalism heretical and a "seriously false doctrine" but believes someone whom believes in it can be saved. Dr. Jack Cottrell denies original sin, at least in the traditional sense. He believes that Romans 5:12-18 actually states that any original sin that might have existed is wiped out by "Original Grace" given to everyone through the death and resurrection of Jesus. Thus, original sin is theoretical only, and never has any real effect on the salvation of believers. When

neg: Sin Limites 1996 Vina Del Mar show in Chile. In 1996, following their successful visit to Chile at the Vina Del Mar awards, an unofficial album containing some of 2 Unlimited's biggest hits was released. All songs are sung in Spanish by Anita while Ray continues to sing all rap lyrics in English. The original English version releases are used on the two mega mixes (tracks 12-13). Sin Limites "Sin Limites" is a four track EP recorded by Dutch Eurodance band 2 Unlimited. Sin Limites was released in 1994 as a collectors item in Chile and The U.S. The EP did not

neg: Original sin (economics) Eichengreen and Ricardo Hausmann in 1999. Based on their measure of original sin (shares of home currency-denominated bank loans and international bond debt), they showed that original sin was present in most of the developing economies and independent from histories of high inflation and currency depreciation. However, this early study left the causes of original sin as an open question. In the second version of the original sin hypothesis, Barry Eichengreen, Ricardo Hausmann and Ugo Panizza in 2002 discarded the domestic element of original sin and redefined (international) original sin as a situation in which most countries cannot borrow abroad

neg: Julian of Eclanum salvation. Julian charged that Augustine was still Manichean, if only in temperament; Augustine’s concept of sin offered the best evidence of that. Sexuality: As Brown puts it, “Julian spoke boldly of the sexual instinct as a sixth sense of the body, as a [morally] neutral energy that might be used well...delicately poised between reason and animal feeling.” (1) Augustine, after more than 13 years of fornicating with prostitutes and concubines, considered all non-procreative sex sinful (and said that the feelings of arousal that accompanied procreative sex were evil and were the cause of the transmission of original sin), and human

neg: Original sin (economics) original sin and currency mismatch are used interchangeable in these early studies. Goldstein and Turner (2003) criticized this by showing that large output losses due to the currency mismatches during financial crises could not be attributed to original sin. Hence, they claimed that the original sin is not a sufficient condition for a currency mismatch. In their last version of their original sin hypothesis, Eichengreen, Hausmann and Panizza defined domestic component of original sin as the "inability to borrow domestically long-term at fixed rates in local currency" while keeping the definition of (international) original sin same. They reported that no

neg: Adam and Eve (LDS Church) Latter-day Saints denies the concept of original sin. They instead believe that "little children are whole, for they are not capable of committing sin; wherefore the curse of Adam is taken from them in [Jesus Christ]." Joseph Smith also stated that "men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam’s transgression." Latter-day Saint doctrine holds firm that through repentance, Adam and Eve were eventually forgiven of their transgression in Eden. Latter-day Saint scripture teaches that Adam and Eve had "sons and daughters" after the fall, including Cain, Abel, and Seth. Orson Pratt taught that God married Adam

neg: Chinese views on sin "evil" or "bushan" 不善 "not good; unholy; bad; evil". Damien Keown (2003:211) explains, "Essentially, pāpa is that which leads one away from nirvāṇa, and is closer to the concept of error than an offence against divine authority or a condition innate in human nature such as original sin." Buddhist monks and nuns practice "pāpa-deśanā" "confession of sins/infringements (of the Patimokkha code)", which Chinese transliterates as "chanhui" 懺悔 "repent; confess". The alternate term "xiangbihui" 向彼悔 "repent sins to others" (from "pratideśanīya") emphasizes publicly confessing to the monastic sangha "community". Buddhist confession is not considered an appeal for divine absolution, but an

neg: Christian views on sin classical Lutheranism, Salvation is "sola fide" (by faith alone); "sola gratia" (by grace alone); and is begun and completed by God alone through Jesus (Ephesians 2:8,9). This understanding of original sin (Romans 5:12–19), is most closely associated with Calvinist doctrine (see total depravity) and Lutheranism. Calvinism allows for the relative or nominal "goodness" of humanity through God's common grace upon both those predestined to salvation and those predestined to damnation, upon the regenerate and the unregenerate. Methodist Arminian theology adapts the concept by stating that humans, entirely sinful and totally depraved, can only "do good" through God's "prevenient grace". This

neg: Christianity in the 5th century the "Vulgate", is still an important text of the Roman Catholic Church. He is recognised by the Roman Catholic Church as a Doctor of the Church. Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo Regius, was a philosopher and theologian. Augustine is one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. Augustine was radically influenced by Platonism. He framed the concepts of original sin and just war as they are understood in the West. When Rome fell and the faith of many Christians was shaken, Augustine developed the concept of the Church as a spiritual City of God, distinct from

neg: Original antigenic sin fact, the vaccine might make the infection even worse, by "trapping" the immune response into the first, ineffective, response it made against the virus. Original antigenic sin Original antigenic sin, also known as the Hoskins effect, refers to the propensity of the body's immune system to preferentially utilize immunological memory based on a previous infection when a second slightly different version of that foreign entity (e.g. a virus or bacterium) is encountered. This leaves the immune system "trapped" by the first response it has made to each antigen, and unable to mount potentially more effective responses during subsequent infections. The

neg: Fall of man their descendants as original sin, causing humans to be "subject to ignorance, suffering and the dominion of death, and inclined to sin." Although the state of corruption, inherited by humans after the primeval event of Original Sin, is clearly called guilt or sin, it is understood as a sin acquired by the unity of all humans in Adam rather than a personal responsibility of humanity. Even children partake in the effects of the sin of Adam, but not in the responsibility of original sin, as sin is always a personal act. Baptism is considered to erase original sin, though the

neg: SiN: Wages of Sin Elexis Sinclaire never appears in "Wages of Sin", there are lots of references to her (in serious and humorous ways) throughout the game and the ending leaves a big hint towards her return (which happens in "Sin's" official sequel, "SiN Episodes"). "Wages of Sin" is an add-on utilizing the same technology the original game is based on. However, great attention to detail and interactivity was kept when 2015 designed "Wages of Sin", resulting in even more options and visual treats than "Sin" could offer. Also, the locations the player character visits greatly expand the Freeport City experience started in "Sin",

neg: Circle (Amorphis album) the band needed to make a change to the recording process to maintain its inspiration. The band chose a "peaceful place" in the countryside to record, which, Koivusaari felt, led to the distinctive atmosphere. Lyrics were once again written by Pekka Kainulainen, who has worked with Amorphis since 2007's "Silent Waters". Up to this point all of Kainulainen's lyrics had been based on the Finnish national epic "Kalevala", but on "Circle" they focus on an original concept. Kainulainen later gave a short summary of the album's concept: When Amorphis announced that they would begin recording their eleventh studio album in

neg: Pietism the Methodist movement and Alexander Mack to begin the Anabaptist Brethren movement. Though Pietism shares an emphasis on personal behavior with the Puritan movement, and the two are often confused, there are important differences, particularly in the concept of the role of religion in government. Pietistic Lutherans meet together in conventicles, "apart from Divine Service in order to mutually encourage piety". They believe "that any true Christian could point back in his or her life to an inner struggle with sin that culminated in a crisis and ultimately a decision to start a new, Christ-centered life." Pietistic Lutherans emphasize following