query: who disproved the idea of inheritance using tailless mice

pos: August Weismann of removing the tails of 68 white mice, repeatedly over 5 generations, and reporting that no mice were born in consequence without a tail or even with a shorter tail. He stated that "901 young were produced by five generations of artificially mutilated parents, and yet there was not a single example of a rudimentary tail or of any other abnormality in this organ." Weismann was aware of the limitations of this experiment, and made it clear that he embarked on the experiment precisely because, at the time, there were many claims of animals inheriting mutilations (he refers to a

pos: August Weismann book "An examination of Weismannism" by George Romanes This idea was illuminated and explained by the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's work in the early years of the 20th century (see Mendelian inheritance). The idea that germline cells contain information that passes to each generation unaffected by experience and independent of the somatic (body) cells, came to be referred to as "the Weismann barrier", and is frequently quoted as putting a final end to the theory of Lamarck and the inheritance of acquired characteristics. What Lamarck claimed was the inheritance of characteristics acquired through effort, or will. Weismann conducted the experiment

pos: Wilhelm Haacke he coined the evolutionary term "orthogenesis". He also conducted investigations in the field of animal husbandry. Haacke studied under Ernst Haeckel. He later turned against Haeckel for holding Darwinist views. He was also a critic of August Weismann. He experimented with mice and proposed a system of heredity similar to Gregor Mendel but differed in results. Haacke was a neo-Lamarckian and proponent of the inheritance of acquired characters. Haacke believed that cells consist of individuals called "gemmaria" that operate as hereditary units. These consist of even smaller units known as "gemmae". He believed these units to explain neo-Lamarckian inheritance. He

pos: Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of evolution by natural selection in 1859. Responding to Darwin and Wallace's theory, a revised neo-Lamarckism attracted a small following of biologists, though the Lamarckian zeal was quenched in large part due to Weismann’s famous experiment in which he cut off the tails of mice over several successive generations without having any effect on tail length. Thus the emergent consensus that acquired characteristics could not be inherited became canon. Non-genetic variation and inheritance, however, proved to be quite common. Concurrent to the modern evolutionary synthesis (unifying Mendelian genetics and natural selection), C. H. Waddington was working to unify developmental biology

pos: Pangenesis in his 1892 book "Das Keimplasma: eine Theorie der Vererbung" (The Germ Plasm: a Theory of Inheritance), was that the hereditary material, which he called the germ plasm, and the rest of the body (the soma) had a one-way relationship: the germ-plasm formed the body, but the body did not influence the germ-plasm, except indirectly in its participation in a population subject to natural selection. This distinction is commonly referred to as the Weismann Barrier. If correct, this made Darwin's pangenesis wrong and Lamarckian inheritance impossible. His experiment on mice, cutting off their tails and showing that their offspring had

neg: Median graph graph for a set of species and characteristics, first, eliminate redundant species that are indistinguishable from some other species and redundant characteristics that are always the same as some other characteristic. Then, form a latent vertex for every combination of characteristic values such that every two of the values exist in some known species. In the example shown, there are small brown tailless mice, small silver tailless mice, small brown tailed mice, large brown tailed mice, and large silver tailed mice; the Buneman graph method would form a latent vertex corresponding to an unknown species of small silver tailed mice,

neg: Epigenetics has been reported in a preclinical study using mice. In this investigation, transmission of paternal stress-induced traits across generations involved small non-coding RNA signals transmitted via the male germline. Epigenetic inheritance of depression-related phenotypes has also been reported in a preclinical study. Inheritance of paternal stress-induced traits across generations involved small non-coding RNA signals transmitted via the paternal germline. Studies on mice have shown that certain conditional fears can be inherited from either parent. In one example, mice were conditioned to fear a strong scent, acetophenone, by accompanying the smell with an electric shock. Consequently, the mice learned to fear

neg: NRC tailless glider NRC tailless glider The NRC tailless glider, also called the NRL tailless glider, was a two-seat tailless research glider designed by the Canada National Research Council and built by the National Research Laboratories, at the instigation of G.T.R. Hill who had previously designed the British Westland-Hill Pterodactyl series of tailless aircraft. To research the control and stability of tailless aircraft. The National Research Council of Canada initiated a research programme using a specially designed glider, the NRC tailless glider. During the inter-war years Geoffrey T. R. Hill had designed and Westland Aircraft Limited had built a series of tailless aircraft

neg: Median graph because every pairwise combination (small and silver, small and tailed, and silver and tailed) is observed in some other known species. However, the method would not infer the existence of large brown tailless mice, because no mice are known to have both the large and tailless traits. Once the latent vertices are determined, form an edge between every pair of species or latent vertices that differ in a single characteristic. One can equivalently describe a collection of binary characteristics as a "split system", a family of sets having the property that the complement set of each set in the family

neg: Epigenetics the scent of acetophenone alone. It was discovered that this fear could be passed down to the mice offspring. Despite the offspring never experiencing the electric shock themselves the mice still displayed a fear of the acetophenone scent, because they inherited the fear epigenetically by site-specific DNA methylation. These epigenetic changes lasted up to two generations without reintroducing the shock. The two forms of heritable information, namely genetic and epigenetic, are collectively denoted as dual inheritance. Members of the APOBEC/AID family of cytosine deaminases may concurrently influence genetic and epigenetic inheritance using similar molecular mechanisms, and may be a point

neg: Coxsackievirus newborn mice. (Coxsackie A virus causes paralysis and death of the mice, with extensive skeletal muscle necrosis; Coxsackie B causes less severe infection in the mice, but with damage to more organ systems, such as heart, brain, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscles.) The use of suckling mice was not Dalldorf's idea but was brought to his attention in a paper written by Danish scientists Orskov and Andersen in 1947, who were using such mice to study a mouse virus. The discovery of the coxsackieviruses stimulated many virologists to use this system, and ultimately resulted in the isolation of a large

neg: Paul Ehrlich in some cases after a smallpox or syphilis infection, specific immunity was transmitted from the parents to their offspring. Ehrlich rejected inheritance in the genetic sense because the offspring of a male mouse immunized against abrin and an untreated female mouse were not immune to abrin. He concluded that the fetus was supplied with antibodies via the pulmonary circulation of the mother. This idea was supported by the fact that this “inherited immunity” decreased after a few months. In another experiment he exchanged the offspring of treated and untreated female mice. The mice which were nursed by the treated females

neg: Swedish mutation the only difference between the family members who developed Alzheimer's Disease and those that did not in these families was the inheritance of the mutation in the amyloid gene this suggested that the amyloid protein itself could cause the disease. The idea that amyloid could cause the disease influenced scientific research until this day. Many experimental treatments are directed towards lowering amyloid levels in the brain. The other main effect the discovery of the Swedish mutation had was to provide one transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Transgenic mice (e.g. Tg2576) were made which overproduce human APP with the Swedish

neg: Tailless tenrec grassland, arable land, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, and urban areas. The tailless tenrec is the largest land-dwelling species of the tenrec family, Tenrecidae. It is 26 to 39 cm (10 to 15½ in) in length and weighs 1.5 to 2.5 kg (3¼ to 5½ lb). It has medium-sized, coarse grey to reddish-grey fur and long, sharp spines along its body. It not only eats small invertebrates among leaves, but also scavenges and hunts frogs and mice. If threatened, this tenrec will scream, erect its spiny hairs to a crest, jump, buck and bite. It shelters in a nest of grass

neg: Boland 1912 Tailless Biplane Boland 1912 Tailless Biplane The Boland 1912 Tailless Biplane was a refinement of the Boland 1911 Tailless Biplane. The major change in the 1912 biplane is the addition of a central nacelle that contained the pilot, passenger and the engine. The Boland 1912 biplane was more of a refinement of Frank Boland's previous tailless aircraft. Still using the wing 'jibs' he developed for lateral control, this aircraft introduced a crudely constructed nacelle for the pilot, passenger and engine. This was the aircraft that Boland took on tour to Venezuela and the West Indies in 1912, becoming the first person to

neg: Azim Surani using a single-cell analysis in mice. This genetic network also initiates the unique resetting of the germline epigenome, including comprehensive erasure of DNA methylation towards re-establishing full genomic potency. Epigenetic modifications and re-establishments of imprints then generate functional differences between parental genomes whilst aberrant imprints contribute to human disease. Surani's research is identifying key regulators of human germ line development and epigenome reprogramming, revealing differences between humans and mice attributable to their divergent pluripotent states and early postimplantation development. He is also investigating transposable elements, host defence mechanisms, noncoding RNAs, and the potential for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in mammals. Surani

neg: Bellingcat which comes from a medieval fable about mice who discuss how to make a cat harmless. One suggests hooking a bell around his neck, and all the mice support the idea but none is willing to do it. In March 2012, Eliot Higgins started a blog under the pseudonym Brown Moses, through which he published his research into video footage of the Syrian Civil War. He looked at hundreds of these short clips on the Internet, localized them, and examined details of the weapons used. As a result, Higgins was able to demonstrate that the Syrian regime was using cluster

neg: Tailless aircraft using engine power. Others could pitch up or down sharply and uncontrollably if they were not carefully handled. These gave tailless designs a reputation for instability. It was not until the later success of the tailless delta configuration in the jet age that this reputation was widely accepted to be undeserved. The solution usually adopted is to provide large elevator and/or elevon surfaces on the wing trailing edge. Unless the wing is highly swept, these must generate large control forces, as their distance from the aerodynamic center is small and the moments less. Thus a tailless type may experience higher

neg: Pangenesis in 1900 Karl Pearson wrote that pangenesis "is no more disproved by the statement that ‘gemmules have not been found in the blood,’ than the atomic theory is disproved by the fact that no atoms have been found in the air." Finally, the rediscovery of Mendel's Laws of Inheritance in 1900 led to pangenesis being fully set aside. Julian Huxley has observed that the later discovery of chromosomes and the research of T. H. Morgan also made pangenesis untenable. Some of Darwin's pangenesis principles do relate to heritable aspects of phenotypic plasticity, although the status of gemmules as a distinct

neg: Tailed tailless bat although with some exceptions. Tailed tailless bats probably only breed once a year, giving birth to a single offspring. The tailed tailless bat is nocturnal, spending the day roosting in caves, tree hollows, and some man-made structures. Colonies can contain up to 100 individuals, although more typically they range from just five to 15 individuals. As with most cave-dwelling bats, it typically shares its larger roosts with other species, including other species of tailless bat, as well as common big-eared bats, vampire bats, and others. They are omnivorous, using their long tongues to lap nectar from flowers, but also eating

neg: Priority inheritance H, having high priority, preempts L and runs to completion. This enables M and L to resume in succession and run to completion. Priority inheritance In real-time computing, priority inheritance is a method for eliminating unbounded priority inversion. Using this programming method, a process scheduling algorithm increases the priority of a process (A) to the maximum priority of any other process waiting for any resource on which A has a resource lock (if it is higher than the original priority of A). The basic idea of the priority inheritance protocol is that when a job blocks one or more high-priority

neg: Priority inheritance Priority inheritance In real-time computing, priority inheritance is a method for eliminating unbounded priority inversion. Using this programming method, a process scheduling algorithm increases the priority of a process (A) to the maximum priority of any other process waiting for any resource on which A has a resource lock (if it is higher than the original priority of A). The basic idea of the priority inheritance protocol is that when a job blocks one or more high-priority jobs, it ignores its original priority assignment and executes its critical section at an elevated priority level. After executing its critical section and

neg: Robert D. Schreiber the strong belief, for over 20 years, that the immune system played no role in preventing the initiation or the prevention of tumors. This finding was consistent with the idea that most tumors arise in individuals with normal immune systems. With the explosion of new information about the role of the innate immune system over the last two decades, and with the knowledge that the innate immune system was intact in the nude mice that Stutman had used, Schreiber repeated these experiments using a strain of mice he bred to lack both innate and adaptive immunity. These mice lacked the

neg: Early stages of embryogenesis of tailless amphibians Early stages of embryogenesis of tailless amphibians Embryogenesis in living creatures occurs in different ways depending on class and species. One of the most basic criteria of such development is independence from a water habitat. Amphibians were the earliest animals to adapt themselves to a mixed environment containing water and dry land. The embryonic development of tailless amphibians is presented below using the African clawed frog ("Xenopus laevis") and the northern leopard frog ("Rana pipiens") as examples. The oocyte in these frog species is a polarized cell - it has specified axes and poles. The animal pole of the cell

neg: Early stages of embryogenesis of tailless amphibians biologii rozwoju zwierząt", p. 49-55, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warsaw 2007 Early stages of embryogenesis of tailless amphibians Embryogenesis in living creatures occurs in different ways depending on class and species. One of the most basic criteria of such development is independence from a water habitat. Amphibians were the earliest animals to adapt themselves to a mixed environment containing water and dry land. The embryonic development of tailless amphibians is presented below using the African clawed frog ("Xenopus laevis") and the northern leopard frog ("Rana pipiens") as examples. The oocyte in these frog species is a polarized cell - it has

neg: Tales of the Dead name is Schruster) arrives with his troop of performers at the inn of colonel Keilholm. He has come to the inn because it is in his home town and he is there to see about his inheritance. His father, the schoolmaster, had just died. The pastor informs him that his father disproved of this lifestyle, not following him in becoming a schoolmaster, and gave all his inheritance to a female relative. Calzolaro disputes her claim. Kielholm asks if Calzolaro would perform for the townspeople, especially since he is known to be an expert ventriloquist. He agrees and they set a

neg: Statistics the Lady tasting tea experiment, which "is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation". The second wave of the 1910s and 20s was initiated by William Gosset, and reached its culmination in the insights of Ronald Fisher, who wrote the textbooks that were to define the academic discipline in universities around the world. Fisher's most important publications were his 1918 seminal paper "The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance", which was the first to use the statistical term, variance, his classic 1925 work "Statistical Methods for Research Workers" and his 1935

neg: Seabed Survey Data Model core attributes of an SSDM object. The mechanism of object inheritance is based on the idea that many SSDM classes share similar features and it would be inefficient for all of them to define their own version of those features. Object inheritance allows an object using the same implementation with its parent class to best reuse the code. The relationships of objects through inheritance give rise to a hierarchy. SSDM defines tens of classes. Among them, some are more important than others. SSDMSurveryObject is the most important abstract class in SSDM. Its Survey_ID and Survey_ID_Ref class members are used to

neg: Murphy's law because both are predicting a tendency to a more disorganised state. Atanu Chatterjee investigated this idea by formally stating Murphy's law in mathematical terms. Chatterjee found that Murphy's law so stated could be disproved using the principle of least action. From its initial public announcement, Murphy's law quickly spread to various technical cultures connected to aerospace engineering. Before long, variants had passed into the popular imagination, changing as they went. Author Arthur Bloch has compiled a number of books full of corollaries to Murphy's law and variations thereof. The first of these was "Murphy's law and other reasons why things

neg: Mitochondrial DNA Evidence supports rare instances of male mitochondrial inheritance in some mammals as well. Specifically, documented occurrences exist for mice, where the male-inherited mitochondria were subsequently rejected. It has also been found in sheep, and in cloned cattle. Some more cases of male mitochondrial inheritance have been documented in humans. Although many of these cases involve cloned embryos or subsequent rejection of the paternal mitochondria, others document "in vivo" inheritance and persistence under lab conditions. Doubly uniparental inheritance of mtDNA is observed in bivalve mollusks. In those species, females have only one type of mtDNA (F), whereas males have F type

neg: Laboratory mouse his superior to stop breeding in his cell "smelly creatures that, in addition, copulated and had sex". He then switched his investigations to peas but, as his observations were published in a somewhat obscure botanical journal, they were virtually ignored for over 35 years until they were rediscovered in the early 20th century. In 1902 Lucien Cuénot published the results of his experiments using mice which showed that Mendel's laws of inheritance were also valid for animals — results that were soon confirmed and extended to other species. In the early part of the 20th century Clarence Cook Little, a

neg: Behavioural genetics 20th century, the field saw renewed prominence with research on inheritance of behaviour and mental illness in humans (typically using twin and family studies), as well as research on genetically informative model organisms through selective breeding and crosses. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, technological advances in molecular genetics made it possible to measure and modify the genome directly. This led to major advances in model organism research (e.g., knockout mice) and in human studies (e.g., genome-wide association studies), leading to new scientific discoveries. Findings from behavioural genetic research have broadly impacted modern understanding of the role of

neg: Survivin (CTL) response against the survivin protein, which will later result in the activation of apoptosis in tumour cells. The idea and general principle behind his technique is described below. Mice were immunized with the oral vaccination and then subjected to tumour challenges by injecting them in the chest with a certain number of tumour cells and a Matrigel pre-formed extracellular matrix to hold the tumour cells together. The mice were sacrificed and the endothelium tissue was stained with a fluorescent dye that would aid in the quantification of tumour neovascularisation using a Matrigel assay. There was found to be a

neg: Inheritance and shares, in addition to few other verses dealing with testamentary. But this information was used as a starting point by Muslim jurists who expounded the laws of inheritance even further using Hadith, as well as methods of juristic reasoning like Qiyas. Nowadays, inheritance is considered an integral part of Sharia law and its application for Muslims is mandatory, though many peoples (see Historical inheritance systems), despite being Muslim, have other inheritance customs. The distribution of the inherited wealth has varied greatly among different cultures and legal traditions. In nations using civil law, for example, the right of children to

neg: Fancy mouse injury to one or both males. Some people, however, prefer the personality and curiosity of male mice. It is a good idea to keep fancy mice in groups of at least two if possible, as mice are sociable animals. However, if a buck and a doe of breeding age are put in the same cage it is possible for them to reproduce at a maximum frequency of once every three weeks. Litters of 5-18 are not unusual. There are several clubs all over the world who host shows for mice, similar to rat shows. Shows are held in the US,

neg: Role Class Model solution using inheritance to conceptualise a role - cf. the Inheritance Role Model - is not possible, as this would allow a person to play only a single role. As one can see in Figure 1 below, the inheritance role model says that a character, who is a person, is playing in a film. But there is no way to say that the person playing the character is also the director. Because, the inheritance makes a character a person in general, not a particular person. As explained in Context, using inheritance to play more than one role cannot be considered,

neg: Kyasanur Forest disease that KFDV primarily replicated in the brain. Other research has expanded on this by described neurological changes that occurred within infected organisms. This experiment was completed by using KFDV-infected mice and discovered that KFDV caused gliosis, inflammation, and cell death in the brain. Within their discussion, the authors presented the idea that KFDV could be primarily a neuropathic disease and other symptoms are due to this pathogenesis. Previous methods of diagnosis included HI, complement fixation, neutralization tests, and injecting the serum of infected individuals into mice. However, new research has introduced more efficient methods to diagnose KFDV. These methods include:

neg: Tailless aircraft Tailless aircraft A tailless aircraft has no tail assembly and no other horizontal surface besides its main wing. The aerodynamic control and stabilisation functions in both pitch and roll are incorporated into the main wing. A tailless type may still have a conventional vertical fin (vertical stabilizer) and rudder. Theoretical advantages of the tailless configuration include low parasitic drag as on the Horten H.IV soaring glider and good stealth characteristics as on the Northrop B-2 Spirit bomber. The most successful tailless configuration has been the tailless delta, especially for combat aircraft, though the most familiar tailless delta is the Concorde

neg: Tube Mice included: Unlike the later "Underground Ernie", this series was set on a rather true-to-life version of the London Underground, right down to litter and graffiti. The style of animation was very distinctive, using strange angles and perspectives, and using watercolour backgrounds. The series made heavy use of the ransom note effect where writing appeared on screen, giving the series a very punk feel. Tube Mice Tube Mice is a British children's animated series for television produced in 1988 about the adventures of mice who dwell in the tunnels of the London Underground, the railway system locally referred to as 'the

neg: Clara Lynch today. One well-known research article written by Lynch is entitle "The Inheritance of Susceptibility to Yellow Fever Encephalitis in Mice", which was received on October 2, 1935. She performed this research on her Swiss mice that she had brought from Lausanne, Switzerland in 1926 to the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Technology. In this study she looked at the importance of resistance for individuals related to the likelihood of attaining certain infectious diseases, and in this case specifically Yellow Fever. Some mice were more susceptible to diseases than others, and Lynch wanted to see how genetic factors influenced susceptibility to Yellow

neg: Malignant hyperthermia has been identified in the American Quarter Horse and breeds with Quarter Horse ancestry, inherited as an autosomal dominant It can be caused by overwork, anesthesia, or stress. In dogs, its inheritance is autosomal recessive. An MH mouse has been constructed, bearing the R163C mutation prevalent in humans. These mice display signs similar to human MH patients, including sensitivity to halothane (increased respiration, body temperature, and death). Blockade of RYR1 by dantrolene prevents adverse reaction to halothane in these mice, as with humans. Muscle from these mice also shows increased -induced depolarization and an increased caffeine sensitivity. The earliest signs

neg: The Church Mice and the Ring ring, but are promptly arrested by the police. At the police station, the sergeant is at first willing to let the mice off with a police caution, since 'as they were church mice, they couldn't be that bad', but after he describes their incursion into the jeweller's as 'a foolish prank', Humphrey (whose idea it was) is indignant to hear it described as such, and insults the sergeant, who promptly has the mice locked up. They manage to escape from the cell and hide under the sergeant's helmet, then recover the ring by slowly manoeuvring the helmet across the desktop

neg: Multiple inheritance to explicitly program them, while adding new features like "chasing mice". Multiple inheritance allows programmers to use more than one totally orthogonal hierarchy simultaneously, such as allowing "Cat" to inherit from "Cartoon character" and "Pet" and "Mammal" and access features from within all of those classes. Languages that support multiple inheritance include: C++, Java (Java SE 9 ), Common Lisp (via Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)), EuLisp (via The EuLisp Object System TELOS), Curl, Dylan, Eiffel, Logtalk, Object REXX, Scala (via use of mixin classes), OCaml, Perl, Perl 6, POP-11, Python, and Tcl (built-in from 8.6 or via Incremental Tcl

neg: IBM System Object Model impossible to insert other derived classes in the middle (at least in other COM libraries). SOM instead uses a simple algorithm, looking for potential base classes by following the inheritance tree and stopping at the first one that matches; this is the basic idea behind inheritance in most cases. The downside to this approach is that it is possible that new versions of this base class may no longer work even if the API remains the same. This possibility exists in any program, not only those using a shared library, but a problem can become very difficult to track down

neg: Non-Mendelian inheritance are imprinted differently depending on the parental origin of the chromosome that contains them. In mice, the insulin-like growth factor 2 gene undergoes imprinting. The protein encoded by this gene helps to regulate body size. Mice that possess two functional copies of this gene are larger than those with two mutant copies. The size of mice that are heterozygous at this locus depends on the parent from which the wild type allele came. If the functional allele originated from the mother, the offspring will exhibit dwarfism, whereas a paternal allele will generate a normal sized mouse. This is because the

neg: Modern synthesis (20th century) in his 1892 book "Das Keimplasma: eine Theorie der Vererbung" (The Germ Plasm: a Theory of Inheritance), was that the hereditary material, which he called the germ plasm, and the rest of the body (the soma) had a one-way relationship: the germ-plasm formed the body, but the body did not influence the germ-plasm, except indirectly in its participation in a population subject to natural selection. If correct, this made Darwin's pangenesis wrong, and Lamarckian inheritance impossible. His experiment on mice, cutting off their tails and showing that their offspring had normal tails, demonstrated that inheritance was 'hard'. He argued strongly

neg: Tailless aircraft the tailless jet-powered research aircraft called the de Havilland DH.108 "Swallow". Built using the forward fuselage of the de Havilland Vampire jet fighter. One of these was possibly one of the first aircraft ever to break the sound barrier - it did so during a shallow dive, and the sonic boom was heard by several witnesses. All three built were lost in fatal crashes. Similar to the D.H. 108, the twin-jet powered 1948-vintage Northrop X-4 was one of the series of postwar X-planes experimental aircraft developed in the United States after World War II to fly in research programs exploring

neg: Kasper Bekas and completed by Clifford Johnson of Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1972, which features a wider chord wing. The final one was completed by Don Mattson of Seattle. Kasper Bekas The Kasper Bekas is a family of American mid-wing, tailless gliders designed by Witold Kasper and derived from the earlier 1959 Brochocki BKB-1 design. The Bekas series was an attempt by Kasper to create an experimental tailless glider with a higher glide ratio, better ground handling and rigging, using a flexible wing to study the effects of wing flexing on stability and controllability in flight. The Bekas is built from wood and

neg: Primate French or French "primat", from a noun use of Latin "primat-", from "primus" ("prime, first rank"). The name was given by Carl Linnaeus because he thought this the "highest" order of animals. The relationships among the different groups of primates were not clearly understood until relatively recently, so the commonly used terms are somewhat confused. For example, "ape" has been used either as an alternative for "monkey" or for any tailless, relatively human-like primate. Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of the primatologists who developed the idea of trends in primate evolution and the methodology of arranging the living

neg: Tailed tailless bat common name of the bat is typically given as the "tailed tailless bat". This is because the species belongs to the genus "Anoura", commonly called the "tailless bats", yet it possesses a tail. However, the name is arguably somewhat misleading, since only three of the other seven species of "tailless bats" genuinely lack a tail. Of the remaining four, however, three have tails that are significantly shorter even than that of "A. caudifer", and the fourth, the equatorial tailless bat, was only distinguished from "A. caudifer" in 2006. The tailed tailless bat is one of the smaller bat species, with

neg: Kasper Bekas Kasper Bekas The Kasper Bekas is a family of American mid-wing, tailless gliders designed by Witold Kasper and derived from the earlier 1959 Brochocki BKB-1 design. The Bekas series was an attempt by Kasper to create an experimental tailless glider with a higher glide ratio, better ground handling and rigging, using a flexible wing to study the effects of wing flexing on stability and controllability in flight. The Bekas is built from wood and covered in plywood. The wing uses a NACA 8-H-12 airfoil and has greater span and higher aspect ratio than the BKB-1 to achieve its goals. The

neg: Cadena's tailless bat This species is sympatric with two other species from the genus Anoura : "A. caudifer" and "A. cultrata". Cadena's tailless bat has only been recorded in the Colombian Andes but it is expected that it is also found in Ecuador. Cadena's tailless bat Cadena's tailless bat ("Anoura cadenai") is a species of bat native to Colombia. In 2006 it was described as a separate species from the tailed tailless bat species complex. Cadena's tailless bat was described as a new species in 2006. The species was named after Dr. Alberto Cadena, curator of the collection of mammals of the Instituto

neg: Focke-Wulf Ta 183 swept wings for improved transonic performance, others instead using the tailless design to lower drag to the same end. Since German aircraft engineers were aware that tailless designs might encounter serious stability problems at transonic speeds, much as the prototype Me 163B V18 did on July 6, 1944 in hitting a record 1,130 km/h (702 mph) top speed and nearly destroying its entire rudder surface in the process, a variety of stabilization methods such as airbrakes on the wings were considered for such aircraft or simply adding conventional tail surfaces. Kurt Tank's design team led by Hans Multhopp designed in

neg: Linkage based QTL mapping on human linkage studies. Initially the mapping work was limited to some of morphological markers and the speed was quite low. Mapping efforts are speeded by development of DNA markers that provided virtually unlimited supply of genetic markers – an idea first conceived by Botstein and colleagues for yeast crosses (Petes and Botstein, 1977) and subsequently for human families (Botstein et al., 1980). The idea of using markers to map in such families is to trace inheritance of existing human pedigrees as if one had set up crosses in the laboratory. After a decade of first discovery of molecular markers,

neg: DFS 194 DFS 194 The DFS 194 was a rocket-powered aircraft designed by Alexander Lippisch at the "Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug" (DFS - "German Institute for Sailplane Flight"). The DFS 194 was based on the Alexander Lippisch "Delta" series of tailless designs. As originally conceived, it would have been a tailless aircraft similar to his DFS 40, powered by a conventional piston engine driving a pusher propeller. The airframe was completed in this configuration in March 1938. Lippisch's designs had attracted the attention of the "Reichsluftfahrtministerium" (RLM - Reich Aviation Ministry) who believed that tailless aircraft were the best basis for a

neg: The Church Mice and the Ring even more chaos around the house and furthers their dislike of him. Humphrey and Arthur then hit upon an idea: they will steal Polly's mother's valuable antique diamond ring and have Percy 'find' it. The two mice (aided by Sampson) successfully swipe the ring during the night and leave it on the pavement for Percy to find. Unfortunately, before Polly's parents reach it, it is picked up by a shady neighbour, who then sells it. Desperate to have Percy off their hands in order to begin eating adequately again, the mice infiltrate the jeweller's shop at night and retrieve the

neg: Absinthe samples of various original absinthes have disproved previous estimates, and demonstrated that only a trace of the thujone present in wormwood actually makes it into a properly distilled absinthe when historical methods and materials are employed to create the spirit. As such, most traditionally crafted absinthes, both vintage and modern, fall within the current EU standards. Tests conducted on mice to study toxicity showed an oral of about 45 mg thujone per kg of body weight, which represents far more absinthe than could be realistically consumed. The high percentage of alcohol in absinthe would result in mortality long before thujone

neg: Mitochondrial DNA (a 'Vicious Cycle'); as mitochondrial DNA accumulates genetic damage caused by free radicals, the mitochondria lose function and leak free radicals into the cytosol. A decrease in mitochondrial function reduces overall metabolic efficiency. However, this concept was conclusively disproved when it was demonstrated that mice, which were genetically altered to accumulate mtDNA mutations at accelerated rate do age prematurely, but their tissues do not produce more ROS as predicted by the 'Vicious Cycle' hypothesis. Supporting a link between longevity and mitochondrial DNA, some studies have found correlations between biochemical properties of the mitochondrial DNA and the longevity of species. Extensive

neg: Heredity particulate inheritance of genes can be attributed to the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel who published his work on pea plants in 1865. However, his work was not widely known and was rediscovered in 1901. It was initially assumed that Mendelian inheritance only accounted for large (qualitative) differences, such as those seen by Mendel in his pea plants—and the idea of additive effect of (quantitative) genes was not realised until R. A. Fisher's (1918) paper, "The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance" Mendel's overall contribution gave scientists a useful overview that traits were inheritable. His pea plant demonstration

neg: Henry Murdoch Henry Murdoch Henry Murdoch (17 September 1920 - 24 April 1987), born as George Henry Murdock, was an Australian aboriginal actor and stockman who appeared in Australian films of the 1940s and 1950s. He was working as stockman in Rockhampton when discovered by Ralph Smart, who was helping make "The Overlanders" (1946). The film's director, Harry Watt, later claimed Murdoch and fellow aboriginal actor Clyde Combo "proved to be first-class actors and were exceedingly quick witted and intelligent. They certainly disproved the conventional idea that the Australian aboriginal is an animalistic caveman." Murdoch thought that was the end of his

neg: Samuel Franklin Cody one of his kites. His exploits came to the attention of the Admiralty, who hired him to look into the military possibilities of using kites for observation posts. He demonstrated them later in 1903, and again on 2 September 1908, when he flew them off the deck of battleship HMS "Revenge". The Admiralty eventually purchased four of his War Kites. In 1905, using a radically different design looking more like a tailless biplane, he devised and flew a manned "glider-kite". The machine was launched on a tether like a kite, and the tether was then released to allow gliding flight.

neg: Nibiru cataclysm to the extent that their effects would be easily observable today. Astronomers have hypothesized many planets beyond Neptune, and though many have been disproved, there are some that remain viable candidates such as Planet Nine. All the current candidates are in orbits that keep them well beyond Neptune throughout their orbit, even when they are closest to the Sun. The idea of the Nibiru encounter originated with Nancy Lieder, a Wisconsin woman who claims that as a girl she was contacted by gray extraterrestrials called Zetas, who implanted a communications device in her brain. In 1995, she founded the website

neg: Thomas Harrison Montgomery Jr. cell biology, primarily using insect cells. His most notable research includes early observations of the pairing of maternal and paternal chromosomes during cell division. He was first to propose that chromosomes play the dominant role in sex determination, although he rejected the idea that sex was determined by chromosomes alone, and some historians claim he was the first to propose the chromosome theory of inheritance, an idea widely credited to Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri. He also detailed the morphology of the nucleolus, and observed that in some hemipteran insects the germ cells of males but not females contain odd

neg: Rory Finnigan in fact, Lord Kildiggin and heir to a castle in Ireland. True to his nature, Finn declined the inheritance of his castle and although he retained his title, he preferred the life of an anonymous drifter. Carol and Finn embarked on a passionate and sometimes tumultuous relationship, climaxing in a marathon 48-hour session on Finn's bus, yet Chis free-spirited nature and roving eye brought the relationship to a premature close. Finn and Lewis found another money-making idea when they began to organise Nineties revival nights at a local club, giving them the idea of building their own night-club. After using

neg: Bead theory Bead theory The bead theory is a disproved hypothesis that genes are arranged on the chromosome like beads on a necklace. This theory was first proposed by Thomas Hunt Morgan after discovering genes through his work with breeding red and white eyed fruit flies. According to this theory, the existence of a gene as a unit of inheritance is recognized through its mutant alleles. A mutant allele affects a single phenotypic character, maps to one chromosome locus, gives a mutant phenotype when paired and shows a Mendelian ratio when intercrossed. Several tenets of the bead theory are worth emphasizing :-

neg: Cadena's tailless bat Cadena's tailless bat Cadena's tailless bat ("Anoura cadenai") is a species of bat native to Colombia. In 2006 it was described as a separate species from the tailed tailless bat species complex. Cadena's tailless bat was described as a new species in 2006. The species was named after Dr. Alberto Cadena, curator of the collection of mammals of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (Bogota). The ecology of this species is poorly understood due to its recent description. Specimens were recorded at relatively high altitudes (between 800 and 1600m), in habitats of the Andean forest with mature trees covered by epiphytes.

neg: Phrases from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Riemann surface with a maximal number of symmetries and as a symmetry of Hyperbolic tiling made up of combinations of triangles with angle angles π/2, π/3, and π/7 . Rumours that mathematicians are grey mice have been disproved, however. The 42 Puzzle is a game devised by Douglas Adams in 1994 for the United States series of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" books. The puzzle is an illustration consisting of 42 multi-coloured balls, in 7 columns and 6 rows. Douglas Adams has said, In the puzzle the question is unknown, but the answer is already known to be 42.

neg: MouseHunt (game) Seasonal Soldiers, Wizard's Pieces, Zurreal's Breed, The Marching Flame, Muridae Market Mice, Icewing's Invasion, Living Garden Mice, Lost City Mice, Sand Dunes Mice, Wild Bunch, Train Robbers, The Polluted, Rift Walkers, Deep Sea Dwellers, Fungal Fiends, Citizens of Zokor or Event Mice. Members of the group share common weaknesses with the exception of the "Gauntlet Gladiators" group. There are nine power types in the game: Physical, Shadow, Tactical, Forgotten, Arcane, Hydro, Draconic, Rift and Parental. Using the right kind of cheese gives the hunter a higher chance of attracting the mice they want and using the right power type of

neg: NRC tailless glider predominantly in the glide after a tow to between 6,000 ft and 10,000 ft, testing being terminated at 4,000 ft to allow positioning for entering the landing circuit. Flight characteristics were found to be good with the exception of poor yaw control at low speeds. In September 1948, the glider was towed across Canada to Arnprior, Ontario for further testing, completing 105 hours before the project was terminated. NRC tailless glider The NRC tailless glider, also called the NRL tailless glider, was a two-seat tailless research glider designed by the Canada National Research Council and built by the National Research

neg: Lamarckism originate the idea of soft inheritance, which was known from the classical era onwards, and it was not the primary focus of Lamarck's theory of evolution. Further, in "On the Origin of Species" (1859), Charles Darwin supported the idea of "use and disuse inheritance", though rejecting other aspects of Lamarck's theory. Many researchers from the 1860s onwards attempted to find evidence for the theory, but these have all been explained away either by other mechanisms such as genetic contamination, or as fraud. Later, Mendelian genetics supplanted the notion of inheritance of acquired traits, eventually leading to the development of the

neg: Lethal allele Lethal allele Lethal alleles (also referred to as lethal genes or lethals) are alleles that cause the death of the organism that carries them. They are usually a result of mutations in genes that are essential to growth or development. Lethal alleles may be recessive, dominant, or conditional depending on the gene or genes involved. Lethal alleles can cause death of an organism prenatally or any time after birth, though they commonly manifest early in development. Lethal alleles were first discovered by Lucien Cuénot in 1905 while studying the inheritance of coat colour in mice. The "agouti" gene in mice

neg: Laboratory mouse have human homologues. Other mouse species sometimes used in laboratory research include the American white-footed mouse ("Peromyscus leucopus") and the deer mouse ("Peromyscus maniculatus"). Mice have been used in biomedical research since the 16th Century when William Harvey used them for his studies on reproduction and blood circulation and Robert Hooke used them to investigate the biological consequences of an increase in air pressure. During the 18th century Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier both used mice to study respiration. In the 19th century Gregor Mendel carried out his early investigations of inheritance on mouse coat color but was asked by

neg: Paul Ehrlich animals, which Ehrlich always remembered with gratitude. Ehrlich had started his first experiments on immunization already in his private laboratory. He accustomed mice to the poisons ricin and abrin. After feeding them with small but increasing dosages of ricin he ascertained that they had become "ricin-proof." Ehrlich interpreted this as immunization and observed that it was abruptly initiated after a few days and was still in existence after several months, but mice immunized against ricin were just as sensitive to abrin as untreated animals. This was followed by investigations on the "inheritance" of acquired immunity. It was already known that

neg: Anne de La Grange-Trianon path to the opportunities they both craved. More immediately, La Grange and Frontenac both possessed a notably impetuous nature which led to the couple's marriage against the wishes and without the knowledge of La Grange's family in the church of St. Pierre aux Boeufs on October 28 of that year. De Neufville, unaware of the marriage, arranged for Anne to be sent to a convent as a measure to separate the young couple. He strongly disproved of the financially insolvent Frontenac as an inappropriate match for his daughter and her inheritance. When De Neufville found out about the secret wedding

neg: Ernst Rüdin results on the genetics of schizophrenia (known as dementia praecox) in 1916. Rüdin's data did not show a high enough risk in siblings for schizophrenia to be due to a simple recessive gene as he and Kraepelin thought, but he put forward a two-recessive-gene theory to try to account for this. This has been attributed to a "mistaken belief" that just one or a small number of gene variations caused such conditions. Similarly his own large study on Mood disorders correctly disproved his own theory of simple Mendelian inheritance and also showed environmental causes, but Rüdin simply neglected to publish

neg: The Church Mice and the Ring and over the ring, then back again. The sergeant then puts the helmet on and departs. Outside, Sampson ambushes the sergeant and removes the helmet, letting the mice escape. The next morning, the mice leave the ring outside the church and again get Percy to 'find' it. Yet before he can do so, the ring is stolen by the jackdaw who lives at the top of the church tower. Sampson and the mice then try to recover it by sending Percy onto the outside of the tower to raid the jackdaw's nest, using the parson's stole as an improvised safety

neg: Rhonda Voskuhl (ERα) on astrocytes, not neurons, was responsible for the reduction of clinical EAE symptoms in mice. Using a gene knockout system Cre-Lox, the research team was able to remove ERα from neurons and in separate mice, remove ERα from astrocytes. It was found that the mice with ERα knocked out in astrocytes experienced an increase in clinical disease symptoms, macrophage and T-cell inflammation in the central nervous system, and axonal loss. These symptoms were not observed in those mice who had ERα removed from neurons. In 2016, the results of a Phase II Trial, in which Voskuhl participated, were released,

neg: Germ cell two mechanisms that may provide reasoning for the evolution of germ plasm inheritance. One difference is that typically inheritance occurs almost immediately during development (around the blastoderm stage) while induction typically does not occur until gastrulation. As germ cells are quiescent and therefore not dividing, they are not susceptible to mutation. Since the germ cell lineage is not established right away by induction, there is a higher chance for mutation to occur before the cells are specified. Mutation rate data is available that indicates a higher rate of germ line mutations in mice and humans, species which undergo induction, than

neg: C. C. Little C. C. Little Clarence Cook "C.C." Little (October 6, 1888 – December 22, 1971) was an American genetics, cancer, and tobacco researcher and academic administrator. C. C. Little was born in Brookline, Massachusetts and attended Harvard University after his secondary education at the Noble and Greenough School. While studying under W. E. Castle, Little began his work with mice, focusing on inheritance, transplants, and grafts. He also was an assistant dean and secretary to the president. His most important research occurred at Harvard, including what some call his most brilliant work, "A Mendelian explanation for the inheritance of a trait

neg: Seckel syndrome Seckel syndrome Seckel syndrome, or microcephalic primordial dwarfism (also known as bird-headed dwarfism, Harper's syndrome, Virchow–Seckel dwarfism and bird-headed dwarf of Seckel) is an extremely rare congenital nanosomic disorder. Inheritance is autosomal recessive. It is characterized by intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal dwarfism with a small head, narrow bird-like face with a beak-like nose, large eyes with down-slanting palpebral fissures, receding mandible and intellectual disability. A mouse model has been developed. This mouse model is characterized by a severe deficiency of ATR protein. These mice suffer high levels of replicative stress and DNA damage. Adult Seckel mice display accelerated ageing.

neg: Halley's Comet with this last name appear to prefer the version that rhymes with "valley". Halley was the first comet to be recognized as periodic. Until the Renaissance, the philosophical consensus on the nature of comets, promoted by Aristotle, was that they were disturbances in Earth's atmosphere. This idea was disproved in 1577 by Tycho Brahe, who used parallax measurements to show that comets must lie beyond the Moon. Many were still unconvinced that comets orbited the Sun, and assumed instead that they must follow straight paths through the Solar System. In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published his "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica",

neg: Mac Eoin Bissett family lands he claimed "by inheritance," but the MacDonnells continued to struggle to gain a foothold because of Ulster's leading prince, Shane O'Neill, who continually harassed them. In 1573, six years after O'Neill's death, Sorley Boy (re-)petitioned, and this time for "a portion of the Glynns claimed by him by inheritance from the M[B]issetts", with the government thinking it a good idea to grant because they could use him against the Irish who were still refusing to submit. However, he himself soon became involved in a major conflict with the English, and ended up settling in The Route, the old MacQuillan

neg: Polar overdominance who inherit this mutant allele from their father are more likely to show signs of obesity because the DLK1 gene is key in adipogenesis, or more simply the formation of fat cells. Polar overdominance Polar overdominance is a unique form of inheritance originally described in livestock, with relevant examples in humans and mice being discovered shortly after. The term polar is used to describe this type of overdominance because the phenotype of the heterozygote is more prevalent than the other genotypes. This polarity is shown as differential phenotype is only present in one of the heterozygote configurations when the recessive

neg: 2001 Dartmouth College murders him, Parker stabbed her, allegedly at Tulloch's orders. Tulloch also stabbed her in the head and body. Covered in blood, the pair left after taking $340 from Half's wallet. They left their knife sheaths at the scene. The Zantops' bodies were found that evening by family friend Roxana Verona, who had arrived as an invited guest for dinner. She notified police. Investigators at first speculated that it was a crime of passion by someone having an affair with Half, but that idea was soon disproved. There were several false leads. (Associated Press reported at least three persons of interest were

neg: Sorting number of a 2-regular sequence. Asymptotically, the value of the formula_1th sorting number fluctuates between formula_7 and formula_8 depending on the ratio between formula_1 and the nearest power of two. In 1950, Hugo Steinhaus observed that these numbers count the number of comparisons used by binary insertion sort, and conjectured (incorrectly) that they give the minimum number of comparisons needed to sort formula_1 items using any comparison sort. The conjecture was disproved in 1959 by L. R. Ford Jr. and Selmer M. Johnson, who found a different sorting algorithm, the Ford–Johnson merge-insert sort, using fewer comparisons. The same sequence of sorting

neg: Environmental enrichment study also found after 6 months of sensory enrichment therapy, 21% of the children who initially had been given an autism classification, using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, improved to the point that, although they remained on the autism spectrum, they no longer met the criteria for classic autism. None of the standard care controls reached an equivalent level of improvement. The therapy using the methodologies is titled Sensory Enrichment Therapy. Through environmental enrichment, researchers were able to enhance and partially repair memory deficits in mice between ages of 2 to 7 months with characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. Mice in

neg: MouseHunt (game) the fantasy kingdom of Gnawnia. The player is a hunter, commissioned by the King of Gnawnia to catch mice that infest the kingdom by using virtual traps, bases and cheese. Additional Story is available by catching mice who drop Torn Pages. These describe the first ever mousehunter and some of the observations made. "MouseHunt" is a passive game, intended to be played while surfing the Web. The player, called a hunter, arms a trap (using cheese as bait) and can then sound the "Hunter's Horn" once every 15 minutes. If a player is playing the game for the first time,

neg: General Aircraft GAL.56 As a result of the crash, and persistent stall problems on all tailless aircraft of the period, the research trials were terminated, the two other GAL.56s were transferred to the AFEE (Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment) at RAF Beaulieu, and the GAL.61 remained unflown. General Aircraft GAL.56 The General Aircraft GAL.56 was a family of 1940s British experimental tailless swept wing glider designs. In July 1943, the Tailless Aircraft Advisory Committee was set up under the Directorate of Scientific Research, within the Ministry of Aircraft Production. The purpose was to investigate the future possible use of tailless and tail-first concepts. In

neg: Boland 1912 Tailless Biplane could be easily bolted to each of the skids with six bolts, turning it into a seaplane. In 1914, Uppercu bought out the Boland brothers and reorganized the Boland Airplane and Motor Company as the Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company and marketed this as the Aeromarine Model B. Boland 1912 Tailless Biplane The Boland 1912 Tailless Biplane was a refinement of the Boland 1911 Tailless Biplane. The major change in the 1912 biplane is the addition of a central nacelle that contained the pilot, passenger and the engine. The Boland 1912 biplane was more of a refinement of Frank Boland's

neg: Geoffroy's tailless bat Geoffroy's tailless bat Geoffroy's tailless bat ("Anoura geoffroyi") is a species of phyllostomid bat from the American tropics. Geoffroy's tailless bat is a medium-sized bat, measuring around in total length and weighing . It has dark to dull brown fur over much of its body, with greyish-brown underparts and silvery-grey fur on the neck and shoulders. The wings are black or very dark brown, while the membrane between the legs is relatively small and covered in hair. As its name suggests, the bat does not possess a tail. It has a long muzzle, a projecting lower jaw, and short, rounded

neg: Boland 1911 Tailless Biplane turned, the lower corner of the jib is pulled in, thus presenting an obliquely inclined surface, offering resistance on that side." Boland 1911 Tailless Biplane The Boland 1911 Tailless Biplane was an American pioneering aircraft. At the end of 1909, Wilbur R. Kimball bought Dr. William Greene's 1909 biplane and took it to Rahway, New Jersey where he and Frank Boland removed the tail and began experimenting with a novel control system that eventually led to the first Boland Brothers 'jibbed' tailless biplane. Frank Boland was convinced that a traditional tail rudder and ailerons/wing warping was unnecessary to provide lateral

neg: Geoffroy's tailless bat vary across the bat's range. Gestation takes four months and births have been found to be in different months by geography: July in Nicaragua, June in Peru, March in Costa Rica, etc. Geoffroy's tailless bat Geoffroy's tailless bat ("Anoura geoffroyi") is a species of phyllostomid bat from the American tropics. Geoffroy's tailless bat is a medium-sized bat, measuring around in total length and weighing . It has dark to dull brown fur over much of its body, with greyish-brown underparts and silvery-grey fur on the neck and shoulders. The wings are black or very dark brown, while the membrane between

neg: Boland 1911 Tailless Biplane Boland 1911 Tailless Biplane The Boland 1911 Tailless Biplane was an American pioneering aircraft. At the end of 1909, Wilbur R. Kimball bought Dr. William Greene's 1909 biplane and took it to Rahway, New Jersey where he and Frank Boland removed the tail and began experimenting with a novel control system that eventually led to the first Boland Brothers 'jibbed' tailless biplane. Frank Boland was convinced that a traditional tail rudder and ailerons/wing warping was unnecessary to provide lateral control for an airplane. He started experimenting with different control mechanisms in 1908. More enthusiastic and daring than skilled engineer, Boland

neg: Germ theory denialism (end phase). Earlier non-germ theories, in addition to the earlier idea of miasma, focused on spontaneous generation - the idea that living matter could arise from non-living - and the terrain theory variation of Béchamp's ideas. Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation with a series of experiments in the 1870s. However, understanding the cause of a sickness does not always immediately lead to effective treatment of sickness and the great decline in mortality during the 19th century is mostly associated with improvement in hygiene and cleanliness. In fact, one of the first movements to deny the germ theory was the Sanitary Movement,

neg: Equipotentiality the theory of equipotentiality suggests that any two stimuli can be associated in the brain, regardless of their nature. It proposes that all forms of associative learning, both classical (Pavlovian) and operant (Skinnerian) involve the same underlying mechanisms. However, food avoidance experiments have questioned its application. Lashley contributed to psychology and neuropsychology in a number of ways. First, his publication, "Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence: A Quantitative Study of Injuries to the Brain" (1929) disproved the idea of localization and brought to life the idea that the brain and its multiple parts work together for memory and other functions. Second, researchers

neg: Survivin significant difference between the control and test groups, whereby mice given the vaccine had less angiogenesis from the tumour challenge than the control mice that were not given any of the vaccine prior to tumour challenge. In vitro assays and other tests were also performed to validate the idea of the occurrence of an actual immune response to support what they observed in the mice. For example, the spleen on the challenged mice were isolated and measured for the presence of any cytokines, and specifically activated immune cell groups that would indicative that a specific immune response did occur upon

neg: Speedy Gonzales (film) Speedy Gonzales (film) Speedy Gonzales is a 1955 "Merrie Melodies" animated short directed by Friz Freleng from a story by Warren Foster. It is the official debut of the title character. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. The short opens on a small, white-shirted, worried group of mice wearing sombreros thinking of how to get cheese from the AJAX cheese factory across the Mexican–American border that is guarded by Sylvester the Cat. Sylvester has eaten other mice who have tried. The leader comes up with a brilliant idea: retain the services of the aptly named "Speedy

neg: George Davis Snell On the recommendation of John Gerould, his genetics professor at Dartmouth, Snell did graduate work at Harvard University with William E. Castle, the first American biologist to look for Mendelian inheritance in mammals. Snell earned his PhD from Harvard in 1930. His doctoral thesis was on genetic linkage in mice. Upon receiving the Ph.D from Harvard, George Snell was employed as a teacher at Brown University, from 1930~1931. Snell then spent two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas with H.J. Muller, who pioneered radiation genetics (and was also to win a Nobel Prize). Not surprisingly, Snell

neg: Maximum life span rejuvenation.Anti-aging drugs are a potential tool for extending life. Aubrey de Grey, a theoretical gerontologist, has proposed that aging can be reversed by Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence. De Grey has established The Methuselah Mouse Prize to award money to researchers who can extend the maximum life span of mice. So far, three Mouse Prizes have been awarded: one for breaking longevity records to Dr. Andrzej Bartke of Southern Illinois University (using GhR knockout mice); one for late-onset rejuvenation strategies to Dr. Stephen Spindler of the University of California (using caloric restriction initiated late in life); and one to Dr.