query: when was the pledge of allegiance first used in schools

pos: Pledge of Allegiance flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition (the Chicago World's Fair), Illinois. In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge, Francis Bellamy said, "At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was (sic) at a low ebb. The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of

pos: Pledge of Allegiance ... would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions." Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying "not only the superintendents of education in all the States, but [he] also worked with governors, Congressmen, and even the President of the United States." The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which "The Youth's Companion" made "an official program for universal use in all the schools." Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared

neg: Pledge of Allegiance Pledge of Allegiance The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools. The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942. The official name of "The Pledge of Allegiance" was adopted in 1945. The most recent

neg: Pledge of Allegiance in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag. They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance. In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God"

neg: Pledge of Allegiance 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.” Pledge of Allegiance The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools. The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892,

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance refused to follow his teacher's instructions to recite the Pledge or stand during recitation." Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States has been criticized on several grounds. Its use in government funded schools has been the most controversial, as critics contend that a government-sanctioned endorsement of religion violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Arguments against the pledge include that the pledge itself is incompatible with democracy and freedom, pledges of allegiance are features of totalitarian states such as Nazi Germany, and that the pledge was written to

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States has been criticized on several grounds. Its use in government funded schools has been the most controversial, as critics contend that a government-sanctioned endorsement of religion violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Arguments against the pledge include that the pledge itself is incompatible with democracy and freedom, pledges of allegiance are features of totalitarian states such as Nazi Germany, and that the pledge was written to honor Christopher Columbus and to sell flags. Even before the addition of the phrase

neg: Pledge Across America first recited the Pledge of Allegiance in 1892. Pledge Across America The synchronized Pledge Across America is conducted each year on September 17th - Constitution Day. Pledge Across America is the nationally synchronized recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in schools. In 2001 shortly after September 11 the President of the United States and the United States Secretary of Education and both the United States Senate and House of Representatives joined over 52 million students in the synchronized Pledge of Allegiance to the flag. September 17, 2008 marked the 17th year the Pledge Across America takes place, and it also

neg: Virgin Islands pledge reference to "these Virgin Islands" rather than "the Virgin Islands" at the end of the pledge renders the pledge ungrammatical when recited outside the territory. There was little public engagement concerning the wording of the pledge before its adoption. Virgin Islands pledge The Virgin Islands pledge is a pledge of allegiance to the Virgin Islands, a British overseas territory. It was officially adopted by the territory's House of Assembly on 23 June 2016. It's intended to be commonly recited by Virgin Islanders in unison at public events, especially in schools, and during public celebrations. The pledge was first publicly recited

neg: Pledge of Allegiance objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance. Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making. Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance adding the socialist bywords, "liberty, fraternity and equality", but knew that state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans. As Bellamy believed youth should be trained in devotion to the State, the public schools as a government institution were the perfect setting for planting the requisite fervent loyalty and patriotism. To promote the Pledge nationwide, a "National Public School Celebration" was held 1892 on Columbus Day. It was the first government sponsored propaganda event on behalf of the Pledge of Allegiance. It was a massive campaign that involved government schools and politicians throughout

neg: Pledge of Allegiance (South Korea) Pledge of Allegiance (South Korea) The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of South Korea (, ) is the pledge to the national flag of South Korea. The pledge is recited at flag ceremonies immediately before the South Korean national anthem. The current pledge was introduced on July 27, 2007. A previous pledge of allegiance was used from 1972 until 2007 and was introduced by then-president Park Chung-hee. Unlike the current pledge which pledges allegiance to the state of South Korea, the 1972 pledge rather pledged allegiance to the "Korean race", also known as the "minjok". In the mid-2000s, the

neg: Bellamy salute Bellamy salute The Bellamy salute is a palm-out salute described by Francis Bellamy, the author of the American Pledge of Allegiance, as the gesture which was to accompany the pledge. During the period when it was used with the Pledge of Allegiance, it was sometimes known as the "flag salute". Both the Pledge and its salute originated in 1892. Later, during the 1920s and 1930s, Italian fascists and Nazis adopted a salute which was very similar, and which was derived from the Roman salute, a gesture that was popularly (albeit erroneously) believed to have been used in ancient Rome. This

neg: Pledge of Allegiance upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of "Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District". In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion. Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution." On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed

neg: National Pledge (India) National Pledge (India) The National Pledge is an oath of allegiance to the Republic of India. It is commonly recited by Indians in unison at public events, especially in schools, and during the Independence Day and Republic Day celebrations. It is commonly found printed in the opening pages of school textbooks and calendars. It is recited in the morning assembly of most Indian schools. However, Pledge is not part of Indian Constitution. The pledge was originally composed in Telugu language by writer Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao in 1962. It was first read out in a school in Visakhapatnam in 1963

neg: National Pledge (India) traditional or lawful ceremonies. National Pledge (India) The National Pledge is an oath of allegiance to the Republic of India. It is commonly recited by Indians in unison at public events, especially in schools, and during the Independence Day and Republic Day celebrations. It is commonly found printed in the opening pages of school textbooks and calendars. It is recited in the morning assembly of most Indian schools. However, Pledge is not part of Indian Constitution. The pledge was originally composed in Telugu language by writer Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao in 1962. It was first read out in a school

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance points. The Court theorized that the Pledge might be constitutional if either the words "under God" inserted in 1954 had, due to the passage of time, lost their religious meaning by 1963, or if one equated a personal public declaration of loyalty with the act of reading a document created by a historical figure—"This general principle might also serve to insulate the various patriotic exercises and activities used in the public schools and elsewhere which, whatever may have been their origins, no longer have a religious purpose or meaning. The reference to divinity in the revised pledge of allegiance, for

neg: Pledge of Allegiance (South Korea) its glory, liberty and justice. I am firmly committed to my loyalty to the endless glory of a South Korea that is free and just in front of a proud South Korean flag. Pledge of Allegiance (South Korea) The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of South Korea (, ) is the pledge to the national flag of South Korea. The pledge is recited at flag ceremonies immediately before the South Korean national anthem. The current pledge was introduced on July 27, 2007. A previous pledge of allegiance was used from 1972 until 2007 and was introduced by then-president Park

neg: Mingus: Charlie Mingus 1968 in the moving process. Throughout the film it is clear that Mingus is disillusioned toward the way that the country is run. When asked to recite the pledge of allegiance he says: “I pledge allegiance to the flag–the white flag. I pledge allegiance to the flag of America. When they say “black” or “negro,” it means you’re not an American. I pledge allegiance to your flag. Not that I have to, but just for the hell of it I pledge allegiance. I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America. The white flag, with no stripes, no

neg: Pledge of Allegiance Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. I especially stressed the word 'allegiance'. ... Beginning with the new word allegiance, I first decided that 'pledge' was a better school word than 'vow' or 'swear'; and that the first person singular should be used, and that 'my' flag was preferable to 'the.'" Bellamy considered the words "country, nation, or Republic," choosing the last as "it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution. The true reason for allegiance to

neg: Pledge of Allegiance pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as "too juvenile and lacking in dignity." The Bellamy "Pledge of Allegiance" was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine "The Youth's Companion" as part of the National Public-School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to encourage children to raise flags above their schools. According to

neg:
South African schools pledge South African schools pledge In February 2008 the South African government started a public participation process to create a pledge (or oath) of allegiance to be recited daily by schoolchildren. The draft pledge was based on the preamble of the Constitution of South Africa. The first draft of the pledge reads as follows: We the youth of South Africa
 Recognising the injustices of our past,
 Honour those who suffered and sacrificed for justice and freedom.
 We will respect and protect the dignity of each person,
 And stand up for justice
 We sincerely declare that we shall uphold the rights and

neg: Bellamy salute some resistance to dropping the Bellamy salute, for example from the Daughters of the American Revolution, but this opposition died down quickly following Nazi Germany's declaration of war against the United States on December 11, 1941. Bellamy salute The Bellamy salute is a palm-out salute described by Francis Bellamy, the author of the American Pledge of Allegiance, as the gesture which was to accompany the pledge. During the period when it was used with the Pledge of Allegiance, it was sometimes known as the "flag salute". Both the Pledge and its salute originated in 1892. Later, during the 1920s and

neg: Virgin Islands pledge Virgin Islands pledge The Virgin Islands pledge is a pledge of allegiance to the Virgin Islands, a British overseas territory. It was officially adopted by the territory's House of Assembly on 23 June 2016. It's intended to be commonly recited by Virgin Islanders in unison at public events, especially in schools, and during public celebrations. The pledge was first publicly recited on 1 July 2016 at Territory Day celebrations by Premier Dr. D. Orlando Smith and members of the government. The pledge reads: Adoption of the pledge was a project of Myron Walwyn, the territory's Minister for Education and Culture.

neg: Pledge Across America Pledge Across America The synchronized Pledge Across America is conducted each year on September 17th - Constitution Day. Pledge Across America is the nationally synchronized recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in schools. In 2001 shortly after September 11 the President of the United States and the United States Secretary of Education and both the United States Senate and House of Representatives joined over 52 million students in the synchronized Pledge of Allegiance to the flag. September 17, 2008 marked the 17th year the Pledge Across America takes place, and it also marked 117 years since Francis Bellamy wrote and

neg: Pledge of Allegiance reviewed by Upham and other members of "The Youth's Companion", the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program. Bellamy noted that "in later years the words 'to my flag' were changed to 'to the flag of the United States of America' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools." Bellamy disliked the change, as "it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition." In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, "The American Monthly", listed the "formula of allegiance" as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance, which reads: In subsequent publications

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance the country. Not only was the Pledge recited "en masse" for the first time at the behest of government, but public schools were promoted while private schools, especially parochial ones, were criticized. Some people generally oppose the pledge because they feel that the mandatory recital of what amounts to an oath, particularly by children, led by government employees in public schools, is a form of compulsory speech, amounting to indoctrination, that is the antithesis of the liberty the flag itself represents. Indeed, in "Barnette", Justices Black and Douglas wrote in a concurring opinion, "Words uttered under coercion are proof of

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance Lewis Babcock said: "It doesn't matter whether you're a teacher, a student, a citizen, an administrator, or anyone else, it is beyond the power of the authority of government to compel the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance". Colorado subsequently (2004) amended the law to remove the requirement to recite the Pledge. In early 2005, Dr. Michael Newdow brought a new lawsuit on behalf of himself and others. On September 14, 2005, U.S. District Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled that it violated the Establishment Clause for public schools to lead their students in the Pledge of Allegiance to comply with California's

neg: Flag of Mississippi a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) placed Mississippi's flag 22nd in design quality of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state, and U.S. territorial flags ranked. The pledge to the state flag is: The statute is part of the set of state statutes that governs the curriculum of the state's public schools. Section 37-13-7 provides: "The pledge of allegiance to the Mississippi flag shall be taught in the public schools of this state, along with the pledge of allegiance to the United States flag." Before 1861, Mississippi, like most other states, did not have an official state

neg: Becket Fund for Religious Liberty York state that neighbors claimed would make too much noise. Previous clients also included the City of Cranston in the attempt to preserve the Prayer Banner at Cranston High School West. The Becket Fund represented Sacramento-area public school students who sought to continue reciting the current form of the Pledge of Allegiance (including the words "under God") in "Newdow v. Carey", the second case brought by Michael Newdow seeking to remove the words "under God" from the Pledge of Allegiance. The Becket Fund also represented intervenors in the challenge to the Pledge of Allegiance in Hanover, New Hampshire public schools.

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance U.S. government. Several dissenting Supreme Court Justices concluded that U.S. judges exceed their authority in decisions on issues of religion. Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonin Scalia wrote, and Chief Justice William Rehnquist agreed, that "the Court's position is the repressive one" when the Supreme Court approved of the lower courts declaring a law unconstitutional because it mandated that teaching of "evolution science" be balanced by teaching of "creation science." ("Edwards v. Aguillard",). Justice Scalia has also said that courts have gone too far to keep religion out of public schools and other forums, and that the Pledge of Allegiance question

neg: Allegiance of Allegiance. Instead of declaring fidelity to a monarch, the pledge is made to the flag, the republic, and to the core values of the country, specifically liberty and justice. The reciting of the pledge in the United States is voluntary because of the rights guaranteed to the people under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The word used in the Arabic language for allegiance is "bay'at" (Arabic: بيعة), which means "taking hand". The practice is sanctioned in the Quran by Surah 48:10: "Verily, those who give thee their allegiance, they give it but to Allah Himself". The

neg: Pledge of Allegiance alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words "under God" were added. Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in "West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette" that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so. In a number of states, state

neg: Christian Flag "affirmation of loyalty" to the Christian Flag, which is similar to the Pledge of Allegiance to the American flag. The first pledge was written by Lynn Harold Hough, a Methodist minister who had heard Ralph Diffendorfer, secretary to the Methodist Young People's Missionary Movement, promoting the Christian flag at a rally. He wrote the following pledge: Some more conservative evangelical, Lutheran, and Baptist churches and schools may use an alternative version of the pledge: Others use this version: Christian Flag The Christian Flag is an ecumenical flag designed in the early 20th century to represent all of Christianity and Christendom.

neg: Murshid Murshid Murshid () is Arabic for "guide" or "teacher", derived from the root "r-sh-d", with the basic meaning of having integrity, being sensible, mature. Particularly in Sufism it refers to a spiritual guide. The term is frequently used in Sufi orders such as the Qadiriyya, Chishtiya, Shadhiliya and Suhrawardiyya. The path of Sufism starts when a student (Murid) takes an oath of allegiance or "Bay'ah" ("bai'ath") with a spiritual guide ("murshid"). In speaking of this initiatory pact of allegiance, the Qur’ ̄an (48:10) says: "Verily they who pledge unto thee their allegiance pledge it unto none but God. The Hand

neg: Pledge of Allegiance Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school. Balch's pledge, which predates Bellamy's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s, and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference, is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge. Bellamy, however, did not approve of the

neg: George H. W. Bush of America. He endorsed the Pledge of Allegiance, capital punishment, and gun rights, and drew upon his long-standing Christian beliefs to support both prayer in schools and oppose abortion. The speech at the convention included Bush's famous pledge: "." The general election campaign between Bush and Dukakis was described in 2008 as one of the dirtiest in modern times. Bush pinned blame on Dukakis for the pollution of Boston Harbor, as the governor of Massachusetts. Bush also pointed out that Dukakis was opposed to a law that would require all students to say the Pledge of Allegiance, a topic highlighted

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance in which any denominational tenet or doctrine is taught". Stating simply "From our determination that the claim of unconstitutionality under the First Amendment cannot be sustained, it follows that the regulation does not contravene the like provisions of the State Constitution." Lewis appealed this decision to the New York Court of Appeals in 1964, they affirmed the previous decision which ruled against his position. The use of the Pledge of Allegiance has been cited in landmark cases concerning government led prayer within public schools. These decisions, made in the 1960s, were often seen suspiciously as they occurred during the Cold

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance a centralized government. When provided the opportunity to write a pledge to the American flag in a campaign to sell flags to public schools, Bellamy turned to the words and principles of socialism. Put simply, if American youth could to be taught "loyalty to the State", it would pave the way for the socialist utopia that was described in his famous socialist cousin Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward". The central idea of "one nation" in the pledge was especially important for achieving his vision of the kind of consolidated, monopoly government necessary for a socialism to be adopted. Additionally, he considered

neg: Singapore National Pledge Singapore National Pledge The Singapore National Pledge is an oath of allegiance to Singapore. It is commonly recited by Singaporeans in unison at public events, especially in schools, in the Singapore Armed Forces and during the National Day Parade. In October 1965, William Cheng, Principal Assistant Secretary of Administration of the Ministry of Education, mooted the idea of a pledge to inculcate national consciousness and patriotism in schools. The idea gained the support of then Minister for Education, Ong Pang Boon, who gave the task of drafting the pledge to Philip Liau, Advisor on Textbooks and Syllabuses, and George Thomson,

neg: Pledge of Allegiance (South Korea) pledging of allegiance to a "Korean race" or "Korean nation" was criticized by some people as being racist and "not appropriate at a time when South Korea is becoming a multi-racial and multicultural society." This version of the pledge was discontinued in July 2007, during the presidency of Roh Moo-hyun, and replaced with non-racist wording. Some left-wing South Koreans condemned the re-wording of the country's pledge of allegiance to non-racial phraseology as it went against their ideology. Similarly, until April 2011, South Korean army soldiers swore allegiance to the "Korean race" in their oaths of enlistment until that too was

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance three years later in "West Virginia State Board of Education vs. Barnette," the Court reversed itself, voting 6–3 to "forbid" a school from requiring the Pledge. As a result, since 1943 public schools have been disallowed from punishing students for not reciting the Pledge. Nonetheless, it remains taught to and expected of school children in many schools, as the Court leaves many details in such matters up to respective state governments. More specific objections have been raised since the addition of the phrase "under God" to the Pledge. The year of its addition, 1954, was also near the beginning of

neg: Michael Newdow pledge is unconstitutional when recited in public schools. On March 11, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of "Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District". On page 60 of the ruling the court writes: "We hold that the California Education Code - 52720 and the School District's policy having teachers lead students in the recitation of the Pledge, and having those who do not wish to participate do so with impunity, do not violate the Establishment Clause. Therefore we reverse the decision

neg: Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag of the Philippines, which echoes the last four lines of the pledge of allegiance. In English translation, the motto is "For God, People, Nature and Country". The Philippine Motto can also be read as the oath at the Text of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine flag. Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag The Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag () is the pledge to the flag of the Philippines. It is one of two national pledges, the other being the Patriotic Oath, which is the Philippine national pledge. The Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag

neg: Kitty Piercy members and the Eugene Chamber of Commerce. While Piercy was mayor, a local income tax to fund schools was proposed, but defeated. While Piercy was mayor, a proposal to have Eugene council members begin saying the pledge of allegiance prior to council meetings on days of national patriotic importance was passed. Piercy said that the measure was likely to be divisive: "If there's one thing the flag stands for, it's that people don't have to be compelled to say the Pledge of Allegiance or anything else." Supporters of the measure said that objecting to it "vindicates all of us who

neg: Patriotic Oath (Philippines) Patriotic Oath (Philippines) The Patriotic Oath () is one of two national pledges of the Philippines, the other being the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag (). It is commonly recited in schools during morning flag ceremony after the "Lupang Hinirang" is sung but before recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag. Recitation of the "Panatà" is required by law at all public and private educational institutions meant for Filipinos or containing a majority of Filipino nationals. This guideline was set in Republic Act No. 1265, one of many national symbols laws, which was approved on 11 July

neg: Pledge of Allegiance 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22, 1942. Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 (Section 301(b)(1) of title 36, United States Code), language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag, when the colors are presented, and during the National Anthem. A musical setting for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C.

neg: Pledge Protection Act Congress the authority to strip the courts' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes. Today, the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance, but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights, civil rights, or any other fundamental concern. Pledge Protection Act The Pledge Protection Act is proposed legislation in the United States Congress that seeks to deprive all Federal courts, including the Supreme Court, of jurisdiction to hear constitutional challenges to the Pledge of Allegiance or its recitation. The bill was first introduced in response to a constitutional challenge to the Pledge by atheist Michael Newdow. On June 21, 2000, the United States

neg: Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag The Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag () is the pledge to the flag of the Philippines. It is one of two national pledges, the other being the Patriotic Oath, which is the Philippine national pledge. The Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag is recited at flag ceremonies immediately after the Patriotic Oath or, if the Patriotic Oath is not recited, after the national anthem. The pledge was legalized under Executive Order No. 343, finalized by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts from a draft prepared by the Commission

neg: Patriotic Oath (Philippines) at attention during the flag ceremony to show their respect for the right of those who choose to participate in the solemn proceedings. The students were later allowed to re-enroll in the school they were expelled from and the teacher was allowed to resume her duties. Patriotic Oath (Philippines) The Patriotic Oath () is one of two national pledges of the Philippines, the other being the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag (). It is commonly recited in schools during morning flag ceremony after the "Lupang Hinirang" is sung but before recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag.

neg: Pledge Protection Act Pledge Protection Act The Pledge Protection Act is proposed legislation in the United States Congress that seeks to deprive all Federal courts, including the Supreme Court, of jurisdiction to hear constitutional challenges to the Pledge of Allegiance or its recitation. The bill was first introduced in response to a constitutional challenge to the Pledge by atheist Michael Newdow. On June 21, 2000, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California ruled the Pledge of Allegiance constitutional in the case of "Newdow v. Elk Grove Unified School District". Michael Newdow, a prominent atheist who filed suit on behalf

neg: Newdow v. Carey Newdow v. Carey Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District (also known as Newdow v. Carey), Nos. 05-17257, 05-17344, and 06-15093, was a United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decision that upheld the constitutionality of the teacher-led recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance by students in public schools. The 2–1 majority found that the recitation did not constitute an establishment of religion prohibited by the United States Constitution. It was an appeal from the Eastern District of California, which ruled that the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in public school is unconstitutional based on the Ninth

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance would be better decided by lawmakers than judges. The Supreme Court has banned some expressions of "God" from public schools. For example, in 1962 the Supreme Court banned the teacher-led recitation of the invocation, "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country." This objectionable "Almighty God" recitation was voluntary, of the same nature as the Pledge of Allegiance. In the same 1962 case, the Court admitted that the "God save this honorable court" invocation uttered at the beginning of each Court session was a "prayer." However,

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance which itself refers to God", and held that if the court outlawed the government-crafted prayer due to "the conscientious objections of the minority" that "Such a determination would require not only that the Regents' Prayer be discontinued, but also that all schools cease the voluntary recitation of the pledge of allegiance, which, as amended by 36 U.S.C. §172, contains the words 'under God'." The Court ruled that government-crafted and led prayer was unconstitutional. The decision was highly controversial, and "obiter dictum" within Justice William O. Douglas' concurring opinion received particular attention. In his "obiter dictum", Douglas postulated what the reasoning

neg: John F. Ince Street Journal", "The New York Times", the "San Francisco Chronicle", "Upside" magazine and numerous other publications. Ince was selected as a featured hero by The Emily Fund's Do One Thing program, primarily for his role as the creator of the Earth Pledge Campaign. In that capacity, he wrote "The Earth Pledge", a short statement of personal commitment that was made by millions of Americans on the 25 anniversary of Earth Day in 1995. Today, school children in schools around the country recite the Earth Pledge as a complement to the Pledge of Allegiance. Ince spent is the founder of One

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance New York in one of its briefs, when defending its position in the "Engel v. Vitale" case before the United States Supreme Court. Lewis brought a similar argument in 1960 holding that the Pledge with the new words was unconstitutional "as it involves 'the use of the public schools—both physically and pedagogically—for the dissemination of purely religious dogma' and, second, as it imposes 'an intolerable degree of compulsion upon the young children of non-believers ... to listen to, learn and repeat thousands of time a religious concept which they repudiate and abhor. The Court cited New York's recent decision in

neg: Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom) Assembly's roll of membership, designate their identity as "Nationalist", "Unionist" or "Other", and take a Pledge of Office. Ministers can be removed from office if the responsibilities of the pledge are not met. Members pledge: Judges and magistrates on being sworn in, are required by various statutes to take two oaths: the oath of allegiance and the judicial oath, (collectively; the judicial oath). Judges of Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Sikh religions can omit the words "I swear by Almighty God" and replace it with an acceptable alternative. Judges' first Oath of Allegiance: Judges' second Judicial Oath: Magistrates' first Oath of

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance War against the USSR which was officially atheistic. In addition, many Southern politicians saw these rulings, along with the concurrent decisions advancing racial Civil Rights, as an assault on State's Rights. In 1962 the United States Supreme Court addressed the question of whether a government led school prayer "to be said in conjunction with the Pledge of Allegiance and 'as an incident to the Pledge of Allegiance ceremony was constitutional in the case "Engel v. Vitale". In the state's briefs, "the insertion of the words 'under God' in the Pledge of Allegiance" was cited as one of the "literally countless

neg: Pledge of Allegiance Tour: Live Concert Recording Pledge of Allegiance Tour: Live Concert Recording Pledge of Allegiance Tour: Live Concert Recording is a live album by American metal bands System of a Down, Slipknot, Mudvayne, American Head Charge and No One featuring tracks from the Pledge of Allegiance Tour in 2001. The tracks were recorded live at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois on October 9, 2001, except the two Mudvayne tracks which were recorded live at the Madison Theater in Peoria, Illinois on June 14, 2001. Rammstein was accompanying these bands on the tour, but for unknown reasons was not included. One comfirmed venue Rammstein played

neg: Pledge of Allegiance American Legion adopted a resolution, first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954, which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance. Even though the movement behind inserting "under God" into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge, historian Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. Kruse

neg: Pledge of Allegiance Tour: Live Concert Recording at was in 2001 at Alamo Dome in San Antonio. The main bands that played were Rammstein, Slipknot, and System of the Down. All three band's had albums released or soon to be released. Pledge of Allegiance Tour: Live Concert Recording Pledge of Allegiance Tour: Live Concert Recording is a live album by American metal bands System of a Down, Slipknot, Mudvayne, American Head Charge and No One featuring tracks from the Pledge of Allegiance Tour in 2001. The tracks were recorded live at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois on October 9, 2001, except the two Mudvayne tracks which

neg: Pledge (album) Mike had started his recordings for "Pledge" in mid-2010 and throughout the beginning of 2011. He announced the first recording from the album, entitled "Ready Set Go" with production by No I.D., in late 2010. The album is the third in a series that started with "I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind" in 2006, and was followed by "I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind II" in 2008. During an interview for HipHopDX, Mike commented on the political trend of the album saying: Mike also talks to HipHopDX about Jay-Z and Warren Buffett contents on album, saying: Killer Mike released one

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance human liberty." The constitutionality of the Pledge was not challenged in 1963 as the Los Angeles Board of Education "advised the court it will not require Parker to lead the pledge of allegiance". Parker and Wirin dropped the suit on October 4, 1963. Teachers or any other staff also cannot be forced to participate in the pledge. In the case of "Lane v. Owens", three teachers and six students sued the Colorado state government over a 2003 law requiring daily recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance by students and teachers. Granting the plaintiffs a temporary restraining order, U.S. District Judge

neg: Pledge of Allegiance the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge. Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983). In 1940, the Supreme Court, in "Minersville School District v. Gobitis", ruled that students in public schools, including the respondents in that case—Jehovah's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry—could be compelled to swear the Pledge. In 1943, in "West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette", the Supreme Court reversed its decision. Justice

neg:
Singapore National Pledge helping one another.” Kami, warganegara Singapura,
 sebagai rakyat yang bersatu padu,
 tidak kira apa bangsa, bahasa, atau ugama,
 berikrar untuk membina suatu masyarakat yang demokratik,
 berdasarkan kepada keadilan dan persamaan untuk mencapai kebahagiaan,
 kemakmuran dan kemajuan bagi negara kami. The Singapore government's guidelines for the use of the pledge are: Singapore National Pledge The Singapore National Pledge is an oath of allegiance to Singapore. It is commonly recited by Singaporeans in unison at public events, especially in schools, in the Singapore Armed Forces and during the National Day Parade. In October 1965, William Cheng, Principal Assistant Secretary of Administration of

neg: Pledge of Allegiance simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools." James Upham "felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse," so his publication "fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost, which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year (1892–93). As the World's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "so that every school in the land

neg: Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow in March 2000 against the Elk Grove Unified School District. Newdow sued as the "next friend" on behalf of his daughter, who was enrolled in the Elk Grove public schools. He said the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance amounted to an unconstitutional establishment of religion and that, as such, the daily recitation of the Pledge with the offending words interfered with his right to inculcate his daughter with his religious beliefs. U.S. Magistrate Judge Peter A. Nowinski found the Pledge was constitutional. The District Court accepted the magistrate's finding and dismissed the case on June 21, 2000.

neg: Husayn ibn Ali death, the Umayyad ruler Muawiya appointed his son Yazid as his successor in a clear violation of the Hasan-Muawiya treaty. When Muawiya died in 680 CE, Yazid demanded that Husain pledge allegiance to him. Husain refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid, even though it meant sacrificing his life. As a consequence, he left Medina, his hometown, to take refuge in Mecca in AH 60. There, the people of Kufah sent letters to him, asking his help and pledging their allegiance to him. So he traveled towards Kufah; however, at a place near it known as Karbala, his caravan was intercepted

neg: Islamic schools and branches at Ghadir Khumm where he announced that Ali ibn Abi Talib would be his successor. After the sermon, Muhammad ordered the Muslims to pledge allegiance to Ali. Both Shia and Sunni sources agree that Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, and Uthman ibn Affan were among the many who pledged allegiance to Ali at this event. However, just after Muhammad died, a group of Muslims met at Saqifa, where Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr. Abu Bakr then assumed political power, and his supporters became known as the Sunnis. Despite that, a group of Muslims kept their allegiance to Ali. These

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance illustrations ... [to] the fact that belief and trust in a Supreme Being was from the beginning and has been continuously part of the very essence of the American plan of government". In part, the state of New York defended the prayer by equating its effects with the Pledge, saying in one of their briefs "The Regents' Prayer ... serves as a simple reminder that Americans trust in God, as the Pledge of Allegiance serves as a simple reminder of our obligations to our 'one nation under God'." They pointed out that "The challenged recitation follows the pledge of allegiance,

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance their faith therein." Specific criticisms of the pledge include: In the 2006 Florida case "Frazier v. Alexandre", No. 05-81142 (S.D. Fla. May 31, 2006), "A federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution, even though the law allows students to opt out, because they can only do so with written parental permission and are still required to stand during the recitation. Cameron Frazier, a student at Boynton Beach High School, was removed from a class after he

neg: William Tyler Page was also awarded by Mayor James H. Preston on behalf of the City of Baltimore, which was the birthplace of the National Anthem. Page used it to purchase Liberty Bonds for the war effort and donated them to his church. Today, it also often comprises part of the naturalization ceremony to swear in new American citizens, along with other patriotic symbols, such as the Pledge of Allegiance to the American flag and the singing of various songs and anthems. William Tyler Page Elementary School was named for him. It is located in the Montgomery County Public Schools of Montgomery County

neg: Al-Haras bodyguards of the caliphs. Haras members were known to guard the caliph even during private meetings, at night and during prayers at the mosque. Occasionally, they were also used by the reigning caliph to intimidate political opposition. For example, when Muawiyah demanded that individuals accept his son Yazid as his successor and pledge allegiance to him, Haras members were sent to intimidate reluctant individuals. Yazid was also reported to have sent some Haras members to Abdullah ibn Zubair to ensure Abdullah's allegiance. Al-Haras Al-Haras (; "the Guard") or simply the Haras was a personal bodyguard unit of the Caliphs during

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance an amendment to the U.S. Constitution to reverse its effects) saw Douglas' "obiter dictum" as a likely indicator of future decisions including the end of daily recitals of the Pledge in schools. Senator Absalom Willis Robertson berated the decision and declared "We have no clear assurance that the Court will not follow the broad concurring opinion of Mr. Justice Douglas in rendering future decisions. That is why I say we cannot sit complacently". Senator Herman Talmadge asked Robertson, "[Can you theorize] If they did what their decision presages? It would remove all the chaplains in the armed services, the Pledge

neg: Esther Popel on Maryland's Eastern Shore. Her poem juxtaposes this historical event with quotations from the Pledge of Allegiance. In 1934, "The Crisis" published Popel's poem and featured it again on the cover of the November 1940 issue. A committee reporting the Board of Education in Washington found the poem "objectionable" and it was used to recommend that the District of Columbia schools disallow "The Crisis". Other of her most recognizable poems include "Blasphemy-American Style," "October Prayer," "Night Comes Walking," and "Little Gray Leaves." Five of her poems were republished in the "Beltway Poetry Quarterly" in 2013. Popel Shaw served on the

neg: Youth's Companion Building Youth's Companion Building The Youth's Companion Building is a historic building at 209 Columbus Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts. The building is also known as the Pledge of Allegiance Building because the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published there. The building originally had the address 201 Columbus Avenue and also has the address 142 Berkeley Street. It was built in 1892 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It housed the offices of "The Youth's Companion", the magazine owned and edited by Daniel Ford that promoted the Pledge of Allegiance. Ford built the building for "The

neg: Mahmood Hasan Gangohi Fatwas (Islamic Verdicts). His Fatwa collection entitled 'Fataawa Mahmoodiyah' comprises 20 volumes and is copious reference book on Hanafi Fiqh Verdicts. He died in South Africa where he was touring on 2 September 1996, and was buried in Elsburg about 4 km away from Hazeldene. Mufti Sahib gave bay'at (Pledge of Allegiance for Spirituality) in 1349 A.H. to Shaykh Zakariyyah Kandhalwi while Mufti Sahib was at Deoband. When he used to sit in the gatherings of Raipuri and Dehlawi or Madani, he used to become very inclined toward the hereafter. However when Mufti Sahib used to sit in the Gatherings

neg: Bernard of Clairvaux 126), which questioned Gerard's reasons for supporting Anacletus. Bernard would later comment that Gerard was his most formidable opponent during the whole schism. After persuading Gerard, Bernard traveled to visit William X, Duke of Aquitaine. He was the hardest for Bernard to convince. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135. After that, Bernard spent most of his time in Italy persuading the Italians to pledge allegiance to Innocent. He traveled to Sicily in 1137 to convince the king of Sicily to follow Innocent. The whole conflict ended when Anacletus died on 25 January 1138. In 1132, Bernard accompanied

neg: Pledge of Allegiance ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to "one Nation under God." In 2006, in the Florida case "Frazier v. Alexandre", a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. As a result of that decision, a Florida school

neg: Mikhail Miloradovich of Poland. Golitsyn arrived at the palace later and announced the terms of Alexander's manifest, but Miloradovich persuaded the State Council that Nicholas was aware of it and that his pledge of allegiance to Constantine was effectively an act of abdication. Miloradovich then sent a messenger to Moscow with two instructions: to pledge allegiance to Constantin and to keep the original of Alexander's manifest secret and locked away. Faced with the question, "What if Constantine holds to his resignation?", Miloradovich allegedly responded, "When one has one hundred thousand bayonets in one's pocket, it is easy to speak with boldness". Correspondence

neg: Ivan Nikitich Khovansky 1645, Ivan Nikitich was sent to Mozhaisk and Vyazma to get their pledge of allegiance to the new tsar. That same year, however, he would be exiled to Siberia for his refusal to "kiss the cross" (that is, to pledge his allegiance to the tsar). This pledge of allegiance explicitly stated that "one should not want to serve foreign sovereigns, kings, or princes other than his own Russian tsar". For reasons still unclear, Khovansky kept company with Prince Valdemar of Denmark (a bastard son of Christian IV of Denmark), who was resisting the conversion to Orthodox Christianity before marrying Irina,

neg: Pledge of Allegiance (South Korea) committed to fulfilling my allegiance by offering my body and mind for the endless glory of my fatherland and race before the proud South Korean flag. 나는 자랑스러운 태극기 앞에 자유롭고 정의로운 대한민국의 무궁한 영광을 위하여 충성을 다할 것을 굳게 다짐합니다. "Naneun jarangseureoun Taegeukgi ape jayuropgo jeoneuiroun Daehanmingug ae mugunghan yeonggwangeul wihayeo chungseongeul dahal geoseul gutge dajimhamnida". I pledge, in front of proud Taegeuk flag, allegiance to the Republic of Korea for the eternal glory of the country, liberty and freeedom to South Korea I, standing before the noble Taegeuk flag, solemnly pledge allegiance to the Republic of Korea, to

neg: Pledge of Allegiance flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this. The United States Flag Code says: The Pledge of Allegiance, as it exists in its current form, was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist, and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). There did exist a previous version created by Captain George T. Balch, a veteran of the Civil War, who later became auditor of the New York Board of Education. Balch's pledge, which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:

neg: Ukrainian Navy January 1992, the brigade of border troops in Balaklava (Sevastopol) became the first military formation to pledge allegiance to Ukraine. On 14 January 1992 the Governor of Sevastopol appealed to the Supreme Councils of both Ukraine and the Russian Federation, urging faster adoption of a decision on the status of the Black Sea Fleet. On 16 January 1992, an agreement between the participants of Commonwealth of Independent States was signed on the oath in strategic formations. On 18 January 1992, the 3rd company of the divers school became the first formation of the Black Sea Fleet to pledge their allegiance

neg: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad a room where his companions would bring him food and leave without speaking to him as he prayed and contemplated. He only left the house on Fridays and used an abandoned mosque for Jumu'ah (Friday prayers). It is during this period that he declared God had given him the glad tidings of an illustrious son. Ghulam Ahmad claimed divine appointment as a reformer as early as 1882 but did not take any pledge of allegiance or initiation. In December 1888, Ahmad announced that God had ordained that his followers should enter into a bay'ah with him and pledge their allegiance

neg: Monarchy of Australia not to do so; however, he (like all other members of parliament) did swear allegiance to the Queen, as required by law, when sworn in by the Governor-General as newly elected parliamentarians. Similarly, the Oath of Citizenship contained a statement of allegiance to the reigning monarch until 1994, when a pledge of allegiance to "Australia" and its values was introduced. The High Court found, in 2002, though, that allegiance to the Queen of Australia was the "fundamental criterion of membership" in the Australian body politic, from a constitutional, rather than statutory, point of view. Key features of Australia's system of

neg: American civil religion is a dispute on the meaning and place of civil religion in America. Cloud explores political oaths since 1787 and traces the tension between a need for national unity and a desire to affirm religious faith. He reviews major Supreme Court decisions involving the Pledge of Allegiance, including the contradictory "Minersville School District v. Gobitis" (1940) and "West Virginia v. Barnette" (1943) decisions. He argues that the Pledge was changed in 1954 during the Cold War to encourage school children to reject communism's atheistic philosophy by affirming belief in God. Adam Gamoran (1990) argues that civil religion in public schools

neg: Pledge of Allegiance of the Daughters of the American Revolution, such as in 1915's "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution" and 1916's annual "National Report," the Balch Pledge, listed as official in 1906, is now categorized as "Old Pledge" with Bellamy's version under the heading "New Pledge." However, the "Old Pledge" continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923. In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States," so that new immigrants would

neg: I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind who do not care about poor people, including Oprah Winfrey, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton and Bill Cosby, a criticism that he reiterated and deepened in "That's Life II" on his album "PL3DGE". I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind is the second studio album by American rapper Killer Mike. It was released on November 21, 2006, by Grind Time Rap Gang's record label Grind Time Official. The album features guest verses from each member of the Grind Time Rap Gang such as SL Jones, Narrio, Bigg Slimm, Da Bill Collector and Rock D The

neg: Roman salute is the flag; I come to salute; as I say 'I pledge allegiance to my flag,' I stretch out my right hand and keep it raised while I say the stirring words that follow." There exists evidence suggesting that the gesture had been used previous to Upham in the secret rituals of the Knights of Labor. Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute that emerged in Germany in the 1920s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem

neg: Michael Dukakis rumors. Editors at "The Washington Times" contributed to these rumors when they ran a story headlined "Dukakis Kin Hints at Sessions," suggesting that a member of the Dukakis family had said "it is possible" that Dukakis saw a psychiatrist. A week later the reporter, Gene Grabowski, revealed that "Times" editors had taken the full quote out of context. The full quote was "It's possible, but I doubt it." Dukakis' general election campaign was subject to several criticisms and gaffes on issues such as capital punishment, the pledge of allegiance in schools, and a photograph of Dukakis in a tank which

neg: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance of the ruling might have on current government practices. He wrote: "The point for decision is whether the Government can constitutionally finance a religious exercise. Our system at the federal and state levels is presently honeycombed with such financing. Nevertheless, I think it is an unconstitutional undertaking whatever form it takes." In a footnote illustrating "such financing", he also noted that "The slogan 'In God We Trust' is used by the Treasury Department, and Congress recently added God to the pledge of allegiance", thereby calling those practices' constitutionality under question as well. Opponents of the decision (including legislators calling for

neg: I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind is the second studio album by American rapper Killer Mike. It was released on November 21, 2006, by Grind Time Rap Gang's record label Grind Time Official. The album features guest verses from each member of the Grind Time Rap Gang such as SL Jones, Narrio, Bigg Slimm, Da Bill Collector and Rock D The Legend, and it includes two guest appearances from southern hip hop group 8Ball & MJG, and fellow American rapper Big Boi. The song "That's Life" features Killer Mike criticizing cultural and political leaders

neg: I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind II album. I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind II I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind II is the third studio album by American rapper Killer Mike. It was released on July 8, 2008, by Grind Time Official and SMC Recordings. The album features guest appearances from 8Ball & MJG, Chamillionaire and Ice Cube, among others. His collaborations with UGK, Trae and Yo Gotti were also announced, but did not appear on the final track list of the album. Starting January 13, 2010, Killer Mike has authorized this album to be downloaded for free by fans as an effort to promote his

neg: I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind II I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind II I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind II is the third studio album by American rapper Killer Mike. It was released on July 8, 2008, by Grind Time Official and SMC Recordings. The album features guest appearances from 8Ball & MJG, Chamillionaire and Ice Cube, among others. His collaborations with UGK, Trae and Yo Gotti were also announced, but did not appear on the final track list of the album. Starting January 13, 2010, Killer Mike has authorized this album to be downloaded for free by fans as an effort to promote his forthcoming

neg: Nazi salute origins of the salute: The Bellamy salute, adopted in 1892 to accompany the American Pledge of Allegiance, bore a resemblance to the Nazi Salute. For this reason, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the United States, instead of the Bellamy salute. This was done when Congress officially adopted the "Flag Code" on 22 June 1942. Under a decree issued by Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick on 13 July 1933 (one day before the ban on all non-Nazi parties),

neg: Christian Flag some Protestant churches in Europe, Asia, and Africa as well. Eastern Orthodox, especially parishes in the Western Rite tradition, have only recently started to use the flag. The Christian Flag is not patented and therefore, "Anyone may manufacture it, and it may be used on all proper occasions." In Evangelical Christian Schools, it is customary for the Christian flag to be displayed opposite the American flag. In Canada and the United States, accommodationists and separationists have entered impassioned debate on the legality of erecting the Christian Flag atop governmental buildings. Some churches and organizations practice a "pledge of allegiance" or

neg: Oath of Allegiance (Australia) removed the renunciation requirement and the requirement for candidates to state their names, the wording becoming: In 1994, the Keating Government replaced the oath with a Pledge of Commitment to Australia and removed the reference to the Crown: The prospective citizen has the option of making the pledge with or without the words "under God". There have been no changes since. Oath of Allegiance (Australia) In Australia, an Oath of Allegiance or an Affirmation of Allegiance are oaths of allegiance required to be made to the monarch of Australia in some situations. Oaths of Allegiance are usually made on a

neg: Ted Cruz for the amici states in the companion case to "Heller" before the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. In addition to his success in "Heller", Cruz successfully defended the constitutionality of the Ten Commandments monument on the Texas State Capitol grounds before the Fifth Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court, winning 5–4 in "Van Orden v. Perry". In 2004, Cruz was involved in the high-profile case surrounding a challenge to the constitutionality of requiring student recitation in public schools of the Pledge of Allegiance (including the words "under God", legally a part of the Pledge

neg: Pledge of Allegiance district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher. In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge. On March 11, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals