query: who pays for most of the scientific research done in the us

pos: Medical research the National Science Foundation (NSF) show that federal agencies provided only 44% of the $86 billion spent on basic research in 2015. The National Institutes of Health and pharmaceutical companies collectively contribute $26.4 billion and $27 billion, which constitute 28% and 29% of the total, respectively. Other significant contributors include biotechnology companies ($17.9 billion, 19% of total), medical device companies ($9.2 billion, 10% of total), other federal sources, and state and local governments. Foundations and charities, led by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, contributed about 3% of the funding. These funders are attempting to maximize their return on investment

neg: Polluter pays principle Polluter pays principle In environmental law, the polluter pays principle is enacted to make the party responsible for producing pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to the natural environment. It is regarded as a regional custom because of the strong support it has received in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Union countries. It is a fundamental principle in US environmental law. According to the French historian of the environment Jean-Baptiste Fressoz, financial compensation (not named "polluter pays principle" at that time) is already the regulation principle of pollution favoured by industrials in the

neg: Comparative research Comparing things is essential to basic scientific and philosophic inquiry, which has been done for a long time. Most authors are more conservative in their estimate of how long comparative research has been with us. It is largely an empty debate over the definition of the tradition with those questioning whether comparing things counts as comparative research. Textbooks on this form of study were beginning to appear by the 1880s, but its rise to extreme popularity began after World War II. There are numerous reasons that comparative research has come to take a place of honour in the toolbox of

neg: C. N. R. Rao "Why the hell have these idiots [politicians] given so little to us despite what we have done. For the money that the government has given us we [scientists] have done much more." In his defence Rao insisted that he merely talked about the "idiotic" way the politicians ignore investments for research funding in science. C. N. R. Rao Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao FRS, also known as C. N. R. Rao (born 30 June 1934), is an Indian chemist who has worked mainly in solid-state and structural chemistry. He currently serves as the Head of the Scientific Advisory Council to the

neg: Gene D. Block research from 1993-1998, vice president for research and public service from 1998-2001, and then in 2001 he was appointed as vice president and provost. Furthermore, during this time from 1991-2002, Block also served as the founding director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Science and Technology Center in Biological Timing. According to Block, “The center raised the national visibility of the University in biological and medical research, and gave us reputational leverage in the U.S. as well as in Europe and Japan...Most importantly, the center’s scientific accomplishments have been spectacular. We’ve done some high-risk research that has paid off greatly;

neg: National Scientific and Technical Research Council private research institutions, research councils, etc.). National Scientific and Technical Research Council The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (, CONICET) is an Argentine government agency which directs and co-ordinates most of the scientific and technical research done in universities and institutes. It was established on 5 February 1958 by a decree of the national government. Its first director was Medicine Nobel Prize Bernardo A. Houssay. Governed by a board independent from the federal government, it funds scientific research in three basic ways. Firstly, it gives grants for collective work to research teams of well-recognized scientists of every discipline, including

neg: National Scientific and Technical Research Council National Scientific and Technical Research Council The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (, CONICET) is an Argentine government agency which directs and co-ordinates most of the scientific and technical research done in universities and institutes. It was established on 5 February 1958 by a decree of the national government. Its first director was Medicine Nobel Prize Bernardo A. Houssay. Governed by a board independent from the federal government, it funds scientific research in three basic ways. Firstly, it gives grants for collective work to research teams of well-recognized scientists of every discipline, including social sciences and the humanities. Secondly,

neg: Scuba diving document the underwater world, or scientific diving, including marine biology, geology, hydrology, oceanography and underwater archaeology. This work is normally done on scuba as it provides the necessary mobility. Rebreathers may be used when the noise of open circuit would alarm the subjects or the bubbles could interfere with the images. Scientific diving under the OSHA (US) exemption has been defined as being diving work done by persons with, and using, scientific expertise to observe, or gather data on, natural phenomena or systems to generate non-proprietary information, data, knowledge or other products as a necessary part of a scientific, research

neg: Into the Fire (Babylon 5) ever received." "You just made a mistake, Londo! Even if my associates lose this war, they have allies! They'll make sure Centauri Prime pays the price for what you've done here today!" "What I've done? Oh, Mr. Morden, I haven't even started with you yet..." "Will you come with us?" "I have been here since the beginning. I will not leave you now. I will go with you beyond the rim. And we will see again all those who went ahead of us, all those who we have missed for so long." "Then we will not be alone?" "No, never

neg: Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques including 900 doctors and engineers in the geosciences, resulting from the merger of ELF Aquitaine and Total. Research in the geosciences is also based on university partnerships/companies notably with the Federation of research applied to petroleum engineering (IPRA), consisting of teams of research CNRS/University of Pau and the Pays de l'Adour (UPPA) and Total (the IPRA represents 130 teachers, researchers and beneficiaries, an annual budget of 1.5 million euros and six scientific Masters). Research and engineering in the geosciences are also present through specialised companies (CGG, Paradigm Geophysical, TTI, VERITAS, etc.) implanted, for the most part, on the site of

neg: Volker Oppitz (scientist) Dresden. In addition to his scientific work Volker Oppitz was between 2002 and 2005 Vice President of the German football club Dynamo Dresden, and since 2005 has been honorary chairman. His son, also named Volker, is a player for the club. Oppitz deals mainly with the draft Mathematical models and their practical use. He pays special attention to the synthesis of mathematics and economics and practical solution to the economic problem of corporate practice. Even the most difficult of financial models follow after his scientific explanation of the purpose, in its everyday to maximize profits and minimize costs. The research

neg: Annals of Improbable Research Annals of Improbable Research The Annals of Improbable Research (AIR) is a bi-monthly magazine devoted to scientific humor, in the form of a satirical take on the standard academic journal. "AIR", published six times a year since 1995, usually showcases at least one piece of scientific research being done on a strange or unexpected topic, but most of their articles concern real or fictional absurd experiments, such as a comparison of apples and oranges using infrared spectroscopy. Other features include such things as ratings of the cafeterias at scientific institutes, fake classifieds and advertisements for a medical plan called HMO-NO,

neg: Bill Nye–Ken Ham debate is done to challenge God, has the disease of prejudice. Research is done to discover scientific truth. What problem is there with someone wanting to broaden the horizons of their thoughts and knowledge? God is approached better this way. God is not an ideology that we should by all means defend, but we believe in Him because He is Truth. In this sense, even scientific truth reveals Him. If He is still questioned, it is time to find out about Him. A believer who fears scientific research, fears the truth. Perhaps he is a believer who does not believe." On

neg: Nerio Alessandri launched the slogan “Stare bene conviene” (Wellness pays) to highlight that a good psycho-physical condition is an all round advantage. For individuals who enjoy a better life. For companies, who can count on a more creative, more productive, more focused team. And for public health expenditure too, as a healthier population has less need of the National Health Service. In 2003 the Wellness Foundation was established. This no profit association supports scientific research, health education and the promotion of a Wellness lifestyle. The Foundation operates with specific projects in the sphere of health, instruction, research, art and culture. This foundation

neg: National Defense Research Committee National Defense Research Committee The National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) was an organization created "to coordinate, supervise, and conduct scientific research on the problems underlying the development, production, and use of mechanisms and devices of warfare" in the United States from June 27, 1940, until June 28, 1941. Most of its work was done with the strictest secrecy, and it began research of what would become some of the most important technology during World War II, including radar and the atomic bomb. It was superseded by the Office of Scientific Research and Development in 1941, and reduced to merely an

neg: Research on the effects of violence in mass media links media violence to serious physical aggression, bullying or youth violence, at present most of the debate appears to focus on whether media violence may influence more minor forms of aggressiveness. An article done in 1987 reviewing a history of court cases dealing with violent acts of youths showed that the courts were hesitant to hold media at fault for the violent acts. At present, no consensus has been reached on this issue. For example, in 1974 the US Surgeon General testified to congress that "the overwhelming consensus and the unanimous Scientific Advisory Committee's report indicates that televised violence, indeed,

neg: Charlotte's web (cannabis) there is little research to support medical uses; research is difficult to conduct because of tight restrictions." Sanjay Gupta has described the complex interaction between restrictive laws and lack of scientific research: Gupta repeated throughout the evening that the "policy has outpaced the science." The states, he said, "are moving forward without waiting for the science, and the issue is only compounded by the fact that the 'policies and the laws we have in [the US] make it challenging for the science to get done." Even though the Florida "Compassionate Medical Cannabis Act of 2014" (SB 1030) provides funding for

neg: United States Antarctic Program Antarctica's unique features for scientific research that cannot be done as well elsewhere. The U.S. Antarctic Program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs, supports only research that can be done exclusively in Antarctica or that can be done best from Antarctica. The scientific disciplines encompassed by the USAP are astronomy, atmospheric sciences, biology, earth science, environmental science, geology, glaciology, marine biology, oceanography, and geophysics. Currently, the USAP maintains three year-round research stations in Antarctica, the McMurdo Station, the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the Palmer Station. In addition, the USAP operates several summer research camps and

neg: John Gage National Research Council, the US National Academy of Sciences, the United Nations, the World Bank, and the World Economic Forum. He was appointed by President Bill Clinton to the Web Based Education Commission in 2000. Most recently, he served on the US National Academy of Sciences Committee on Scientific Communication and National Security and on the Markle Foundation Task Force on National Security, whose reports aided in reorganizing US intelligence agencies after 9/11. He has served on the boards of the US National Library of Medicine, of FermiLab, the Berkeley Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, and other scientific and educational groups.

neg: Kirlian photography photography has been a subject of scientific research, parapsychology research and pseudoscientific claims. Results of scientific experiments published in 1976 involving Kirlian photography of living tissue (human finger tips) showed that most of the variations in corona discharge streamer length, density, curvature and color can be accounted for by the moisture content on the surface of and within the living tissue. Scientists outside of the US have also conducted scientific research. Konstantin Korotkov developed a technique similar to Kirlian photography called "gas discharge visualization" (GDV). Korotkov's GDV camera system consists of hardware and software to directly record, process and interpret

neg: Bruce Allen (physicist) 2015. Allen's research work has been funded by the US National Science Foundation since 1987. Bruce Allen (physicist) Bruce Allen (born May 11, 1959) is an American physicist and director of the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Hannover Germany and leader of the Einstein@Home project for the LIGO Scientific Collaboration. He is also a physics professor at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. He has done research work on models of the very early universe (inflationary cosmology, cosmic strings). Allen currently leads a research group working on the detection of gravitational waves. In this role, he was one of the

neg: Processor design required four to five years to develop. Scientific computing is a much smaller niche market (in revenue and units shipped). It is used in government research labs and universities. Before 1990, CPU design was often done for this market, but mass market CPUs organized into large clusters have proven to be more affordable. The main remaining area of active hardware design and research for scientific computing is for high-speed data transmission systems to connect mass market CPUs. As measured by units shipped, most CPUs are embedded in other machinery, such as telephones, clocks, appliances, vehicles, and infrastructure. Embedded processors sell

neg: Francis Walker (entomologist) no worse than many entomologists of his time; what makes for the more common occurrence of Walker's taxa in synonymy is the sheer volume of his work. An unsigned obituary began "More than twenty years too late for his scientific reputation, and after having done an amount of injury almost inconceivable in its immensity, Francis Walker has passed from among us". Edward Newman, in contrast described him as the "most voluminous and most industrious writer on Entomology this country has ever produced" and said of him "I never met anyone who possessed more correct, more diversified, or more general information,

neg: Polluter pays principle discharge of pollutants into the environment. In line with the "Polluter Pays" principle, the Act requires a polluter to meet the cost of decontaminating the polluted environment. In international environmental law it is mentioned in the principle 16 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development of 1992. Polluter pays principle In environmental law, the polluter pays principle is enacted to make the party responsible for producing pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to the natural environment. It is regarded as a regional custom because of the strong support it has received in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation

neg: Cold fusion Fleischmann and Pons electrolysis set-ups in spite of the rejection by the mainstream community. "The Boston Globe" estimated in 2004 that there were only 100 to 200 researchers working in the field, most suffering damage to their reputation and career. Since the main controversy over Pons and Fleischmann had ended, cold fusion research has been funded by private and small governmental scientific investment funds in the United States, Italy, Japan, and India. Cold fusion research continues today in a few specific venues, but the wider scientific community has generally marginalized the research being done and researchers have had difficulty publishing

neg: Deadly Skies title) and "Force of Impact" (Canada: English title) (censored version) do not. Madison (Chong) and her assistant Hockstetter (Zamprogna) are astronomers who track near-Earth objects in space. They are not taken seriously by the scientific community. When they locate and track a massive asteroid on a collision course for Earth, Madison takes her findings to government scientist Covington (LaBelle). Initially he pays her some attention but, under pressure from Air Force General Dutton (Moriarty), dismisses her. In desperation she takes her research to Donovan (Sabato), a former Air Force officer who was discharged under Don't ask, don't tell. Joining with

neg: Low-carbohydrate diet respect to the risk of death for people with cardiovascular disease, the kind of carbohydrates consumed are important; diets relatively higher in fiber and whole grains lead to reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease compared to diets high in refined-grains. Because of the substantial controversy regarding low-carbohydrate diets, and even disagreements in interpreting the results of specific studies, it is difficult to objectively summarize the research in a way that reflects scientific consensus. Although there has been some research done throughout the twentieth century, most directly relevant scientific studies have occurred in the 1990s and early 2000s and, as

neg: Erich Traub Operation Paperclip, meant to exploit scientific knowledge in Germany, and deny it to the Soviet Union. From 1949 to 1953, he was associated with the Naval Medical Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Months into his Operation Paperclip contract, Traub was asked to meet with US scientists from Fort Detrick, the Army’s biological warfare headquarters, in Frederick, Maryland. As a noted German authority on viruses he was asked to consult on their animal disease program from a Biological Warfare perspective. Traub discussed work done at the Reich Research Institute for Virus Diseases of Animals on Riems Island during World War II

neg: Helen Rees global HIV Prevention research advocacy organization) and serves on the US National Institute of Health’s Scientific Advisory Committee for the HIV Prevention Network, the Population Council’s Microbicide Advisory Committee, the WHO/UNAIDS Steering Committee on Pre-exposure prophylaxis, and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID) Scientific Advisory Board. In 2001 Rees was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. Most recently she was awarded the 2015 silver National Order of the Baobab by the President of South Africa for exceptional and distinguished contributions in medicine. In 2015 Rees was awarded the National Science and Technology Foundations’

neg: European Research Council lists. The Scientific Council is supported operationally by the European Research Council Executive Agency (ERCEA), based in Brussels. The implementing pillar of the ERC, the ERC Executive Agency (ERCEA), is responsible for supporting the peer review process, implementing the ERC strategy as set by the ScC, executing all financial operations and communicating about the ERC. The ERCEA is currently headed by the Director, Pablo Amor. It employs some 400 staff of which more than 50 hold PhDs. The fact that most Scientific staff hold a PhD, have done post-docs and/or have been academics reinforces the feeling among panellists and the

neg: Human factors in diving safety has shown that anxiety states may be a response to disordered breathing caused by use of breathing apparatus, and that some people experience respiratory distress or panic behaviour while doing physical exercise wearing scuba. Morgan has also recommended that more research be done on psychological aspects of human-respirator interface. Diving procedures are promulgated in many forms, including: Among the organisations publishing diving procedures, the US Navy, British HSE and NOAA are notable for funding published scientific research on diving safety. Separate dive procedures are developed for each type of diving, such as air and mixed gas diving, inshore and offshore

neg: Michael Stuart Brown The Scripps Research Institute. Frequently mentioned as a candidate for nationally-prominent positions in scientific administration, Dr. Brown, like his colleague Joseph L. Goldstein, elects to continue hands-on involvement with research, leading a research team that typically includes a dozen doctoral and postdoctoral trainees. He and his colleague are among the most highly cited scientists in the world. Brown is also on the prestigious Prix Galien USA Committee that "recognizes the technical, scientific and clinical research skills necessary to develop innovative medicines". The inauguration of the Prix Galien in the US, the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in this field, was

neg: Freezepop remix of their song "Shark Attack" done by chiptune band 8 Bit Weapon in October 2007. The remix was done with a Nintendo Entertainment System and a Commodore 64 computer. A recurring theme in Freezepop's music is references to science, technology, and mathematics. As examples, the "hi-phive" mix of "Science Genius Girl" features Enthusiasm reciting the first thirty digits of Phi. Additionally, the "Robotron 2002" "All Your Base Are Belong to Us" remix by DJ Nebula pays homage to the Internet meme All your base are belong to us. Freezepop was arrested in Canada in November 2006 for trying to

neg: George R. Klare also acting associate provost for graduate and research programs from 1986 until his retirement in 1987. Most of the basic research on the readability formulas was done in the first half of the 20th century. The later half was a very contentious period in reading research (especially regarding phonetics). In spite of the controversy, Klare and a few colleagues persisted and focused on: As the unofficial chronicler of this ongoing research, Klare published four landmark reviews, "The Measurement of Readability" in 1963, "Assessing Readability" in 1975 (which was named a Citation Classic by the Institute for Scientific Information), "Readability" in

neg: Scientific plagiarism in India Scientific plagiarism in India A lack of oversight and a lack of proper training for scientists have led to the rise of plagiarism and research misconduct in India. India does not have a statutory body to deal with scientific misconduct in academia, like the Office of Research Integrity in the US, and hence cases of plagiarism are often dealt in ad-hoc fashion with different routes being followed in different cases. In most cases, a public and media outcry leads to an investigation either by institutional authorities or by independent enquiry committees. Plagiarists have in some cases been suspended, removed or

neg: Kary Mullis the who's who of AIDS pseudoscientists". Mullis also wrote the foreword to the book "What If Everything You Thought You Knew About AIDS Was Wrong?" by Christine Maggiore, an HIV-positive AIDS denialist who, along with her daughter, died of an AIDS-related illness. A "New York Times" article listed Mullis as one of several scientists who, after success in their area of research, go on to make unfounded, sometimes bizarre statements in other areas. An article in the "Skeptical Inquirer" described Mullis as an "AIDS denialist with scientific credentials [who] has never done any scientific research on HIV or AIDS." Mullis

neg: Collaboratory Henline (1998) mentions that the collaboratory has been successfully used to implement applications for distance learning, command and control center, telemedical bridge, and a remote consulting tool suite. To date, most collaboratories have been applied largely in scientific research projects, with various degrees of success and failure. Recently, however, collaboratory models have been applied to additional areas of scientific research in both national and international contexts. As a result, a substantial knowledge base has emerged helping us in understanding their development and application in science and industry (Cogburn, 2003). Extending the collaboratory concept to include both social and behavioral research

neg: Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases amongst the most resistant, not the most sensitive, and such a theory is now accepted as a scientific fact. They also presented their scientific qualifications by publishing several scientific articles. During the development of this research center, many international scientists visited the center, lecturing, studying and/or researching in their fields. In particular, Dr. Xavier Misonne, a Belgian rodentologist who investigated rodent life in Iran and Dr. Jean Marie Klein, an entomologist, who conducted extensive research on fleas in the Akanlu center, played important roles. In addition, the aerial photographs of Kurdistan and Hamadan were obtained from Iran's army and rodents'

neg: Oregon Graduate Center to our plant, and we find those who have acquired with us a degree of scientific competence often leave us for the specific reason that they do not find here further help or stimulation to their scientific development. Tektronix stated that it would have to establish research and development facilities elsewhere near universities if a graduate training and research center was not founded in Portland." Tek encouraged employees to pursue advanced degrees and sometimes provided financial support. Tek started an in-house continuing education program in the late 1950s that rivaled the local community colleges in size. Benedict's vision for OGC

neg: Hearing aid are eligible for hearing aids based on medical need. The Veterans Administration pays the full cost of testing and hearing aids to qualified military Veterans. Major VA medical facilities provide complete diagnostic and audiology services. The cost of hearing aids is a tax-deductible medical expense for those who itemize medical deductions. Research involving more than 40,000 US households showed a convincing correlation between the degree of hearing loss and the reduction of personal income. According to the same research the tendency was not observed in almost 100% of households using DHA. While there are some instances that a hearing aid

neg: Regina Olson Hughes Also at the departments of war and commerce where her most prestigious assignment was translating during the Conference on limitation of armament in Washington, after the armistice. She served as a translator for the US department of State, one of only two non-French women employed by the US office of Translation. In 1936, she became the scientific illustrator in botany for the Agricultural Research Service. Hughes’ experiences has included years of honored illustration work for the Agricultural Research Service and the US Department of Agriculture. Then in 1969, she “retired” from the USDA but then continued work for the Smithsonian

neg: Pacific National University and paper collections of international conferences. The university scientists take part in international conferences and symposiums in China, the United States, Japan, Portugal and other countries. Continuous development of material and technical basis of the university and use of modern scientific equipment contributes to the increase of research effectiveness. There are more than 20 laboratories, more than 20 Scientific-Educational and Engineering Centers and 2 students’ Design Engineering Bureau at PNU. The university pays great attention to the development of innovation activity associated with realization of research works (RW) results by the industrial enterprises and also tries to make professional and

neg: Manex Goihenetxe in Bearn, where he died along with his partner Anne-Marie Pargade. His ashes were spread in Errozate, near his natal village Ezterenzubi. He wrote lots of stories about the Basque Country in French like in Basque. In this area he is one of the most important writers; the "Histoire générale du Pays Basque" serie is a really important reference. He was the first one writing about it from the Basque Country's point of view. On the other hand, he wrote a long review and a part of a research project (20 more or less) important parts. In the Basque scientific

neg: History of European research universities Overall, science became the focus of universities in the 19th and 20th centuries. Students could conduct research in seminars or laboratories and began to produce doctoral theses with more scientific content. According to Humboldt, the mission of the University of Berlin was to pursue scientific knowledge. The German university system fostered professional, bureaucratically regulated scientific research performed in well-equipped laboratories, instead of the kind of research done by private and individual scholars in Great Britain and France. In fact, Rüegg asserts that the German system is responsible for the development of the modern research university because it focused on the

neg: Federal University of Minas Gerais Most faculty at teaching are full-time, permanent and have PhD degrees (more than 90%). About 1/3 of undergraduate students participate in research activities in 112 laboratories and produce around 250 academic research abstracts per year. More than 140 scientific papers are produced per year by faculty members. Around 70% of the 280 teachers at the School of Engineering work on 60 topics of research. Most research work done in Engineering is related to technological development, with application in industry, funded by national and international agencies. By means of agreements and service contracts signed through the Christiano Otonni Foundation, the school

neg: Vision for Space Exploration be directed toward reducing human spaceflight costs sufficiently for the betterment of low Earth orbit research, business, and tourism. Alternatively, VSE could afford advances in other scientific research (astronomy, selenology), in-situ lunar business industries, and lunar-space tourism. The VSE budget required termination the Space Shuttle by 2010 and of any US role in the International Space Station by 2017. This would have required, even in the most optimistic plans, in a period of years without human spaceflight capability from the US. Termination of the Space Shuttle program, without any planned alternatives, in 2011 ended virtually all US capability for reusable

neg: Makaramanju make a film on Swati Tirunal, the royal composer from Kerala. And through "Makaramanju", the filmmaker pays homage to Raja Ravi Varma. The director says it is the artist's special place in Indian art that had drawn him to his life. "A few years ago, I had done a play on Ravi Varma for KPAC. During my reading and research on him, I was fascinated to know more about the man and the circumstances in which those works were created. Here was a prince who had paid a price for pursuing his passion for the arts. He faced hostility and

neg: Japan Japanese government hopes to receive 40 million foreign tourists every year by 2020. In 2017, 28,690,900 foreign tourists visited Japan. Japan is a leading nation in scientific research, particularly in fields related to the natural sciences and engineering. The country ranks second among the most innovative countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index. Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130 billion research and development budget. The amount spent on research and development relative to gross domestic product is the third highest in the world. The country is a world leader in fundamental scientific research, having produced twenty-two Nobel laureates in either physics,

neg: Barzah scientific research centre Barzah scientific research centre The Barzah scientific research centre, also known as the Barzah Scientific Research Facility, is a facility of the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center (SSRC or CERS) located in Barzeh, Damascus. Several buildings at the centre alleged to be associated with a Syrian chemical weapons programme were destroyed during the 2018 missile strikes against Syria. Other buildings within the larger complex were undamaged. In a press conference on April 13, 2018 US Defense Secretary Jim Mattis and Marine General Joseph Dunford claimed that this center is used for the research, development, production and testing of chemical

neg: Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky 1955, Laboratory B was closed. Some of its personnel were transferred elsewhere, but most of them were assimilated into a new, second nuclear weapons institute, "Scientific Research Institute-1011" (NII-1011), today known as the Russian Federal Nuclear Center All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, "RFYaTs–VNIITF".) Timofeev-Resovskij headed the radiobiology department at Laboratory B, and another political prisoner from the Gulag, S. A. Voznesenskij, headed the radiochemistry department. In Timofeev-Resovskij's department, Born, Catsch, and Zimmer were able to conduct work similar to that which they had done in Germany, and all three became section heads in the department. Tsarapkin, Timofeev-Resovskij's long-time

neg: Urban ecology compounds produced in urban centers rather continually emitting more of the greenhouse gas. Urbanization results in a series of both local and far-reaching effects on biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles, hydrology, and climate, among many other stresses. Many of these effects are not fully understood, as urban ecology has only recently emerged as a scientific discipline and much more research remains to be done. Research on cities outside the US and Europe remains limited. Observations on the impact of urbanization on biodiversity and species interactions are consistent across many studies but definitive mechanisms have yet to be established. Urban ecology constitutes an

neg: David Handelsman funding from peer-reviewed grants (National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and other national and international agencies) and industry contracts.He has been a peer reviewer for over 70 scientific journals and a member of the editorial board of twelve journals. He was a Member of the Scientific Committee for both the first (1990) and second (1995) International Androgen Workshop supported by WHO, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the CONRAD organisation. Handelsman is a member of the World Anti-Doping Agency’s Health, Medicine and Research Committee which monitors scientific developments in sport aiming to safeguard doping-free sport practice. From

neg: Biohistory fact due to scientific reasoning, and the defamation and other consequences that can affect living populations associated with what is being studied. This last point is especially true of studies dealing with people who are deceased. Because “[b]iohistory often involves an identifiable object and genetic analysis of tissue can reveal information about the paternity, health status, and predispositions of family members” there is the potential for biohistoric research to lead to inappropriate claims as well as other areas of defamation. In one study done by the Chicago Historical Society they “concluded that DNA testing [one of the most widely accepted

neg: Virtual jury research quickly go to trial. Like any other scientific study, the validity of jury research results is based on the quality of the scientific sample, in this case the actual research jurors who are being studied. For online jury research, this means that the individual characteristics of the virtual jurors who participate in the jury study should match as closely as possible with those of a hypothetical "ideal" juror for a particular case. In most jury research, these characteristics segment according to the following criteria: demographics, personality, attitudes, beliefs and life experience. Choosing research jurors on the basis of these individual

neg: Pain in fish decision must be carefully weighed. In the UK, the legislation protecting animals during scientific research, the "Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986", protects fish from the moment they become capable of independent feeding. The legislation protecting animals in most other circumstances in the UK is "The Animal Welfare Act, 2006" which states that in the Act, " “animal” means a vertebrate other than man", clearly including fish. In the US, the legislation protecting animals during scientific research is "The Animal Welfare Act". This excludes protection of "cold-blooded" animals, including fish. The 1974 Norwegian Animal Rights Law states it relates to mammals,

neg: Heidelberg Center for American Studies of the Schurman Society for American History, and each year, a winner is endowed with 1,000 Euros In 2011, the HCA and the Faculty of Theology in Heidelberg University established the James W.C. Pennington Award. The 44th president of the United States, Barack Obama sent official greetings to the HCA expressing his gratitude for the initiative which pays tribute to Pennington and recognizes scholars who have done distinguished work on topics important to Pennington . The award is presented to scholars after a month-long stay in Heidelberg to engage in research and discuss topics such as slavery, emancipation, peace, education,

neg:
Mallinckrodt General Clinical Research Center of bone and wound healing through the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Also in the 1940s, Hertz first used radioactive iodine treatment for Graves Disease. This has since become the most common treatment for the disease in the United States.
 In the 1950s, Alexander Leaf and Frederic Bartter first described the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion, or SIADH.
 Much research on calcium metabolism was done during the 1960s.
 In the 1970s, Edgar Haber first used antibodies to treat digitalis toxicity. JT Potts described the physiology and clinical role of calcitonin.
 In the 1980s, William Crowley first used GnRH

neg: Climatic Research Unit email controversy clear, however, that better methods would have produced significantly different results." It suggested that the CRU could have done more to document and archive its work, data and algorithms and stated that the scientists were "ill prepared" for the amount of public attention generated by their work, commenting that "as with many small research groups their internal procedures were rather informal." The media and other scientific organisations were criticised for having "sometimes neglected" to reflect the uncertainties, doubts and assumptions of the work done by the CRU. The UK Government's policy of charging for access to scientific data was described

neg: Pushpa Mittra Bhargava first at the then Central Laboratories for Scientific and Industrial Research, and then at Osmania University, both at Hyderabad. In 1953, he went to US on a postdoctoral fellowship in the McArdle Memorial Laboratory of Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison (US), working in the laboratory of Charles Heidelberger. During 1956–57, he worked at National Institute for Medical Research, UK, as a special Wellcome Trust Research Fellow and made a transition from chemistry to biology. In 1958, he returned to Hyderabad and joined the same Central Laboratories for Scientific and Industrial Research which was by now taken over by Council

neg: Atanas Skatov In conclusion, for 2016, Atanas Skatov participated in four expeditions above 8 000 meters, which hasn’t been done by any other known vegan or a Bulgarian. Atanas Skatov considers that examining the vegan diet is the most prominent scientific research, he has ever done. In January 2017, he marked six years of the beginning of his vegan lifestyle which he says he has no intention to change. He is regularly subject to blood tests, checking the important for a human being indices. Additionally, he maintains a diary regarding sport activities and his mental health. In 2017, Skatov took part in

neg: Stem cell controversy moral questions" raised by this issue. The Assemblies of God opposes human embryonic stem cell research, saying, it "perpetuates the evil of abortion and should be prohibited." The religion of Islam favors the stance that scientific research and development in terms of stem cell research is allowed as long as it benefits society while using the least amount of harm to the subjects. "Stem cell research is one of the most controversial topics of our time period and has raised many religious and ethical questions regarding the research being done. With there being no true guidelines set forth in the

neg: Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold Disney files of cartoon ideas that were shelved. He found the over 800 numbered sketches for "Morgan's Ghost" and was instantly struck that most of the work had already been done in terms of visualizing the story. Lebeck felt it could easily be adapted into a Donald Duck comic book story." Hannah recalled John Clarke Rose, Story Research Director at the Disney Studio, "... took us to meet Eleanor Packer who I believe was in charge of Whitman/Western Publishing. They wanted us to draw 64 pages of a Donald Duck story. I suspect the reason we were chosen for this

neg: Scientific diving than for recreational diving. This has been attributed to more thorough entry-level and continued training, better supervision and operational procedures and medical and fitness screening. In the United States scientific diving is done by research institutions, universities, museums, aquaria, and consulting companies for purposes of research, education and environmental monitoring. As of 2005 there were an estimated 4000 scientific divers, of which a small number are career scientific divers, with an average age of around 40 years, and a larger number of students in the 18 to 34 year age group. There is no specific upper age limit providing the

neg: Ranganathan Shashidhar Ranganathan Shashidhar Ranganathan Shashidhar (born January 1, 1946) is a US-based Indian condensed matter physicist and a former head of the "Laboratory for Molecularly Engineered Materials and Surface" of the Center for Biomolecular Science & Engineering, a division of the United States Naval Research Laboratory. Known for his research on liquid crystals, Shashidhar is an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences and the senior vice president of Polestar Technologies, a US-based company involved in the development of sensing technologies. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded

neg: Decline effect proved. And just because an idea can be proved doesn't mean it's true. When the experiments are done, we still have to choose what to believe." Steven Novella also challenges Lehrer's view of the decline effect, arguing that Lehrer is concentrating on new discoveries on the cutting edge of scientific research and applying the conclusions to all areas of science. Novella points out that most of the examples used by Lehrer come from medicine, psychology and ecology, scientific fields most influenced by a complex human aspect and that there is not much evidence of the decline effect in other areas

neg: Wilmot N. Hess Wilmot N. Hess Wilmot N. Hess (October 16, 1926 – April 16, 2004) was an American physicist who was involved with many ambitious scientific projects of the 20th century, including: the Plowshares project, the NASA Apollo moon missions, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) hurricane research and oil spill cleanup research, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) weather modification research, and the US Department of Energy Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) project. Dr. Hess retired as the Associate Director of the US Department of Energy, of which he was first elected in 1976. Hess lived in California, and died

neg: Arctic policy of the United States of Arctic research, acting as a synthesizer of the scientific information relevant to geographical location and encouraging the public to attain more scientific education that will provide more opportunities of research in Arctic. ARCUS is a non-profit corporation consisting of institutions organized and operated for educational, professional, or scientific purposes. The ARCUS headquarters and staff are located in Fairbanks, Alaska. The Arctic contains significant deposits of precious minerals, timber, and fish. Research plans to determine the extent of the US Outer Continental Shelf and the amounts of resources it contains is a primary directive of the US Arctic policy delineated

neg: Society for Computers in Psychology open to any person who has an academic degree and who is active in scientific applications of computers to psychological research. The society's founding was initiated by Donald Tepas who asked for support from the National Science Foundation's Office of Computing Activities. Tepas wanted help with the development of intereactive system for searches. Instead, the NSF suggested that a conference be arranged and its proceedings published, which was indeed done. In 2006, Dr. Christopher R. Wolfe documented the history of the Society for Computers in Psychology in Behavior Research Methods: SCiP history may be divided into three eras: the Paleozoic

neg: Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering centrally located in the LNQE research building and is complemented by the equipment in the institutions. Activities in education: The scientific new build stands in the middle of the Nordstadt, the university area of Hanover/Germany, at Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany. The scientific building has 430 m of chemical, measurement and laser laboratories. 410 m are a research clean room and 509 m are workrooms for 44 staff members. The costs are approximately €14 million. After successful evaluation by the German Wissenschaftsrat, it gets federal grants. The project management was done by public project management Hannover; the planning was done

neg: Peripatetic school conducted less formally than the term "school" suggests: there was likely no set curriculum or requirements for students, or even fees for membership. Aristotle did teach and lecture there, but there was also philosophical and scientific research done in partnership with other members of the school. It seems likely that many of the writings that have come down to us in Aristotle's name were based on lectures he gave at the school. Among the members of the school in Aristotle's time were Theophrastus, Phanias of Eresus, Eudemus of Rhodes, Clytus of Miletus, Aristoxenus, and Dicaearchus. Much like Plato's Academy, there

neg: Atomic Energy Research Establishment responsibility for atomic energy research and development. It was part of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). During the 1970s the slowdown of the British nuclear energy program resulted in a greatly reduced demand for the kind of work being done by the UKAEA. Pressures on government spending also reduced the funding available. Reluctant to merely disband a quality scientific research organisation, UKAEA was required to divert its research effort to the solving of scientific problems for industry by providing paid consultancy or services. For example, an Operations Research Group was set up at Harwell, and developed shipping fleet

neg: Council of Canadian Academies of Canada. The current Chair of the Board of Governors is Margaret Bloodworth. The Council also has a Scientific Advisory Committee, whose role is to advise the Board on assessment topic selection, terms of reference, the selection of expert panelists, and peer review. The current Chair of the Scientific Advisory Committee is Eliot A. Phillipson. The Council's assessments are performed by independent panels of qualified experts from Canada and abroad who serve pro bono. This model has been employed in other countries, most notably in the United States by the National Research Council of the US National Academies. All Council

neg: Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation the equivalent of A / A* score at A-levels in the English speaking world. Most students at the Finance University finished their secondary schools with silver and gold medals which signify having the best marks in all subjects over 11 years of education. The Finance University actively carries out research activities. These include both fundamental and applied research in the areas of finance, money circulation and credit, insurance, accounting and audit, business evaluation, international monetary relations; research done for post doctoral and PhD dissertations; development of expert-and-analytical materials requested by the bodies of legislative and executive power; organisation of scientific

neg: Scientific method a scientific field (with more scientific teams involved), the less likely the research findings are to be true.") Hence: "Most research findings are false for most research designs and for most fields" and "As shown, the majority of modern biomedical research is operating in areas with very low pre- and poststudy probability for true findings." However: "Nevertheless, most new discoveries will continue to stem from hypothesis-generating research with low or very low pre-study odds," which means that *new* discoveries will come from research that, when that research started, had low or very low odds (a low or very low chance)

neg: Logology (science of science) have used this phenomenon of "parallel innovation" to argue against public financing of basic research: government, they assert, should leave it to companies to finance the research they need. Myhrvold writes that such arguments are dangerously wrong: without government support, most basic scientific research will never happen. "This is most clearly true for the kind of pure research that has delivered... great intellectual benefits but no profits, such as the work that brought us the Higgs boson, or the understanding that a supermassive black hole sits at the center of the Milky Way, or the discovery of methane seas on

neg: Scientific method the data and methods and build on the research that has gone before. Scientific data archiving can be done at a number of national archives in the U.S. or in the World Data Center. The classical model of scientific inquiry derives from Aristotle, who distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning, set out the threefold scheme of abductive, deductive, and inductive inference, and also treated the compound forms such as reasoning by analogy. The hypothetico-deductive model or method is a proposed description of scientific method. Here, predictions from the hypothesis are central: if you assume the hypothesis to be

neg: Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance The Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance (MESA) is an organization founded on the research carried out by the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda (malERA). "malERA" was a project carried out by the scientific community to identify the steps and future research that must be done in order to eradicate maleria. It was created after the Malaria Forum in 2007, hosted by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, reestablished malaria eradication as a long-term goal. "malERA" first launched in 2008, and resulted in a research and development agenda which was published in a "PLoS Medicine" magazine in 2011. MESA

neg: Project-706 also developing nuclear weapons of its own. Developing nuclear technology for Pakistan was a main goal and of Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who initiated the scientific research in 1972. Before the launching of Project-706 in 1974, the initial scientific research, starting from 1972, was directed and organized by renowned Pakistani scientist Abdus Salam. From 1974, the research was led by engineers Munir Ahmad Khan of PAEC and Abdul Qadeer Khan of KRL. "Time" magazine has called Project-706 Pakistan's equivalent of the United States Manhattan Project. The project initially cost US$450 million (raised by both Libya and Saudi Arabia) which

neg: Harley M. Kilgore and was interred in Arlington National Cemetery. In 1942, American manufacturing expert Herbert Schimmel advised Kilgore to form a committee to centralize scientific research done for the war effort. The Kilgore Committee drafted legislation for an Office of Technological Mobilization, which would have power to fund research, share patents and trade secrets, and facilities that could help the war effort. Additionally, the organization would be able to draft scientists and facilities for the war effort. In 1943, government scientists, most notably Vannevar Bush, voiced agreement with the spirit of Kilgore's proposal, but opposed the bill's aim to involve government administration

neg: Swami Kuvalayananda Swami Kuvalayananda Swami Kuvalayananda (30 August 1883 – 18 April 1966) was a researcher and educator who is primarily known for his pioneering research into the scientific foundations of yoga. He started scientific research on yoga in 1920, and published the first scientific journal specifically devoted to studying yoga, Yoga Mimamsa, in 1924. Most of his research took place at the Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center which he also founded in 1924. His influence on modern yoga has been "profound". Swami Kuvalayananda was born Jagannatha Ganesa Gune in a traditional Karhade Brahmin family in the village Dhaboi in Gujarat

neg: Ann C. Palmenberg research in science, as well as been published several times within scientific journals and magazines, specifically related to her work with rhinovirus (the common cold). Ann Palmenberg works specifically with the genomics of viruses such as rhinovirus. Much of the research done by Dr. Palmenberg's research group relates to mutations made through protein synthesis and RNA translation of viruses. This type of research works toward finding a viral vaccines for constantly changing viruses, such as rhinovirus and HIV. In addition to her research on rhinovirus, Dr. Palmenberg has done extensive research on encephalomyocarditis, which is a fatal viral disease that

neg: Swami Kuvalayananda own rights. Swami Kuvalayananda Swami Kuvalayananda (30 August 1883 – 18 April 1966) was a researcher and educator who is primarily known for his pioneering research into the scientific foundations of yoga. He started scientific research on yoga in 1920, and published the first scientific journal specifically devoted to studying yoga, Yoga Mimamsa, in 1924. Most of his research took place at the Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center which he also founded in 1924. His influence on modern yoga has been "profound". Swami Kuvalayananda was born Jagannatha Ganesa Gune in a traditional Karhade Brahmin family in the village Dhaboi

neg: Rubicon Foundation and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal" started in 1993 to current was started to combine the previous journal content into one location; Annual Scientific Meeting Abstracts starting 1974 to current; as well as many of the scientific workshop proceedings. Also available are technical reports from organizations that include: Defence R&D Canada; US Office of Naval Research; Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; US Navy Experimental Diving Unit; US Naval Medical Research Institute; US Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory; as well as US Brooks Air Force Base and The Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine. See also

neg: Lavandula are in use in most parts of the world. Major constituents of lavender oil include linalool (26%) caryophyllene (8%). The essential oil was used in hospitals during World War I. Lavender oil is under preliminary research for its possible effect in alleviating anxiety and sleep disturbances. High-quality clinical research generally has not been done to conclude if there are effects of lavender oil on anxiety. The German scientific committee on traditional medicine, Commission E, reported uses of lavender flower in practices of herbalism, including its use for restlessness or insomnia, Roehmheld's syndrome, intestinal discomfort, and cardiovascular diseases, among others. The

neg: Science and technology in the United States philanthropy and private industry alone. This increased expenditure on scientific research and education propelled the United States to the forefront of the international scientific community—an amazing feat for a country which only a few decades before still had to send its most promising students to Europe for extensive scientific education. The first US commercial nuclear power plant started operation in Illinois in 1956. At the time, the future for nuclear energy in the United States looked bright. But opponents criticized the safety of power plants and questioned whether safe disposal of nuclear waste could be assured. A 1979 accident at

neg: Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals Governance, Networks and Institutions in a Global Economy, and Security, Power and Multilateralism in a Global World. The research projects are funded mostly through competitive calls for papers from the European Commission, the Government of Spain, the Catalan Government and other public and private institutions. Since 2008, IBEI has obtained funding for around thirty research projects. IBEI pays particular attention to the existing challenges to be overthrown for a more balanced and multipolar international system. The scientific production of the institute is focused on connecting the interests and concerns of today's society with the dynamics of globalization and internationalization. Likewise,

neg: Al Mesbar Studies and Research Centre Al Mesbar Studies and Research Centre Al Mesbar Studies & Research Center is a Dubai based cultural phenomena think tank concentrating on the study of Islamic Movements. The Center focuses on "contemporary Islamic Movements, their thoughts and practices, symbolisms and ideologies and especially those that have [an] historic impact which is still in effect today". It was founded in 2007 by Turki Bin Abdullah Aldakhil. Al-Mesbar Centre tries to materialize this transformation process through its various cultural, research and specialized scientific activities. Al-Mesbar Centre pays special attention to studying contemporary Islamic movements in order to unveil the nature of these

neg: Motorcycle safety in the United States, comprising 2% of all registered vehicles in the US. In that year, 5% of all highway fatalities were motorcycle riders or passengers. One of the main reasons motorcyclists are killed in crashes is the motorcycle provides virtually no protection in a crash. Approximately 80% of reported motorcycle crashes result in injury or death; a comparable figure for automobiles is about 20 percent. Two major scientific research studies into the causes of motorcycle accidents have been conducted in North America and Europe: the Hurt Report and the MAIDS report. A major work done on this subject in

neg: Arctic policy of the United States agency helps set priorities for the future of Arctic research. IARPC develops the US Arctic Research Plan and coordinates US research programs to support US Arctic policy. They work with Arctic Research Commission to formulate national Arctic research policies, discuss research programs and details for funding support. They write the five-year plan to implement national policy and responsible for the updates in policy. Coordinate multiagency budget documents and promote cooperative Arctic scientific research program. IARPC submits yearly accomplishments report to the congress. The US Arctic Research Commission was established by an Act of 1984 (as amended, Public Law 101-609). Commission’s

neg: Heidelberg Appeal as the International Center for a Scientific Ecology or, in French, the Centre International pour une Ecologie Scientifique. He wrote about the appeal: Why Heidelberg? We wanted to meet in a prestigious European university town. Oxford or Cambridge would have done just as well. The warm welcome we received at the beginning of our round of the university towns, from cardiologist Gothard Schettler, Vice President of the Academy of Science at Heidelberg, and from Professor Harald zur Hausen at the Cancer Research Institute, persuaded us to pitch our tent on the banks of the Neckar. As the substances in question

neg: Kombucha approximately $200 million. In the US, sales of kombucha and other fermented drinks rose by 37 percent in 2017. People drink kombucha for its many purported health benefits. Research has been conducted using biological assays "in vitro". Other studies have been "in vivo" using rats. There have not been any human trials conducted to assess its possible biological effects, and the purported health beneﬁts resulting from its biological activities have not been demonstrated in humans. In 2000, a scientific review was done, which summarized the range of claimed health benefits: "It has been claimed that Kombucha teas cure asthma, cataracts,

neg: NRC Research Press NRC Research Press NRC Research Press (now: Canadian Science Publishing) is the largest scientific publisher in Canada. As of 2018, it publishes about 2,300 articles annually in 24 journals in a broad range of scientific and technical disciplines, and is distributed to over 125 countries . According to the website Owler, the annual revenue is about US$3.7M . NRC Research Press was originally the publishing arm of the National Research Council's Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (NRC-CISTI). Since September 2010, it is a private, not-for-profit company called "Canadian Science Publishing" and continues to publish the NRC Research Press

neg: Wallace John Eckert known as the Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Eckert won the James Craig Watson Medal in 1966 from the US National Academy of Sciences. "Faster, Faster - A Simple Description of a Giant Electronic Calculator, and the Problems it Solves". Written with Rebecca Jones, Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, Columbia University, International Business Machines. McGraw-Hill, 1955- An account for the layman. Says multiplying 1,000 pairs of ten digit numbers would take a week by hand, and could be done by a "electronic supercalculator" (of the day!) in one second. Wallace John Eckert Wallace John Eckert (June 19, 1902 – August 24,

neg: Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency for the Court's imposed limitation. In response to the Court's statement that, "If the scientific uncertainty is so profound that it precludes EPA from making a reasoned judgment as to whether greenhouse gases contribute to global warming, EPA must say so," Scalia responded that EPA has done precisely that, in the form of the National Research Council panel that researched climate-change science. (But in fact, the panel stated that it "generally agrees with the assessment of human-caused climate change presented in the IPCC Working Group I (WGI) scientific report," which concluded that most of the increase in global temperatures since

neg: Luc Pauwels (not merely illustration) for anthropological and sociological research." Pauwels is particularly focussed on contemporary scientific data gathering and scholarly communications, and investigates the impact of traditional visual representational means and new media technologies on its practices. In his early work he started designing research methodologies and typologies of visual social science, and over the years developed these into three specific conceptual frameworks for visual social science. Pauwels is among the foremost visual sociologists, who have been "interested in improving visual research methods and committed to broadening and strengthening empirical social science." Seminal work in the field has been done by

neg: History of creationism [creationist] movement is most unlikely." In 1961, Henry M. Morris and John C. Whitcomb, Jr published a book entitled "The Genesis Flood," in an effort to provide a scientific basis for young earth creationism and Flood geology. Morris had published several books previously, but none had the impact that "The Genesis Flood" did. Its publication resulted in ten like-minded creationists forming the Creation Research Society in 1963, and the Institute for Creation Research in 1972. In 1968, the US Supreme Court ruled in Epperson vs. Arkansas that forbidding the teaching of evolution violated the Establishment Clause of the US constitution.

neg: Odisha Bigyan Academy since 1985 have been: The academy has been giving awards and felicitations to eminent and senior scientists of Odisha State every year since 1987. The Samanta Chandra Sekhar Award, named after astronomer Samanta Chandra Sekhar, is awarded for outstanding research contribution in science and technology. The Odisha Young Scientist Award is given for "outstanding research work" done by scientists under the age of 35 who were working inside the State of Orissa during the years preceding the year of award. The Pranakrushna Parija Popular Science Award, named after Prana Krushna Parija, is given to writers who have popularized critical scientific

neg: Mathematician research, arguably more authentically implementing Humboldt’s idea of a university than even German universities, which were subject to state authority. Overall, science (including mathematics) became the focus of universities in the 19th and 20th centuries. Students could conduct research in seminars or laboratories and began to produce doctoral theses with more scientific content. According to Humboldt, the mission of the University of Berlin was to pursue scientific knowledge. The German university system fostered professional, bureaucratically regulated scientific research performed in well-equipped laboratories, instead of the kind of research done by private and individual scholars in Great Britain and France. In

neg: Genetic engineering allow the import of GM food with authorisation, but either do not allow its cultivation (Russia, Norway, Israel) or have provisions for cultivation even though no GM products are yet produced (Japan, South Korea). Most countries that do not allow GMO cultivation do permit research. Some of the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe. The US policy focuses on the product (not the process), only looks at verifiable scientific risks and uses the concept of substantial equivalence. The European Union by contrast has possibly the most stringent GMO regulations in the world. All GMOs, along with irradiated