query: why did disease and death spread early in jamestown

pos: Disease in colonial America Disease in colonial America Disease in colonial America that afflicted the early immigrant settlers was a dangerous threat to life. Some of the diseases were new and treatments were ineffective. Malaria was deadly to many new arrivals, especially in the Southern colonies. Of newly arrived able-bodied young men, over one-fourth of the Anglican missionaries died within five years of their arrival in the Carolinas. Mortality was high for infants and small children, especially for diphtheria, smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria. Most sick people turn to local healers, and used folk remedies. Others relied upon the minister-physicians, barber-surgeons, apothecaries, midwives, and

neg: Bill Ordway Bill Ordway Allan William Ordway (May 8, 1917 – September 7, 1999) was an American gridiron football player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball. He served as the head football coach at Jamestown College—now known as the University of Jamestown—in Jamestown, North Dakota from 1949 to 1950 seasons, compiling a record of 5–11. Ordway played football for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL) in the early 1940s. He died of a rare lung disease, pseudomonas in 1999. He had been in declining health in the recent years leading up to his death. He was cremated

neg: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies been accused by many scholars about making exaggerated claims in terms of the death toll and mistreatment of the indigenous people. Today, it is known that Old World diseases and the lack of immunity caused a large number of indigenous deaths. The reason why De Las Casas did not mention the number of indigenous deaths caused by old world diseases is not a political one. During the 1400s, people did not know what caused disease or how it spread. The discovery of germs wasn't until the 1500s, and their association with diseases was not even accepted by the medical profession

neg: San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 no matter their ethnic group. The defendants did not have enough evidence to prove that the Chinese were transmitting the plague. Morrow agreed with their claim that if they were why were they permitted to roam the streets of San Francisco. Upon the death of Wong Chut King, the San Francisco Health Board took immediate action to prevent the spread of plague: Chinatown was quarantined. Health officials, in order to prevent the propagation of the disease, made the decision of placing Chinatown under quarantine, without any notice to the residents - targeting Chinese residents only. White Americans that were walking

neg: Jamestown Canyon virus states reported their first JCV cases: Georgia, Idaho, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. In August 2015, the Iowa Department of Public Health confirmed one case of JCV. In July 2017, the Maine Center for Disease Control announced what is believed to be Maine's first known case. Historically disease was reported to occur from late spring through early fall. However, for 2013, dates of illness onset ranged from January through November, with 14 (64%) of the 22 cases occurring during July until September. Jamestown Canyon virus Jamestown Canyon virus is an orthobunyavirus of the California serogroup transmitted

neg: Posterior cingulate cortex It has been found that neurodegenerative diseases spread 'prion-like' through the brain. For example, when the proteins amyloid-b and TDP-43 are in their abnormal form, they spread trans-synaptically and are associated with Neurodegeneration. This transmission of abnormal protein would be constrained by the organization of white matter connections and could potentially explain the spatial distribution of Alzheimer's pathology within the DMN. In Alzheimer’s disease, the topology of white matter connectivity helps in predicting atrophic patterns, which could explain why the PCC is affected in the early stages of the disease. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are associated with metabolic and functional

neg: Mortality in the early modern age There were also epidemics that occurred locally and did not spread to national levels, notably in 18th century England. These local epidemics included fevers, dysentery, smallpox, starvation, typhoid fever, under-nutrition, cholera, malaria. By the end of the era, disease and malnutrition were no longer the main leading causes of death. Mortality in the early modern age The early modern age saw various economic changes as well as several significant diseases that have affected the mortality rates. Data collection during this time was not consistent or broadly recorded and there have been efforts to reconstruct plausible statistics. Mortality rates vary on

neg: Falling Creek Ironworks into the James River, providing the water power needed. The proprietary Virginia Company of London established the first permanent English settlement in the Virginia Colony at Jamestown on May 14, 1607. The young colony struggled for years to develop self-sufficiency and successful exports. During the first five years, most of the colonists died from disease, starvation, and attacks by the Native Americans. After 1612, non-native strains of tobacco emerged as a cash crop, and plantations and other outposts from Jamestown spread downstream and up the James River toward the head of navigation (fall line) at present-day Richmond. Near the confluence

neg: Henry Town first of several explorations of the coast and length of the Chesapeake Bay, but did not mention why or exactly where. Despite this documentary evidence, most of the archaeological finds at the Henry Town site date from the middle rather than the early 17th century. Although an archaeologist from the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior who oversaw excavations on Jamestown Island and other archaeologists from the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. and the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia have earlier dated the finds as early as 1610, others such as the

neg: Christmas tree pests and weeds the spread of a relatively new fungal disease called annosus root rot ("Heterobasidion annosum" or "Fomes annosus"). The disease is spread by airborne fungal spores and was first discovered in Northwest Christmas tree farms in 1983. The plant pathogen, "Phytophthora ramorum", which causes "sudden oak death" (SOD), is a fungus-like protist which was identified in the early 1990s. By 2002, sudden oak death had been reported along the California coast and the Oregon Coast, and two species of conifer were identified as hosts of the pathogen, Douglas fir and coast redwood. Between 2003 and 2005 "P. ramorum" was detected in

neg: Alan L. Hart their potential for detecting tuberculosis. Since the disease often presented no symptoms in its early stages, x-ray screening was invaluable for early detection. Even rudimentary early x-ray machines could detect the disease before it became critical. This allowed early treatment, often saving the patient's life. It also meant sufferers could be identified and isolated from the population, greatly lessening the spread of the disease. Public fund-raising drives, like the newly created Christmas Seal campaign, helped finance these efforts. By the time antibiotics were introduced in the 1940s, doctors using the techniques Hart developed had managed to cut the tuberculosis death

neg: Bill Ordway with his ashes scattered at a park. Bill Ordway Allan William Ordway (May 8, 1917 – September 7, 1999) was an American gridiron football player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball. He served as the head football coach at Jamestown College—now known as the University of Jamestown—in Jamestown, North Dakota from 1949 to 1950 seasons, compiling a record of 5–11. Ordway played football for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL) in the early 1940s. He died of a rare lung disease, pseudomonas in 1999. He had been in declining health in the recent years leading

neg: History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) the first available ship, perhaps because she was suffering from the consequences of her long captivity. Some of the women sent to Virginia did marry. But most disappeared from the records—perhaps killed in the massacre, perhaps' dead from other causes, perhaps returned to England. In other words, they shared the fate of most of their fellow colonists. The relations with the Natives took a turn for the worse after the death of Pocahontas in England and the return of John Rolfe and other colonial leaders in May 1617. Disease, poor harvests and the growing demand for tobacco lands caused hostilities

neg: Jamestown Canyon virus Jamestown Canyon virus Jamestown Canyon virus is an orthobunyavirus of the California serogroup transmitted during the summer by different mosquito species in the United States and Canada. The virus is one of a group of mosquito-borne or arthropod-borne viruses, also called arboviruses, that can cause fever and meningitis or meningoencephalitis, mostly in adults. Jamestown Canyon virus disease is relatively rare; in the United States, the CDC found only 31 disease cases from 2000 to 2013, but it is likely under-recognized and probably endemic throughout most of the United States. The Jamestown Canyon virus is an orthobunyavirus and was first isolated

neg: Jim Roselle Jim Roselle James Roselle (April 15, 1926 – March 23, 2016) was an American radio personality. Roselle worked at WJTN in Jamestown, New York from 1953 until his death in 2016. Roselle was born in Jamestown in 1926 and graduated from Jamestown High School in 1944. He attended St. Lawrence University and studied communications. Roselle began his radio career at a station in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in 1951, but returned to his hometown of Jamestown two years later. Beginning in 1974, Roselle did live broadcasts each summer from Chautauqua Institution. He was honored with a commemorative plaque at the Institution in

neg: Augustus Post house in the Berlin suburb of Friedenau. Forbes and Post sustained only bruises. News of their survival spread and the German Emperor Wilhelm II invited them to be his personal guests that night at the Royal Opera. In the early days of aviation formal instruction did not exist and so trial and error were the basis of flight training. Augustus Post began flying in 1909 and was flying in exhibitions, including the Jamestown Exposition and the Harvard-Boston Aero Meet, by 1910. On August 10, 1910, at an exposition at Sheepshead Bay racetrack Post lost control of the Curtiss plane he

neg: Otis Bowen was not doing enough to respond to AIDS. Although not as prominent in his advocacy for AIDS issues as then-Surgeon General C. Everett Koop, Bowen did offer explicit warnings about the threats posed by the disease, including its risk to heterosexuals. By 1987, he warned that the threat posed by AIDS could rival deadly health disasters like the Black Death, smallpox, and typhoid if more was not done to combat the threat posed by the disease. The following year, after new studies were released showing that the spread of the disease was slowing within many population groups, he commented that

neg: Disease in colonial America beriberi is in its wet form the patient can expect swelling of the extremities and face along with an effusion of fluid into their joints, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity. Beriberi in this form can lead to sudden death. New England fishermen first discovered the disease in Colonial America in the 19th century. There have been accounts that beriberi was seen in Jamestown with people experiencing swellings and fluxes and high fevers as well as soldiers in the American Civil War who experienced the same symptoms as the disease beriberi. Acute Bacillary dysentery has a shorter duration than Typhoid but

neg: History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) soon became apparent why the Virginia Indians did not occupy the site: Jamestown Island, then a peninsula, is a swampy area, and its isolation from the mainland meant that there was limited hunting available, as most game animals required larger foraging areas. The settlers quickly hunted and killed off all the large and smaller game animals that were found on the tiny peninsula. In addition, the low, marshy area was infested with airborne pests, including mosquitoes, which carried malaria, and the brackish water of the tidal James River was not a good source of water. Over 135 settlers died from

neg: Jamestown, Virginia capital of the colony of Virginia for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699. The settlement was located within the country of Tsenacommacah, which was ruled by the Powhatan Confederacy, and specifically in that of the Paspahegh tribe. The natives initially welcomed and provided crucial provisions and support for the colonists, who were not agriculturally inclined. Relations soured fairly early on, however, leading to the total annihilation of the Paspahegh in warfare within three years. Mortality was very high at Jamestown itself due to disease and starvation, with over 80 percent of the colonists perishing in 1609–10 in what became known

neg: St. Camillus Centre St. Camillus Centre St. Camillus Centre is an organization in Mohale's Hoek, Lesotho founded in 2002 by Sebastian Khoarai, a bishop, and Juliana Manele, a nun, both members of the Congregation of the Sisters of the Holy Cross. The first case of AIDS in Lesotho was discovered in 1986. Early efforts to address the spread of HIV were thwarted by poor organization and a lack of resources. By the early 2000s, the AIDS epidemic in Lesotho had grown to alarming proportions and the death rate had skyrocketed. The public was inadequately informed about how the disease spread and how transmission

neg: Mark Purdey confirmed. He became convinced there was a connection, in part because cattle in Britain had been given unusually high doses of OPs; and in part because the theory that BSE was spread by contaminated meat and bone meal (MBM) did not, he argued, explain why the disease was not occurring in countries that had imported the same MBM from the UK. The "Telegraph" writes that public support for Purdey increased after the BBC aired a documentary about his theory in 1988. His theories encouraged researchers to publish in 1999 the statistical correlations between the epidemiology of BSE in cattle, scrapie

neg: The Cry and the Covenant an obstetrician at the Vienna Lying-In (labor and delivery) Hospital. At that time, in the first half of the nineteenth century, European women giving birth are ravaged by puerperal fever, a bacterial infection, before the germ theory of disease or antibiotics were known. The hospital unit operated by the medical school for training physicians had triple the death rate of that of the unit run by the midwives. To find out why, Semmelweis embarks on a painstaking investigation. Without knowing the mechanism at work, he discovers that infection is spread from one patient to another by contact, facilitated by frequent

neg: Jemima Wilkinson into the South. In 1776, a minor epidemic of typhoid spread throughout Rhode Island, and Wilkinson contracted the disease. They suffered a highly fevered state, leaving them bedridden and near death. Upon recovering, Wilkinson claimed to have been sent by God to preach His message. They believed that Christ had entered their body during their illness and that they were now neither female nor male. (This is why this article refers to Wilkinson with the gender-neutral "they/them" pronouns.) Wilkinson believed that men and women were equals. Wilkinson claimed to be "a holy vessel of Jesus Christ and God and the

neg: Jamestown Canyon virus disease symptoms of a nonspecific summertime illness with sore throat, runny nose and cough, followed by fever, headache, nausea and vomiting can develop. Neuroinvasive disease occurs in two thirds of reported cases and is characterized by severe headache and neck stiffness as in meningitis or increasing lethargy and altered mental status up to coma as in meningoencephalitis. No acute flaccid paralysis, no death and no acquisition from a blood transfusion has ever been reported. JCV has been mostly reported in adults rather than in children (median age 48 years versus 8 years), and is more likely to cause meningitis than

neg: Dutch elm disease by means of such insecticides as DDT and dieldrin, which were sprayed heavily across all parts of elm trees, usually twice a year in the spring and again at a lower concentration in the summer. In its early years it was generally thought by observers that pesticides did slow the spread of the disease across the United States but as early as 1947 concern was raised that many bird species were killed in large numbers via ingesting poisoned invertebrates. In areas sprayed during the 1950s local people observed birds such as the American woodcock, American robin, white-breasted nuthatch, brown creeper

neg: Swanton Pacific Ranch Oak Death Distribution, Detection, Ecological Impact, Control, and Spread Modeling Full Report In recent years, an alarming disease was found killing oaks in Marin County and has now spread to 10 surrounding counties. The cause of this disease was identified only last year to be a fungal pathogen Phytophthera ramorum. The disease this pathogen causes is called Sudden Oak Death (SOD). Since 1995, SOD has been confirmed from southern Mendocino County to Big Sur, and is particularly severe in Marin, Santa Cruz, and Monterey Counties. Dying trees have been observed in urban and rural forests and woodlands. The main species

neg: Brown blotch disease senses the mushroom’s surface, migrates towards it, and releases tolaasin in order to compromise the plasma membrane of the mushroom cells and access the nutrients within. Brown blotch disease spreads quickly on mushroom farms due to the close proximity of mushrooms and favorable conditions caused by regular irrigation. One way for P. tolaasii to spread is simply from one mushroom to another at the contact points between caps of adjacent mushrooms. This is why beginning symptoms are commonly seen on the edges of caps. The infection can also spread by airborne dust, splashing during watering, the tools of farm workers,

neg: Michael Fumento now project that one in five—listen to me, hard to believe—one in five heterosexuals could be dead from AIDS at the end of the next three years." Fumento challenged that orthodoxy, for which he and even those who wrote about him were condemned and even threatened. He did so by interviewing and citing the work of epidemiologists, including the top Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) AIDS epidemiologist, Dr. Harold Jaffe, who told him, "Those who are suggesting that we are going to see an explosive spread of AIDS in the heterosexual population have to explain why this isn't

neg: Sylvia Mathews Burwell the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. At the end of her tenure, Burwell received praise from Democratic and Republican senators. With an Ebola epidemic devastating West Africa, Burwell began holding daily meetings on July 28, 2014, as part of the efforts of the United States government, including the Department of HHS, to prevent further spread of the disease. Starting on September 30, other Obama administration officials began giving daily public briefings while Burwell took less of a public role, although she did take part in a number of public meetings. In the fall of 2014, the first known death

neg: Stephen Hopkins (Mayflower passenger) in May 1613, leaving her three young children all alone. By 1614, a letter arrived for a "Hopkins" in Jamestown, and it is presumed that this is how he learned of her death, as he did return to England soon afterward to care for his children. He then took up residence in London, and there married his second wife Elizabeth Fisher. Although he had been through all manner of hardships and trials in the New World, including shipwreck, being sentenced to death with a last-minute pardon, and traveling to the Jamestown colony where he labored for several years, when he

neg: Black pod disease hotter more dry times of the year. The disease has a spike shortly after a rainfall. The humid weather that is associated with this pathogen and all other black pod disease pathogens is needed as the sporangia forms and starts distributing spores through rainfall, splashing water, and running water. With this pathogen spreading behavior needing water is why there is almost always a spike in the prevalence of the disease shortly after the rainy season. The spread of infection to pods above bare soil was shown to be greater relative to pods above litter. The reason for this is due

neg: The Death of Superman superpowered fight in a city, because, as Ordway said, it "had to have consequences." The final page of issue #75—a triple-page spread depicting Lane mourning Superman—took considerable time to create. The writers wanted "The Death of Superman" to surprise readers, as they hoped to emphasize that Superman is not invincible and could be killed by something besides Kryptonite. The part of the story chronicling the fallout of Superman's death did not take long, according to Bogdanove. He thought, as "the real meat of the story", it allowed them to accomplish their goal: explaining why the character matters. Ordway recalled the

neg: Jamestown Settlement Indian village and the 1610-14 colonial fort. The park also allows visitors to board replicas of the three ships that sailed from England to Virginia in 1607. In the outdoor areas, costumed historical interpreters describe and demonstrate daily life in early 17th century Jamestown. Regular events are held to link with the colonial-related themes of the area - such as military re-enactments, historic trades fairs, lectures, or anniversaries. The next major event is the 410th Anniversary of the founding of the settlement, scheduled for mid-May 2017, entitled "Jamestown Day". Similarly, "Pocahontas Imagined" will commemorate the 400th Anniversary of the death

neg: Mihai Ralea to Monica Lovinescu, his critique of "lassitude" and "cowardice" in urban life is "a severe diagnostic of his own disease." On such grounds, Ralea concluded that Romanian writers "have had no deep spiritual experience", lacking "a comprehension of humanity, of life and death." In a notorious socio-critical essay, first published in "Perspective", Ralea asked: "Why Did We Not Produce a Novel?". He contended that the grand epic genre, unlike the short story, did not yet suit the Romanian psyche, since it required discipline, anonymity, and a "great moral significance". He also postulated a deterministic relationship between the staples of ancestral

neg: Pecan scab Pecan scab Pecan scab is the most economically significant disease of pecan trees ("Carya illinoinensis") in the southeastern United States. "Fusicladium effusum" is a fungal plant pathogen that causes pecan scab. "Fusicladium effusum" causes lesions and tissue death on pecan twigs, petioles, leaves, nuts and shucks beginning in early spring, with multiple cycles of infection repeating until late summer. Wind and rain spread the fungus to a susceptible host. Control of the disease is achieved by fungicide, sanitation and, in some cases, quarantine. Since its first description in 1882, the pecan scab fungus has been reclassified nine times. "Fusicladium caryigenum",

neg: Robin Williams Parkinson's disease or dementia with Lewy bodies ... In early PD, Lewy bodies are generally limited in distribution, but in DLB, the Lewy bodies are spread widely throughout the brain, as was the case with Robin Williams." Williams's death instantly became global news. The entertainment world, friends, and fans responded to his death through social and other media outlets. His wife, Susan Schneider, said: "I lost my husband and my best friend, while the world lost one of its most beloved artists and beautiful human beings. I am utterly heartbroken." His daughter Zelda Williams responded to his death by stating

neg: Jamestown Harbour and red balconies, it was designed to recreate the appearance of traditional river and dockside warehouses. Jamestown Harbour Jamestown Harbour is a low-density luxury housing development of 73 homes that sits in Poplar in East London, between Poplar Dock and Blackwall Marina. It is spread across three cul-de-sacs: Landons Close, Bridge House Quay, and Lancaster Drive. Wood Wharf is to south and is undergoing major redevelopment. Jamestown Harbour is surrounded by 5 heritage waterways: The development was designed by WCEC Architects for the Wates Group and was completed circa 1985. Jamestown Harbour was one of the first housing developments of

neg: Jamestown Harbour Jamestown Harbour Jamestown Harbour is a low-density luxury housing development of 73 homes that sits in Poplar in East London, between Poplar Dock and Blackwall Marina. It is spread across three cul-de-sacs: Landons Close, Bridge House Quay, and Lancaster Drive. Wood Wharf is to south and is undergoing major redevelopment. Jamestown Harbour is surrounded by 5 heritage waterways: The development was designed by WCEC Architects for the Wates Group and was completed circa 1985. Jamestown Harbour was one of the first housing developments of the original London Docklands regeneration scheme. With its brick built warehouse style exteriors and distinctive blue

neg: Dick Sargent recognized that his ill health from prostate cancer may have led people to assume he suffered from AIDS. He lived with his domestic partner, Albert Williams, until his death. In June 1992, Sargent was a Grand Marshal of the Los Angeles Gay Pride parade along with Elizabeth Montgomery. Sargent was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1989. Doctors were initially optimistic that it could be treated. However, the disease continued to spread and, by early 1994, he had become seriously ill. Sargent died from the disease on July 8, 1994, at age 64. His body was cremated. Former "Bewitched" co-star Elizabeth

neg: Nahuas of La Huasteca and living in villages as they did before they died. A very important aspect of the death culture of the Nahua of Huasteca is the ritual offerings given to the heart-soul of the dead kinsmen. These offerings are given in order to feed the souls, as well as to appease the dead kinsmen so they do not become "ejectal" spirits and they stay in "mictal". These "ejectal" spirits can cause disease, death and much misfortune for the living. It is thought that these "ejectal" spirits are especially present around graveyards, which is why the burial grounds are placed far away

neg: Temperance Flowerdew Temperance Flowerdew Temperance Flowerdew (1590 – 1628) was an early settler of the Jamestown Colony and a key member of the Flowerdew family, significant participants in the history of Jamestown. Temperance Flowerdew was wife of two Governors of Virginia, sister of another early colonist, aunt to a representative at the first General Assembly and "cousin-german" (first cousin) to the Secretary to the Colony. Flowerdew was one of the few survivors of the brutal winter of 1609–10, known as the "Starving Time", which killed almost ninety percent of Jamestown's inhabitants. Later, upon the death of her second husband, George Yeardley, Flowerdew

neg: Grace Episcopal Church (Jamestown, North Dakota) Grace Episcopal Church (Jamestown, North Dakota) Grace Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church building located at 405 2nd Avenue, North East, in Jamestown, Stutsman County, North Dakota. Designed in the Late Gothic Revival style of architecture by British-born Fargo architect George Hancock, it was built 1884 of local fieldstone exterior walls and a wooden roof. Early parish records contain several assertions that George Hancock modeled the church after Christ Episcopal Church (Medway, Massachusetts) which had been opened in 1881, but if he did, it was only in a very general, not specific way. Hancock's later work St. Stephen's Episcopal

neg: Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 20th Century Warfare Europe. WWI soldiers lived in close quarters, where germs were rapidly spread. The influenza disease was underestimated at first, but caused the death of hundreds of soldiers on all sides of the war, LDS soldiers included. Throughout WWI, approximately 700 Latter-Day Saint soldiers lost their lives from either warfare or disease. Like the rest of the United States, Latter-Day Saints did not escape these effects of the war. Involvement of this community during World War II can be categorized in two ways: Church involvement as a whole, and the involvement of individual members. Effects on the church are generally much

neg: Population geography community and complicit/active in its maintenance, through acts purported as securing the state. Tuberculosis (TB) was a leading cause of death among young men and women in many North American cities at the turn of the 20th century. Medical discoveries about the spread of the disease and childhood vaccinations helped to decrease TB infections and case mortality rates declined steadily during the century. However, by the early 1990s, figures by place of birth suggested that foreign-born persons were eight times more likely to die from TB than native-born Americans. By studying the geographic context of disease, it becomes apparent that

neg: Phaeohyphomycosis magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis 8 months after the surgery, the male Boxer’s outcome was considered excellent. Emphasis has been placed on how to manage this disease through careful management practices including: proper handling, preventing crowding situation with animals, and transportation. Both the animals and the environment should be treated thoroughly to hinder the spread and control the fungal infection. This is especially important since humans can also contract this disease. Phaeohyphomycosis is a disease caused by this fungus. If given the opportunity, this disease can spread to the brain and cause a painful death. There have

neg: Honey bee spread rapidly as far as the Great Plains, usually preceding the colonists. Honey bees did not naturally cross the Rocky Mountains; they were transported by the Mormon pioneers to Utah in the late 1840s, and by ship to California in the early 1850s. Africanized bees (known colloquially as "killer bees") are hybrids between European stock and one of the African subspecies "A. m. scutellata"; they are often more aggressive than European bees and do not create as much of a honey surplus, but are more resistant to disease and are better foragers. Originating by accident in Brazil, they have spread

neg: Phakopsora pachyrhizi found in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Uredospores are wind-blown and are produced abundantly on the infected tissue of soybeans or other legume hosts. The disease is often controlled using the fungicides oxycarboxin, triforine, and triclopyr. "Phakospsora pachyrhizi" is a pathogen that acts quickly in contaminating the host. The plant can be severely contaminated in as short a period as 10 days. This makes it difficult to control the disease, as it does not just spread quickly, but its progression is also fast. That is is why it is important to implement control techniques as soon as possible. The disease

neg: Fred Hollows dealing with the issue. To contain the disease, Hollows argued that promiscuity needed to be addressed. Hollows observed the spread of AIDS in contemporary African communities and he was concerned that AIDS would spread as vehemently through Aboriginal communities. Hollows died in Sydney, Australia in 1993 at the age of 63. The cause of his death was metastatic renal cancer primarily affecting his lungs and brain. He had been diagnosed with the disease six years earlier, in 1987. Upon his death the Chief Minister of the ACT, Rosemary Follett, described Hollows to her parliamentary colleagues as ""an egalitarian and a

neg: Black Death migration infected or dead. It is presumed that the ships also carried infected rats and/or fleas. Some ships were found grounded on shorelines, with no one aboard remaining alive. Looting of these lost ships also helped spread the disease. From there, the plague spread to Genoa and Venice by the turn of 1347–1348. From Italy the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, the Crown of Aragon, the Crown of Castile, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed

neg: Geoff Horsfield disease was discovered in its early stages, no chemotherapy or radiotherapy was needed, surgery proved successful and less than two months later he was given the all-clear. Horsfield decided to make his illness public to help spread awareness of the disease, and lent his support to a Premier League-backed project launched in 2009 to promote men's health issues. He said: "Getting cancer was something I had to get over. I got it, wanted to beat it and I did. Now I am just glad that I've got another chance in football." Shortly before he joined Port Vale, Horsfield fell victim

neg: Tay–Sachs disease splice phase mutations, missense mutations, and other more complex patterns. Each of these mutations alters the gene's protein product (i.e., the enzyme), sometimes severely inhibiting its function. In recent years, population studies and pedigree analysis have shown how such mutations arise and spread within small founder populations. Initial research focused on several such founder populations: In the 1960s and early 1970s, when the biochemical basis of Tay–Sachs disease was first becoming known, no mutations had been sequenced directly for genetic diseases. Researchers of that era did not yet know how common polymorphisms would prove to be. The "Jewish Fur Trader

neg: Indian commerce with early English colonists and the early United States and polluted tidal river water unsuitable for drinking. Due to this agricultural products, building materials, and minimal livestock was traded from Indians to Jamestown and other southern settlements in close proximity for precious metals, glassware, tools, and other instruments the Indians were unfamiliar with. As other southern settlers left Jamestown and furthered the exploration in the area they were often welcomed by the Indians with dancing, feasting and tobacco ceremonies. As relationships developed in the southern areas so did the need for healthy trade. The Indians realized that these explorers were not just passing through but looking to colonize and

neg: Scleroderris canker It has been found that the European strain can spread via the import of Christmas trees. Regulating such imports can limit the spread of the disease. Scleroderris canker Scleroderris canker (American name), or Brunchorstia disease (European name), "Gremmeniella abietina", is a species of fungal diseases infecting coniferous forests. The main symptom is the death of the needles, leading to the death of the tree. In the forest industry, fighting off an infection of Scleroderris canker is usually not cost-effective. Clearing is often preferred over fungicidal methods, as the latter is harmful to other living organisms. The European strain is present

neg: Take-all Take-all Take-all is a plant disease affecting the roots of grass and cereal plants in temperate climates caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis "var." tritici. All varieties of wheat and barley are susceptible. It is an important disease in winter wheat in Western Europe particularly, and is favoured by conditions of intensive production and monoculture. The pathogen survives in the soil on infected cereal and grass residues. The fungus infects the root tissue of young plants and can spread from plant to plant in the form of hyphae growing through the soil which is why the disease is often seen

neg: Salt poisoning the risk of death at 39% for those who drank seawater, compared to 3% for those who did not. The effect of seawater intake on rats confirmed the negative effects of drinking seawater when dehydrated. (In contrast to humans, pelagic birds and other sea animals can (and must) drink sea water without ill effects.) Some historians have suggested that the mysterious sicknesses afflicting the early English colonists at Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1610)—which nearly extinguished the settlement—reflect sea water poisoning. The settlers arrived in the spring, when the James River water was relatively fresh, but by summer a drought of historical magnitude

neg: Black rot (grape disease) a “sustainable” orientation (after all, copper is an element and doesn’t break down into anything else, so it stays in the soil forever), but it did control the disease in an organically acceptable manner. Limit inoculum within the vineyard. Ideally, this would include removing or burying any mummies that you might encounter at the site. All mummified clusters should be removed from the trellis during pruning and from 2 to 6 weeks after cap fall and prune out any affected clusters before they allow the disease to spread, all the better (spores for disease spread are dispersed by rain primarily

neg: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak Black Death were caused by pollution or a noxious form of "bad air". The germ theory was not established at this point (Louis Pasteur did not propose it until 1861). Snow did not understand the mechanism by which disease was transmitted, but the evidence led him to believe that it was not due to breathing foul air. Based on the pattern of illness among residents, Snow hypothesized that cholera was spread by an agent in contaminated water. He first published his theory in 1849, in an essay titled "On the Mode of Communication of Cholera". In 1855 he published a

neg: Larry Woiwode Scandinavians. His work has been translated into a dozen languages, and Johnathan Yardley, of the "Washington Post Book Work", named Beyond the Bedroom Wall one of the 20 best novels of the 20th Century. Woiwode has published a dozen books in a variety of genres, six of which have been named notable books of the year by the "New York Times Book Review". His most recent publications are two memoirs that were widely received and reviewed, "What I Think I Did" and "A Step From Death". He is currently Writer in Residence at the University of Jamestown in Jamestown, North

neg: SMEDI SMEDI SMEDI (an acronym of stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility) is a reproductive disease of swine caused by "Porcine parvovirus" ("PPV") and "Porcine enterovirus". The term SMEDI usually indicates "Porcine enterovirus", but it also can indicate "Porcine parvovirus", which is a more important cause of the syndrome. SMEDI also causes abortion, neonatal death, and decreased male fertility. From an economic standpoint SMEDI is an important disease because of the loss of productivity from fetal death in affected herds. Initial infection of a herd causes the greatest effect, but losses slow over time. The disease is spread most commonly by

neg: William Tomison smallpox as they were in contact with it or had smallpox or a similar disease when they were infants. The British employees of HBC did not contract or catch this disease because they had smallpox, cowpox or chicken pox when they were infants. This led to them being immune to the disease when it spread in Western Canada Employees that were Hudson Bay Company and Canadians (despite sexual activity between Indigenous women and employees being banned) were sensitive to the disease, however some individuals did not contract the disease. Unfortunately, there is no concrete evidence to show that the Aboriginal

neg: Echovirus system disease start to appear. Enteroviruses are capable of infecting any cell in the body. These viruses are highly infectious. They can spread through the air to other hosts 1–3 weeks after infection and can spread through feces to other hosts eight weeks after infection. Echovirus disease occurs disproportionately in males and children. Infection within the first two weeks of birth can cause devastating and potentially fatal disease. In this population, death usually results from overwhelming liver failure or myocarditis, rather than infection of the central nervous system. Older children and adults have a better prognosis. Myocarditis is the most

neg: Demographics of Peru 1520s to around in 1620. This happened mostly because of the unintended spread of germs and infectious diseases. In fact, the spread of smallpox greatly weakened the Inca empire, even before the Spanish arrival. The Amerindians did not have as much natural immunity to the disease as did the Europeans who had been exposed to smallpox for roughly two centuries. For this reason, several Amerindian populations were decimated. Furthermore, the disease killed Inca ruler Wayna Capac, triggering a civil war in the Inca empire that preceded the conquest efforts the Spaniards. Thus, the conquest was facilitated by the weakness of

neg: Renaissance dead relatives. The spread of disease was significantly more rampant in areas of poverty. Epidemics ravaged cities, particularly children. Plagues were easily spread by lice, unsanitary drinking water, armies, or by poor sanitation. Children were hit the hardest because many diseases, such as typhus and syphilis, target the immune system, leaving young children without a fighting chance. Children in city dwellings were more affected by the spread of disease than the children of the wealthy. The Black Death caused greater upheaval to Florence's social and political structure than later epidemics. Despite a significant number of deaths among members of the

neg: Trichomonas gallinae mild condition to a rapidly fatal one with death in 4–18 days post infection. In young birds, the early lesions appear as small white to yellowish areas in the mouth cavity, especially the soft palate. The lesions consist of inflammation and ulceration of the mucosal surface. The lesions increase in size and number and extend to the esophagus, crop and proventriculus. The lesions may develop into large, firm necrotic masses that may block the lumen. Occasionally, the disease may spread by penetrating the underlying tissues to involve the liver and other organs. The early lesions in the mouth are small,

neg: Trachoma azithromycin to very poor children reduced the early death rate by up to 25%. The disease is one of the earliest known eye afflictions, having been identified in Egypt as early as 15 B.C. Its presence was also recorded in ancient China and Mesopotamia. Trachoma became a problem as people moved into crowded settlements or towns where hygiene was poor. It became a particular problem in Europe in the 19th century. After the Egyptian Campaign (1798–1802) and the Napoleonic Wars (1798–1815), trachoma was rampant in the army barracks of Europe and spread to those living in towns as troops returned

neg: Lyme disease spread. In Europe ticks of the "Ixodes ricinus" type may spread the bacteria more quickly. In North America, "Borrelia burgdorferi" and "Borrelia mayonii" are the cause. In Europe and Asia, the bacteria "Borrelia afzelii" and "Borrelia garinii" are also causes of the disease. The disease does not appear to be transmissible between people, by other animals, or through food. Diagnosis is based upon a combination of symptoms, history of tick exposure, and possibly testing for specific antibodies in the blood. Blood tests are often negative in the early stages of the disease. Testing of individual ticks is not typically useful.

neg: Jamestown (horse) Although Jamestown twice defeated Equipoise, he shared the 1930 retrospective honors as listed by "The Blood-Horse magazine and "Thoroughbred Heritage". Injured, Jamestown did not start again until May 27 of 1931, when the then three-year-old won the Tournament Handicap at Belmont Park. Three days later, the colt won the Withers Stakes at Belmont Park, and on June 9 at the same track won the Colin Purse. Four days after that, Jamestown raced again, finishing third to winner Twenty Grand in the Belmont Stakes. After running third in the June 25th Shelvin Stakes against inferior competition, Jamestown was rested and did

neg: Mortality in the early modern age the common carriers of disease, specifically plagues, during this era. The Black Death was a plague that affected much of the world, originating in Asia and spreading to Europe through diseased fleas and rats. This epidemic has been reported to have been the cause of death for approximately "60% of the European population". During the end of the 19th century, there was a plague, known as the Modern Plague, that started in China and spread to different cities through ports, reportedly causing roughly ten million deaths. This plague affected Asia, the Americas, and Africa and lasted into the 20th century.

neg: Infectious salmon anemia virus coast of Norway. The disease, which was named infectious salmon anemia, spread slowly, but caused the death of up to 80% of salmon stock in some hatcheries. By June 1988 it had become sufficiently widespread and serious to require the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food to declare it a notifiable disease. In the summer of 1996, a new disease appeared in Atlantic salmon being farmed in New Brunswick, Canada. The death rate of the fish on affected farms was very high and, following extensive scientific examination of the victims, the disease was named "hemorrhagic kidney syndrome." Although the

neg: Super-spreader explains why carriers are asymptomatic. Super-spreader A super-spreader is a host—an organism infected with a disease—that infects, disproportionately, more secondary contacts than other hosts who are, also, infected with the same disease. A sick human can be a super-spreader; they would be more likely to infect others than most people with the disease. Super-spreaders are thus of high concern in epidemiology (the study of the spread of diseases). Some cases of super-spreading conform to the 20/80 rule, where, approximately, 20% of infected individuals are responsible for 80% of transmissions, although super-spreading can still be said to occur when super-spreaders account

neg: Skeletal eroding band the disease across an infected coral has been measured at in the Red Sea and around the Great Barrier Reef. Corals of the families Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae are the most vulnerable to infection. A study in 2008 found that the infection spread at about per day in colonies of "Acropora muricata", eventually wiping out 95% of its victims. However, experiments showed that the disease easily spread to already dead and dying areas of corals but did not attack undamaged corals. So far one agent has been identified, the ciliate protozoan "Halofolliculina corallasia". Skeletal eroding band is the first recorded disease

neg: Why Why Love after his mother selling Huo Yan to the Huo family, for years Huo Yan hated his mother, but when it came to his mother's death, they patch things up. After learning that Huo Da has Wilson's Disease, he chose to risk his own life to save his younger brother. In the end, both brothers survive. The songs were released by the respective artists: Rainie Yang - "My Other Self" and Wang Kingone - "1st EP Love, KingOne" Why Why Love Why Why Love () is a 2007 Taiwanese Drama starring Rainie Yang, Mike He and Kingone Wang. Since all 3

neg: Sylvia Mathews Burwell low. In February 2016, in response to the spread of the Zika virus, the Obama administration requested that Congress appropriate $1.9billion to fight the spread of the disease. Congress did not initially take action, leaving Burwell to direct the Department of Health and Human Services to reprogram $589million in funds previously designated as part of the response to Ebola, to fight the spread of the Zika virus. Of the initial Zika funding, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) received $222million to lead the domestic fight against the virus with the National Institutes of Health and the Biomedical Advanced Research and

neg: George Rolleston Humphry Davy; they had seven children. Having suffered from kidney disease for over a year, he died of uremic convulsions in Oxford in 1881 and is buried with his wife, who died in 1914, in Holywell Cemetery there. He had gone to Italy and France to seek treatment but returned to England a week prior to his death after his condition did not improve and finding out that Grace was seriously ill. In "Who Do You Think You Are?", his great-grandson Frank Gardner, while researching on why his grandfather John Rolleston (George's son) was so reticent about his childhood, discovered

neg: Astroturfing sponsored by technology companies. Although the term "astroturfing" was not yet developed, an early example of the practice was in Act 1, Scene 2 of Shakespeare's play "Julius Caesar". In the play, Cassius writes fake letters from "the public" to convince Brutus to assassinate Caesar. In the early 1900s disposable cup vendor Dixie Cups convinced travelers to avoid public drinking cups found in trains and shops through a pamphlet called "The Cup Campaigner". The pamphlet warned that public drinking cups could spread disease and did not disclose that the message was commercially motivated. The term "astroturfing" was first coined in

neg: Alarm Forest and commemorates his death there every year. Alarm Forest Alarm Forest is the newest of the eight districts of the island of Saint Helena, part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is located southeast of Jamestown, in the interior of the island, and is the only district to lack a coastline. Terrain in the district is quite varied with steep ridges and a limited amount of flat ground, as befits the island's volcanic origin. The district was created in the early 1990s from parts of Jamestown and

neg: Alan L. Hart resulting in death. Scientists had discovered in the nineteenth century that tuberculosis was not hereditary, but an airborne bacillus spread rapidly among persons in close proximity by coughing and sneezing. This meant it might be treated, but with no cure for the disease in its advanced stages the only hope for sufferers was early detection. X-rays, or Roentgen rays as they were more commonly known until World War Two, had been discovered only in 1895, when Hart was five years old. In the early twentieth century they were used to detect bone fractures and tumors, but Hart became interested in

neg: Jamestown Island Powhatan's death in 1618, hostilities with colonists escalated under his brother, Opechancanough. His large-scale attacks in 1622 and 1644 met strong reprisals by the English, resulting in the near elimination of both the settlement and the tribe. After Bacon's rebellion, Jamestown lasted until 1699, when it was abandoned in favor of a new site at Williamsburg. By the early 20th century, the isthmus connecting the landform to Glasshouse Point had eroded, making it a proper island. Today, most of the island is a part of Colonial National Historical Park, including Historic Jamestowne. The rediscovery of the James Fort in 1996

neg: Early history of Tonga used, where they settled (one colony each on ‘Uiha, Kauvai, and Foa, and two on Lifuka), and how large the settlements were. Despite a wealth of archaeological evidence, however, the Lapita people still stifle us with two main mysteries: How did they spread through the South Pacific so quickly, and why did the Lapita settlers in Tonga quickly abandon their ornate pottery tradition? The Lapitan diaspora began from Papua New Guinea in 1500 B.C. By 2850 BP(900BCE) they were already in Tonga, meaning they virtually sprinted east for three hundred years. They travelled in small wooden boats over open ocean

neg: Senescence These planarians are not biologically immortal, but rather their death rate slowly increases with age. Some species exhibit "negative senescence", in which reproduction capability increases or is stable, and mortality falls, with age, resulting from the advantages of increased body size with age. Natural selection can support lethal and harmful alleles, if their effects are felt after reproduction. The geneticist J. B. S. Haldane wondered why the dominant mutation that causes Huntington's disease remained in the population, and why natural selection had not eliminated it. The onset of this neurological disease is (on average) at age 45 and is invariably

neg: Elegy for J.F.K. uses RI0. The words for these measures have the lyrics “'Why then? Why there? Why thus,' We cry, 'did he die?'” Elegy for J.F.K. Elegy for J.F.K. is a piece of vocal music composed by the Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky in 1964, commemorating the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. After the outbreak of World War II and his emigration to Los Angeles, California, in 1939, Stravinsky continued to work within the neo-classical framework, but beginning in the early 1950s turned to various serial techniques, which he used until his death in 1971. "Elegy for J. F. K." is

neg: Women of Colonial Virginia of the settlers had died of starvation and diseases due to the lack of supplies. The essay, "A Short History of Jamestown", notes that "As a result they ate anything they could: various animals, leather from their shoes and belts, and sometimes fellow settlers who had already died due to starvation and disease." This illustrates just how desperate for supplies and food the early settlers were. In the early Virginia colonies, Native American women were responsible for both household tasks and hard labor in the fields. It was normal for the Native American women to have more responsibilities than men,

neg: Preventive healthcare been instrumental in decreasing the rates of communicable diseases that are often spread in unsanitary conditions. Preventing sexually transmitted infections is another form of primary prevention. Secondary prevention deals with latent diseases and attempts to prevent an asymptomatic disease from progressing to symptomatic disease. Certain diseases can be classified as primary or secondary. This depends on definitions of what constitutes a disease, though, in general, primary prevention addresses the root cause of a disease or injury whereas secondary prevention aims to detect and treat a disease early on. Secondary prevention consists of "early diagnosis and prompt treatment" to contain the

neg: Dutch elm disease monitor their trees' progress on the Foundation's online elm map; elms are available at a small price to others who do not qualify for a free tree; in London, places with 'elm' in their name are offered a sapling – in an attempt to find out why some elms have survived while others succumbed to Dutch elm disease. The spread of DED to Scotland has focused attention on a small number of Wych elms "U. glabra" surviving in areas of high infectivity, prompting the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh to begin a programme of cloning of the trees and inoculation of

neg: History of condoms pustules often covered the body from the head to the knees, caused flesh to fall from people's faces, and led to death within a few months." (The disease is less frequently fatal today.) By 1505, the disease had spread to Asia, and within a few decades had "decimated large areas of China". In 16th century Italy, Gabriele Falloppio authored the earliest uncontested description of condom use. "De Morbo Gallico" ("The French Disease", referring to syphilis) was published in 1564, two years after Falloppio's death. In this tract, he recommended use of a device he claimed to have invented: linen sheaths

neg: Jamestown, Kansas subsequently rebuilt the downtown commercial district. History repeated itself on January 28, 2000 when another fire consumed several buildings on Main Street and spread to the city hall. And again, history repeated itself as the town rebuilt. Mayor Judy Hill stated, "A fire like that can destroy a small town, but instead it ignited a community spirit here." In a few days, Jamestown was having town meetings to make plans for the future. The funeral home in Jamestown was selected as the temporary city office and meeting place. More than 50 people (out of a population of 307 at the

neg: Dracula (1996 play) to go visit Lucy, where she attempts to seduce him (allowing her Vampiric side to take over). He closes his eyes for a kiss, during which Lucy planned to drain him of blood, but Van Helsing enters the room, using a crucifix to "kill" her. In an attempt to explain why he had attacked Lucy, Van Helsing must expose his theory of Vampirism as a disease taking over Lucy's body. This disease would have had to have been spread to her by another Vampire, probably one with a permanent form of the affliction. Harker, Seward, and Van Helsing go to

neg: Typhoid fever pair of epidemics struck the Mexican highlands in 1545 and 1576, causing an estimated 7 to 17 million deaths. A study published in 2018 suggests that the cause was typhoid fever. Some historians believe that the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia, died out from typhoid. Typhoid fever killed more than 6000 settlers in the New World between 1607 and 1624. A long-held belief is that 9th US President William Henry Harrison died of pneumonia, but recent studies suggest he likely died from typhoid. This disease may also have been a contributing factor in the death of 12th US President Zachary

neg: District Council of Jamestown District Council of Jamestown The District Council of Jamestown was a local government area in South Australia, centred on the region surrounding the town of Jamestown. The District Council came into existence on 21 March 1935 following the amalgamation of 95% of the District Council of Belalie with the District Council of Caltowie and the Hundred of Mannanarie, which had been in the abolished District Council of Yongala. For almost all of its history, it surrounded but did not include the town of Jamestown itself; the Jamestown township had separated from Belalie as the Corporate Town of Jamestown in 1878,

neg: Sexual Ecology showing that 90 percent of all cases worldwide are spread via heterosexual sex. However, those same statistics illustrate that while AIDS is not a gay disease, it is certainly an ecological disease that will strike with fury at any population whose collective sexual behavior is characterized by high contact rates, active core groups, high levels of sexual mixing, and high carriage of other STDs.”" Having presented his analysis of the history of the AIDS epidemic among gay men and why new infections are still so high, Rotello spends the final three chapters presenting his conclusions. He argues that while condoms

neg: Good & Evil spread the world. A purist, Genny preferred to do lab testing on herself instead of on animals. Sensitive Genny did have her concerns; she couldn't understand why her beautiful daughter Caroline (Brooke Theiss) had been mute since the time of her father's death. For this and the family drama that was to ensue, Genny began seeing George (Mark Blankfield), a blind psychiatrist, who soon had her fighting off his romantic advances. George's presence and his constant following of Genny was awkward to deal with, as his ineptitude with a cane caused him to demolish everything in sight. Things became strenuous

neg: Genoese Navy Black Death was introduced to Kaffa during a Mongol siege and soon spread aboard fleeing Genoese ships. A Genoese merchant fleet sailing from Kaffa spread the disease to Messina, from which city the plague spread to the rest of Europe. Over 40,000 people in the city of Genoa died in the pandemic, a disaster that reduced the amount of money available to finance the fleet. Many sailors were also killed by the Black Death, leaving the navy undermanned. A third conflict with Venice began over trading disputes in the Black Sea in 1350. Venice allied itself with the Kingdom of

neg: Banana Xanthomonas wilt buds (used in banana beer production) and mulch (banana waste material) can also expose novel regions to the disease. Control of BXW is based upon a variety of methods to help prevent the spread of the disease. Vigilance and the quick removal of infected plants remain critical to minimising spread of the disease. Complete uprooting of diseased mats and the burning or burying of plant debris was encouraged as part of a control package which included the use of clean garden tools and early removal of male buds to prevent insect vector transmission. But uprooting a complete mat is understandably

neg: Morning Star rebellion from adjoining parishes with the plan to eventually spread through the nation. A noblewoman who traveled through the area wrote to her son that a member of the peasantry estate in the Riksdag of the Estates had told some of her staff: "What the peasants had in mind, that they wished to kill the nobility. Which is why I ask in the name of the death God has suffered, not to show yourself there... I do not know how I will travel up there, because they say they are as crazy in Småland..." However, the rebels did not manage to

neg: Dutch elm disease Dutch elm disease Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease was accidentally introduced into America and Europe, where it has devastated native populations of elms that did not have resistance to the disease. It has also reached New Zealand. The name "Dutch elm disease" refers to its identification in 1921 and later in the Netherlands by Dutch phytopathologists Bea Schwarz and Christine Buisman who both worked with Professor Johanna Westerdijk. The disease affects

neg: Sphaeropsis blight each cut will prevent further spread of the disease. When disease pressure is high, chemical controls is advised. First, spray should occur early spring at candle elongation. Repeated sprays should occur every two weeks until needles reach full size. Fungicides containing the following active ingredients have been shown to be efficacious: chlorothalonil, methyl, thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb, and copper hydroxide with mancozeb. Always read and follow the label. Sphaeropsis blight Sphaeropsis blight, also known as Diplodia tip blight, is a wide spread disease caused by an opportunistic fungal pathogen, "Diplodia sapinea". It is found in “both hemispheres between the latitudes 30° and

neg: Eumycetoma 20 and 40 years. The disease is acquired by inoculation of grains of fungal spores from the soil through a breach in the skin produced by minor trauma like a thorn prick. The disease then spreads to deeper tissues and also forms sinus tracts leading to skin surface. Mature lesions are characterised by a grainy discharge from these sinuses. These discharges contain fungal colonies and are infective. Spread of infection internally through blood or lymph is uncommon. Infections that produce a black discharge mainly spread subcutaneously. In the red and yellow varieties deep spread occurs early, infiltrating muscles and bones

neg: Prostate cancer radiation in the elderly population who have localized disease. If the cancer has spread beyond the prostate, treatment options significantly change, so most doctors that treat prostate cancer use a variety of nomograms to predict the probability of spread. Treatment by watchful waiting/active surveillance, external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, cryosurgery, HIFU, and surgery are, in general, offered to men whose cancer remains within the prostate. Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy are often reserved for disease that has spread beyond the prostate. There are exceptions: radiation therapy may be used for some advanced tumors, and hormonal therapy is used for some early

neg: Globalization and disease Globalization and disease Globalization, the flow of information, goods, capital, and people across political and geographic boundaries, allows infectious diseases to rapidly spread around the world, while also allowing the alleviation of factors such as hunger and poverty, which are key determinants of global health. The spread of diseases across wide geographic scales has increased through history. Early diseases that spread from Asia to Europe were bubonic plague, influenza of various types, and similar infectious diseases. In the current era of globalization, the world is more interdependent than at any other time. Efficient and inexpensive transportation has left few places

neg: Globalization and disease are still suffering from diseases listed above. Globalization and disease Globalization, the flow of information, goods, capital, and people across political and geographic boundaries, allows infectious diseases to rapidly spread around the world, while also allowing the alleviation of factors such as hunger and poverty, which are key determinants of global health. The spread of diseases across wide geographic scales has increased through history. Early diseases that spread from Asia to Europe were bubonic plague, influenza of various types, and similar infectious diseases. In the current era of globalization, the world is more interdependent than at any other time. Efficient