query: what greek is known for discussing ethics in medicine

pos: Ancient Greek medicine from improper balance of the four humors. Hippocrates, known as the "Father of Modern Medicine", established a medical school at Cos and is the most important figure in ancient Greek medicine. Hippocrates and his students documented numerous illnesses in the "Hippocratic Corpus", and developed the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, which is still in use today. The contributions to ancient Greek medicine of Hippocrates, Socrates and others had a lasting influence on Islamic medicine and medieval European medicine until many of their findings eventually became obsolete in the 14th century. The earliest known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700

pos: Greek contributions to Islamic world the Renaissance. The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC. Alcmaeon, author of the first anatomical work, worked at this school, and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established. Ancient Greek medicine revolved around the theory of humours. The most important figure in ancient Greek medicine is the physician Hippocrates, known as the "Father of Medicine", who established his own medical school at Cos. Hippocrates and his students documented many conditions in the Hippocratic Corpus, and developed the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, still in use today. The Greek Galen was one of

pos: Hippocrates believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet, and living habits. Indeed there is not a single mention of a mystical illness in the entirety of the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did work with many convictions that were based on what is now known to be incorrect anatomy and physiology, such as Humorism. Ancient Greek schools of medicine were split (into the Knidian and Koan) on how to deal with disease. The Knidian school of medicine focused on diagnosis. Medicine at the time of Hippocrates knew almost

neg: Pleonexia Pleonexia Pleonexia, sometimes called pleonexy, originating from the Greek πλεονεξία, is a philosophical concept which roughly corresponds to greed, covetousness, or avarice, and is strictly defined as "the insatiable desire to have what rightfully belongs to others", suggesting what Ritenbaugh describes as "ruthless self-seeking and an arrogant assumption that others and things exist for one's own benefit". Classical Greek philosophers such as Plato related pleonexia to justice. Thrasymachus, in Book I of "The Republic", presents pleonexia as a natural state, upon which justice is an unnatural restraint. In discussing the philosophy of Aristotle, who insisted in his "Nicomachean Ethics" that

neg: Bruce Weinstein the papers presented at the first state conference devoted to the issue of what was then called hospital ethics committees, which are now known as institutional ethics committees. Weinstein is credited as the editor of the volume. Portions of Weinstein’s doctoral dissertation, "The Possibility of Ethical Expertise" (Georgetown University, 1989) were edited and published as the articles “What is an Expert?”[Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics (Vol. 14, No. 1), pp. 57–73] and “The Possibility of Ethical Expertise”[Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics (Vol. 15, No. 1), pp. 61–75. Weinstein’s second book as editor, "Dental Ethics", is a collection of articles co-authored by ethicists

neg: Donal O'Mathuna new resource in disaster ethics. In 2017, he presented to the Citizens' Assembly which is current discussing Ireland's abortion laws, from an anti-abortion ethical perspective. Books by Donal O'Mathuna include: Donal O'Mathuna Donal O'Mathuna is Senior Lecturer in Ethics, Decision-Making & Evidence in the School of Nursing & Human Sciences at Dublin City University, Ireland, and Chair of the Academy of Fellows at the Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity in Chicago. His research interests include theology, alternative medicine and disaster ethics. He has written or edited several books, including "Nanoethics: Big Ethical Issues with Small Technology" (2009). O'Mathuna grew

neg: Nicomachean Ethics "Nicomachean Ethics" are identical to Books IV, V, and VI of the "Eudemian Ethics". Opinions about the relationship between the two works—for example, which was written first, and which originally contained the three common books, are divided. Many believe that these works were not put into their current form by Aristotle himself, but by an editor sometime later. The first philosopher to write ethical treatises, Aristotle argues that the correct approach for studying such controversial subjects as Ethics or Politics, which involve discussing what is beautiful or just, is to start with what would be roughly agreed to be true

neg: Values (Western philosophy) of theories (virtue ethics and fitting-attitude theory) looks at the concept of the person, their character and attitudes. Ontology (from the Greek "Ontos" meaning “being” or “that which is”) is that branch of metaphysics which deals with being, and, particularly in relation to value theory, with the “ontological categories” or plain categories of being. Zimmerman mentions G.E.Moore who pointed out that before discussing what we ought to value we should consider the possibility that anything that exists might be of value to somebody: “If we recognise that anything whatever may be good… we start with a much more open mind”.

neg: Bioethics Bioethics Bioethics is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine. It is also moral discernment as it relates to medical policy and practice. Bioethics are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, and philosophy. It includes the study of values ("the ethics of the ordinary") relating to primary care and other branches of medicine. Ethics relates to many other sciences and bio sciences. The term "Bioethics" (Greek "bios", life; "ethos", behavior) was coined in 1926 by Fritz Jahr in an article about a "bioethical

neg: Ethics of bioprinting blood vessels, prosthetics and a broad range of other things that can be used in the medical field. The "Pioneers" of bioprinting include, Organovo, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative medicine Lab at Columbia University, Makoto Nakamura, to name a few. These pioneers have all helped to shape bioprinting into what it is. The ethics of bioprinting have been a topic of discussion as long as bioprinting has been popular. Ethics are moral principles that govern production, behavior, etc. Bioprinting focuses on the individual care rather than developing a universal treatment plan for all patients. Personalized medicine is expensive and increases the

neg: Fred Rosner internationally known authority on medical ethics, having lectured widely on Jewish medical ethics throughout USA and has served as visiting professor or lecturer in Israel, England, France, Germany, Mexico, Canada, the Netherlands, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia. Fred Rosner Fred Rosner is Professor of Medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Director of the Department of Medicine at Queens Hospital Center. He is the Chairman of the Medical Ethics Committee of the State of New York. He is an expert on Jewish Medical Ethics and the medical writings of Moses Maimonides. Rosner was born and grew up in

neg: Medical humanities to better understand their patients; discussing and reflecting on literature brings the medical practitioner's biases and assumptions into focus, heightening awareness; and reading literature requires critical thinking and empathetic awareness about moral issues in medicine. Medical humanities Medical humanities is an interdisciplinary field of medicine which includes the humanities (philosophy, ethics, history, literature and religion), social science ( psychology, sociology,anthropology, cultural studies, health geography) and the arts (literature, theater, film, and visual arts) and their application to medical education and practice. The core strengths of the medical humanities are the imaginative nonconformist qualities and practices. Medical humanities is mainly concerned

neg: Arabs denominations. Arab Christians generally follow one of the Eastern Christian Churches, such as the Greek Orthodox or Greek Catholic churches. Other smaller minority religions are also followed, such as the Bahá'í Faith and Druze. Arabs have greatly influenced and contributed to diverse fields, notably the arts and architecture, language, philosophy, mythology, ethics, literature, politics, business, music, dance, cinema, medicine, science and technology in the ancient and modern history. Arab people are generally known for their beliefs and family values. The earliest documented use of the word "Arab" to refer to a people appears in the Kurkh Monoliths, an Akkadian language

neg: Safina-yi Tabriz philosophers who were not known until the discovery of the manuscript. The texts of the Safina-yi Tabrizi contain separate chapters covering hadeeth(traditions of the prophet of Islam), lexicography, ethics, mysticism, jurisprudence, theology, exegesis, history, grammar, linguistics, literature literary criticism, philosophy, astronomy astrology, geomancy, mineralogy, mathematics, medicine, music, physiognomy, cosmography and geography. According to Professors A.A. Seyed-Gohrab and S. McGlinn, some of "the best available texts of important works of Islamic culture and learning" are contained in this work. Several recent conferences have been held in Iran as well as the West discussing the different aspects of this book. The two

neg: Hippocratic Oath have made reference to the classical Hippocratic Oath, either upholding or dismissing its bounds for medical ethics: "Roe v. Wade", "Washington v. Harper", "Compassion in Dying v. State of Washington" (1996), and "Thorburn v. Department of Corrections" (1998). In antiquity, the punishment for breaking the Hippocratic oath could range from a penalty to losing the right to practice medicine. Hippocratic Oath The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. In its original form, it requires a new physician to swear, by a number of healing Gods,

neg: Philosophy of medicine Philosophy of medicine The philosophy of medicine is a branch of philosophy that includes the epistemology, ontology/metaphysics, and ethics of medicine. Perhaps the most well known area is medical ethics, which overlaps with bioethics. It can be distinguished from the philosophy of healthcare, which is mostly concerned with ethical and political issues arising from healthcare research and practice. There are a variety of university courses, journals, books and conferences dedicated to the philosophy of medicine. There is also a new direction, or school, in the philosophy of medicine termed analytic philosophy of medicine. Epistemology is the study of knowledge. The

neg: Utilitarianism (book) it is desirable. The fifth and longest chapter concludes by discussing what Mill considers "the only real difficulty" with utilitarian ethics: whether it might sometimes license acts of flagrant injustice. Critics of utilitarianism often claim that judging actions solely in terms of their effects on the general happiness is incompatible with a robust respect for individual rights and a duty to treat people as they deserve. Mill appreciates the force of this objection and argues Mill's "Utilitarianism" remains "the most famous defense of the utilitarian view ever written" and is still widely assigned in university ethics courses around the world.

neg: Charles A. Foster Charles A. Foster Charles Foster (born 1962) is an English writer, traveller, veterinarian, taxidermist, barrister and philosopher. He is known for his books and articles on Natural History, travel (particularly in Africa and the Middle East), theology, law and medical ethics. He is a Fellow of Green Templeton College, Oxford. He says of his own books: 'Ultimately they are all presumptuous and unsuccessful attempts to answer the questions 'who or what are we?', and 'what on earth are we doing here?' He was educated at Shrewsbury School and St John's College, Cambridge University, where he read Veterinary Medicine and Law.

neg: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 2017 impact factor of 0.986, ranking it 25th out of 51 journals in the category "Ethics". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic medical journal covering medical ethics and medical law. It was established in 1981 as Law, Medicine & Health Care, which itself was formed by the merger of two journals: Medicolegal News and Nursing Law & Ethics. The journal obtained its current name in 1993. It is published by SAGE in partnership with the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. The editor is Edward J.

neg: Secretum Secretorum Secretum Secretorum The Secretum or Secreta Secretorum (Latin for , also known as the (), is a pseudoaristotelian treatise which purports to be a letter from Aristotle to his student Alexander the Great on an encyclopedic range of topics, including statecraft, ethics, physiognomy, astrology, alchemy, magic, and medicine. The earliest extant editions claim to be based on a 9th-century Arabic translation of a Syriac translation of the lost Greek original. Modern scholarship finds it likely to have been a 10th-century work composed in Arabic. Translated into Latin in the mid-12th century, it was influential among European intellectuals during the High

neg: Eudaimonia a moment, but first a warning about the proper translation of areté. As already noted, the Greek word areté is usually translated into English as "virtue". One problem with this is that we are inclined to understand virtue in a moral sense, which is not always what the ancients had in mind. For a Greek, areté pertains to all sorts of qualities we would not regard as relevant to ethics, for example, physical beauty. So it is important to bear in mind that the sense of ‘virtue' operative in ancient ethics is not exclusively moral and includes more than states

neg: Yahya Ibn al-Batriq the science of government: on the good ordering of statecraft", which became known to the Latin-speaking medieval world as "Secretum Secretorum" ("[The Book of] the Secret of Secrets") in a mid-12th century translation; it treated a wide range of topics, including statecraft, ethics, physiognomy, astrology, alchemy, magic and medicine. The origins of the treatise are uncertain. No Greek original exists, though al-Batriq claims in the Arabic treatise that it was translated from the Greek into Syriac and from Syriac into Arabic. Yahya Ibn al-Batriq Abu Yahya Ibn al-Batriq (working 796 - 806) was a Syrian scholar who pioneered the translation

neg: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic medical journal covering medical ethics and medical law. It was established in 1981 as Law, Medicine & Health Care, which itself was formed by the merger of two journals: Medicolegal News and Nursing Law & Ethics. The journal obtained its current name in 1993. It is published by SAGE in partnership with the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. The editor is Edward J. Hutchinson. The editor-in-chief is Kevin Outterson. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a

neg: Rights should one do?", thus endorsing some ethical evaluations and rejecting others, meta-ethics addresses questions such as "What "is" goodness?" and "How can we tell what is good from what is bad?", seeking to understand the nature of ethical properties and evaluations. Rights ethics is an answer to the meta-ethical question of "what normative ethics is concerned with" (Meta-ethics also includes a group of questions about how ethics comes to be known, true, etc. which is not directly addressed by rights ethics). Rights ethics holds that normative ethics is concerned with rights. Alternative meta-ethical theories are that ethics is concerned with

neg: Bioethics other words, the patient should always have the freedom to choose their own treatment . Medical ethics is the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to medicine. The four main moral commitments are respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Using these four principles and thinking about what the physicians’ specific concern is for their scope of practice can help physicians make moral decisions. As a scholarly discipline, medical ethics encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology, and sociology. Medical ethics tends to be understood narrowly as an

neg: Jewish ethics the oral Torah both interpreted the Hebrew Bible and engaged in novel topics. Ethics is a key aspect of this legal literature, known as the literature of halakhah. The best known rabbinic text associated with ethics is the non-legal Mishnah tractate of "Avot" (“forefathers”), commonly translated as “Ethics of the Fathers”. Similar ethical teachings are found throughout more legally oriented portions of the Mishnah, Talmud and other rabbinic literature. Generally, ethics is a key aspect of non-legal rabbinic literature, known as aggadah. This early rabbinic ethics shows signs of ideological and polemical exchange with the Greek (Western philosophical) ethical tradition.

neg: Nicomachean Ethics into discussion of what ethics, a term Aristotle helped develop, means. Aristotelian Ethics is about what makes a virtuous character ("ethikē aretē") possible, which is in turn necessary if happiness is to be possible. He describes a sequence of necessary steps to achieve this: First, righteous actions, often done under the influence of teachers, allow the development of the right habits. These in turn can allow the development of a good stable character in which the habits are voluntary, and this in turn gives a chance of achieving "eudaimonia". Character here translates "ēthos" in Greek, related to modern words such

neg: American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics The American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics (ASLME) is a non-profit educational and professional organization. Based in Boston, Massachusetts, it is multidisciplinary in nature with members drawn from both the legal and medical professions. The society conducts research projects and conferences and publishes two journals, "The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics" and "American Journal of Law & Medicine". The society's roots go back to 1911 with the founding of the Massachusetts Society of Examining Physicians. For 70 years it was the only statewide organization in Massachusetts with programs that combined both

neg: Richard Huxtable Richard Huxtable Richard Huxtable (born 1974) is the Deputy Director and Professor in Medical Ethics and Law at the Centre for Ethics in Medicine, at the University of Bristol. He is known principally for his work on legal and ethical issues in end-of-life decision-making and euthanasia, surgery and paediatrics and is the author of a number of books on these themes; "Law, Ethics and Compromise at the Limits of Life: To Treat or Not to Treat?" (2012), "Euthanasia, Ethics and the Law: From Conflict to Compromise" (2007) and (with Dickenson & Parker) "The Cambridge Medical Ethics Workbook" (CUP, 2nd edn,

neg: Donna Dickenson Donna Dickenson Donna L. Dickenson (born 1946) is an American philosopher who specializes in medical ethics. She is Emeritus Professor of Medical Ethics and Humanities at the University of London, fellow of the Ethox and HeLEX Centres at the University of Oxford, and visiting fellow at the Centre for Ethics in Medicine, University of Bristol. She has written over 20 books on the subject, including "Bioethics: All That Matters" (a short introduction) (2012); "Me Medicine vs. We Medicine: Reclaiming Biotechnology for the Common Good" (2013), "Moral Luck in Medical Ethics and Practical Politics" (1991), "Risk and Luck in Medical Ethics"

neg: Aristotelian ethics (virtue) of character (Greek "ēthikē aretē"), as the way to achieve what is finally more important, excellent conduct (Greek "energeia"). As Aristotle argues in Book II of the "Nicomachean Ethics", the man who possesses character excellence does the right thing, at the right time, and in the right way. Bravery, and the correct regulation of one's bodily appetites, are examples of character excellence or virtue. So acting bravely and acting temperately are examples of excellent activities. The highest aims are living well and "eudaimonia" a Greek word often translated as well-being, happiness or "human flourishing". Like many ethicists, Aristotle regards

neg: Neel Shah about how their decisions impact what patients pay for care. In 2014, Shah was named one of the "40 smartest people in healthcare" by Becker's Hospital Review. Shah is married to MIT Professor Julie Shah. Neel Shah Neel Shah is an American physician and the Executive Director of the organization Costs of Care. Shah proposed an ethical framework for medicine that includes financial harm to patients under the "do no harm" principle of medical ethics. He is known for collecting essays about instances in which inattention to costs has harmed patients — emulating the patient-safety movement's use of anecdotes about

neg: Murder of Seth Rich and has since been removed." Media ethics writer Kelly McBride criticized the retraction as "woefully inadequate", writing that it did not specify exactly what was inaccurate, or provide correct information in place of the retracted story. On May 23, 2017, Sean Hannity stated on his television program that he would cease discussing the issue. Hannity said his decision to cease commenting on the matter was related to the family of the murder victim: "Out of respect for the family's wishes, for now, I am not discussing the matter at this time." In the same statement wherein he promised to cease

neg: LGBT social movements Montague Summers, and John Gambril Nicholson. John Addington Symonds was a poet and an early advocate of male love. In 1873, he wrote "A Problem in Greek Ethics", a work of what would later be called "gay history." Although the "Oxford English Dictionary" credits the medical writer C.G. Chaddock for introducing "homosexual" into the English language in 1892, Symonds had already used the word in "A Problem in Greek Ethics". Symonds also translated classical poetry on homoerotic themes, and wrote poems drawing on ancient Greek imagery and language such as "Eudiades", which has been called "the most famous of his

neg: Virtue ethics quality that allows the bearer to succeed at his, her, or its purpose. The virtue of a knife, for example, is sharpness; among the virtues of a racehorse is speed. Thus, to identify the virtues for human beings, one must have an account of what the human purpose is. Like much of the Western tradition, virtue theory seems to have originated in ancient Greek philosophy. Virtue ethics began with Socrates, and was subsequently developed further by Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics. Virtue ethics refers to a collection of normative ethical philosophies that place an emphasis on being rather than doing.

neg: Douglas Kinsella Douglas Kinsella Thomas Douglas Kinsella, CM (15 February 1932 – 15 June 2004) was a Canadian medical doctor and expert on medical ethics and founder of Canada's National Council on Ethics in Human Research. Kinsella is particularly noted for his research on ethical, legal and medical issues surrounding assisted suicide, euthanasia and genetics research. He is well known for championing research ethics, particularly as these apply to human experimentation, and was a founding member of the Tri-Council Working Group on Ethics. Kinsella studied medicine at McGill University in Montreal in the 1950s and became Professor at Queen's University in 1968.

neg: Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) is a non-profit research and advocacy organization based in Washington, D.C., which promotes a vegan diet, preventive medicine, and alternatives to animal research, and encourages what it describes as "higher standards of ethics and effectiveness in research." Its tax filing shows its activities as "prevention of cruelty to animals." Founded in 1985 by Neal Barnard, PCRM says that it "combines the clout and expertise of more than 12,000 physicians with the dedicated actions of 150,000 members across the United States and around the world." Its primary activities include

neg: Nicomachean Ethics because this attempt at precision "would be more at home in another type of philosophic inquiry", and would not seem to be helpful for discussing how particular humans should act, in the same way that doctors do not need to philosophize over the definition of health in order to treat each case. In other words, Aristotle is insisting on the importance of his distinction between theoretical and practical philosophy, and the Nicomachean Ethics is practical. The main stream of discussion starts from the well-known opening of Chapter 1, with the assertion that all technical arts, all investigations (every "methodos", including

neg: Daniel Sulmasy and Bioethics". Sulmasy holds a Ph.D from Georgetown University and an M.D from Cornell University. He holds emeritus status at the University of Chicago, where he was Kilbride-Clinton Professor of Medicine and Ethics in the Department of Medicine and Divinity School, Associate Director of the MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics in the Department of Medicine, and Director of the Program on Medicine and Religion. Daniel Sulmasy Daniel Sulmasy is an American medical ethicist. Sulmasy is a Senior Research Scholar at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics and on the faculty of the Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics. He is the

neg: SmartStudy because, as Lee said, “At that point, we were all tired of making games". The final choices were education and medicine, but as they had no expertise in medicine, they focused on education. With more ideas from Samsung Publishing, they decided to focus on the children's education market by making and uploading four music videos for Samsung Publishing's children's songs on their apps. The international response was good. “It was then that we realized that instead of making what we want, we should create content based on what the market wants,” Lee said. Discussing what market they would focus on,

neg: Simonides of Ceos what I would rather not remember and cannot forget what I would rather forget." The Suda credits Simonides with inventing "the third note of the lyre" (which is known to be wrong since the lyre had seven strings from the 7th century), and four letters of the Greek alphabet. Whatever the validity of such claims, a creative and original turn of mind is demonstrated in his poetry as he likely invented the genre of the victory ode and he gave persuasive expression to a new set of ethical standards (see Ethics). In his play "Peace", Aristophanes imagined that the tragic

neg: Pleonexia because it replaces God with self-interest and material interest in things. Pleonexia Pleonexia, sometimes called pleonexy, originating from the Greek πλεονεξία, is a philosophical concept which roughly corresponds to greed, covetousness, or avarice, and is strictly defined as "the insatiable desire to have what rightfully belongs to others", suggesting what Ritenbaugh describes as "ruthless self-seeking and an arrogant assumption that others and things exist for one's own benefit". Classical Greek philosophers such as Plato related pleonexia to justice. Thrasymachus, in Book I of "The Republic", presents pleonexia as a natural state, upon which justice is an unnatural restraint. In discussing

neg: Alexander von Oettingen the word, and established the concept, of "Sozialethik" ("Social Ethics"), meant as a counter to Auguste Comte's "social physics" concept and as the establishment of a non-personal, non-individualistic ethics; this is what Protestant ethics as taught in German universities is still called. Alexander von Oettingen Alexander von Oettingen ( – ) was a Baltic German Lutheran theologian and statistician. Oettingen was born at Visusti, near Dorpat, the member of a Livonian Baltic German noble family that produced many scholars, including his brothers Georg von Oettingen, professor of medicine at the University of Tartu (then Dorpat), and Arthur von Oettingen, professor

neg: Greek love John Addington Symonds wrote "A Problem in Greek Ethics", a work of what could later be called "gay history", inspired by the poetry of Walt Whitman. The work, "perhaps the most exhaustive eulogy of Greek love", remained unpublished for a decade, and then was printed at first only in a limited edition for private distribution. Symonds's approach throughout most of the essay is primarily philological. He treats "Greek love" as central to Greek "aesthetic morality". Aware of the taboo nature of his subject matter, Symonds referred obliquely to pederasty as "that unmentionable custom" in a letter to a prospective reader

neg: Kennedy Institute of Ethics Kennedy Institute of Ethics The Kennedy Institute of Ethics (also known as Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics) is one of the most prestigious bioethics institutes in the world. Located at Healy Hall, it was established at Georgetown University in 1971 as a bioethics center, think tank and library. Its first director, , said the institution's goal was to "bring expertise to the new and growing ethical problems in medicine today." The Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation granted $1.35 million to the Institute, contributing to the establishment of its Bioethics Research Library and providing for two Chairs. The Institute

neg: Alternative medicine far, alternative medicine has remained an ethics-free zone. It is time to change this." Some commentators have said that special consideration must be given to the issue of conflicts of interest in alternative medicine. Edzard Ernst has said that most researchers into alternative medicine are at risk of "unidirectional bias" because of a generally uncritical belief in their chosen subject. Ernst cites as evidence the phenomenon whereby 100% of a sample of acupuncture trials originating in China had positive conclusions. David Gorski contrasts evidence-based medicine, in which researchers try to disprove hyphotheses, with what he says is the frequent practice

neg: Ethics English word "ethics" is derived from the Ancient Greek word "ēthikós" (), meaning "relating to one's character", which itself comes from the root word "êthos" () meaning "character, moral nature". This was borrowed into Latin as "ethica" and then into French as "éthique", from which it was borrowed into English. Rushworth Kidder states that "standard definitions of "ethics" have typically included such phrases as 'the science of the ideal human character' or 'the science of moral duty'. Richard William Paul and Linda Elder define ethics as "a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps

neg: Medical humanities and how these disabilities correlate with success or what the disabled person is able to do. It is unethical to judge or assume the incapability of a disabled person because disabled people are able to find ways to become successful through modern technology and even through self-determination. Various academic institutions offer courses of study in the ethics of medical humanities. These programs help their students learn professionalism in the medical field so that they may respectfully help their patients and do what it is right in any situation that may arise. Formerly called medicine in literature, literature and medicine is

neg: The Shawl clients, whereas Charles is driven more by greed and ambition and is willing to compromise the ethics of the profession. They devise a plan to give Miss A what she wants: answers to her question about what to do with her inheritance. They plan to hold a seance and pretend to contact her deceased mother. In discussing the details of the plan, Charles pressures John into making it look like Miss A's mother will want to contest the will and give the inheritance to them. ACT 3 takes place the following evening. The seance is held and John uses his

neg: Virtue ethics Shannon Vallor proposed a series of 'technomoral' virtues that people need to cultivate in order to flourish in our socio-technological world: Honesty (Respecting Truth), Self-control (Becoming the Author of Our Desires), Humility (Knowing What We Do Not Know), Justice (Upholding Rightness), Courage (Intelligent Fear and Hope), Empathy (Compassionate Concern for Others), Care (Loving Service to Others), Civility (Making Common Cause), Flexibility (Skillful Adaptation to Change), Perspective (Holding on to the Moral Whole), and Magnanimity (Moral Leadership and Nobility of Spirit). Virtue ethics Virtue ethics (or aretaic ethics , from Greek ἀρετή ("arete")) are normative ethical theories which emphasize virtues of

neg: Florian Steger Director of the Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine at the University of Ulm. Since 2016, he is also Chairman of the Research Ethics Committee at the University of Ulm. 2018 medal "Universitatis Lodziensis Amico" from the University of Łódź (Poland) and Honorary Professorship of the Semmelweis University in Budapest (Hungary). His main research fields include the questions of history, philosophy and ethics of medicine: ancient medicine and its reception, medicine and arts, problems of injustice in a politicized medicine, current ethical questions in medicine. Florian Steger is the author and co-author of several books and articles

neg: Jeffrey Bishop Theological Ethics" and an active hospitalist at Vanderbilt University before assuming the directorship of the Albert Gnaegi Center for Health Care Ethics in July 2010. Bishop contributes regularly to numerous journals as well as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation "Religion and Ethics" page. He has edited several special edition journals for "Christian Bioethics" and the "Journal of Medicine and Philosophy" for which he sits on the editorial board and is the assistant editor of the "Philosophy and Medicine" series, Springer Publishing and on the editorial advisory board of "Medicine Studies". Bishop is a member of the American Society for Bioethics and

neg: Daniel Sokol Daniel Sokol Daniel K. Sokol (born 6 August 1978) is a barrister and medical ethicist known for his academic and journalistic writings on the ethics of medicine. He lectures nationally and internationally, and writes a regular column in the "British Medical Journal" under the sobriquet "Ethics Man". Up until January 2014 Sokol was an honorary Senior Lecturer in Medical Ethics and Law at King's College London. His contract was terminated due to Sokol setting up a for-profit legal enterprise that represented students in exam appeals. He is a member of 12 King's Bench Walk, a leading barristers' chambers in London,

neg: Daniel Sokol P. Sokol and Junko Sokol. Daniel Sokol Daniel K. Sokol (born 6 August 1978) is a barrister and medical ethicist known for his academic and journalistic writings on the ethics of medicine. He lectures nationally and internationally, and writes a regular column in the "British Medical Journal" under the sobriquet "Ethics Man". Up until January 2014 Sokol was an honorary Senior Lecturer in Medical Ethics and Law at King's College London. His contract was terminated due to Sokol setting up a for-profit legal enterprise that represented students in exam appeals. He is a member of 12 King's Bench Walk, a

neg: W. D. Ross W. D. Ross Sir William David Ross, (15 April 1877 – 5 May 1971), known as David Ross but usually cited as W. D. Ross, was a Scottish philosopher who is known for his work in ethics. His best-known work is "The Right and the Good" (1930), and he is perhaps best known for developing a pluralist, deontological form of intuitionist ethics in response to G. E. Moore's intuitionism. Ross also , in addition to writing on Greek philosophy. His accomplishments include his work with John Alexander Smith on a 12-volume translation of Aristotle. William David Ross was born in

neg: Medical humanities attempt to create a closer or more meaningful relationship between medical practitioners and their peers/patients. Ethics are perceived differently from person to person, so answering ethical questions requires the viewpoints of several different people who may have different opinions of what is right from wrong. The first category is bioethics, which includes the morals of healthcare. As science and technology develop, so does healthcare and medicine, and there is discussion and debate in society and healthcare committees that go over the ethics of these certain situations that pertain to medical humanities. For example, one of these cases involves the practice

neg: Christiane Woopen Christiane Woopen Christiane Woopen (born 12 December 1962) is a German medical ethicist. She was appointed Professor for Ethics and Theory of Medicine at the University of Cologne in 2009. There she is Executive Director of ceres (Cologne Center for Ethics, Rights, Economics, and Social Sciences of Health), an interdepartmental institution created by the Rector and five of the six Faculties of Cologne University. Furthermore, she is Head of the Research Unit Ethics at the Faculty of Medicine and Vice-Dean for Academic Development and Gender of that Faculty. From 2012 to 2016 she is Chair of the German Ethics Council

neg: History of veterinary medicine in the Philippines the Philippines". The Philippine Veterinary Medical Association that was founded in 1907 became an incorporation and became known as Philippine Veterinary Medical Association, Inc. On February 23, 1992 when the PMVA, Inc. ratified the Code of Ethics that should be followed by veterinary medicine professionals in the Philippines. The first members of the Philippine veterinary medicine Board of Ethics were Dr. Santiago Y. Rotea, Dr. Faustino Turla, and Dr. Anacleto B. Coronel, with Dr. Rotea functioning as chairman of the board. Several chapters of PVMA, Inc. had been established as the profession of veterinary medicine progressed during the period of

neg: Medicine in the medieval Islamic world field of child development, emphasized strong ties between psychology and medicine, and the need for psychotherapy and counseling in the therapeutic treatment of patients. His encyclopedia also discussed the influence of Sushruta and Chanakya on medicine, including psychotherapy. Al-Tamimi, the physician (d. 990) became renown for his skills in compounding medicines, especially theriac, an antidote for poisons. His works, many of which no longer survive, are cited by later physicians. Taking what was known at the time by the classical Greek writers, Al-Tamimi expanded on their knowledge of the properties of plants and minerals, becoming "avant garde" in his field.

neg: Spyros Marketos History of Medicine, Public Health, Medical Ethics and Nephrology. Between 1993 and 2000 he served as President of the International Hippocratic Foundation of Kos. During his term the Foundation inaugurated, under the auspices of President Karamanlis, the Hippocratic Museum of medicine and hosted a number of international activities including the First Medical Olympics (a quadrennial medical symposium of notable international practitioners and academics) that took place on the island of Cos in 1996. Spyros Marketos Spyros Marketos (; April 15, 1931 – February 29, 2012) was a Greek physician, professor of medicine, writer and politician. Born in Athens in 1931,

neg: Primary care ethics care. Doctors in other specialities (such as psychiatry, rheumatology, HIV medicine, where specialists take primary responsibility for a patient’s health care over a considerable period) may perform what he terms the interpretative function, but when then do so they are acting as generalists and practising generalism (14). The extension of this argument is that it is not just good primary care physicians who are aware of the ethics of the everyday, but good clinicians (15). According to Toon (16), doctors in primary care are charged with three tasks: 1. To deliver the best possible, evidence based medical care to patients

neg: Medical ethics origins and cause of disease, for example, and reconciling these beliefs with the tenets of Western medicine can be very difficult. The WMA International Code of Medical Ethics explicitly states, "A physician shall...report to the appropriate authorities those physicians who practice unethically or incompetently or who engage in fraud or deception." There is also the conflict with physicians who are tempted to report made up incidents or make an incident worse than what it was for their own personal motives. In vice versa, a physician might be hesitant to report an incident because of personal friendship he or she may

neg: Joseph Fins Joseph Fins Joseph J. Fins, M.A.C.P. (born 1959) is an American physician and medical ethicist. He is chief of the Division of Medical Ethics at New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, where he serves as The E. William Davis, Jr., M.D. Professor of Medical Ethics, and Professor of Medicine, Professor of Public Health, and Professor of Medicine in Psychiatry. Fins is also Director of Medical Ethics and an attending physician at New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center. Fins is also a member of the adjunct faculty of Rockefeller University and has served as Associate for Medicine

neg: Maternal–fetal medicine advancement for MFM in-patient directorships, improve skills in coding and reimbursement for maternal care, establish national, stratified system for levels of maternal care, develop specific, proscriptive guidelines on complications with highest maternal morbidity and mortality, and finally, increase departmental and divisional support for MFM subspecialists with maternal focus. As Maternal–fetal medicine subspecialists improve their work ethics and knowledge of this advancing field, they are capable of reducing the rate of maternal mortality and maternal morbidity. Maternal–fetal medicine Maternal–fetal medicine (MFM) (also known as perinatology) is a branch of medicine that focuses on managing health concerns of the mother and fetus

neg: Virtue ethics rely only on discussing the moral character of persons. Virtue ethics can be contrasted to deontological ethics and consequentialist ethics by an examination of the other two (the three being together the most predominant contemporary normative ethical theories). Deontological ethics, sometimes referred to as duty ethics, places the emphasis on adhering to ethical principles or duties. How these duties are defined, however, is often a point of contention and debate in deontological ethics. One of the predominant rule schemes utilized by deontologists is the Divine Command Theory. Deontology also depends upon meta-ethical realism, in that it postulates the existence of

neg: Virtue ethics to be sought, for which a friend might be a useful means. Aristotle states that the virtues function more as means to safeguard human relations, particularly authentic friendship, without which one's quest for happiness is frustrated. Discussion of what were known as the Four Cardinal Virtues – wisdom, justice, fortitude, and temperance – can be found in Plato's "Republic". The virtues also figure prominently in Aristotle's moral theory (see below). Virtue theory was inserted into the study of history by moralistic historians such as Livy, Plutarch, and Tacitus. The Greek idea of the virtues was passed on in Roman philosophy

neg: Communication ethics is also a division of the NCA (National Communication Association) which was established by Western Michigan University in 1985, as well the NCA has adopted a Credo for Ethical Communication. The Communication Ethics Conference has been held every year for the last 13 years, and has various speakers from Communication Studies backgrounds. Ethical communication encompasses being honest in all communitcations, keeping confidential information confidential,and not discussing the personal or business situations of others in public or in front of a third party Communication ethics Communication ethics is the notion that an individual's or group's behavior are governed by their morals

neg: Furusiyya origin of the Spanish rank of "alférez". The Perso-Arabic term for ""Furūsiyya" literature" is or . "Furusiyya" literature, the Arabic literary tradition of veterinary medicine (hippiatry) and horsemanship, much like in the case of human medicine, was adopted wholesale from Byzantine Greek sources in the 9th to 10th centuries. In the case of "furusiyya", the immediate source is the Byzantine compilation on veterinary medicine known as "Hippiatrica" (5th or 6th century); the very word for "horse doctor" in Arabic, "bayṭar", is a loan of Greek The first known such treatise in Arabic is due to Ibn Akhī Ḥizām (), an

neg: Theodor Zwinger taking a doctorate in medicine at the University of Padua with Bassiano Landi, the successor of Johannes Baptista Montanus. In Paris he studied with the iconoclastic philosopher Petrus Ramus. He joined the faculty of the University of Basel as a member of the "consilium facultatis medicae" from 1559. At Basel he held successively chairs in Greek (1565), Ethics (1571), and finally theoretical medicine (1580). While originally hostile to Paracelsus, in his later career he took an interest in Paracelsian medical theory for which he experienced some hostility. He associated with Paracelsians such as Thomas Moffet and Petrus Severinus. Zwinger was

neg: MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics and presently maintains complete collections from Volume 1 of many of the core journals in medical ethics including the "Hastings Center Report", Journal of Clinical Ethics, "Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics", "Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal", "Journal of Medicine and Philosophy", ""National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly"", and "Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics". The library recently received an additional donation of over 1,300 books from the personal libraries of Drs. Edmund Pellegrino and Professor Alan J. Wiesbard. The library is currently working to digitize and catalog its collection of over 400 videos related to medical ethics that date back to the 1980. Library

neg: Arthur Schafer n. 2, Mar/Apr, 1985. "The Use of Placebos in Randomized Clinical Trials", "IRB": A Review of Human Subjects Research, v. 7, n. 2, Mar/Apr, 1985. "Medical Secrecy: Patient's Right of Access to Medical Records", "Humane Medicine", autumn, 1985. "On Using Nazi Data: The Case Against", "Dialogue", v. XXV, 1986. "Nurses New Role: Patients' Advocate", "The Arch of Experience", eds. I.W.Mills and J.Mills, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Ltd., 1987. "Civil Liberties and the Elderly Patient, Ethics and Aging", "Ethics and Aging", ed. E.Winkler, University of British Columbia Press, 1988. "What Ethics Is Not", "Journal of the Canadian Dental Association", v. 55,

neg: Teleology action as in, for example, management by objectives. Teleological analysis of business ethics leads to consideration of the full range of stakeholders in any business decision, including the management, the staff, the customers, the shareholders, the country, humanity and the environment. Teleology provides a moral basis for the professional ethics of medicine, as physicians are generally concerned with outcomes and must therefore know the "telos" of a given treatment paradigm. The broad spectrum of consequentialist ethics, of which utilitarianism is a well-known example, focuses on the end result or consequences, with such principles as utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill's "the

neg: Ancient Greek medicine Distinguishing between fatal diseases and recoverable disease was important for patient trust and respect, positively influencing patient compliance. With the growth of patient compliance in Greek medicine, consent became an important factor between the doctor and patient relationship. Presented with all the information concerning the patient's health, the patient makes the decision to accept treatment. Physician and patient responsibility is mentioned in the treatise , where it states, "there are three factors in the practice of medicine: the disease, the patient and the physician. The physician is the servant of science, and the patient must do what he can to

neg: Claudia Wiesemann a student fellowship of the prestigious Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes. She is serving as an editorial board member of several international journals. Wiesemann's research interests include autonomy and trust in medicine, the ethics of reproductive medicine and family, child rights and the moral status of the child, the ethics of intersex, the history and ethics of organ transplantation and the determination of death. Claudia Wiesemann Claudia Wiesemann is a German medical ethicist and medical historian. She is full professor and head of the Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine at Göttingen University Medical Center. Being a member of

neg: Bioethics academy and journalism. Bioethics is taught in courses at the undergraduate and graduate level in different academic disciplines or programs, such as Philosophy, Medicine, Law, Social Sciences. It has become a requirement for professional accreditation in many health professional programs (Medicine, Nursing, Rehabilitation), to have obligatory training in ethics (e.g., professional ethics, medical ethics, clinical ethics, nursing ethics). Interest in the field and professional opportunities have led to the development of dedicated programs with concentrations in Bioethics, largely in the United States and Europe, offering undergraduate majors/minors, graduate certificates, and Masters and Doctorate degrees. As a study, bioethics has also

neg: Khosrow I of "Plato's Philosopher King" by the Greek refugees that he allowed into his empire because of his great interest in Platonic philosophy. Nöldeke states that Khosrow I was "certainly one of the most efficient and best kings that the Iranians have ever had". A synthesis of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Armenian learning traditions took place within the Sasanian Empire. One outcome of this synthesis created what is known as bimaristan, the first hospital that introduced a concept of segregating wards according to pathology. Greek pharmacology fused with Iranian and Indian traditions resulted in significant advances in medicine. According to historian

neg: Deborah Bowman (academic) Medicine" (8th Edition), Principles and Practice of Travel Medicine (2nd Ed) [with Richard Dawood<nowiki>]</nowiki>], "Ethics in Psychiatry: European Contributions", "Clinical Medicine for MRSCP PACES: Vol. 2" [with Gautum Mehta and Bilal Iqbal], "The ABC of Clinical Leadership" and "Ethical Perspectives on Capacity and Decision-Making". Her writing for non-academic publications includes theatre reviews for Times Higher Education, a regular column for the MDDUS magazine "Summons", commentary for national newspapers and personal reflections on learning to play the cello. Bowman is a commentator on medical ethics, including serving as a regular panellist and programme consultant to BBC Radio 4 "Inside the Ethics

neg: Spyros Marketos “Galen”. He was Editor-in-Chief of "Materia Medica Greca" (1973-1992), and President of the Greek Association of Medical Press. Spyros Marketos served as Professor and Chairman (1980-1998) of the Department of History and Philosophy of Medicine at the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and in 1998 he retired as an Emeritus Professor. His scientific research covered a diverse set of topics ranging from quantitative nosography and social medicine to history of medicine and medical ethics. He has published eighteen books. He was the author or co-author of more than 300 scientific papers on topics such as

neg: Albert R. Jonsen the field of bioethics, the Henry Knowles Beecher Award for Contributions to Ethics and the Life Sciences. Albert R. Jonsen Albert R. Jonsen (born April 1931 San Francisco) is a biomedical ethicist and author. He is Emeritus Professor of Ethics in Medicine at the University of Washington, School of Medicine, where he was Chairman of the Department of Medical History and Ethics from 1987-1999, and currently is Co-Director of the Program in Medicine and Human Values at California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco. Jonsen joined the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1949 and was ordained a Roman Catholic priest

neg: Christine K. Cassel at the ABIM, where enormous effort seems to have been taken to make murky what should be crystal clear." The ABIM reportedly paid Dr. Cassel $1.7 million in her final year. Christine K. Cassel Christine K. Cassel is a leading expert in geriatric medicine, medical ethics and quality of care. She is Planning Dean of the new Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine. Unit IL March 2016, she was President and CEO of the National Quality Forum. Previously, Cassel served as President and CEO of the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and the ABIM Foundation. Cassel is one of 20

neg: Hans-Georg Gadamer work in the communication ethics field, spawning several prominent ethics theories and guidelines. The most profound of these is the formulation of the dialogic coordinates, a standard set of prerequisite communication elements necessary for inciting dialogue. Adhering to Gadamer's theories regarding bias, communicators can better initiate dialogic transaction, allowing biases to merge and promote mutual understanding and learning. Gadamer also added philosophical substance to the notion of human health. In "The Enigma of Health", Gadamer explored what it means to heal, as a patient and a provider. In this work the practice and art of medicine are thoroughly examined, as

neg: Albert Gnaegi Center for Health Care Ethics Albert Gnaegi Center for Health Care Ethics The "Albert Gnaegi Center for Health Care Ethics" is an independent health sciences academic unit of Saint Louis University. The center has a high academic output and offers Doctorate of Philosophy programmes in Health Care Ethics and clinical bioethics. The current director, Jeffrey Bishop, joined the Center in July 2010 from Vanderbilt University and was previously at the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry in the United Kingdom and the University of Texas. He is the author of The "Anticipitory Corpse: Medicine, Power, and the Care of the Dying" and sits on the

neg: Science in the medieval Islamic world 854–925/935) identified smallpox and measles, and recognized that fever was a part of the body's defenses. He wrote a 23-volume compendium of Chinese, Indian, Persian, Syriac and Greek medicine. al-Razi questioned the classical Greek medical theory of how the four humours regulate life processes. He challenged Galen's work on several fronts, including the treatment of bloodletting, arguing that it was effective. al-Zahrawi (936–1013) was a surgeon whose most important surviving work is referred to as "al-Tasrif" (Medical Knowledge). It is a 30 volume set mainly discussing medical symptoms, treatments, and pharmacology. The last volume, on surgery, describes surgical instruments, supplies,

neg: Fred Rosner Society of New York. Rosner has published eight books on Jewish medical ethics, including "Modern Medicine and Jewish Ethics" (Ktav, 1991); "Medicine and Jewish Law I, II and III" (Jason Aronson, 1990 and 1993); "Pioneers in Jewish Medical Ethics" (Jason Aronson, 1997); and "Biomedical Ethics and Jewish Law" (Ktav, 2001). He also translated Avraham Steinberg's 7-volume "Encyclopedia Hilchatit Refuit" from Hebrew into English as the "Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics". His other books include: an English translation of Julius Preuss's classical reference work, "Biblical and Talmudic Medicine" (reprinted in 1993); and the "Encyclopedia of Medicine in the Bible and the

neg: John D. Lantos Francis Chair in Bioethics at the Center for Practical Bioethics. He then became the founding director of the Children's Mercy Bioethics Center at Children's Mercy Hospital and Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine. His research fields are bioethics, doctor–patient communication, research ethics, end-of-life care, and religion and medicine, and especially the ethics of clinical trials. He is a former President of the American Society of Bioethics and Humanities and of the American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics, and is an advisor to the American Academy of Pediatrics on bioethics issues. According to Google

neg: Medical ethics the 20th century a distinctively liberal Protestant approach was articulated by thinkers such as Joseph Fletcher. In the 1960s and 1970s, building upon liberal theory and procedural justice, much of the discourse of medical ethics went through a dramatic shift and largely reconfigured itself into bioethics. Well-known medical ethics cases include: Since the 1970s, the growing influence of ethics in contemporary medicine can be seen in the increasing use of Institutional Review Boards to evaluate experiments on human subjects, the establishment of hospital ethics committees, the expansion of the role of clinician ethicists, and the integration of ethics into many

neg: Daniel Sulmasy Daniel Sulmasy Daniel Sulmasy is an American medical ethicist. Sulmasy is a Senior Research Scholar at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics and on the faculty of the Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics. He is the inaugural Andre Hellegers Professor of Biomedical Ethics, with co-appointments in the Departments of Philosophy and Medicine at Georgetown. His research interests encompass both theoretical and empirical investigations of the ethics of end-of-life decision-making, ethics education, and spirituality in medicine. He has done extensive work on the role of intention in medical action, especially as it relates to the rule of double effect and the distinction

neg: Michael Grodin Medicine and Research, and the American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics; and serves on the Advisory Board of the Center for the Philosophy and History of Science. He was a member of the National Committee on Bioethics of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Committee on Ethics of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Professor Grodin served on the Ethics Committee of the Massachusetts Center for Organ Transplantation, was a consultant to the National Human Subjects Protection Review Panel of the National Institutes of Health AIDS Program Advisory Committee, and is a consultant on Ethics and Research

neg: Dighajanu Sutta an emphasis on right conduct, as exemplified by adherence to the Five Precepts. In addition to the precepts, as in the Sigalovada Sutta, this discourse also warns against the dangers of libertinism and commends the keeping of good-hearted friends. In suttas such as this one, Bodhi identifies a second common thread to what might be referred to as the pursuit of a kammic consciousness. Discussing the broader context of Buddhist ethics, Ven. Narada Mahathera states: In this sutta in particular such an awareness is underlined by Dighajanu's concern for happiness in ones "future" life. Bodhi notes: Such a realization on

neg: Kenneth Dover changes. His series of Sather lectures on the corpus of speeches attributed to Lysias was important for its early application of stylometry to the study of Greek texts, as well as its agnostic conclusions. Since Athenian speechwriters adapted their style to the personality of their clients, Dover argued, it is difficult to make firm judgments about the authorship of speeches on the basis of style. Dover's "Greek Homosexuality" (1978) marked a watershed in the study of classical Greek society, discussing topics such as pederasty and what he memorably called "intercrural copulation" in matter-of-fact terms. In particular, Dover made use of

neg: Christiane Woopen member of the Scientific Advisory Board and furthermore a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. Christiane Woopen Christiane Woopen (born 12 December 1962) is a German medical ethicist. She was appointed Professor for Ethics and Theory of Medicine at the University of Cologne in 2009. There she is Executive Director of ceres (Cologne Center for Ethics, Rights, Economics, and Social Sciences of Health), an interdepartmental institution created by the Rector and five of the six Faculties of Cologne University. Furthermore, she is Head of the Research Unit Ethics at the Faculty of Medicine and Vice-Dean for Academic

neg: Administrative discretion as far as the time of widely known Greek philosopher Socrates in his quest to lay the foundation for philosophical ethics. Socrates determined a general ranking of "universal morals" in order to piece together certain criterion that could test what course of action to take in any immediate situation. He assigned value orders as well as certain "means to ends" that would determine alternatives for ethical philosophical generalization. In doing so, Socrates was creating the first type of basis for administrative discretion. When Andrew Jackson took office in 1829, the country was going through radical changes—the scale of government grew

neg: Ethics different kinds of moral status. During the middle of the century, the study of normative ethics declined as meta-ethics grew in prominence. This focus on meta-ethics was in part caused by an intense linguistic focus in analytic philosophy and by the popularity of logical positivism. Virtue ethics describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior, and it is used to describe the ethics of Socrates, Aristotle, and other early Greek philosophers. Socrates (469–399 BC) was one of the first Greek philosophers to encourage both scholars and the common citizen to turn their attention from

neg: Thomas Tomlinson (philosopher) as "The Journal of Medical Ethics", "The Journal of Clinical Ethics", "The Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal", "The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy", "The Hastings Center Report", "Academic Medicine", and "The Gerontologist 31". Ed. Kuebler KK, Davis MP, Moore CD. St. Louis, Elsevier-Mosby: 2005 December 2001, 1-2. 2001:69-72. Tomlinson. "Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal," June 2000. January 1999. Medicine and Philosophy" 1999 24(2), 130-147. Approaches to Bioethics, ed. Hilde Nelson. Routledge, 1997. Center Report," May–June, 1995. Thomas Tomlinson (philosopher) Thomas Tomlinson (born 1945) is a philosophy professor and medical ethicist currently teaching at Michigan State University where he holds a

neg: Descriptive ethics contrast, he had aimed to describe how humans ought to develop morally, his theory would have involved prescriptive ethics. Descriptive ethics Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the study of people's beliefs about morality. It contrasts with prescriptive or normative ethics, which is the study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act, and with meta-ethics, which is the study of what ethical terms and theories actually refer to. The following examples of questions that might be considered in each field illustrate the differences between the fields: Descriptive ethics is a form of empirical research into

neg: Feminist ethics only shadow dominant 'male' paradigms of ethics in the public realm. This is especially a reality in discussion of ethics in International Relations where it is predominantly built on a language of violence, technologies or economics and what are known to be the masculine topics of discussion. See Kimberly Hutchings discussion in "Ethics" for further detail on the foundations of the theory in International Relations Alison Watson Watson discusses the issue of children born of wartime rape and uses feminist theory of ethics in addressing these marginalized issues. The invisibility is emphasized in the traditional construction within much of the

neg: Family medicine body; family physicians are often primary care physicians. It is based on knowledge of the patient in the context of the family and the community, emphasizing disease prevention and health promotion. According to the World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA), the aim of family medicine is to provide personal, comprehensive, and continuing care for the individual in the context of the family and the community. The issues of values underlying this practice are usually known as primary care ethics. Family physicians in the United States may hold either a M.D. or a D.O. degree. Physicians who specialize in family medicine

neg: Nicomachean Ethics where dishonest boasting for gain might go undetected, and be very blameworthy, would be prophecy, philosophy, or medicine, all of which have both pretense and bragging. This appears to be a criticism of contemporary sophists. But even more remarkable is the fact that one of the vices under discussion, self-deprecation (Greek "eirôneia" from which modern English "irony") is an adjective that was and is often used to describe Socrates. Aristotle even specifically mentions Socrates as an example, but at the same time mentions (continuing the theme) that the less excessive vice is often less blameworthy. Book IV Chapter 8. The

neg: Ludwig Edelstein at Johns Hopkins University. Subsequently, he taught at the University of Washington and the University of California at Berkeley, from which he resigned rather than sign the Levering Act loyalty oath. He then returned to Johns Hopkins, where he had appointments at the University in Philosophy and at the School of Medicine in History of Medicine. At the University he taught ancient Greek philosophy in undergraduate and graduate seminars and courses. Edelstein's 1943 translation and commentary on the Hippocratic Oath was influential on contemporary thinking about medical ethics. He was an inspiring and beloved teacher. Several of his Hopkins students

neg: Ancient Greek medicine BC. Alcmaeon, author of the first anatomical compilation, worked at this school, and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established. Despite their known respect for Egyptian medicine, attempts to discern any particular influence on Greek practice at this early time have not been dramatically successful because of the lack of sources and the challenge of understanding ancient medical terminology. It is clear, however, that the Greeks imported Egyptian substances into their pharmacopoeia, and the influence became more pronounced after the establishment of a school of Greek medicine in Alexandria. Asclepius was espoused as the first physician,