query: applications are an example of software . what is another

pos: Software Software Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own. At the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine

pos: Operating system writing applications against software platforms such as Java or Qt. These abstractions have already borne the cost of adaptation to specific operating systems and their system libraries. Another approach is for operating system vendors to adopt standards. For example, POSIX and OS abstraction layers provide commonalities that reduce porting costs. Operating system An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and

pos: Software versioning Such policies are especially important for software libraries and frameworks, but may also be very useful to follow for command-line applications (which may be called from other applications) and indeed any other applications (which may be scripted and/or extended by third parties). Versioning is also a required practice to enable many schemes of patching and upgrading software, especially to automatically decide what and where to upgrade to. Version numbers allow people providing support to ascertain "exactly" which code a user is running, so that they can rule out bugs that have already been fixed as a cause of an issue,

pos: QuickStart QuickStart QuickStart is a loading method used by several different software applications, designed to speed up the loading time of their software. Some load the core files and libraries during computer startup and allows the applications to start more quickly when selected later. QuickStarters typically place an icon in the System Tray. When the full application needs to be loaded, the base components are already in RAM, which significantly reduces load time. QuickStarters are controversial because they use up RAM even when the application is not open. For this reason, QuickStarters can actually decrease performance as a whole. For example,

pos: Business models for open-source software and take a portion of market share for themselves. See Commercial open-source applications for the list of current commercial open-source offerings. Netscape's actions were an example of this, and thus Mozilla Firefox has become more popular, getting market share from Internet Explorer. Business models for open-source software <onlyinclude>Open-source software is widely used both as independent applications and as components in non-open-source applications. Many independent software vendors (ISVs), value-added resellers (VARs), and hardware vendors (OEMs or ODMs) use open-source frameworks, modules, and libraries inside their proprietary, for-profit products and services. From a customer's perspective, the ability to use open technology under

pos: Composer (software) install PHP applications that are available on "Packagist" which is its main repository containing available packages. It also provides autoload capabilities for libraries that specify autoload information to ease usage of third-party code. Composer offers several parameters including : Example of composer.json generated by the following command: The different authorized versions of the libraries are defined by: Composer (software) Composer is an application-level package manager for the PHP programming language that provides a standard format for managing dependencies of PHP software and required libraries. It was developed by Nils Adermann and Jordi Boggiano, who continue to manage the project. They

neg: Crowdsourcing software development of the App Store. Within less than four years, Apple’s App Store has become a huge mobile application ecosystem with 150,000 active publishers, and generated over 700,000 IOS applications . Around the App Store, there are many community-based, collaborative platforms for the smart-phone applications incubators. For example, AppStori introduces a crowd funding approach to build an online community for developing promising ideas about new iPhone applications. IdeaScale is another platform for software crowdsourcing. Another crowdsourcing example—Topcoder—creates a software contest model where programming tasks are posted as contests and the developer of the best solution wins the top prize. Following this

neg: Solution stack Solution stack In computing, a solution stack or software stack is a set of software subsystems or components needed to create a complete platform such that no additional software is needed to support applications. Applications are said to "run on" or "run on top of" the resulting platform. For example, to develop a web application the architect defines the stack as the target operating system, web server, database, and programming language. Another version of a software stack is operating system, middleware, database, and applications. Regularly, the components of a software stack are developed by different developers independently from one another.

neg: Civic application part of a greater concept of civic technologies, which encompass variety of civic applications, together with any software tools and platforms, enabling its development or hosting, and the software supporting local and national governments in performing their public functions. Civic application Civic application is application software aiming at users' activation to participate in public good development through this application. In civil societies, civic applications are created to enhance public good, civic engagement, and generally social capital. Civic applications can for example aim at: Civic applications are to some extent often social networking services, but what distinguishes them is the civic

neg: Software bug of what the software must do. The resulting software may perform according to the developer's understanding, but not what is really needed. Other types: The amount and type of damage a software bug may cause naturally affects decision-making, processes and policy regarding software quality. In applications such as manned space travel or automotive safety, since software flaws have the potential to cause human injury or even death, such software will have far more scrutiny and quality control than, for example, an online shopping website. In applications such as banking, where software flaws have the potential to cause serious financial damage

neg: Civic application Civic application Civic application is application software aiming at users' activation to participate in public good development through this application. In civil societies, civic applications are created to enhance public good, civic engagement, and generally social capital. Civic applications can for example aim at: Civic applications are to some extent often social networking services, but what distinguishes them is the civic goal, the mission funding its existence. Interaction between the user and the application is what differentiates civic applications from any IT service (website, portal) speaking about any citizen's topics, where interaction is not necessary and if exists often takes

neg: Application software can be complementary, and even integrated. Application software can also be seen as being either horizontal or vertical. Horizontal applications are more popular and widespread, because they are general purpose, for example word processors or databases. Vertical applications are niche products, designed for a particular type of industry or business, or department within an organization. Integrated suites of software will try to handle every specific aspect possible of, for example, manufacturing or banking worker, or accounting, or customer service. There are many types of application software: Applications can also be classified by computing platform such as a particular operating system,

neg: Clipboard (computing) or reboots the system the clipboard contents are deleted – an added functionality is to save the clipboard persistently. Another example is making the local clipboard work with online applications by saving the clipboard data to the online location upon a copy or cut event, making this data available to online applications for pasting. Clipboard managers can also serve as tools to overcome the limitation of software not supporting copying and pasting (for example, while logging into remote Windows server, one cannot copy and paste their user name and password). The clipboard in Microsoft Windows holds one item in multiple

neg: Quantitative risk assessment software life. Some organisations use the risk outputs to assess the implied cost to avert a fatality (ICAF) which can be used to set quantified criteria for what is an unacceptable risk and what is tolerable. For the explosives industry, QRA can be used for many explosive risk applications. It is especially useful for site risk analysis when reliance on quantity distance (QD) tables is not feasible. The following products have been superseded, or are no longer available: Some of the QRA software models described above must be used in isolation: for example the results from a consequence model cannot be

neg: Intel Tera-Scale of the Polaris 80 core processor in 2007, people questioned the need of 10s-100s of cores. Intel responded with a category of software called Recognition, Mining, and Synthesis (RMS) applications which require the computational power of 10s-100s of cores. Recognition applications create models based on what they identify such as a person's face. Mining applications extract one or more instances from a large amount of data. Lastly, synthesis applications allow for prediction and projecting of new environments. An example of where RMS and tera-scale processors are necessary is the creation of sport summaries. Usually sport summaries require hours for a

neg: Anti-Subversion Software Anti-Subversion Software Software subversion is the process of making software perform unintended actions either by tampering with program code or by altering behavior in another fashion. For example, code tampering could be used to change program code to load malicious rules or heuristics, SQL injection is a form of subversion for the purpose of data corruption or theft and buffer overflows are a form of subversion for the purpose of unauthorised access. These attacks are examples of computer hacking. Anti-Subversion Software detects subversion and attempts to stop the effects of the hack. Software applications are vulnerable to the effects of

neg: Null modem also supports software flow control. A virtual null modem is a communication method to connect two computer applications directly using a virtual serial port. Unlike a null modem cable, a virtual null modem is a software solution which emulates a hardware null modem within the computer. All features of a hardware null modem are available in a virtual null modem as well. There are some advantages to this: For instance, DOSBox has allowed older DOS games to use virtual null modems. Another common example consists of Unix pseudoterminals (pty) which present a standard tty interface to user applications, including virtual

neg: Church software security options to protect confidentiality. Flexible features to keep and report information on attendance and pastoral visits can help church staff manage members. Using a purpose-made package guards against relying on the knowledge of a specific individual to maintain a custom database. However, different church management applications vary significantly from one another, and what works well for one church may not fit the needs of another. Free open source church management systems are also available, including ChurchInfo project, hosted on SourceForge. Church software Church software is any type of computer software specifically designed for use by a church. There are

neg: Wiki software piece of functionality. Software that supports blogs with wiki-style editing and versioning is sometimes known as "bliki" software. Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware is an example of wiki software that is designed to support such features at its core. Many of the enterprise wiki applications, such as TWiki, Confluence and SharePoint, also support such features, as do open-source applications like MediaWiki and XWiki, via plugins. Some wiki applications let users embed scripting-style calls into wiki pages, which are processed by the wiki's parser and run either when the page is saved or when it is displayed. XWiki and MediaWiki are examples

neg: Confused deputy problem this attack a user thinks they are harmlessly browsing a website (an attacker-controlled website) but they are in fact tricked into performing sensitive actions on another website. An FTP bounce attack can allow an attacker to connect indirectly to TCP ports to which the attacker's machine has no access, using a remote FTP server as the confused deputy. Another example relates to personal firewall software. It can restrict Internet access for specific applications. Some applications circumvent this by starting a browser with instructions to access a specific URL. The browser has authority to open a network connection, even though the

neg: Cross-platform software cross-platform building, the reverse is not the case. As an alternative to porting, "cross-platform virtualization" allows applications compiled for one CPU and operating system to run on a system with a different CPU and/or operating system, without modification to the source code or binaries. As an example, Apple's Rosetta, which is built into Intel-based Macintosh computers, runs applications compiled for the previous generation of Macs that used PowerPC CPUs. Another example is IBM PowerVM Lx86, which allows Linux/x86 applications to run unmodified on the Linux/Power operating system. A script can be considered to be cross-platform if its interpreter is available

neg: DirectSkin application, or make their own using "SkinStudio". DirectSkin has seen use in various applications; the most public has been that of the ATI CATALYST Control Center, a graphical user interface for their graphics card device drivers running on the .NET Framework, introduced in 2004. Another example is Syncfusion, a toolkit for creating .NET applications. DirectSkin DirectSkin is a software component that is used by software developers to add skinning capability to their applications, which may or may not be exposed to end-users. It is made by Stardock, and is derived from the WindowBlinds component of their software subscription package, Object

neg: Wine (software) superuser. Malware research software such as ZeroWine runs Wine on Linux in a virtual machine, to keep the malware completely isolated from the host system. Another security concern is when the implemented specifications are ill-designed and allow for security compromise. Because Wine implements these specs, it will also implement any security vulnerabilities they contain. A common concern about Wine is that its existence means that vendors are less likely to write native Linux, macOS, and BSD applications. As an example of this, it is worth considering IBM's 1994 operating system, OS/2 Warp. An article describes the weaknesses of OS/2 which

neg: Graphic designer or more graphic design software programs. A common software package used in the graphic design industry is Adobe Creative Cloud. This software package contains the three main programs used by graphic designers, which are Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign. Photoshop, InDesign, and Illustrator are the industry standard applications for many graphic design positions. Another example of a common software package is CorelDraw Graphics Suite. Outside the graphic design industry, many people use Microsoft Word or Microsoft Publisher to create a layout or design. However, depending on the job at hand, most designers create the layout in either InDesign, CorelDRAW or QuarkXPress.

neg: Knowledge enterprise enterprises. Knowledge enterprises, according to Lowendahl, can be divided into: and example companies are: management consultancy companies. In another approach knowledge companies are divided into professional service companies, and research and development companies. Knowledge enterprises, due to their high-tech profile, chiefly have to base on IT technologies, including hardware and software to conduct managerial processes, and to organize working environments for all the staff, from executive to top management. This is why software development is crucial for existence and evolution of such companies. Software applications are developed for many areas within such organizations, since without them it is difficult to

neg: Genieo Genieo Genieo Innovation is an Israeli company, specializing in unwanted software which includes advertising and user tracking software, commonly referred to as a "potentially unwanted program", "adware", "privacy-invasive software", "grayware", or "malware". They are best known for Genieo, an application of this type. They also own and operate InstallMac which distributes additional 'optional' search modifying software with other applications. In 2014, Genieo Innovation was acquired for $34 million by Somoto, another company which "bundles legitimate applications with offers for additional third party applications that may be unwanted by the user". This sector of the Israeli software industry is frequently referred

neg: Product bundling as a piece of computer hardware or other electronic device, or is a group of software packages which are sold together. Software which is pre-installed on a new computer is an example of bundled software. For example, as of 2017, most desktop, laptop and mobile computers are bought pre-loaded with various software and software applications ("apps"). A pack-in game is a form of bundled software. Early microcomputer companies varied in their decision to bundle software. "BYTE" in 1984 observed that "Kaypro apparently has tremendous buying and bargaining power", noting that the Kaypro 10 came with both WordStar and Perfect Writer,

neg: Anti-Subversion Software subversion throughout their lifecycle from development to deployment, but particularly in operation and maintenance. Anti-subversion protection can be accomplished in both a static and dynamic manner: Software applications running on desktops, corporate servers, mobile devices and embedded devices are all at risk from subversion. Anti-Subversion Software Software subversion is the process of making software perform unintended actions either by tampering with program code or by altering behavior in another fashion. For example, code tampering could be used to change program code to load malicious rules or heuristics, SQL injection is a form of subversion for the purpose of data corruption

neg: Experimental mathematics Experimental mathematics software usually includes error detection and correction mechanisms, integrity checks and redundant calculations designed to minimise the possibility of results being invalidated by a hardware or software error. Applications and examples of experimental mathematics include: Some plausible relations hold to a high degree of accuracy, but are still not true. One example is: The two sides of this expression actually differ after the 42nd decimal place. Another example is that the maximum height (maximum absolute value of coefficients) of all the factors of "x" − 1 appears to be the same as the height of the "n"th cyclotomic

neg: Slapsoftware comes reimplementing existing functionality. Another purpose was to help improve best practices in the interdisciplinary area between law and information technology. Modules were tasked with meeting the requirements of multiple applications in judicial, administrative and legislative domains in both civil and criminal),eareas, across jurisdictions, departments and special courts. Modularization and reuse are fundamental concepts along with object-orientation, component-orientation and data independence. The Slap Software talks about formal elements, such as a case would: example applications, documentations UML and handbooks directed to all the spectrum of its public. The software is able to interact with media, with institutions, social networks and

neg: Application software or a separable piece of application software. As another example, the GNU/Linux naming controversy is, in part, due to disagreement about the relationship between the Linux kernel and the operating systems built over this kernel. In some types of embedded systems, the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable to the user, as in the case of software used to control a VCR, DVD player or microwave oven. The above definitions may exclude some applications that may exist on some computers in large organizations. For an alternative definition of an app: " see Application Portfolio Management." The

neg: Keygen additional features for key verification, for example by generating the validation data which would otherwise be returned by an activation server. If the software offers phone activation then the keygen could generate the correct activation code to finish activation. Another method that has been used is activation server emulation, this patches the program memory to use the keygen as activation server. A multi-keygen is a keygen that offers key generation for multiple software applications. Multi-keygens are sometimes released over singular keygens if a series of products requires the same algorithm for generating product keys. In this case, only a single

neg: Abstraction (computer science) example, a programming language may contain a foreign function interface for making calls to the lower-level language. In simple terms, abstraction is removing irrelevant data so a program is easier to understand. Different programming languages provide different types of abstraction, depending on the intended applications for the language. For example: Analysts have developed various methods to formally specify software systems. Some known methods include: Specification languages generally rely on abstractions of one kind or another, since specifications are typically defined earlier in a project, (and at a more abstract level) than an eventual implementation. The UML specification language, for example,

neg: Software development kit kit (DDK) for developing device drivers. Software development kit A software development kit (SDK or devkit) is typically a set of software development tools that allows the creation of applications for a certain software package, software framework, hardware platform, computer system, video game console, operating system, or similar development platform. To enrich applications with advanced functionalities, advertisements, push notifications, and more, most app developers implement specific software development kits. Some SDKs are critical for developing a platform-specific app. For example, the development of an Android app on Java platform requires a Java Development Kit, for iOS apps the iOS SDK,

neg: Software development kit Software development kit A software development kit (SDK or devkit) is typically a set of software development tools that allows the creation of applications for a certain software package, software framework, hardware platform, computer system, video game console, operating system, or similar development platform. To enrich applications with advanced functionalities, advertisements, push notifications, and more, most app developers implement specific software development kits. Some SDKs are critical for developing a platform-specific app. For example, the development of an Android app on Java platform requires a Java Development Kit, for iOS apps the iOS SDK, and for Universal Windows Platform the

neg: Software as a service common among many SaaS applications: SaaS applications similarly support what is traditionally known as application "configuration". In other words, like traditional enterprise software, a single customer can alter the set of configuration options (a.k.a. parameters) that affect its functionality and look-and-feel. Each customer may have its own settings (or: parameter values) for the configuration options. The application can be customized to the degree it was designed for based on a set of predefined configuration options. For example, to support customers' common need to change an application's look-and-feel so that the application appears to be having the customer's brand (or—if so

neg: Oracle Exadata the capabilities of a traditional database platform. The ability to run Oracle Database routines in the Exadata Storage Server software was a major enabler of this advantage. For example, when an OLTP application commits a transaction to the database software, that request is viewed by Exadata as a critical operation and prioritized accordingly within the network and in the storage servers. The commit request will move in front of less important messages on the network and in the IO queue. Another example is the use of Flash memory for caching data that is being accessed by Analytics applications. Because a

neg: Distributive writing for the texts. For computer programming languages, we have a compiler, for writings we have written words interpreted by our mental faculties, and for meta-level mark-up there are web browsers, printers to interpret postscript, and various software applications which turn textual representations into another format. (Patrick Deegan and Jon Phillips, 2004) Social Software enables people to connect, communicate, and collaborate. It is explicitly the social which is of importance and is what is operated on. It is the commodity in the system. This is different from Distributive Writing because social software is based upon software, whereas DW is not, and

neg: Andrew Herbert Model Distributed System and the Advanced Networked Systems Architecture. The Advanced Networked Systems Architecture (ANSA) was an applied research programme starting in the 1980s as part of the UK Alvey Programme. ANSA aimed to develop a distributed systems software architecture to support applications integration in enterprise-wide systems. The ANSA work included support for interactive multi-media services, object technology for World Wide Web applications, distributed systems management, mobile object systems and security for electronic commerce. ANSA was an early example of what became to be known as 'middleware'. In the 1990s "ANSAWare" software based on the ANSA architecture was used by

neg: Software Heritage with the idea that it would be a Library of Alexandria type resource for software. Additionally, Software Heritage will be an infrastructure resource upon which developers can build applications on top of the archive. Another goal is to get guidance from researchers on what features might be valuable as a way to structure output and collection curation. Other grass-roots initiatives exist, like archivist Jason Scott's Textfiles.com project, the Code Archive (which attempts to archive GitHub), as well as the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. Software Heritage is gathering software that has free licenses from sources that include GitHub, Debian package archive,

neg: MediaWiki extension in order for the software to be suitable for applications such as some scientific databases. Example of extensions facilitating such analyses include Semantic MediaWiki, which provides the ability to add structured and searchable relations and attributes to wiki pages, and WikiTrust, which implements a system for checking the author, origin, and reliability of wiki text. SNPedia, NeuroLex, and DBpedia are projects along these lines. A Software Organization Platform, intended to support specific software engineering activities such as experience management, requirements engineering, or project management, was based upon Semantic MediaWiki. Another wiki, SynBioSS Wiki, whose purpose is to enable the scientific

neg: Visualization software easily understood. These displays are primarily for applications requiring custom, high-performance interfaces that are scalable and industry specific. Graphic objects are computer images used to represent resources and data in graphical displays. For example, in telephone network management, they can represent lines and nodes (e.g., junction points, phones and computer centers) and performance information, and IT commonly uses them to represent equipment (e.g., servers, clients and routers). They are often referred to as icons. Visualization software Visualization software or visualisation software is a range of computer graphics products used to create graphical displays and interfaces for software applications. These products

neg: Software map and development teams. They communicate the status of applications and systems currently being developed or further developed to project leaders and management at a glance. "A key aspect for this decision making is that software maps provide the structural context required for correct interpretation of these performance indicators". As an instrument of communication, software maps act as open, transparent information spaces which enable priorities of code quality and the creation of new functions to be balanced against one another and to decide upon and implement necessary measures to improve the software development process. For example, they facilitate decisions as to

neg: Application software word "application", once used as an adjective, is not restricted to the "of or pertaining to application software" meaning. For example, concepts such as application programming interface (API), application server, application virtualization, application lifecycle management and portable application apply to all computer programs alike, not just application software. Some applications are available in versions for several different platforms; others only work on one and are thus called, for example, a Geography application "for Windows", or an "Android" application for education, or a "Linux" game. Sometimes a new and popular application arises which only runs on one platform, increasing the desirability

neg: Mathematical software Mathematical software Mathematical software is software used to model, analyze or calculate numeric, symbolic or geometric data. It is a type of application software which is used for solving mathematical problems or mathematical study. There are various views to what is the mathematics, so there is various views of the category of mathematical software which used for them, over from narrow to wide sense. A type of mathematical software (math library) also used by built in the part of another scientific software. A most primary them (for example, to calculate elementary function by floating point arithmetic) may be in the

neg: WoW64 other key aspects of running 32-bit applications. It is involved in managing the interaction of 32-bit applications with the Windows components such as the Registry, which has distinct keys for 64-bit and 32-bit applications. For example, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Wow6432Node is the 32-bit equivalent of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software (although 32-bit applications are not aware of this redirection). Some Registry keys are mapped from 64-bit to their 32-bit equivalents, while others have their contents mirrored, depending on the edition of Windows. The operating system uses the codice_6 directory for its 64-bit library and executable files. This is done for backward compatibility reasons, as many legacy applications

neg: Oracle Exadata each other. This separation via standard interfaces is what allows a computing platform to run a wide variety of software and hardware from different vendors. The hardware components don't know or care about the purpose of the software applications running on the compute server. The storage array, for example, just responds to requests to retrieve or store data, without regard for whether that data is part of an important financial transaction or a monthly report of minor value, or even an email message. All of the application logic and the processing of the data is performed on the compute server,

neg: IBM WebSphere Portlet Factory IBM WebSphere Portlet Factory WebSphere Portlet Factory is an IBM product that was originally developed by Bowstreet Inc., until it was acquired by IBM in December 2005. It is a development environment for building portal and web applications. Recently IBM has changed the name of the software from Websphere Portlet Factory to Web Experience factory. The reason for changing the name is to convey that the software can be used to create other types of web applications besides just portlet applications. For example, the software can be used to make stand alone web application, mobile web applications and widget applications.

neg: Webmail public to have access to webmail because: In some cases, webmail application software is developed in-house by the organizations running and managing the application, and in some cases it is obtained from software companies that develop and sell such applications, usually as part of an integrated mail server package (an early example being Netscape Messaging Server). The market for webmail application software has continued into the 2010s. Email users may find the use of both a webmail client and a desktop client using the POP3 protocol presents some difficulties. For example, email messages that are downloaded by the desktop client

neg: Network virtualization platform Within a server virtualization environment, applications are interconnected by what is referred to as a virtual switch, which is very different from high-performing hardware-based network switches offered by the likes of Juniper Networks and Cisco Systems. Virtual switches are software-based switches and rely on the movement of packets up and down a software stack which relies on the same CPUs which are being used to drive the applications. Because of this software approach to switching, networking applications such as firewalls and routers, which require high levels of throughput and low levels of latency, were not ideal to operate within a

neg: OpenFOAM applications exist: Each application provides specific capabilities: for example, the application called "blockMesh" is used to generate meshes from an input file provided by the user, while another application called "icoFoam" solves the Navier–Stokes equations for an incompressible laminar flow. Finally, a set of third-party packages are used to provide parallel functionality (OpenMPI) and graphical post-processing (ParaView). OpenFOAM solvers include: In addition to the standard solvers, OpenFOAM syntax lends itself to the easy creation of custom solvers. OpenFOAM utilities are subdivided into: OpenFOAM is free and open-source software, released under the GNU General Public License version 3. OpenFOAM OpenFOAM (for

neg: Machine-readable dictionary software (for example online via internet) or it can be a dictionary that has an open structure and is available for loading in computer databases and thus can be used via various software applications. Conventional dictionaries contain a lemma with various descriptions. A machine-readable dictionary may have additional capabilities and is therefore sometimes called a smart dictionary. An example of a smart dictionary is the Open Source Gellish English dictionary. The term dictionary is also used to refer to an electronic vocabulary or lexicon as used for example in spelling checkers. If dictionaries are arranged in a subtype-supertype hierarchy of

neg: Obfuscation (software) allow constant strings to be overwritten, which can be avoided by changing "*M" to "M[3]" and omitting "M=". The following example by Óscar Toledo Gutiérrez, Best of Show entry in the 19th IOCCC, implements an 8080 emulator complete with terminal and disk controller, capable of booting CP/M-80 and running CP/M applications: An example of a JAPH: This slowly displays the text "Just another Perl / Unix hacker", multiple characters at a time, with delays. An explanation can be found here. Some Python examples can be found in the official Python programming FAQ and elsewhere. There are several advantages of automated

neg: Create, read, update and delete CRUD functionality can for example be implemented with object databases, XML databases, flat text files, or custom file formats. CRUD is also relevant at the user interface level of most applications. For example, in address book software, the basic storage unit is an individual "contact entry". As a bare minimum, the software must allow the user to Without at least these four operations, the software cannot be considered complete. Because these operations are so fundamental, they are often documented and described under one comprehensive heading, such as "contact management", "content management" or "contact maintenance" (or "document management" in general, depending

neg: Apama (software) for $25 million. In 2013, Apama was acquired by Software AG from Progress for an undisclosed amount. In 2016, a freemium version, Apama Community Edition, was released, alongside supporting forums and GitHub spaces. Applications for Apama are authored in the Event Processing Language (EPL). EPL contains language features designed purely for Event Driven Programming, including: The EPL C++/Java-like syntax is designed to create CEP applications succinctly in conjunction with the above features, an example of which can be found below: event MyEvent { monitor MyMonitor { Apama Queries is an alternate language for creating rules over defined data sets, such

neg: Enterprise resource planning but it shouldn't be confused with it. While in both cases, applications that make up the whole are relatively loosely connected and quite easily interchangeable, in the case of the latter there is no ERP solution whatsoever. Instead, every business function is covered by a separate software solution. There is, however, no golden rule as to what business functions should be part of the core ERP, and what should be covered by supplementary solutions. According to Gartner, every company must define their own postmodern ERP strategy, based on company's internal and external needs, operations and processes. For example, a company

neg: Web application development Web application development Web application development is the process and practice of developing web applications. There is a consensus that the processes involved are extensions of standard software engineering processes. Considering this, along with its unique characteristics, popular frameworks used include the spiral approach and business-oriented approach to application development, among other models that address the requirements for an iterative process. Just as with a traditional desktop application, web applications have varying levels of risk. A personal home page is much less risky than, for example, a stock trading web site. For some projects security, software bugs, etc. are major

neg: Software widget Software widget A software widget is a relatively simple and easy-to-use software application or component made for one or more different software platforms. A desk accessory or applet is an example of a simple, stand-alone user interface, in contrast with a more complex application such as a spreadsheet or word processor. These widgets are typical examples of transient and auxiliary applications that don't monopolize the user's attention. On the other hand, graphical control elements (GUI "widgets") are examples of reusable modular components that are used together to build a more complex application, allowing programmers to build user interfaces by combining

neg: Software framework call us, we'll call you." This means that the user-defined classes (for example, new subclasses) receive messages from the predefined framework classes. Developers usually handle this by implementing superclass abstract methods. Software framework In computer programming, a software framework is an abstraction in which software providing generic functionality can be selectively changed by additional user-written code, thus providing application-specific software. A software framework provides a standard way to build and deploy applications. A software framework is a universal, reusable software environment that provides particular functionality as part of a larger software platform to facilitate development of software applications, products and

neg: Intel 8085 another 256 byte RAM 8155 I/O Timer/Counter can be optionally added. All data, control, and address signals are available on dual pin headers, and a large prototyping area is provided. For the extensive use of 8085 in various applications, the microprocessor is provided with an instruction set consisting of various instructions such as MOV, ADD, SUB, JMP, etc. These instructions are written in the form of a program which is used to perform various operations such as branching, addition, subtraction, bitwise logical, and bit shift operations. More complex operations and other arithmetic operations must be implemented in software. For example,

neg: Bonobo (GNOME) Bonobo (GNOME) Bonobo is an obsolete component framework for the GNOME free desktop environment. Bonobo is designed to create reusable software components and compound documents. Through its development history it resembles Microsoft's OLE technology and is GNOME's equivalent of KDE's KParts . Bonobo was developed as a solution to the problems and requirements of the free software community in the development of complex applications. Bonobo is based on the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) or its GNOME implementation ORBit. Through Bonobo the functions of one application can be integrated into another: for example, Gnumeric spreadsheet tables can be directly

neg: Shadow table applications of shadow tables are used. The following list is a very tiny subset of all real-world applications of shadow tables and is only shown to give an example of common applications of shadow tables. Database Management Systems (DBMs) are software that handle the maintenance, security, and manipulation of data tables. Well known and widely used examples of DBMs are SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle and PostgreSQL. Each of these DBMs create a virtual "environment" in which tables of data are held and can be read and written to via a specific type of programming language known as a query language.

neg: Predictive analytics little user sophistication to those that are designed for the expert practitioner. The difference between these tools is often in the level of customization and heavy data lifting allowed. Some open-source software predictive analytic tools include: Commercial predictive analytic tools include: Beside these software packages, specific tools have also been developed for industrial applications. For example, Watchdog Agent Toolbox has been developed and optimized for predictive analysis in prognostics and health management applications and is available for MATLAB and LabVIEW. The most popular commercial predictive analytics software packages according to the Rexer Analytics Survey for 2013 are IBM SPSS Modeler,

neg: Bitnami Bitnami Bitnami is a library of installers or software packages for web applications and development stacks as well as virtual appliances. Bitnami is sponsored by Bitrock, a company founded in 2003 in Seville, Spain by Daniel Lopez Ridruejo and Erica Brescia. Bitnami stacks are used for installing software on Linux, Windows, Mac OS X and Solaris. Bitnami stacks are available for web applications such as WordPress, Drupal, Joomla!, and MediaWiki. In addition to the application itself, the stacks include the other software required to run that application. For example, a WordPress stack will include WordPress, as well as the MySQL

neg: Symbolic link Kits include a program called linkd to create junction points; a more powerful one named Junction was distributed by Sysinternals' Mark Russinovich. Not all standard applications support reparse points. Most noticeably, Backup suffers from this problem and will issue an error message 0x80070003 when the folders to be backed up contain a reparse point. Shortcuts, which are supported by the graphical file browsers of some operating systems, may resemble symbolic links but differ in a number of important ways. One difference is what type of software is able to follow them: Another difference are the capabilities of the mechanism: Almost

neg: Application virtualization can be run side-by-side. Examples of this technology for the Windows platform include: Application virtualization allows applications to run in environments that do not suit the native application. For example, Wine allows some Microsoft Windows applications to run on Linux. Application virtualization reduces system integration and administration costs by maintaining a common software baseline across multiple diverse computers in an organization. Lesser integration protects the operating system and other applications from poorly written or buggy code. In some cases, it provides memory protection, IDE-style debugging features and may even run applications that are not written correctly, for example applications that

neg: Damn Small Linux Damn Small Linux Damn Small Linux (commonly abbreviated DSL) is a computer operating system for the x86 family of personal computers. It is free and open source software under the terms of the GNU GPL and other free and open source licenses. It was designed to run graphical applications on older PC hardware—for example, machines with 486/early Pentium processors and very little memory. DSL is a Live CD with a size of 50 MB. What originally started as an experiment to see how much software could fit in 50 MB eventually became a full-fledged Linux distribution. It can be installed

neg: Application software of that platform. This is called a killer application or "killer app". For example, VisiCalc was the first modern spreadsheet software for the Apple II and helped selling the then-new personal computers into offices. For Blackberry it was their email software. In recent years, the shortened term "app" (coined in 1981 or earlier) has become popular to refer to applications for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, the shortened form matching their typically smaller scope compared to applications on PCs. Even more recently, the shortened version is used for desktop application software as well. There are many different and

neg: Protocol stack higher layer adds more features and capability. User applications usually deal only with the topmost layers (see also OSI model). In practical implementation, protocol stacks are often divided into three major sections: media, transport, and applications. A particular operating system or platform will often have two well-defined software interfaces: one between the media and transport layers, and one between the transport layers and applications. The media-to-transport interface defines how transport protocol software makes use of particular media and hardware types and is associated with a device driver. For example, this interface level would define how TCP/IP transport software would talk

neg: Decision-making software Decision-making software Decision-making software (DM software) is a term for computer applications that help individuals and organisations make choices and take decisions, typically by ranking, prioritizing or choosing from a number of options. An early example of DM software was described in 1973. Before the advent of the World Wide Web, most DM software was spreadsheet-based, with the first web-based DM software appearing in the mid-1990s. Nowadays, many DM software products (mostly web-based) are available – e.g. see the comparison table below. Most DM software focuses on ranking, prioritizing or choosing from among alternatives characterized on multiple criteria or attributes.

neg: User guide document that addresses a specific aspect of a software product. Some usages are "Installation Guide", "Getting Started Guide", and various "How to" guides. An example is the "Picasa Getting Started Guide". In some business software applications, where groups of users have access to only a sub-set of the application's full functionality, a user guide may be prepared for each group. An example of this approach is the "Autodesk Topobase 2010 Help" document, which contains separate "Administrator Guides", "User Guides", and a "Developer's Guide". User guide A user guide or user's guide, also commonly known as a manual, is a technical

neg: Operating environment Operating environment In computer software, an operating environment or integrated applications environment is the environment in which users run application software. The environment consists of a user interface provided by an applications manager and usually an application programming interface (API) to the applications manager. An operating environment is usually "not" a full operating system, but is a form of middleware that rests between the OS and the application. For example, the first version of Microsoft Windows, Windows 1.0, was not a full operating system, but a GUI laid over DOS albeit with an API of its own. Similarly, the IBM

neg: Employee monitoring Common methods of monitoring include software monitoring, telephone tapping, video surveillance, email monitoring, and location monitoring. Software monitoring can occur if employees use company computers for their work, companies often utilize employee monitoring software that allows them to track what their employees are doing on the computers. Such as, what the speed of typing is, what mistakes are made, what applications were used, and what specific keys were pressed. Telephone tapping can be used to recover employees' phone call details and conversations. These can be recorded during monitoring. The number of calls, the duration of each call, and the idle

neg: Point of interest under ODbL license. The applications for POI are extensive. As GPS-enabled devices as well as software applications that use digital maps become more available, so too the applications for POI are also expanding. Newer digital cameras for example can automatically tag a photograph using Exif with the GPS location where a picture was taken; these pictures can then be overlaid as POI on a digital map or satellite image such as Google Earth. Geocaching applications are built around POI collections. In Vehicle tracking systems POIs are used to mark destination points and/or offices to that users of GPS tracking software

neg: Netscape Server Application Programming Interface the web page, and log the request. After Netscape introduced NSAPI, Microsoft developed ISAPI and the Apache Software Foundation developed Apache API (or ASAPI: Apache Server API). All three APIs have a number of similarities. For example: NSAPI, ISAPI and Apache API allow applications to run inside the server process. Further, all three allow applications to participate in the different stages of request processing. For example, Apache API hooks closely resemble those used in NSAPI. Netscape Server Application Programming Interface The Netscape Server Application Programming Interface (NSAPI) is an application programming interface for extending server software, typically web server software.

neg: Decision-making software alternatives. DM software employs a variety of MCDM methods; popular examples include: There are significant differences between these methods and, accordingly, the DM software implementing them. Such differences include: In the process of helping decision-makers to rank, prioritize or choose from among alternatives, DM software products often include a variety of features and tools; common examples include: DM software includes the following notable examples. Decision-making software Decision-making software (DM software) is a term for computer applications that help individuals and organisations make choices and take decisions, typically by ranking, prioritizing or choosing from a number of options. An early example

neg: IBM WebSphere Portlet Factory The latest release is Web Experience Factory 7.0.1 IBM WebSphere Portlet Factory WebSphere Portlet Factory is an IBM product that was originally developed by Bowstreet Inc., until it was acquired by IBM in December 2005. It is a development environment for building portal and web applications. Recently IBM has changed the name of the software from Websphere Portlet Factory to Web Experience factory. The reason for changing the name is to convey that the software can be used to create other types of web applications besides just portlet applications. For example, the software can be used to make stand alone

neg: Software cracking CD or DVD. This may enable another program such as Alcohol 120%, CloneDVD, Game Jackal, or Daemon Tools to copy the protected software to a user's hard disk. Popular commercial copy protection applications which may be scanned for include SafeDisc and StarForce. In other cases, it might be possible to decompile a program in order to get access to the original source code or code on a level higher than machine code. This is often possible with scripting languages and languages utilizing JIT compilation. An example is cracking (or debugging) on the .NET platform where one might consider manipulating CIL

neg: Internet privacy standard. Even if users encrypt the data, the ISP still knows the IP addresses of the sender and of the recipient. (However, see the IP addresses section for workarounds.) An Anonymizer such as I2P – The Anonymous Network or Tor can be used for accessing web services without them knowing one's IP address and without one's ISP knowing what the services are that one accesses. Additional software has been developed that may provide more secure and anonymous alternatives to other applications. For example, Bitmessage can be used as an alternative for email and Cryptocat as an alternative for online chat.

neg: Digital twin which is the first company to market a patient-based simulation model for treatment of aneurysms. This treatment allows prediction of deployment of medical devices. Their product Sim&Size is an implant composed of three applications used to heal patients of neurovascular disorders such as aneurysms. Another industry that has been disrupted by digital twin technology is the automobile industry. Digital twins in the automobile industry are implemented by using existing data in order to facilitate processes and reduce marginal costs. Currently, automobile designers expand the existing physical materiality by incorporating software-based digital abilities. A specific example of digital twin technology in

neg: Professional certification low-stakes organization for internal purposes. For example, a corporation might require a one-day training course for all sales personnel, after which they receive a certificate. While this certificate has limited portability – to other corporations, for example – it is the most simple to develop. Product-specific certifications are more involved, and are intended to be referenced to a product across all applications. This approach is very prevalent in the information technology (IT) industry, where personnel are certified on a version of software or hardware. This type of certification is portable across locations (for example, different corporations that use that software),

neg: Free software donations, crowdfunding, corporate contributions, and tax money. The SELinux project at the United States National Security Agency is an example of a federally funded free software project. Proprietary software on the other hand tends to use a different business model, where a customer of the proprietary application pays a fee for a license to legally access and use it. This license may grant the customer the ability to configure some or no parts of the software themselves. Often some level of support is included in the purchase of proprietary software, but additional support services (especially for enterprise applications) are usually

neg: Algorithmic bias websites, recommendation engines, online retail, online advertising, and more. Contemporary social scientists are concerned with algorithmic processes embedded into hardware and software applications because of their political and social impact, and question the underlying assumptions of an algorithm's neutrality. The term "algorithmic bias" describes systematic and repeatable errors that create unfair outcomes, such as privileging one arbitrary group of users over others. For example, a credit score algorithm may deny a loan without being unfair, if it is consistently weighing relevant financial criteria. If the algorithm recommends loans to one group of users, but denies loans to another set of

neg: Digital environment Optimum digital environments require communications and integrations within individual devices, such as computers, servers, mobile devices, and other personal digitally-based devices, as well as communications and integrations between computer software applications and programs. For example, a digital environment in an organization includes systems of email servers, storage/data servers, accounting software programs, web-based applications, customer relationship management (CRM) applications and websites. An optimum digital environment would include the strategy and implementation of all of those systems, software programs and applications to work in an integrated environment, which allows them to communicate with each other and with other digital environments outside the

neg: GigaMesh Software Framework der minoischen und mykenischen Siegel. Analog to the developments for processing cuneiform tablets there are further approaches for adaption of the combined Computer Vision and Machine Learning methods for other "Scripts in 3D". An example is the application within the Text Database and Dictionary of Classic Mayan. GigaMesh Software Framework The GigaMesh Software Framework is a modular software for display, editing and visualization of 3D-data typically acquired with structured light or structure from motion. It provides numerous functions for analysis of archaeological objects like cuneiform tablets, ceramics or converted LiDAR data. Typically applications are unwrappings (or rollouts), profile cuts (or

neg: Communications-enabled application Communications-enabled application A communications enabled application (CEA) is a set of information technology (IT) components and communication technology components that are integrated using a particular service-oriented architecture (SOA) to increase the productivity of an organization and/or improve the quality of users' experiences. Communication enablement adds real-time networking functionality to an IT application. Providing communications capability to an IT application: What distinguishes a CEA from other software applications is its intrinsic reliance upon communications technologies to accomplish its objectives. A CEA depends on real-time networking capabilities together with such network oriented functions as location, presence, proximity, and identity. Another distinguishing characteristic

neg: Robotic automation software greatly in significance. For example, as far as any increased speed of production is concerned, this produces an increase in productivity for the manufacturing sector whereas it typically implies a customer service benefit in the service sector. Scalability is another area where the impact on the service sector is dramatically different from manufacturing. The marginal cost of additional robots in manufacturing may be significant whereas additional software robots can be deployed with minimal (if not zero) marginal investment. Hence for products and services with varying or seasonal demand (be it financial applications pegged to the tax year or one-off spikes

neg: Adobe LiveCycle users may resort to printing PDF documents from compatible Adobe software and scanning the printouts into unrestricted, rasterized PDF's that are usable in third-party software. For example, a university admissions department may be unable to load an electronic transcript received from the National Student Clearinghouse, which allows client schools to restrict e-transcripts with Adobe LiveCycle, into admissions CRM software. Adobe LiveCycle Adobe LiveCycle Enterprise Suite (ES4) is an service-oriented architecture Java EE server software product from Adobe Systems used to build applications that automate a broad range of business processes for enterprises and government agencies. LiveCycle ES4 is an enterprise

neg: Software as a service by the success of online social networks and other so-called "web 2.0" functionality, many SaaS applications offer features that let their users collaborate and share information. For example, many project management applications delivered in the SaaS model offer—in addition to traditional project planning functionality—collaboration features letting users comment on tasks and plans and share documents within and outside an organization. Several other SaaS applications let users vote on and offer new feature ideas. Although some collaboration-related functionality is also integrated into on-premises software, (implicit or explicit) collaboration between users or different customers is only possible with centrally hosted software. OpenSaaS

neg: Collaborative product development comes under this title does vary depending on whom one asks; however, it usually consists of the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) areas of: Product Data Management (PDM); Product visualization; team collaboration and conferencing tools; and supplier sourcing software. It is generally accepted as not including CAD geometry tools, but does include data translation technology. Clearly general collaborative software such as email and chat (instant messaging) is used within the CPD process. One important technology is application and desktop sharing, allowing one person to view what another person is doing on a remote machine. For CAD and product visualization applications an

neg: Impulse C parallel applications at a relatively high level of abstraction, without the cycle-by-cycle synchronization that would otherwise be required. Using Impulse C, an application can be partitioned to create a multiple-process implementation that is partitioned into hardware and software components, or implemented entirely within an FPGA device. For example, an image filtering application could be described using Impulse C as a collection of parallel, pipelined processes, each of which has been described using one or more C subroutines. On the software side of the application, for example in an embedded FPGA processor, Impulse C library functions are used to open and

neg: Software monetization various compensation methods available to software publishers. Pay-per-install (PPI), for example, generates revenue by bundling third-party applications, also known as adware, with either freeware or shareware applications. The exact origin of the term 'software monetization' is unknown, however, it has been in use in the information security industry since 2010. It was first used to articulate the value of licensing for cloud-hosted applications, but later came to encompass applications embedded in hardware and installed on premises. Today, software monetization broadly applies to software licensing, protection, and entitlement management solutions. In the digital advertising space, the term refers to solutions that

neg: Screen reader Screen reader A screen reader is a form of assistive technology (AT) which is essential to people who are blind, as well as useful to people who are visually impaired, illiterate, or have a learning disability. Screen readers are software applications that attempt to convey what people with normal eyesight see on a display to their users via non-visual means, like text-to-speech, sound icons, or a Braille device. They do this by applying a wide variety of techniques that include for example interacting with dedicated accessibility APIs, using various operating system features (like inter-process communication and querying user interface properties)

neg: GENESIS (software) modeling of signal transduction pathways. GENESIS has been used in many studies. Some of these studies involve research that focuses on the development of software that would be useful across many disciplines. Others are studies of neurons, such as Purkinje cells. These studies used GENESIS to simulate Purkinje cells and could be useful for the planning and development of later experiments using the GENESIS software. There may also be biomedical applications of the software. For example, St. Jude Medical in Europe has developed an implanted GENESIS device. GENESIS (software) GENESIS (The "General Neural Simulation System") is a simulation environment for

neg: AmigaDOS native Amiga applications, which assume case insensitivity. Advanced users will hence typically only use the case sensitivity flag for file systems used for software originating from Un*x. Note also that re-casing of file, directory and volume names is allowed using ordinary methods; the commands "rename foo Foo" and "relabel Bar: bAr:" are valid and do exactly what is expected, in contrast to for example on Linux, where "mv foo Foo" results in the error message "mv: `foo' and `Foo' are the same file" on case-insensitive filesystems like VFAT. Partitions and physical drives are typically referred to as "DF0:" (floppy drive

neg: Enterprise application integration Enterprise application integration Enterprise application integration (EAI) is the use of software and computer systems' architectural principles to integrate a set of enterprise computer applications. Enterprise application integration is an integration framework composed of a collection of technologies and services which form a middleware or "middleware framework" to enable integration of systems and applications across an enterprise. Many types of business software such as supply chain management applications, ERP systems, CRM applications for managing customers, business intelligence applications, payroll and human resources systems typically cannot communicate with one another in order to share data or business rules. For this reason,

neg: Business software monitor them. Some business applications are built in-house and some are bought from vendors (off the shelf software products). These business applications are installed on either desktops or big servers. Prior to the introduction of COBOL (a universal compiler) in 1965, businesses developed their own unique machine language. RCA's language consisted of a 12-position instruction. For example, to read a record into memory, the first two digits would be the instruction (action) code. The next four positions of the instruction (an 'A' address) would be the exact leftmost memory location where you want the readable character to be placed. Four

neg: Apdex Apdex Apdex (Application Performance Index) is an open standard for measuring performance of software applications in computing. Its purpose is to convert measurements into insights about user satisfaction, by specifying a uniform way to analyze and report on the degree to which measured performance meets user expectations. It was developed by an alliance of companies. When engaging in application performance management, for example in the course of Website monitoring, enterprises collect many measurements of the performance of information technology (IT) applications. However, this measurement data rarely provides a clear and simple picture of how well those applications are performing from

neg: Orchid Software into departments, projects, and other business functions where applications would be installed in isolation of one another. Applications included content management tools, communication tools, form and workflow tools, personnel and absence management tools, an e-learning platform, a customer service desk, risk management and an expense manager. The software was actively developed for 17 years, and as an on-premise solution it was mainly sold to medium and large-sized organisations in the UK. Oak.com is a intranet portal and cloud collaboration service. The software is a successor to Orchidnet in that it shares many of the same applications but has been entirely

neg: Software modernization more and more applications that were written in so called modern languages like java are becoming legacy. Whereas 'legacy' languages such as COBOL are top on the list for what would be considered legacy, software written in newer languages can be just as monolithic, hard to modify, and thus, be candidates of modernization projects. Re-implementing applications on new platforms in this way can reduce operational costs, and the additional capabilities of new technologies can provide access to functions such as web services and integrated development environments. Once transformation is complete and functional equivalence has been reached the applications can be

neg: Binary file data files produced by one application are exactly the same as data files produced by another application. For example, some software companies produce applications for Windows and the Macintosh that are binary compatible, which means that a file produced in a Windows environment is interchangeable with a file produced on a Macintosh. This avoids many of the conversion problems caused by importing and exporting data. One possible binary compatibility issue between different computers is the endianness of the computer. Some computers store the bytes in a file in a different order. Binary file A binary file is a computer file