query: when did the woolly mammoth species become extinct

pos: Woolly mammoth time. Most populations disappeared between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago. The last mainland population existed in the Kyttyk Peninsula of Siberia 9,650 years ago. A small population of woolly mammoths survived on St. Paul Island, Alaska, well into the Holocene with the most recently published date of extinction being 5,600 years B.P. The last known population remained on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until 4,000 years ago, well into the start of human civilization and concurrent with the construction of the Great Pyramid of ancient Egypt. DNA sequencing of remains of two mammoths, one from Siberia 44,800 years BP

neg: Columbian mammoth horses and buffalos. It did not live in Arctic Canada, which was inhabited by woolly mammoths. Fossils of woolly and Columbian mammoths have been found in the same place in a few areas of North America where their ranges overlapped, including the Hot Springs Site. It is unknown whether the two species were sympatric and lived there simultaneously, or if the woolly mammoths entered southern areas when Columbian mammoth populations were absent. The Columbian mammoth coexisted with the other extinct proboscideans "Stegomastodon mirificus" and "Cuvieronius tropicus" at sites in Texas and New Mexico during the early Irvingtonian. Humans entered the

neg: Woolly mammoth Woolly mammoth The woolly mammoth ("Mammuthus primigenius") is an extinct species of mammoth that lived during the Pleistocene until its extinction in the early Holocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with "Mammuthus subplanifrons" in the early Pliocene. The woolly mammoth diverged from the steppe mammoth about 400,000 years ago in East Asia. Its closest extant relative is the Asian elephant. The appearance and behaviour of this species are among the best studied of any prehistoric animal because of the discovery of frozen carcasses in Siberia and Alaska, as well as skeletons,

neg: Woolly mammoth Alaska. In October 1899, Henry Tukeman detailed his killing of a mammoth in Alaska and his subsequent donation of the specimen to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.. The museum denied the story. Bengt Sjögren believed that the myth began when the American biologist Charles Haskins Townsend travelled in Alaska, saw Eskimos trading mammoth tusks, asked if there were still living mammoths in Alaska, and provided them with a drawing of the animal. Woolly mammoth The woolly mammoth ("Mammuthus primigenius") is an extinct species of mammoth that lived during the Pleistocene until its extinction in the early Holocene epoch. It

neg: Woolly mammoth 40,000 years ago, not long before the entire species became extinct. Fossils of woolly mammoths and Columbian mammoths have been found together in a few localities of North America, including the Hot Springs sinkhole of South Dakota where their regions overlapped. It is unknown whether the two species were sympatric and lived there simultaneously, or if the woolly mammoths may have entered these southern areas during times when Columbian mammoth populations were absent there. Modern humans coexisted with woolly mammoths during the Upper Palaeolithic period when the humans entered Europe from Africa between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. Before this,

neg: Eske Willerslev change can explain the extinction the Eurasian musk ox and woolly rhinoceros, while it is more likely that a combination of climate and humans was responsible for the extinction of Eurasian steppe bison and wild horse. The causes behind the extinction of the woolly mammoth were ambiguous. They did not find any genetic signature or any distinctive range dynamics distinguishing extinct (woolly mammoth and rhino) from surviving species (horse, musk ox, and reindeer), revealing the challenges associated with predicting future responses of extant mammals to climate and human derived change to their habitats. In 2010, a team led by Willerslev

neg: Woolly mammoth identify the woolly mammoth remains not as modern elephants transported to the Arctic, but as an entirely new species. He argued this species had gone extinct and no longer existed, a concept that was not widely accepted at the time. Following Cuvier's identification, the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach gave the woolly mammoth its scientific name, "Elephas primigenius", in 1799, placing it in the same genus as the Asian elephant. This name is Latin for "first elephant". Cuvier coined the name "Elephas mammonteus" a few months later, but the former name was subsequently used. In 1828, the British naturalist Joshua

neg: Woolly mammoth profile of the woolly mammoth, which allowed them to trace the close evolutionary relationship between mammoths and Asian elephants ("Elephas maximus"). A 2015 DNA review confirmed Asian elephants as the closest living relative of the woolly mammoth. African elephants ("Loxodonta africana") branched away from this clade around 6 million years ago, close to the time of the similar split between chimpanzees and humans. Before the publication of the Neanderthal genome, many researchers expected the first fully sequenced nuclear genome of an extinct species would be that of the mammoth. A 2010 study confirmed these relationships, and suggested the mammoth and

neg: Georges Cuvier did not prevent the rise of a popular legend that Cuvier could reconstruct the entire bodily structures of extinct animals given only a few fragments of bone. At the time Cuvier presented his 1796 paper on living and fossil elephants, it was still widely believed that no species of animal had ever become extinct. Authorities such as Buffon had claimed that fossils found in Europe of animals such as the woolly rhinoceros and the mammoth were remains of animals still living in the tropics (i.e. rhinoceros and elephants), which had shifted out of Europe and Asia as the earth became

neg: Bølling-Allerød warming bison, woolly mammoth and woolly rhinoceros were attested, and were hunted by early man. In the alpine regions ibex and chamois were hunted. Throughout the forest were red deer. Smaller animals, such as fox, wolf, hare and squirrel also appear. Salmon was fished. When this interstadial period ended, with the onset of the Younger Dryas, many of these species were forced to migrate south or become regionally extinct. In recent years research tied the Bølling-Allerød warming to the release of heat from warm waters originating from the deep North Atlantic Ocean, possibly triggered by a strengthening of the Atlantic meridional

neg: Steppe mammoth and measurements. Steppe mammoth The steppe mammoth ("Mammuthus trogontherii", sometimes "Mammuthus armeniacus") is an extinct species of Elephantidae that ranged over most of northern Eurasia during the Middle Pleistocene, 600,000-370,000 years ago. It probably evolved in Siberia during the early Pleistocene from "Mammuthus meridionalis". It was the first stage in the evolution of the steppe and tundra elephants and an ancestor of the woolly mammoth of later glacial periods. It is believed that the steppe Mammoth had fur on the majority of its body (much like the woolly mammoths but slightly shorter) due to its living in regions such as

neg: Steppe mammoth Steppe mammoth The steppe mammoth ("Mammuthus trogontherii", sometimes "Mammuthus armeniacus") is an extinct species of Elephantidae that ranged over most of northern Eurasia during the Middle Pleistocene, 600,000-370,000 years ago. It probably evolved in Siberia during the early Pleistocene from "Mammuthus meridionalis". It was the first stage in the evolution of the steppe and tundra elephants and an ancestor of the woolly mammoth of later glacial periods. It is believed that the steppe Mammoth had fur on the majority of its body (much like the woolly mammoths but slightly shorter) due to its living in regions such as Siberia. There

neg: Woolly mammoth teeth, stomach contents, dung, and depiction from life in prehistoric cave paintings. Mammoth remains had long been known in Asia before they became known to Europeans in the 17th century. The origin of these remains was long a matter of debate, and often explained as being remains of legendary creatures. The mammoth was identified as an extinct species of elephant by Georges Cuvier in 1796. The woolly mammoth was roughly the same size as modern African elephants. Males reached shoulder heights between and weighed up to . Females reached in shoulder heights and weighed up to . A newborn calf

neg: Molecular paleontology rates approximated to be 100 to 1,000 times the background extinction rate, it is feared that a de-extinction program might lessen public concerns over the current mass extinction crisis, if it is believed that these species can simply be brought back to life. As the editors of a Scientific American article on de-extinction pose: Should we bring back the woolly mammoth only to let elephants become extinct in the meantime? The main driving factor for the extinction of most species in this era (post 10,000 BC) is the loss of habitat, and temporarily bringing back an extinct species will not

neg: Woolly mammoth formed part of the Quaternary extinction event, which began 40,000 years ago and peaked between 14,000 and 11,500 years ago. Scientists are divided over whether hunting or climate change, which led to the shrinkage of its habitat, was the main factor that contributed to the extinction of the woolly mammoth, or whether it was due to a combination of the two. Whatever the cause, large mammals are generally more vulnerable than smaller ones due to their smaller population size and low reproduction rates. Different woolly mammoth populations did not die out simultaneously across their range, but gradually became extinct over

neg: George M. Church a "ticker tape record" of neuronal activity. In March 2015, Church and his genetics research team at Harvard successfully copied woolly mammoth genes into the genome of an Asian elephant. Using the CRISPR DNA editing technique, his group spliced genetic segments from frozen mammoth specimens, including genes from the ears, subcutaneous fat, and hair attributes, into the DNA of skin cells from a modern elephant. This marked the first time that woolly mammoth genes had been functionally active since the species became extinct. Their work has not been subject to peer review, however. Church stated that "Just making a DNA

neg: Pleistocene megafauna of North America. Among the most recognizable Eurasian species are the woolly mammoth, steppe mammoth, straight-tusked elephant, aurochs, steppe bison, cave lion, cave bear, cave hyena, "Homotherium", Irish elk, giant polar bears, woolly rhinoceros, Merck's rhinoceros, narrow-nosed rhinoceros, and "Elasmotherium". In contrast, today the largest European land mammal is the European bison or wisent. Many islands had a unique megafauna that became extinct upon the arrival of humans more recently (over the last few millennia and continuing into recent centuries). These included dwarf woolly mammoths on Wrangel Island, St. Paul Island and the Channel Islands of California; giant bird forms

neg: Mammoth "artificial womb" a hybrid elephant with some woolly mammoth traits. Comparative genomics shows that the mammoth genome matches 99% the elephant genome, so some researchers aim to engineer an elephant with some mammoth genes that code for the external appearance and traits of a mammoth. The outcome would be an elephant-mammoth hybrid with no more than 1% mammoth genes. And now separate projects are working on gradually adding mammoth genes to elephant cells "in vitro". Mammoth A mammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammuthus, one of the many genera that make up the order of trunked mammals called

neg: Mammal the appearance of humans, suggesting a human influence. One hypothesis is that humans hunted large mammals, such as the [[woolly mammoth]], into extinction. Various species are predicted to [[List of critically endangered species|become extinct in the near future]], among them the [[rhinoceros]], [[primates]], [[pangolins]], and [[giraffes]]. Hunting alone threatens hundreds of mammalian species around the world. Scientists claim that the growing demand for [[meat]] is contributing to biodiversity loss as this is a significant driver of [[deforestation]] and [[habitat destruction]]; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the [[Amazon rainforest]], are being converted to agricultural land for meat production. According

neg: Molecular paleontology recreate the environment they once inhabited. Proponents of de-extinction, such as George Church, speak of many potential benefits. Reintroducing an extinct keystone species, such as the woolly mammoth, could help re-balance the ecosystems that once depended on them. Some extinct species could create broad benefits for the environments they once inhabited, if returned. For example, woolly mammoths may be able to slow the melting of the Russian and Arctic tundra in several ways such as eating dead grass so that new grass can grow and take root, and periodically breaking up the snow, subjecting the ground below to the arctic

neg: Woolly mammoth of China, and is 33,000 years old. The southernmost European remains are from the Depression of Granada in Spain and are of roughly the same age. DNA studies have helped determine the phylogeography of the woolly mammoth. A 2008 DNA study showed there were two distinct groups of woolly mammoths: one that became extinct 45,000 years ago and another one that became extinct 12,000 years ago. The two groups are speculated to be divergent enough to be characterised as subspecies. The group that became extinct earlier stayed in the middle of the high Arctic, while the group with the later

neg: De-extinction performed regarding de-extinction to investigate advantages and disadvantages to the technology. New technological practices must be examined to prevent environmental hazards. Counter arguments have been made, however, in regards to the benefits of bringing back extinct species. Harvard geneticist, George Church, gives an example of the positive effects of bringing back the extinct woolly mammoth would have on the environment. He explains that if the newly developed mammoth hybrids were to be placed in areas such as Siberia and Alaska, the outcome may reverse the damage that global warming has caused. He and his fellow researchers predict that mammoths would

neg: Woolly mammoth of extinct elephants, though other scholars are sceptical that folk memory could survive such a long time. Siberian mammoth ivory is reported to have been exported to Russia and Europe in the 10th century. The first Siberian ivory to reach western Europe was brought to London in 1611. When Russia occupied Siberia, the ivory trade grew and it became a widely exported commodity, with huge amounts being excavated. From the 19th century and onwards, woolly mammoth ivory became a highly prized commodity, used as raw material for many products. Today it is still in great demand as a replacement for

neg: Columbian mammoth and the woolly mammoth. Since no Columbian mammoth soft tissue has been found, much less is known about its appearance than that of the woolly mammoth. It lived in warmer habitats than the woolly mammoth, and probably lacked many of the adaptations seen in that species. Hair thought to be that of the Columbian mammoth has been discovered in Bechan Cave in Utah, where mammoth dung has also been found. Some of this hair is coarse, and identical to that known to belong to woolly mammoths; however, since this location is so far south it is unlikely to be woolly

neg: Rhinoceros about 5 million years ago. The last rhinos in the Americas became extinct during the Pliocene. Modern rhinos are thought to have begun dispersal from Asia during the Miocene. Two species survived the most recent period of glaciation and inhabited Europe as recently as 10,000 years ago: the woolly rhinoceros and "Elasmotherium". The woolly rhinoceros appeared in China around 1 million years ago and first arrived in Europe around 600,000 years ago. It reappeared 200,000 years ago, alongside the woolly mammoth, and became numerous. "Elasmotherium" was two meters tall, five meters long and weighed around five tons, with a single

neg: Woolly mammoth ridges that is intermediate between those of the Columbian/steppe mammoth and the woolly mammoth. Individuals and populations showing transitional morphologies between each of the mammoth species are known, and primitive and derived species coexisted as well until the former disappeared. The different species and their intermediate forms have therefore been termed "chronospecies". Many taxa intermediate between "M. primigenius" and other mammoths have also been proposed, but their validity is uncertain; depending on author, they are either considered primitive forms of an advanced species or advanced forms of a primitive species. Distinguishing and determining these intermediate forms has been called one

neg: Sumatran rhinoceros coat of hair it shares with the Sumatran rhinoceros, first appeared in China; by the Upper Pleistocene, it ranged across the Eurasian continent from Korea to Spain. The woolly rhinoceros survived the last Ice Age, but, like the woolly mammoth, most or all became extinct around 10,000 years ago. Although some morphological studies questioned the relationship, recent molecular analysis has supported the two species as sister taxa. A mature Sumatran rhino stands about high at the shoulder, has a body length of around , and weighs , though the largest individuals in zoos have been known to weigh as much

neg: Woolly mammoth for mammoth species, including replacing "Mammuthus" with "Mammonteus", as he believed the former name to be invalidly published. Mammoth taxonomy was simplified by various researchers from the 1970s onwards, all species were retained in the genus "Mammuthus", and many proposed differences between species were instead interpreted as intraspecific variation. Osborn chose two molars (found in Siberia and Osterode) from Blumenbach's collection at Göttingen University as the lectotype specimens for the woolly mammoth, since holotype designation was not practised in Blumenbach's time. The Russian palaeontologist Vera Gromova further proposed the former should be considered the lectotype with the latter as paralectotype.

neg: Woolly mammoth the now-banned export of elephant ivory, and has been referred to as "white gold". Local dealers estimate that there are 10 million mammoths still frozen in Siberia, and conservationists have suggested that this could help save the living species of elephants from extinction. Elephants are hunted by poachers for their ivory, but if this could instead be supplied by the already extinct mammoths, the demand could instead be met by these. Trade in elephant ivory has been forbidden in most places following the 1989 Lausanne Conference, but dealers have been known to label it as mammoth ivory to get it

neg: Late Cenozoic Ice Age Epoch. However, there is no evidence that its actually separate. At this time, it appears to be an interglacial period within the Pleistocene Epoch. This period can also be referred to as the Holocene Interglacial or Holocene Interstadial. According to Blue Marble 3000, the average global temperature at the beginning of the current interglacial period was around 12.9 °C (55.2 °F). Agriculture began 11,500 years ago. Equidae, giant ground sloths, and short-faced bears became extinct 11,000 years ago. The Smilodon became extinct 10,000 years ago, as well as the mainland species of the woolly mammoth. The giant lemur went extinct

neg: Woolly mammoth in the Abri de la Madeleine cave in Dordogne, France. The engraving was the first widely accepted evidence for the coexistence of humans with prehistoric extinct animals and is the first contemporary depiction of such a creature known to modern science. The woolly mammoth is the third most depicted animal in ice-age art, after horses and bison, and these images were produced between 35,000 and 11,500 years ago. Today, more than five hundred depictions of woolly mammoths are known, in media ranging from cave paintings and engravings on the walls of 46 caves in Russia, France and Spain to engravings

neg: Woolly mammoth a hybrid elephant-mammoth calf. The woolly mammoth has remained culturally significant long after its extinction. Indigenous peoples of Siberia had long found what are now known to be woolly mammoth remains, collecting their tusks for the ivory trade. Native Siberians believed woolly mammoth remains to be those of giant mole-like animals that lived underground and died when burrowing to the surface. Woolly mammoth tusks had been articles of trade in Asia long before Europeans became acquainted with them. Güyük, the 13th-century Khan of the Mongols, is reputed to have sat on a throne made from mammoth ivory. Inspired by the

neg: Pygmy mammoth favored smaller animals. Because of this, the pygmy mammoths began evolving through generations as a survival mechanism to stay alive on the ever-shrinking Santa Rosa Island; their body size became smaller because it required less food and resources to remain energized and alive. After this evolutionary period, the mammoth had become a distinct species, the pygmy mammoth. "M. exilis" should not be confused with the mammoths of Wrangel Island or Saint Paul Island, which were small races of the woolly mammoth ("M. primigenius") and which died out around 1700 B.C. and 4000 B.C., respectively. The pygmy mammoth was able to

neg: Genesis 2.0 Genesis 2.0 Genesis 2.0 is a documentary film made by Oscar-Nominated Swiss director and producer Christian Frei and Russian filmmaker Maxim Abugaev. The feature-length film was released in January 2018 in the World Cinema Documentary section at the Sundance Film Festival. At the center of the film is the woolly mammoth, an extinct and iconic species that today is surrounded by wishes and visions. On the one hand, the film documents the hazardous daily lives of a group of men who gather valuable mammoth tusks in a remote archipelago, the New Siberian Islands. On the other, it illuminates the potential

neg: Woolly mammoth of the woolly mammoth was mainly grass and sedges. Individuals could probably reach the age of 60. Its habitat was the mammoth steppe, which stretched across northern Eurasia and North America. The woolly mammoth coexisted with early humans, who used its bones and tusks for making art, tools, and dwellings, and the species was also hunted for food. It disappeared from its mainland range at the end of the Pleistocene 10,000 years ago, most likely through climate change and consequent shrinkage of its habitat, hunting by humans, or a combination of the two. Isolated populations survived on St. Paul Island

neg: Woolly mammoth of portable mammoth art, consisting of 62 depictions on 47 plaques, was found in the 1960s at an excavated open-air camp near Gönnersdorf in Germany. There does not seem to be a correlation between the number of mammoths depicted and the species that were most often hunted, since reindeer bones are the most frequently found animal remains at the site. Two spear throwers shaped as woolly mammoths have also been found in France. Some portable mammoth depictions may not have been produced where they were discovered, but could have moved around by ancient trading. Woolly mammoth bones were used as

neg: Woolly mammoth the islands in the New Siberian Islands archipelago, a female between 50 and 60 years old at the time of death. The carcass contained well-preserved muscular tissue. When it was extracted from the ice, liquid blood spilled from the abdominal cavity. The finders interpreted this as indicating woolly mammoth blood possessed anti-freezing properties. The existence of frozen soft tissue remains and DNA of woolly mammoths has led to the idea that the species could be recreated by scientific means. Several methods have been proposed to achieve this. Cloning would involve removal of the DNA-containing nucleus of the egg cell of

neg: Woolly mammoth about 2–1.7 million years ago. In turn, this species was replaced by the steppe mammoth ("M. trogontherii") with 18–20 ridges, which evolved in eastern Asia around 1 million years ago. The Columbian mammoth evolved from a population of "M. trogontherii" that had crossed the Bering Strait and entered North America about 1.5 million years ago; it retained a similar number of molar ridges. Mammoths derived from "M. trogontherii" evolved molars with 26 ridges 400,000 years ago in Siberia and became the woolly mammoth. Woolly mammoths entered North America about 100,000 years ago. Asian elephants have a variable number of enamel

neg: Pygmy mammoth hypothesized that an impact may have caused rapid ecosystem disruption, triggering megafaunal extinctions and reducing the population of the pygmy mammoth. However, geological data supporting or contradicting an impact is inconclusive. Pygmy mammoth The pygmy mammoth or Channel Islands mammoth ("Mammuthus exilis") is an extinct species of dwarf elephant descended from the Columbian mammoth ("M. columbi") of mainland North America. This species became extinct during the Quaternary extinction event in which many megafauna species became extinct due to changing conditions to which the species could not adapt. A case of island or insular dwarfism, from a recent analysis in 2010

neg: Fauna of Europe and retracting during the cold phases and another with opposed responses (the latter group is composed of so-called arctic and alpine species). Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna. As for the animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top predator species have been hunted to extinction. The woolly mammoth was extinct before the end of the Neolithic period. Tree species spread outward from refugia during interglacial periods, but in varied patterns, with different trees dominating in different periods. Insects, on the other hand, shifted their

neg: Mammoth the needed microbiome for digestion. Mammoths alive in the Arctic during the Last Glacial Maximum consumed mainly forbs, such as "Artemisia"; graminoids were only a minor part of their diet. The woolly mammoth ("M. primigenius") was the last species of the genus. Most populations of the woolly mammoth in North America and Eurasia, as well as all the Columbian mammoths ("M. columbi") in North America, died out around the time of the last glacial retreat, as part of a mass extinction of megafauna in northern Eurasia and the Americas. Until recently, the last woolly mammoths were generally assumed to have

neg: Woolly mammoth that they did not differ much in overall morphology. Woolly mammoths had numerous sebaceous glands in their skin, which secreted oils into their hair; this would have improved the wool's insulation, repelled water, and given the fur a glossy sheen. Preserved woolly mammoth fur is orange-brown, but this is believed to be an artefact from the bleaching of pigment during burial. The amount of pigmentation varied from hair to hair and also within each hair. A 2006 study sequenced the Mc1r gene (which influences hair colour in mammals) from woolly mammoth bones. Two alleles were found: a dominant (fully active)

neg: Panthera spelaea cave hyena, cave bear and Paleolithic artefacts were also found. It was most likely a solitary hunter. Isotopic analyses of bone collagen samples extracted from fossils indicate that cave bear cubs, reindeer and other cervids were prominent in the diet of cave lions. Later cave lions seem to have preyed foremost on reindeer, up to the brink of local extinction or extirpation of both species. Other possible prey species were giant deer, red deer, musk ox, bison, young woolly rhino and young mammoth. It likely competed for prey with "P. pardus spelaea". Panthera spelaea Panthera spelaea is an extinct "Panthera"

neg: Pygmy mammoth Pygmy mammoth The pygmy mammoth or Channel Islands mammoth ("Mammuthus exilis") is an extinct species of dwarf elephant descended from the Columbian mammoth ("M. columbi") of mainland North America. This species became extinct during the Quaternary extinction event in which many megafauna species became extinct due to changing conditions to which the species could not adapt. A case of island or insular dwarfism, from a recent analysis in 2010 it was determined that "M. exilis" was on average, tall at the shoulders and in weight, in stark contrast to its tall, ancestor. Another estimate gives a shoulder height of and

neg: Woolly mammoth It appears that such meat was once recommended against illness in China, and Siberian natives have occasionally cooked the meat of frozen carcasses they discovered. There have been occasional claims that the woolly mammoth is not extinct, and that small isolated herds might survive in the vast and sparsely inhabited tundra of the Northern Hemisphere. In the 19th century, several reports of "large shaggy beasts" were passed on to the Russian authorities by Siberian tribesmen, but no scientific proof ever surfaced. A French chargé d'affaires working in Vladivostok, M. Gallon, said in 1946 that in 1920 he had met a

neg: De-extinction would be unclear; these resources should instead be used to preserve extant elephant species which are endangered. However, it was reported in March 2014 that blood recovered from a frozen mammoth carcass in 2013 now provides a "High chance" of cloning the woolly mammoth, despite previous hindrances. Another way to revive the woolly mammoth would be to migrate genes from the mammoth genome into the genes of its closest living relative, the Asian elephant, to create hybridized animals with the notable adaptations that it had for living in a much colder environment than modern day elephants. This is currently being

neg: Mammoth steppe Mammoth steppe During the Last Glacial Maximum, the mammoth steppe was the Earth’s most extensive biome. It spanned from Spain eastwards across Eurasia to Canada and from the arctic islands southwards to China. It had a cold, dry climate, the vegetation was dominated by palatable high-productivity grasses, herbs and willow shrubs, and the animal biomass was dominated by the bison, horse, and the woolly mammoth. This ecosystem covered wide areas of the northern part of the globe, thrived for approximately 100,000 years without major changes, and then suddenly became all but extinct about 12,000 years ago. At the end of

neg: Woolly mammoth most common health problem found in woolly mammoth fossils. Sometimes the replacement was disrupted, and the molars were pushed into abnormal positions, but some animals are known to have survived this. Teeth from Britain showed that 2% of specimens had periodontal disease, with half of these containing caries. The teeth also sometimes had cancerous growths. Adult woolly mammoths could effectively defend themselves from predators with their tusks, trunks and size, but juveniles and weakened adults were vulnerable to pack hunters such as wolves, cave hyenas and large felines. The tusks may also have been used in intra-species fighting, such as

neg: Columbian mammoth Columbian mammoths, including the morphologically typical "Huntington mammoth", were grouped within a subclade of woolly mammoths. This suggests that the two populations interbred and produced fertile offspring. One possible explanation is introgression of a haplogroup from woolly to Columbian mammoths, or vice versa. A similar situation has been documented in modern species of African elephant ("Loxodonta"), the African bush elephant ("L. africana") and the African forest elephant ("L. cyclotis"). The authors of the study also suggest that the North American type formerly referred to as "M. jeffersonii" may have been a hybrid between the two species, as it is apparently

neg: Pleistocene Park habitats such as taiga, tundra, steppe and alpine terrain. The main object, however, is to recreate the extensive grasslands that covered the Beringia region in the late Pleistocene. This form of grassland (also known as mammoth steppe) was inhabited by a diverse set of large and medium herbivores. Back in the Pleistocene the area was populated by many species of grazers that assembled in large herds similar in size to those in Africa today. Species that roamed the great grasslands included the woolly mammoth, woolly rhino, steppe wisent, Lena horse, muskox, and reindeer. Another herbivore that was abundant in this

neg: Mammoth steppe productive environment. The vegetation was dominated by palatable high-productivity grasses, herbs and willow shrubs. The mammoth steppe was dominated in biomass by bison, horse, and the woolly mammoth, and was the center for the evolution of the Pleistocene woolly fauna. On Wrangel Island, the remains of woolly mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, horse, bison and musk ox have been found. Reindeer and small animal remains do not preserve, but reindeer excrement has been found in sediment. In the most arid regions of the mammoth steppe that were to the south of Central Siberia and Mongolia, woolly rhinoceros were common but woolly mammoths

neg: De-extinction methods to find usable mammoth DNA. In 2011, Japanese scientists announced plans to clone mammoths within six years. As the woolly mammoth genome has been mapped, a complete strand of DNA may be synthesised in the future. Mammoth expert Adrian Lister questions the ethics of such recreation attempts. In addition to the technical problems, he notes that there is not much habitat left that would be suitable for woolly mammoths. Because the species was gregarious, creating a few specimens would not be ideal. He also notes that the time and resources required would be enormous, and that the scientific benefits

neg: Genesis 2.0 humanity’s reckless courage — as such, it’s a picture which finds its closest parallels in the films of Werner Herzog.” Genesis 2.0 Genesis 2.0 is a documentary film made by Oscar-Nominated Swiss director and producer Christian Frei and Russian filmmaker Maxim Abugaev. The feature-length film was released in January 2018 in the World Cinema Documentary section at the Sundance Film Festival. At the center of the film is the woolly mammoth, an extinct and iconic species that today is surrounded by wishes and visions. On the one hand, the film documents the hazardous daily lives of a group of men

neg: Europe species have been hunted to extinction. The woolly mammoth was extinct before the end of the Neolithic period. Today wolves (carnivores) and bears (omnivores) are endangered. Once they were found in most parts of Europe. However, deforestation and hunting caused these animals to withdraw further and further. By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc.), but in these areas brown bear populations are

neg: Cervalces scotti resided in North America during an era with other megafauna such as the woolly mammoth, ground sloth, long horn bison, and saber toothed cat. The species became extinct approximately 11,500 years ago, toward the end of the most recent ice age, as part of a mass extinction of large North American mammals. The first evidence of "Cervalces scotti" found in modern times was discovered at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky by William Clark, "circa" 1805. A more complete skeleton was found in 1885 by William Barryman Scott in New Jersey. Mummified remains have also been found. The ancestor of "Cervalces scotti"

neg: Woolly mammoth until 5,600 years ago and on Wrangel Island until 4,000 years ago. After its extinction, humans continued using its ivory as a raw material, a tradition that continues today. It has been proposed the species could be recreated through various means, but none of these are yet feasible. Remains of various extinct elephants were known by Europeans for centuries, but were generally interpreted, based on biblical accounts, as the remains of legendary creatures such as behemoths or giants. It was also theorised that they were remains of modern elephants that had been brought to Europe during the Roman Republic, for

neg: Woolly mammoth extinction had a much wider range. Recent stable isotope studies of Siberian and New World mammoths have shown there were also differences in climatic conditions on either side of the Bering land bridge, with Siberia being more uniformly cold and dry throughout the Late Pleistocene. During the Younger Dryas age, woolly mammoths briefly expanded into north-east Europe, whereafter the mainland populations became extinct. A 2008 genetic study showed that some of the woolly mammoths that entered North America through the Bering land bridge from Asia migrated back about 300,000 years ago and had replaced the previous Asian population by about

neg: Woolly mammoth president Thomas Jefferson, who had a keen interest in palaeontology, was partially responsible for transforming the word "mammoth" from a noun describing the prehistoric elephant to an adjective describing anything of surprisingly large size. The first recorded use of the word as an adjective was in a description of a wheel of cheese (the "Cheshire Mammoth Cheese") given to Jefferson in 1802. By the early 20th century the taxonomy of extinct elephants was complex. In 1942, the American palaoentologist Henry Fairfield Osborn's posthumous monograph on the Proboscidea was published, wherein he used various taxon names that had previously been proposed

neg: Genesis 2.0 of genetic research and synthetic biology — the means by which researchers hope to bring the woolly mammoth back to life. Year after year, the "mammoth hunters" set out on a dangerous journey to the remote New Siberian Islands in the far north of Siberia. They dig into the earth in search of the tusks of extinct mammoths — precious ivory that they can sell for huge sums of money. Because the permafrost is thawing, entire mammoth carcasses are also coming to light, and scientists are showing great interest in these finds. Cloning researchers and molecular biologists are working with

neg: Columbian mammoth was reported in 1963 but has since been lost. The environment in these areas may have had more varied habitats than those inhabited by woolly mammoths in the north (the mammoth steppe). Some areas were covered by grass, herbaceous plants, trees and shrubs; their composition varied from region to region, and included grassland, savanna and aspen parkland habitats. There were also wooded areas; although mammoths would not have preferred forests, clearings could provide them with grass and herbs. The Columbian mammoth shared its habitat with other now-extinct Pleistocene mammals (such as "Glyptodon", "Smilodon", ground sloths, "Camelops" and the American mastodon),

neg: Genesis 2.0 Film Festival in January 2018 and was awarded with the World Cinema Documentary Special Jury Award for Cinematography. Swiss cameraman Peter Intergand and Russian filmmaker Maxim Arbugaev were responsible for the cinematography; Arbugaev also co-directed the film. In "The Hollywood Reporter", Sheri Linden writes that the film is a real-life thriller structured like a double helix, simultaneously frightening and unforgettable: “At the center of the heady mix is the woolly mammoth, a long-extinct species that key figures in the exquisitely crafted documentary are determined to revive. Those figures speak, without irony or warning, of the power to design bodies and

neg: Evolution of the wolf analysis of their fossil collagen to reconstruct their diets. Based on testing in Belgium, around 40,000 YBP the Cave hyenas preyed on mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, horses and reindeer, with cave lions taking reindeer and young cave bears. Wolves appear to have been out-competed by cave hyenas and had their diet restricted to chamois, giant deer and red deer. However, after the Last Glacial Maximum around 14,000 YBP, wolves had access to all prey species, the cave lion was restricted to reindeer, and the cave hyena had gone extinct. The data suggests that the extinction of the cave hyena allowed the

neg: The Neanderthal Parallax castration. However, because the punishment is so severe, these incidents are not always reported officially, and if the injured party is willing to forgive, and the aggressor undertakes counseling for anger management, an incident may go unpunished. Such incident is admissible in a future legal hearing as evidence of a prior disposition to violence, however. Lower population levels and the absence of large-scale agriculture mean that many species exist which are extinct on the gliksin version of Earth. These include not only birds such as the passenger pigeon, but also megafauna such as the woolly mammoth. Also, forests are much

neg: Fever Crumb (series) readers of a fourth installment. The series is set in the distant future, thousands of years after the Earth was ravaged by a nuclear conflict called the "Sixty Minute War", which almost destroyed civilization, leaving only bare remnants. Unlike in "Mortal Quartet" the effects of this war can still be felt, as several mutant species were created by the fallout, including a quasi-sentient race of seagulls, known as "Angels", and a new race of Woolly Mammoth creatures that are seemingly explained by a throwback caused by excessive radiation. The humanoid "Scriven" race, practically extinct in the later work, are at

neg: Moving the Mountain (novel) and alcohol are also out of fashion, because emancipated women condemn those habits. Robertson does not find it easy to accept the new social order; his sister gently mocks him as an example of "An Extinct Species of Mind", as exotic as a "Woolly Mammoth". He even longs for the noisy, dirty, crowded chaos of the cities of his youth, in preference to the clean, quiet, "beautiful" cities of 1940. In his discontent, Robertson travels to his home state of South Carolina to visit his Uncle Jake, an old farmer and a determined reactionary who rejects the radical improvements of

neg: Paleontology in Nebraska in all 93 counties of Nebraska. Woolly mammoth remains were preserved most abundantly in the western half of the state in areas like Dawes and Sioux Counties. Post-Kansan glaciation Nebraska was home to bear, giant bears, giant bison, caribou, wild cats, wild cattle, cougars, deer, jaguars, true moose, animals resembling musk oxen, actual musk oxen, mountain sheep, and giant stag-moose. "Archidiskodon imperator maibeni" left remains in Lincoln County. "Platycerabos dodsoni" was a wild cow known from Cass County. Other Late Pleistocene mammals included "Ambelodon fricki", extinct bison species, modern bison, modern coyotes, and a saber-toothed cat unrelated to "Smilodon". The

neg: Ffynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn Caves and the bones of extinct pre-iceage animals such as mammoth and woolly rhino. In 1963 it was designated as an SSSI for the palaeontological interest described above and for its species interest as a winter roost of lesser horseshoe bat. Ffynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn Caves Ffynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn Caves are two Scheduled Ancient Monuments which are also designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in Denbighshire, Wales. Two caves, with entrances close to each other high on a valley side above the Vale of Clwyd. They were first excavated in 1883-5. Human tools have been found

neg: Woolly mammoth species of mammoth are known from several localities, it is possible to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus through morphological studies. Mammoth species can be identified from the number of enamel ridges (or lamellar plates) on their molars; primitive species had few ridges, and the number increased gradually as new species evolved to feed on more abrasive food items. The crowns of the teeth became deeper in height and the skulls became taller to accommodate this. At the same time, the skulls became shorter from front to back to minimise the weight of the head. The short and tall

neg: Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company Capital Arts and Cultural Affairs Program of United States Commission of Fine Arts. Woolly Mammoth is a Blue Star Theatre – part of a collaboration between the Theatre Communications Group and Blue Star Families offering discounted admission to all military personnel, their families and U.S. veterans. Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company is a non-profit theatre company located at 641 D Street NW in the Penn Quarter neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Founded in 1980, it produces new plays which it believes to be edgy, challenging, and thought-provoking. Performances are in a 265-seat courtyard-style theater. Woolly Mammoth is led

neg: Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company is a non-profit theatre company located at 641 D Street NW in the Penn Quarter neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Founded in 1980, it produces new plays which it believes to be edgy, challenging, and thought-provoking. Performances are in a 265-seat courtyard-style theater. Woolly Mammoth is led by Artistic Director Maria Manuela Goyanes, a celebrated American theatre producer, and Managing Director Meghan Pressman. Woolly Mammoth was founded by Howard Shalwitz, Roger Brady, and Linda Reinisch in 1980. "While working odd jobs to make money, we held our first auditions outdoors in Glover Park

neg: Woolly mammoth is attempting to study the animals' characteristics "in vitro" by replacing or editing some specific mammoth genes into Asian elephant skin cells called fibroblasts that have the potential to become embryonic stem cells. By March 2015 and using the new CRISPR DNA editing technique, Church's team had some woolly mammoth genes edited into the genome of an Asian elephant; Focusing on cold-resistance initially, the target genes are for the external ear size, subcutaneous fat, hemoglobin, and hair attributes. By February 2017, Church's team had made 45 substitutions to the elephant genome. So far his work focuses solely on single cells.

neg: Woolly mammoth Russian fur-trapper who claimed to have seen living giant, furry "elephants" deep into the taiga. Gallon added that the fur-trapper had not heard of mammoths before. Due to the large area of Siberia, it cannot be completely ruled out that woolly mammoths survived into more recent times, but all evidence indicates that they became extinct thousands of years ago. It is likely that these natives had gained their knowledge of woolly mammoths from carcasses they encountered, and that this is the source for their legends of the animal. In the late 19th century, there were rumours about surviving mammoths in

neg: Woolly mammoth Neanderthals had coexisted with mammoths during the Middle Palaeolithic, and already utilised mammoth bones for tool making and building materials. Woolly mammoths were very important to ice-age humans, and human survival may have depended on the mammoth in some areas. Evidence for such coexistence was not recognised until the 19th century. William Buckland published his discovery of the Red Lady of Paviland skeleton in 1823, which was found in a cave alongside woolly mammoth bones, but he mistakenly denied that these were contemporaries. In 1864, Édouard Lartet found an engraving of a woolly mammoth on a piece of mammoth ivory

neg: Mammuthus meridionalis Mammuthus meridionalis Mammuthus meridionalis, or the southern mammoth, is an extinct species of mammoth endemic to Europe and Central Asia from the Gelasian stage of the Early Pleistocene, living from 2.5–1.5 mya. The taxonomy of extinct elephants was complicated by the early 20th century, and in 1942, Henry Fairfield Osborn's posthumous monograph on the Proboscidea was published, wherein he used various taxon names that had previously been proposed for mammoth species, including replacing "Mammuthus" with "Mammonteus", as he believed the former name to be invalidly published. Mammoth taxonomy was simplified by various researchers from the 1970s onwards, all species were

neg: Mammoth Cave National Park spelaea"), a cave crayfish ("Orconectes pellucidus"), and a cave shrimp ("Palaemonias ganteri"). In addition, some surface animals may take refuge in the entrances of the caves but do not generally venture into the deep portions of the cavern system. The section of the Green River that flows through the park is a legally designated as "Kentucky Wild River" by the Kentucky General Assembly, through the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves' Wild Rivers Program. No fossils of the woolly mammoth have ever been found in Mammoth Cave, and the name of the cave has nothing to do with this extinct mammal.

neg: Woolly mammoth and of having been scavenged by humans shortly after. Some of its bones had been removed, and were found nearby. A site near the Yana River in Siberia has revealed several specimens with evidence of human hunting, but the finds were interpreted to show that the animals were not hunted intensively, but perhaps mainly when ivory was needed. Two woolly mammoths from Wisconsin, the "Schaefer" and "Hebior mammoths", show evidence of having been butchered by Palaeoamericans. Most woolly mammoth populations disappeared during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, alongside most of the Pleistocene megafauna (including the Columbian mammoth). This extinction

neg: Mammuthus meridionalis species was a browser, feeding on any foliage of high-growing plants. Mammuthus meridionalis Mammuthus meridionalis, or the southern mammoth, is an extinct species of mammoth endemic to Europe and Central Asia from the Gelasian stage of the Early Pleistocene, living from 2.5–1.5 mya. The taxonomy of extinct elephants was complicated by the early 20th century, and in 1942, Henry Fairfield Osborn's posthumous monograph on the Proboscidea was published, wherein he used various taxon names that had previously been proposed for mammoth species, including replacing "Mammuthus" with "Mammonteus", as he believed the former name to be invalidly published. Mammoth taxonomy was

neg: Mammoth of "Mammuthus", the South African mammoth ("M. subplanifrons"), appeared around 5 million years ago during the early Pliocene in what is now southern and eastern Africa. Descendant species of these mammoths moved north and continued to propagate into numerous subsequent species, eventually covering most of Eurasia before extending into the Americas at least 600,000 years ago. The last species to emerge, the woolly mammoth ("M. primigenius"), developed about 400,000 years ago in East Asia, with some surviving on Russia's Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until as recently as roughly 3,700 to 4,000 years ago, still in existence during the

neg: Nicky Silver when the artistic director of the Woolly Mammoth Theatre in Washington, D.C. happened to walk in and saw, 'Fat Man in Skirts.'" Several of his plays received premieres at the Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company in Washington, DC, including "Fat Men in Skirts" (1991), "Free Will and Wanton Lust" (January 1993) and "The Food Chain" (1993-94 season). In her review of "Fat Men in Skirts" at Woolly Mammoth Theatre for "The Washington Post", Lloyd Rose wrote: "Silver is a modern American absurdist in the tradition of John Guare or Harry Kondoleon, but more of a lowbrow. His go-for-the-laugh instincts are as

neg: Woolly mammoth Asian elephant lineages diverged 5.8–7.8 million years ago, while African elephants diverged from an earlier common ancestor 6.6–8.8 million years ago. In 2008, much of the woolly mammoth's chromosomal DNA was mapped. The analysis showed that the woolly mammoth and the African elephant are 98.55% to 99.40% identical. The team mapped the woolly mammoth's nuclear genome sequence by extracting DNA from the hair follicles of both a 20,000-year-old mammoth retrieved from permafrost, and another that died 60,000 years ago. In 2012, proteins were confidently identified for the first time, collected from a 43,000-year-old woolly mammoth. Since many remains of each

neg: Woolly mammoth this method unfeasible. In April 2015, Swedish scientists published the complete genome (nuclear DNA sequence) of the woolly mammoth. Several projects are working on gradually replacing the genes in elephant cells with mammoth genes. One such project is that of Harvard University geneticist George M. Church —who is funded by the Long Now Foundation, which is attempting to create a mammoth-elephant hybrid using DNA from frozen mammoth carcasses. According to the researchers, a mammoth cannot be recreated, but they will try to eventually grow a hybrid elephant with some woolly mammoth traits in an "artificial womb". The Harvard University team

neg: Woolly mammoth as large as extant male African elephants, which commonly reach a shoulder height of , and is less than the size of the earlier mammoth species "M. meridionalis" and "M. trogontherii", and the contemporary "M. columbi". The reason for the smaller size is unknown. Female woolly mammoths reached in shoulder heights and were built more lightly than males, weighing up to . A newborn calf would have weighed about . These sizes are deduced from comparison with modern elephants of similar size. Few frozen specimens have preserved genitals, so the gender is usually determined through examination of the skeleton. The

neg: Woolly mammoth be a hybrid between the two species. A 2015 study suggested that the animals in the range where "M. columbi" and "M. primigenius" overlapped formed a metapopulation of hybrids with varying morphology. It also suggested that Eurasian "M. primigenius" had a similar relationship with "M. trogontherii", in areas where their range overlapped. The appearance of the woolly mammoth is probably the best known of any prehistoric animal due to the many frozen specimens with preserved soft tissue and depictions by contemporary humans in their art. Fully grown males reached shoulder heights between and weighed up to . This is almost

neg: Woolly mammoth of the most long lasting and complicated problems in Quaternary palaeontology. Regional and intermediate species and subspecies such as "M. intermedius", "M. chosaricus", "M. p. primigenius", "M. p. jatzkovi", "M. p. sibiricus", "M. p. fraasi", "M. p. leith-adamsi", "M. p. hydruntinus", "M. p. astensis", "M. p. americanus", "M. p. compressus", and "M. p. alaskensis" have been proposed. A 2011 genetic study showed that two examined specimens of the Columbian mammoth were grouped within a subclade of woolly mammoths. This suggests that the two populations interbred and produced fertile offspring. A North American type formerly referred to as "M. jeffersonii" may

neg: Woolly rhinoceros rhinoceros, found at Creswell Crags in England. "Elasmotherium", another woolly rhinoceros species Woolly rhinoceros The woolly rhinoceros ("Coelodonta antiquitatis") is an extinct species of rhinoceros that was common throughout Europe and northern Asia during the Pleistocene epoch and survived until the end of the last glacial period. The genus name "Coelodonta" means "cavity tooth". The woolly rhinoceros was a member of the Pleistocene megafauna. As the last and most derived member of the Pleistocene rhinoceros lineage, the woolly rhinoceros was well adapted to its environment. Stocky limbs and thick woolly pelage made it well suited to the steppe-tundra environment prevalent

neg: Sarah Marshall (American stage actress) the Woolly Mammoth acting company in 1989. Marshall's recent productions include "Dead Man's Cell Phone" at Woolly Mammoth in 2007; "Martha, Josie and the Chinese Elvis" at Woolly Mammoth and "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie", featuring Marshall in the title role, at Studio Theatre in 2006; and "Camille" at Round House Theatre and "The Clean House" at Woolly Mammoth in 2005, for which she received her fourteenth Helen Hayes nomination. Marshall began teaching acting at Round House Theater in 1985. Since 1988, she has taught at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts. She is also an adjunct drama

neg: Palearctic realm grizzly), red deer ("Cervus elaphus") in Europe and the closely related elk ("Cervus canadensis") in far eastern Siberia, American bison ("Bison bison"), and reindeer ("Rangifer tarandus", known in North America as the caribou). Several large Palearctic animals became extinct from the end of the Pleistocene into historic times, including the Irish elk ("Megaloceros giganteus"), aurochs ("Bos primigenius") woolly rhinoceros ("Coelodonta antiquitatis"), woolly mammoth ("Mammuthus primigenius"), North African elephant ("Loxodonta africana pharaoensis"), Chinese elephant ("Elephas maximus rubridens"), cave bear ("Ursus spelaeus"), and European lion ("Panthera leo europaea"). Palearctic realm The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight biogeographic realms on

neg: Woolly mammoth skulls of woolly and Columbian mammoths ("Mammuthus columbi") are the culmination of this process. The first known members of the genus "Mammuthus" are the African species "Mammuthus subplanifrons" from the Pliocene, and "M. africanavus" from the Pleistocene. The former is thought to be the ancestor of later forms. Mammoths entered Europe around 3 million years ago. The earliest European mammoth has been named "M. rumanus"; it spread across Europe and China. Only its molars are known, which show that it had 8–10 enamel ridges. A population evolved 12–14 ridges, splitting off from and replacing the earlier type, becoming "M. meridionalis"

neg: Fauna of Ireland certain national parks and nature reserves around the island. Some introduced species have become thoroughly naturalised, e.g. the European rabbit, grey squirrel, bank vole and brown rat. In addition, ten species of bat are found in Ireland. In the Ice Age (which included warm spells), mammals such as the woolly mammoth, wild horse, giant deer, brown bear, spotted hyena, Arctic lemming, Norway lemming, Arctic fox, European beaver, wolf, Eurasian lynx, and reindeer flourished or migrated depending on the degree of coldness. The Irish brown bear was a genetically distinct (clade 2) brown bear from a lineage that had significant polar

neg: Steppe mammoth (exhibit) a female mammoth. Steppe mammoth (exhibit) The Trogonterium Mammoth () or Steppe Mammoth exhibit is a mammoth skeleton in Azov History, Archaeology and Paleontology Museum-Reserve. Steppe mammoths are an extinct species of mammoths that lived in Eurasia in the Middle Pleistocene. Steppe mammoth, as a species, was separated from the Southern mammoth (Mammuthus meridionalis) in the Upper Pleistocene and displaced it in the Middle Pleistocene about from 750 to 500 thousand years ago. Steppe mammoth had a short skull and long tusks. Having a height of up to 4.7 meters and weighing up to 10 tons, it was the largest

neg: De-extinction done by Harvard geneticist George Church, and they have already successfully made changes in the elephant genome with the genes that gave the woolly mammoth its cold-resistant blood, longer hair, and extra layer of fat. A revived woolly mammoth or mammoth-elephant hybrid may find suitable habitat in the tundra and taiga forest ecozones, and may also find refuge in Pleistocene Park, a Pleistocene rewilding experiment by Russian scientist Sergey Zimov to recreate the mammoth steppe, the former habitat of the woolly mammoth. While mammoths are not required for the recreation of the steppe, they would be highly effective in doing

neg: Steppe mammoth (exhibit) Steppe mammoth (exhibit) The Trogonterium Mammoth () or Steppe Mammoth exhibit is a mammoth skeleton in Azov History, Archaeology and Paleontology Museum-Reserve. Steppe mammoths are an extinct species of mammoths that lived in Eurasia in the Middle Pleistocene. Steppe mammoth, as a species, was separated from the Southern mammoth (Mammuthus meridionalis) in the Upper Pleistocene and displaced it in the Middle Pleistocene about from 750 to 500 thousand years ago. Steppe mammoth had a short skull and long tusks. Having a height of up to 4.7 meters and weighing up to 10 tons, it was the largest type of proboscis.

neg: Mammuthus meridionalis became the woolly mammoth ("M. primigenius"). A 2015 study of mammoth molars confirmed that "M. columbi" evolved from Eurasian "M. trogontherii", not "M. meridionalis" as had been suggested earlier. This was confiemd by a 2016 a genetic study of North American mammoth specimens. With a shoulder height of about and an estimated weight of , "M. meridionalis" is one of the largest proboscideans to have ever lived, along with other larger species of mammoth, and the earlier "Deinotherium". Another estimate gives a shoulder height of and a weight of . Cranium fossils of the "M. meridionalis" found in Italy show

neg: Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau years his junior, daughter of a Polish nobleman. A son Adolf was born the following year, but they were separated in 1809. One of his projects while in Russia was to reconstruct the skeleton of the Adams mammoth, a woolly mammoth whose nearly intact frozen carcass was excavated from the Siberian permafrost in 1806. This represented one of the earliest attempts to reconstruct the skeleton of an extinct animal. (Tilesius made one notable error in this effort, exchanging the tusks so that they diverged instead of converged.) In 1814, Tilesius returned from Russia to his hometown of Mühlhausen and put

neg: Coelodonta thibetana Coelodonta thibetana The Tibetan woolly rhinoceros ("Coelodonta thibetana") is an extinct species of woolly rhinoceros native to western Himalayas that lived during the middle Pliocene epoch. "C. thibetana" is known from the holotype IVPP V15908, a partially complete skull including incomplete lower jaw preserved with full dentition. It was first named by Tao Deng, Xiaoming Wang, Mikael Fortelius, Qiang Li, Yang Wang, Zhijie J. Tseng, Gary T. Takeuchi, Joel E. Saylor, Laura K. Säilä and Guangpu Xie in 2011. The descriptors conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the five living rhinoceros species and thirteen extinct species. They qualify following cladogram, where

neg: Yukagir mammoth experts Dick Mol and Larry Agenbroad) guessed that the woolly mammoth was an old male that when alive stood over nine feet tall at the shoulder and weighed four to five tons. Furthermore, scientists were able to discover that the main component of the Yukagir's final meal was grass, including stems from the family Poaceae. Remarkably, like many of the dung's floral remains, the stems have retained their color and shape ever since the woolly mammoth tore them from the tundra roughly 22,500 years ago. Based on the Yukagir Mammoth's last meal, scientists were enabled to discover facts about the

neg: Woolly mammoth Brookes used the name "Mammuthus borealis" for woolly mammoth fossils in his collection that he put up for sale, thereby coining a new genus name. It is unclear where and how the word "mammoth" originated. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it comes from an old Vogul word "mēmoŋt", "earth-horn". It may be a version of "mehemot", the Arabic version of the biblical word "behemoth". Another possible origin is Estonian, where "maa" means "earth", and "mutt" means "mole". The word was first used in Europe during the early 17th century, when referring to "maimanto" tusks discovered in Siberia. The American

neg: Columbian mammoth Mammoth species can be identified from the number of enamel ridges (or lamellar plates) on their molars: primitive species had few ridges, and the number increased gradually as new species evolved to feed on more abrasive food items. The crowns of the teeth became deeper in height and the skulls became taller to accommodate this. At the same time, the skulls became shorter from front to back to reduce the weight of the head. The short, tall skulls of woolly and Columbian mammoths are the culmination of this process. The first known members of the genus "Mammuthus" are the African

neg: Columbian mammoth Columbian mammoth The Columbian mammoth ("Mammuthus columbi") is an extinct species of mammoth that inhabited North America as far north as the northern United States and as far south as Costa Rica during the Pleistocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with "Mammuthus subplanifrons" in the early Pliocene. The Columbian mammoth evolved from the steppe mammoth, which entered North America from Asia about 1.5 million years ago. The pygmy mammoths of the Channel Islands of California evolved from Columbian mammoths. The closest extant relative of the Columbian and other mammoths is the

neg: Grand Canyon Caverns Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration made an agreement with Peck to build a new entrance to the Caverns. In 1962, another entrance was built by blasting a shaft into the limestone and installing a large elevator. At that time the natural entrance was also sealed off at the request of the Hualapai Indians as it was considered a sacred burial place. Near the natural entrance, the skeletal remains of a Paramylodon harlani (Glossotherium harlani) were also found. This giant and extinct ground sloth lived during the Age of Mammals around 11,000 years ago, when the woolly mammoth

neg: De-extinction nucleus from woolly mammoth tissue. The cell would then be stimulated into dividing, and inserted back into a female elephant. The resulting calf would have the genes of the woolly mammoth, although its fetal environment would be different. To date, even the most intact mammoths have had little usable DNA because of their conditions of preservation. There is not enough to guide the production of an embryo. The second method involves artificially inseminating an elephant egg cell with sperm cells from a frozen woolly mammoth carcass. The resulting offspring would be an elephant–mammoth hybrid, and the process would have to