query: where is the femur located on the body

pos: Femur Femur The femur (, pl. "femurs" or "femora" ) or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint. By most measures the femur is the strongest bone in the body. The femur is also the longest bone in the human body. The femur is the only bone in the upper leg. The two femurs converge medially toward the knees, where they articulate

pos: Femur Femur The femur (, pl. "femurs" or "femora" ) or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint. By most measures the femur is the strongest bone in the body. The femur is also the longest bone in the human body. The femur is the only bone in the upper leg. The two femurs converge medially toward the knees, where they articulate

pos: Intercondylar fossa of femur be referred to as the patellar groove, patellar sulcus, patellofemoral groove, femoropatellar groove, femoral groove, femoral sulcus, trochlear groove of femur, trochlear sulcus of femur, trochlear surface of femur, or trochlea of femur. On a lateral radiograph, it is evident as Blumensaat's line. Intercondylar fossa of femur The intercondylar fossa of femur (intercondyloid fossa of femur, intercondylar notch of femur) is a deep notch between the rear surfaces of the medial and lateral epicondyle of the femur, two protrusions on the distal end of the femur (thigh bone) that joins the knee. On the front of the femur, the condyles

pos: Intercondylar fossa of femur Intercondylar fossa of femur The intercondylar fossa of femur (intercondyloid fossa of femur, intercondylar notch of femur) is a deep notch between the rear surfaces of the medial and lateral epicondyle of the femur, two protrusions on the distal end of the femur (thigh bone) that joins the knee. On the front of the femur, the condyles are but much less prominent and are separated from one another by a smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface because it articulates with the posterior surface of the patella (kneecap). The intercondylar fossa of femur and/or the patellar surface may also

pos: Noasauridae very weakly concave to flat (platycoelous) or convex (opisthocoelous). Another notable feature of elaphrosaurine cervical vertebrae is that their cervical ribs are completely fused to the centrum (main body) of their corresponding vertebrae. Elaphrosaurines also have several diagnostic hip features. The hip is quite small compared to their long legs. The femur (thigh bone) is more than 1.3 times the length of the ilium (upper plate-like bone of the hip) in members of this subfamily, while most other ceratosaurians have shorter legs and a femur approximately the same length of the ilium. The connection between the ilium and the pubis

pos: Rauisuchia body rather than sprawling outward. This type of gait is also seen in dinosaurs, but evolved independently in the two groups. In dinosaurs, the hip socket faces outward and the femur (thigh bone) connects to the side of the hip; while in rauisuchians, the hip socket faces downward to form a shelf of bone under which the femur connects. This has been referred to as the pillar-erect posture. Rauisuchians lived throughout most of the Triassic. Along with many other large archosaurs, the group died out in the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event. After their extinction, theropod dinosaurs were able to emerge as

pos: Femur basal segments preceding the femur are the coxa and trochanter. This convention is not followed in carcinology but it applies in arachnology and entomology. In myriapodology another segment, the prefemur, connects the trochanter and femur. Femur The femur (, pl. "femurs" or "femora" ) or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint. By most measures the femur is the strongest bone

neg: Body of femur Body of femur The body of the femur (or shaft), almost cylindrical in form, is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the linea aspera. It presents for examination three borders, separating three surfaces. Of the borders, one, the linea aspera, is posterior, one is medial, and the other, lateral. The linea aspera is a prominent longitudinal ridge or crest, on the middle third of the bone, presenting

neg: Upper extremity of femur along the back part of the body: it is called the linea quadrata (or quadrate line). About the junction of the upper one-third and lower two-thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the quadrate tubercle located. The size of the tubercle varies and it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of the quadrate tubercel, such as the posterior surfare of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur. In a small anatomical study it was shown that the epiphysial line passes directly through the quadrate tubercle. Upper extremity of femur

neg: Body of femur includes the portion between the medial border and the linea aspera; it is continuous above with the lower border of the neck, below with the medial side of the medial condyle: it is covered by the Vastus medialis. Body of femur The body of the femur (or shaft), almost cylindrical in form, is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the linea aspera. It presents for examination three

neg: Intertrochanteric line Intertrochanteric line The intertrochanteric line (or "spiral line of the femur" ) is a line located on the anterior side of the proximal end of the femur. The rough, variable ridge stretches between the lesser trochanter and the greater trochanter forming the base of the neck of the femur, roughly following the direction of the shaft of the femur. The iliofemoral ligament — the largest ligament of the human body — attaches above the line which also strengthens the capsule of the hip joint. The lower half, less prominent than the upper half, gives origin to the upper part of

neg: Intertrochanteric line mobilization and weight bearing in order to facilitate enhanced recovery. Intertrochanteric line The intertrochanteric line (or "spiral line of the femur" ) is a line located on the anterior side of the proximal end of the femur. The rough, variable ridge stretches between the lesser trochanter and the greater trochanter forming the base of the neck of the femur, roughly following the direction of the shaft of the femur. The iliofemoral ligament — the largest ligament of the human body — attaches above the line which also strengthens the capsule of the hip joint. The lower half, less prominent than

neg: Femur ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of the intertrochanteric crest, and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm. along the back part of the body: it is called the linea quadrata (or quadrate line). About the junction of the upper one-third and lower two-thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the quadrate tubercle located. The size of the tubercle varies and it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of the quadrate tubercel, such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur. In a

neg: Thigh bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee. By most measures the femur is the strongest bone in the body. The femur is also the longest bone in the body. The femur is categorised as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis, the shaft (or body) and two epiphysis or extremities that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee. In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three separate compartments, divided by fascia, each containing muscles. These compartments use the femur as an axis, and

neg: Specimens of Archaeopteryx body upon preservation. The left femur is mostly hidden beneath the pelvis. Two muscle scars are visible on the femur, which John Ostrom compared to the trochanter major of modern birds as well as to theropod dinosaurs. The tibia is slender and straight, considerably longer than the femur, and has a longitudinal ridge where it contacts the fibula. The tarsals are relatively poorly-preserved. The four-toed feet show a short, forward-pointing first digit and the curvature of the pedal claws is smaller than in the manual claws, though with larger flexor tubercles. The entire foot measures at about 75 mm in

neg: Limbs of the horse in the hip, extend the femur. Forward motion and flexion of the hind legs is achieved through the movement of the quadriceps group of muscles on the front of the femur, while the muscles at the back of the hindquarters, called the hamstring group, provide forward motion of the body and rearward extension of the hind limbs. Extension of the hock is achieved by the Achilles tendon, located above the hock. There are two apparatus in the limbs of the horse - the suspensory apparatus and the stay apparatus. The fetlock joint is supported by group of lower leg ligaments,

neg: Vasti vastus medialis. Vasti Vasti (plural of vastus) are the three separate skeletal muscles located in the thigh. The three muscles; vastus intermedius, lateralis and medialis are located in the middle, on the outside and inside of the thigh, respectively. Together with the rectus femoris muscle the vastus muscles form the quadriceps femoris muscle, a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. The vastus intermedius arises from the front and lateral surfaces of the body of the femur in its upper two-thirds, sitting under the rectus femoris muscle and from the lower part of the lateral

neg: Vasti Vasti Vasti (plural of vastus) are the three separate skeletal muscles located in the thigh. The three muscles; vastus intermedius, lateralis and medialis are located in the middle, on the outside and inside of the thigh, respectively. Together with the rectus femoris muscle the vastus muscles form the quadriceps femoris muscle, a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. The vastus intermedius arises from the front and lateral surfaces of the body of the femur in its upper two-thirds, sitting under the rectus femoris muscle and from the lower part of the lateral intermuscular septum.

neg: Bird feet and legs nest can use the entire foot (toes and tarsometatarsus) with the heel on the ground. Loons tend to walk this way because their legs and pelvis are highly specialized for swimming. They have a narrow pelvis, which moves the attachment point of the femur to the rear, and their tibiotarsus is much longer than the femur. This shifts the feet (toes) behind the center of mass of the loon body. They walk usually by pushing themselves on their breasts; larger loons cannot take off from land. This position, however, is highly suitable for swimming because their feet are located at

neg: Articularis genus muscle a distinct investing fascia and ranges 1.5–3 cm in width. It is usually distinct from the vastus intermedius, but occasionally blended with it. Articularis genus pulls the suprapatellar bursa superiorly during extension of the knee, and prevents impingement of the synovial membrane between the patella and the femur. Articularis genus muscle The articularis genus (subcrureus) is a small skeletal muscle located anteriorly on the thigh just above the knee. It arises from the anterior surface of the lower part of the body of the femur, deep to the vastus intermedius, close to the knee and from the deep fibers of

neg: Mantis remainder of the body remains more or less immobile. Mantises have two spiked, grasping forelegs ("raptorial legs") in which prey items are caught and held securely. In most insect legs, including the posterior four legs of a mantis, the coxa and trochanter combine as an inconspicuous base of the leg; in the raptorial legs, however, the coxa and trochanter combine to form a segment about as long as the femur, which is a spiky part of the grasping apparatus (see illustration). Located at the base of the femur is a set of discoidal spines, usually four in number, but ranging

neg: Dilophosauridae crests, which were probably used for mating displays, or to intimidate rivals. All dilophosaurids are characterized by a hole in the premaxilla, few maxillary teeth, a slot-shaped opening at the base of the nasal process of the premaxilla, nasolacrimal crests, and a number of dorsal tab-like bumps on the articular, which is located on the back end of the lower jaw. "Dilophosaurus" had an average femur length of 552 mm, body lengths of 6 to 7 meters, and body masses of 362 kg. The dilophosaurid "Dracovenator" had a body length of approximately 5.5 to 7.0 meters long. Due to a

neg: Plica syndrome necessary. Plica syndrome Plica syndrome (also known as synovial plica syndrome) is a condition that occurs when a "plica" (a vestigial extension of the protective synovial capsule of the knee) becomes irritated, enlarged, or inflamed. This inflammation is typically caused by the plica being caught on the femur, or pinched between the femur and the patella. The most common location of plica tissue is along the medial (inside) side of the knee. The plica can tether the patella to the femur, be located between the femur and patella, or be located along the femoral condyle. If the plica tethers the

neg: Plica syndrome Plica syndrome Plica syndrome (also known as synovial plica syndrome) is a condition that occurs when a "plica" (a vestigial extension of the protective synovial capsule of the knee) becomes irritated, enlarged, or inflamed. This inflammation is typically caused by the plica being caught on the femur, or pinched between the femur and the patella. The most common location of plica tissue is along the medial (inside) side of the knee. The plica can tether the patella to the femur, be located between the femur and patella, or be located along the femoral condyle. If the plica tethers the patella

neg: Tibia syndesmosis with very little movement. The tibia is named for the flute "tibia". It is the second largest bone in the human body next to the femur. The leg bones are the strongest long bones as they support the rest of the body. In human anatomy, the tibia is the second largest bone next to the femur. As in other vertebrates the tibia is one of two bones in the lower leg, the other being the fibula, and is a component of the knee and ankle joints. The leg bones (femur, tibia and fibula) are the strongest long bones as

neg: Psoas major muscle raises the trunk from its supine position. In addition, attachment to the lesser trochanter, located on the postero-medial aspect of the femur, causes lateral rotation and weak adduction of the hip. It forms part of a group of muscles called the hip flexors, whose action is primarily to lift the upper leg towards the body when the body is fixed or to pull the body towards the leg when the leg is fixed. For example, when doing a sit-up that brings the torso (including the lower back) away from the ground and towards the front of the leg, the hip

neg: Femur small anatomical study it was shown that the epiphysial line passes directly through the quadrate tubercle. The body of the femur (or shaft) is long, slender and almost cylindrical in form. It is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the linea aspera which diverges proximal and distal as the medial and lateral ridge. Proximal the lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the gluteal tuberosity while the

neg: Eolambia is expanded forwards. Like the humerus, the femur is bowed, but outwards. However, characteristically, the bottom half of the femur is straight. The fourth trochanter, located halfway down the femur, is vertically tall and triangular, similar to "Probactrosaurus", "Gongpoquansaurus", and other iguanodonts but dissimilar to more basal ornithopods. Like the ulna and radius, the tibia and fibula have straight shafts, and they articulate with each other; a roughened projection on the bottom of the fibula fits between two bulb-like condyles located just behind the cnemial crest on the bottom end of the tibia. The top of the tibia is rough,

neg: Poecilotheria ornata there is a proximal white spot on femur of fourth pair of legs. Dorsally, carapace has greenish yellow or purplish tinge. Femur is greenish tinge with a purplish tinge. Tibia has two parallel lines of oblong yellow spots. All legs possess reddish brown setae and setae are more prominent on pedipalps and chelicerae. Ventrally, first and second leg pairs are identical, with ground color yellow. Femur is also yellow. Tibia is bright yellow colored. Third and fourth leg pairs are identical. Ground color of them are yellow. Femur is black with centrally located large blue-grey spot. Dorsally greenish brown colored.

neg: Femur neck Femur neck The femur neck (femoral neck or neck of the femur) is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward. The neck is flattened from before backward, contracted in the middle, and broader laterally than medially. The vertical diameter of the lateral half is increased by the obliquity of the lower edge, which slopes downward to join the body at the level of the lesser trochanter, so that it measures one-third more than the antero-posterior diameter. The medial half is smaller and of

neg: Femur length on average is 26.74% of a person's height, a ratio found in both men and women and most ethnic groups with only restricted variation, and is useful in anthropology because it offers a basis for a reasonable estimate of a subject's height from an incomplete skeleton. The femur is categorised as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis (shaft or body) and two epiphyses (extremities) that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee. The upper or proximal extremity (close to the torso) contains the head, neck, the two trochanters and adjacent structures. The head of the femur,

neg: Poecilotheria smithi Poecilotheria smithi Poecilotheria smithi, or the yellow-backed ornamental, is a species of large arboreal tarantulas. It is endemic to Sri Lanka and considered to be critically endangered. Female is much larger than male with head-to-body length of 6–7 cm. Male is 4–5 cm. The species can be identified by other tiger spiders by all black legs parts (coxa, trochanter, femur) with prominent brushes on femur. Dorsally carapace is dark brown in color. Patella is greyish. Tibia is brownish black. Tarsus is brownish, with a v-shaped light patch proximally. Ventrally first and second leg pairs are identical. Coxa, femur and trochanter

neg: Piriformis muscle and abducts the femur with hip flexion. Abduction of the flexed thigh is important in the action of walking because it shifts the body weight to the opposite side of the foot being lifted, which prevents falling. The action of the lateral rotators can be understood by crossing the legs to rest an ankle on the knee of the other leg. This causes the femur to rotate and point the knee laterally. The lateral rotators also oppose medial rotation by the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. When the hip is flexed to 90 degrees, piriformis abducts the femur at the

neg: Poecilotheria fasciata Poecilotheria fasciata Poecilotheria fasciata, or the Sri Lanka ornamental, is a large arboreal tarantula. It is endemic to central Sri Lanka. Females are 6–7 cm from head-to-body, whereas males are smaller usually 4–5 cm. "Poecilotheria fasciata" can be identified from other tiger spiders due to very narrow dark band on the femur of first pair of legs and by thin broken band on femur of fourth pair of legs. Dorsally black, white and grey cryptic markings all over the legs and body. Carapace has two black lines. Opisthosoma has a light grey foliate median band runs the entire length of

neg: Leptoptilos robustus suggesting similar body length. Two femurs were found, a left and right side. The left femur was found nearly complete, broken in two and missing only the caput femoris. Evidence for large muscle attachment can be observed as a depression along the entire width of the femur. The shape of the femur is similar in morphology to the extinct species "L. falconeri", but agrees more closely in length with "L. dubius". However, comparing minimum width and minimum depth of the shaft, the femur discovered falls within the range of "L. dubius". The tibiotarsus was found fragmented into three parts consisting

neg: Knee femur rolls and glides over both menisci during extension-flexion. The center of the transverse axis of the extension/flexion movements is located where both collateral ligaments and both cruciate ligaments intersect. This center moves upward and backward during flexion, while the distance between the center and the articular surfaces of the femur changes dynamically with the decreasing curvature of the femoral condyles. The total range of motion is dependent on several parameters such as soft-tissue restraints, active insufficiency, and hamstring tightness. With the knee extended both the lateral and medial collateral ligaments, as well as the anterior part of the anterior

neg: Thalassocnus possible "T. antiquus" is not the ancestor of "T. natans". "Thalassocnus" is the only aquatic xenarthran–a group that includes sloths, anteaters, and armadillos–though, the ground sloth "Eionaletherium" from the Miocene of Venezuela may have adapted to nearshore life. "Thalassocnus", as time progressed, increased in size. "T. natans" has the most complete skeleton preserved, and measures from snout to tail . Based on a femur-to-body-length ratio, the "T. littoralis" specimen–probably a female–measured in life, and the "T. yuacensis" specimen , however the femur-to-body ratio differs from species to species. The dense bones of younger species (pachyosteosclerosis) allowed the animal to combat

neg: Femur them. The lateral condyle is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters. The medial condyle is the longer and, when the femur is held with its body perpendicular, projects to a lower level. When, however, the femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane. The condyles are not quite parallel with one another; the long axis of the lateral is almost directly antero-posterior, but that of the medial runs backward and medialward. Their opposed surfaces are small, rough, and concave,

neg: Femur neck usually undergo any change, even in old age; it varies considerably in different persons of the same age. Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced to less than 120 degrees. Its opposite is coxa valga. In the female, in consequence of the increased width of the pelvis, the neck of the femur forms more nearly a right angle with the body than it does in the male. It is smaller in short than in long bones, and when the pelvis is wide. In addition to

neg: Femur greater trochanter is almost box-shaped and is the most lateral prominent of the femur. The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the hip joint. The greater trochanter can easily be felt. The trochanteric fossa is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on medial surface of the greater trochanter. The lesser trochanter is a cone-shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck. The two trochanters are joined by the intertrochanteric crest on the back side and by the intertrochanteric line on the front. A slight

neg: Typothorax Canyon Formation of the Dockum Group. Like all aetosaurs and many other early crurotarsans, "Typothorax" had erect hindlimbs held beneath the body. This is evident by a straight femur, an anteriorly directed pes (foot), and the projection of the lateral surface of the illium over the femur. Because the length of the femur is almost equal to that of the tibia and fibula (lower leg) and astragalus and calcaneum (ankle), "Typothorax" was probably slow-moving. The forelimbs are reduced in size and were directed outward in a sprawling position. This posture is also seen in ankylosaurs, ceratopsians, and the early cynodont

neg: Agelaia pallipes oocytes. Type B ovaries also contained sperm and could very clearly be categorized as those of queens where as type A ovaries were observed as uninseminated thus identifying as those of workers. This dimorphism displays strong control of sexual organs upon pre-imaginal determination. "A. pallipes" morphology is also affected by the altitude with an inverse relationship between higher altitude and reduction in body size, especially hind femur length and head width. The cloud forest environment, where some of these "A. pallipes" are found, contribute negatively to foraging activity and force individuals to complete life cycles with a smaller body size.

neg: Lower extremity of femur condyle is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters, the medial condyle is the longer and, when the femur is held with its body perpendicular, projects to a lower level. When, however, the femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane. The condyles are not quite parallel with one another; the long axis of the lateral is almost directly antero-posterior, but that of the medial runs backward and medialward. Their opposed surfaces are small, rough, and concave, and form the

neg: Princess Doe remains unidentified. No arrests were ever made in the case, although a married couple have claimed responsibility for the victim's death. The Warren County Prosecutor's Office is the law enforcement agency investigating the case and still considers the case active. The body was buried in the Cedar Ridge Cemetery, not far from where she was discovered, in January 1983. The remains of Princess Doe were exhumed in 1999 so that samples could be collected for DNA testing, which was extracted from her femur in Baltimore, Maryland. The body was reburied in the same grave. On the morning of July 15,

neg: Honcourt Abbey the Emperor Maximilian I, while passing through Alsace, wished to satisfy his curiosity about the truth of the legend of the gigantic stature of Hugo of Reichenberg, and ordered the tomb to be opened. A femur was removed, from which it was proposed to calculate the overall length of the body on the ancient principle "ex pede Herculem", basing the calculation on the assumption that a femur represents 1/8 of a man's overall height. The femur measured 32.48 centimetres (just over 1 foot), which when multiplied by 8 gave an extraordinary height of 259 centimetres, or 8½ feet, for Hugo.

neg: Adductor longus muscle Adductor longus muscle In the human body, the adductor longus is a skeletal muscle located in the thigh. One of the adductor muscles of the hip, its main function is to adduct the thigh and it is innervated by the obturator nerve. It forms the medial wall of the femoral triangle. The adductor longus arises from the superior ramus of the pubis. It lies ventrally on the adductor magnus, and near the femur, the adductor brevis is interposed between these two muscles. Distally, the fibers of the adductor longus extend into the adductor canal. It is inserted into the middle

neg: Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric crest The intertrochanteric crest is a bony ridge located on the posterior side of the head of the femur, stretching obliquely downward and medially from the summit of the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter. Together with the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side of the head, the crest marks the transition between the neck of the femur and the shaft of the femur. An elevation between the middle and proximal third of the crest is known as the quadrate tubercle. The upper half of the crest forms the posterior border of the greater trochanter. The distal capsular attachment

neg: Ligament of head of femur found upon dissection in both these animals. In the orangutan, it is believed to play a significant role in preventing dislocation of the femoral head within extreme ranges of motion. In the Indian elephant, it is the primary support of the hip joint when the hind limbs are abducted. Ligament of head of femur In human anatomy, the ligament of the head of the femur (round ligament of the femur, ligamentum teres femoris, or the foveal ligament) is a ligament located in the hip. It is triangular in shape and somewhat flattened. The ligament is implanted by its apex into

neg: Ligament of head of femur Ligament of head of femur In human anatomy, the ligament of the head of the femur (round ligament of the femur, ligamentum teres femoris, or the foveal ligament) is a ligament located in the hip. It is triangular in shape and somewhat flattened. The ligament is implanted by its apex into the antero-superior part of the fovea capitis femoris and its base is attached by two bands, one into either side of the acetabular notch, and between these bony attachments it blends with the transverse ligament. It is ensheathed by the synovial membrane, and varies greatly in strength in different

neg: Articularis genus muscle Articularis genus muscle The articularis genus (subcrureus) is a small skeletal muscle located anteriorly on the thigh just above the knee. It arises from the anterior surface of the lower part of the body of the femur, deep to the vastus intermedius, close to the knee and from the deep fibers of the vastus intermedius. Its insertion is on the synovial membrane of the knee-joint. It is supplied by the lateral femoral circumflex artery. It is innervated by branches of the femoral nerve (L2-L4). Flat, wispy and highly variable, sometimes consisting of several separate muscular bundles, this muscle is without

neg: Gluteus maximus and the trunk upon the head of the femur; this is particularly obvious in standing on one leg. Its most powerful action is to cause the body to regain the erect position after stooping, by drawing the pelvis backward, being assisted in this action by the biceps femoris (long head), semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and adductor magnus. The gluteus maximus is a tensor of the fascia lata, and by its connection with the iliotibial band steadies the femur on the articular surfaces of the tibia during standing, when the extensor muscles are relaxed. The lower part of the muscle also acts as

neg: Plesiorycteropus skulls, all of which are missing the facial bones, complete long bones such as the femur and humerus (upper arm bone), and other bones, but some elements are still unknown, including most of the skeleton of the hand and foot. There is little reason to assume it was similar in general form to the aardvark. No teeth or jaws referable to "Plesiorycteropus" have been found, and it is generally assumed that the animal was toothless. Based on the area of a femur cross-section, MacPhee calculated estimates of body mass. The lowest estimate, based on comparative data from armadillos and pangolins,

neg: Femur neck projecting upward and medialward from the body of the femur, the neck also projects somewhat forward; the amount of this forward projection is extremely variable, but on an average is from 12° to 14°. A fracture of the femoral neck is classified as a type of hip fracture. It is often due to osteoporosis; in the vast majority of cases, a hip fracture is a fragility fracture due to a fall or minor trauma in someone with weakened osteoporotic bone. Most hip fractures in people with normal bone are the result of high-energy trauma such as car accidents, falling from

neg: Tensor fasciae latae muscle medial rotation of the femur while kicking a soccer ball. The tensor fasciae latae works in synergy with the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles to abduct and medially rotate the femur. The TFL is a hip abductor muscle. To stretch the tensor fasciae latae, the knee may be brought medially across the body (adducted). If one leans against a wall with crossed legs (externally/laterally rotated hips) and pushes the pelvis away from the wall (leaning the upper body towards it) sidebending the lumbar spine (i.e.: curving the spine to the side) should be avoided as it stretches the lumbar

neg: Anadevidia peponis Anadevidia peponis Anadevidia peponis is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in south-east Asia, including Japan, India. Taiwan and New South Wales in Australia. It is a minor pest on many cucurbits. The wingspan is about 40 mm. Palpi with short third joint. Hind femur of male not tufted with long hair. Body greyish brown without rosy tinge. Fore wings with bronze patches instead of coppery, where the postmedial line sinuous. Larva greenish with lateral black spots. There are some short black pointed spines found on the back, stoutest on the 4th to 7th and 11th somites.

neg: Quadrate tubercle Quadrate tubercle The quadrate tubercle is a small tubercle found upon the upper part of the femur, that serves as a point of insertion of the quadratus femoris along with the intertrochanteric crest and the linea quadrata. The quadrate tubercle is located about the junction of the upper one-third and lower two-thirds, on the intertrochanteric crest. The size of the tubercle varies; it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest. Adjacent areas can also be part of the quadrate tubercle, such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur. In a small anatomical

neg: Osteotomy the knee. The goal is to shift the patient's body weight off the damaged area to the other side of the knee, where the cartilage is still healthy. Surgeons remove a wedge of the tibia from underneath the healthy side of the knee, which allows the tibia and femur to bend away from the damaged cartilage. A model for this is the hinges on a door. When the door is shut, the hinges are flush against the wall. As the door swings open, one side of the door remains pressed against the wall as space opens up on the other

neg: Eionaletherium Greek words "eion" (shore), "ale" (wanderer), and "therium" (beast), in reference to the nearshore environment it probably inhabited. The species name "tanycnemius" comes from Greek "tany" (long) and "cnemius" (shin). "Eionaletherium", based on a femur-to-body-size ratio, is estimated to have been , smaller than contemporary ground sloths. The tibia of "Eionaletherium" is unusually long for ground sloths, being 87% the size of the length of the femur versus the 45% to 73% in other mylodonts. The contemporary marine sloth "Thalassocnus" also developed this as an aquatic adaptation, so "Eionaletherium" may have been partially aquatic. However, the bones are not particularly

neg: Metaphalangium cirtanum band runs from eye-mound to anus. Cephalothorax is denticulate anterior to the eyes, tergites have transversal rows of denticles. On the front body there is a small black thorns. Pedipalps are rather stromg and short. Legs are long and strong and femur usually has strong denticles. Chelicerae of males are usually more developed than those of females. Furthermore in males legs I (from femur to tibia) are greatly thickened. Adults can be found from June to August. Metaphalangium cirtanum Metaphalangium cirtanum is a species of harvestman belonging to the family Phalangiidae. This species has a circum-Mediterranean distribution. It is present

neg: Mauriciosaurus long and wide, organized in parallel rows. They are found at the base of the neck, along the flanks of the torso, and behind the femur of the hind flipper. These likely represent the scale-like tubercles that would have covered the underside of the animal. At the junction between the femur and the body, they become larger, more trapezoidal, and radially arranged to form a folding surface; meanwhile, on the back edge of the flippers, these structures become sub-circular, which enhances the flexibility of the skin. A third type of tissue, which is thick, red, amorphous, and sharply offset from

neg: Goniometer therapist will assess the joint before performing an intervention and will continue to use the tool to make sure that progress is made. These range of motion measurements can be taken at any joint and they typically involve some knowledge about the anatomy of the body, particularly bony landmarks. For example, when measuring the knee joint, the axis (point of rotation) would be placed on the lateral epicondyle of the femur, while the stationary arm would be lined up with the greater trochanter of the femur. Finally, the moveable arm of the goniometer would be lined up with the lateral

neg: Kayentavenator adult, it is unlikely that it had one during any stage of ontogeny. Apomorphies include an ellipsoid acetabulum, the greater trochanter and the head of the femur having been fused, a mediodistal crest that extends 50% of the length of the femur, as well as a prominent accessory condyle on the medial femoral condyle, a groove in dorsal surface of the femoral head that extends out from the centerline of the body, and highly constricted ("waisted") caudal vertebra centra. The only known fossils of "Kayentavenator" were excavated by the University of California Museum of Paleontology from the Navajo Reservation in

neg: Pelvic spur species. Pelvic spur Pelvic spurs are the externally visible portion of the vestigial remnants of legs found on each side of the vent in primitive snakes, such as boas and pythons. The remnants of a pelvis and femur, which have no connection with the spine, simply "float" in the muscle mass. The femur protrudes from the snake's body and is covered by a corneal spur, which resembles a spur or claw. Males' spurs are generally longer and more pointed than females', and are used for clasping and tickling during courtship and mating, as well as combat with other males in

neg: Pelvic spur Pelvic spur Pelvic spurs are the externally visible portion of the vestigial remnants of legs found on each side of the vent in primitive snakes, such as boas and pythons. The remnants of a pelvis and femur, which have no connection with the spine, simply "float" in the muscle mass. The femur protrudes from the snake's body and is covered by a corneal spur, which resembles a spur or claw. Males' spurs are generally longer and more pointed than females', and are used for clasping and tickling during courtship and mating, as well as combat with other males in some

neg: Femur the bone. Some species of whales, snakes, and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs. One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the "eusthenopteron", a prehistoric lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian period. Structures analogous to the third trochanter are present in mammals, including some primates. In invertebrate zoology the name "femur" appears in arthropodology. The usage is not homologous with that of vertebrate anatomy; the term "femur" simply has been adopted by analogy and refers, where applicable, to the most proximal of (usually) the two longest jointed segments of the legs of the arthropoda. The two

neg: Femoral head ligament of head of femur. The diameter of the femoral head is generally larger in men than in women. The fovea capitis is a small, concave, depression within the head of the femur that serves as an attachment point for the ligamentum teres (Saladin). It is slightly ovoid in shape and is oriented "superior-to-posteroinferior. (Cerezal)" This orientation is said to be favorable for the tensed fibers of the ligamentum teres. The fovea capitis is located "slightly posterior and inferior to the center of the articular surface of the femoral head (Cerezal)" Furthermore, unlike the head of the femur, the fovea

neg: Posterior cruciate ligament knee flexion but not in knee extension and the posteromedial bundle stretches in extension rather than flexion. The function of the PCL is to prevent the femur from sliding off the anterior edge of the tibia and to prevent the tibia from displacing posterior to the femur. The posterior cruciate ligament is located within the knee. Ligaments are sturdy bands of tissues that connect bones. Similar to the anterior cruciate ligament, the PCL connects the femur to the tibia. Common causes of injuries are direct blows to the flexed knee, such as the knee hitting the dashboard in a car

neg: Ascendonanus its upper trunk section along the back. However, the middle part of the tail has a covering of small scutes that continues to where the end of the tail is missing in all current specimens. The body outlines preserved show that "Ascendonanus" had a plump neck and muscular thighs (although the femur bone itself is relatively thin) on its short hindlimbs, while the trunk and the forelimbs are relatively slender. During an early phase of the volcanic eruption, rising rhyolitic magma came into contact with groundwater, exploding molten rock into tiny fragments mixed with steam, resulting in falls of wet,

neg: Rhynchodes ursus Rhynchodes ursus Rhynchodes ursus or elephant weevil is a wood-boring weevil found all over New Zealand. Adult weevils are found on trees, where they gather to feed on sap. Larvae tunnel into dead trunks and branches of southern beeches, rimu and Dracophyllum traversii. This large weevil has a deep brown colour with two lighter bands near the side of its thorax. It has black legs with a spot of yellowish-brown hairs on each femur. It has dense scales on its body, which can be hair-like. In female specimens the antennae are inserted halfway along the rostrum and nearer the front

neg: Coxa vara Coxa vara Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced to less than 120 degrees. This results in the leg being shortened, and the development of a limp. It is commonly caused by injury, such as a fracture. It can also occur when the bone tissue in the neck of the femur is softer than normal, causing it to bend under the weight of the body. This may either be congenital or the result of a bone disorder. The most common cause of coxa vara is

neg: Knee Knee In humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). It is the largest joint in the human body. The knee is a modified hinge joint, which permits flexion and extension as well as slight internal and external rotation. The knee is vulnerable to injury and to the development of osteoarthritis. It is often termed a "compound joint" having tibiofemoral and patellofemoral components. (The fibular collateral ligament is often considered with tibiofemoral components.) The

neg: Ant nest beetle other soft part and sucking the contents. Apart from chemical mimicry and communication with their hosts, they also make use of vibrations. Several stridulatory structures are found in these beetles including alary-elytral, abdomen-femur and thorax-femur combinations of surfaces. The subfamily Paussinae contains 49 genera, with around 800 species divided into the following tribes and subtribes: While some tribes like Metriini and Ozaenini appear quite similar to typical carabids, others have modified antennae and body shapes. The Protopaussini and Paussini are slender or compact in body shape with enlarged antennae in the Paussini. Subtribe Carabidomemnina Subtribe Cerapterina Subtribe Heteropaussina Subtribe Homopterina

neg: Hip function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. The hip joints have very important roles in retaining balance, and for maintaining the pelvic inclination angle. Pain of the hip may be the result of numerous causes, including nervous, osteoarthritic, infectious, trauma-related, and genetic. The proximal femur is largely covered by muscles and, as a consequence, the greater trochanter is often the only palpable bony structure in the hip region. The hip joint is a synovial joint formed by the articulation of the rounded head of the femur

neg: Hip dysplasia (canine) caput ossis femoris) fits into the acetabulum (a concave socket located in the pelvis). The bony surfaces of the femur head and of the acetabulum are covered by cartilage. While bones provide the strength necessary to support body weight, cartilage ensures a smooth fit and a wide range of motion. Normal hip function can be affected by congenital conditions such as dysplasia, discussed in this article, trauma, and by acquired diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The hip could have major contractions or seizures from dysplasias. The caput is not deeply and tightly held by the acetabulum. Instead of

neg: Cricodon which thirteen dorsal ribs were discovered. The entire humerus was 12.5 cm long and had typical cynodont characterizations such as the twisted bone and the plane of the distal end forming an angle of 40 degrees with that of the proximal. The discovered femur was 12.5 cm long with the capitulum directed at an angle of 45 to 50 degrees to the main axis of the slender shaft. Another characteristic of the femur noted is that it projects well forward from the main body of the shaft. Although little is known of the hand of cynodonts, it is believed that

neg: Poecilotheria fasciata opisthosoma. Inside large foliate markings, there is a slightly darker median band. Ventrally body is black. First and second leg pairs possess identical markings, which have yellow color bands. Third leg pair has bluish grey femur with a proximal black patch. Patella is blue grey with a thin black band distally. Fourth leg pair has bluish grey femur with a thin black band. Dorsally uniform brown colored with less intense markings. Opisthosoma has a dark median black line divided by distinct diamond-shaped chevrons. All four pairs of legs are identically marked as female but with slight variations. Found in dry

neg: Femur with the proximal ends of the tibiae. The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral-tibial angle. Human females have wider pelvic bones, causing their femora to converge more than in males. In the condition "genu valgum" (knock knee) the femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another. The opposite extreme is "genu varum" (bow-leggedness). In the general population of people without either "genu valgum" or "genu varum", the femoral-tibial angle is about 175 degrees. The femur is the longest and, by most measures, the strongest bone in the human body. Its

neg: Brachiosaurus is located on a small hill later known as Riggs Hill; it is today marked by a plaque. More "Brachiosaurus" fossils are reported on Riggs Hill, but other fossil finds on the hill have been vandalized. During excavation of the specimen, Riggs misidentified the humerus as a deformed femur due to its great length, and this seemed to be confirmed when an equally-sized, well-preserved real femur of the same skeleton was discovered. In 1904, Riggs noted: "Had it not been for the unusual size of the ribs found associated with it, the specimen would have been discarded as an Apatosaur,

neg: Body of femur and pectineus above; the adductor brevis and adductor longus below. The linea aspera is perforated a little below its center by the nutrient canal, which is directed obliquely upward. The other two borders of the femur are only slightly marked: the "lateral border" extends from the antero-inferior angle of the greater trochanter to the anterior extremity of the lateral condyle; the "medial border" from the intertrochanteric line, at a point opposite the lesser trochanter, to the anterior extremity of the medial condyle. The anterior surface includes that portion of the shaft which is situated between the lateral and medial borders.

neg: Body of femur the medial ridge is lost in the intertrochanteric line; between these two a portion of the iliacus is inserted. Below, the linea aspera is prolonged into two ridges, enclosing between them a triangular area, the popliteal surface, upon which the popliteal artery rests. Of these two ridges, the lateral is the more prominent, and descends to the summit of the lateral condyle. The medial is less marked, especially at its upper part, where it is crossed by the femoral artery. It ends below at the summit of the medial condyle, in a small tubercle, the adductor tubercle, which affords insertion

neg: Arthropod leg two lobes where it articulates with the pleuron. The posterior lobe is the meron which is usually the larger part of the coxa. A meron is well developed in Periplaneta, the Isoptera, Neuroptera and Lepidoptera. The trochanter articulates with the coxa but usually is attached rigidly to the femur. In some insects its appearance may be confusing; for example it has two subsegments in the Odonata. In parasitic Hymenoptera the base of the femur has the appearance of a second trochanter. In most insects the femur is the largest region of the leg; it is especially conspicuous in many insects

neg: Xenosaurus grandis teeth. On average, the snout-vent length (SVL) of "Xenosaurus grandis" is 6.8 - 12.9 cm. While some species of "Xenosaurus" do not exhibit sexual dimorphism, "Xenosaurus grandis", among other species, is one that does. In "Xenosaurus grandis", males and females do not differ significantly in body size, but males have proportionately larger heads (in length and width) than females. Males and females of "X. grandis" do not exhibit a significant difference in femur length or head shape. "Xenosaurus grandis" is a diurnally active thermal conformer, meaning that its body temperature correlates with substrate and air temperatures. Its average body temperature

neg: Intertrochanteric crest on the femur follows the shape of the irregular rim between the head and the neck. As a consequence, the capsule of the hip joint attaches in the region of the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side, but a finger away from the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the head. Intertrochanteric crest The intertrochanteric crest is a bony ridge located on the posterior side of the head of the femur, stretching obliquely downward and medially from the summit of the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter. Together with the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side of the head,

neg: Bird anatomy femur. At the knee joint, the femur connects to the tibiotarsus (shin) and fibula (side of lower leg). The tarsometatarsus forms the upper part of the foot, digits make up the toes. The leg bones of birds are the heaviest, contributing to a low center of gravity, which aids in flight. A bird's skeleton accounts for only about 5% of its total body weight. They have a greatly elongate tetradiate pelvis, similar to some reptiles. The hind limb has an intra-tarsal joint found also in some reptiles. There is extensive fusion of the trunk vertebrae as well as fusion with

neg: Mierasaurus titanosauriforms, the front margin of the ilium is triangular in "Mierasaurus". Uniquely, "Moabosaurus" also has a very short ischium compared to its pubis; the former measures only 75% of the length of the latter, otherwise seen only among titanosaurs. However, the bulge on the side of the femur is missing, which differentiates "Mierasaurus" from both titanosauriforms and "Moabosaurus" (which has a slight bulge). The fourth trochanter of the femur is only located 40% of the way down from the top of the bone, compared to halfway for most other sauropods, and the condyles at the bottom end are, unusually, roughly

neg: Lutzomyia adiketis Though a number of characters are similar to both the "Lutzomyia" subgenera "Lutzomyia" and "Pintomyia", it lacks the diagnostic row of spines that are found on the femur in "Pintomyia" species. As a result, Dr. Poinar tentatively placed the species into subgenus "Lutzomyia". The total length of the body is with an overall brown coloration to the body antenna, and legs. The specimen is missing the left hind leg and both middle legs along with most of the antenna hairs and many body hairs. Portions of the legs and many of the hairs are preserved behind the fly in the

neg: Upper extremity of femur profound (deep) for the femoral artery. In the transition area between the head and neck is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the hip joint capsule. Here the two trochanters, greater and lesser trochanter, is found. The greater trochanter is almost box-shaped and is the most lateral prominent of the femur. The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the hip joint. The greater trochanter can easily be felt. The trochanteric fossa is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on medial surface of the greater

neg: Forensic limnology tissue, or from the area where the crime was discovered or occurred. When a body has been drowned diatoms go into the lungs and then are circulated to other internal organs through the individuals circulation. A forensic scientist will extract 100 g of either a tissue sample or bone marrow from a femur still attached to the victim. There are many different methods of extracting diatoms but the most commonly used method is acid digestion. This method is acknowledged worldwide, less expensive, and takes less time to get results. Scientists boil the sample and then add 50 ml of nitric

neg: Frances Yates Yates as the last surviving member of her immediate family. In summer 1981, Yates traveled on a lecture tour of Hungary, coming to believe that Anglophone scholarship had neglected Central Europe. Her final lecture was delivered at Manchester Cathedral, and was on the subject of John Dee, whom Yates was taking an increasing research interest in. Shortly after, she fell over at home, and was hospitalised with a cracked femur. She recovered and returned home, where she died in her sleep. Her body was cremated in an Anglican memorial service. With the publication of "Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition"

neg: Aetosaur study of the braincase of "Stagonolepis robertsoni" has shown that there are similarities between it and those of crocodylomorphs, which may indicate a close relationship. Aetosaurs had a "pillar-erect" erect limb posture similar to that seen in Rauisuchia, a related group of Triassic archosaurs. A pillar-erect limb posture is one where the femur articulates vertically with the acetabulum of the hip, which is angled downward, so that the leg is positioned beneath the body and acts as a pillar bearing weight. While the limb posture is similar to rauisuchians, the feet resemble those of phytosaurs (crocodile-like semiaquatic crurotarsans) in the

neg: Dog anatomy Process (Medial and Lateral), Interosseus Space Metacarpals: Carpal Bones (Radial and Ulnar), Accessory Carpal Bone, First, Second, Third, and Fourth Metacarpals, Phalanges, Proximal Base, Body, Head, Ungual crest, Ungual process (Nails), Extensor process, Carpometacarpal Joints, Metacarpophalangeal Joints, Proximalinterphalangeal Joints, Interphalangeal Joints Femur: Head, Ligament of Head, Neck, Greater Trochanter, Lesser Trochanter, Trochanteric Fossa, Acetabulum Fossa (on Hip Bone), Distal Femur, Trochlea (and Ridges), Condyles (Medial/Lateral), Epicondyles (Medial/Lateral), Intercondylar Fossa, Extensor Fossa (Tiny Dent), Infrapatellar Fat Pad, Fabellae (Medial/Lateral) Patella Tibia and Fibula: Tibial Condyles (Medial/Lateral), Intercondylar Eminences, Extensor Notch (Lateral), Tibial Tuberosity (Cranial), Tibial Cochlea, Medial Malleolus, Lateral Malleolus, Head

neg: Gracilisuchus most similar to those of "Terrestrisuchus", "Dromicosuchus", and "Marasuchus". The sacral ribs articulate at this shelf, unlike "Turfanosuchus" where the shelf is located above. The acetabulum, or hip socket, of "Gracilisuchus" was larger than other archosauriforms. Like "Turfanosuchus", "Marasuchus", "Lagerpeton", and other archosaurs, the acetabulum does not bear a perforation, and there is a buttress above the acetabulum for the femur. Unusually, but like "Tropidosuchus", "Protosuchus", and "Orthosuchus", the articulation with the ilium on the pubis is short. There is a small bony tongue projecting downwards from this articulation, which has only been recognized in "Postosuchus". There is no prominent

neg: Lower extremity of femur extended. Where the groove ceases laterally the patellar surface is seen to be continued backward as a semilunar area close to the anterior part of the intercondyloid fossa; this semilunar area articulates with the medial vertical facet of the patella in forced flexion of the knee-joint. The tibial surfaces of the condyles are convex from side to side and from before backward. Each presents a double curve, its posterior segment being an arc of a circle, its anterior, part of a cycloid. Lower extremity of femur The lower extremity of femur (or distal extremity) is the lower end of the

neg: Archaeorhynchus finger bones showing a phalangeal formula of 2-3-2. The hind limbs have a robust and bowed femur, a tibia which is slightly longer than the femur, and a slender fibula. They also preserve four metatarsals (metatarsal V is not preserved) where metatarsals II-IV, are not fused to each other and where metatarsal III is the longest and widest, while the others are equal in length Feathers are preserved in the holotype and one of the two most recent finds, where they are associated with the neck, wing and tail regions. Phylogenetic analysis conducted by Zhou & Zhang indicated that "Archaeorhynchus"

neg: Waddell's triad Waddell's triad Waddell's triad is a pattern of injury seen in pedestrian children who are struck by motor vehicles. The triad comprises: The mechanism of injury is an initial impact causing injury to the femur on one side (bumper injury) and the torso on the same side (fender or hood), following which the child is thrown, striking the head on the ground or another object and sustaining injury to the opposite side of the head. In countries where cars drive on the right, pedestrians tend to be struck on the left, causing left femur fractures, injuries to the left chest

neg: Scorpion of the soil upon which they spend their lives. The pedipalp is a segmented, chelate (clawed) appendage used for prey immobilization, defense and sensory purposes. The segments of the pedipalp (from closest to the body outwards) are coxa, trochanter, femur (humerus), patella, tibia (including the fixed claw and the manus) and tarsus (moveable claw). A scorpion has darkened or granular raised linear ridges, called "keels" or "carinae" on the pedipalp segments and on other parts of the body, which are useful taxonomically. The mesosoma is the broad part of the opisthosoma. Sometimes it is loosely called the "abdomen". It consists

neg: Unhappy triad The menisci are tough and rubber-like to help cushion the joint and help keep it stable. The lateral meniscus is also known as the external semilunar fibrocartilage. It is a fibrocartilage band on the lateral side of the knee joint and can easily be injured with torsional stress or direct force. Each knee has a medial and lateral meniscus, consisting of connective tissue and collagen fibers. Menisci are needed to distribute the body weight across the knee. Without them, the body weight is distributed unevenly on the femur and tibia, possibly leading to early arthritis in the knee joint. The

neg: Posterior cruciate ligament the tibia. The PCL is located within the knee joint where it stabilizes the articulating bones, particularly the femur and the tibia, during movement. It originates from the lateral edge of the medial femoral condyle and the roof of the intercondyle notch then stretches, at a posterior and lateral angle, toward the posterior of the tibia just below its articular surface. Although each PCL is a unified unit, they are described as separate anterolateral and posteromedial sections based off where each section's attachment site and function. During knee joint movement, the PCL rotates such that the anterolateral section stretches in

neg: Doleserpeton to aquatic and terrestrial environments. Limb structures of "Doleserpeton" were homologous to temnospondyli and to other derived terrestrial species. The prominence of the scapulocoracoid in the pectoral girdle of"Doleserpeton" allowed them to move efficiently on land while supporting the upper half of its body. The humerus is and attached perpendicularly to the scauplcorcoid. The carpals, metacarpals, and digits of "Doleserpeton" were allowed for full mobility of its forelimbs and joints to travel on land while providing adequate support for its body mass and size. The pelvic girdle also displays the same characteristics as the pectoral girdle. The femur is elongated

neg: Sphecomyrma small, narrow wasp-like mandibles, short scapes (the basal segment of the antenna) and the exceptionally long funiculus, which is four times longer than the scape. The suture (a pattern of shallow grooves on the head) is well developed and the trochantellus (the proximal end of the femur) is absent. The node (a segment between the mesosoma, the middle part of the body, and gaster) of the petiole is noticeably dome-shaped and is separated from the propodeum, the first abdominal segment, and parts of the metasoma, the posterior part of the body, by several constrictions. The cuticle (outer exoskeleton of the

neg: Oriental rat flea to the source to feed on the newly found host. A flea is wingless so it can not fly, but it can jump long distances with the help of small, powerful legs. A flea's leg consists of four parts: the part that is closest to the body is the coxa; next are the femur, tibia, and tarsus. A flea can use its legs to jump up to 200 times its own body length (about ). There are four stages in a flea's life. The first stage is the egg stage. Microscopic white eggs fall easily from the female to the