query: who was the ruler of india when east india company was set up

pos: East India Company "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies", the company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833, Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning, the East India company had always been involved in both trade and politics, just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been. The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I

neg: Pitt's India Act ruler of British India under the authority of the Board of Control and the Court of Directors. The constitution set up by Pitt's India Act did not undergo any major changes until the end of the company's rule in India in 1858. Pitt's India Act The East India Company Act 1784, also known as Pitt's India Act, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended to address the shortcomings of the Regulating Act of 1773 by bringing the East India Company's rule in India under the control of the British Government. Named for British prime minister William Pitt

neg: Bungalow on the Beach in 2000, and after restoration was opened in 2004, the company also runs two more heritage hotels in the town, Gate House and Nayak House. Founded in 1616, following a privilege of Danish King Christian IV, the Danish East India Company, set up its base in Tranquebar, in the fort Dansborg, which was the seat of its Governor of Danish India, styled Opperhoved. Here Ove Gjedde, a Danish admiral arrived in 1620. He was given territory by the Nayak ruler of Tanjore. The Danish then settled there so as to export pepper to Denmark. They remained there until 1845, when

neg: Tiruchirappalli general Murari Rao from 1741 to 1743, when it was acquired by the Nizam of Hyderabad, who bribed Rao to hand over the city. Nizam appointed Khwaja Abdullah as the ruler and returned to Golkonda. When the Nawab of the Carnatic Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah was dethroned by Chanda Sahib after the Battle of Ambur (1749), the former fled to Tiruchirappalli, where he set up his base. The subsequent siege of Tiruchirappalli (1751–1752) by Chanda Sahib took place during the Second Carnatic War between the British East India Company and Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah on one side and Chanda Sahib

neg: Bungalow on the Beach to Denmark. They remained there until 1845, when after suffering heavy losses, the colony of Tranquebar was sold to British Raj, thereafter the house became the residence of the British administrator of the colony. The bungalow was then sold to Vellia NadarFounded in 1616, following a privilege of Danish King Christian IV, the Danish East India Company, set up its base in Tranquebar, in the fort Dansborg, which was the seat of its Governor of Danish India, styled Opperhoved. Here Ove Gjedde, a Danish admiral arrived in 1620. He was given territory by the Nayak ruler of Tanjore. The Dannish,

neg: Mansur Ali Khan Mansur Ali Khan Nawab Sayyid Mansur Ali Khan (29 October 1830 – 4 November 1884) was Nawab of Bengal until his abdication in 1880, whereupon he renounced his titles and position as Nawab of Bengal. Bengal had been under occupation of the British East India Company since 1773 when Warren Hastings was appointed by the East India Company as the first Governor-General of Bengal. By 1793 British East India company took complete control of Bengal (former Mughal province), making Mansur Khan just a titular ruler under the British Raj. Nawab Nazim Mansur Ali Khan was born to Nawab Mubarak Ali

neg: Chovvakkaran Moosa the northern half of Malabar Province to sign a treaty with the British East India Company, guaranteeing the exclusive supply of all their pepper. By 1800, he dominated the whole of the Malabar coast and held monopoly contracts with the East India Company for most key goods. Eventually, Moosa became so wealthy that he lent money to the East India Company, itself. He was also not afraid to use his connections to get an advantage. When his fleet was barred entry at Cochin in 1796 by the Rajah, he forced the issue, reminding the ruler of his exceptional influence with

neg: Thanjavur Maratha kingdom in 1739. He ruled until 1763. He allied with Muhammad Ali, the Nawab of the Carnatic, and aided the British East India Company against the French East India Company in the Carnatic Wars and the Seven Years' War. He was the last king to be addressed to be the Directors of the British East India Company as "His Majesty". In 1762, a tripartite treaty was signed between Thanjavur, Carnatic and the British by which he became a vassal of the Nawab of the Carnatic. Thuljaji was a very weak ruler and the last independent ruler of Thanjavur. In 1773, Thanjavur

neg: Maritime history of England joint stock companies were set up, such as the Muscovy (Russia) Company, the Honourable East India Company (1599), the Levant Company and the Hudson's Bay Company. Trading "factories" were set up in India by the British in several ports. Similar companies were set up by the Dutch and Portuguese, which led to rivalries. The first modern underwater boat proposal was made by the Englishman William Bourne who designed a prototype submarine in 1578. Unfortunately for him these ideas never got past the planning stage. The first successful British colony in America was set up in 1607 at Jamestown. It languished

neg: Raja Venkatappa Nayaka Raja Venkatappa Nayaka Raja Venkatappa Nayaka IVth or Nalvadi Raja Venkatappa Nayaka was a prominent and a last ruler from Nayak Dynasty of Shorapur. He refused to accept the sovereignty of the British East India Company and waged a war against them. Surapur (or Shorapur) is in the present Yadgiri district, one of the 30 districts of Karnataka state in Southern India. This district was ruled by Bedar Nayaka's (Ramoshi) who had given tough resistance to Aurangzeb. The British appointed Philip Meadows Taylor, a writer, as its Resident and Regent when the ruler there died, leaving a young prince Venkatappa.

neg: History of Chennai controlled the area, appointed chieftains known as Nayaks who ruled over the different regions of the province almost independently. The region was under the control of the Damerla Venkatadri Nayakudu, a Padma Velama Nayak chieftain of Srikalahasti and Vandavasi. He was also an influential Nayak ruler under the Vijayanagara King Peda Venkata Raya then based in Chandragiri-Vellore Fort, was in-charge of the area of present Chennai city when the English East India Company arrived to establish a factory in the area. On 20 August 1639 Francis Day of the East India Company along with Damerla Venkatadri Nayak travelled to Chandragiri

neg: East India Docks East India Docks The East India Docks were a group of docks in Blackwall, east London, north-east of the Isle of Dogs. Today only the entrance basin and listed perimeter wall remain visible. Following the successful creation of the West India Docks which opened in 1802, an Act of Parliament in 1803 set up The East India Dock Company, promoted by the Honourable East India Company. Joseph Cotton was chairman of the Dock Company from 1803. The docks, designed by engineer Ralph Walker, were located to the north-east of the West India Docks. They were based on the existing Brunswick

neg: Bungalow on the Beach after suffering heavy losses, the colony of Tranquebar was sold to British Raj, thereafter the house became the residence of the British administrator of the colony. The bungalow was then sold to Vellia NadarFounded in 1616, following a privilege of Danish King Christian IV, the Danish East India Company, set up its base in Tranquebar, in the fort Dansborg, which was the seat of its Governor of Danish India, styled Opperhoved. Here Ove Gjedde, a Danish admiral arrived in 1620. He was given territory by the Nayak ruler of Tanjore. The Dannish, then settled there so as to export pepper

neg: George White (merchant) George White (merchant) George White (1648 – after 1707) was an English merchant and co-founder of the reformed East India Company. White was born in Bristol, England, during the English Civil War and was the son of a merchant trader. White gained his Master's Certificate and set sail for India in 1670. He used his or his family's ship and took up residence in Fort St George, Madras (now Chennai). When White arrived in the Far East, he was not employed by the East India Company but worked as a coastal trader supplying and transporting goods from as far as

neg: India Office Records a mission to arrange current records and to preserve historical records. Toward the end of the East India Company's governance in India, an increasing number of documents were sent to London and incorporated into the records. In fact, it was one of the most documented administrations ever. However, when the control of India was transferred to the India Office, they set up a committee to review the records provided by the East India Company. On the committee's recommendation, more than 300 tons of records were sold as wastepaper. Although this was certainly a great loss to the collection, there is

neg: East India Docks the former docks reflect the names of some of the goods traded here: Clove Crescent, Nutmeg Lane, Coriander Avenue, Oregano Drive, Rosemary Drive and Saffron Avenue. East India Docks The East India Docks were a group of docks in Blackwall, east London, north-east of the Isle of Dogs. Today only the entrance basin and listed perimeter wall remain visible. Following the successful creation of the West India Docks which opened in 1802, an Act of Parliament in 1803 set up The East India Dock Company, promoted by the Honourable East India Company. Joseph Cotton was chairman of the Dock Company

neg: South Arcot District (Madras Presidency) ruled till 1676, when it was conquered by the Marathas. In 1698, the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb took Gingee and established his rule over South Arcot. The British presence dates back to 1682, when the British East India Company established a factory at Cuddalore and Kanimedu. When these two failed, the Company set up another factory at Fort St David near Cuddalore. Fort St David served as the temporary capital of Madras Presidency from 1746 onwards when Madras was taken by the French East India Company, till 1752. Cuddalore was taken by the French from 1758 to 1760, when it was

neg: Indian Medical Service establishment of the East India Company in India was greatly aided by a doctor, although a lot of fiction may have been introduced into accounts relating to this. Gabriel Boughton is said to have saved Shah Jahan's daughter princess Jahanara from injuries due to burns. In reward he was given duty-free trading rights and this document was utilized by the East India Company to obtain a "farman" or rights for itself from the ruler in Surat. As more factories of the East India Company were established in India at this time, new positions began to be created for the appointment

neg: Hugh Wheeler (East India Company officer) banks of the River Ganges 800 river miles from the seat of government in Calcutta, had been set up in 1770 on the site of a small village called Kanhpur when British East India Company troops had been fighting with the Nawab of Oudh against the Mahrattas. The camp quickly expanded as traders and craftsmen followed the army. In 1801, when the town became British territory, they were joined by the East India Company's civil servants. Wives and families came out from England and Cawnpore acquired all the amenities of an English Town. By the time Wheeler took up his

neg: Northwest Passage Hudson Strait when he sailed into the Strait. Weymouth's expedition to find the Northwest Passage was funded jointly by the British East India Company and the Muscovy Company. "Discovery" was the same ship used by Henry Hudson on his final voyage. John Knight, employed by the British East India Company and the Muscovy Company, set out in 1606 to follow up on Weymouth's discoveries and find the Northwest Passage. After his ship ran aground and was nearly crushed by ice, Knight disappeared while searching for a better anchorage. In 1609, Henry Hudson sailed up what is now called the Hudson

neg: Kaliganj (community development block) Kaliganj (community development block) Kaliganj is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision of Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal. The Battle of Plassey was fought at Palashi in this block on 23 June 1757 between Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent ruler of Bengal and the forces of the British East India Company under Lord Clive. The victory of the British forces in the battle marked the advent of British rule in Bengal, which over the next century expanded to cover most of India. There is a memorial stone, set up

neg: Treaty of Seringapatam of war. Treaty of Seringapatam The "'Treaty of Sri ranga pattanam" (also called Srirangapatinam), signed 18 March 1792, ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Its signatories included Lord Cornwallis on behalf of the British East India Company, representatives of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maratha Empire, and Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore. The war broke out in late 1789 when Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, attacked Travancore, an ally of the British East India Company. After a little over two years of fighting, forces of the company led by Lord Charles, 2nd Earl Cornwallis, along

neg: Treaty of Seringapatam Treaty of Seringapatam The "'Treaty of Sri ranga pattanam" (also called Srirangapatinam), signed 18 March 1792, ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Its signatories included Lord Cornwallis on behalf of the British East India Company, representatives of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maratha Empire, and Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore. The war broke out in late 1789 when Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, attacked Travancore, an ally of the British East India Company. After a little over two years of fighting, forces of the company led by Lord Charles, 2nd Earl Cornwallis, along with allied

neg: Pitt's India Act set up for political activities and Court of directors for financial activities. By 1773 the East India Company was in dire financial straits and asked for assistance from the British Government. Faced with corruption and nepotism amongst the company officials in India, the British Government enacted the Regulating Act in 1773 to control the activities of the Company. The Act set up a system whereby it supervised (regulated) the work of the Company but did not take power for itself. This act was the stepping stone for the rule of British in India. The Act provided for not more than

neg: Regulating Act of 1773 reduce the massive amount of tea held by the financially troubled British East India Company in its London warehouses and to help the financially struggling company survive. Lord North decided to overhaul the management of the East India Company with the Regulating Act. This was the first step to the eventual government control of India. The Act set up a system whereby it supervised (regulated) the work of the East India Company. The Company had taken over large areas of India for trading purposes and had an army to protect its interests. Company men were not trained to govern so

neg: Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu prestige and influence in the region as they had set up military alliances with local princes in their bid to outmaneuver the French. One of the princes was the most important and powerful ruler in the Tamil country, the Nawab of the Carnatic, who became a debtor and eventually pensioner of the British East India Company. The first British possession in the Tamil country, apart from Madras, was Fort St David, near Cuddalore, which was established in 1690. The British acquired taxation rights over Chingleput district in 1763 and South Arcot in 1781. The two districts, along with rest of

neg: France–Asia relations Soon after, the French East India Company was established in 1664. In 1664 a mission was sent to Madagascar under François Caron, formerly in the service of the Dutch East India Company. The Madagascar mission failed, but soon after, Caron succeeded in founding French outposts at Surat (1668) and at Masulipatam (1669) in India;. Caron became "Commissaire" at Pondicherry (1668—1672). The French East India Company set up a trading centre at Pondicherry in 1673. This outpost eventually became the chief French settlement in India. In 1672, Caron helped lead French forces in Ceylon, where the strategic bay at Trincomalee was

neg: Imperialism India Company was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to maintain strength relative to other empires such as the Portuguese who already had set up trading posts in India. In 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy. By the year 1670 Britain's imperialist ambitions were well off as she had colonies in Virginia, Massachusetts, Bermuda, Honduras, Antigua, Barbados, Jamaica and Nova Scotia. Due to the vast imperialist

neg: Siege of Multan Siege of Multan The Siege of Multan was a prolonged contest between the city and state of Multan and the British East India Company. The siege lasted between 19 April 1848, when a rebellion in the city against a ruler imposed by the East India Company precipitated the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and 22 January 1849, when the last defenders surrendered. Multan had been captured and incorporated into the Sikh Empire of Ranjit Singh in 1818. In 1845, although the population was almost half Muslim, it was ruled by a Hindu vassal, Dewan Mulraj. In that year, the First Anglo-Sikh War

neg: Company rule in India Raj. The English East India Company ("the Company") was founded in 1600, as "The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies". It gained a foothold in India with the establishment of a factory in Masulipatnam on the Eastern coast of India in 1611 and the grant of the rights to establish a factory in Surat in 1612 by the Mughal emperor Jahangir. In 1640, after receiving similar permission from the Vijayanagara ruler farther south, a second factory was established in Madras on the southeastern coast. Bombay island, not far from Surat, a former Portuguese outpost gifted to

neg: Doctrine of lapse As per this policy, the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839, Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842. Doctrine of lapse The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India until 1858. According to the doctrine, any Indian princely state under the suzerainty of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system, would have its princely status abolished (and therefore annexed into British India) if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir". The

neg: Philip Melvill (East India Company officer) Philip Melvill (East India Company officer) Philip Melvill (1796–1882) was a Bengal Army officer who went on to be Military Secretary to the East India Company. Born the fourth son of Captain Philip Melvill, Melvill was commissioned into the Bengal Army in 1815. He was appointed Military Secretary to the East India Company in 1837 remaining there until 1858. He retired when the East India Company was nationalized in 1857 to Ethy near Lostwithiel in Cornwall where he died. Melvill's son, Philip Sandys Melvill, became Agent to the Viceroy and Governor-General of India at Baroda. His younger son, Teignmouth Melvill,

neg: John Gilchrist (linguist) already known to some in the East India Company. They referred to the language as Moors language or simply Jargon, and it was Gilchrist who adopted this as the new language of administration for British India. On Gilchrist's suggestion, the Governor-General, the Marquess of Wellesley, and the East India Company decided to set up a training institution for its recruits in Calcutta. This started as the "Oriental Seminary" or "Gilchrist ka madrasa", but was enlarged within a year to become Fort William College in 1800. Gilchrist served as the first principal of the college until 1804, and through the personal

neg: Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad by Mir Jaffer. He lost to the British East India Company, who took installed Mir Jaffer on the "Masnad" (throne), as a "puppet ruler" and established itself to a political power in Bengal. In 1765, Robert Clive, of the British East India Company, became the first British Governor of Bengal. He secured in perpetuity for the Company the "Diwani" (revenue and civil justice) of the then Bengal subah from the then Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II and thus the system of Dual Government was established and the Bengal Presidency was formed. In 1772 the Dual Government system was abolished and

neg: Political warfare in British colonial India by appointment, rather than election, and the councils were restricted to a consultative role. The East India Company increased its power in India by playing local rulers off against each other and the declining Mughal Empire. Lord Dalhousie, the Company Governor General between 1848 and 1856 established a principle, the Doctrine of Lapse, that if any princely state or territory under the direct influence (paramountcy) of the British East India Company would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a direct heir". This allowed the Company to remove rulers it viewed as troublesome. After

neg: Political warfare in British colonial India When they didn’t need to resort to martial strength, the East India Company, and later the British Foreign Office, Indian Civil Service or military resorted to bribery and tributes to woo local rulers. In the early 1800s they presented the ruler of the Punjab, Ranjit Singh, with five English dray horses, which would have been larger than any horse he had seen before, horses being one of his many loves. When the state of Punjab eventually became aggressive in 1843, the British conquered it, taking Kashmir and putting it under a ruler more amenable to the British. The Punjab was

neg: Chamoli district Thapa and Hastidal Chanturia. They established there reign over half of the Garhwal in 1804 up to 1815 this region remain under Gorkha rule. Meanwhile, the king of Panwar dynasty Raja Sudarshan Shah contacted east India Company and sought help. With the help of British he defected Gorkas and merged the eastern part of Alaknanda and Mandakini along with the capital srinagar in British Garhwal from that time this region was known as British Garhwal and the capital of Garhwal was set up at Tehri instead of Srinagar. In the beginning British ruler kept this area under Dehradun and Saharanpur.

neg: Second Anglo-Sikh War (court), and increasing tension between the Army and the Durbar. The East India Company began to build up its military strength on the borders of the Punjab. Eventually, the increasing tension goaded the Sikh Army to invade British territory, under weak and possibly treacherous leaders. The hard-fought First Anglo-Sikh War ended in defeat for the Sikh Army. At the end of the war, the Sikh Empire was forced to cede some valuable territory (the Jullundur Doab) to the East India Company, and Gulab Singh, the ruler of Jammu, was allowed to acquire entire Jammu and Kashmir from the Sikh Empire

neg: Philip Melvill (East India Company officer) won the Victoria Cross during the Anglo-Zulu War. Philip Melvill (East India Company officer) Philip Melvill (1796–1882) was a Bengal Army officer who went on to be Military Secretary to the East India Company. Born the fourth son of Captain Philip Melvill, Melvill was commissioned into the Bengal Army in 1815. He was appointed Military Secretary to the East India Company in 1837 remaining there until 1858. He retired when the East India Company was nationalized in 1857 to Ethy near Lostwithiel in Cornwall where he died. Melvill's son, Philip Sandys Melvill, became Agent to the Viceroy and Governor-General of

neg: Raja Venkatappa Nayaka early morning when his armed guard had gone out for ablution, Venkatappa took the revolver his guard had left behind and shot himself dead. Raja Venkatappa Nayaka Raja Venkatappa Nayaka IVth or Nalvadi Raja Venkatappa Nayaka was a prominent and a last ruler from Nayak Dynasty of Shorapur. He refused to accept the sovereignty of the British East India Company and waged a war against them. Surapur (or Shorapur) is in the present Yadgiri district, one of the 30 districts of Karnataka state in Southern India. This district was ruled by Bedar Nayaka's (Ramoshi) who had given tough resistance to

neg: International relations, 1648–1814 captured Delhi in 1526 with only 12,000 soldiers against an enemy force of over 100,000. He continued his conquests across much of North Central India. His vigor and charismatic personality earned him strong loyalties. Akbar (ruled 1556–1605) followed. He was a charismatic and brilliant leader who organized a highly successful military, and set up a financial system to pay for his extravagances. The Mughal Empire maintained diplomatic relations with numerous local and international powers, including Uzbeks, the Safavid dynasty in Persia, the Ottoman Empire, the French East India Company and especially the English East India Company. It tolerated the establishment

neg: East India Company Eventually, the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies, composed primarily of Indian sepoys. As historian William Dalrymple observes, In 1613, during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate, the British ship "Clove", under the command of Captain John Saris, was the first British ship to call on Japan. Saris was the chief factor of the EIC's trading post in Java, and with the assistance of William Adams, a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600, he was able to gain permission from the ruler to

neg: Benares State Benares State Benares or Banaras State was a princely state in what is today India during the British Raj. On 15 October 1948 Benares' last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union. The state was founded by the local zamindar Bhumihar Raja Balwant Singh, who assumed the title of "Raja of Benares" in 18th century, taking advantage of the Mughal Empire's disintegration. His descendants ruled the area around Benares as feudatories of Nawab of Awadh and East India Company. In 1910, Benares became a full-fledged state of British India. The state was merged in India after India's independence in

neg: Hugh Wheeler (East India Company officer) was promoted to captain in 1819, transferred to the 48th Native Infantry in 1824, and was further promoted to major in 1829 and lieutenant-colonel in 1835. He formed a relationship with Frances Oliver (née Marsden), an Anglo-Indian woman who was married to another officer. The couple had a number of children together and eventually married when Frances was widowed. Wheeler led the 48th Native Infantry during the Afghan War in 1838-9, taking part in the capture of Ghazni and Kabul. In December 1840 he returned to India, as part of the escort of the captive ruler of Afghanistan Dost Mohammad

neg: Cooch Behar State who ascended the throne at the age of four. His short reign was chaotic. The Bhutias annexed further land in the north of Behar, and their ambassador in the capital of Behar became the de facto ruler of the state. The young maharaja was assassinated in a palace plot at the age of six. On 12 August 1765, the British East India Company took over control of Bengal. The Maharaja of Bihar now had to pay rent to the East India company for Boda, Patgram, Panga and other chaklas in Bengal. After Debendra Narayan's assassination, Debraj, king of Bhutan, sent

neg: David Brown (East India Company chaplain) at the house in Chowringhee of John Herbert Harington, president of the Calcutta Bible Society set up in 1811, as he was the secretary. Funeral sermons were preached by Daniel Corrie and Thomas Thomason. Brown married, first, a Miss Robinson of Hull, who died in 1794; and then in 1796, to Frances Cowley, daughter of Hannah Cowley. On his death he left nine children. Buchanan mentioned three sons, who had been schooled in languages. The family received support from the East India Company, moved to London, and Frances Brown died in Bristol, in 1822. Brown's children were: David Brown (East

neg: William Finch (merchant) 1612 the mogul emperor confirmed and extended the privileges he had promised to Finch and Hawkins, and the East India Company in that year set up their first little factory at Surat. William Finch (merchant) William Finch (died 1613) was an English merchant in the service of the East India Company (EIC). Finch was a native of London. He was agent to an expedition sent by the East India Company, under Captains Hawkins and Keeling, in 1607 to treat with the Great Mogul. Hawkins and Finch landed at Surat on 24 August 1608. They were violently opposed by the Portuguese.

neg: Madras Time time and Calcutta time were set up as the two official time zones of British India in 1884, railway companies in India began to use Madras time as an intermediate time zone between the two zones. This led to Madras time also being known as "Railway time of India". Madras Time Madras Time was a time zone established in 1802 by John Goldingham, the first official astronomer of the British East India Company in India when he determined the longitude of Madras as 5 hours, 21 minutes and 14 seconds ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. It has been described as

neg: Maritime history of the United Kingdom got the slave trade abolished in 1808 and subsequently the Royal Navy tried to suppress it. In 1600 Queen Elizabeth had given the Honourable East India Company the right to trade east of the Cape of Good Hope. By 1804 the company's fleet from India was said to be worth £6M. The Virginia Company failed in 1624. The South Sea Company had been set up to trade in the Pacific but became involved in domestic politics. The Levant Company was set up to trade with Turkey. The Industrial Revolution caused a large increase in shipping movements. Raw materials were imported

neg: East India Company to continue their voyage back to India. When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. To appease Aurangzeb, the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations, while Parliament declared the pirates "hostis humani generis" ("enemies of the human race"). In mid-1696 the government issued a £500 bounty on Every's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts. When the East India Company later doubled that reward, the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway. The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The

neg: Settler colonialism displaced the indigenous Kanak population from the mid-19th century onwards. In 1652, the arrival of Europeans sparked the beginning of settler colonialism in South Africa. The Dutch East India Company was set up at the Cape, and imported large numbers of slaves from Africa and Asia during the mid-seventeenth century. The Dutch East India Company established a refreshment station for ships sailing between Europe and the east. The initial plan by Dutch East India Company officer Jan van Riebeeck was to maintain a small community around the new fort, but the community continued to spread and colonize further than originally

neg: India Office Records and records, manuscripts, photographs, printed maps and private papers. These items take up approximately nine miles of shelving units. The historical scope of the records begins in 1600, when the East India Company was granted exclusive rights to trade in much of Asia, including the entire Indian subcontinent. During its first 100 years, much of the East India Company's energy was involved in maintaining its trade privileges, as it faced competition from domestic and international companies. Although the East India Company was established as a trading company, it became more and more involved in local affairs in India during the

neg: East India Company River Thames at Deptford. By 1614, the yard having become too small, an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall: the new yard was fully operational by 1617. It was sold in 1656, although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners. In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall

neg: Dutch Empire Straits of Magellan. The directors of the company, the ""Heeren XVII"", were given the legal authority to establish "fortresses and strongholds", to sign treaties, to enlist both an army and a navy, and to wage defensive war. The company itself was founded as a joint stock company, similarly to its English rival that had been founded two years earlier, the English East India Company. In 1621, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) was set up and given a 25-year monopoly to those parts of the world not controlled by its East India counterpart: the Atlantic, the Americas and the west

neg: Doctrine of lapse Doctrine of lapse The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India until 1858. According to the doctrine, any Indian princely state under the suzerainty of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system, would have its princely status abolished (and therefore annexed into British India) if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir". The latter supplanted the long-established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor. In addition, the

neg: Faizullah Khan Faizullah Khan Syed Faizullah Khan (c.1730 - 17 July 1794) was the first Nawab of Rampur. The princely state of Rampur was set up in 1774, after the First Rohilla War, by the dismemberment of the Rohilla state of Rohilkhand. Faizullah Khan, the surviving heir of Ali Mohammed Khan and opponent of the forces of Awadh and the British East India Company in the war, was installed as ruler of what was a state. It bordered the Maratha Empire to the south, making it a strategic point. He was the second son of Ali Muhammad Khan. He assumed rule of

neg: East India Club East India Club The East India Club, is a gentlemen's club founded in 1849 and situated at 16 St. James's Square in London. The full title of the club is the East India, Devonshire, Sports and Public Schools' Club due to historic mergers with other clubs. Founded in the middle of the 19th century, the club's original members, as set out in the Rule Book of 1851, were: But within the first two decades of the club's foundation, the East India Company started to lose its Indian possessions and was wound up entirely in 1874. As a result, the club

neg: Adamjee Haji Dawood in the commodities markets, enabling him to set up his first industrial venture - a match factory in Rangoon. In 1927, he returned to India to establish a jute mill in Calcutta. The Adamjee Jute Mills Limited was the third jute mill to be set up by an Indian and the first Muslim-owned public company in British India. To capture this emerging niche, Adamjee along with Mr. G. D. Birla of Birla Jute, broke into this monopolistic trade controlled by the East India Company until that time. He was also an avid educationist and philanthropist. He was responsible for financing

neg: William Petrie William Petrie William Petrie (1784–1816) was a British officer of the East India Company in Chennai (formerly Madras) during the 1780s. Petrie set up a private observatory in his residence located in Egmore, Chennai, India. He gave the observatory to the East India Company and the first modern astronomical observatory outside Europe was born. It was named as the Madras Observatory and was located in Nungambakkam . Michael Topping (1747–96) was appointed as the astronomer of this observatory by the Company. The Madras Observatory later evolved into Indian Institute of Astrophysics. Petrie was a Member of Council in Madras in

neg: Kumbakonam in the 1780s following an invasion of Kanchipuram by Hyder Ali of Mysore. When Tipu Sultan invaded the east coast of South India in 1784, Kumbakonam bore the brunt of his invasion. The produce fell sharply and the economy collapsed. Kumbakonam did not recover from the calamity till the beginning of the 19th century. Kumbakonam was eventually ceded to the British East India Company in 1799 by the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II (1777 -1832) and reached the zenith of its prosperity in the late 19th and early 20th century when it emerged as an important center of Brahminism, Hindu

neg: Mir Qasim Mir Qasim Mir Qasim (; 8 May 1777) was the Nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1763. He was installed as Nawab with the support of the British East India Company, replacing Mir Jafar, his father-in-law, who had himself been supported earlier by the East India Company after his role in the Battle of Plassey. However, Mir Jafar was in conflict with the East India company over too many demands and tried to tie up with the Dutch East India Company. The British eventually overran the Dutch forces at Chinsura and played a major role in replacing Mir Jafar with

neg: History of Puducherry centuries different southern dynasties controlled Puducherry: in the 10th century AD. the Chola of Thanjavur took over, only to be replaced by the Pandya Kingdom in the 13th century. After a brief invasion by the Muslim rulers of the North, who established the Sultanate of Madurai, the Vijayanagar Empire took control of almost all the South of India, with their power lasting until 1638, when the Sultan of Bijapur began to rule over Gingee. In 1674 the "French East India Company" set up a trading centre at Pondicherry. This outpost eventually became the chief French settlement in India. Dutch and

neg: William Petrie Gentlemen of the Settlement will honor him with their company at Breakfast at half past eight; and at dinner, at half past four o’clock, on New Year’s Day.” William Petrie William Petrie (1784–1816) was a British officer of the East India Company in Chennai (formerly Madras) during the 1780s. Petrie set up a private observatory in his residence located in Egmore, Chennai, India. He gave the observatory to the East India Company and the first modern astronomical observatory outside Europe was born. It was named as the Madras Observatory and was located in Nungambakkam . Michael Topping (1747–96) was appointed

neg: Ceasefire broke out between the two newly independent countries in Kashmir in October 1947, with India intervening on behalf of the princely ruler of Kashmir who had joined India and the rebels, who were supported by Pakistan. The fighting was limited to Kashmir but, apprehensive that it might develop into a full-scale international war, India referred the matter to the UN Security Council under Article 35 of the UN Charter, which addresses situations `likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace'. The Security Council set up a dedicated United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan, which mediated for an entire year

neg: Colin Campbell (Swedish East India Company) citizens. Colin became a Burgess of Edinburgh in 1720, when the citation described him as ""of London"". In 1723, he lost a great deal of money and was left burdened in debt following the spectacular investments and subsequent financial collapse known as the South Sea Bubble. He vowed to repay all his debts, and did so before he died, but meanwhile had to flee from his debtors to Ostend in Belgium. This was then part of the Austrian Netherlands, where Campbell helped the Austrians in their attempts to set up an Austrian rival to the British East India Company. He

neg: Nurpur kingdom Nurpur kingdom Nurpur was a minor kingdom in India from around the 11th century until it was annexed by the British East India Company in 1849. It covered an area of and is now part of Himachal Pradesh state. The ancient rulers of Nurpur patronised the Pahari painting style. The capital of Nurpur State was the town of Nurpur which had a population of 4,462 according to the 1901 Census of India. The kingdom of Nurpur, originally known as Dhameri, was founded towards the end of the 11th century by Jhet Pal, who was the younger brother of the ruler

neg: Zamindar of Natore was transferred to Murshidabad, he was appointed in a similar capacity as his master's representative there. During this time he came in close contact of Murshid Quli Khan and secured his confidence. Which is why the "naib" (later ruler of Bengal) trusted him and let him set up the dynasty. Just a few zamindars controlled half of the total landed property of Bengal and in 1793 British East India company has abolished Nizamat (local rule by nawabs appointed y the Mughal emperor) and has taken complete control of the province of Bengal. The colonial state viewed these princely zamindaris as

neg: Indian natural history Hermitage Museum is attributed to Mansur. "Hortus indicus malabaricus" was the oldest regional flora for any part of the world and was published in India in the 18th century by the Dutch East India Company through the work of Hendrik van Rheede (1636–1691). The East India Company was quick to note the interest in natural curiosities and set up the first museum. The collections grew rapidly. For instance the Thomas Horsfield noted in 1851 the growing contributions to the museum by year: The Indian Civil Services brought many British naturalists to India. Some collected species on behalf of British and

neg: Natural resources of India producer. In 2012-2013, 9 lakh tonnes of marine products was exported. Coal mining in India started in 1774 through the East India Company in the Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank of Damodar River in the Indian state of West Bengal. Growth of the Indian coal mining started when steam locomotives were introduced in 1853. Production increased to Million tonnes. Production reached 30 million tonnes in 1946. After Independence, the National Coal Development Corporation was set up and colleries were owned by the railways. India consumes coal mainly for the power sector. Other industries like cement, fertilizer, chemical and paper

neg: Khadki the other for road traffic. Two more bridges have been added since 2005, one replacing Holkar Bridge as it would invariably be submerged in the monsoons and the other to shorten the distance from Deccan College area to Poona Engineering College and Deccan Gymkhana. Khadki has as many as seven military officer's messes. Khadki was the site of the Battle of Khadki, fought between the British East India Company and the Marathas in 1817 in which Baji Rao II, the Peshwa ruler was defeated. Soon after the war, the British set up a cantonment here. It then became the base

neg: William Butterworth Bayley William Butterworth Bayley William Butterworth Bayley (1782–1860) was acting Governor-General of India during the period March–July 1828. Bayley was a member of the Bengal Civil Service (1799–1830) and a director and chairman of the British East India Company (1834–1858). Bayley, a very distinguished member of the civil service of the old East India Company, was the sixth son of Thomas Butterworth Bayley, of Hope Hall, Eccles, who served the office of high sheriff of Lancashire in 1768. He was educated at Eton, and had just gone up to Cambridge when his father obtained an appointment in the Bengal civil service

neg: Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad of his success in subjecting Muslim rulers of east India in states such as Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the Maratha rule. The break-up of the centralised Mughal empire by 1750, led to the creation of numerous semi-independent kingdoms (all provinces of the former Mughal empire). Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah was defeated by the British forces of Sir Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Thereafter the Nawab of Bengal became a "puppet ruler" depending on military support from British East India company to secure their throne. Siraj-ud-Daulah was replaced by Mir Jaffer. He was personally led to the

neg: Dutch East India Company Dutch East India Company The Dutch East India Company (; VOC) was an early megacorporation, founded by a government-directed amalgamation of several rival Dutch trading companies (the so-called "voorcompagnieën" or "pre-companies") in the early 17th century. It was originally established, on 20 March 1602, as a chartered company to trade with India and Indianized Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade. The VOC was an early multinational/transnational corporation in its modern sense. The Company has been often labelled a trading company (i.e. a company of merchants who buy and sell

neg: Sulawesi the 16th century, lasting until 1665, when it was taken by the Dutch. The Dutch had arrived in Sulawesi in 1605 and were quickly followed by the English, who established a factory in Makassar. From 1660, the Dutch were at war with Gowa, the major Makassar west coast power. In 1669, Admiral Speelman forced the ruler, Sultan Hasanuddin, to sign the Treaty of Bongaya, which handed control of trade to the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch were aided in their conquest by the Bugis warlord Arung Palakka, ruler of the Bugis kingdom of Bone. The Dutch built a fort

neg: East India Company East India Company The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, Company Bahadur, or simply The Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with Mughal India and the East Indies (Maritime Southeast Asia), and later with Qing China. The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonized parts of Southeast Asia, and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China. Originally chartered as the

neg: Pallur Eman Pallur Eman Pallūr Ēman Nāyar (died 1820 in Malaya) was a Nayar lord of southern Wayanad, north east Kerala, India. He was involved in the Cotiote War (1793–1806), a conflict between the Cotiote princely ruler Pazhassi and the British East India Company. In 1799, Eman fought with the British. In 1802, Eman became a double agent for Pazhassi, who was his overlord. The British considered Eman "a man of considerable property and rank". In 1799, he was an advisor to the British with a wage of 200 rupees per year. Eman encamped with Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington and

neg: Chait Singh Chait Singh Raja Chait Singh (Rafa'at wa Awal-i-Martabat Raja Sri Chait Singh Sahib Bahadur) (died 29 March 1810 in Gwalior) was a ruler of Benares State in northern India. Chait Singh was the eldest son of Raja Balwant Singh, and succeeded to the throne of Benares in 1770 after the death of his father. During the Eighteenth Century in northern India, the Mughal Empire was disintegrating, while the power of the British East India Company was growing. Balwant Singh was a zamindar who took the title of raja, and rajas of Benares were still formally subject to the Nawab of

neg: Chait Singh Cossimbazar. Chait Singh Raja Chait Singh (Rafa'at wa Awal-i-Martabat Raja Sri Chait Singh Sahib Bahadur) (died 29 March 1810 in Gwalior) was a ruler of Benares State in northern India. Chait Singh was the eldest son of Raja Balwant Singh, and succeeded to the throne of Benares in 1770 after the death of his father. During the Eighteenth Century in northern India, the Mughal Empire was disintegrating, while the power of the British East India Company was growing. Balwant Singh was a zamindar who took the title of raja, and rajas of Benares were still formally subject to the Nawab

neg: Hillsborough (1774 ship) East Indiamen into service. "Hillsborough" became the 34-gun frigate "Santa Balbina". In 1794 she was sold for breaking up. Citations References Hillsborough (1774 ship) Hillsborough was a three-decker East Indiaman launched in 1774. She made two voyages to India and China for the British East India Company. Her voyages took place during the American War of Independence, and she had just set out on her third voyage when a Spanish fleet captured her on 9 August 1780, together with almost the entire convoy of which she was a member. The Spanish Navy took her into service as "Santa Balbina", a

neg: William Watts became an MP himself. Their son Edward stayed in Hanslope Park. On 26 March 1778 he married Florentia, daughter of Alexander Wynch, sometime Governor of Madras, who had retired to Harley Street, London. William Watts William Watts (c. 1722 – 4 August 1764) was a British official with the East India Company. He was involved in the overthrow of the last independent ruler of Bengal, leading directly to the consolidation of Company rule in India and his own personal enrichment. Through his wife Begum Johnson, he had notable descendants, including a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Watts was born

neg: Third Anglo-Mysore War Third Anglo-Mysore War The Third Anglo–Mysore War (1790–1792) was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the East India Company and its allies, including the Maratha Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad. It was the third of four Anglo–Mysore Wars. Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Kingdom of Mysore, and his father Hyder Ali before him, had previously fought twice with the forces of the British East India Company. The First Anglo-Mysore War, fought in the 1760s, had ended inconclusively, with treaty provisions including promises of mutual assistance in future conflicts. British failure to support Mysore in

neg: John Prinsep his indigo ventures – which he used to set himself up in business as an East India agent and Italian silk merchant, a step made easier by his role as an East India Company shareholder. Back in England, Prinsep proved to be a vocal, if not particularly subtle, advocate for the unencumbered rights of English merchants. One tract he authored in 1793, for instance, was entitled: "The right in the West India merchants to a Double Monopoly of the Sugar Market and the Expedience of all Monopolies Examined." Prinsep simultaneously urged a government policy of opening up the India market

neg: East India House describes the "light excluding, pent-up offices, where candles for one-half the year supplied the place of the sun's light", and refers to Fish Street Hill, Fenchurch Street and Mincing Lane, which formed part of his walking route to work in Leadenhall Street. The East India Company was wound up in 1858, when its assets passed to the government; and the building became the India Office. This, however, was only a temporary arrangement, as a new India Office building was already being planned for Whitehall. East India House was vacated in 1860, and the following year was sold for redevelopment and

neg: Jute trade thriving trade did not really begin until after 1850 through mechanised processing, to meet rising demand. Raw jute was imported from Bengal by the British East India Company. British Jute Barons grew rich processing jute and selling manufactured products made from jute. Dundee Jute Barons and the British East India Company began to set up jute mills in Bengal and by 1895 jute industries in Bengal overtook the Scottish jute trade. Many Scots emigrated to Bengal to set up jute factories. More than a billion jute sandbags were exported from Bengal to the trenches during World War I and even

neg: Doctrine of lapse Mostly clang that the ruler was not ruling properly, the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by virtue of this doctrine. Udaipur State, however, would have local rule reinstated by the British in 1860. With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Following the rebellion, in 1858, the new British Viceroy of India, whose rule replaced that of the British East India

neg: Zamindars of Bengal Awadh was restored, while Nawab Mir Qasim, the Ruler of Bengal lost his control on Bengal. The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on 16 August 1765 between Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II (son of late Emperor Alamgir II) and Lord Clive of the British East India Company after the Battle of Buxar (1764). Based on the terms of the agreement, Shah Alam II granted "Diwani rights" or right to administer the territory and collect taxes to the East India Company. These rights allowed the Company to collect revenue from the people of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. In return, the Company

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of India Bishop Marks' after Colonel Henry Bishop, the Postmaster General of the United Kingdom who introduced this practice in Britain. The Post Office Department of the East India Company was first established on 31 March 1774 at Calcutta, followed in 1778 at Madras and in 1792 at Bombay. After 1793, when Cornwallis introduced the Regulation of the Permanent Settlement, the financial responsibility for maintaining the official posts rested with the zamindars. Alongside these, private "dawk" mail systems sprang up for the commercial conveyance of messages using hired runners. Also, the East India Company created its own infrastructure for the expansion and

neg: Richard Smith (East India Company officer) Richard Smith (East India Company officer) Brigadier-General Richard Smith (baptised 1734 – 3 July 1803) was Commander-in-Chief, India of the East India Company (Bengal). He was the eldest son of John Smith, cheesemonger, of Jermyn Street, St. James’s, in what is now central London. He served in India as an ensign in the Madras Army in 1752, rising to the rank of captain. In 1761 returned to London and became a prominent shareholder in the East India Company. When he went out to India again in 1764 it was as Colonel of one of the East India Company's three brigades.

neg: East India Company was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn, opposite St Botolph's church in Bishopsgate, before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 aboard the "Red Dragon". After capturing a rich 1,200 ton Portuguese Carrack in the Malacca Straits the trade from the booty enabled the voyagers to set up two "factories" – one at Bantam on Java and another in the Moluccas (Spice Islands) before leaving. They returned to England in 1603 to learn of Elizabeth's death but Lancaster was Knighted by the new King James I. By

neg: Jean-François-Marie de Surville de Lauriston to India, to take up his post. Afterwards, together with Lauriston and Jean-Baptiste Chevalier, the governor of Chandernagore which, like Pondicherry, was a French settlement on the east coast of India, he set up a venture to pursue trading in the Indian Ocean. Returning to France in 1766, Surville gained the permission of the French East India Company for his commercial plans. Needing a ship for his venture, he facilitated the construction of the "St. Jean Baptiste" at Port-Louis. A vessel of 650 tons, and armed with 36 guns, he sailed her to India in June 1767. Over

neg: Hindustan Antibiotics Hindustan Antibiotics Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL), based in Pimpri, India, is the first public sector drug manufacturing companies set up by the Government of India. It was the first company in India to launch a recombinant DNA product, rHU-Erythropoietin (Hemax) in 1993. The company introduced new products like Halpen, Haltax, Hexpan in 2008. Sati-HIV drugs will be produced from September 2009. HAL was set up in cooperation with the WHO and UNICEF with the social objective of providing affordable drugs throughout India. It was inaugurated by India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 10 March 1954. Production began in 1955.

neg: Lava International Lava International Lava International Limited is an Indian multi-national company in the mobile handset industry. The company was founded in 2009 as an offshoot of a telecommunication venture. It is headquartered in Noida, India and has overseas operations in Thailand, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Mexico and the Middle East, Pakistan and Russia. The company started its Africa operations by launching its product in Egypt in 2016. Lava is working towards establishing a mobile phone design center in India and setting up new manufacturing facilities. The company has an in-house R&D and product-testing set-up in China and India for product

neg: Portuguese India of the Vijayanagar ruler. Vasco da Gama sailed to India for a second time with 15 ships and 800 men, arriving at Calicut on 30 October 1502, where the ruler was willing to sign a treaty. Gama this time made a call to expel all Muslims (Arabs) from Calicut which was vehemently turned down. He bombarded the city and captured several rice vessels. He returned to Portugal in September 1503. On 25 March 1505, Francisco de Almeida was appointed "Viceroy of India", on the condition that he would set up four forts on the southwestern Indian coast: at Anjediva Island,

neg: Karauli State British. In 1817, Karauli's ruler signed a treaty with the East India Company and became a British protectorate, the status was maintained till the independence of India in 1947. After India's independence in 1947, the state under Maharaja Ganesh Pal Deo acceded to the Dominion of India on 7 April 1949; Karauli later merged with the Union of India and became part of the state of Rajasthan. The rulers of the state bore the title 'Maharaja'. Karauli was ruled by Jadaun Yaduvanshi Rajputs. Karauli State Karauli State was a princely state in India from 1348 to 1949. It is located

neg: Hillsborough (1774 ship) Hillsborough (1774 ship) Hillsborough was a three-decker East Indiaman launched in 1774. She made two voyages to India and China for the British East India Company. Her voyages took place during the American War of Independence, and she had just set out on her third voyage when a Spanish fleet captured her on 9 August 1780, together with almost the entire convoy of which she was a member. The Spanish Navy took her into service as "Santa Balbina", a frigate of 34 guns. She was sold in 1794 for breaking up. Captain Robert Preston left Portsmouth on 19 March 1775,

neg: Mirpur Khas Sher Muhammad Talpur (1829-1843) succeeded Mir Ali Murad, and built a fort in the city when he declared the ruler of the state, and ran a kutchery from within the fort. Elaborate graves for the local rulers were built at Chitorri, and feature a syncretic architectural style that combines elements of Islamic and Rajasthani architecture. Mirpur Khas remained the capital of the Talpur Mirs of Mirpurkhas until 1843, when Sindh was annexed to British India under the East India Company following the conquest of Sindh by Charles James Napier and defeat of Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur on 24 March 1843

neg: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited East. In the post war reorganisation the company built railway carriages as an interim activity. After India gained independence in 1947, the management of the company was passed over to the Government of India. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was formed on 1 October 1964 when Hindustan Aircraft Limited joined the consortium formed in June by the IAF Aircraft Manufacturing Depot, Kanpur (at the time manufacturing HS748 under licence) and the group recently set up to manufacture MiG-21 under licence, with its new factories planned in Koraput, Nasik and Hyderabad. Though HAL was not used actively for developing newer models of

neg: Textile arts of Bangladesh among the luxury goods imported from India. These were known by beautiful poetic names in Rome such as – "nebula" which means mist, vapor or cloud, and "venti" textiles, woven winds. Similar names are still used in Dhaka. The most important commodities were fine cotton and, later, silk. The East India Company, already well established in Goa began to cast covetous glances at Bengal in the early 16th century. In 1536 they set up trading posts at Satgaon and Chittagong. In the mid – 17th century the East India company of London was permitted by the Mughal government to establish

neg: Government of India Act 1858 Government of India Act 1858 The Government of India Act 1858 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (21 & 22 Vict. c. 106) passed on August 2, 1858. Its provisions called for the liquidation of the British East India Company (who had up to this point been ruling British India under the auspices of Parliament) and the transference of its functions to the British Crown. Lord Palmerston, then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, introduced a bill for the transfer of control of the Government of India from the East India Company to the Crown, referring to

neg: Addiscombe Military Seminary Addiscombe Military Seminary The East India Company Military Seminary was a British military academy at Addiscombe, Surrey, in what is now the London Borough of Croydon. It opened in 1809 and closed in 1861. Its purpose was to train young officers to serve in the East India Company’s private army in India. The institution was formally known as the East India Company Military Seminary (a name the cadets always disliked) until 1855, when the name was changed to the East India Company Military College. In 1858, when the college was taken over by the government, it was renamed the Royal

neg: Elveden Hall families. The Georgian house at the core of the present house is thought to have been built c. 1760. In 1768 the estate was purchased by Admiral Augustus Keppel. He died without issue in 1796 and it passed to his nephew, the Earl of Albemarle, who sold it to MP William Newton in 1813. In 1849, the Maharajah Duleep Singh, a Jat ruler of the Sikh Empire and owner of the famous Koh-i-noor diamond was exiled to England, having been removed from his kingdom by the British East India Company. The Maharajah purchased the Elveden Estate in 1863 and set