query: who is the supreme court made up of

pos: Supreme Court of the United States American justice in 1967. Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981. Marshall was succeeded by African-American Clarence Thomas in 1991. O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993. After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor, the first Hispanic and Latina justice, and in 2010 by Elena Kagan, for a total of four female justices in the Court's history. There have been six foreign-born justices in the Court's history: James Wilson (1789–1798), born in Caskardy, Scotland; James Iredell (1790–1799), born in Lewes, England; William Paterson (1793–1806), born in County Antrim, Ireland; David Brewer

pos: Feminism on tour in 1970. Within ten years, after Friedan's successful publishing, women made up more than half of the total percentage in the First World workforce. Third-wave feminism is traced to the emergence of the Riot grrrl feminist punk subculture in Olympia, Washington, in the early 1990s, and to Anita Hill's televised testimony in 1991—to an all-male, all-white Senate Judiciary Committee—that Clarence Thomas, nominated for the Supreme Court of the United States, had sexually harassed her. The term "third wave" is credited to Rebecca Walker, who responded to Thomas's appointment to the Supreme Court with an article in "Ms." magazine,

pos: Waterloo (blog post) he had, during his time at AEI, written three books, over a thousand newspaper and magazine articles as well as delivering many lectures and writing profusely online. He had also written speeches for politicians, and worked on a presidential campaign, without pay. Frum had also taking a leading role in opposing Harriet Miers' nomination to the Supreme Court. "Does AEI seriously suggest that it fired the man who led the battle that made possible Samuel Alito's confirmation to the Supreme Court because I didn't pick up my snail mail often enough?" Frum's response to Murray's suggestion that he had been

pos: Presidency of Jimmy Carter as Secretary of State. Among presidents who served at least one full term, Carter is the only one who never made an appointment to the Supreme Court. Carter appointed 56 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 203 judges to the United States district courts. Two of his circuit court appointees – Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg – were later appointed to the Supreme Court by Bill Clinton. Carter was the first president to make demographic diversity a key priority in the selection of judicial nominees. During Carter's presidency, the number of female circuit court judges increased

neg: Government of Vermont court is the Vermont Supreme Court made up of five justices who serve six-year terms.. The Chief Justice is the head of the judiciary and, with the other justices of the supreme court, oversees the judicial branch. Vermont has three additional courts and one division. Vermont is one of only nine states without an intermediate appellate court. Appointments to the state supreme court, superior court, and district courts are made by the governor, from a list of names submitted by the state's Judicial nominating committee and then are confirmed by the Senate. At the end of each six-year term, the

neg: Supreme Court of Ukraine consists of 48 justices. Appointments to the Court are made after selected in a competition candidates are vetted by the Supreme Council of Justice, who then draw up a final list of candidates for the Supreme Court. After a relevant presidential decree, these candidates will become judges of the Supreme Court. Each member of the Court (as far as each judge in Ukraine) is obligated to retire at the age of 65. The Chairman of the Supreme Court is elected to office and dismissed from office by the Plenary Assembly of the Court by secret ballot. In July 2010 functions

neg: Supreme Court (Hong Kong) Supreme Court (Hong Kong) The Supreme Court of Hong Kong () was the highest court in Hong Kong prior to the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China in 1997 and heard cases of first instance and appeals from the District and Magisrates Courts as well as certain tribunals. The Supreme Court was made up of the High Court of Justice (High Court) and the Court of Appeal. On 1 July 1997, the Supreme Court became the High Court which is made up of the Court of First Instance and the

neg: Supreme Court of Kenya government with respect to any matter concerning County Governments. It can also determine the validity of a declaration of a state of emergency, an extension of such a declaration, or any legislation enacted in consequence of a declaration of a state of emergency. The Supreme Court is made up of seven judges: the Chief Justice of Kenya, who is the president of the Court, the Deputy Chief Justice of Kenya, who is the deputy to the Chief Justice and vice-president of the court and five other judges. The Supreme Court is properly constituted for purposes of its proceedings when it

neg: Supreme Court of Bolivia Supreme Court of Bolivia The Supreme Court of Bolivia ("Corte Suprema de Justicia de Bolivia") was the Bolivia's highest court from 1825 to 2012. It was located in Sucre, 410 kilometres to the south-east of La Paz, Bolivia's capital. The Court was created by the Supreme Decree (Decreto Supremo) of April 27, 1825, which transformed the Royal Audience of Charcas ("Audiencia y Cancillería Real de La Plata de los Charcas") of imperial Spain into the Supreme Court of the newly independent country. It was made up of 12 ministers who served 10-year terms after election by the National Congress. The

neg: Court of Appeal of Singapore Court. The Supreme Court of Singapore is the nation's superior court of record. It is superior in the sense that its jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases is unlimited compared to the State Courts of Singapore, and it hears appeals from lower courts. As a court of record, it keeps a perpetual record of its proceedings. The Court of Appeal is the upper division of the Supreme Court, the lower one being the High Court. The Court of Appeal is made up of the Chief Justice, who is the President of the Court, and the Judges of Appeal. The

neg: Supreme Court of Ghana the third republic was established on September 24, 1979. The Supreme Court was left intact after the December 31, 1981 coup by the Provisional National Defence Council, though it made changes to the court system by introducing public tribunals. On July 2, 2013 the Supreme Court sentenced the editor-in-chief of the "Daily Searchlight" newspaper, Ken Kuranchie, to 10 days in prison for calling the 9 Justices hypocritical and selective. The 1992 constitution stipulates that the Supreme court is made up of the Chief Justice and not less than nine other Justices of the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice is appointed

neg: Wills of Tadeusz Kościuszko were made on his American estate; one by Kosciusko Armstrong and one by the Zeltner family, who had housed him immediately before his death. Both parties produced wills written by Kościuszko. A representative of the Russian government also made inquiries. The case of Kościuszko's American estate went three times to the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1852 the Supreme Court awarded the estate to Kościuszko's heirs in Poland. Before the final Supreme Court decision, Gaspard Tochman, acting on behalf of Kosciusko's relatives, had found an 1816 will drawn up in Paris. This will, which revoked the one made in concert with

neg: Supreme Court of Samoa Court of Samoa. Decisions of the Supreme Court can, with leave of the court, be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Samoa. The Court of Appeal consists of the Chief Justice and the other judges of the Supreme Court, but a judge cannot sit on an appeal from their own decision. Once appointed, Samoan judges serve until the retirement age of 68, though non-citizens can be appointed to the court for a specific term. The court is made up of the following judges: Supreme Court of Samoa The Supreme Court of Samoa is the superior court dealing with the

neg: Supreme Court of Cameroon Supreme Court of Cameroon The Supreme Court (French Cour Suprême) is the highest judicial body in Cameroon. As defined in Article V of the Constitution of Cameroon, the Supreme Court is above the courts of appeal and the tribunals. It is nominally independent of the executive and legislative branches of government, subject only to the oversight of the Higher Judicial Council. The justices are appointed by the president of Cameroon. The court is headquartered in Yaoundé. The Supreme Court is an appellate court made up of three parts: the judicial, administrative, and audit benches. The judicial bench rules on standard

neg: Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins In turn, allowing federal courts to make up their "own" independent judge-made law only made the problem worse. Parties who felt disadvantaged by a state judge-made rule could create diversity jurisdiction in the federal courts by simply moving to another state or reincorporating there (if a party was a corporation). In the worst cases a party who had lost in the state supreme court would simply begin all over again in federal courts; since the federal district court had its "own" set of common law rules, it could hold it was not bound by the state supreme court ruling. This

neg: Judiciary of the Bahamas Privy Council, which is the highest Court of Appeal in The Bahamas. Most civil cases are heard solely by a judge. Appeals from final judgments of the Supreme Court in civil cases lie as of right to the Court of Appeal, and with the leave of the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court in some interlocutory matters or further appeals from Tribunals. Stipendiary and Circuit Magistrates can also hear and determine Civil cases if the amount claimed does not exceed BS$5,000.00... The Court of Appeal is made up of a President, the Chief Justice who, as head of the judiciary,

neg: Supreme Court of the Republic of China be made to the Court only on the grounds that the original judgment is in violation of law or order. Documentary review proceedings are the norm, but if necessary, the presiding justice hear oral arguments in which issues of law are debated. The Supreme Court has a President, who is of the special appointment rank and who is in charge of the administrative affairs of the entire court and who acts concurrently as a Judge. Supreme Court of the Republic of China The Supreme Court of the Republic of China () is the court of last resort in the Republic

neg: Supreme Court of South Africa Supreme Court of South Africa The Supreme Court of South Africa was a superior court of law in South Africa from 1910 to 1997. It was made up of various provincial and local divisions with jurisdiction over specific geographical areas, and an Appellate Division which was the highest appellate court in the country. It is not to be confused with the modern Supreme Court of Appeal, established in 1997. The Supreme Court was created by the South Africa Act 1909 when the Union of South Africa was formed. The Supreme Courts of the four former colonies (the Cape Colony, the

neg: Judiciary of Pakistan taking up any other case on a day when the case of a child accused is fixed for evidence on such day; attendance of only specified persons in the court; and dispensing with the attendance of the child in the trial. Prior to 18th Constitutional Amendments, appointments to the Supreme Court of Pakistan were made by the President of Pakistan, on the recommendation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. This system bred many allegations of favoritism. Many judges who were appointed were relatives of other Judges or Government officials. However, following the Supreme Court's judgement in the Al-Jehad

neg: Supreme Court of Judicature (Barbados) Supreme Court of Judicature (Barbados) The Supreme Court of Judicature of Barbados is the highest judicial body in the country of Barbados. It is made up of the High Court and the Court of Appeals. Appeals from the Supreme Court can be further referred to the jurisdiction of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ). The High Court consists of Civil, Criminal, and Family branches. The Court of Appeals handles appeals from the High Court and Magistrate Courts, and hears appeals in both the civil and criminal branches of law. It may consist of a single Justice of Appeal sitting in

neg: Gary Bannerman Scientology led to a lawsuit and evidentiary challenges that twice went all the way up to the Supreme Court of Canada. Another celebrated jury trial faced off against a lawyer who made a practice of defending Canadian Nazi sympathizers. Bannerman and CKNW never lost a case, owing principally to courageous station management who budgeted for these events, stood behind the program and who retained outstanding barristers: Charles R. Maclean, QC; Douglas A. Hogarth, QC and Thomas R. Braidwood, QC. Maclean and Hogarth are deceased. Hogarth and Braidwood became distinguished Supreme Court Judges, Braidwood to BC's highest court, the Court of

neg: Supreme Court of Judicature (Barbados) in the office of the Chief Justice/Justice of Appeal/Judge of the High Court and I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of Barbados without fear or favour, affection or ill will. So help me God. Supreme Court of Judicature (Barbados) The Supreme Court of Judicature of Barbados is the highest judicial body in the country of Barbados. It is made up of the High Court and the Court of Appeals. Appeals from the Supreme Court can be further referred to the jurisdiction of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ). The High Court consists

neg: Supreme Court of East Germany branches did not exist in the GDR. Supreme Court of East Germany The Supreme Court of the German Democratic Republic () was the highest judicial organ of the GDR. It was set up in 1949 and was housed on Scharnhorststraße 6 in Berlin. The building now houses the district court in Berlin, Germany 2 Instance and the District Court Berlin-Mitte. In the early days, 14 judges made up the court. Among the responsibilities of the court included Later other tasks were added, mainly due to the process of simplification which is attributable to the pace of DDR-Justiz. A constitutional court

neg: Supreme Court of East Germany Supreme Court of East Germany The Supreme Court of the German Democratic Republic () was the highest judicial organ of the GDR. It was set up in 1949 and was housed on Scharnhorststraße 6 in Berlin. The building now houses the district court in Berlin, Germany 2 Instance and the District Court Berlin-Mitte. In the early days, 14 judges made up the court. Among the responsibilities of the court included Later other tasks were added, mainly due to the process of simplification which is attributable to the pace of DDR-Justiz. A constitutional court and special administrative, social and financial judicial

neg: Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination less passed on answering. Durbin followed up on his death penalty question emphasizing his concern about courts following up on assuring appeals plaintiffs about DNA evidence that may have come to light since their convictions, and he also brought up the case of "Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co." in stating that "the recent decision of "Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber" is a classic example of the Supreme Court putting activism over common sense," in reference to statements made by Republican critics who had labeled her as an activist judge. After the conclusion of Senator Durbin's statements, the

neg: Judiciaries of the United Kingdom Supreme Court is a relatively new Court being established in October 2009 following the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005. Formerly, the Highest Court of Appeal in the United Kingdom was the House of Lords Appellate Committee made up of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, also known as Law Lords, which with other Lord Justices now form the Supreme Court. Such Law Lords were allowed to sit in the House of Lords and were members for life. The Supreme Court is headed by the President and Deputy President of the Supreme Court and is composed of a further ten Justices of

neg: Colombian Constitution of 1991 these top courts serve non-renewable eight-year terms. The Supreme Court of Justice ("Corte Suprema de Justicia") is the highest appellate court for the general jurisdiction. It is currently made up of a total of 23 judges, subdivided into three cassation chambers: civil and agrarian (7 judges), labour (7 judges) and criminal (9 judges) – with the presidents and vice presidents of each chamber forming a governing chamber. The powers of the Supreme Court of Justice are: The Council of State ("Consejo de Estado") is the highest appellate court for administrative law. It is currently made up of a total of

neg: Nebraska Supreme Court provision (the 48 others states require a simple majority). The court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. The six justices each represent a Supreme Court district. If a position becomes vacant, the judicial nominating commission, made up of four lawyers and four non-lawyers, holds a hearing to select potential candidates. The commission then submits two names to the Nebraska Governor, who then determines the replacing judge. If the Governor does not follow through with this responsibility within 60 days of receiving the nominees, the responsibility then goes to Chief Justice of the state Supreme Court. To retain

neg: Japanese embassy hostage crisis the Supreme Court justices who had to decide the jurisdiction question raised by the military court, in order to make certain that it would be the military court that investigated the extrajudicial executions. On 16 August 2002, the Supreme Court convened to hear the oral arguments of the parties to the jurisdictional challenge brought by the military tribunal. The military prosecutor heading up the parallel inquiry being conducted in the military court, who had to bring the charges and prove them, was the person arguing the military's challenge. However, in his arguments he made a defense for the commandos, stating

neg: Judicial appointments in Canada in November 2006. Eligibility for the Supreme Court of Canada is set out in the Supreme Court Act. Judges of the court are made up of eight puisne judges and the Chief Justice. Candidates must have either been a judge of a superior court or a lawyer for at least ten years in their province's bar. Appointments are made by the Governor General of Canada on advice of the Prime Minister. Appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada are subject to the legal requirement that three judges must be appointed from Quebec. By convention, the other 6 are appointed from

neg: Supreme Court of the Bahamas the Bahamas Bar or the Bar of a Commonwealth country qualifying them to practise as an attorney in the Bahamas. At least ten years' experience as a counsel or attorney is also required. Once a justice has been appointed, the salary and other terms cannot be changed to his or her disadvantage. A Supreme Court justice may serve up until the age of 65, or 67 if agreed upon. The Supreme Court is third in the adjudicative hierarchy of the Bahamas. Appeals made by the Supreme Court can be struck down by the Court of Appeal, which is the highest

neg: Supreme Court (Sudan) Supreme Court (Sudan) The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in Sudan, located in Khartoum. As of 2011, the court consists of 70 judges operating through panels each composed of three judges, with a senior president. The members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of Sudan who is advised on the matter by the supreme council of the judiciary, members of the courts of appeal and other people with the required qualifications. Decisions made in the court are reached by the majority and are only subject to revision "when the chief justice deems that an infringement

neg: Supreme Court of the Republic of China the Supreme Court in Tokyo. After the second world war, Japan gave up its sovereignty on Taiwan, and the supreme court of Taiwan's judicial system has become the Supreme Court of the Republic of China. The Supreme Court of the Republic of China was originally established as the Ta Li Yuan () in 1909. After the Chinese reunification, the government of the Republic of China renamed the Dali Yuan to the Supreme court in 1927 and made the Court the nation's court of last resort in 1928. On March 1949, the Court was moved to Canton with the Judicial Yuan.

neg: Marshal unit of federal police, part of the system of marshals, made up of career law enforcement personnel rather than the appointed district marshals. The U.S. Marshals Service assists with court security and prisoner transport, asset forfeiture, serves arrest warrants and seeks fugitives. The Federal Air Marshal Service is a separate armed federal law enforcement service employed to protect commercial airliners from the threat of aircraft hijacking. These air marshals work for the Transportation Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The U.S. Supreme Court maintains its own, separate Marshal of the United States Supreme Court, who also controls

neg: Judiciary of Virginia Judiciary of Virginia The Judiciary of Virginia is defined under the Constitution and law of Virginia and is composed of the Supreme Court of Virginia and subordinate courts, including the Court of Appeals, the Circuit Courts, and the General District Courts. Its administration is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Judicial Council, the Committee on District Courts, the Judicial Conferences, the Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission, and various other offices and officers. The Supreme Court of Virginia is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Virginia and is made up of seven justices. It primarily hears

neg: Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Congress, made up of the Senate and Chamber of Representatives) amends the Constitutions, makes the laws and exercises political control over the executive branch and public administration. The President is head of state, head of government and supreme administrative authority; the government is made up of the President, cabinet ministers and heads of administrative departments (Article 114). The Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court of Justice, the Council of State, the Supreme Council of the Judiciary (to be replaced by the National Commission of Judicial Discipline), the Attorney General of the Nation, the tribunals and the judges administer justice, as does

neg: Supreme Court (Hong Kong) Appeal which was established on 1 July 1997. For a list of former Chief Justices of Hong Kong, please see Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong Supreme Court (Hong Kong) The Supreme Court of Hong Kong () was the highest court in Hong Kong prior to the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China in 1997 and heard cases of first instance and appeals from the District and Magisrates Courts as well as certain tribunals. The Supreme Court was made up of the High Court of Justice (High

neg: Fast Track High Court Fast Track High Court The Fast Track High Court is one of the Senior Courts in Ghana Ghana's Supreme Court declared the Fast Track Court Unconstitutional following a suit brought against it by Mr. Tsatsu Tsikata.In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court has ruled the Fast Track Court, created by the NPP government,was illegal. On 26 June 2002, The Supreme Court (SC) by a six-five-majority verdict on Reversed its earlier decision on the constitutionality of the Fast Track Court . The six judges made up of the Chief Justice, Mr Justice Edward Kwame Wiredu, Mr Justice George Acquah, Mr Justice

neg: Supreme Court of India Inquiry (Amendment) Bill 2008 in parliament for setting up of a panel called the National Judicial Council, headed by the Chief Justice of India, that will probe into allegations of corruption and misconduct by High Court and supreme court judges. According to supreme court newsletter, there are 58,519 cases pending in the supreme court, out of which 37,385 are pending for more than a year, at the end of 2011. Excluding connected cases, there are still 33,892 pending cases. As per the latest pendency data made available by the supreme court, the total number of pending cases in the supreme

neg: History of the Supreme Court of Pakistan by Lahore High Court Chief Justice Justice Zahid Hussain, who is still a justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and is not being tried before the Supreme Judicial Counsel. The petition also noted that none of the sacked judges were made parties to the decision against them, nor were they able to comment in the hearing or in some cases aware that the hearing was taking place. They also allege that no copy of the decision was sent to the High Court or to the judges concerned. History of the Supreme Court of Pakistan The History of the Supreme

neg: Judiciary of Michigan are elected to terms of six years. The Michigan Judicial Tenure Commission is an agency within the judiciary having jurisdiction over allegations of judicial misconduct, misbehavior, and infirmity. The Supreme Court is given original, superintending control power, and appellate jurisdiction over the issue of penalty (up to and including removal of judges from office). The Supreme Court hears cases of attorney misconduct. The Court of Chancery was the court with jurisdiction in cases of equity between 1836 and 1847, presided over by a Chancellor. In certain cases, appeal could be made to the Michigan Supreme Court. The law creating the

neg: Government of Thailand plotting to kill Supreme Court President Praman Chansue (). The accused were present in court 461 times before 91 different judges since proceedings began in 1993 and ended in 2008. While these proceedings continued, Mr Praman died in 2007. The administrative court system is made up of two tiers: The Administrative Courts of First Instance and the Supreme Administrative Court. The court system was first created in 1997. The court's main jurisdiction is to settle litigation between the state or an organ of state (government ministries, departments and independent agencies) and private citizens. First set up in 1997, the Constitutional

neg: New Hampshire Supreme Court If a retired supreme court justice is unavailable, a justice of the superior court who has retired from regular active service shall be continuously assigned to fill a vacancy. The selection of a retired supreme or superior court justice shall be on a random basis. However, if neither a retired supreme or superior court justice is available, then the selection of a replacement justice shall be made on a random basis from a pool of full-time justices of the superior court, then from a pool of full-time justices of the district and probate courts. Justices assigned to sit temporarily on

neg: Christine Wheeler 1996, becoming the first female Justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia. In 2003 Justice Wheeler was one of the three judges of the Court of Criminal Appeal of the Supreme Court of Western Australia who took just ten days to reject the appeal of Andrew Mallard, who had been convicted of murder. In 2005 the High Court of Australia set aside this decision. In 2005 Justice Wheeler was made a judge in the Supreme Court's Appellate Court. Outside law, Wheeler was Pro-Chancellor of the University of Western Australia from 2001 to 2005. She was made an Officer of

neg: Supreme Court of Afghanistan Supreme Court of Afghanistan The Supreme Court of Afghanistan or Stera Mahkama () is the court of last resort in Afghanistan. It was created by the Constitution of Afghanistan, which was approved on January 4, 2004. Its creation was called for by the Bonn Agreement, which read in part: Currently, the nine-member court is made up of the following justices: The nine justices on the tribunal are appointed for 10-year terms by the President of Afghanistan, with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of the nation's legislature. The President selects one of the nine members to serve

neg: Supreme Court of Afghanistan 2017, a suicide bomber killed 20 people outside the building. Supreme Court of Afghanistan The Supreme Court of Afghanistan or Stera Mahkama () is the court of last resort in Afghanistan. It was created by the Constitution of Afghanistan, which was approved on January 4, 2004. Its creation was called for by the Bonn Agreement, which read in part: Currently, the nine-member court is made up of the following justices: The nine justices on the tribunal are appointed for 10-year terms by the President of Afghanistan, with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of the nation's legislature.

neg: New Hampshire Supreme Court Judicature" as the appellate court with four justices. The Court follows the common law and since "Tomson v. Ward" (1816) has published official law reports of its precedential opinions. In 1876, an act was passed creating the "Supreme Court" as New Hampshire’s highest court. In 1901, the legislature established two courts to take the place of the existing Supreme Court. Jurisdiction over "law terms" during which court decisions were appealed, was given to the Supreme Court, which was made up of a chief justice and four associate justices. Matters formerly handled at "trial terms" were given to the Superior Court.

neg: Race and the War on Drugs made up 41 percent of all arrests. That is a noted increase from 38 percent in 1988. Whites were 47 percent of those in state-funded treatment centers and made up less than 10 percent of those committed to prison. Some have suggested that certain Supreme Court rulings related to the War on Drugs have reinforced racially disproportionate treatment. In "United States v. Armstrong" (1996), the Supreme Court heard the case of Armstrong, a black man charged with conspiring to possess and distribute more than 50 grams of crack cocaine. Facing the District Court, Armstrong claimed that he was singled out

neg: Supreme People's Court in the whole of China. The court is made up of 340 judges which meet in smaller tribunals to decide cases. The court system consists of a four level, two-hearing system trial process. The court was established on October 22, 1949. In 2005, the Supreme People's Court announced its intent to "[take] back authority for death penalty approval" over concerns about “sentencing quality”, and the National People's Congress officially changed the Organic Law on the People's Courts to require all death sentences to be approved by the Supreme People's Court on 31 October 2006. It has been reported that since

neg: Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Ireland) 1877 Court of Appeal in Ireland. The "Supreme Court of Judicature in Ireland" that was created by the 1877 Act was abolished by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, s. 38; in its place were established a separate Supreme Court of Judicature for each of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, together with an overarching "High Court of Appeal for Ireland" with appellate jurisdiction for the whole of Ireland. The two new Supreme Courts of Judicature were constituted on a similar basis to the court they replaced, with both being made up of a High Court of Justice and a Court of

neg: Supreme Court of Indonesia President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on 1 March 2012. Hatta first became a judge in 1982 when he took up a position on the North Jakarta District Court. He was appointed to the High Court in 2003 and then to the Supreme Court in 2007. Wirjono Prodjodikoro, who held office from 1952 to 1966, has been the longest office-holder of the position of head justice. Like most of the Indonesian legal system, the Supreme Court is badly overloaded with demands on resources. One observer has noted that "the Supreme Court is drowning in an increasing flood of new cases each year".

neg: Supreme Court of Pakistan the qualification summary before the nomination sent to executive. There has been "Ad hoc" appointment in the supreme court made when the quorum of Judges is not possible to complete the sitting number of justices in the court, or if it is necessary to increase the number of justices in the Supreme Court. The nomination comes directly from the Judicial Commission chiared by the Chief Justice who prepares the nomination summary as President confirms their appointments. As of current, there are two justices are on the "ad-hoc" appointment that are from the Federal Sharia Court. A judge of the Supreme

neg: Supreme Court of Singapore person within the meaning of the Legal Profession Act or a member of the Singapore Legal Service, or both. The Court of Appeal is made up of the Chief Justice, who is the President of the Court, and the Judges of Appeal. The Chief Justice may ask High Court judges to sit as judges of the Court of Appeal to hear specific appeals. Pursuant to the Chief Justice's power to appoint Judges of Appeal as vice-presidents of the Court, Justice of Appeal Chao Hick Tin has been Vice-President of the Court since 18 April 2008. The High Court consists of

neg: Judiciary of Mongolia Judiciary of Mongolia The judiciary of Mongolia is made up of a three-tiered court system (first instance, appellate, supreme court) divided into three branches (civil, criminal, administrative cases). For questions of constitutional law there is a separate constitutional court. Besides there are forms of alternative dispute resolution. First instance court types are: The Bayan-Ölgii courts of first instance bear alternative Kazakh names (). Appellate court types are: The highest court in the three-tiered court system of Mongolia is the Supreme Court of Mongolia (), established in 1927. There are chambers for civil, criminal and administrative cases. The courts' procedure is

neg: Gaspare Mutolo man we turned to"," according to Mutolo. ""Lima was killed because he did not uphold or couldn’t uphold, the commitments he had made in Palermo (…) The verdict of the Supreme Court was disaster. After the Supreme Court verdict we felt we were lost. That verdict was like a dose of poison for the mafiosi, who felt like wounded animals. That’s why they carried out the massacres. Something had to happen. I was surprised when people who had eight years of a prison sentence still to serve started giving themselves up. Then they killed Lima and I understood"." After the

neg: Massachusetts Judicial branch is headed by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, which serves over a number of lower courts. The Supreme Judicial Court is made up of a chief justice and six associate justices. Judicial appointments are made by the governor and confirmed by the executive council. The Congressional delegation from Massachusetts is entirely Democratic. Currently, the US senators are Democrats Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey. The members of the state's delegation to the US House of Representatives are Richard Neal, Jim McGovern, Niki Tsongas, Joseph Kennedy III, Katherine Clark, Seth Moulton, Mike Capuano, Stephen Lynch, and Bill Keating. Federal court

neg: Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States term, although his successor Millard Fillmore also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Johnson was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by the 1866 act which reduced the Court's size, mentioned above. Jimmy Carter is the only president who completed one full term in office without making a nomination to the Court during his presidency. Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The appointment and confirmation of Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps set forth by the United States Constitution, which have been further

neg: New Hampshire Supreme Court increased from four to five. Two Supreme Court justices have been the only two state officials to be impeached in New Hampshire: Justice Langdon resigned prior to his trial in 1790, and Chief Justice David Brock was acquitted by the New Hampshire Senate in 2000. Retired Associate Justice David Souter of the Supreme Court of the United States served on the New Hampshire Supreme Court from 1983 to 1990. The Colony of New Hampshire adopted the temporary . The newly formed legislature abolished the existing executive courts made up of the governor and council, and established the "Superior Court of

neg: Supreme Court of Pakistan the Shariat Appellate Bench that is composed on legal scholars that has expertised on Islamic jurisprudence since its establishment in 1980. The ad-hoc appointments for this bench are drawn either from the Federal Shariat Court or from among the Clergy. Decisions made the Federal Shariat Court may be appealed to the Appellate Bench, as the Appellate Bench of Supreme Court is the final authority on Islamic interpretation of law in Pakistan. The registry of the Supreme Court is its appointed officers who is assisted by registrars, several additional and deputy registrars, gazetted officers, and other law clerks. The registry branches

neg: Supreme Court of Albania reappointment. The Supreme Court of Albania consists of the following members: Members of the Supreme Court are assisted by up to two law clerks, who are officially referred as Judicial Advisors, and who help the judges by examining Appeal Court files, preparing memoranda where they express their opinion on the matters of case under review, responding to complaints, preparing the necessary court documents and performing any other tasks assigned by their judge. Judicial Assistants are selected by the judges themselves and appointed by the President of the Supreme Court. In order to qualify for the position of Judicial Assistant, a

neg: West Virginia it is the only state in the southeastern United States to have abolished it. For the purpose of courts of general jurisdiction, the state is divided into 31 judicial circuits. Each circuit is made up of one or more counties. Circuit judges are elected in non-partisan elections to serve eight-year terms. West Virginia's highest court is the Supreme Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia is the busiest appellate court of its type in the United States. West Virginia is one of 11 states with a single appellate court. The state constitution allows for the creation

neg: Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates Warren Burger the next Chief Justice. David Leonhardt of "The New York Times" called Johnson's nomination of Fortas "one of the most consequential blunders in modern American politics" as the chair has been held by conservatives appointed by Republican presidents ever since. Following is a list of individuals who were mentioned in various news accounts and books as having been considered by Johnson for a Supreme Court appointment: Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates The nominations made by Lyndon B. Johnson to the Supreme Court of the United States are unusual in that Johnson appeared to have had specific individuals

neg: Supreme Court of Pakistan High Court until judgement was rendered against them. These judges were appointed by Lahore High Court Chief Justice Justice Zahid Hussain, who is still a justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and is not being tried before the Supreme Judicial Counsel. The petition also noted that none of the sacked judges were made parties to the decision against them, nor were they able to comment in the hearing or in some cases aware that the hearing was taking place. They also allege that no copy of the decision was sent to the High Court or to the judges concerned.

neg: Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates November 28, 1975. The Senate confirmed Stevens in a 98-0 vote on December 17, 1975. Senators James Allen (D-AL) and Birch Bayh (D-IN) did not vote. Following is a list of individuals who were mentioned in various news accounts and books as having been considered by Ford for a Supreme Court appointment: Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates During his time in office, President Gerald Ford made one appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States. Ford nominated John Paul Stevens to replace Associate Justice William O. Douglas, whom Ford had unsuccessfully attempted to initiate impeachment proceedings against as a

neg: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Bolivia) on the Court and other problems in its final years, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice inherited a backlog of some 8,800 cases in January 2012, which it is charged with resolving within 36 to 48 months. Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Bolivia) The Supreme Tribunal of Justice (), based in Sucre, is the highest court of ordinary jurisdiction in Bolivia. Its powers are set out in Articles 181–185 of the 2009 Constitution and the Law of the Judicial Organ (Law 025, promulgated on 24 June 2010). It was first seated on 2 January 2012. The Tribunal is made up of nine

neg: Supreme Court clinic The Emory Law School Supreme Court Advocacy Project, the first largely student-run Supreme Court Clinic, started in Fall 2010. Since then, Supreme Court clinics have popped up at the law schools of UCLA, and West Virginia University. Supreme Court clinic A Supreme Court Clinic is a law school clinic that provides hands-on legal experience in Supreme Court Litigation to law students. Clinics are usually directed by clinical professors and experienced Supreme Court litigators and typically represent indigent or non-profit clients in the Supreme Court of the United States. Assistance is provided pro bono. Supreme Court Clinics exist at Stanford Law

neg: Bernard Bongiorno Bernard Bongiorno Bernard Daniel Bongiorno is an Australian professor who is a former Court of Appeal justice at the Supreme Court of Victoria in Australia. He was formerly a justice of the Trial Division of the Supreme Court, where he served between 2000 and 2009. Prior to that he served as the Victorian Director of Public Prosecutions. He was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 2010 Australia Day Honours "For service to the law, particularly as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria, and through leadership roles within the Italian community". As of 2013,

neg: John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates his first vacancy on the Supreme Court. Two names initially came up as potential nominees: Judge William H. Hastie of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and Harvard Law School Professor Paul A. Freund. United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy had recommended Hastie, who would have become the first African-American on the Supreme Court. Robert F. Kennedy said "it would mean so much overseas that we had a Negro on the Supreme Court." However, Hastie was opposed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, who balked because "he's not a liberal and he'll be opposed to all

neg: Supreme Court of Pennsylvania Supreme Court of Pennsylvania The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the highest court in the Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania, and as such, the highest court in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It also claims to be the oldest appellate court in the United States, which claim is disputed by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania began in 1684 as the Provincial Court, and casual references to it as the "Supreme Court" of Pennsylvania were made official in 1722 upon its reorganization as an entity separate from the control of the royal governor. Today, the Supreme Court

neg: Politics of Benin has been used particularly in cases of workplace discrimination. The "Supreme Court" has the highest level of jurisdiction in legal matters. It is designed as a check on the executive, and also acts in a consultative role. The "High Court of Justice", which cannot include the President, is made up of members of the Constitutional Court, Parliament and the president of the Supreme Court. It alone can judge the President. This institution guarantees the freedom of the press and access to the media. It is also charged with ensuring all citizens have access to official information. ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS,

neg: Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board, 531 U.S. 70 (2000), was a United States Supreme Court decision involving Florida voters during the 2000 presidential election. In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court requested clarification from the Florida Supreme Court regarding a decision it had made. Shortly after the Florida Supreme Court provided those clarifications, the U.S. Supreme Court resolved the election in favor of George W. Bush over Al Gore in the case of "Bush v. Gore". The 2000 presidential election was contingent upon who won the popular vote in Florida. Republican

neg: Supreme Court of Fiji that it has previously rendered. Section 123 authorised the President of Fiji, on the advice of the Cabinet, to ask the Supreme Court to rule on actual or potential disagreements pertaining to the Constitution. The Supreme Court is required to pronounce its opinion in open court. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice, who is also the President of the Supreme Court, all Justices of Appeal (who are also members of the Court of Appeal), and others specifically appointed as Supreme Court judges. The puisne judges, who sit on the High Court and the Court of Appeal, are not

neg: Military courts of the United Kingdom or community service but not service detention. The Court Martial Appeal Court, first established in 1951, hears appeals from the Court Martial. It is mostly made up of judges from the civilian Court of Appeal for England and Wales. Further appeal lies to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The judges who preside over all hearings of the Service courts are known while they are sitting as "judge advocates". In the same way as other judges they are appointed by the Lord Chancellor following a process conducted by the Judicial Appointments Commission or, in the case of the Judge

neg: Rules of the Supreme Court Court Rules. The RSC were designed to replace the individual rules of the courts of Law and Equity which were subsumed into the Supreme Court providing one harmonised set of procedural rules for all civil cases. Beginning in 1873 the Judicature Acts merged the previously separate English courts of Common Law and Equity into the new Supreme Court of Judicature made up of the Court of Appeal and High Court of Justice. The rules and procedures of the old courts and systems of law differed greatly. As Law and Equity would now be applied in the same courts the Judiciary

neg: Prostitution law in Canada This was upheld by the BC Supreme Court in 2008, but successfully appealed in October 2010. The Attorney General then appealed this decision of the British Columbia Court of Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada who released their decision on September 21, 2012. They dismissed the appeal enabling the case to once again proceed in the court of first instance. The Supreme Court made a number of observations regarding the issues involved: ""In this case, all three factors, applied purposively and flexibly, favour granting public interest standing to the respondents. In fact, there is no dispute that the first

neg: Supreme Court of Mississippi the appropriate cases to the Court of Appeals and retains the cases over which it has exclusive jurisdiction. After the Court of Appeals makes its ruling, aggrieved parties in certain types of cases there may seek further review from the Mississippi Supreme Court by petitioning for a Writ of Certiorari. The court is made up of a total of nine justices - one chief, two presiding, and six associate justices. Generally, the justices are elected for eight-year terms, with staggered election years, from three geographical districts (three judges per district) to ensure fair representation. However, it is common for the

neg: Bernard Bongiorno Bongiorno worked at Melbourne Law School as a "judge-in-residence." Bernard Bongiorno Bernard Daniel Bongiorno is an Australian professor who is a former Court of Appeal justice at the Supreme Court of Victoria in Australia. He was formerly a justice of the Trial Division of the Supreme Court, where he served between 2000 and 2009. Prior to that he served as the Victorian Director of Public Prosecutions. He was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 2010 Australia Day Honours "For service to the law, particularly as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria, and through

neg: Supreme Court of Nevada of the Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court will be at the discretion of the Supreme Court, as with intermediate appellate courts in other states. Supreme Court of Nevada The Supreme Court of Nevada is the highest state court of the U.S. state of Nevada, and the head of the Nevada Judiciary. The main constitutional function of the Supreme Court is to review appeals made directly from the decisions of the district courts. The Supreme Court does not pursue fact-finding by conducting trials, but rather determines whether legal errors were committed in the rendering of the lower court's decision.

neg: United States Constitution and reported in their newspapers. John Marshall in Virginia, James Wilson in Pennsylvania and Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut all argued for Supreme Court judicial review of acts of state legislature. In Federalist No. 78, Alexander Hamilton advocated the doctrine of a written document held as a superior enactment of the people. "A limited constitution can be preserved in practice no other way" than through courts which can declare void any legislation contrary to the Constitution. The preservation of the people's authority over legislatures rests "particularly with judges". The Supreme Court was initially made up of jurists who had been intimately

neg: Supreme Administrative Court of Finland Supreme Administrative Court of Finland The Supreme Administrative Court of Finland (, ) is the highest court in the Finnish administrative court system, parallel to the Supreme Court of Finland. Its jurisdiction covers the legality of the decisions of government officials, and its decisions are final. Appeals are made to the Supreme Administrative Court from the decisions of the administrative courts of Helsinki, Turku, Hämeenlinna, Kouvola, Kuopio, Vaasa, Oulu, Rovaniemi and Åland Islands, the Market Court, and the Council of State. In most issues, it is possible to appeal to the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland from the judgment of

neg: Advocate to Queen's Counsel in the United Kingdom. After at least fifteen years of practice, by invitation or by an application to a panel of Supreme Court Judges headed by the Chief Justice of Pakistan, one can become Senior Advocate of Supreme Court of Pakistan. Very few applications are accepted and even fewer invitations are made. Attorneys General are usually invited by the Supreme Court on appointment, to the office. So are some notable High Court judges who upon retirement choose to practice before the Supreme Court, where they are still eligible to do so. In India, the law relating to

neg: Judiciary of the Bahamas supported by the evidence or was erroneous in point of law; (iii) the decision of the magistrate or the sentence passed was based on a wrong principle; (iv) some material illegality occurred affecting the merits of the case; or (v) the sentence was too severe or lenient. The Supreme Court is third highest court in the adjudicative hierarchy of the Bahamas. The Supreme Court is made up of a Chief Justice and not more than eleven and not less than two Justices of the Court. The Chief Justice is appointed by The Governor-General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister

neg: Chief Justice of Gibraltar Chief Justice of Gibraltar The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Gibraltar is one of the four judges who make up the supreme court of Gibraltar. Previously the Chief Justice was appointed by the Governor of Gibraltar on the advice of the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Under the 2006 Constitution the Governor, on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, makes the appointment on behalf of the Monarch. As a judge of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice is responsible for hearing civil and criminal proceedings, including Family Jurisdiction, Court of Protection, Admiralty Jurisdiction and Ordinary (Chancery) Jurisdiction,

neg: Supreme Court of Pakistan decided to hear the petitions over the legality of the martial law. Although, the Supreme Court had only validated the martial law for three-years only, the Supreme Court's jurists and Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui in clear view of this coup as a "violation of constitution" as Sharif's lawyers made a ground base for finding Musharraf of treason. General Musharraf, acting as Chief Executive, forcefully retired the conservative leaning jurists and elevated the judges who had known to have libertarian views in their jurisprudence at the Supreme Court, including Justice Irshad Hasan as Chief Justice. In 2002, The Supreme Court supervised the

neg: Supreme Court Police Supreme Court Police The Supreme Court of the United States Police is a small U.S. federal law enforcement agency headquartered in the District of Columbia, whose mission is to ensure the integrity of the constitutional mission of the U.S. Supreme Court by protecting the Supreme Court building, the Justices, employees, guests, and visitors. In accordance with , the Supreme Court Police falls under the jurisdiction of the Marshal of the United States Supreme Court who is appointed by the Supreme Court. The Marshal and the Supreme Court Police are authorized by to police the Supreme Court Building and protect the

neg: New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal The New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal, part of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, is the highest court for criminal matters and has appellate jurisdiction in the Australian State of New South Wales. The Court hears appeals from people who were convicted or pleaded guilty and were sentenced by a Supreme or District court judge. The Court also hears appeals lodged by The Crown against the severity of a sentence. Decisions made by the Land and Environment Court, the Industrial Court or the Drug Court in criminal jurisdiction may also

neg: Judiciary of the Bahamas after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by The Governor-General on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission. The Supreme Court has unlimited original jurisdiction in civil and criminal causes and matters and an appellate jurisdiction conferred on it by the Supreme Court Act, 1996 or any other law, which includes appeals from the Magistrates’ Court. Appeals made by the Supreme Court can be struck down by the Court of Appeal, which is the highest domestic court in the Bahamas; appeals can be made from either court to the Judicial

neg: Supreme Court of Tasmania criminal proceedings, and for some work in assessing the damages (amounts claimable) in civil proceedings. The current Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of Tasmania is Mr Stephen Holt (appointed 6 September 1999). Supreme Court of Tasmania The Supreme Court of Tasmania is the highest State court in the Australian State of Tasmania. In the Australian court hierarchy, the Supreme Court of Tasmania is in the middle level, with both an appellate jurisdiction over lower courts, and decisions made by Court to be heard on appeal by the High Court of Australia. The ordinary sittings of the Court occur in

neg: Colombian Constitution of 1991 31 councillors or judges, subdivided into an administrative litigation chamber (27 members) and a consultative chamber (the rest). The powers of the Council of State are: The Constitutional Court ("Corte Constitucional") is the supreme court for constitutional law, created by the 1991 Constitution. It is made up of nine judges or magistrates elected by the Senate to individual non-renewable eight-year terms from lists of three names each presented by the President, the Supreme Court of Justice and the Council of State. The Court safeguards the integrity and supremacy of the Constitution. Its powers are: Any citizen may submit petitions of

neg: Supreme Court of Thailand take place. This process can take up to a month. The procedure ends with the transmission of a case file with a judgment of the Supreme Court to the Court of First Instance for pronouncement. Supreme Court of Thailand The Supreme Court of Thailand (), located in Bangkok, Thailand, is the highest Thai court of justice, covering criminal and civil cases of the entire country. Operating separately from the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court, the judgment from the Supreme Court is considered as final. Neither plaintiff nor respondent can request for any further appeals. A Justice of the Supreme

neg: Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation Connecticut Supreme Court against then Secretary of State Susan Bysiewicz challenging the authenticity of presidential candidate Obama's Hawaii birth certificate. The suit was dismissed after initial hearings. Wrotnowski appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court on November 25, contending that the British citizenship of Obama's father made the president-elect ineligible to assume office. Leo Donofrio, whose earlier case against Obama's eligibility had been turned down, assisted Wrotnowski's Supreme Court appeal. The request for stay or injunction was denied without comment on December 15, 2008. Thomas Goldstein, who has argued numerous cases before the court and covers Supreme Court cases, commented that

neg: Aikens v. California Aikens v. California Aikens v. California, 406 U.S. 813 (1972), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court where a petitioner (in the U.S. Supreme Court, the plaintiff (Aikens) is called the "petitioner" and the defendant (the State of California) is called the "respondent") was appealing his conviction and death sentence. After oral argument had been made on the case, but before the court decided on it, the Supreme Court of California in "People v. Anderson", declared the death penalty unconstitutional under the state constitution. This made his appeal unnecessary because the decision in "Anderson" The Supreme Court would

neg: Judiciary Act of 1869 circuit judge appointed who would reside in that locale and have the same power and jurisdiction as the Supreme Court justice assigned to the circuit. It was stipulated that the Chief Justice and each of the associate justices had the duty to sit at least one term in the circuit every two years. The circuit court could be held by the circuit judge, the Supreme Court justice, or the two could hold the court together, in which case the Supreme Court justice would preside. Up until this time, circuit courts were normally only staffed by district judges and Supreme Court

neg: Sexual harassment in education in the United States be not to provide a balanced forum, but damage control. In 1992, the Supreme Court decided that, out of the violation of their civil rights, students who were victims of sexual harassment have the right to seek monetary damages from their school district. This was a major step taken by the Supreme Court where before this decision, compensation was not up for grabs from the damage in sexual harassment cases. In 1994, when a judge ruled that the school district was not liable for the sexual harassment that occurred when a fifth grade boy allegedly made attempts to inappropriately touch

neg: Ann Hannaford Lamar assistant district attorney from August 1987 to January 1993 and from January 1996 to December 1999. Lamar served five and a half years as a circuit judge from the 17th Circuit Court, which is made up of DeSoto, Panola, Tallahatchie, Tate and Yalobusha counties. She was appointed to the Circuit Court vacancy created when former Circuit Judge George C. Carlson, Jr. was appointed to the Supreme Court on November 1, 2001. Lamar was appointed to the Mississippi Supreme Court on May 21, 2007. Gov. Haley Barbour appointed Lamar to the vacancy created by the retirement of Presiding Justice Kay B.

neg: Court of Appeal of Tonga Court of Appeal of Tonga The Court of Appeal of Tonga is the supreme court in Tonga for all criminal and most civil matters. It hears criminal and civil appeals from the Supreme Court and also hears appeals from the Land Court. An appeal from the Supreme Court to the Court of Appeal can be made as of by right unless it is a civil matter and the amount in dispute does not exceed T$1000. Orders made by consent, orders regarding costs, and interlocutory decisions also cannot be heard by the Court of Appeal without leave of the Court. An

neg: Philip Whistler Street Justice of Australia's first Supreme Court. His son Sir Kenneth's accession to the Supreme Court of New South Wales while he was Chief Justice furthermore made the first and only Australian case of a father and son presiding over the same Supreme Court. Street was born in Sydney on 9 August 1863, the second son of John Rendell Street and Susanna Caroline (née Lawson). His father was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly between 1887 and 1891 and his mother was the granddaughter of William Lawson, one of the three explorers who made the first crossing of

neg: Supreme Court of Tasmania Supreme Court of Tasmania The Supreme Court of Tasmania is the highest State court in the Australian State of Tasmania. In the Australian court hierarchy, the Supreme Court of Tasmania is in the middle level, with both an appellate jurisdiction over lower courts, and decisions made by Court to be heard on appeal by the High Court of Australia. The ordinary sittings of the Court occur in Hobart, Launceston and Burnie in Tasmania. The Court's Appeal division sits only in Hobart. The Supreme Court of Van Diemen's Land (as Tasmania was then known) was established by The Royal Letters Patent

neg: Supreme Court of Peru Supreme Court of Peru The Supreme Court of Justice is the highest judicial court in Peru. Its jurisdiction extends over the entire territory of the nation. It is headquartered in the Palace of Justice in Lima. The supreme court is composed of three Supreme Sectors: Integrated into the Supreme Court are the Supreme Speakers and Supreme Provisionary Speakers, who substitute the Supreme Speakers in case of absence. The Supreme Speakers are distributed into each one of the Supreme Sectors that the law establishes. The President of the Supreme Court and the Chief Speaker of the Office of the Control of

neg: Supreme Court of Cassation (Serbia) Supreme Court of Cassation (Serbia) The Supreme Court of Cassation () is the court of last resort in the Republic of Serbia. It is the court of cassation which reviews and possibly overturns previous rulings made by lower courts. It was established in 1846 by a decree of Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević. In the last 160 years since it was established, the Court has asserted its authority within judiciary in Serbia and beyond. The Supreme Court of Cassation is today authorized by the Constitution of Serbia and the "Law on Organization of Courts". The seat of the Supreme Court of Cassation

neg: Central African Republic oversees government operations. However, as of 2018 the official government is not in control of large parts of the country, which are governed by rebel groups. Acting president since April 2016 is Faustin Archange Touadera who followed the interim government under Catherine Samba-Panza, interim prime minister André Nzapayeké. The National Assembly ("Assemblée Nationale") has 105 members, elected for a five-year term using the two-round (or Run-off) system. Like in many other former French colonies, the Central African Republic's legal system is based on French law. The Supreme Court, or "Cour Supreme", is made up of judges appointed by the president.