query: who suggested that economics is a social science

pos: Economics Say (1803), distinguishing the subject from its public-policy uses, defines it as the science "of" production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. On the satirical side, Thomas Carlyle (1849) coined "the dismal science" as an epithet for classical economics, in this context, commonly linked to the pessimistic analysis of Malthus (1798). John Stuart Mill (1844) defines the subject in a social context as: Alfred Marshall provides a still widely cited definition in his textbook "Principles of Economics" (1890) that extends analysis beyond wealth and from the societal to the microeconomic level: Lionel Robbins (1932) developed implications of what has been termed

neg: University of California, Irvine School of Social Sciences Sciences, Economics, Logic and Philosophy of Science (Philosophy), Political Science, and Sociology. Majors that are offered are Anthropology, Business Economics, Chicano/Latino Studies, Cognitive Sciences, Demographic and Social Analysis, Economics, International Studies, Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, Philosophy, Political Science, Quantitative Economics, Social Policy and Public Services, Social Science, and Sociology. The school offers three M.A. programs and seven Ph.D. programs. University of California, Irvine School of Social Sciences The School of Social Sciences is an academic unit of the University of California, Irvine (UCI) that studies the social sciences. The School is the largest academic unit in the university with an enrollment

neg: Journal of Population Economics Journal of Population Economics The Journal of Population Economics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research on economic and demographic problems. It is the official journal of the European Society of Population Economics and is published by Springer Science+Business Media in collaboration with POP at UNU-MERIT and the Global Labor Organization. It was established in 1987 by Klaus F. Zimmermann (UNU-MERIT), who remains the editor-in-chief. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Social Science Citation Index, Scopus, EconLit, CAB International, CAB Abstracts, and the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the

neg: Social computing a very dynamic, interdisciplinary research area covering aspects from disciplines such as Economics, Information Systems, Computer Science, Communication Theory, Sociology and Psychology.Social computing has become more widely known because of its relationship to a number of recent trends. These include the growing popularity of social software and Web 3.0, increased academic interest in social network analysis, the rise of open source as a viable method of production, and a growing conviction that all of this can have a profound impact on daily life. A February 13, 2006 paper by market research company Forrester Research suggested that: Socially intelligent computing is

neg: Social science a social science, the discipline often overlaps with sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, political science, economics, and public policy, among others. From a humanities perspective, communication is concerned with rhetoric and persuasion (traditional graduate programs in communication studies trace their history to the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece). The field applies to outside disciplines as well, including engineering, architecture, mathematics, and information science. Economics is a social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. The word "economics" is from the Ancient Greek "oikos", "family, household, estate", and νόμος "nomos", "custom, law", and hence means "household

neg: Quantum social science 1990s, a separate approach to quantum social science was taken by a number of interdisciplinary researchers, working in what became known as quantum cognition, who argued that quantum probability theory was better than classical probability theory at accounting for a range of cognitive effects of the sort studied in behavioral economics. Others worked on developing “weak” or “generalised” versions of quantum theory which extended concepts such as complementarity and entanglement to the social domain. In their 2013 book Quantum Social Science, Emmanuel Haven and Andrei Khrennikov developed mathematical formalisms for the application of quantum models to topics including psychology, economics,

neg: Allegheny College in 2006 suggested that 78% of Allegheny graduates would carry debt averaging at $24,825. Allegheny College's majors and minors fall into three spheres, under which each major is coded. There are some majors, such as Environmental Studies or International Studies, which fall into the interdisciplinary category. Humanities include Art, Communication Arts, Dance and Movement Studies, English, Modern and Classical Languages (includes Chinese, French, German, Latin, and Spanish), Music, Philosophy and Religious Studies. Natural Sciences include Biochemistry, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Environmental Science, Geology, Mathematics, Neuroscience, Physics. Social Sciences include Economics, Environmental Studies, History, International Studies, Political Science, Psychology. Minor courses

neg: Gunnar Myrdal Matthew 7:1–2) he introduced the approach mentioned as scientific relativism of values. This behavioral approach is narrowly connected to behavioralism and is built on the idea that the logical gulf between "is" and "ought" is more sophisticated than just dividing premises into categories. The articles edited in "Value in Social Theory" underlines Myrdal's importance to political science. As political science normally is considered more descriptive than economics, one might get the idea that Myrdal should not have dealt systematically with the values applied to economics. On the contrary, Myrdal connected social science, political science and economics as a practitioner. Myrdal

neg: Lahore University of Management Sciences computational finance. The school is led by Jawad Syed. The School of Humanities and Social Sciences consists of the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Department of Economics. DHSS offers undergraduate degrees in Anthropology/Sociology, History, English and Political Science, as well as a combined programme in Politics and Economics in conjunction with the Economics Department. The school also offers minors in political Science, Economics, History, English literature, Urdu literature, Religious studies, Sociology/Anthropology. Started in 1999, the Department of Humanities and Social Science is home to disciplines in the Social Science and Humanities including Anthropology and Sociology, Literature, Philosophy,

neg: Social simulation the aforementioned drawbacks much more strongly. Theories in some social science tend to be linear models that are not dynamic, and are generally inferred from small laboratory experiments (laboratory tests are most common in psychology but rare in sociology, political science, economics and geography). The behavior of populations of agents under these models is rarely tested or verified against empirical observation. Social simulation Social simulation is a research field that applies computational methods to study issues in the social sciences. The issues explored include problems in computational law, psychology, organizational behavior, sociology, political science, economics, anthropology, geography, engineering, archaeology and

neg: Capital (economics) Robinson and Piero Sraffa claimed that there is no basis for aggregating the heterogeneous objects that constitute 'capital goods.' Political economists Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler have suggested that capital is not a productive entity, but solely financial and that capital values measure the relative power of owners over the broad social processes that bear on profits. Characteristics Of Capital Capital (economics) In economics, capital consists of an asset that can enhance one's power to perform economically useful work. For example, in a fundamental sense a stone or an arrow is capital for a caveman who can use it as

neg: Social network analysis are represented as lines. Social network analysis has emerged as a key technique in modern sociology. It has also gained a significant following in anthropology, biology, demography, communication studies, economics, geography, history, information science, organizational studies, political science, social psychology, development studies, sociolinguistics, and computer science and is now commonly available as a consumer tool (see the list of SNA software). Social network analysis has its theoretical roots in the work of early sociologists such as Georg Simmel and Émile Durkheim, who wrote about the importance of studying patterns of relationships that connect social actors. Social scientists have used the

neg: Social science or a BSc: Bachelor of Science degree such as those given by the London School of Economics, as the social sciences constitute one of the two main branches of science (the other being the natural sciences). In addition, some institutions have degrees for a particular social science, such as the Bachelor of Economics degree, though such specialized degrees are relatively rare in the United States. Social science Social science is a category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society. Social science as a whole has many branches. These social sciences include, but are

neg: Social Studies of Science that it will encourage appropriate contributions from political science, sociology, economics, history, philosophy, social anthropology, and the legal and educational disciplines. It will welcome studies of fundamental research, applied research and development; of university science, industrial science and science in government." "Social Studies of Science" is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", its 2014 impact factor is 2.351, ranking it 1st out of 59 journals in the category "History of Philosophy and Science". Social Studies of Science Social Studies of Science is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes

neg: Heller-Hurwicz Economics Institute 1980s, during which time they revolutionized the university’s economics department to be one of the world’s finest schools of economic thought. Heller, who served as one of the most influential economic policymakers under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, was an innovator of taxation and social policy, two areas that guide the work of the Heller - Hurwicz Economics Institute. Hurwicz, on the other hand, fathered the economic theory of mechanism design, which helps organizations and businesses determine optimal outcomes given an individual’s motivations, honesty and social welfare. It is Leo Hurwicz’s contributions to economic science that not only influence thinking at

neg: Socioeconomics advocates tend to classify social economics as heterodox. Socioeconomics Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes. In general it analyzes how societies progress, stagnate, or regress because of their local or regional economy, or the global economy. Societies are divided into 3 groups: social, cultural and economic. “Socioeconomics” is sometimes used as an umbrella term for various areas of inquiry. The term “social economics” may refer broadly to the "use of economics in the study of society". More narrowly, contemporary practice considers behavioral interactions of

neg: Catholic University of Madagascar and Political Science, and Applied Social Sciences. The Applied Social Sciences curriculum is the core curriculum for undergraduates' first two semesters. It offers a Bachelor of Social Sciences Applied to Development, and master's degrees in Society and Development and Population and Development. The Department of Law and Political Science offers a Bachelor of Law and master's degrees in public law, private law, business law, political science, international relations. The Faculty of Social Sciences' Department of Business and Economics offers bachelor's and master's degrees in economics, public economics, management, and business administration. The Business section of the department is partnered with

neg: Computational social science Computational social science Computational social science refers to the academic sub-disciplines concerned with computational approaches to the social sciences. This means that computers are used to model, simulate, and analyze social phenomena. Fields include computational economics, computational sociology, cliodynamics, culturomics, and the automated analysis of contents, in social and traditional media. It focuses on investigating social and behavioral relationships and interactions through social simulation, modeling, network analysis, and media analysis. There are two terminologies that relate to each other: Social Science Computing (SSC) and Computational Social Science (CSS). In literature, CSS is referred to the field of social science that

neg: Social Science History Association through JSTOR are about social and political movements and associated narratives. The "Social Science History Association" was formed in 1976 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal "Social Science History" and an annual convention. The goal was to incorporate in historical studies perspectives from all the social sciences, especially political science, sociology and economics. The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification. However, by the 1980s the first blush of quantification had worn off, as critics complained that quantification undervalued the role of contingency, and warned against a naive positivism. Meanwhile quantification became well-established inside economics, in the field of cliometrics,

neg: Oded Galor that "will inspire, motivate, and challenge economists." University of Chicago economist Steven N. Durlauf declared that ""Unified Growth Theory" is Big Science at its best. It grapples with some of the broadest questions in social science, integrating state-of-the-art economic theory with a rich exploration of a wide range of empirical evidence." He considers that Galor's ideas "will have a lasting effect on economics." Oded Galor Oded Galor (born 1953) is an Israeli economist who is currently Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University. He is the founder of unified growth theory. Galor has contributed to the understanding of

neg: Social science been increasingly applied in recent decades to other social situations such as politics, law, psychology, history, religion, marriage and family life, and other social interactions. This paradigm crucially assumes (1) that resources are scarce because they are not sufficient to satisfy all wants, and (2) that "economic value" is willingness to pay as revealed for instance by market (arms' length) transactions. Rival heterodox schools of thought, such as institutional economics, green economics, Marxist economics, and economic sociology, make other grounding assumptions. For example, Marxist economics assumes that economics primarily deals with the investigation of exchange value, of which human labour

neg: M. Ishaq Nadiri Development, Editorial Board Member of the Annals of Economics & Social Measurement. He is listed in Who's Who in Economics, Who's Who in America, Who's Who in the East, Who's Who in Finance & Industry, Who's Who in Science & Engineering, Who's Who in American Education, the Dictionary of Distinguished Leadership, Men of Achievement, 5,000 Personalities of the World, and Personalities of the Americas. Nadiri's fields of specialization are the economics of technical change and productivity growth, investment theory and modeling, monetary economics, and quantitative analysis and applied economics. He has served as a consultant to a number of corporations

neg: Abstraction tool in several disciplines of social science. These disciplines have definite and different man concepts that highlight those aspects of man and his behaviour by idealization that are relevant for the given human science. For example, homo sociologicus is the man as sociology abstracts and idealizes it, depicting man as a social being. Moreover, we could talk about homo cyber sapiens (the man who can extend his biologically determined intelligence thanks to new technologies), or homo creativus (who is simply creative). Abstraction (combined with Weberian idealization) plays a crucial role in economics. Breaking away from directly experienced reality was a

neg: Socioeconomics Socioeconomics Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes. In general it analyzes how societies progress, stagnate, or regress because of their local or regional economy, or the global economy. Societies are divided into 3 groups: social, cultural and economic. “Socioeconomics” is sometimes used as an umbrella term for various areas of inquiry. The term “social economics” may refer broadly to the "use of economics in the study of society". More narrowly, contemporary practice considers behavioral interactions of individuals and groups through social capital and social

neg: Risskov Gymnasium the political science programme subjects such as social studies, economics, psychology and media studies; and language and arts programmes with subjects such as French, Spanish, German, Latin, Greek and music. Besides these profile subjects we teach a number of mandatory subjects such as math, English, social studies and Danish, as well as approximately 25 select subjects ranging from astronomy over philosophy to physical education. Risskov Gymnasium was originally "Amtsgymnasiet, Vejlby-Risskov" (Danish: County Gymnasium, Vejlby-Risskov). In the 1960s the school commission in the, now defunct, Vejlby-Risskov Municipality suggested that the fifth gymnasium in the vicinity of Aarhus should be placed in

neg: Social Science & Medicine Social Science & Medicine Social Science & Medicine is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering social science research on health, including anthropology, economics, geography, psychology, social epidemiology, social policy, sociology, medicine and health care practice, policy, and organization. It was established in 1967 and is published by Elsevier. "Social Science & Medicine" () was published quarterly from 1967 to 1977 by Pergamon Press and, according to the National Library of Medicine and the Library of Congress, was then split into: In 1982, Parts A-F were merged back into one journal. It was published by Pergamon Press, until that company was acquired

neg: Economics Michael Perelman are two additional scholars who criticized conventional or mainstream economics. Taleb opposes most economic theorizing, which in his view suffers acutely from the problem of overuse of Plato's Theory of Forms, and calls for cancellation of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, saying that the damage from economic theories can be devastating. Michael Perelman provides extensive criticism of economics and its assumptions in all his books (and especially his books published from 2000 to date), papers and interviews. Despite these concerns, mainstream graduate programs have become increasingly technical and mathematical. General: Economics Economics () is the social science

neg: Social science Auguste Comte (1798–1857) coined the term, Sociology, as a way to apply natural science principles and techniques to the social world in 1838. Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the descriptive understanding of the social realm. He proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological approach outlined in "The Course in Positive Philosophy" [1830–1842] and "A General View of Positivism" (1844). Though Comte is generally regarded as the "Father of Sociology", the discipline was formally established by another French thinker, Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical social research.

neg: Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences) a critical realist lens for conducting research in (ecological) economics. However, also other scholars base ecological economics on a critical realist foundation, such as Leigh Price from Rhodes University. Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences) Critical realism, a philosophical approach associated with Roy Bhaskar (1944–2014), combines a general philosophy of science (transcendental realism) with a philosophy of social science (critical naturalism) to describe an interface between the natural and social worlds. Bhaskar developed a general philosophy of science that he described as transcendental realism and a special philosophy of the human sciences that he called critical naturalism. The two

neg: Population informatics as well more inductive approaches such as data science and predictive analytics. Computational social science refers to the academic sub-disciplines concerned with computational approaches to the social sciences. This means that computers are used to model, simulate, and analyze social phenomena. Fields include computational economics and computational sociology. The seminal article on computational social science is by Lazer et al. 2009 which was a summary of a workshop held at Harvard with the same title. However, the article does not define the term computational social science precisely. In general, computational social science is a broader field and encompasses population informatics.

neg: Critical-Creative Thinking and Behavioral Research Laboratory seminars and conferences, 16 talks that are broadcast in media about psychology, social psychology, critical thinking, creative thinking, science against pseudoscience, etc. Critical-Creative Thinking and Behavioral Research Laboratory Critical-Creative Thinking and Behavioral Research Laboratory (ELYADAL) was founded in March 2002 as a branch in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences in Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey. Academicians and students in different disciplines like psychology, social science, philosophy of science, scientific method, political science, business management and economics have convened to conduct scientific research and produce applications of science pertaining to human behavior as it is manifested in varying contexts. ELYADAL's

neg: Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking". Much of the work derived from cognitive psychology has been integrated into various other modern disciplines such as Cognitive Science and of psychological study, including educational psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, abnormal psychology, developmental psychology, and economics. Philosophically, ruminations of the human mind and its processes have been around since the times of the ancient Greeks. In 387 BCE, Plato is known to have suggested that the brain was the seat of the mental processes. In 1637, René

neg: Occupational prestige little to do with occupational prestige, the measures of prestige is a part of the concept of social economic status (SES). Job with high prestige are more likely to have a higher level of pay stability, better lateral career mobility, and established professional associations. Some popular scales that are used to measure SES include: the Hollingshead's four and six measure of Social Economics Status Scale, the Nam, Boyd, and Power scale, and the Duncan's measures of Social economics. A 2007 Harris Poll of 1,010 U.S. adults suggested that occupational prestige is linked to perceived impact on welfare; the highest ranking

neg: Institutional economics leading heterodox approach in critiquing neoclassical economics and as an alternative research program in economics, most notably through the work of Ha-Joon Chang and Geoffrey Hodgson The leading Swedish economist Lars Pålsson Syll is a believer in institutional economics. He is an outspoken opponent to all kinds of social constructivism and postmodern relativism. Critics of institutionalism have maintained that the concept of "institution" is so central for all social science that it is senseless to use it as a buzzword for a particular theoretical school. And as a consequence the elusive meaning of the concept of "institution" has resulted in

neg: Environmental social science Environmental social science Environmental social science is the broad, transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment. Environmental social scientists work within and between the fields of anthropology, communication studies, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology; and also in the interdisciplinary fields of environmental studies, human ecology and political ecology, social epidemiology, among others. Ideologies, fields and concepts in environmental social science aim to convey environmental issues as intertwined in societal relations, institutions and human activities that continually shape the environment or are themselves shaped by the environment. For example, political ecology is based on the

neg: Cand.polit. Cand.polit. Candidatus rerum politicarum (male), Candidata rerum politicarum (female), abbreviated cand.polit., is an academic degree in economics in Denmark and formerly an academic degree in all social sciences in Norway, including for example economics, psychology, sociology and political science. In Denmark, cand.polit. refers exclusively to the candidate's degree in economics awarded by the University of Copenhagen. Economics degrees from other Danish universities are known as "cand. oecon". In Norway, the cand.polit. was prior to 2003–2008 awarded in all social sciences by the faculties of social science at the universities, nominally requiring at least six years of study, although many students

neg: Canadian Index of Wellbeing specific areas and indicators of quality of life suggested by discussion group participants Next, in 2002 and again in 2004, the ACF hosted a round-table discussion and workshop and invited more than 60 experts on social indicators and wellbeing. Participants' specializations included community development, economics, education, environmental studies, health promotion, political science, and recreation, arts, and culture. Practitioners and government officials who were potential users of the index also participated in these discussions, and collectively began reviewing and assessing the information required to narrow the focus to the domains specifically regarded by Canadians as most essential to overall quality of

neg: International Bibliography of the Social Sciences International Bibliography of the Social Sciences The International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) is a bibliography for social science and interdisciplinary research. The database focuses on the social science disciplines of anthropology, economics, politics and sociology, and related interdisciplinary subjects, such as development studies, human geography and environment and gender studies. It was established in 1951 and prepared by the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques in Paris. Production was transferred to the London School of Economics in 1989, and then to ProQuest in 2010. IBSS was established in 1951 by the International Committee for Social Science Information and Documentation,

neg: Science capital know about, what they think about science, the people they know who have an understanding of science, and the day-to-day engagement they have with science. Science capital is made up of science related cultural and social capital (institutionalized and/or embodied through knowledge, consumption, credentials, and social networks) as well as habitus. Researchers have suggested that science capital does not exist in isolation but has its value determined by someone's wider context and environment. Science capital has been framed around eight key dimensions, drawing on statistical analysis of survey data from UK school students: These eight dimensions collapse into four 'types'

neg: European University of Tirana Marketing, Information Economics, Public Law, International Law, Business Law, Private Law, Communication Sciences, Political Sciences, International Relations, Sociology & Social Anthropology, Psychology and Science Education. Currently there are 7 new programs of study in the process of being licensed. Faculty of Law Faculty of Economics and Information Technology Faculty of Social Sciences and Education The European University of Tirana offers about 24 Professional Master’s and Master of Science programs in these fields of study: Economics, Finance, Management, Marketing, Information Economics, Public Law, International Law, Business Law, Private Law, Science Communication, Political Sciences, International Relations, Sociology & Social Anthropology, Psychology and

neg: Indonesia University of Education the following study programmes: In Indonesian education system, Social Science is considered one subject in middle schools (Sekolah Menengah Pertama) and the teachers are supposed to be from the Education of Social Science programme. Meanwhile, in high schools, Social Science is divided into four subjects: Geography, Sociology, History, and Economy. With the exception of Economy, each subject's teacher is supposed to be from their corresponding programmes. The Education of Economics and the Education of Accounting programme, respectively, are available in the Economics and Business Education Faculty (FPEB). Indonesian high school students may choose one of the three programmes: Science and

neg: Home economics and all 50 U.S. states, and include: researchers, demographers, marriage and family therapists, parent/family educators, university faculty, students, social workers, public health workers, extension specialists and faculty, ECFE teachers, clergy, counselors, K-12 teachers, and more. Home economics Home economics, domestic science or home science is a field of study that deals with the relationship between individuals, families, communities, and the environment in which they live. Family and consumer science was previously known in the United States as home economics, often abbreviated "home ec" or "HE". In 1994, various organizations, including the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences, adopted the

neg: Social science Social science Social science is a category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society. Social science as a whole has many branches. These social sciences include, but are not limited to: anthropology, archaeology, communication studies, economics, history, human geography, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science, psychology, public health, and sociology. The term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to the field of sociology, the original "science of society", established in the 19th century. For a more detailed list of sub-disciplines within the social sciences see: Outline of social science. Positivist social scientists use methods

neg: Singapore Management University that SoE's curriculum had been modelled on that of the Wharton School instead of following the traditional social science-type economics curriculum found at most other institutions. Today, the SoE offers the Bachelor of Science (Economics) as well as Master of Science programmes in Economics and Applied Economics. In 2007, the School also introduced a PhD in Economics programme. The School of Information Systems (SIS) was formed with the aid of Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) when SMU and CMU forged a four-year strategic partnership intended to use the expertise of the CMU faculty in the School's initial establishment. Through this partnership,

neg: Schmollers Jahrbuch Schmollers Jahrbuch Schmollers Jahrbuch: Journal of Contextual Economics is an English-language, peer-reviewed economics and social science journal. Since 2016, the journal has been under the editorship of (University of Siegen), Erik Grimmer-Solem (Wesleyan University), and Joachim Zweynert (Witten/Herdecke University). The journal, named after Gustav von Schmoller, an influential figure in the Historical school of economics, provides a forum for contextual social science research, focusing on the embeddedness of economic activity within political, social, ecological and cultural settings. Since its founding in 1871, the journal has been published by . It is published four times a year, including one special issue

neg: Richard B. Freeman Richard B. Freeman Richard Barry Freeman (born June 29, 1943) is an economist. The Herbert Ascherman Professor of Economics at Harvard University and Co-Director of the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law School, Freeman is also Senior Research Fellow on Labour Markets at the Centre for Economic Performance, part of the London School of Economics, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, the UK's public body funding social science. Freeman directs the Science and Engineering Workforce Project (SEWP) at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), a network focused on the economics of science, technical, engineering, and IT

neg: Istanbul High School Science, mathematics and English courses also start in the preparatory class. Biology is the first science class followed by physics and chemistry in the ninth and tenth grades (second and third years, respectively). In the eleventh grade the students choose between two majors: Mathematics and Sciences (FEN), or Turkish and Mathematics (TM). Students who aim to pursue careers in engineering, sciences or medicine, major in FEN, concentrating on science and mathematics courses. TM major is dominated by courses in social sciences and mathematics and is for students who want to study humanities, business, economics or social sciences. The academic standards

neg: Federal University Oye Ekiti Professor Chinedu Ostadinma Nebo, OON, and the present Vice Chancellor Professor Kayode Soremekun who was appointed by the current President in 2016, has two campuses at Oye-Ekiti and Ikole-Ekiti and 7 Faculties with 53 Departments, namely: • The Faculty of Agriculture (Agricultural Economics and Extension, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Soil Science, Animal Science, Crop Production and Horticulture, Food Science Technology, Water Resources and Agrometerology) • The Faculty of Engineering (Agricultural and Bio-Resources Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Material and Metallurgical Engineering) • The Faculty of Social Sciences (Demography and Social Statistics, Economics and

neg: H-index Numbers are very different in social science disciplines: The "Impact of the Social Sciences" team at London School of Economics found that social scientists in the United Kingdom had lower average h-indices. The h-indices for ("full") professors, based on Google Scholar data ranged from 2.8 (in law), through 3.4 (in political science), 3.7 (in sociology), 6.5 (in geography) and 7.6 (in economics). On average across the disciplines, a professor in the social sciences had an h-index about twice that of a lecturer or a senior lecturer, though the difference was the smallest in geography. Hirsch intended the "h"-index to address

neg: University of California, Irvine School of Social Sciences University of California, Irvine School of Social Sciences The School of Social Sciences is an academic unit of the University of California, Irvine (UCI) that studies the social sciences. The School is the largest academic unit in the university with an enrollment of over 5,300 students. More than a third of the bachelor's degrees conferred at UCI are from the School of Social Sciences. It is home to the departments of Anthropology, Chicano-Latino Studies, Cognitive Science, Economics, Logic and Philosophy of Science, Political Science, International Studies, and Sociology. UC Irvine's School of Social Sciences is also home to several research

neg: Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics Economy in Zhejiang" are published openly. The former is listed as one of the National Top 100 journals of social sciences, Chinese core journals, Chinese university core journals of humanities and social sciences and Chinese Social Science Citation Index (CSSCI) journals. Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics (ZUFE) is an institution of higher education located in Hangzhou, China. The university specializes in economic disciplines and provides education in science, law, and the humanities. The university was founded in December 1974 as the Zhejiang Academy of Public Finance and Banking. It has changed its name

neg: Socioeconomics "markets" (not excluding, for example, sorting by marriage) and the formation of social norms. In the latter, it studies the relation of economics to social values. A distinct supplemental usage describes social economics as "a discipline studying the reciprocal relationship between economic science on the one hand and social philosophy, ethics, and human dignity on the other" toward social reconstruction and improvement or as also emphasizing multidisciplinary methods from such fields as sociology, history, and political science. In criticizing mainstream economics for its alleged faulty philosophical premises (for example the pursuit of self-interest) and neglect of dysfunctional economic relationships, such

neg: École normale supérieure (Paris) departments in its "Sciences" section: mathematics, physics, computer science, chemistry, biology, geoscience and cognitive science. It also has eight departments in its "Letters" section: philosophy, literature, history, classics, social science, economics (this section is the base of Paris School of Economics), geography, and art history and theory. In addition to these fifteen departments, a language laboratory for non-specialists offers courses in most major world languages to all the students. Additional centres of research and laboratories gravitate around the departments, which function as nodes of research. The emphasis is placed squarely on interdisciplinarity and students who entered from a scientific "concours"

neg: Finance theory. Financial econometrics is the branch of financial economics that uses econometric techniques to parameterize the relationships suggested. Although they are closely related, the disciplines of economics and finance are distinct. The “economy” is a social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, all of which must be financed. Financial mathematics is a field of applied mathematics, concerned with financial markets. The subject has a close relationship with the discipline of financial economics, which is concerned with much of the underlying theory that is involved in financial mathematics. Generally, mathematical finance will derive, and

neg: William Hayter (diplomat) the main expansion in these studies should be in departments of history, geography, economics and social science rather than in the language departments, though linguistic training remained important; that there should be a better balance between linguistic and non-linguistic studies; and that modern studies should receive greater emphasis compared to classical studies than had hitherto been the case. It suggested significant funding should be provided for a period of ten years to expand provision as it had recommended. The findings of the Hayter Report were largely accepted and acted upon. It led to a significant expansion of provision in these

neg: Mark Lindley Life and Times of Gora", about a noted Indian activist and social worker who was also an associate of Gandhi (and, after Gandhi’s death, of Kumarappa). Dr. Lindley's writings on economics include the following: "The 'Economic Man' Premise" (Indian Journal of Economics, vol.96/No.283, 2016). "Modern Economics as a Would-be Science" (Gokhale Institute, Pune, 2013; republished in Artha Vijnana, vol. 55/1, 2013). "Looking Back for Insights into a New Paradigm", with James Farmelant. MRZine. "The Strange Case of Dr. Hayek and Mr. Hayek", with James Farmelant (Journal of Social and Political Studies, Allahabad, vol.3/2, 2012). Dr. Lindley is also known as

neg: The Leadership Quarterly management and applied psychology. It has a CiteScore of 4.41 According to various journal quality lists, "The Leadership Quarterly" is highly ranked. Its acceptance rate is below 10%. Former editors include: The journal was recently distinguished by one of its recent articles, which won the 2018 Ig Nobel prize in Economics. The Leadership Quarterly The Leadership Quarterly is a bimonthly peer-reviewed multidisciplinary social science journal. It is dedicated to the scientific study of leadership. The journal has a broad focus and publishers papers from various fields of social science (psychology, economics, political science) as well as of biological science (e.g.,

neg: Werner Stark to study economics and social sciences.While there, he met his wife-to be, Kate Franck who was also a student at the University.. He spent the 1930-31 session at the London School of Economics. Stark's training and scholarship encompassed history, philosophy, political science, law, economics, literature, art, music, and sociology. He held doctorates both in law and in political science. The rise of Nazism resulted in his leaving Germany for Prague in 1934, where he became a lecturer at the Prague School of Political Science. In 1939, when the invading Nazis closed the university, Stark left for England, where he settled

neg: Economics 1961 suggested that well-defined property rights could overcome the problems of externalities. Political economy is the interdisciplinary study that combines economics, law, and political science in explaining how political institutions, the political environment, and the economic system (capitalist, socialist, mixed) influence each other. It studies questions such as how monopoly, rent-seeking behaviour, and externalities should impact government policy. Historians have employed "political economy" to explore the ways in the past that persons and groups with common economic interests have used politics to effect changes beneficial to their interests. Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related

neg: Ernesto Pernia Asia Regional Office, the United Nations University, the United Nations Center for Regional Development, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the Philippine Institute for Development Studies, and USAid. Pernia is a recipient of the "Outstanding Young Scientist Award for Social Science" from the National Academy of Science and Technology in 1980. On February 2015, the Philippine American Academy of Science and Engineering (PASSE) awarded him with the Leadership in Science and Economics for his excellence in policy researches and publications of social sciences, economics and technology in national development. Ernesto Pernia Ernesto del Mar Pernia (born December 30, 1943) is a

neg: An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science economics for the period 1932-1960. Arguments therein have been widely accepted on the demarcation of economics as science from discussion of recommendations on economic policy. In that period, economists started referring to Robbins' definition of economics therein as generally accepted, along with continuing controversy that accompanied its blending into economics texts. With the application of the economic methods to social and other "non-economic" problems, acceptance of Robbins' expansive subject-matter definition in economics texts increased its prominence. An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science Lionel Robbins' Essay (1932, 1935, 2nd ed., 158 pp.) sought to define more precisely

neg: Social credit Social credit Social credit is an interdisciplinary distributive philosophy developed by C. H. Douglas (1879–1952), a British engineer who published a book by that name in 1924. It encompasses economics, political science, history, and accounting. Its policies are designed, according to Douglas, to disperse economic and political power to individuals. Douglas wrote, "Systems were made for men, and not men for systems, and the interest of man which is self-development, is above all systems, whether theological, political or economic." Douglas said that Social Crediters want to build a new civilization based upon "absolute economic security" for the individual, where "they

neg: Ideology ecology movement (and, to a lesser degree, Green parties) appear to have adopted ecological sciences as a positive ideology. Some accuse ecological economics of likewise turning scientific theory into political economy, although theses in that science can often be tested. The modern practice of green economics fuses both approaches and seems to be part science, part ideology. This is far from the only theory of economics raised to ideology status. Some notable economically based ideologies include neoliberalism, monetarism, mercantilism, mixed economy, social Darwinism, communism, laissez-faire economics, and free trade. There are also current theories of safe trade and fair trade

neg: Regional science Regional science Regional science is a field of the social sciences concerned with analytical approaches to problems that are specifically urban, rural, or regional. Topics in regional science include, but are not limited to location theory or spatial economics, location modeling, transportation, migration analysis, land use and urban development, interindustry analysis, environmental and ecological analysis, resource management, urban and regional policy analysis, geographical information systems, and spatial data analysis. In the broadest sense, any social science analysis that has a spatial dimension is embraced by regional scientists. Regional science was founded in the late 1940s when some economists began to

neg: Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science The Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science (CPNSS) is an interdisciplinary research centre at the London School of Economics and Political Science. The CPNSS was established in 1990 and aims to promote research into philosophical, methodological and foundational questions arising in the natural and the social sciences, as well as their application to practical problems. The CPNSS supports interdisciplinary and inter-institutional research and maintains international collaborations and partnerships. It is home to a number of research projects that bring together academics from different backgrounds, and it hosts researchers pursuing individual

neg: Jonathan Leape based at the LSE. In 2009 Jonathan Leape became the Director of LSE:100, an LSE course that introduces undergraduate students to social science. He became the Executive Director of the International Growth Centre in 2013. Jonathan Leape Jonathan Leape is the Executive Director of the International Growth Centre, and an Associate Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics and Political Science. His areas of research include public economics, teaching and learning in higher education, financial sector reforms, taxation, congestion charging, and capital flows. He has a PhD in Economics from Harvard University. Jonathan Leape has been at the

neg: Social science management" or "management of the state". An economist is a person using economic concepts and data in the course of employment, or someone who has earned a degree in the subject. The classic brief definition of economics, set out by Lionel Robbins in 1932, is "the science which studies human behavior as a relation between scarce means having alternative uses". Without scarcity and alternative uses, there is no economic problem. Briefer yet is "the study of how people seek to satisfy needs and wants" and "the study of the financial aspects of human behavior". Economics has two broad branches: microeconomics,

neg: Regional economics Regional economics Regional economics is a sub-discipline of economics and is often regarded as one of the fields of the social sciences. It addresses the economic aspect of the regional problems that are spatially analyzable so that theoretical or policy implications can be derived with respect to regions whose geographical scope ranges from local to global areas. Regional economics has shared many traditions with regional science, whose earlier development was propelled by Walter Isard and some economists' dissatisfaction with the existing regional economic analysis. Despite such a rather critical view of regional economics, however, it is hard to be denied

neg: Social statistics Social statistics Social statistics is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment. This can be accomplished through polling a group of people, evaluating a subset of data obtained about a group of people, or by observation and statistical analysis of a set of data that relates to people and their behaviors. Social scientists use social statistics for many purposes, including: Statistics and statistical analyses have become a key feature of social science. Statistics is employed in economics, psychology, political science, sociology and anthropology. There is a debate regarding the uses and value of

neg: United States Academic Decathlon each year. In 1998, Super Quiz replaced economics; from 1999 until 2012, it replaced either science or social science and alternated replacing the two from 2003 to 2012. Beginning with the 2013 season, the Super Quiz consisted of a relay portion only, encompassing questions from the respective year's Science, Language and Literature, Music, Social Science, Art, and Economics curriculum. More than just the events were changed during the 1998–99 season—the style of study required of students changed. Prior to that season, students had performed their own research for each event, and test writers did not have to base their questions

neg: Harold E. Jones Child Study Center the child's eye level. Landreth wanted a place that did not impose learning but encouraged them to engage in activities that interests the child. The guiding philosophy behind the preschool is that a child's environment can positively affect development. The Jones CSC is also the home to the Greater Good Science Center, which is an interdisciplinary research center concentrating on the scientific understanding of social well-being. Research from neuroscience, psychology, sociology, political science, economics, public policy, social welfare, public health, law, and organizational behavior study the social and biological roots of positive emotions and behaviors. The Greater Good Science Center's

neg: Interdisciplinarity required men who understood surveying, material science, logistics and several other disciplines. Any broadminded humanist project involves interdisciplinarity, and history shows a crowd of cases, as seventeenth-century Leibniz's task to create a system of universal justice, which required linguistics, economics, management, ethics, law philosophy, politics, and even sinology. Interdisciplinary programs sometimes arise from a shared conviction that the traditional disciplines are unable or unwilling to address an important problem. For example, social science disciplines such as anthropology and sociology paid little attention to the social analysis of technology throughout most of the twentieth century. As a result, many social scientists

neg: Structural holes Structural holes Structural holes is a concept from social network research, originally developed by Ronald Stuart Burt. The study of structural holes spans the fields of sociology, economics, and computer science. Burt introduced this concept in an attempt to explain the origin of differences in social capital. Burt’s theory suggests that individuals hold certain positional advantages/disadvantages from how they are embedded in neighborhoods or other social structures. A structural hole is understood as a gap between two individuals who have complementary sources to information. Most social structures tend to be characterized by dense clusters of strong connections, also known as

neg: Sociotechnology understand the information being passed for example calling someone is less rich than face to face contact. Reach is the number of people who exchange the information. In the past it was easier to complete richness and reach, but now with new technologies like video chatting, it is easier for business to do fulfill both richness and reach. Positive economics is the study of existing (or historical) means of exchange- a social science such as sociology, history, and political sciences. Normative economics is the social technology because it attempts to create different kinds of economic arrangements. Accelerating growth of technology

neg: Jon Elster Jon Elster Jon Elster (; born 22 February 1940, Oslo) is a Norwegian social and political theorist who has authored works in the philosophy of social science and rational choice theory. He is also a notable proponent of analytical Marxism, and a critic of neoclassical economics and public choice theory, largely on behavioral and psychological grounds. In 2016, he was awarded the 22nd Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science for his contributions to political science. Elster earned his PhD in 1972 from the Paris Descartes University in Paris with a dissertation on Karl Marx under the direction of Raymond Aron.

neg: Singh Program in Networked & Social Systems Engineering (NETS) curriculum consisting of computer science, economics, systems engineering, and sociology. Courses unique to the NETS program cover topics such as cloud computing, network theory, and algorithmic game theory. The program is highly selective, admitting about 15 students each year. Acceptance requires both admission to the School of Engineering and the program itself. The program identifies strong candidates as top academic students who have strong math and computer science interests and competencies, while also interested in sociology and economics. Students who apply to the NETS program are provided the opportunity to declare a secondary major due to its selectivity, and are

neg: Abbe Mowshowitz Abbe Mowshowitz Abbe Mowshowitz (born 13 November 1939, Liberty, New York) is an American academic, a professor of computer science at the City College of New York and a member of the Doctoral Faculty in Computer Science at The City University of New York who works in the areas of the organization, management, and economics of information systems; social and policy implications of information technology; network science; and graph theory. He is known in particular for his work on virtual organization, a concept he introduced in the 1970s; on information commodities; on the social implications of computing; and on the

neg: Economics of scientific knowledge Economics of scientific knowledge The economics of scientific knowledge (ESK) is an approach to understanding science which is predicated on the need to understand scientific knowledge creation and dissemination in economic terms. The approach has been developed as a contrast to the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) which places scientists in their social context and examines their behavior using social theory. ESK typically involves thinking of scientists as having economic interests with these being thought of as utility maximisation and science as being a market process. Modelling strategies might use any of a variety of approaches including the neoclasscial, game

neg: Schmollers Jahrbuch annually. For the 2016 special issue, the journal--based on von Schmoller's 1881 article "The Idea of Justice in Political Economy"--is publishing a series of essays on the same topic. Schmollers Jahrbuch Schmollers Jahrbuch: Journal of Contextual Economics is an English-language, peer-reviewed economics and social science journal. Since 2016, the journal has been under the editorship of (University of Siegen), Erik Grimmer-Solem (Wesleyan University), and Joachim Zweynert (Witten/Herdecke University). The journal, named after Gustav von Schmoller, an influential figure in the Historical school of economics, provides a forum for contextual social science research, focusing on the embeddedness of economic activity within

neg: University of Edinburgh School of Economics the University of Edinburgh's Faculty of Social Sciences, the school was moved to a department of the University of Edinburgh Business School, then known as the University of Edinburgh Management School, in 2002. In 2009, the school was renamed as the "School of Economics", operating independently under the College of Humanities and Social Science's umbrella. University of Edinburgh School of Economics The School of Economics at the University of Edinburgh is a division of the University's College of Humanities and Social Science in Edinburgh. While comprising a small school, the subject economics at the University has a long history. The

neg: David Lewis (academic) David Lewis (academic) David Lewis (born February 6, 1960 in Totnes, Devon) is a British scholar who is Professor of Social Policy and Development at London School of Economics. David Lewis grew up in Bearsden, near Glasgow, Scotland, and in Bath in the west of England. He read Social Anthropology at the University of Cambridge (BA/MA 1983). He has a PhD in Development Studies from the University of Bath (1989). Before becoming a lecturer at the London School of Economics & Political Science in 1995, he was briefly a freelance development researcher and consultant. He became a Full Professor in

neg: Regional economics and redistribute what using scarce resources or public goods. Note: The list below is to be updated. Note: The list below is to be updated. Regional economics Regional economics is a sub-discipline of economics and is often regarded as one of the fields of the social sciences. It addresses the economic aspect of the regional problems that are spatially analyzable so that theoretical or policy implications can be derived with respect to regions whose geographical scope ranges from local to global areas. Regional economics has shared many traditions with regional science, whose earlier development was propelled by Walter Isard and

neg: David Lewis (academic) main issues and problems in the field. David Lewis (academic) David Lewis (born February 6, 1960 in Totnes, Devon) is a British scholar who is Professor of Social Policy and Development at London School of Economics. David Lewis grew up in Bearsden, near Glasgow, Scotland, and in Bath in the west of England. He read Social Anthropology at the University of Cambridge (BA/MA 1983). He has a PhD in Development Studies from the University of Bath (1989). Before becoming a lecturer at the London School of Economics & Political Science in 1995, he was briefly a freelance development researcher and

neg: Philosophy of social science Philosophy of social science <onlyinclude> The philosophy of social science is the study of the logic, methods, and foundations of social sciences such as psychology, economics, and political science. Philosophers of social science are concerned with the differences and similarities between the social and the natural sciences, causal relationships between social phenomena, the possible existence of social laws, and the ontological significance of structure and agency. </onlyinclude> Comte first described the epistemological perspective of positivism in "The Course in Positive Philosophy", a series of texts published between 1830 and 1842. These texts were followed by the 1848 work, "A General

neg: Bachelor of Social Science Bachelor of Social Science The academic undergraduate degree of Bachelor of Social Science (B.Soc.Sc. or B.Soc.Sci.) requires three to four years of study at an institution of higher education, primarily found in the Commonwealth of Nations. It can be distinguished from standard other undergraduate degrees as the Bachelor of Social Science is only focused on theory, social statistics, quantitative and qualitative social research, the philosophy of social science and the scientific method. Disciplines and areas of study of the Bachelor of Social Science include Anthropology, Criminology, Economics, Environmental Planning, Geography, Community Development, History, Human Ecology, Human Services, International Development, Industrial

neg: Ersin Kalaycıoğlu Interest Groups. Kalaycıoğlu is a board member of the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation, and also a member of Turkish Political Science Association, Turkish Social Science Association, International Studies Association, International Political Science Association, and Middle Eastern Studies Association of North America (MESA). Ersin Kalaycıoğlu Mahmut Ersin Kalaycıoğlu is a Turkish political scientist, professor of political sciences at Sabanci University and former president of Işık University, Istanbul (2004–2007). He is also a nephew of the well-known Turkish constitution professor, Tarık Zafer Tunaya. Kalaycıoğlu received his undergraduate degree from Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics in 1973 (major Economics, minors Political

neg: Environmental social science environmental social scientists work collaboratively with the data social epidemiologists investigate and provide to understand the relationship between health status and environmental issues. Environmental social science Environmental social science is the broad, transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment. Environmental social scientists work within and between the fields of anthropology, communication studies, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology; and also in the interdisciplinary fields of environmental studies, human ecology and political ecology, social epidemiology, among others. Ideologies, fields and concepts in environmental social science aim to convey environmental issues as intertwined in societal relations, institutions

neg: Economics to economists each year for outstanding intellectual contributions in the field. Economics is one social science among several and has fields bordering on other areas, including economic geography, economic history, public choice, energy economics, , family economics and institutional economics. Law and economics, or economic analysis of law, is an approach to legal theory that applies methods of economics to law. It includes the use of economic concepts to explain the effects of legal rules, to assess which legal rules are economically efficient, and to predict what the legal rules will be. A seminal article by Ronald Coase published in

neg: Institute for Social and Economic Change Chandrakanth Institute for Social and Economic Change The Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) is a social science research institute in Bangalore, India. Founded in 1972, it is the largest among the 27 institutions supported by Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR). ISEC is one of three major institutions established by Prof. V. K. R. V. Rao, along with the Delhi School of Economics and the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi. (ISEC) multi-disciplinary social science research institute established by Prof. V.K.R.V Rao in 1972, funded by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) and the Government of

neg: Institute for Social and Economic Change Institute for Social and Economic Change The Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) is a social science research institute in Bangalore, India. Founded in 1972, it is the largest among the 27 institutions supported by Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR). ISEC is one of three major institutions established by Prof. V. K. R. V. Rao, along with the Delhi School of Economics and the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi. (ISEC) multi-disciplinary social science research institute established by Prof. V.K.R.V Rao in 1972, funded by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) and the Government of Karnataka.

neg: Feminist economics reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet. Feminist critiques of economics include that "economics, like any science, is socially constructed." Feminist economists show that social constructs act to privilege male-identified, western, and heterosexual interpretations of economics. They generally incorporate feminist theory and frameworks to show how traditional economics communities signal expectations regarding appropriate participants, to the exclusion of outsiders. Such criticisms extend to the theories, methodologies and

neg: Business ethics employees who work under a corporate psychopath. The way a corporate psychopath can rise in a company is by their manipulation, scheming, and bullying. They do this in a way that can hide their true character and intentions within a company. Fundamentally, finance is a social science discipline. The discipline borders behavioral economics, sociology, economics, accounting and management. It concerns technical issues such as the mix of debt and equity, dividend policy, the evaluation of alternative investment projects, options, futures, swaps, and other derivatives, portfolio diversification and many others. Finance is often mistaken by the people to be a discipline

neg: Sociology of a "unity of will". The 'development' or 'health' of a community is also a central concern of community sociologists also engage in development sociology, exemplified by the literature surrounding the concept of social capital. Sociology overlaps with a variety of disciplines that study society, in particular anthropology, political science, economics, social work and social philosophy. Many comparatively new fields such as communication studies, cultural studies, demography and literary theory, draw upon methods that originated in sociology. The terms "social science" and "social research" have both gained a degree of autonomy since their origination in classical sociology. The distinct field

neg: SMU School of Social Sciences the School of Economics & Social Sciences (SESS) on 1 July 2002, SESS launched the Bachelor of Science (Economics) programme, followed shortly by the Bachelor of Social Science undergraduate degree programme. Subsequently, due to expansion and strategic reasons, the SESS was restructured in 2007 into two separate schools namely, the School of Social Sciences (SOSS) and the School of Economics (SOE). The restructuring was made to allow both schools, which had encountered significant growth in student enrolment and faculty numbers, to gain greater focus on their individual strengths and develop distinctive curriculums at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Shortly

neg: Branches of science of scholarship that study society. "Social science" is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences. These include: anthropology, archaeology, business administration, communication, criminology, economics, education, government, linguistics, international relations, political science, some branches of psychology (results of which can not be replicated or validated easily - e.g. social psychology), public health, theology, sociology and, in some contexts, geography, history and law. The "formal sciences" are the branches of science that are concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, theoretical computer science, information theory, systems theory, decision theory, statistics,

neg: Replication crisis needed to examine the applicability of theories and models across countries and cultures, which is especially important because of possible influences of globalization. A 2016 study in the journal "Science" found that two-thirds of 18 experimental studies from two top-tier economics journals ("American Economic Review" and the "Quarterly Journal of Economics") successfully replicated. A 2017 study in the "Economic Journal" suggested that "the majority of the average effects in the empirical economics literature are exaggerated by a factor of at least 2 and at least one-third are exaggerated by a factor of 4 or more". A 2018 study took the

neg: Manfred Rühl Manfred Rühl Manfred Rühl (born 1933, Nürnberg) is a German professor emeritus for communications at the University of Bamberg, a leading communication theorist, an original and productive researcher in journalism and public relations. From 1956 onwards he studied economics, communications, sociology, political science, and philosophy at the University of Erlangen, Free University of Berlin, and Nürnberg College of Economics and Social Sciences. In 1960, he graduated with a diploma in economics at the Nürnberg College of Economics and Social Sciences. In 1968, he received a doctorate in social sciences, and in 1978, he qualified with a habilitation for communications, both

neg: Social science 19th century, the academic social sciences were constituted of five fields: jurisprudence and amendment of the law, education, health, economy and trade, and art. Around the start of the 21st century, the expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. The social science disciplines are branches of knowledge taught and researched at the college or university level. Social science disciplines are defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned social science societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong. Social science fields of study

neg: Manfred Rühl his approaches and developed them further. Manfred Rühl Manfred Rühl (born 1933, Nürnberg) is a German professor emeritus for communications at the University of Bamberg, a leading communication theorist, an original and productive researcher in journalism and public relations. From 1956 onwards he studied economics, communications, sociology, political science, and philosophy at the University of Erlangen, Free University of Berlin, and Nürnberg College of Economics and Social Sciences. In 1960, he graduated with a diploma in economics at the Nürnberg College of Economics and Social Sciences. In 1968, he received a doctorate in social sciences, and in 1978, he qualified

neg: Institute of Social Psychology into Racism and Multiculture group (SPRRaM) , and the LSE Social Representations Group. Institute of Social Psychology The Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science at the London School of Economics, England was founded in 1964, is an independent department within the London School of Economics. Prior to 2009, it used to be located within the Department of Sociology. It has one of the largest concentrations of social psychologists in Europe with 11 members of staff. Work undertaken at the Department strives to understand, through theoretical development and empirical research, the social processes that emerge at the intersection between the individual

neg: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics and other social science fields. The journal is issued quarterly and, with a fair mix of topics, regularly contains original (theoretical and empirical) contributions to Economics, in general, and on Pakistan's socio-economic problems, in particular. Nearly every issue carries contributions by scholars from Pakistan and overseas. Currently, the following editors work regularly on the PDR: Dr Rashid Amjad (Editor), Professor Aurangzeb A. Hashmi (Literary Editor), and Mr Mir Annice Mahmood (Book Review Editor). The Review's Editorial Board consists of thirty-five outstanding scholars in the field of Economics and various social science fields. They actively participate in refereeing the papers submitted