query: who reached the bottom of the mariana trench

pos: Mariana Trench January 1960, with Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard on board. Iron shot was used for ballast, with gasoline for buoyancy. The onboard systems indicated a depth of 11,521 m (37,799 ft), but this was later revised to 10,916 m (35,814 ft). The depth was estimated from a conversion of pressure measured and calculations based on the water density from sea surface to seabed. This was followed by the unmanned ROVs "Kaikō" in 1996 and "Nereus" in 2009. The first three expeditions directly measured very similar depths of . The fourth was made by Canadian film director James Cameron in 2012.

neg: James Cameron the New Britain Trench in a five-mile-deep solo dive. On March 26, 2012, Cameron reached the Challenger Deep, the deepest part of the Mariana Trench. He spent more than three hours exploring the ocean floor before returning to the surface. Cameron is the first person to accomplish the trip solo. He was preceded by unmanned dives in 1995 and 2009 and by Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, who were the first men to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench aboard the Bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960. Cameron has made a three-dimensional film of his dive. During his dive to the

neg: Mariana Trench a survey which mapped the entire trench to resolution. The mapping revealed the existence of four rocky outcrops thought to be former seamounts. The Mariana Trench is a site chosen by researchers at Washington University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2012 for a seismic survey to investigate the subsurface water cycle. Using both ocean-bottom seismometers and hydrophones the scientists are able to map structures as deep as beneath the surface. Four descents have been achieved. The first was the manned descent by Swiss-designed, Italian-built, United States Navy-owned bathyscaphe "Trieste" which reached the bottom at 1:06 pm on 23

neg: Hadal zone have occurred. "HROV Nereus" was thought to have imploded at a depth of 9,990 meters while exploring the Kermadec Trench in 2014. The first manned exploration to reach Challenger Deep, the deepest known part of the ocean located in the Mariana Trench, was accomplished in 1960 by Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh. They reached a maximum depth of 10,911 meters in the bathyscaphe "Trieste". James Cameron also reached the bottom of Mariana Trench in March 2012 using the "Deepsea Challenger". The descent of the "Deepsea Challenger" was unable to break the deepest dive record set by Piccard and Walsh by

neg: Mariana Trench On 26 March, he reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the submersible vessel "Deepsea Challenger". In July 2015, members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oregon State University, and the Coast Guard submerged a hydrophone into the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Deep, never having deployed one past a mile. The titanium-shelled hydrophone was designed to withstand the immense pressure 7 miles under. Although researchers were unable to retrieve the hydrophone until November, the data capacity was full within the first 23 days. After months of analyzing the sounds, the experts were surprised to

neg: Ocean near the Northern Mariana Islands. Its maximum depth has been estimated to be (plus or minus 11 meters; see the Mariana Trench article for discussion of the various estimates of the maximum depth.) The British naval vessel "Challenger II" surveyed the trench in 1951 and named the deepest part of the trench the "Challenger Deep". In 1960, the Trieste successfully reached the bottom of the trench, manned by a crew of two men. Oceanic maritime currents have different origins. Tidal currents are in phase with the tide, hence are quasiperiodic, they may form various knots in certain places, most notably

neg: Project Nekton the Mariana Trench 70 miles off Guam. This deep had been discovered in 1899 by the USS "Nero" in a search for a deep sea cable route to the orient. This dive did not quite reach the bottom, 48 feet below, because too much ballast had been released when the bottom was sounded, and once rising, the bathyscaphe could not be stopped. On dive 65 (8th in the Nekton series), on January 23, 1960, "Trieste" reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying Jacques Piccard (son of the boat's designer Auguste

neg: Challenger Deep It was lost at sea off Shikoku Island during Typhoon Chan-Hom on 29 May 2003. On 3 June 2008, the Japanese robotic deep-sea probe "ABISMO" (Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile) reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench about east of the Challenger Deep and collected core samples of the deep sea sediment and water samples of the water column. Created by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), it was the only unmanned deep-sea probe in use that could dive deeper than after that of "Nereus". During "ABISMO"'s deepest Mariana Trench dive its manometer measured a depth

neg: Bathyscaphe Trieste in the dive to the bottom of the Challenger Deep during January 1960. "Trieste" departed San Diego on 5 October 1959 for Guam aboard the freighter "Santa Maria" to participate in "Project Nekton", a series of very deep dives in the Mariana Trench. On 23 January 1960, she reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh. This was the first time a vessel, manned or unmanned, had reached the deepest known point of the Earth's oceans. The onboard systems indicated a depth of , although this

neg: Mariana Trench the trench was recorded when the "Challenger II" measured a depth of at , known as the Challenger Deep. In 1957, the Soviet vessel reported a depth of at a location dubbed the "Mariana Hollow". In 1962, the surface ship M.V. "Spencer F. Baird" recorded a maximum depth of using precision depth gauges. In 1984, the Japanese survey vessel "Takuyō" (拓洋) collected data from the Mariana Trench using a narrow, multi-beam echo sounder; it reported a maximum depth of , also reported as ±. Remotely Operated Vehicle "KAIKO" reached the deepest area of the Mariana Trench and made the deepest

neg: Challenger Deep Challenger Deep The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earth's seabed hydrosphere, with a depth of by direct measurement from submersibles, and slightly more by sonar bathymetry. It is in the Pacific Ocean, at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group. The Challenger Deep is a relatively small slot-shaped depression in the bottom of a considerably larger crescent-shaped oceanic trench, which itself is an unusually deep feature in the ocean floor. The Challenger Deep's bottom is about long and wide, with gently sloping sides. The closest land to the Challenger Deep is

neg: Bathyscaphe Trieste Bathyscaphe Trieste Trieste is a Swiss-designed, Italian-built deep-diving research bathyscaphe, which with its crew of two reached a record maximum depth of about , in the deepest known part of the Earth's oceans, the Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench near Guam in the Pacific. On 23 January 1960, Jacques Piccard (son of the boat's designer Auguste Piccard) and US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh achieved the goal of Project Nekton. "Trieste" was the first manned vessel to have reached the bottom of the Challenger Deep. "Trieste" consisted of a float chamber filled with gasoline (petrol) for buoyancy, with a separate

neg: Mariana Trench the bottom of the trench the water column above exerts a pressure of , more than 1,000 times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. At this pressure, the density of water is increased by 4.96%, so that 95.27 litres of water under the pressure of the Challenger Deep would contain the same mass as 100 litres at the surface. The temperature at the bottom is . The trench is not the part of the seafloor closest to the centre of the Earth. This is because the Earth is not a perfect sphere; its radius is about smaller at the

neg: Submarine have used thick acrylic pressure hulls. The deepest deep-submergence vehicle (DSV) to date is "Trieste". On 5 October 1959, "Trieste" departed San Diego for Guam aboard the freighter "Santa Maria" to participate in "Project Nekton", a series of very deep dives in the Mariana Trench. On 23 January 1960, "Trieste" reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying Jacques Piccard (son of Auguste) and Lieutenant Don Walsh, USN. This was the first time a vessel, manned or unmanned, had reached the deepest point in the Earth's oceans. The onboard systems indicated

neg: Mariana Trench pick up natural "and" man-made sounds such as boats, earthquakes, a typhoon, and baleen whales. Due to the mission's success, the researchers announced plans to deploy a second hydrophone in 2017 for an extended period of time. , at least two other teams are planning piloted submarines to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Triton Submarines, a Florida-based company that designs and manufactures private submarines, plans for a crew of three to take 120 minutes to reach the seabed. DOER Marine, a marine technology company based near San Francisco and set up in 1992, plans for a crew of

neg: Challenger Deep ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywherethey're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are." Challenger Deep The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earth's seabed hydrosphere, with a depth of by direct measurement from submersibles, and slightly more by sonar bathymetry. It is in the Pacific Ocean, at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group. The Challenger Deep is a relatively small slot-shaped depression in the bottom of a considerably larger crescent-shaped oceanic trench, which itself is

neg: Virgin Oceanic has been measured to be somewhere between 10.91 kilometres (6.78 mi) deep and 11.03 kilometres (6.85 mi) deep. Only two subs in history, the Bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960 and Deepsea Challenger in 2012 have ever reached the deepest known point in the ocean at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. The sub's outer casing is made of a carbon fiber composite and is designed to maximize hydrodynamics. The second level of casing holds the batteries, dive tanks and all other components. The third and inner most layer is made of titanium with a quartz crystal viewing dome. Instead of using

neg: Jacques Piccard research. Jacques was welcomed to the U.S. to demonstrate his bathyscaphe, now named the "Trieste". Impressed by his designs, the U.S. Navy bought the vessel and hired Piccard as a consultant. Recognizing the strategic value of a workable submersible for submarine salvage and rescue, the Navy began testing the "Trieste" for greater depths. With his "Trieste" able to reach depths of 24,000 feet, Piccard and his colleagues planned on an even greater challenge—a voyage to the bottom of the sea. On 23 January 1960, Piccard and Lt. Don Walsh reached the floor of the Mariana Trench located in the western

neg: Deepsea Challenger "Mermaid Sapphire," docked in Apra Harbor, Guam, undergoing repairs and upgrades, and waiting for a calm enough ocean to carry out the dive. By 24 March 2012, having left port in Guam days earlier, the submersible was aboard one of two surface vessels that had departed the Ulithi atoll for the Challenger Deep. On 26 March 2012 it was reported that it had reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Descent, from the beginning of the dive to arrival at the seafloor, took two hours and 37 minutes, almost twice as fast as the descent of "Trieste." A Rolex watch,

neg: Deep sea community is deeper than the height of Mount Everest. In 1960, Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard reached the bottom of Mariana Trench in the "Trieste" bathyscaphe. The pressure is about 11,318 metric tons-force per square meter (110.99 MPa or 16100 psi). The mesopelagic zone is the upper section of the midwater zone, and extends from below sea level. This is colloquially known as the "twilight zone" as light can still penetrate this layer, but it is too low to support photosynthesis. The limited amount of light, however, can still allow organisms to see, and creatures with a sensitive vision can detect

neg: James Cameron a biographer as part scientist and part artist, Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies. On March 26, 2012, Cameron reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the ocean, in the "Deepsea Challenger" submersible. He is the first person to do this in a solo descent, and is only the third person to do so ever. In 2010, "Time" magazine listed Cameron among the 100 most influential people in the world. In total, Cameron's directorial efforts have grossed approximately US$2 billion in North America and US$6 billion worldwide. Not adjusted for inflation,

neg: USS Mobjack (AGP-7) and across the Palau Trench, and she collected dredging samples from its western and eastern slopes. While en route Guam from Palau, she collected a 13-foot (4-meter) bottom core sample from the Mariana Trench and made a GEP profile and took bottom samples west of Guam. On the final leg of the expedition, she made a track line from Guam to Honolulu, discovering nine seamounts along the way, the largest of which rose to 3,960 feet (1,207 meters) below the surface in waters with a general depth of 18,000 feet (5,486 meters) about 200 nautical miles (370 km) south of

neg: Mariana Trench within the sediment of the trench. Like other oceanic trenches, the Mariana Trench has been proposed as a site for nuclear waste disposal, in the hope that tectonic plate subduction occurring at the site might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth's mantle, the second layer of the Earth. However, ocean dumping of nuclear waste is prohibited by international law. Furthermore, plate subduction zones are associated with very large megathrust earthquakes, the effects of which are unpredictable for the safety of long-term disposal of nuclear wastes within the hadopelagic ecosystem. Mariana Trench The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench

neg: Deep-sea exploration space of four years. The first instrument used for deep-sea investigation was the sounding weight, used by British explorer Sir James Clark Ross. With this instrument, he reached a depth of in 1840. The "Challenger" expedition used similar instruments called Baillie sounding machines to extract samples from the sea bed. In 1960, Jacques Piccard and United States Navy Lieutenant Donald Walsh descended in the bathyscaphe "Trieste" into the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the world's oceans, to make the deepest dive in history: . On 25 March 2012, filmmaker James Cameron descended into the Mariana Trench and, for the

neg: Mariana Plate Mariana Plate The Mariana Plate is a micro tectonic plate located west of the Mariana Trench which forms the basement of the Mariana Islands which form part of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc. It is separated from the Philippine Sea Plate to the west by a divergent boundary with numerous transform fault offsets. The boundary between the Mariana and the Pacific Plate to the east is a subduction zone with the Pacific Plate subducting beneath the Mariana. This eastern subduction is divided into the Mariana Trench, which forms the southeastern boundary, and the Izu-Ogasawara Trench the northeastern boundary. The subduction plate motion

neg: Marianas Trench Marine National Monument underwater terrain. Sirena Deep, about 6.6 miles beneath the surface, is the deepest point of the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument. In a White House release the first word is pluralized as "Marianas", in another seemingly official source it is named "Mariana", and in some news reports it appeared as "Marianas Marine National Monument", omitting the word "Trench". In common usage, the trench is alternatively named Marianas Trench or Mariana Trench. The actual text of the proclamation establishing it gives it the official name "Marianas Trench Marine National Monument". Marianas Trench Marine National Monument The Marianas Trench Marine National Monument

neg: Mariana Trench Mariana Trench The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean approximately east of the Mariana Islands, and has the deepest natural point in the world. It is a crescent-shaped trough in the Earth's crust averaging about long and wide. The maximum known depth is (± ) at the southern end of a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep. However, some unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at . For comparison: if Mount Everest were dropped into the trench at this point, its peak would still be over under water. At

neg: Mariana Plate seamounts made of serpentinized periodite. They are formed from mud volcanism. The composition for the seamounts differ in the Izu-Ogasawara Trench and Mariana systems which indicates regional changes in geology. The tectonic plate is approximately 100 km thick and converging to the east at a rate of 50-80 mm/yr with the Pacific Plate subducting at 60-100 mm/yr This eastern subduction is divided into the Mariana Trench, which forms the southeastern boundary, and the Izu-Ogasawara Trench the northeastern boundary. The Izu-Ogasawara Trench and Mariana subduction zones are traveling at different rates. While the northern section of the Izu-Ogasawara Trench plate is

neg: Mariana Trench in honor of Spanish Queen Mariana of Austria, widow of Philip IV of Spain). The islands are part of the island arc that is formed on an over-riding plate, called the Mariana Plate (also named for the islands), on the western side of the trench. The Mariana Trench is part of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system that forms the boundary between two tectonic plates. In this system, the western edge of one plate, the Pacific Plate, is subducted (i.e., thrust) beneath the smaller Mariana Plate that lies to the west. Crustal material at the western edge of the Pacific Plate is

neg: Mariana Trench some of the oldest oceanic crust on earth (up to 170 million years old), and is therefore cooler and more dense; hence its great height difference relative to the higher-riding (and younger) Mariana Plate. The deepest area at the plate boundary is the Mariana Trench proper. The movement of the Pacific and Mariana plates is also indirectly responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands. These volcanic islands are caused by Flux melting of the upper mantle due to release of water that is trapped in minerals of the subducted portion of the Pacific Plate. The trench was first sounded

neg: Mariana Plate Pacific Plate subducts beneath the Mariana Plate, it creates a trench. This is the Mariana Trench, and it is the deepest trench in the world. Another result from this subduction are the Mariana Islands. These are formed from dehydration of the subducting, old oceanic crust creates melt, and the melt rises to the surface through a volcano. This volcanism has been occurring for almost 50 millions years. The rock type in the area is volcaniclastic sediments on top of igneous rocks. The source of these rocks are from crustal spreading. Just off the eastern coast of Mariana there are big

neg: Mariana Trench poles than at the equator. As a result, parts of the Arctic Ocean seabed are at least closer to the Earth's centre than the Challenger Deep seafloor. In 2009, the Marianas Trench was established as a United States National Monument. Xenophyophores have been found in the trench by Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at a record depth of below the sea surface. On 17 March 2013, researchers from the Scottish Association for Marine Science reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive within the trench. The Mariana Trench is named for the nearby Mariana Islands (in turn named Las Marianas

neg: Abyssal plain surveyed point of all of Earth's oceans; it is at the south end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group. The depression is named after HMS "Challenger", whose researchers made the first recordings of its depth on 23 March 1875 at station 225. The reported depth was 4,475 fathoms (8184 meters) based on two separate soundings. On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 multibeam sonar bathymetry system aboard the R/V "Kilo Moana" indicated a maximum depth of 10971 meters (6.82 miles). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with

neg: Deep sea community their unanticipated discovery using a remote camera sled two days before. The Challenger Deep is the deepest surveyed point of all of Earth's oceans; it is located at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group. The depression is named after HMS "Challenger", whose researchers made the first recordings of its depth on 23 March 1875 at station 225. The reported depth was 4,475 fathoms (8184 meters) based on two separate soundings. In 1960, Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard descended to the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the "Trieste" bathyscaphe. At this great depth a

neg: Marine biology ocean in the form of detritus. The deepest recorded oceanic trench measured to date is the Mariana Trench, near the Philippines, in the Pacific Ocean at . At such depths, water pressure is extreme and there is no sunlight, but some life still exists. A white flatfish, a shrimp and a jellyfish were seen by the American crew of the bathyscaphe "Trieste" when it dove to the bottom in 1960. In general, the deep sea is considered to start at the aphotic zone, the point where sunlight loses its power of transference through the water. Many life forms that live

neg: Nereus (underwater vehicle) location on earth. The May 2009 dive by the "Nereus" achieved a depth of , making it the world's deepest-diving vehicle then in operation, and the first since 1998 to explore the Mariana Trench. To accomplish this dive, the vehicle had to sustain pressures over 1,000 times the atmospheric pressure at the Earth's surface. It hovered over the trench for more than 10 hours and sent back live video to the mother ship. "Nereus" is the third vehicle in the world to reach the bottom of the Pacific Ocean's Challenger Deep. The first was the manned Bathyscaphe Trieste, which carried

neg: Mariana Plate rate of uplift. The collision of aseismic ridges and the axis of the trench explain how the plate curvature is evolving. Mariana Plate The Mariana Plate is a micro tectonic plate located west of the Mariana Trench which forms the basement of the Mariana Islands which form part of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc. It is separated from the Philippine Sea Plate to the west by a divergent boundary with numerous transform fault offsets. The boundary between the Mariana and the Pacific Plate to the east is a subduction zone with the Pacific Plate subducting beneath the Mariana. This eastern subduction is

neg: Mariana Islands except Aguijan. In the northern volcanic group a maximum elevation of about is reached; there are craters showing signs of activity, and earthquakes are not uncommon. Coral reefs fringe the coasts of the southern isles, which are of slight elevation. The lowest point on the Earth's crust, the Mariana Trench, is near the islands and is named after them. The islands are part of a geologic structure known as the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc system, and range in age from 5 million years old in the north to 30 million years old in the south (Guam). The island chain arises as a

neg: Marianas Trench Marine National Monument Marianas Trench Marine National Monument The Marianas Trench Marine National Monument is a United States National Monument created by President George W. Bush by the presidential proclamation no. 8335 on January 6, 2009. The monument includes no dry land area, but protects of submerged lands and waters in various places in the Mariana Archipelago. The United States could create this monument under international law because the maritime exclusive economic zones of the adjacent Northern Mariana Islands and Guam fall within its jurisdiction. The Mariana Trench Marine National Monument consists of 95,216 square miles (60,938,240 acres). The monument consists of submerged

neg: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea saboteur might be revolves around rescued scientist Miguel Alvarez, who has become a religious zealot regarding the catastrophe, and Dr. Hiller, who secretly admires Dr Zucco's plan. Other obstacles present themselves: a minefield and a near-mutiny. And Crane himself begins to doubt the Admiral's tactics and reasoning. During the telephone cable attempt, Crane and Alvarez battle a giant squid. Although the London cable connection is made, Nelson is told there's been no contact with the States for 35 hours. Also, a hostile submarine follows the "Seaview" deep into the Mariana Trench, but implodes before it can destroy the "Seaview". Near

neg: Challenger Deep , while sending live video and data back to its mothership "RV Kilo Moana" at the surface and collecting geological and biological samples from the Challenger Deep bottom with its manipulator arm for further scientific analysis.<ref name="Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA April and May 2009"></ref> The "Nereus" was operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. It was lost on May 10, 2014 while conducting a dive at in depth in the Kermadec Trench. On 23 May 2016 the Chinese submersible "Haidou-1" dove to a depth of in the Mariana Trench. This autonomous and remotely operated vehicle has a design

neg: Georges Houot of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific), of being more manoeuvrable and of offering more space for scientists. After approval had been granted and funds raised the craft, named "Archimède", was built at Toulon and launched on 28 July 1961. Houot then took command of "Archimède" and the mother ship "Marcel-le-Bihan" and from July to August 1962, carried out deep underwater tests in the Kuril trench off Japan. He successively reached 7100 metres, 9050 metres, 9200 metres and 9500 metres, the maximum depth of the trench. Between 1961 and 1970 Commander Houot carried out 64 dives with the bathyscaphe in

neg: DeepFlight Challenger point of each of the world's five oceans, the Mariana Trench of the Pacific Ocean (36,201 ft), the Puerto Rico Trench of the Atlantic Ocean (28,232 ft), the Diamantina Trench of the Indian Ocean (26,401 ft), South Sandwich Trench of the Southern Ocean (23,737 ft), and Molloy Deep of the Arctic Ocean (18,399 ft). The Cheyenne yacht will be used as the mothership for the dive efforts. It was planned that Branson would pilot the sub to the Puerto Rico Trench, while Chris Welsh would pilot it for the Mariana Trench dive. Virgin Oceanic had hoped to be the first

neg: DeepFlight Challenger arc lights, and has a laser navigation system. The sub can dive to the bottom of the ocean and get back to the surface in 5 hours. The design draw from DeepFlight II, another Hawkes Ocean Technologies full depth submarine. The pressure hull is rated to withstand 20,000PSI (more than the 16,000PSI at the bottom of the Mariana Trench). The sub is smaller than James Cameron's Deepsea Challenger. Challenger represents the third generation of DeepFlight technology, one generation behind the DeepFlight Super Falcon. Richard Branson and Chris Welsh of Virgin Oceanic plan on using DeepFlight Challenger to reach the deepest

neg: Mariana Trench two or three to take 90 minutes to reach the seabed. The expedition conducted in 1960 claimed to have observed, with great surprise because of the high pressure, large creatures living at the bottom, such as a flatfish about long, and shrimp. According to Piccard, "The bottom appeared light and clear, a waste of firm diatomaceous ooze". Many marine biologists are now skeptical of the supposed sighting of the flatfish, and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber. During the second expedition, the unmanned vehicle Kaikō collected mud samples from the seabed. Tiny organisms

neg: Challenger Deep bottom of the Challenger Deep. Created by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), it was one of the few unmanned deep-sea probes in operation that could dive deeper than . The manometer measured depth of ± at for the Challenger Deep is believed to be the most accurate measurement taken yet. "Kaikō" also collected sediment cores containing marine organisms from the bottom of the deep. "Kaikō" made many unmanned descents to the Mariana Trench during three expeditions in 1995, 1996 and 1998. The greatest depth measured by "Kaikō" in 1996 was at and in 1998 at .

neg: Project Nekton on November 15, 1959. The series included a record deep dive to near the bottom of the Nero deep in the Mariana Trench at 24,000 ft, and finally culminated with a trip to the bottom of the Challenger Deep at 35,797 feet, on January 23, 1960. The project name was proposed by oceanographer Dr. Robert S. Dietz in early 1958, as plans to modify the "Trieste" bathyscaphe to go to the deepest part of the oceans were being contemplated. It is in reference to ocean life that actively swims (nekton) as opposed to the plankton organisms that only drift. The

neg: Jiaolong (submersible) (SJTU), who also designed many other Chinese submersibles and unmanned underwater vehicles. Xu is now an academician for the Chinese Academy of Engineering. The first deputy general designer is Cui Weicheng (崔维成), and the deputy general designer was Zhu Weiqing (朱维庆). On June 27, 2012, the "Jiaolong" with two oceanauts reached a depth of 7,062 meters (23,169 feet) in the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean. Previously on June 19, 2012, the "Jiaolong" reached a depth of 6,965 metres (22,851 feet). It had its first test in South China Sea between May 31 and July 18, 2010, reaching a

neg: Philippine Sea Plate the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc colliding with Japan constitutes the Izu Collision Zone. To the east, Philippine Sea Plate meets the Pacific Plate, subducting at the Izu-Ogasawara Trench. The east of the plate includes the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) and the Mariana Islands, forming the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc system. There is also a divergent boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and the small Mariana Plate which carries the Mariana Islands. To the south, the Philippine Sea Plate is bounded by the Caroline Plate and Bird's Head Plate. To the west, the Philippine Sea Plate subducts under the Philippine Mobile Belt at the Philippine Trench and

neg: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea the deepest surveyed spot in the world's oceans, and is located in the Mariana Trench, southwest of Guam. From February 16, 1960, to May 10, 1960, the submarine , under the command of Captain Edward L. Beach, Jr., made the first submerged circumnavigation of the world. "Triton" observed and photographed Guam extensively through her periscope during this mission, without being detected by the U.S. Navy on Guam. In the film, "Seaview" fires a missile from a position northwest of Guam to extinguish the "skyfire." At the time that "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" was made, the Van Allen

neg: Don Walsh University. It was reported in 2010 that Walsh visited the deep-sea submersible "Jiaolong" and its makers at the China Ship Scientific Research Center. The craft had "planted a Chinese flag on the bottom of the South China Sea during a two-mile-deep dive in June" as the Chinese program—which Walsh characterized as "very deliberate" — proceeded toward its ambitious goal of going to 7,000 meters, or 4.35 miles, in 2012. Walsh joined the team that oversaw the dive of the "Deepsea Challenger" mission where James Cameron dove solo to the bottom of the Mariana Trench on March 26, 2012. Walsh was

neg: Landslide mitigation drained water downhill. The effectiveness of these systems is connected to the geometry of the trench and the continuity of the draining material along the whole trench. As far as the geometry of the cut is concerned attention should be paid to the slope given to the bottom of the cut. In fact, deep drainage trenches do not have bottom piping that is inserted in the end part of the trench, downhill, where the depth of the cut is reduced until the campaign level is reached. Drainage galleries constitute a rather expensive stabilisation provision for large, deep landslide movements, used

neg: Mariana Trench diving record of on March 24, 1995. During surveys carried out between 1997 and 2001, a spot was found along the Mariana Trench that had depth similar to that of the Challenger Deep, possibly even deeper. It was discovered while scientists from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology were completing a survey around Guam; they used a sonar mapping system towed behind the research ship to conduct the survey. This new spot was named the HMRG (Hawaii Mapping Research Group) Deep, after the group of scientists who discovered it. On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep

neg: Nereus (underwater vehicle) this dive the "Nereus" reached a depth of , making the "Nereus" the world's second-deepest-diving vehicle in operation at the time, and the first since 1998 to explore the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the ocean known. On 10 May 2014, "Nereus" was lost while exploring the Kermadec Trench at a depth of . Communications were cut off at around 2 p.m. local time, and debris retrieved later revealed that it imploded due to high pressure. Being a hybrid ROV means that the vehicle could operate untethered or tethered with a thin optic fiber cable and operated by pilots

neg: The Trench (novel) The Trench (novel) The Trench (known digitally as The Trench: Meg 2) is a 1999 science fiction horror novel by author Steve Alten, the sequel to and the second book in the MEG series. The book continues the adventure of Jonas Taylor, a paleobiologist studying the megalodon, who now discovers another prehistoric monster, the Kronosaurus, also thought to have been extinct. A sequel titled "Meg: Primal Waters" was released in 2004. Jonas Taylor, a paleontologist and former diver, knows what horrors lie deep within the Mariana Trench. He continues to have nightmares about his encounter with the megalodon, an ancient

neg: The Trench (novel) pups, confirming Jonas' fears. The Trench (novel) The Trench (known digitally as The Trench: Meg 2) is a 1999 science fiction horror novel by author Steve Alten, the sequel to and the second book in the MEG series. The book continues the adventure of Jonas Taylor, a paleobiologist studying the megalodon, who now discovers another prehistoric monster, the Kronosaurus, also thought to have been extinct. A sequel titled "Meg: Primal Waters" was released in 2004. Jonas Taylor, a paleontologist and former diver, knows what horrors lie deep within the Mariana Trench. He continues to have nightmares about his encounter with

neg: Sea continental plates and more subduction trenches are formed. As they grate together, the continental plates are deformed and buckle causing mountain building and seismic activity. The Earth's deepest trench is the Mariana Trench which extends for about across the seabed. It is near the Mariana Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the West Pacific, and though it averages just wide, its deepest point is 10.994 kilometres (nearly 7 miles) below the surface of the sea. An even longer trench runs alongside the coast of Peru and Chile, reaching a depth of and extending for approximately . It occurs where the oceanic

neg: Marianas Trench Marine National Monument lands and waters of the Mariana Archipelago. It includes three units: No waters are included in the Volcanic and Trench Units, and CNMI maintains all authority for managing the three islands within the Islands Unit above the mean low water line. The Interior Secretary placed the Mariana Trench and Volcanic Units within the National Wildlife Refuge System, and delegated his management responsibility to the Fish and Wildlife Service. The Secretary of Commerce, through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has primary management responsibility for fishery-related activities in the waters of the Islands Unit. In the Islands Unit, unique reef habitats

neg: Jacques Piccard North Pacific Ocean. The depth of the descent was measured at 10,916 meters (35,813 feet); later, more accurate, measurements during 1995 found the Mariana Trench to be slightly less deep at 10,911 m (35,797 ft). The descent took almost five hours. The bathyscaphe carried no scientific equipment and no experiments were conducted; the mission's purpose was merely to prove that the depth could be reached. The descent progressed without incident until 30,000 feet, when the crew heard a loud crack. They continued the dive, however, finally touching down in "snuff-colored ooze" at 35,800 feet. When they reached the featureless seabed,

neg: Deepsea Challenger the deepest part of the Mariana Trench. The maximum depth recorded during this record-setting dive was . Measured by Cameron, at the moment of "touchdown", the depth was . It was the fourth-ever dive to the Challenger Deep and the second manned dive (with a maximum recorded depth slightly less than that of "Trieste" 1960 dive). It was the first solo dive and the first to spend a significant amount of time (three hours) exploring the bottom. "Deepsea Challenger" was donated to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the studies of its technological solutions in order to incorporate some of those

neg: Geography of Mars these is the Hellas impact basin. See list of craters on Mars. Mars has two permanent polar ice caps, the northern one located at Planum Boreum and the southern one at Planum Australe. The difference between Mars' highest and lowest points is nearly 30 km (from the top of Olympus Mons at an altitude of 21.2 km to the bottom of the Hellas impact basin at an altitude of 8.2 km below the datum). In comparison, the difference between Earth's highest and lowest points (Mount Everest and the Mariana Trench) is only 19.7 km. Combined with the planets' different radii,

neg: Virgin Oceanic in the British Virgin Islands. Subsequent dives will be planned to carry a human pilot to the bottom of the Arctic, Southern and Indian oceans. Less than 3% of the seafloor has been explored, and none of the deepest points of the planet's oceans have ever been explored beyond a brief visit to one. The opportunities to see and learn from such dives are viewed as monumental. Originally Virgin Oceanic’s first dive was announced to be scheduled for August 2011 at the Mariana Trench later in 2011, and further dives were scheduled over the next 24 months. As of 20

neg: Virgin Oceanic ballast like a typical submersible the DeepFlight Challenger will "fly" to the ocean floor using propulsion. The DeepFlight Challenger uses a custom lithium-ion battery system to power its two motors. Over the course of 2012 and beyond, Virgin Oceanic plans for their one-person sub to journey to the deepest part of each of Earth’s five oceans. The first dive is planned for the deepest place on the planet: the bottom of the Mariana Trench – about 11 kilometers (7 mi) below the ocean's surface. This will be the third time human eyes have set sight there. This time, the plan

neg: Challenger Deep of ± On 31 May 2009 the United States sent the "Nereus" hybrid remotely operated vehicle (HROV) to the Challenger Deep. Nereus thus became the first vehicle to reach the Mariana Trench since 1998 and the deepest-diving vehicle then in operation. Project manager and developer Andy Bowen heralded the achievement as "the start of a new era in ocean exploration". "Nereus", unlike "Kaikō", did not need to be powered or controlled by a cable connected to a ship on the ocean surface. "Nereus" spent over 10 hours at the bottom of the Challenger Deep and measured a depth of at

neg: Soleidae invertebrates. The family contains 30 genera and a total of about 180 species. Soles begin life as bilaterally symmetric larvae, with an eye on each side of the head, but during development, the left eye moves around onto the right side of the head. Adult soles lie on their left (blind) sides on the sea floor, often covered in mud, which in combination with their dark colours, makes them hard to spot. A flatfish resembling a small halibut or sole was observed by the Bathyscaphe Trieste at the bottom of the Mariana Trench at a depth around . This observation

neg: Flatfish be a valid species in its own right. Flatfishes are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from the Arctic, through the tropics, to Antarctica. Most species are found in depths between 0 and , but a few have been recorded from depths in excess of . None have been confirmed from the abyssal or hadal zones. An observation of a flatfish from the Bathyscaphe Trieste at the bottom of the Mariana Trench at a depth of almost has been questioned by fish experts, and recent authorities do not recognize it as valid. Among the deepwater species, "Symphurus thermophilus" lives in congregating

neg: Ron Allum Challenger Deep. This is the lowest point on Earth, the bottom of the Mariana Trench, below sea level. This record-breaking exploration took place on 26 March 2012. Allum was a national finalist for Senior Australian of the Year in 2013. Ron Allum Ron Allum (born 22 March 1949) is a submarine designer, cave diver and inventor. Allum is regarded as one of the world’s most experienced and accomplished cave divers. In 1983 he led an expedition to Cocklebiddy Cave on Australia’s Nullarbor Plain. The expedition achieved a world record push of into the cave system. Allum collaborated with James Cameron

neg: USOS Seaview firing point follows much of the same track that "Triton" took on her circumnavigation: south through the Atlantic Ocean, around Cape Horn, and then northwest across the Pacific Ocean to the firing point near Guam. "Seaview's" bow and stern are radically different from "Triton's", but "Seaview's" long, slim hull resembles the hull of "Triton". On January 23, 1960, Jacques Piccard and Lieutenant Don Walsh (USN), in the bathyscaphe "Trieste", made the first descent to the bottom of the Challenger Deep. The Challenger Deep is the deepest surveyed spot in the world's oceans, and is located in the Mariana Trench, southwest

neg: Krupp insurance, housing (sometimes free), recreational facilities, parks, schools, bath houses, and department stores. Widows and orphans were guaranteed pay if their husbands and/or fathers were killed. The company also produced steel used to build railroads in the United States, capped the Chrysler Building in 1929, and was the first to travel to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. During the Third Reich, Krupp supported Adolf Hitler and the use of forced labour. After the war, Krupp was rebuilt from scratch and again became one of the wealthiest companies in Europe. However a recession in 1967 caused the company severe profit

neg: Mike deGruy many deep sea expeditions and was a part of the team that first filmed the vampire squid and the nautilus. He was also part of the Deepsea Challenge, where James Cameron went to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. In 2016, production began on a feature-film documentary about his life and work titled Diving Deep. The documentary is planned for release in 2019. Additionally, Mike was also well known for being attacked on 2 April 1978 by a grey reef shark. He was severely bitten on his lower right forearm. In 2012, he died in a helicopter crash at Jaspers

neg: Deep-sea exploration in "Trieste" to the deepest known point on Earth - the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, successfully making the deepest dive in history: . An increasing number of occupied submersibles are now employed around the world. The American-built that is operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, is a three-person submarine that can dive to about and is equipped with a mechanical manipulator to collect bottom samples. "Alvin" made its first test dive in 1964, and has performed more than 3,000 dives to average depths of . "Alvin" has also involved in a wide variety of research projects, such

neg: Capture of Martinpuich few casualties. An officer of BIR 17 wrote that the defensive barrage had been "a complete failure" and that close co-operation of the opposing infantry and artillery, was a result of the "remarkable achievements of their aviators", who watched the progress of the attack. Artillery observers had advanced with the infantry and established posts with telephones in a few hours. A huge amount of engineer stores were found in the village and three heavy howitzers, thee field guns and a trench mortar were captured. One of the two tanks which operated on the 15th Division front reached Bottom Trench, engaged

neg: Submersible that may or may not be enclosed, but in either case water floods the interior so SCUBA equipment is used to facilitate breathing. In both single atmosphere and ambient pressure subs, there is no need to use SCUBA equipment and occupants can breathe normally without wearing any equipment. Some submersibles have been able to dive to great depths. The Bathyscaphe Trieste was the first to reach the deepest part of the ocean, nearly 11 km (7 mi) below the surface, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench in 1960. China, with its Jiaolong project in 2002, was the fifth country

neg: Marine habitats the Mariana Trench, near the Philippines, in the Pacific Ocean at 10,924 m (35,838 ft). At such depths, water pressure is extreme and there is no sunlight, but some life still exists. A white flatfish, a shrimp and a jellyfish were seen by the American crew of the bathyscaphe "Trieste" when it dove to the bottom in 1960. Marine life also flourishes around seamounts that rise from the depths, where fish and other sea life congregate to spawn and feed. Marine habitats The marine environment supplies many kinds of habitats that support marine life. Marine life depends in some way

neg: Thermodynamic potential energy potentials are derivable via Legendre transforms from an expression for . In thermodynamics, external forces, such as gravity, are typically disregarded when formulating expressions for potentials. For example, while all the working fluid in a steam engine may have higher energy due to gravity while sitting on top of Mount Everest than it would at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the gravitational potential energy term in the formula for the internal energy would usually be ignored because "changes" in gravitational potential within the engine during operation would be negligible. In a large system under even homogeneous external force,

neg: Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone trench about 2,000 km in length. The trench is continuous, but has different names for different sections: Hikurangi Trench, the Kermadec Trench and the Tonga Trench. The Tonga Trench is the second deepest trench in the world at about 10,800 m, with the deepest point, Horizon Deep, being the deepest point in the Southern Hemisphere and the second deepest point in the world, after the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench. The eastern boundary of the Kermadec Plate is also the site of the Kermadec Trench, which is the fifth deepest trench in the world at about 10,000 m. The

neg: Walsh Spur Walsh Spur Walsh Spur () is a pointed rock spur 4 nautical miles (7 km) east of Mount Northampton in the Victory Mountains of Victoria Land. The spur forms the west side of the terminus of Whitehall Glacier. First mapped from surveys by New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1957–58, and U.S. Navy aerial photography. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Commander Don Walsh, U.S. Navy, special assistant to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development, 1971-72. In 1960, with Jacques Piccard, Walsh descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the

neg: Joseph B. MacInnis from the wreck. In March 2012, MacInnis served as expedition physician for Cameron's solo dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the "Deepsea Challenger" submersible. As part of his ongoing research into leadership in life-threatening environments, in 2010 MacInnis spent time with members of the Canadian Armed Forces in order to research military leadership. This included a visit to Canadian forces in Kandahar, Afghanistan. MacInnis has received six honorary degrees, the Queen's Anniversary Medal and the Admiral's Medal. In 2008, he received the degree of Doctor of Science, "honoris causa", from Lakehead University. MacInnis is a Member of

neg: Walsh Spur Trieste. Walsh Spur Walsh Spur () is a pointed rock spur 4 nautical miles (7 km) east of Mount Northampton in the Victory Mountains of Victoria Land. The spur forms the west side of the terminus of Whitehall Glacier. First mapped from surveys by New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1957–58, and U.S. Navy aerial photography. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Commander Don Walsh, U.S. Navy, special assistant to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development, 1971-72. In 1960, with Jacques Piccard, Walsh descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench in

neg: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea novel. The cover submarine's bow is opaque, and her "Observation Room" is a rearward projection from the base of the conning tower. The basic shape of her hull resembles that of USS "Skipjack" (SSN-585), the first American nuclear-powered submarine with an "Albacore hull", including the cruciform stern and single propeller. A submarine design very similar to the craft on the 1961 cover, and its mission to save the world, shows up in a Dell Comics series called "Voyage to the Deep" in 1962 to capitalize on the movie's popularity. Its mission also took it to the Mariana Trench to stop

neg: The Trench (novel) named Tootie that was released by Sea World back into the wild. As the body count continues to climb, Taylor teams up with a scientist named Michael Maren, whose ego is bigger than his career. Unknown to Taylor, Maren is working with Singer's assistant, Celeste, who is determined to find the Mariana Trench before them. Celeste tries to coerce Taylor into revealing the location of the Trench, but Taylor refuses, knowing that if Angel were to get into the hands of Singer, it would be a disaster. Taylor, Maren and Tanaka attempt to capture Angel, but fail due to her

neg: Mariana Trench by the Simrad EM120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water, mapping aboard the "RV Kilo Moana" (mothership of the Nereus vehicle), indicated a spot with a depth of . The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth across the entire swath (implying that the depth figure is accurate to ± ).<ref name="Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA"></ref><ref name="Scientic Equipment aboard the R/V KILO MOANA"></ref> In 2011, it was announced at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting that a US Navy hydrographic ship equipped with a multibeam echosounder conducted

neg: Deep sea true...(Below 200 meters) lies the largest habitat on earth. In 1960, the Bathyscaphe "Trieste" descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench near Guam, at , the deepest known spot in any ocean. If Mount Everest (8,848 metres) were submerged there, its peak would be more than a mile beneath the surface. The "Trieste" was retired, and for a while the Japanese remote-operated vehicle (ROV) Kaikō was the only vessel capable of reaching this depth. It was lost at sea in 2003. In May and June 2009, the hybrid-ROV (HROV) "Nereus" returned to the Challenger Deep for a series of

neg: Wreck of the RMS Titanic "Titanic" by means of attaching balloons to her hull using electromagnets. Once enough balloons had been attached, the ship would float gently to the surface. Again, the idea got no further than the drawing board. In the mid-1960s, a hosiery worker from Baldock named Douglas Woolley devised a plan to find "Titanic" using a bathyscaphe (like "Trieste", used to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench in 1960) and raise the wreck by inflating nylon balloons that would be attached to her hull. The declared objective was to "bring the wreck into Liverpool and convert it to a floating museum".

neg: Liquid breathing meters to over 1,000 bar at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Diving becomes more dangerous as depth increases, and deep diving presents many hazards. All surface-breathing animals are subject to decompression sickness, including aquatic mammals and free-diving humans (see "taravana"). Breathing at depth can cause nitrogen narcosis and oxygen toxicity. Holding the breath while ascending after breathing at depth can cause air embolisms, burst lung, and collapsed lung. Special breathing gas mixes such as trimix or heliox ameliorate the risk of decompression illness but do not eliminate it. Heliox further eliminates the risk of nitrogen narcosis but introduces the

neg: West Caroline Basin Caroline Seamounts. These two basins are connected by the Mariana and Yap trenches separated by a sill deep. Water above this depth can reach the West Caroline Basin without perturbations and temperature and salinity profiles for the two basins are similar. This trench, the only conduit for bottom waters in the West Caroline Basin, ventilates the basin. The North Equatorial Current flows westward across the West Caroline Basin between 25°N and 5°N around 170-180°E in February but lies below 10°N in August. As it reaches the Philippine continental shelf it splits into two currents, the southern branch of which joins

neg: DeepFlight Challenger team to solo to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, and first team to return to the Challenger Deep since the Bathyscaphe Trieste, the first submersible to dive to the Challenger Deep, left, however, James Cameron's Deepsea Challenge project beat them to it in March 2012. There has been an undeclared race on to return to the Challenger Deep between four teams, Cameron's, Virgin Oceanic's, Google-Schmidt/DOER's, and Triton Submarines'. The attempt on Challenger Deep had been announced in April 2011. Based on testing at high pressure, the DeepFlight Challenger was determined to be suitable only for a single dive, not

neg: Capture of Fricourt ready to attack Fricourt, if the enveloping attacks on the flanks failed, except for the left-hand battalion, which was to attack to form a defensive flank facing the village. The 21st Division brigades were to advance to the first objective at Crucifix Trench, the German intermediate line, then continue to the second objective at Bottom Wood and Quadrangle Trench, in the second German intermediate line, to link with troops from the 7th Division. The 10th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment, attacked on a front of ; the first two companies reached the German front trench with few casualties, then pressed on

neg: Mariana Trough West Mariana Ridge , and to the south by the Challenger Deep, part of the Mariana Trench. It narrows northward until the Mariana arc and West Mariana Ridge meet at about 24°N. It is widest in the middle, at 18°N, where it is about 240 km wide, and narrows to about half this at its southern, open end. Depths in the basin are distributed asymmetrically, being greater adjacent to the West Mariana Ridge than next to the active arc, due to a westward-thinning wedge of volcaniclastic sediments derived from the active arc, and also less thermal buoyancy of the mantle.

neg: Tonga Trench trench edge ( ) near the deep and that the difference in biomass between these locations is even bigger. Species diversity, on the other hand, is twice as big on the trench slope, probably because of a small number of opportunistic species in the trench. Figures for abundance and biomass are similar for the deeps of the Mariana Trench but considerably lower in the Peru–Chile Trench. The region between the Tonga trench and the Lau back-arc basin, the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge, moves independently from the Australian and Pacific plates and is subdivided into several small plates, the Tonga, Kermadec, and Niuafo'ou

neg: Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc to sink. The IBM trench is devoid of any significant sediment fill; the ~400 m or so thickness of sediments is completely subducted with the downgoing plate. The IBM outer trench swell rises to about 300 m above the surrounding seafloor just before the trench. The lithosphere that is about to descend into a trench starts to bend just outboard of the trench; the seafloor is elevated into a broad swell that is a few hundred meters high and referred to as the "outer trench bulge" or “outer trench rise”. The about-to-be subducted plate is highly faulted, allowing seawater to

neg: Sirena Deep A group of scientists have hypothesized that the great depth of the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Deep, and the Sirena Deep is due to a tear in the subducting Caroline plate, causing deformation of the Pacific plate above. This tear would be located to the south of Guam, the same location of the deepest portion of the Mariana Trench. The tear would lead to unusual regional tectonics, another possible reason for the extreme depth. Scientists were alerted to the presence of the tear by the depth of strike-slip earthquakes, which were occurring too deep for them to be in the

neg: Philippine Trench a M 8.2. The trench reaches one of the greatest depths in the ocean, third only to the Mariana trench and the Tonga trench. Its deepest point is known as Galathea Depth and reaches 10,540 meters (34,580 ft) or (5,760 fathoms). Sedimentation of the Philippine trench contains slightly metamorphosed, calc-alkalic, basic, ultrabasic rock and sand grains. The southern area of the trench contains homogenous, blue, clay silt and was poor in lime. Sand grains that were also found contained fresh basaltic andesite. The sediments found in the trenches are hypothesized to have been deposited by turbidity currents. A turbidity current

neg: Biosphere in the Mariana Trench, the deepest spot in the Earth's oceans. In fact, single-celled life forms have been found in the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, by the Challenger Deep, at depths of . Other researchers reported related studies that microorganisms thrive inside rocks up to below the sea floor under of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States, as well as beneath the seabed off Japan. Culturable thermophilic microbes have been extracted from cores drilled more than into the Earth's crust in Sweden, from rocks between . Temperature increases with increasing depth into the Earth's crust.

neg: Snailfish of in the Mariana Trench. The species in these deepest records remain undescribed, but it has been referred to as the "ethereal snailfish". The deepest-living described species is "Pseudoliparis swirei", also of the Mariana Trench, which has been recorded to . In general, snailfish (notably genera "Notoliparis" and "Pseudoliparis") are the most common and dominant fish family in the hadal zone. There are indications that the larvae of at least some hadal snailfish species spend time in open water at relatively shallow depths, less than . Reproductive strategies vary extensively among the species. As far as known, all species lay

neg: Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc The Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) arc system is a tectonic-plate convergent boundary. The IBM arc system extends over 2800 km south from Tokyo, Japan, to beyond Guam, and includes the Izu Islands, Bonin Islands, and Mariana Islands; much more of the IBM arc system is submerged below sealevel. The IBM arc system lies along the eastern margin of the Philippine Sea Plate in the Western Pacific Ocean. It is most famous for being the site of the deepest gash in Earth's solid surface, the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench. The IBM arc system formed as a result of subduction

neg: Boso Triple Junction Boso Triple Junction Boso Triple Junction (also known as Off-Boso Triple Junction) is a triple junction off the coast of Japan; it is the only known example of a trench-trench-trench triple junction on the Earth. It is the meeting point of the North American Plate (represented by the Okhotsk Plate) to the north, the Pacific Plate to the east and the Philippine Sea Plate to the south. The Boso Triple Junction is named after the Boso peninsula. It is formed from the junction of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc where the Izu-Bonin Trench meets with the Japan Trench and the Sagami Trench.

neg: Guam the Marianas as well as the largest in Micronesia. Guam's highest point is Mount Lamlam at . Challenger Deep, at the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans, lies southwest of Guam. The Mariana chain of which Guam is a part was created by collision of the Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates. Guam is the closest land mass to the Mariana Trench, the deep subduction zone that runs east of the Marianas. Due to its location on the Mariana Plate just westward of where the Pacific Plate subducts the Mariana and the Philippine Sea Plates, Guam occasionally experiences earthquakes. In

neg: Bathyscaphe Trieste Chocolate Watchband's 1968 LP "The Inner Mystique". The producers of the TV show "" named one of the show's starships U.S.S. "Trieste", after the bathyscaphe. "Trieste" appears in the 2008 novel "Flood" by Stephen Baxter. Producer Jack Dangers released the limited edition album "Bathyscaphe Trieste" on the label Primary Numbers (PRIMA007) on September 17, 2013. Bathyscaphe Trieste Trieste is a Swiss-designed, Italian-built deep-diving research bathyscaphe, which with its crew of two reached a record maximum depth of about , in the deepest known part of the Earth's oceans, the Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench near Guam in the Pacific.

neg: Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc history are found today as far west as the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (just east of the West Philippine Sea Basin), up to 1,000 km from the present IBM trench. The IBM arc system is the surficial expression of the operation of a subduction zone and this defines its vertical extent. The northern boundary of the IBM arc system follows the Nankai Trough northeastward and onto southern Honshū, joining up with a complex system of thrusts that continue offshore eastward to the Japan Trench. The intersection of the IBM, Japan, and Sagami trenches at the Boso Triple Junction is the only trench-trench-trench

neg: Bathyscaphe in a minor squall". "FNRS-3" was a new submersible, using the crew sphere from the damaged "FNRS-2", and a new larger 75,700 litre float. Piccard's second bathyscaphe was actually a third vessel "Trieste", which was purchased by the United States Navy from Italy in 1957. It had two water ballast tanks and eleven buoyancy tanks holding 120,000 litres of gasoline. In 1960 "Trieste", carrying Piccard's son Jacques Piccard and Lt. Don Walsh, reached the deepest known point on the Earth's surface, the Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench. The onboard systems indicated a depth of 37,800 ft (11,521 m) but