query: what is the full name of e coli

pos: Escherichia coli Escherichia coli Escherichia coli (), also known as E. coli (), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus "Escherichia" that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most "E. coli" strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination. The harmless strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K, and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a symbiotic relationship. "E. coli" is

pos: Entamoeba coli specimens. Sometimes the "Entamoeba coli" have parasites as well. One is the fungus "Sphaerita" spp. This fungus lives in the cytoplasm of the "E. coli". While this differentiation is typically done by visual examination of the parasitic cysts via light microscopy, new methods using molecular biology techniques have been developed. The scientific name of the amoeba, "E. coli", is often mistaken for the bacterium, "Escherichia coli". Unlike the bacterium, the amoeba is mostly harmless, and does not cause as many intestinal problems as some strains of the "E. coli" bacterium. Some of these harmful strains are inside raw or uncooked

pos: Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli to 72 hours following the ingestion of contaminated food. The illness is characterized by abdominal cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, chills, and a generalized malaise. Dysentery caused by this organism is generally self-limiting with no known complications. Enterovirulent classes of "E. coli" are referred to as the EEC group (enterovirulent "E. coli"): It is currently unknown what foods may harbor EIEC, but any food contaminated with human feces from an ill individual, either directly or via contaminated water, could cause disease in others. Outbreaks have been associated with hamburger meat and unpasteurized milk. Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli Enteroinvasive "Escherichia coli" (EIEC) is

pos: Escherichia coli O104:H21 Escherichia coli O104:H21 "Escherichia coli" O104:H21 is a rare serotype of "Escherichia coli", a species of bacteria that lives in the lower intestines of mammals. The presence of many serotypes of "E. coli" in animals is beneficial or does not cause disease in animals. However, some serotypes of " E. coli" have been recognized as pathogenic to humans, e.g. , "E. coli" O121 and "E. coli" O104:H21. "E. coli" O104:H21 was discovered in 1982, when it caused an outbreak of severe bloody diarrhea. It had infected hamburgers, and those affected had eaten these hamburgers not fully cooked. An of "E.

pos: Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli Shigatoxigenic "Escherichia coli (STEC) and verotoxigenic "E. coli (VTEC) are strains of the bacterium "Escherichia coli" that produce either Shiga toxin or Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin). Only a minority of the strains cause illness in humans. The ones that do are collectively known as enterohemorrhagic "E. coli" (EHEC) and are major causes of foodborne illness. When infecting humans, they often cause gastroenteritis, enterocolitis, and bloody diarrhea (hence the name "enterohemorrhagic") and sometimes cause a severe complication called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). The group and its subgroups are known by various names. They are distinguished from other pathotypes

pos: E. Coli Metabolome Database to the original source. ECMDB data is available through a public web interface and downloads. E. Coli Metabolome Database The E. coli Metabolome Database (ECMDB) is a comprehensive, high-quality, freely accessible, online database of small molecule metabolites found in or produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli strain K12, MG1655). Escherichia coli is perhaps the best studied bacterium on earth and has served as the "model microbe" in microbiology research for more than 60 years. The ECMDB is essentially an E. coli "omics" encyclopedia containing detailed data on E. coli's genome, proteome and its metabolome. ECMDB is part of a suite

pos: E. Coli Metabolome Database E. Coli Metabolome Database The E. coli Metabolome Database (ECMDB) is a comprehensive, high-quality, freely accessible, online database of small molecule metabolites found in or produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli strain K12, MG1655). Escherichia coli is perhaps the best studied bacterium on earth and has served as the "model microbe" in microbiology research for more than 60 years. The ECMDB is essentially an E. coli "omics" encyclopedia containing detailed data on E. coli's genome, proteome and its metabolome. ECMDB is part of a suite of organism-specific metabolomics databases that includes DrugBank, HMDB, YMDB and SMPDB. As a metabolomics resource,

pos: Beach advisory taking antibiotics can treat diverticulitis, although serious cases may require surgery. Escherichia coli (E. coli) "Escherichia coli", or "E. coli" is a bacterium that can be found in many warm-blooded animals, which includes, humans, livestock, wildlife and birds (government of Manitoba). Escherichia coli does not usually cause illness by itself, but when it contaminates large numbers, the level of illness raises. E. coli is expelled into the environment via fecal matter. According to the Public Health Agency of Canada (2015), drinking contaminated water or drinking contaminated food may contract E. coli infections. E. coli may also be spread from one

pos: Binomial nomenclature repeatedly; in which case the genus is written in full when it is first used, but may then be abbreviated to an initial (and a period/full stop). For example, a list of members of the genus "Canis" might be written as ""Canis lupus", "C. aureus", "C. simensis"". In rare cases, this abbreviated form has spread to more general use; for example, the bacterium "Escherichia coli" is often referred to as just "E. coli", and "Tyrannosaurus rex" is perhaps even better known simply as "T. rex", these two both often appearing in this form in popular writing even where the full

pos: Escherichia coli O121 Escherichia coli O121 "Escherichia coli" O121 is a pathogenic serotype of "Escherichia coli", associated with Shiga toxin, intestinal bleeding, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS, if left untreated, can lead to kidney failure. Most serotypes of "E. coli"—a widespread species of bacteria residing in the lower intestines of mammals—are beneficial or do not cause disease. Unlike other pathogenic serotypes, such as (also an enterohemorrhagic "E. coli"), little is known in detail about the public health significance of O121. Therefore, O121 is sometimes roughly classified as a type of “non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing "E. coli"” (non-O157 STEC). A U.S. outbreak of "E. coli"

pos: Isobutanol leveraging the native metabolic networks in E. coli but altered its intracellular chemistry using genetic engineering to produce these alcohols. Key pathways in E. coli were modified to produce several higher-chain alcohols from glucose, including isobutanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-phenylethanol. This strategy exploits the E. coli host's highly active amino acid biosynthetic pathway by shifting part of it to alcohol production. It is proposed that these unusual alcohols can be produced as efficiently as the biosynthesis of ethanol. Escherichia coli "Escherichia coli", or "E. coli", is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria. "E. coli" is the microorganism most likely to move

pos: Pathogenic Escherichia coli into the known link between blood type and the severity of "E. coli" infection. Results of the study showed that "the bacterium is more likely to cause severe diarrhea in people with type A blood," and this finding may aid current and future efforts to develop an effective vaccine against the pathogenic strains of E. "coli." Pathogenic Escherichia coli Escherichia coli ( Anglicized to ; commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most "E. coli" strains are harmless, but some serotypes are pathogenic and can cause

pos: EcoCyc EcoCyc In bioinformatics EcoCyc is a biological database for the bacterium Escherichia coli K-12. The EcoCyc project performs literature-based curation of the "E. coli" genome, and of "E. coli" transcriptional regulation, transporters, and metabolic pathways. EcoCyc contains written summaries of "E. coli" genes, distilled from over 16,000 scientific articles. EcoCyc is also a description of the genome and cellular networks of "E. coli" that supports scientists to carry out computational analyses. Data objects in the EcoCyc database describe each "E. coli" gene and gene product. Database objects also describe molecular interactions, including metabolic pathways, transport events, and the regulation of

pos: 2018 Romaine lettuce E. coli O157:H7 outbreak 2018 Romaine lettuce E. coli O157:H7 outbreak In 2018, a strain of "Escherichia coli" bacteria caused the reported illness of 210 people across 36 states in the US, carried on Romaine lettuce from Yuma, Arizona. This strain produces shiga toxin, which is thought to have been transferred to the species from a strain of "Shigella" by a bacteriophage, a kind of virus that (as the name implies) "eats" bacteria. On or after April 16, 2018, cases of food poisoning began to be reported in the New York State area. The CDC eventually concluded this was an example of O157:H7, its

pos: Escherichia coli O104:H21 coli" responsible for at least 22 deaths in Northern Europe in May 2011 was reported to be caused by another O104 strain, . "E. coli" O104:H21 can cause outbreak of infection similar to that caused by , the most common shiga-like toxin-producing "E. coli" (SLTEC). SLTECs are the most well-known causes of gastrointestinal illness and diarrhea. The body usually rids itself of harmful "E. coli" O104:H21 on its own within 5 to 10 days. Antibiotics should not be used, and neither should antidiarrheal agents such as loperamide. Escherichia coli O104:H21 "Escherichia coli" O104:H21 is a rare serotype of "Escherichia coli",

pos: Taxon in disguise bacterium "Escherichia coli", rendering that species parephyletic. "E. coli" itself can also cause serious dysentery, but the difference in the genetic makeup between the "E. coli" and "Shigella" causes different medical conditions and symptoms. "Escherichia coli" is a badly classified species, since some strains share only 20% of their genome. Being so diverse it should be given a higher taxonomic ranking. However, due to the medical conditions associated both with "E. coli" itself and with "Shigella" the current classification will not be changed, to avoid confusion in medical context. "Shigella" will thus remain ""E. coli" in disguise". In a similar

pos: BlyA holin family functions as a prophage-encoded holin system. BlyA promotes endolysin-dependent lysis of an induced lambda lysogen that is defective for the lambda holin S gene. The holin pores are generally stable and nonspecific, allowing endolysin access to the peptidoglycan. Introduction of the "Borrelia burgdorferi" "blyAB" locus into "Escherichia coli" produces a hemolytic phenotype that is dependent on the "E. coli clyA (hlyE, sheA)" gene (TC# 1.C.10.1.1). Expression of "blyA" in "E. coli" causes damage to the "E. coli" cell envelope and a "clyA"-dependent hemolytic phenotype, regardless whether "blyB" is present or absent. The expression of "blyB" in "E. coli", on the

pos: Pathogenic Escherichia coli Pathogenic Escherichia coli Escherichia coli ( Anglicized to ; commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most "E. coli" strains are harmless, but some serotypes are pathogenic and can cause serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls. "E. coli" are also responsible for a majority of cases of urinary tract infections. The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K, and by preventing the establishment of pathogenic bacteria within

pos: Expression vector organism. The most commonly used organism for protein production is the bacterium "Escherichia coli". However, not all proteins can be successfully expressed in "E. coli", or be expressed with the correct form of post-translational modifications such as glycosylations, and other systems may therefore be used. The expression host of choice for the expression of many proteins is "Escherichia coli" as the production of heterologous protein in "E. coli" is relatively simple and convenient, as well as being rapid and cheap. A large number of "E. coli" expression plasmids are also available for a wide variety of needs. Other bacteria used

pos: Escherichia coli O104:H4 is present. "E. coli" O104:H4 is difficult to treat as it is resistant to many antibiotics, although it is susceptible to carbapenems. Spread of "E. coli" is prevented simply by thorough hand-washing with soap, washing and hygienically preparing food, and properly heating/cooking food, so the bacteria are destroyed. Escherichia coli O104:H4 "Escherichia coli" O104:H4 is an enteroaggregative "Escherichia coli" strain of the bacterium "Escherichia coli", and the cause of the . The "O" in the serological classification identifies the cell wall lipopolysaccharide antigen, and the "H" identifies the flagella antigen. Analysis of genomic sequences obtained by BGI Shenzhen shows that

pos: Escherichia coli "Escherichia coli" is used for maintenance of "Caenorhabditis elegans" cultures. Strain JM109 is a mutant form of "E. coli" that is recA and endA deficient. The strain can be utilized for blue/white screening when the cells carry the fertility factor episome Lack of recA decreases the possibility of unwanted restriction of the DNA of interest and lack of endA inhibit plasmid DNA decomposition. Thus, JM109 is useful for cloning and expression systems. "E. coli" is frequently used as a model organism in microbiology studies. Cultivated strains (e.g. "E. coli" K12) are well-adapted to the laboratory environment, and, unlike wild-type strains,

pos: Filgrastim (filgrastim) is the name for recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (r-metHuG-CSF). It is produced by recombinant DNA technology. The gene for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is inserted into the genetic material of "Escherichia coli". The G-CSF then produced by "E. coli" is different from G-CSF naturally made in humans. Filgrastim is marketed under several brand names, including: Apricus Biosciences is currently developing and testing a product under the brand name "Nupen" which can deliver filgrastim through the skin to improve post-chemotherapy recovery of neutrophil counts. In 2015, Sandoz’s filgrastim-sndz (trade name Zarxio), obtained the FDA's approval as a

pos: Escherichia coli (""Bacterium triloculare"") was missing. Following a revision of "Bacterium", it was reclassified as "Bacillus coli" by Migula in 1895 and later reclassified in the newly created genus "Escherichia", named after its original discoverer. Bacterium coli has since been used for biological lab experiment research, infection can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal injury. In 1996 the world's worst outbreak of "E. coli" food poisoning occurred in Wishaw, Scotland, killing 20 people. Escherichia coli Escherichia coli (), also known as E. coli (), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus

pos: Escherichia coli for alleles in the MG1655 strain of "E. coli" K-12. Complete lists of genes and their synonyms can be obtained from databases such as EcoGene or Uniprot. Several studies have investigated the proteome of "E. coli". By 2006, 1,627 (38%) of the 4,237 open reading frames (ORFs) had been identified experimentally. The 4,639,221–base pair sequence of Escherichia coli K-12 is presented. Of 4288 protein-coding genes annotated, 38 percent have no attributed function. Comparison with five other sequenced microbes reveals ubiquitous as well as narrowly distributed gene families; many families of similar genes within "E. coli" are also evident. The largest

pos: PTS Galactitol Family PTS Galactitol Family The PTS Galactitol (Gat) Family (TC# 4.A.5) is part of the PTS-AG superfamily. The biochemistry of this family is poorly defined. The only well-characterized member of this family is the galactitol permease of "Escherichia coli." However, a homologous IIC protein from "Listeria monocytogenes" has been shown to be required for D-arabitol fermentation. It presumably functions together with IIA and IIB homologues. IIC is distantly related to IIC of "E. coli"; IIA is distantly related to IIA and IIAof "E. coli" as well as IIA and IIA. IIB is distantly related to IIB and IIB of "E. coli."

pos: Escherichia coli in molecular biology Escherichia coli in molecular biology Escherichia coli (; commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a Gram-negative gammaproteobacterium commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). The descendants of two isolates, K-12 and B strain, are used routinely in molecular biology as both a tool and a model organism. "Escherichia coli" is one of the most diverse bacterial species, with several pathogenic strains with different symptoms and with only 20% of the genome common to all strains. Furthermore, from the evolutionary point of view, the members of genus "Shigella" ("dysenteriae", "flexneri", "boydii", "sonnei") are actually "E. coli" strains "in disguise"

pos: N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphorylase N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphorylase N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphorylase (, "chbP (gene)") is an enzyme with the systematic name "N,N'-diacetylchitobiose:phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase". This enzyme was found in the genus "Vibrio" initially but has now been found to be taken up by "Escherichia coli" as well as many other bacteria. One study shows that "Escherichia coli" can replicate on a medium that is just composed of GlcNAc a product of phosphorylation of N,N'-diacetylchitobiose as the sole source of carbon. Because "E. coli" can go on this medium, the enzyme is present. The enzyme has also been found in multiple eukaryotic cells as well, especially in eukaryotes that

pos: N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphorylase donates a proton to the glycosidic oxygen atom, and then proceeds through an oxocarbenium cation activated by ion-like transition state. N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphorylase N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphorylase (, "chbP (gene)") is an enzyme with the systematic name "N,N'-diacetylchitobiose:phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase". This enzyme was found in the genus "Vibrio" initially but has now been found to be taken up by "Escherichia coli" as well as many other bacteria. One study shows that "Escherichia coli" can replicate on a medium that is just composed of GlcNAc a product of phosphorylation of N,N'-diacetylchitobiose as the sole source of carbon. Because "E. coli" can go on this medium,

pos: 2018 Romaine lettuce E. coli O157:H7 outbreak code for a strain of "E. coli "that is noteworthy for seeming to have genes from a different but related species, "Shigella", producing an unusual toxin, though not one especially lethal to human beings. List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States 2018 Romaine lettuce E. coli O157:H7 outbreak In 2018, a strain of "Escherichia coli" bacteria caused the reported illness of 210 people across 36 states in the US, carried on Romaine lettuce from Yuma, Arizona. This strain produces shiga toxin, which is thought to have been transferred to the species from a strain of "Shigella" by a

pos: 2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak 2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak An outbreak of the "Escherichia coli" O157 bacterium occurred in South Wales in 2005. It was the largest outbreak of "E. coli" O157 in Wales and the second largest in the UK. 157 cases were identified in the outbreak; 31 people were hospitalized, and one child, 5-year old Mason Jones, died. Most of the 157 cases identified were children, attending 44 different schools across four different local authorities – Bridgend, Merthyr Tydfil, Caerphily and Rhondda Cynon Taf. Of those infected, 109 cases were identified as a strain of "E. coli" O157 unique to

neg: Escherichia coli 65,000 generations in the laboratory. For instance, "E. coli" typically do not have the ability to grow aerobically with citrate as a carbon source, which is used as a diagnostic criterion with which to differentiate "E. coli" from other, closely, related bacteria such as "Salmonella". In this experiment, one population of "E. coli" unexpectedly evolved the ability to aerobically metabolize citrate, a major evolutionary shift with some hallmarks of microbial speciation. "E. coli" is the type species of the genus ("Escherichia") and in turn "Escherichia" is the type genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae, where the family name does not stem

neg: Asparaginase "E. coli" strains are the main source of medical asparaginase. Branded formulations (with different chemical and pharmacological properties) available in 1998 include Asparaginase Medac, Ciderolase, and Oncaspar. (Crasnitin has been discontinued.) Spectrila is a new recombinant E. coli asparaginase. Asparaginase produced by "Dickeya dadantii" (formerly called "Erwinia chrysanthemi") instead is known as crisantaspase (BAN), and is available in the United Kingdom under the trade name Erwinase. One of the E. coli asparaginases marketed under the brand name Elspar for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is also used in some mast cell tumor protocols. Unlike most of other chemotherapy

neg: 2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak is what led to the tragedy such as the E-coli outbreak. I agree that all businesses that are dealing with raw and cooked meats need to have in place an effective and working asset plan. Professor Pennington has come to the conclusion that William Tudor is to blame for the E-coli outbreak that killed our 5-year-old son and we now look to move on to the Inquest into our son’s death where we hope the coroner will reach an appropriate verdict. On Mothers Day 2014 I do not want to be standing here sympathising with another family that has lost

neg: Intimin cause A/E lesions, and is required for full virulence in infected volunteers and animal models. The N-terminal domains of intimin from A/E lesion forming pathogens have high homology with each other and to invasin from "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis" and "Yersinia enterocolitica", whereas the C-terminal domains show less homology. Antibodies to intimin are present in: (1) Immune colostrum from mothers in EPEC endemic areas, (2) The serum of EPEC/EHEC infected children and EPEC infected volunteers, and (3) Secretions of "Citrobacter rodentium" infected mice. Intimin Intimin is a virulence factor (adhesin) of EPEC ("e.g." "E. coli" ) and EHEC ("e.g. E. coli" O157:H7)

neg: 2012 organic greens E coli outbreak O157:H7 2012 organic greens E coli outbreak O157:H7 In 2012, an unusual strain of E coli bacteria caused the reported illness of 33 people across several states in the US, carried on organically grown greens like spinach and spring mix. This strain produces shiga toxin, which is thought to have been transferred to the species from the shigella bacterium, by a bacteriophage, a kind of virus that (as the name implies) "eats" bacteria. On October 18, 2012, cases of food poisoning began to be reported in the New York State area. The CDC eventually concluded this was an example of O157:H7,

neg: Escherichia coli in molecular biology or if it had a branching pattern. "E. coli" was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced; the complete genome of "E. coli" K-12 was published by "Science" in 1997. The long-term evolution experiments using "E. coli", begun by Richard Lenski in 1988, have allowed direct observation of major evolutionary shifts in the laboratory. In this experiment, one population of "E. coli" unexpectedly evolved the ability to aerobically metabolize citrate. This capacity is extremely rare in "E. coli". As the inability to grow aerobically is normally used as a diagnostic criterion with which to differentiate "E. coli"

neg: Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli of intestinal pathogenic "E. coli" including enterotoxigenic "E. coli" (ETEC), enteropathogenic "E. coli" (EPEC), enteroinvasive "E. coli" (EIEC), enteroaggregative "E. coli" (EAEC), and diffusely adherent "E. coli" (DAEC). The best known of these strains is , but non-O157 strains cause an estimated 36,000 illnesses, 1,000 hospitalizations and 30 deaths in the United States yearly. Food safety specialists recognize "Big Six" strains: O26; O45; O103; O111; O121; and O145. A was caused by another STEC, . This strain has both enteroaggregative and enterohemorrhagic properties. Both the O145 and O104 strains can cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS); the former strain shown to account

neg: Entamoeba coli compare "Entamoeba" spp. The DNA-based diagnostic tests include the use of DNA extraction, PCR, microarrays, and typing methods.For example, one DNA-based diagnostic test that is changing how "Entamoeba" spp. is being diagnosis faster and more accurate is by using the "Reverse Line Hybridization Assay" test. This test main purpose is to detect and different Entamoeba spp. in stool samples in order to find the causative agent of amoebic dysentery, "E. histolytica". This test involves the use of gene sequencing, and seeing what different genomes each "Entamoeba" spp. has to help detect the deadly "E. histolytica". "E. coli" are mostly harmless

neg: Pathogenic Escherichia coli it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA. German paediatrician and bacteriologist Theodor Escherich discovered "E. coli" in 1885, and it is now classified as part of the Enterobacteriaceae family of gamma-proteobacteria. Pathogenic "E. coli" strains can be categorized based on elements that can elicit an immune response in animals, namely: For example, "E. coli" strain EDL933 is of the group. The outer membrane of an "E. coli" cell contains millions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, which consists of: The O antigen is used for serotyping "E. coli" and these O group designations go

neg: Ribonuclease H thymus in 1969 and gave it the name "ribonuclease "H"" to designate its "hybrid" specificity. RNase H activity was subsequently discovered in "E. coli" and in a sample of oncoviruses with RNA genomes during early studies of viral reverse transcription. It later became clear that calf thymus extract contained more than one protein with RNase H activity and that "E. coli" contained two RNase H genes. Originally, the enzyme now known as RNase H2 in eukaryotes was designated H1 and vice versa, but the names of the eukaryotic enzymes were switched to match those in "E. coli" to facilitate comparative

neg: Isobutanol on to commercial production of isobutanol. In its engineered form "E. coli" produces the highest yields of isobutanol of any microorganism. Methods such as elementary mode analysis have been used to improve the metabolic efficiency of "E. coli" so that larger quantities of isobutanol may be produced. "E. coli" is an ideal isobutanol bio-synthesizer for several reasons: The primary drawback of "E. coli" is that it is susceptible to bacteriophages when being grown. This susceptibility could potentially shut down entire bioreactors. Furthermore, the native reaction pathway for isobutanol in "E. coli" functions optimally at a limited concentration of isobutanol in

neg: Entamoeba coli meat that is consumed. For example, the bacterium, , which can cause illness, and even death, if eaten. To make the naming of these organisms less confusing, "alternate contractions" are used to name the species for the purpose making the naming easier; for example, using "Esch. coli" and "Ent. coli" for the bacterium and amoeba, instead of using "E. coli" for both. The presence of "E.coli" is not cause in and of itself to seek treatment as it is considered harmless. However, when a person becomes infected with this benign entamoeba, other pathogenic organisms may have been introduced as well,

neg: Dickeya dadantii allergic reactions to "E. coli" derived asparaginase Elspar or pegaspargase (Oncaspar). Secondly, with a strong governmental push towards increasing renewable fuel resources, "D. dadantii" is being studied for its utilization in ethanol fuel production and its ability to ferment and break down cell walls and pectins as an alternative to "E. coli". Although not as effective as "E. coli", some genes from "D. dadantii" were added to "E. coli" through genetic engineering to allow for pectin degradation by "E. coli". Dickeya dadantii Dickeya dadantii is a gram-negative bacillus that belongs to the family "Enterobacteriaceae". It was formerly known as "Erwinia

neg: 2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks ill with "E. coli" infections after eating at Taco John's. On December 18, 2006, the Minnesota Department of Health reported that 37 probable "E. coli" cases had been reported in connection with the Taco John's "E. coli" outbreak, nine people were confirmed ill with "E. coli", eight people were hospitalized, and one person had developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The Taco John's "E. coli" outbreak was traced to contaminated lettuce sold in foods at Taco John's restaurants that were supplied by a Minneapolis lettuce supplier. In response to the Taco John's "E. coli" outbreak, Taco John's agreed to reimburse ill individuals for

neg: T7 phage d’Herelle in the 1920s. T7 grows on rough strains of "E. coli" (i.e. those without full-length O-antigen polysaccharide on their surface) and some other enteric bacteria, but close relatives also infect smooth and even capsulated strains. It infects "", a strain of "E. coli" that can cause foodborne illness). The virus has complex structural symmetry, with a capsid of the phage that is icosahedral with an inner diameter of 55 nm and a tail 19 nm in diameter and 28.5 nm long attached to the capsid. The genome of phage T7 was among the first completely sequenced genomes and was

neg: Entamoeba coli noticing the eight nuclei found in the mature form. To diagnosis for "E. coli", a stool sample is usually tested. This is the best method to check to see if the parasite is "E. coli" and not "E. histolytica". This usually involves checking the cysts for the size, shape, and the number of nuclei. "E. coli" has cysts in size to 10 to 35 micrometers, the shape is irregular, oval with a shell-like appearance that is more uniformed compared to "E. histolytica", and has up to eight nuclei in the cyst compared to the four nuclei of "E. histolytica". To

neg: ATP-binding cassette transporter the ABC domain is N-terminal whereas the TMD is C-terminal, such as in the "E. coli" MacB protein responsible for macrolide resistance. The structural architecture of ABC transporters consists minimally of two TMDs and two NBDs. Four individual polypeptide chains including two TMD and two NBD subunits, may combine to form a "full transporter" such as in the "E. coli" BtuCD importer involved in the uptake of vitamin B. Most exporters, such as in the multidrug exporter Sav1866 from "Staphylococcus aureus", are made up of a homodimer consisting of two "half transporters" or monomers of a TMD fused to a

neg: E. Coli Metabolome Database coli, in general. In particular, under the "About" tab, a section called "E. coli numbers and stats" contains hundreds of interesting factoids about E. coli and E. coli physiology. Many components of the ECMDB are fully downloadable, including most of textual data, chemical structures and sequence data. These may be retrieved by clicking on the Download button, scrolling through the different files and selecting the appropriate hyperlinks. All data in ECMDB is non-proprietary or is derived from a non-proprietary source. It is freely accessible and available to anyone. In addition, nearly every data item is fully traceable and explicitly referenced

neg: Groundwater pollution Canada leading to seven deaths in what is known as the Walkerton "E. Coli" outbreak. The water supply which was drawn from groundwater became contaminated with the highly dangerous strain of "E. coli" bacteria. This contamination was due to farm runoff into an adjacent water well that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution. The peri-urban areas of Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, have ground conditions which are strongly karstified and for this reason – together with the increasing population density in these peri-urban areas – pollution of water wells from pit latrines is a major public health threat there. Groundwater pollution

neg: Escherichia coli O157:H7 On SMAC agar O157 colonies appear clear due to their inability to ferment sorbitol, while the colonies of the usual sorbitol-fermenting serotypes of "E. coli" appear red. Sorbitol nonfermenting colonies are tested for the somatic O157 antigen before being confirmed as "E. coli" O157. Like all cultures, diagnosis is time-consuming with this method; swifter diagnosis is possible using quick "E. coli" DNA extraction method plus PCR techniques. Newer technologies using fluorescent and antibody detection are also under development. "E. coli" O157:H7 infection is nationally reportable in the USA, Great Britain, and Germany and is reportable in most US states. It

neg: Escherichia coli medical importance, and "E. coli" remains one of the most diverse bacterial species: only 20% of the genes in a typical "E. coli" genome is shared among all strains. In fact, from the evolutionary point of view, the members of genus "Shigella" ("S. dysenteriae", "S. flexneri", "S. boydii", and "S. sonnei") should be classified as "E. coli" strains, a phenomenon termed taxa in disguise. Similarly, other strains of "E. coli" (e.g. the K-12 strain commonly used in recombinant DNA work) are sufficiently different that they would merit reclassification. A strain is a subgroup within the species that has unique characteristics

neg: Entamoeba coli need to treat for "E. coli", due to the rarity of this parasite becoming infectious. In one exceptional situation, "E. coli" was found to be infectious: in northern Europe, stool samples and electron microscopy revealed large populations of the amoeba within a group of patients with persistent diarrhea. Some types of treatments may need to be used due to large populations. Some arsenical compounds are shown to treat the trophozoite stage, like carbarsone. Other compounds used to treat large populations of "E. coli" include diloxanide furoate, and this usually is used in antiamebic therapy. Entamoeba coli Entamoeba coli is a

neg: Intimin Intimin Intimin is a virulence factor (adhesin) of EPEC ("e.g." "E. coli" ) and EHEC ("e.g. E. coli" O157:H7) "E. coli" strains. It is an attaching and effacing (A/E) protein, which with other virulence factors is necessary and responsible for enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic diarrhoea. Intimin is expressed on the bacterial cell surface where it can bind to its receptor Tir (Translocated intimin receptor). Tir, along with over 25 other bacterial proteins, is secreted from attaching and effacing "E. coli" directly into the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells by a Type three secretion system. Once within the cytoplasm of the host

neg: E. coli long-term evolution experiment for citrate use, ultimately lowered the probability of "E. coli" being able accumulate early adaptive mutations from one period of selection to the next. On the other hand, Van Hofwegen's team allowed for a continuous selection period of 7 days, which yielded a more rapid development of citrate-using "E. coli". Roth and Maisnier-Patin suggest that the serial dilution of "E. coli" and short period of selection for citrate-use under the conditions of the LTEE perpetually impeded each generation of "E. coli" from reaching the next stages of aerobic citrate utilization. In response, Blount and Lenski acknowledge that the problem is

neg: Escherichia coli (EHEC), but not all EHEC strains are closely related. In fact, four different species of "Shigella" are nested among "E. coli" strains ("vide supra"), while "E. albertii" and "E. fergusonii" are outside this group. Indeed, all "Shigella" species were placed within a single subspecies of "E. coli" in a phylogenomic study that included the type strain, and for this reason an according reclassification is difficult. All commonly used research strains of "E. coli" belong to group A and are derived mainly from Clifton's K-12 strain (λ⁺ F⁺; O16) and to a lesser degree from d'Herelle's "Bacillus coli" strain (B strain)(O7).

neg: Aldehyde tag is recognized in the ER solely depending on primary sequence and subsequently targeted by FGE. Notably, in the setup of recombinant expression proteins in "E. coli" a coexpression of exogenous FGE aids full conversion, although "E. coli" has endogenous FGE-activity. The introduction of an aldehyde tag as proposed by Carrico et al. has a workflow that consists of three segments: A the expression of the fusion protein, that carries the peptide tag derived from the sulfatase motif, B the enzymatic conversion of Cys to f(Gly) and C the bioorthogonal probing with hydrazides or alkoxy amines (Fig. 1). As seen in

neg: Escherichia coli in molecular biology of immobilised enzymes. "E. coli" have been used successfully to produce proteins previously thought difficult or impossible in "E. coli", such as those containing multiple disulfide bonds or those requiring post-translational modification for stability or function. The cellular environment of "E. coli" is normally too reducing for disulphide bonds to form, proteins with disulphide bonds therefore may be secreted to its periplasmic space, however, mutants in which the reduction of both thioredoxins and glutathione is impaired also allow disulphide bonded proteins to be produced in the cytoplasm of "E. coli". It has also been used to produce proteins with various

neg: Evidence of common descent Coyne commented as a critique of creationism, saying, "the thing I like most is it says you can get these complex traits evolving by a combination of unlikely events. That's just what creationists say can't happen." In addition to the metabolic changes, the different bacterial populations were found to have diverged in respect to both morphology (the overall size of the cell) and fitness (of which was measured in competition with the ancestors). The "E. coli" long-term evolution experiment that began in 1988 is still in progress, and has shown adaptations including the evolution of a strain of "E. coli"

neg: Escherichia coli to spread horizontally through an existing population. The process of transduction, which uses the bacterial virus called a bacteriophage, is where the spread of the gene encoding for the Shiga toxin from the "Shigella" bacteria to "E. coli" helped produce , the Shiga toxin-producing strain of "E. coli." "E. coli" encompasses an enormous population of bacteria that exhibit a very high degree of both genetic and phenotypic diversity. Genome sequencing of a large number of isolates of "E. coli" and related bacteria shows that a taxonomic reclassification would be desirable. However, this has not been done, largely due to its

neg: Escherichia coli avoid cross-contamination of utensils and work spaces when preparing food. Because of its long history of laboratory culture and ease of manipulation, "E. coli" plays an important role in modern biological engineering and industrial microbiology. The work of Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer in "E. coli", using plasmids and restriction enzymes to create recombinant DNA, became a foundation of biotechnology. "E. coli" is a very versatile host for the production of heterologous proteins, and various protein expression systems have been developed which allow the production of recombinant proteins in "E. coli". Researchers can introduce genes into the microbes using

neg: Escherichia coli gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. "E. coli" normally colonizes an infant's gastrointestinal tract within 40 hours of birth, arriving with food or water or from the individuals handling the child. In the bowel, "E. coli" adheres to the mucus of the large intestine. It is the primary facultative anaerobe of the human gastrointestinal tract. (Facultative anaerobes are organisms that can grow in either the presence or absence of oxygen.) As long as these bacteria do not acquire genetic elements encoding for virulence factors, they remain benign commensals. Nonpathogenic "E. coli" strain Nissle 1917, also known as Mutaflor, and "E. coli"

neg: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak The outbreak was caused by a strain of "E. coli" of the serotype O104:H4, that was unusual for having characteristics of both enteroaggregative "E. coli" and enterohemorrhagic "E. coli". The strain has a number of virulence genes typical of enteroaggregative "E. coli", including "attA", "aggR", "aap", "aggA", and "aggC", in addition to the Shiga toxin variant 2. All bacteria isolated from patients in this outbreak were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, third-generation cephaloporins, and partially resistant to nalidixic acid, but susceptible to carbapenems and ciprofloxacin. 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak A novel strain of bacteria caused a serious outbreak of

neg: Walkerton E. coli outbreak gastrointestinal ailments consistent with "E. coli" infection. Potential "E. coli" infection changed the treatment plan for patients reporting to these hospitals or to local doctors; anti-motility medication that would typically be prescribed to patients suffering from diarrhea unrelated to "E. coli" could in fact exacerbate the condition of patients whose diarrhea was due to "E. coli" infection, and any patient infected with "E. coli" O157 was at risk for potentially fatal hemolytic-uremic syndrome. David Patterson, the Assistant Director of Health Protection at Bruce-Grey-Owen-Sound Health Unit (BGOSHU), immediately contacted Beverly Middleton, a public health inspector in the Owen Sound office of

neg: Sulfatide sulfatide. "Helicobacter pylori", enterotoxigenic "E. coli" TOP10 strain, 987P-fimbriated enterotoxigenic "E. coli" (a strain of "E. coli"), and "Lactobacillus reuteri" are different strains of bacteria that are found to adhere to the gastrointestinal tract’s mucosal surface. Here, sulfatide is present within the tract and is loaded from outside the tract, aiding the bacteria in adherence to the mucosa. STb is an enterotoxin type B that is heat stable; additionally, it is secreted by the enterotoxigenic "E. coli strain", and it causes diarrhoeal diseases in humans and many other species of animals. STb also binds strongly to sulfatide as demonstrated by

neg: Escherichia coli "E. coli" strains (the pangenome) exceeds 16,000. This very large variety of component genes has been interpreted to mean that two-thirds of the "E. coli" pangenome originated in other species and arrived through the process of horizontal gene transfer. Genes in "E. coli" are usually named by 4-letter acronyms that derive from their function (when known) and italicized. For instance, "recA" is named after its role in homologous recombination plus the letter A. Functionally related genes are named "recB", "recC", "recD" etc. The proteins are named by uppercase acronyms, e.g. RecA, RecB, etc. When the genome of "E. coli" was

neg: Chaperone (protein) many different families of chaperones; each family acts to aid protein folding in a different way. In bacteria like "E. coli", many of these proteins are highly expressed under conditions of high stress, for example, when the bacterium is placed in high temperatures. For this reason, the term "heat shock protein" has historically been used to name these chaperones. The prefix "Hsp" designates that the protein is a heat shock protein. Hsp60 (GroEL/GroES complex in "E. coli") is the best characterized large (~ 1 MDa) chaperone complex. GroEL is a double-ring 14mer with a hydrophobic patch at its opening; it

neg: Escherichia coli in molecular biology post-translational modifications, including glycoproteins by using the N-linked glycosylation system of "Campylobacter jejuni" engineered into "E. coli". Efforts are currently under way to expand this technology to produce complex glycosylations. Studies are also being performed into programming "E. coli" to potentially solve complicated mathematics problems such as the Hamiltonian path problem. "E. coli" is frequently used as a model organism in microbiology studies. Cultivated strains (e.g. "E. coli" K-12) are well-adapted to the laboratory environment, and, unlike wild type strains, have lost their ability to thrive in the intestine. Many lab strains lose their ability to form biofilms. These features

neg: Anaerobic lagoon are: E. coli is found in the intestines and feces of both animal and humans. One particularly virulent strain, , is found specifically in the lumen of cattle raised in CAFOs. Because cattle are fed corn in CAFOs instead of grass, this changes the pH of the lumen so that it is more hospitable to "E". "coli". Grain-fed cattle have 80 percent more of this strain of "E". "coli" than grass-fed cattle. However, the amount of "E". "coli" found in the lumen of grain fed cattle can be significantly reduced by switching an animal to grass only a few days

neg: E. coli long-term evolution experiment available to provide reducing power. The anaerobic growth is possible due to the expression of a transmembrane citrate-succinate antiporter gene, "citT", which was first identified in 1998. This gene is co-regulated with other genes involved in citrate fermentation found on the "cit" operon, which is turned on only when oxygen is absent. The inability to grow aerobically on citrate, referred to as a Cit phenotype, is considered a defining characteristic of "E. coli" as a species, and one that has been a valuable means of differentiating "E. coli" from pathogenic "Salmonella". While Cit strains of "E. coli" have been isolated

neg: Pathogenic Escherichia coli Enteric "E. coli" (EC) are classified on the basis of serological characteristics and virulence properties. The major pathotypes of "E. coli" that cause diarrhea are listed below. Transmission of pathogenic "E. coli" often occurs via fecal–oral transmission. Common routes of transmission include: unhygienic food preparation, farm contamination due to manure fertilization, irrigation of crops with contaminated greywater or raw sewage, feral pigs on cropland, or direct consumption of sewage-contaminated water. Dairy and beef cattle are primary reservoirs of "E. coli" O157:H7, and they can carry it asymptomatically and shed it in their feces. Food products associated with "E. coli" outbreaks

neg: Criticism of fast food undercooked hamburgers, raw vegetables, and contaminated water, it is difficult to treat. Although supportive treatment can substantially aid inflicted individuals, since endotoxin is released from gram-negative bacteria such as "E. coli" upon death, antibiotic use to treat "E. coli" infections is not recommended. About 4% of people infected with "E. coli" 0157:H7 develop hemolytic uremic syndrome, and about 5% of children who develop the syndrome die. The rate of developing HUS is 3 in 100,000 or 0.003%. "E. coli" 0157:H7 has become the leading cause of renal failure among American children. These numbers include rates from all sources of poisoning,

neg: Cefquinome acute "E. coli" mastitis, dermatitis, infectious ulbar necrosis, and interdigital necrobacillosis. In calves, it is effective against "E. coli" septicaemia. For pigs, it is used to treat bacterial infections of the lungs and respiratory tract caused by "P. multocida", "Haemophilus parasuis", "Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae", and "Streptococcus suis". Mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome involved with "E. coli", "Staphylococcus", "Streptococcus", and other cefquinome-sensitive organisms are also treated. In piglets, the mortality rate in cases of meningitis caused by "Streptococcus sues" is reduced. It is used in the treatment of mild or moderate lesions caused by "Staphylococcus hyicus" and arthritis caused by "Streptococcus" spp. and "E. coli".

neg: Escherichia coli in molecular biology in turn passed it to Jacques Bronfenbrenner (B. coli P.C.), who passed it to Delbrück and Luria. This strain gave rise to several other strains, such as REL606 and BL21. "E. coli" C is morphologically distinct from other "E. coli" strains; it is more spherical in shape and has a distinct distribution of its nucleoid. The W strain was isolated from the soil near Rutgers University by Selman Waksman. Because of its long history of laboratory culture and ease of manipulation, "E. coli" also plays an important role in modern biological engineering and industrial microbiology. The work of Stanley Norman

neg: Freshwater environmental quality parameters "sewage fungus" – usually "Sphaerotilus natans". The presence of such organisms is almost always an indicator of extreme organic pollution and would be expected to be matched with low dissolved oxygen concentrations and high BOD vales. E. coli bacteria have been commonly found in recreational waters and their presence is used to indicate the presence of recent faecal contamination, but E. coli presence may not be indicative of human waste. " E. coli" are found in all warm-blooded animals. "E. coli" have also been found in fish and turtles. Enterobacteria may also persist in the environment in mud, sediments, sand

neg: E. coli long-term evolution experiment then co-existed thereafter. Phylogenetic analysis of clones of the two types isolated from different generations demonstrated that the S and L types belonged to distinct, co-existing lineages in the population, and might be undergoing incipient speciation. "E. coli" is normally unable to grow aerobically on citrate due to the inability to express a citrate transporter when oxygen is present. However, "E. coli" has a complete citric acid cycle, and therefore metabolizes citrate as an intermediate during aerobic growth on other substances, including glucose. Most "E. coli" can grow anaerobically on citrate via fermentation, if a co-substrate such as glucose is

neg: Toxic Small RNA Toxic Small RNA In molecular biology, Toxic Small RNA (tsRNA) is a small non-coding RNA found exclusively in Betaproteobacteria. Its function is unknown, but based on sequence and structure conservation, it is predicted to target the ribosomal binding site (RBS) area in the 5’ UTR of various genes. It was found that expression of tsRNAs within "E. coli" inhibits "E. coli" growth, in a mechanism which is still unknown (and hence the name Toxic Small RNA). Several paralogous loci may encode similar (but not identical) tsRNAs in each coding genome. Experiments with four species of the Burkholderia lineage showed conserved

neg: Toxic Small RNA and constitutive expression of tsRNAs in logarithmic growth phases. Toxic Small RNA In molecular biology, Toxic Small RNA (tsRNA) is a small non-coding RNA found exclusively in Betaproteobacteria. Its function is unknown, but based on sequence and structure conservation, it is predicted to target the ribosomal binding site (RBS) area in the 5’ UTR of various genes. It was found that expression of tsRNAs within "E. coli" inhibits "E. coli" growth, in a mechanism which is still unknown (and hence the name Toxic Small RNA). Several paralogous loci may encode similar (but not identical) tsRNAs in each coding genome. Experiments

neg: Cattle feeding less of this strain of "E. coli" in their guts than their grain-fed counterparts, though this reduction can be achieved by switching an animal to grass only a few days prior to slaughter. Also, the amount of "E. coli" they do have is much less likely to survive our first-line defense against infection: stomach acid. This is because feeding grain to cattle makes their normally pH-neutral digestive tract abnormally acidic; over time, the pathogenic "E. coli" becomes acid resistant. If humans ingest this acid-resistant "E. coli" via grain-feed beef, a large number of them may survive past the stomach, causing

neg: 2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in spinach the "E. coli" laced fresh spinach reached 111. On September 19, it was reported that there may be a link to a further death in Ohio and irrigation water is being investigated as a possible source. This is the 9th outbreak traced to the Salinas Valley in California and the 25th leafy green "E. coli" outbreak (spinach or lettuce) in the United States since 1993. On September 20, the CDC announced that the genetic fingerprint, a PFGE pattern, of "E. coli" O157 isolated from an opened package of "Dole Baby Spinach, Best if Used by August 30" packed by Natural

neg: Shuttle vector There are also adenovirus shuttle vectors, which can propagate in "E. coli" and mammals. Shuttle vectors are frequently used to quickly make multiple copies of the gene in "E. coli" (amplification). They can also be used for "in vitro" experiments and modifications (e.g. mutagenesis, PCR) One of the most common types of shuttle vectors is the yeast shuttle vector . Almost all commonly used "S. cerevisiae" vectors are shuttle vectors. Yeast shuttle vectors have components that allow for replication and selection in both "E. coli" cells and yeast cells. The "E. coli" component of a yeast shuttle vector includes an

neg: Essential gene found 475 and 611 of such genes for "B. subtilis" and "E. coli", respectively. Furthermore, they classified genes into five classes according to persistence and essentiality: persistent genes, essential genes, persistent nonessential (PNE) genes (276 in "B. subtilis", 409 in "E. coli"), essential nonpersistent (ENP) genes (73 in "B. subtilis", 33 in "E. coli"), and nonpersistent nonessential (NPNE) genes (3,558 in "B. subtilis", 3,525 in "E. coli"). Fang et al. found 257 persistent genes, which exist both in "B. subtilis" (for the Firmicutes) and "E. coli" (for the Gamma-proteobacteria). Among these, 144 (respectively 139) were previously identified as essential in

neg: Escherichia coli outside a host. The bacterium can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting, and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years. "E. coli" is a chemoheterotroph whose chemically defined medium must include a source of carbon and energy. "E. coli" is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism, and an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology, where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA. Under favorable conditions, it takes up to 20 minutes to reproduce. "E. coli" is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic (that makes

neg: 2009 United Kingdom E. coli outbreak 2009 United Kingdom E. coli outbreak The 2009 "E. coli" outbreak in the United Kingdom was an outbreak of "E. coli" in visitors to a farm in Surrey from August to September 2009. 93 people were affected, most of whom were under 10 years of age. Of those affected, 27 were hospitalized and 17 developed hemolytic uremic syndrome. Investigations by the Health Protection Agency implicated a petting barn at Godstone Farm as a possible source of the outbreak. Fecal samples from several animals in the barn later tested positive for the strain of "E. coli" in the patients, again indicating

neg: Walkerton E. coli outbreak and the Walkerton hospital and the BGOSHU were playing host to three epidemiologists from various arms of Health Canada. 27 people had developed HUS, a serious and potentially deadly complication of "E. coli" infection. The full death toll for the outbreak was initially reported as seven, but later revised to six. While the community attempted to recover from the events of May 2000, anger and blame ran high. On May 25, Murray McQuigge had made a public statement saying that in his opinion, dissemination of information to the community had been hampered by lack of disclosure of adverse PUC testing

neg: Coproporphyrinogen dehydrogenase oxidase produced in E. coli. HemF is the oxygen-dependent oxidase within E. coli. Importantly, only HemN utilizes S-adenosyl Methionine (SAM). Human variants of Coproporphyrinogen oxidase are cofactor-independent. Coproporphyrinogen dehydrogenase In enzymology, a coproporphyrinogen dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are coproporphyrinogen III and S-adenosyl-L-methionine, whereas its 4 products are protoporphyrinogen IX, CO, L-methionine, and 5'-deoxyadenosine. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is coproporphyrinogen-III:S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase (decarboxylating). Other names in

neg: Douglas Prasher partial, but almost complete "gfp" cDNA, with 965 bases out of the 1,050 bases of the corresponding mRNA. It would require construction of another cDNA library during the following (non-funded) year for Prasher to isolate a full-length cDNA clone, although it must be noted that this partial cDNA clone was subsequently used and found to be sufficient for successful heterologous expression in "E. coli", "C. elegans" and "A. thaliana". By this time Prasher could not afford to devote limited resources to expression studies in "E. coli". It wasn't until the Nobel Prize announcement that it became clear how unfortunate this

neg: Escherichia coli function have been expressed using the N-linked glycosylation system of "Campylobacter jejuni" engineered into "E. coli". Modified "E. coli" cells have been used in vaccine development, bioremediation, production of biofuels, lighting, and production of immobilised enzymes. Strain K-12 is a mutant form of "E. coli" that over-expresses the enzyme Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). The mutation arises due to a defect in the gene that constantly codes for the enzyme. A gene that is producing a product without any inhibition is said to have constitutive activity. This particular mutant form is used to isolate and purify the aforementioned enzyme. Strain OP50 of

neg: 2015 United States E. coli outbreak 2015 United States E. coli outbreak The 2015 United States "E. coli" outbreak is an incident in the United States involving the spread of through contaminated celery which was consumed in chicken salad at various large retailers. A product recall covering more than one dozen states and over 155,000 products has taken place as a result of the incident. Nineteen cases of "E. coli" were linked to the outbreak, across seven states, primarily in the western half of the United States. Of these reported cases, five resulted in hospitalization, with two patients developing hemolytic-uremic syndrome, a type of kidney failure;

neg: Escherichia coli ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent) and nonsporulating bacterium. Cells are typically rod-shaped, and are about 2.0 μm long and 0.25–1.0 μm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0.6–0.7 μm. "E. coli" stains Gram-negative because its cell wall is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane. During the staining process, "E. coli" picks up the color of the counterstain safranin and stains pink. The outer membrane surrounding the cell wall provides a barrier to certain antibiotics such that "E. coli"

neg: 2015 United States E. coli outbreak suggested that rotisserie chicken salad made and sold in Costco Wholesale stores in several states was the likely source of the outbreak. 2015 United States E. coli outbreak The 2015 United States "E. coli" outbreak is an incident in the United States involving the spread of through contaminated celery which was consumed in chicken salad at various large retailers. A product recall covering more than one dozen states and over 155,000 products has taken place as a result of the incident. Nineteen cases of "E. coli" were linked to the outbreak, across seven states, primarily in the western half of

neg: E. coli long-term evolution experiment This collection of samples is referred to as the "frozen fossil record", and provides a history of the evolution of each population through the entire experiment. The populations are also regularly screened for changes in mean fitness, and supplemental experiments are regularly performed to study interesting developments in the populations. , the "E. coli" populations have been under study for over 64,500 generations, and are thought to have undergone enough spontaneous mutations that every possible single point mutation in the "E. coli" genome has occurred multiple times. The strain of "E. coli" Lenski chose to use in the long-term evolution

neg: 2012 organic greens E coli outbreak O157:H7 its code for a strain of E coli that is noteworthy for seeming to have genes from a different species, shigella, producing an unusual toxin, though not one especially lethal to human beings. Overall, 33 people in 5 states are known to have been infected. There were no deaths reported. This outbreak seems to have originated with food from State Garden, an organic produce company in Chelsea, MA. List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States 2012 organic greens E coli outbreak O157:H7 In 2012, an unusual strain of E coli bacteria caused the reported illness of 33 people

neg: Antimicrobial properties of copper "E. coli" O157:H7 destruction on an alloy containing 99.9% copper (C11000) demonstrate that this pathogen is rapidly and almost completely killed (over 99.9% kill rate) within ninety minutes at room temperature (20 °C). At chill temperatures (4 °C), over 99.9% of E. coli O157:H7 are killed within 270 minutes. "E. coli" O157:H7 destruction on several copper alloys containing 99%–100% copper (including C10200, C11000, C18080, and C19700) at room temperature begins within minutes. At chilled temperatures, the inactivation process takes about an hour longer. No significant reduction in the amount of viable "E. coli" O157:H7 occurs on stainless steel after 270

neg: Pathogenic Escherichia coli host intestinal cells, while the A subunit is cleaved and prevents cells from absorbing water, causing diarrhea. LT is secreted by the Type 2 secretion pathway. If "E. coli" bacteria escape the intestinal tract through a perforation (for example from an ulcer, a ruptured appendix, or due to a surgical error) and enter the abdomen, they usually cause peritonitis that can be fatal without prompt treatment. However, "E. coli" are extremely sensitive to such antibiotics as streptomycin or gentamicin. Recent research suggests treatment of enteropathogenic "E. coli" with antibiotics may not improve the outcome of the disease, as it may

neg: Axel Ullrich been extracted from a woman. Ulrich purified the insulin mRNA from this sample and cloned it into a vector that he inserted into E coli. Thus, he produced a strain of E coli that would manufacture human insulin. This breakthrough eventually led to Eli Lilly producing recombinant human insulin and providing it to patients. He was one of several scientific leaders of 200+ scientists in developing the anti-cancer drug Trastuzumab (trade name: Herceptin) at Genentech, and has co-founded five biotech companies, Axxima, U3 Pharma, Kinaxo, SUGEN (acquired by Pfizer) and Blackfield. He is listed by the Institute for Scientific Information

neg: Crisis management and took responsibility for anyone harmed by their products; detailed symptoms of E. coli poisoning; and explained what consumers should do with any affected products. Odwalla then developed - through the help of consultants - effective thermal processes that would not harm the products' flavors when production resumed. All of these steps were communicated through close relations with the media and through full-page newspaper ads. Mattel Inc., the toy maker, has been plagued with more than 28 product recalls and in Summer of 2007, among problems with exports from China, faced two product recalls in two weeks. The company "did

neg: Escherichia coli young, or the immunocompromised. The genera "Escherichia" and "Salmonella" diverged around 102 million years ago (credibility interval: 57–176 mya), which coincides with the divergence of their hosts: the former being found in mammals and the latter in birds and reptiles. This was followed by a split of an "Escherichia" ancestor into five species ("E. albertii", "E. coli", "E. fergusonii", "E. hermannii", and "E. vulneris"). The last "E. coli" ancestor split between 20 and 30 million years ago. The long-term evolution experiments using "E. coli", begun by Richard Lenski in 1988, have allowed direct observation of genome evolution over more than

neg: Escherichia coli O157:H7 stressed in some way (e.g. antibiotics). All clinical isolates of "E. coli" O157:H7 possess the plasmid pO157. The periplasmic catalase is encoded on pO157 and may enhance the virulence of the bacterium by providing additional oxidative protection when infecting the host. "E. coli" O157:H7 non-hemorrhagic strains are converted to hemorrhagic strains by lysogenic conversion after a bacteriophage infection to non-hemorrhagic cells. While it is relatively uncommon, the "E. coli" serotype O157:H7 can naturally be found in the intestinal contents of some cattle, goats, and even sheep. The digestive tract of cattle lack the Shiga toxin receptor globotriaosylceramide, and thus, these

neg: Escherichia coli O104:H4 genome of the O104:H4 outbreak strain. The O104:H4 strain is characterized by these genetic markers: The European Commission (EC) integrated approach to food safety defines a case of Shiga-like toxin-producing "E. coli" (STEC) diarrhea caused by O104:H4 by an acute onset of diarrhea or bloody diarrhea together with the detection of the Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) or the Shiga gene "stx2". Prior to the 2011 outbreak, only one case identified as O104:H4 had been observed, in a woman in South Korea in 2005. "E. coli" O104 is a Shiga toxin–producing "E. coli" (STEC). The toxins cause illness and the associated

neg: Escherichia coli in molecular biology Cohen and Herbert Boyer in "E. coli", using plasmids and restriction enzymes to create recombinant DNA, became a foundation of biotechnology. Considered a very versatile host for the production of heterologous proteins, researchers can introduce genes into the microbes using plasmids, allowing for the mass production of proteins in industrial fermentation processes. Genetic systems have also been developed which allow the production of recombinant proteins using "E. coli". One of the first useful applications of recombinant DNA technology was the manipulation of "E. coli" to produce human insulin. Modified "E. coli" have been used in vaccine development, bioremediation, and production