query: the first major legislative act for individuals with physical disabilities was passed in

pos: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Education Program (IEP); Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE); Least Restrictive Environment (LRE); Appropriate Evaluation; Parent and Teacher Participation; and Procedural Safeguards. To go along with those six main elements, there are also a few other important components that tie into IDEA: Confidentiality of Information, Transition Services, and Discipline. Throughout the years of IDEA's being reauthorized, these components have become key concepts when learning about IDEA. Before the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was enacted in 1975, U.S. public schools accommodated only 1 out of 5 children with disabilities. Until that time, many states had laws that explicitly excluded

pos: National Disability Employment Awareness Month federal funds to discriminate on the premise of disability. Only two years later in 1975, Education for All Handicapped Children Act was passed requiring public schools that accept federal funding to provide equal education and access to education for disabled children. Years later in 1990, President Bush signed the Americans with Disabilities ACT (ADA) guaranteeing access to and prohibits discrimination against individuals with physical or mental disabilities. In 2000, President Clinton signed an Executive Order, requesting for the federal government to hire 100,000 people with disabilities over the next five years. The final major event that happened is when Congress

pos: Ableism Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was passed in on July 26, 1990 by the George H. W. Bush administration and amended on January 1, 2009. The act gave individuals with disabilities civil rights protections. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a four-part (A-D) piece of American legislation that ensures students with a disability are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) that is tailored to their individual needs. IDEA was previously known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) from 1975 to 1990. In 1990, the United States Congress reauthorized EHA and changed the title to

pos: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act nondisabled students are met. 1975 — The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) became law. It was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990. 1990— IDEA first came into being on October 30, 1990, when the "Education of All Handicapped Children Act" (itself having been introduced in 1975) was renamed "Individuals with Disabilities Education Act." (Pub. L. No. 101-476, 104 Stat. 1142). IDEA received minor amendments in October 1991 (Pub. L. No. 102-119, 105 Stat. 587). 1997— IDEA received significant amendments. The definition of disabled children expanded to include developmentally delayed children between three and nine

pos: Special education in the United States Special education in the United States Special education programs in the United States were made mandatory in 1975 when the United States Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) "(sometimes referred to using the acronyms EAHCA or EHA, or Public Law (PL) 94-142) was enacted by the United States Congress in 1975, in response to discriminatory treatment by public educational agencies against students with disabilities." The EAHCA was later modified to strengthen protections to students with disabilities and renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). IDEA requires states to provide special education and related services consistent

pos: Kenneth Komoski Handicapped (now the Office of Special Education Programs.) The EAHCC conference discussed implications for the use of educational technology to support implementation of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. (Passed in 1975, the act changed to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1990.) Komoski's presentation discussed the evaluation of instructional materials to improve classroom instruction for students with disabilities. Two years later, Komoski presented on "Publishers Responsibilities in Meeting the Continuing Challenge of Literacy" at the National Right to Read Conference. Run by the Institute for Advanced Study under contract with the U.S. Office of Education, the conference

pos: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Individuals with Disabilities Education Act The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a four-part (A-D) piece of American legislation that ensures students with a disability are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) that is tailored to their individual needs. IDEA was previously known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) from 1975 to 1990. In 1990, the United States Congress reauthorized EHA and changed the title to IDEA (Public Law No. 94-142). Overall, the goal of IDEA is to provide children with disabilities the same opportunity for education as those students who do not have a

pos: Disability in children's literature and adults with disabilities to be included in schools and the workforce, first with the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and then the Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975. In 1986, the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) was put into force in the United States, which ended the exclusion of children with disabilities from publicly funded school systems. With the integration of children with disabilities into public schools, educators, librarians and publishers took a new interest in children's literature that dealt with disability in a balanced, accurate, and constructive way. An overall growth in public awareness of

pos: Children's Defense Fund and with partners in all 50 states. Since its founding, the CDF has lobbied for passing legislation related to its goals including the Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975 (now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) and the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act in 1980. Its legislative interests have also included Head Start, Medicaid, Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and the Child Income Tax Credit. The CDF has run several public awareness campaigns, including the Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Campaign in 1986, the gun violence prevention campaign, and ending child poverty. The CDF's programs include a

pos: Inclusive Classroom In 1975, with the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA), as well as amendments to this in 1986 and 1992, states were encouraged to develop programs for individuals with disabilities. This guaranteed educational rights from any institution receiving federal funding. In 1997, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was revised and became the Individuals with Disabilities Act, or IDEA that made it mandatory that all schools develop and provide a free, appropriate public education for all children in the least restrictive environment possible. This included the use of Individual Education Plans (IEPs) for all special education students and

neg: Disability the U.S. population are individuals who suffer from a mental or physical disability. Many are unemployed because of prejudiced assumptions that a person with disabilities is unable to complete tasks that are commonly required in the workforce. This became a major Human rights issue because of the discrimination that this group faced when trying to apply for jobs in the U.S. Many advocacy groups protested against such discrimination, asking the federal government to implement laws and policies that would help individuals with disabilities. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was enacted with the purpose of protecting individuals with disabilities from prejudicial

neg: Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 hire individuals with a mental or physical disability. While this means that employers must make reasonable accommodations for disabled employees, it does not mean they must hire unqualified individuals. There are additional sections of the Act that provide vocational counseling, training assistance and job placement for individuals with severe disabilities In the context of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act, the term "disabled individual" means "any person who (1) has a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more of such person's major life activities, (2) has a record of such impairment, or (3) is regarded as having such an

neg: Structural inequality in education and services. An individual with a disability is also protected under American with Disabilities Act (ADA) which is defined as any person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. Assistive technology which supports individuals with disabilities covering a wide range of areas from cognitive to physical limitations, plays an important role. School finance is another area where social injustice and inequality might exist. Districts in wealthier areas typically receive more Average Daily Attendance (ADA) funds for total (e.g. restricted and unrestricted) expenditures per pupil than socio-economically disadvantaged districts, therefore, a wealthier

neg: Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 The Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 (AODA) is a statute enacted in 2005 by the government of Ontario, Canada for the purpose of improving accessibility standards for Ontarians with physical and mental disabilities to all public establishments by 2025. Some businesses began taking steps to bring their organizations into compliance in 2005. Compliance deadline dates depend on the size of the institution and the sector in which it operates. In 2001, the government of Ontario passed into law the "Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2001", requiring the government to adopt practices that

neg: Job interview of individuals younger than 40, no federal law exists. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 protects qualified individuals who currently have or in the past have had a physical or mental disability (current users of illegal drugs are not covered under this Act). A person is covered if he has a disability that substantially limits a major life activity, has a history of a disability, is regarded by others as being disabled, or has a physical or mental impairment that is not transitory (lasting or expected to last six months or less) and minor. In order to be covered

neg: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act employer is required to take reasonable steps to accommodate [one's] disability unless it would cause the employer undue hardship. That is, "Qualified Individuals with Disabilities" must be able to perform the job duties associated with the job for which they would be hired. The United States Department of Labor also indicates that "Small Providers" do not have to make ""significant" structural alterations to their existing facilities" to accommodate individuals with disabilities. The ADA (Americans With Disabilities Act) was passed in 1990, and seems to pick up where the Rehabilitation Act left off. Borrowing from the §504 definition of disabled person,

neg: Presidency of George H. W. Bush around education reform. Though Bush did not pass a major educational reform package during his presidency, his ideas influenced later reform efforts, including Goals 2000 and the No Child Left Behind Act. The disabled had not received legal protections under the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, and many faced discrimination and segregation as Bush took office. In 1988, Lowell P. Weicker Jr. and Tony Coelho had introduced the Americans with Disabilities Act, which barred employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities. The bill had passed the Senate but not the House, and it was reintroduced in 1989. Though some

neg: Dead-end job equal job opportunities, companies failing to provide such individuals with reasonable accommodations, being assigned to dead-end classified occupations and underutilization as a whole. The phrase an "individual with a disability" references a person who has either a mental or physical impairment that severely limits the ability to perform one or several major life activities, or is regarded to have or has had a record of an impairment or disability. On July 26, 1992, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was implemented and took effect to assist individuals with disabilities by eliminating such employment barriers so that they could

neg: Disability in Zambia disability cannot receive social welfare benefits. A trust fund, managed by the Zambia Agency for Persons with Disabilities, give out funds to mostly individuals with physical disabilities. Zambia's Fifth National Development Plan has made some progress in helping people with disabilities in Zambia achieve equal status. Laws requiring ramps for schools and public buildings were passed in 2012. However, many of the ramps that have been built are not suitable for people with physical disabilities. The largest museum in Zambia, the Livingstone Museum, installed a ramp and other accessibility features in 2006. The Ministry of Education in Zambia handles special

neg: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 of Commerce argued that the costs of the ADA would be "enormous" and have "a disastrous impact on many small businesses struggling to survive." The National Federation of Independent Businesses, an organization that lobbies for small businesses, called the ADA "a disaster for small business." Pro-business conservative commentators joined in opposition, writing that the Americans with Disabilities Act was "an expensive headache to millions" that would not necessarily improve the lives of people with disabilities. Shortly before the act was passed, disability rights activists with physical disabilities coalesced in front of the Capitol Building, shed their crutches, wheelchairs, powerchairs and

neg: Eric Schmitt ABLE In 2014, Congress passed the Stephen Beck, Jr., Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) Act to allow eligible individuals with disabilities to save money while still allowing those individuals to be eligible for federal needs-based benefits. In June 2015, then-Senator Eric Schmitt passed the state legislation, making the state a leader in the ABLE movement. Missouri ABLE was launched in April 2017. Individuals receiving support through Social Security, Medicaid and other publicly-funded programs are often disqualified from that support if they have more than $2,000 worth of resources or assets. The MO ABLE program allows qualified individuals with disabilities

neg: Suffrage for Americans with Disabilities Act has required that at least one accessible machine be available at each polling place. Both state and federal legislatures have enacted thousands of pages of legislation regarding the rights of Americans with disabilities. Several major "landmark" pieces of legislation have served as models. Passed into law in 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (or "ADA") is widely considered to be the first major attempt to define the rights of disabled Americans at a federal level. Signed into law by President George H. W. Bush, the act prohibits discrimination based on disability. Though the ADA is wide-ranging in

neg: IDEA Fairness Restoration Act Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). When a school district fails its legal obligations to students with disabilities, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act permits the parent to seek a hearing before an impartial hearing officer. A school district may also request a due process hearing against parents. Hearings are rare. Only 5 in 10,000 students seek a hearing. Expert witnesses have a critical role at due process hearings. They provide the technical expertise about the student’s disability and the care and educational services the student needs in the classroom. In 1986, Congress passed the Handicapped Children’s Protection Act, allowing

neg: Ugly law recantation of ugly laws preceded the passing of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 where certain rights were granted to people with disabilities: Individuals with disabilities are a discrete and insular minority who have been faced with restrictions and limitations, subjected to a history of purposeful unequal treatment, and relegated to a position of political powerlessness in our society, based on characteristics that are beyond the control of such individuals and resulting from stereotypic assumptions not truly indicative of the individual ability of such individuals to participate in, and contribute to, society. Ugly laws prevented people with physical disabilities

neg: The Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 The Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 There are two pieces of legislature in the United States that have this name. One is H.R. 4920, which was passed by the House on July 26, 2000 but subsequently died in the Senate The other is S. 1809, which was signed by President Clinton on Oct 30, 2000. This act has become Public Law 106-402. This legislation is currently being executed and monitored by the Administration on Developmental Disabilities. The full title of each of these bills: "To improve service systems for individuals with developmental disabilities, and for

neg: James Langevin other physical disabilities." The bill passed the House of Representatives but not the Senate. However, in 2009, the bill was included in the Omnibus Public Land Management Act, also co-sponsored by Langevin, which passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law by President Barack Obama. For the Presidency in 2008, Langevin announced his support for Sen. Hillary Clinton (D-NY), by serving as a special adviser on issues ranging from stem cell research to people with disabilities. On July 26, 2010, Langevin became the first member of Congress to preside over the House of Representatives while using a wheelchair.

neg: Disability in Zambia prominent organisations to advocate for individuals with intellectual disabilities in Zambia. The Zambia Agency for Persons with Disabilities (ZAPD) works with the government to advise on policy and advocate for people with disabilities. In addition, the Zambia Federation of Disability Organisations (ZAFOD) has been cited by the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) as an active and influential organisation in Zambia. ZAFOD advocates for disability rights and promotes teaching issues relating to people with disabilities in tertiary schools in the country. In 1996, the Zambian government passed the Disability Act of 1996. This act bans discrimination based on disability.

neg: Spanish Sports Federation for Persons with Physical Disabilities Sports for the Physically Disabled. There are two major funding bodies for FEDDF, ONCE and the Consejo Superior de Deportes. Through the Spanish Paralympic Committee, one of their sponsors is Renfe Operadora. In 1968, as a result of the increase in participation and interest in disability sport, then president of the Spanish Olympic Committee Juan Antonio Samaranch directed Guillermo Cabezas to create the Spanish Sports Federation for Persons with Physical Disabilities. While originally created only for people with physical disabilities, it soon became a catchall organization representing multiple disability types. In 1990, the General Law of Sports was passed, ()

neg: Disability rights movement the initiative, individually and collectively, in designing and promoting better solutions and must organize themselves for political power. Besides de-professionalization and self-representation, the independent living movement's ideology comprises de-medicalization of disability, de-institutionalization and cross-disability (i.e. inclusion in the independent living movement regardless of diagnoses). Similarly, The Architectural Barriers Act was passed in 1968, mandating that federally constructed buildings and facilities be accessible to people with physical disabilities. This act is generally considered to be the first ever-federal disability rights legislation. Unfortunately for those with cognitive disabilities, their disability made it more difficult to be the best expert of their own

neg: The Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 other purposes" The Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 There are two pieces of legislature in the United States that have this name. One is H.R. 4920, which was passed by the House on July 26, 2000 but subsequently died in the Senate The other is S. 1809, which was signed by President Clinton on Oct 30, 2000. This act has become Public Law 106-402. This legislation is currently being executed and monitored by the Administration on Developmental Disabilities. The full title of each of these bills: "To improve service systems for individuals with developmental disabilities,

neg: Disability in Zambia This act was repealed in 2012 and replaced with the Persons with Disability Act of 2012. The new act is meant to implement the UN Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In 1998, the Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training (TEVET) Act was passed and a provision considers the needs of people with disability. The Workers' Compensation Act of 1999 changed the law relating to workers' compensation for injuries on the job. Zambia is affected by a generalized HIV epidemic. Individuals with disabilities face unique challenges in getting access to HIV testing and treatment. There is also a

neg: Uniform civil code like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar were instrumental in outlawing such customs by getting reforms passed through legislative processes. Since the British feared opposition from orthodox community leaders, only the Indian Succession Act 1865, which was also one of the first laws to ensure women's economic security, attempted to shift the personal laws to the realm of civil. The Indian Marriage Act 1864 had procedures and reforms solely for Christian marriages. There were law reforms passed which were beneficial to women like the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act of 1856, Married Women's Property Act of 1923 and the Hindu Inheritance (Removal of Disabilities)

neg: ADA Amendments Act of 2008 major life activity" under case law based on the Rehabilitation Act did not qualify for protection under the ADA. These included individuals with impairments such as amputation, intellectual disabilities, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, muscular dystrophy, and cancer. In 2004, the National Council on Disability, an independent Federal agency charged with making recommendations to the President and Congress, issued a report called “Righting the ADA.” This report detailed various ways that the courts had misinterpreted Congressional intent and limited the reach of the ADA, and proposed legislative language to restore that intent. The most important misinterpretation the report identified was

neg: No Child Left Behind Act use of federal education money. The NCLB increases were companions to another massive increase in federal education funding at that time. The Bush administration and congress passed very large increases in funding for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) at the same time as the NCLB increases. IDEA Part B, a state formula-funding program that distributes money to local districts for the education of students with disabilities, was increased from $6.3 billion in 2001 to $10.1 billion in 2004. Because a district's and state's performance on NCLB measures depended on improved performance by students with disabilities, particularly, students with

neg: Anti-homelessness legislation The Fair Housing Act passed in 1968 was designed to protect those who were traditionally discriminated against by housing agencies because of their race, gender, religion, familial status, and disability. Some states and cities also gave homeless people equal access to housing accommodations regardless of their income. Although this Act did not specifically refer to the homeless population, the main beneficiaries of this law were homeless individuals. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, also known as the ADA states that people with disabilities must be given appropriate housing accommodations that meet their special needs. Additionally, people with disabilities should

neg: Kessler Foundation the state chapter of a national "Think First" network. WheelBlazers is a wheelchair racing team for individuals with physical disabilities. The team gives participants the opportunity to be a part of a competitive, organized sports team. Throughout the summer and fall the team practices regularly and participants in regional races. Due to national trends among people with physical disabilities, Kessler Foundation decided to strategically focus the majority of its external grant allocation toward increasing the employment of people with physical disabilities. The Kessler Foundation's "Transition to Work" initiative seeks to support organizations and programs that serve people with physical disabilities

neg: Employment discrimination law in the United States information must be treated as confidential. A disability is defined under the ADA as a mental or physical health condition that "substantially limits one or more major life activities." The Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts, amended in 1993, ensure all persons equal rights under the law and outline the damages available to complainants in actions brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the 1973 Rehabilitation Act. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 bars employers from using individuals' genetic information when making hiring, firing, job placement, or promotion decisions. The

neg: Education in the United States and one free meal a day for children with physical and mental disabilities. The 1983 National Commission on Excellence in Education report, famously titled "A Nation at Risk", touched off a wave of local, state, and federal reform efforts, but by 1990 the country still spent only 2 per cent of its budget on education, compared with 30 per cent on support for the elderly. In 1990, the EHA was replaced with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which placed more focus on students as individuals, and also provided for more post-high school transition services. The 2002 No Child

neg: Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Mental Retardation Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Mental Retardation Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities (ICF/MR) is a disability benefit that is offered through United States Medicaid funding. Section 1905(d) of the Social Security Act enacted benefits and made funding available for "institutions" (which consisted of 4 or more beds) for individuals with mental retardation or developmental disabilities (MR/DD), the Act states these facilities providing for the MR/DD population must provide adequate "active treatment," currently defined by Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.<ref name= "http://www.workworld.org/wwwebhelp/intermediate_care_facility_for_people_with_mental_retardation_icf_mr_.htm"> http://www.workworld.org/wwwebhelp/intermediate_care_facility_for_people_with_mental_retardation_icf_mr_.htm</ref> Since the regulations creation there has been a major

neg: Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 Court's intervention. Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 is the disability legislation passed by the Indian Parliament to fulfill its obligation to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which India ratified in 2007. The Act replaces the existing Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunity Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Bill, 2014 was introduced into the Parliament on 7 February 2014 and passed by the Lok Sabha on 14 December 2016. The Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha

neg: Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 is the disability legislation passed by the Indian Parliament to fulfill its obligation to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which India ratified in 2007. The Act replaces the existing Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunity Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Bill, 2014 was introduced into the Parliament on 7 February 2014 and passed by the Lok Sabha on 14 December 2016. The Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 16

neg: Assistive Technology Acts and removed the sunset provision from the law. One of the major changes brought about by the Assistive Technology Act of 2004 was a change in purpose. Previous Acts focused on helping states build "systems for improving access to assistive technology devices for individuals with disabilities." With the 2004 edition, the Act now required States to provide direct aid to individuals with disabilities to ensure they have access to the technology they need. As a result, the majority of State efforts are required to be conducted in the following areas: assistive technology reutilization programs, assistive technology demonstration programs, alternative financing

neg: Autism therapies setting for those with disabilities. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, specifically had a large impact on special education as public schools were then required to employ high qualified staff. For one to be a Certified Autism Specialist, one must have a master's degree, two years of career experience working with the autism population, earn 14 continuing education hours in autism every two years, and register with the International Institute of Education. In 1993, Mexico passed an education law that called for the inclusion of those with disabilities. This law was very important for Mexico education, however, there have been

neg: Judith Heumann in New York City and taught elementary school there for three years. In 1970 Heumann and several friends with disabilities founded Disabled in Action, an organization that focused on securing the protection of people with disabilities under civil rights laws. While serving as a legislative assistant to the chairperson of the U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, in 1974 she helped develop legislation that became the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. An early leader in the independent living movement, she then moved to Berkeley where she served as deputy director of the "Center for Independent Living". Initially Joseph

neg: Lanterman Developmental Disabilities Act their families be accessible to every family in need of regional center services. The Legislature finds that the services provided to individuals and their families by regional centers is of such a special and unique nature that is cannot be satisfactorily provided by state agencies. Therefore, private nonprofit community agencies shall be utilized by the state for the purpose of operating regional centers." Lanterman Developmental Disabilities Act The Lanterman Developmental Disabilities Act (AB 846), also known as the Lanterman Act, is a California law, initially proposed by Assembly member Frank D. Lanterman in 1973 and passed in 1977, that gives

neg: Disability in the United States a list of medical conditions that qualify individuals for disability benefits. The SSA makes available to disabled Americans two forms of disability benefits: Social Security Disability Insurance, (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Social Security pays disability benefits to citizens who have worked long enough and have a medical condition that has prevented them from working or is expected to prevent them from working for at least 12 months or end in death. Before the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act was passed, children with disabilities were at-risk of not receiving a free, appropriate public education. For IDEA to apply, the

neg: Joseline Peña-Melnyk change, health care, public awareness and infrastructure. Also in 2008, Delegate Peña-Melnyk backed H.B. 1411, the Fitness and Equity for Students with Disabilities Act. This act, which passed and became law on July 1, 2008, ensures that students with disabilities have equal opportunity in physical education and athletic programs. During the 2008 democratic presidential campaign, Pena-Melnyk endorsed the candidacy of Barack Obama. In 2012, she served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina. She also was a member of the electoral college in that election, casting her vote for Barack Obama in a ceremony at

neg: United Response United Response United Response is a top 100 charity operating in England and Wales, providing a range of support and services for more than 2,000 people with learning disabilities, mental health needs or physical disabilities. Their mission is to ensure that individuals with learning disabilities, mental health needs and physical disabilities have the opportunity to live their lives to the full. Their vision is a society where everyone has equal access to the same rights and opportunities. United Response was founded in 1973 by Su Sayer, CBE. She opened the first service in Tillington, West Sussex. By 1979, it was

neg: Cheri Blauwet Act. She traveled to Ethiopia and Angola in 2006 with the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation Sports for Life program, where she helped to educate communities on the rights of individuals with disabilities as well as establish sustainable sports programs. She remains an advocate for individuals with disabilities through lectures, interviews and commercials. Cheri Blauwet Cheri Blauwet, MD (born May 15, 1980) is an American physician and wheelchair racer. She is Board Certified in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) and Sports Medicine, is Assistant Professor of PM&R at Harvard Medical School and an attending physician at Brigham and Women’s Hospital

neg: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act students with disabilities to receive a "meaningful" public education. Since August 2016, National Education Association (NEA), the United States' largest trade union, former officials of the U.S. Department of Education, National Disability Rights Network, the National Education Association, Advocates for Children of New York, the Council of Parent Attorneys and Advocates, the Coalition of Texans with Disabilities, and the National Center for Special Education in Charter Schools" and others have "submitted amicus briefs in support of the child." Individuals with Disabilities Education Act The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a four-part (A-D) piece of American legislation that ensures

neg: Children with Special Healthcare Needs in the United States via public schools or private therapists. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) includes occupational and physical therapy as well as other therapies, as part of the special education that should be offered in all public schools to CSHCN. This act states that all children with disabilities should have access to education that suits their SHCN, including needed therapies. Out of school therapies can also be used be employed by children with SHCN but only 3.2% of CSHCN qualify for uses of special therapy under their insurance programs. One type of therapy for children with SHCN is occupational therapy. Occupational

neg: Adapted physical education Disabilities Act (ADA) was enacted in 1990 to prohibit the discrimination of individuals with disabilities in the public and private sectors. The ADA outlaws discrimination against a person with a disability in five spheres: employment, public services, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications. ADA requires accessibility in physical education facilities. Examples include: Weight rooms that accommodate wheelchair users, gym lockers that use combination locks, playgrounds surrounded by a fence, and well lighted gymnasiums to aid students with visual impairments. Enacted in 1990 (and reauthorized in 1997 and 2004), IDEA was the reauthorization of PL 94–142 and continued the emphasis upon FAPE,

neg: Utah’s HCBS ID/RC Waiver Utah’s HCBS ID/RC Waiver Home and Community-Based Services waiver (HCBS) programs are designed to provide long-term care services such as work supports, supervised community living, and respite care to vulnerable populations. Types of HCBS waivers may include care services for adults 65 or older, individuals living with acquired brain injuries, individuals living with intellectual disabilities, and individuals living with other physical disabilities. The term "waiver" is used to describe these programs as they waive traditional Medicaid statutory requirements regarding the setting in which long-term care services are provided. The enactment of these waiver programs ushered in a major paradigm shift

neg: Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 eliminate barriers to participation of individuals with disabilities. Such practices are adopted by consultation with groups and individuals affected by or representing those with disabilities. These include defining building and structure guidelines, only leasing properties compliant with the guidelines, and sourcing products which "must have regard to their accessibility for persons with disabilities". The Ontarians with Disabilities Act is the short title of the Ontario Government's Bill 125 - "An Act to improve the identification, removal and prevention of barriers faced by persons with disabilities and to make related amendments to other Acts". The Act received Royal Assent on 14

neg: South African labour law employment, as employers may perceive a ‘disabled person’ to be unsuitable for the workplace. Although the Constitution and LRA both have general equity provisions for people with disabilities, there is no statutory definition in these Acts. The EEA, however, defines people with disabilities as people who have a long-term or recurring physical or mental impairment which substantially limits their prospects of entry into, or advancement in, employment. The Americans with Disabilities Act (arguably the most important international legislation in this field) defines a disabled person as "one who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life

neg: Disability in Malaysia Disability in Malaysia Disability in Malaysia refers to the people with disability in Malaysia (Malay: Orang Kurang Upaya or OKU). As of 2007, there are 197,519 people in Malaysia with various category of disability. The country is a state party to the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, having signed on 8 April 2008 and ratified the treaty on 19 July 2010. The Department of Social Welfare Malaysia lists disabilities into seven categories, which are hearing, visual, speaking, physical, learning, mental and multiple disabilities. In 2008, the Parliament of Malaysia passed the Persons with Disabilities Act

neg: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act HUD's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity. If a person with disabilities feels subject to discrimination in a housing situation that does not receive federal assistance, they can also file a complaint through the Americans with Disabilities Act and Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act. The early history of federal legislation benefiting people with disabilities includes the Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 (Smith-Fess Act) passed after World War I, one of the first U.S. laws that provided services for all Americans with disabilities, not just veterans with disabilities. Over the years, subsequent laws and amendments included additional

neg: Assistive Technology Acts with Disabilities Act (P.L. 100-407) was first passed in 1988, reauthorized in 1994 (P.L. 103-218) and again in 1998 (P.L. 105-394). It was designated as a systems change grant and is often called the "Tech Act" for short. Congress passed this legislation to increase access to, availability of, and funding for assistive technology through state efforts and national initiatives. The 1998 law reaffirmed that technology is a valuable tool that can be used to improve the lives of Americans with disabilities. Every state and territory of the United States was awarded a Tech Act project. The first group of projects

neg: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act on a trial basis when parents continually agree. Drawing on the report of the President's Commission on Excellence in Special Education, the law revised the requirements for evaluating children with learning disabilities. More concrete provisions relating to discipline of special education students were also added. (Pub. L. No. 108-446, 118 Stat. 2647). 2009— Following a campaign promise for "funding the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act", President Barack Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) on February 17, 2009, including $12.2 billion in additional funds. 2009— Americans with Disabilities Amendments Act was signed into law in September

neg: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of such person's major life activities, (b) has a record of such an impairment, or (c) is regarded as having such an impairment where Major life activities include caring for one's self, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, working, performing manual tasks, and learning. However, "For purposes of employment", "Qualified Individuals with Disabilities" must also meet "normal and essential eligibility requirements", such that: For purposes of employment, "Qualified Individuals with Disabilities" are persons who, with "Reasonable Accommodation", can perform the essential functions of the job for which they have applied or have been hired to perform. where "Reasonable Accommodation" means an

neg: Suffrage for Americans with Disabilities polling places accessible to persons with disabilities. The legislation has a particularly sharp focus on individuals affected by visual impairments, and requires each polling station to have to at least one disability-accessible voting machine per federal election. The Act has three main goals: Critics of the Act claim that its reach should be expanded to more than solely federal elections. While states receive funding for disability-accessible touchscreen electronic voting machines under HAVA, municipalities such as cities and towns do not directly receive funding. As a result, critics claim that the machines are not evenly distributed. Passed into law in 1993,

neg: Disability in Singapore utilitarian lens, since they were deemed as unable to contribute economically to the country. In addition, the prevention of disabilities was seen as important. In 1970, Singapore passed the Voluntary Sterilisation Act (VSA) which allowed any spouse, parent or legal guardian of a person with recurring or permanent mental or physical disabilites to consent to sterilization on their behalf. This gave caregivers of people with disabilities "inordinate power to make decisions on their behalf." During the 1980s and 90s, many disabled people were kept at home or put into institutions. People who have disabilities that are less obvious face social

neg: Education in Japan 15th, Kyoto University at 17th, Tohoku University at 20th, Nagoya University at 27th, Kyushu University at 29th, Keio University at 36th, Waseda University at 39th, and the University of Tsukuba at 40th. Based on the 2011 Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings, there are 33 Japanese universities in the top 100 Asian university rankings. Under the Basic Act on Education (2007) Japan has signed to provide equal opportunity in education including individuals with disabilities. Along with the Basic Act on Education, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) was passed in 2007, and was ratified in 2014

neg: Workforce Investment Act of 1998 Additionally, vocational rehabilitation services to individuals with disabilities who are migrant or seasonal farmworkers is provided. Grants are also used to initiate recreational programs for individuals with disabilities to aid them in employment, mobility, socialization, independence, and community integration. Lastly, grants and contracts are authorized to provide training and information to individuals with disabilities and their representatives. This training should develop skills necessary for individuals with disabilities to gain access to rehabilitation systems and statewide workforce investment systems and become active decision makers in the rehabilitation process. Title four amends The Rehabilitation Act of 1998 in order to work with

neg: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Hawaii Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Hawaii The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is United States federal law enacted in 1990 that governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to children with disabilities. In the state of Hawaii, along with similar state-level legislation, it has been implemented in an Early Intervention program for qualifying children. Early Intervention is a federal and state-mandated program that provides services to support the development of infant and toddlers from birth to three years of age. In Hawaii, Early Intervention is managed by the Department of Health. Under current

neg: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Hawaii eligible children who are between 3 and 5 years of age. In 2007, those bills are House Bill 531 and Senate Bill 1176. 2007 Session Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Hawaii The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is United States federal law enacted in 1990 that governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to children with disabilities. In the state of Hawaii, along with similar state-level legislation, it has been implemented in an Early Intervention program for qualifying children. Early Intervention is a federal and state-mandated program that provides services to support the

neg: Adaptive Physical Education Australia Adaptive Physical Education Australia Adaptive Physical Education (APE) is a physical education program that accommodates the needs of students with disabilities, that may include or be a combination of mobility or physical impairments, sensory impairments, intellectual disabilities, emotional or behavioural disorders. Physical education is important for the health and wellbeing of everyone, regardless of disabilities or not. APE programs are vital in maintaining and enhancing the quality of life for people with disabilities. Australia’s physical education curriculum for adaptive students is currently the same as students without disabilities. Australian education institutions are required by the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 and

neg: Passing (sociology) Similarly, in "Compulsory Able-Bodiedness and Queer/Disabled Existence," Robert McRuer argues that "the system of compulsory able-bodiedness...produces disability." Individuals whose disabilities are "invisible," such as people with mental illness, intellectual or cognitive disabilities, or physical disabilities that are not immediately obvious to others such as IBS, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, may choose whether or not to reveal their identity or to pass as "normal." Individuals with visible physical impairments or disabilities, such as people with mobility impairment, including individuals who use wheelchairs or scooters, face greater challenges in concealing their disability. Though passing may occur on the basis of a

neg: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of this Federal financial assistance include public school districts, institutions of higher education, and other state and local education agencies. The regulations implementing Section 504 in the context of educational institutions appear at 34 C.F.R. Part 104 D. §504 applies to all programs or activities, including schools, that receive federal financial assistance. See 29 U.S.C. 794(b)(2)(B) (defining "program or activity" to include the operations of "local educational agenc[ies]"). Eligibility under §504 is different from that under IDEA. While IDEA recognizes thirteen categories of disability, §504 defines individuals with disabilities to include any individual with a physical or mental condition which

neg: Florence County School Dist. Four v. Carter the District of South Carolina found that public school's proposed individual education plan violated the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and that placement with private school was appropriate, and ordered reimbursement. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed, and United States Supreme Court granted "certiorari" to resolve a circuit split regarding reimbursement under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, the Court held that the parents were entitled to reimbursement. Justice O'Connor wrote that the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act requires States to provide disabled children with

neg: Steven L. West access barriers to substance abuse treatment in two studies considering persons spinal cord injury, or SCI, and a number of other disabilities. In the first of these efforts, service denials based on physical inaccessibility to individuals with SCI and traumatic brain injury (TBI), were explored in a sample of 144 substance abuse treatment providers in the Mid-Atlantic region. Self-report surveys to these counselors asked about the number of individuals with these two types of disabilities who sought but who were denied services due to the presence of physical barriers in the respondent's treatment location. Although the number of individuals with

neg: Chris Van Hollen government. In 2003, he was named Outstanding New Member of the Year by the Committee for Education Funding, the nation's largest and oldest non-partisan education coalition. The first bill Van Hollen introduces every session is the Keep Our Promise to America's Children and Teachers (Keep Our PACT) Act, which would fully fund No Child Left Behind and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. He introduced an amendment, which passed, that repealed a 9.5 percent loophole in student loans that had allowed lenders to pocket billions of taxpayer dollars. Now, that money is available for additional student loans. Because many federal employees

neg: Act 39 was freedom to choose. Repeatedly, independent polls showed Vermonters favored the bill by two to one, across political parties and religions. Many individuals with disabilities testified in favor of the legislation because people with disabilities, like everyone else, want to control their own medical decisions when diagnosed with a terminal illness. Opposition was strong and vocal, raising a number of concerns. PCV persistently presented the facts from Oregon. PCV worked strategically through the years to build knowledge and support among legislators and legislative leadership. It took time and citizen action to educate representatives about freedom of choice at the end

neg: Steven L. West these types of disabilities who presented for treatment was relatively small, the percentage of denials was notable. In sum, 55% of individuals with SCI and 42% of individuals with TBI who presented for treatment were declined services due to physical barriers in the respondents’ treatment locations. The denial of services based on physical barriers was not related to practice affiliation (private or public) or practice type (outpatient, non-medical residential, or hospital-based). He extended these findings by assessing treatment denials experienced by individuals with a variety of disabilities including persons with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Muscular Dystrophy (MD), non-paralytic mobility impairment, SCI,

neg: American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities there would be no ADA had there not first been Section 504. After its success with Section 504, ACCD mounted projects to train individuals with disabilities about their new rights and to educate officials on their new responsibilities. Accessible public transportation was a major focus of ACCD in 1978. That year, the coalition also demonstrated to prevent a rumored veto by President Carter of the 1978 Rehabilitation Act Amendments. That law provided federal funds for independent living centers. In both transportation and independent living, the seeds ACCD planted were fertile. The 1990 ADA finally mandated access to public transportation. Similarly,

neg: BC Paraplegic Association for Physical Rehabilitation opened in 1947 and was renamed the GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre in 1957. In 1959, the association's first employee was hired as a rehabilitation consultant. That same year, the BC Paraplegic Association celebrated its first job placement. During the 1960s, scholarships were made available to assist individuals with physical disabilities in reaching their post-secondary education goals. The BC Paraplegic Association also helped contributed to worldwide disability education and development in 1969 with its donation of equipment to people with disabilities in developing countries. Strong promotion by the BC Paraplegic Association to revise the BC Building Code and

neg: Special education with disabilities were housed with people with mental illnesses, and they were not educated much, if at all. Deinstitutionalization proceeded in the US beginning in the 1970s following the exposes of the institutions, and it has taken sometime before the Education for All Handicapped Children's Act of 1974, to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and then Individuals with Disabilities Educational Improvement Act (IDEIA) have come into fruition. School integration was supported as early as the 1970s, and teacher preparation programs in higher education have carefully taught and instructed graduates on inclusion at the classroom, individual, school, and district

neg: STARskaters experience for individuals with disabilities through their STAR skates, SkateTherapy and Sled Hockey programs. In June 2011, STARskaters was invited to apply for status as a US Paralympic Sport Club. Sports clubs are community-based sports organizations developed to involve youth and adults with physical and visual disabilities in ongoing sports and physical activity, regardless of skill level. They also serve as a pipeline to develop athletes for competition in the Paralympic games held every two years following the Olympic games. After a review of the STARskaters program, Sport Club status was granted on July 21 of 2011. The first Paralympic

neg: Revoicer paid in the same manner as other auxiliary service providers for persons with communication-related disabilities. In the United States, professional revoicers are compensated pursuant to the federal Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Section 3, and the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments of 2008. (1) Professional revoicers are used by individuals with speech disabilities who have normal or near-normal hearing ability; and (2) Professional DHH revoicers are used by individuals whose speech disabilities were caused by early severe or profound bilateral (both ears) hearing loss who wish to speak in their own words and with their own voices. The professional

neg: Unfunded mandate State and Local Cost Estimate Act of 1981 were passed, which implemented a careful examination of the true costs of federal unfunded mandates. More reform for federal mandates came in 1995 with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA), which promoted a Congressional focus on the costs imposed onto intergovernmental entities and the private sector because of federal mandates. Familiar examples of Federal Unfunded Mandates in the United States include the Americans with Disabilities Act and Medicaid. An "intergovernmental mandate" generally refers to the responsibilities or activities that one level of government imposes on another by legislative, executive or judicial action.

neg: Disability and disasters on what happens when disasters impact people with disabilities. Individuals with disabilities may be greatly affected by natural disasters. Those with physical disabilities can be at risk when evacuating if assistance is not available. Individuals with cognitive impairments may struggle with understanding instructions that must be followed in the event a disaster occurs. Those who are blind, hearing impaired, etc. may have difficulty communicating during the emergency. All of these factors can increase the degree of variation of risk in disaster situations with disabled individuals. Some research studies have found discrimination against individuals with disabilities during all phases of the

neg: Student rights in higher education Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act. Individuals designated with a disability by a medical professional, legally recognized with a disability and deemed otherwise qualified are entitled to equal treatment and reasonable accommodations. The Supreme Court defined Otherwise qualified as an individual who can perform the required tasks in spite of rather than except for their disability. The 1990 Americans With Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act. This includes ability discrimination in recruitment. Individuals designated with a disability by a medical professional, legally recognized with a disability. The 1990 Americans With Disabilities

neg: Suffrage for Americans with Disabilities the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 attempted to increase the historically low registration rates of minorities and persons with disabilities by requiring both federal and state agencies to assist in voter registration procedures. Passed into law in 1980, the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act protects the rights of persons in jails, publicly operated nursing homes, and institutions for people with psychiatric or developmental disabilities. Originally passed into law in 1965 to combat racial discrimination at polling places, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 has recently supported advances of disabled suffrage. Section 208 of the Act allows citizens affected

neg: Multiple disabilities Multiple disabilities Multiple disabilities is a term for a person with several disabilities, such as a sensory disability associated with a motor disability. Additionally, in the United States, it is a special education classification under which students are eligible for services through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA. Depending on the definition, an intellectual disability may be included in the term "multiple disabilities". Individuals usually have more than one significant disability, such as orthopedic impairment, sensory impairment, and/or a behavior or emotional issues. Under the IDEA, students are labeled with multiple disabilities when their educational disabilities require more

neg: Disability in Tuvalu may not be accessible to individuals with physical disabilities. Climate change also is problem that affects all Pacific Island nations and the elderly and people with disabilities are at a greater risk of being affected. Disability in Tuvalu Tuvalu has been slow to deal with problems that people with a disability face in the country. Since 1978, the government of Tuvalu has been slow to create policy and laws for people with disabilities. In addition, few studies have been done to assess the scope of the issue on the islands. The first comprehensive study of people with disabilities in Tuvalu

neg: National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standard contains ISBN and copyright information). In a significant step forward for students with disabilities, the U.S. Congress adopted NIMAS as part of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, a reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standard The National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standard (NIMAS) helps facilitate timely access to alternate formats of instructional materials for students with visual impairments or other print disabilities. NIMAS (pronounced NYE-mas) outlines a set of consistent and valid XML-based source files created by K-12 curriculum publishers or other content producers. These well-structured source files can be used

neg: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act broadly prohibits the denial of public education participation, or enjoyment of the benefits offered by public school programs because of a child's disability." Although the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) also applies to K-12 schools, the existence of IDEA does not mean the Rehabilitation Act is superfluous. IDEA only protects a subset of children and youth who have disabilities—those who satisfy its definition for "child with a disability". The definition of disability under Section 504 is broader than that of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, so some children who do not meet the IDEA definition of disability are

neg: Community Choice Act are often needed by people with disabilities. The lack of such services in the community forces many people with disabilities into nursing homes. Community Choice Act The Community Choice Act is a proposed United States federal legislative initiative. The act has been advanced by people with disabilities and their allies, as well as Senate and House co-sponsors, to ensure that people eligible for care in a nursing home are also eligible to receive attendant care in their private homes, under a movement known as community-assisted living, or independent living, in which people with disabilities or the elderly live in their

neg: Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 The Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Title V, was put in place to correct the problem of discrimination against people with disabilities in the United States. Affirmative action programs were established in Title V, Sections 501, 502, 503, and 504. Individuals who qualify as having a disability have experienced discrimination both because of negative attitudes in regard to their ability to be an effective employee, as well as the physical barriers at work facilities. The Title V of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act requires private employers with federal contracts over $2,500 to take affirmative action to

neg: Structural inequality in education technology in their curriculum for lack of support. The challenge of the new millennium will include a realignment in focus to include "the curriculum as disabled, rather than students, their insights in translating principles of universal design, which originated in architecture, to education commensurate with advances characterized as a major paradigm shift." According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), children with disabilities have the right to a free appropriate public education in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). The LRE means that children with disabilities must be educated in regular classrooms with their non-disabled peers with the appropriate supports

neg: Special Olympics Canadian physical education professor from London, Ontario, had shown that persons with intellectual disabilities can and should participate in physical exercise. Moreover, he believed that the benefits of such activity would be seen in all areas of the athletes' lives. And so, with the help of a local school that offered space in its gym, one of the first organised sports programs floor hockey for individuals with intellectual disabilities became available in the fall of 1968. In the mid-1960s, he developed an idea for national games, and his work brought him to the attention of the Kennedy Foundation. He shared

neg: Stigma management seen. This is likely done to counteract the negative prejudice that most people have against obese women. Taken together, these studies all demonstrate that individuals with stigmas do utilize a series of compensatory strategies in order to manage their visible stigmas. Several studies have shown that people with visible stigmas engage in the compensatory strategy of acknowledgement, referring to the act of openly addressing one's stigma. This strategy has been shown to be effective in improving perceptions of people with visible stigmas. For instance, individuals with visible physical disabilities are less likely to be viewed with disdain, pity, or contempt

neg: Disability in Saudi Arabia and all students have an Individual Educational Program (IEP). Accessibility to buildings for those with physical disabilities in Saudi Arabia is lacking. In addition, there are more services and organizations for people with disabilities in urban areas. Saudi Arabia offers limited mental health services. Prosthetics must be engineered to help people be able to attend and perform the Muslim Call to Prayer. Women in Saudi Arabia often must use women-only clinics which are often not accessible for individuals with physical disabilities. Women's restrictions in Saudi Arabia limit their ability to access mental health services. Girls with disabilities have often been

neg: Carolyn McCarthy them pension and benefits. McCarthy, who has dyslexia, testified in support of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and co-sponsored an act to fund early detection of dyslexia. In September 2007, McCarthy supported an increase of $35 billion for the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), the national program to provide health care for children from families who earn too much to qualify for Medicaid but cannot afford private health insurance. She said, "No child in the 4th Congressional District, Long Island, or anywhere throughout our nation should ever go without medical care." The increase passed but was later vetoed

neg: Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Act are the same as those used in title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, (), is a federal law, codified as et seq. The principal sponsor of the bill was Rep. John Brademas [IN-3]. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 replaces the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973, to extend and revise the authorization of grants to States for vocational rehabilitation services, with special emphasis on services to those with the most severe disabilities, to expand special Federal responsibilities and research and training programs with respect to individuals with disabilities, to

neg: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 that persons without disabilities were not required to perform. These represent a major potential expansion of the ADA in that this, and other similar suits (known as "bricks vs. clicks"), seeks to expand the ADA's authority to cyberspace, where entities may not have actual physical facilities that are required to comply. "National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation" was a case where a major retailer, Target Corp., was sued because their web designers failed to design its website to enable persons with low or no vision to use it. "Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett"

neg: Universal Design for Learning is intended to increase access to learning by reducing physical, cognitive, intellectual, and organizational barriers to learning, as well as other obstacles. UDL principles also lend themselves to implementing inclusionary practices in the classroom. Universal Design for Learning is referred to by name in American legislation, such as the Higher Education Opportunity Act (HEOA) of 2008 (Public Law 110-315), the 2004 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), and the Assistive Technology Act of 1998. The emphasis being placed on equal access to curriculum by all students and the accountability required by IDEA 2004 and No Child Left

neg: Presidency of Calvin Coolidge Lodge and Charles Curtis. Congress overrode Coolidge's veto of the Bonus Bill, handing the president a defeat in his first major legislative battle. With his legislative priorities in jeopardy following the debate over the Bonus Bill, Coolidge backed off on his goal of lowering the top tax rate down to 25%. After much legislative haggling, Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1924, which reduced income tax rates and eliminated all income taxation for some two million people. The act reduced the top marginal tax rate from 58% to 46%, but increased the estate tax and bolstered it with a new

neg: Disability in the United States that receive government funding to provide accessibility programs and services. A more recent law, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), which came into effect in 1992, prohibits private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies and labor unions from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities in job application procedures, hiring, firing, advancement, compensation, job training, or in the terms, conditions and privileges of employment. This includes organizations like retail businesses, movie theaters, and restaurants. They must make reasonable accommodation to people with different needs. Protection is extended to anyone with (A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially

neg: Suffrage for Americans with Disabilities Suffrage for Americans with Disabilities According to Abilities United, over 16% of Americans are considered to have either a physical, developmental, or learning disability. The barriers that 33.7 million persons with disabilities face within the American electoral process include access to polling information, physical access to polls, current and future laws that deal with the topic, and the moral implications regarding the varying levels of both physical and cognitive disabilities and the act of voting. The term "disability" has a wide range of connotations and associations. Webster's Dictionary defines it as: The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as: The US

neg: Disability many anecdotal reports, on what happens when disasters impact disabled people. Individuals with disabilities are greatly affected by disasters. Those with physical disabilities can be at risk when evacuating if assistance is not available. Individuals with cognitive impairments may struggle with understanding instructions that must be followed in the event a disaster occurs. All of these factors can increase the degree of variation of risk in disaster situations with disabled individuals. Research studies have consistently found discrimination against individuals with disabilities during all phases of a disaster cycle. The most common limitation is that people cannot physically access buildings or