query: where is the hearing center located in the brain

pos: Auditory cortex for immediate tonal arrangements in this respect. RMPFC is a subsection of the medial prefrontal cortex, which projects to many diverse areas including the amygdala, and is thought to aid in the inhibition of negative emotion. Auditory cortex The auditory cortex is the part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans and other vertebrates. It is a part of the auditory system, performing basic and higher functions in hearing, such as possible relations to language switching. It is located bilaterally, roughly at the upper sides of the temporal lobes – in humans on the superior temporal plane,

pos: Human brain input from the sensory areas and lower parts of the brain and are involved in the complex cognitive processes of perception, thought, and decision-making. The main functions of the frontal lobe are to control attention, abstract thinking, behaviour, problem solving tasks, and physical reactions and personality. The occipital lobe is the smallest lobe; its main functions are visual reception, visual-spatial processing, movement, and colour recognition. There is a smaller occipital lobule in the lobe known as the cuneus. The temporal lobe controls auditory and visual memories, language, and some hearing and speech. The cerebrum contains the ventricles where the cerebrospinal

neg: TV Ears TV Ears TV Ears is an American, privately held audio technology company that specializes in voice clarifying television products for the hearing impaired. Through the use of infrared technology, TV Ears’ products aim to replace the need for hearing aid devices and increased television sound for those who are hard of hearing. Since their inception by George Dennis in 1998, TV Ears has helped serve over 2 million users worldwide. They are located in Spring Valley, California where they house the North American distribution center, support, and sales teams, while employing approximately 50 people. TV Ears serves hearing impaired customers

neg: Flashbulb memory closer to the World Trade Center were more vivid than those who were farther away. The downtown participants reported seeing, hearing, and even smelling what had happened. Personal involvement in, or proximity to, a national event could explain greater accuracy in memories because there could be more significant consequences for the people involved, such as the death of a loved one, which can create more emotional activation in the brain. This emotional activation in the brain has been shown to be involved in the recall of flashbulb memories. When looking at the source of knowledge about an event, hearing the

neg: University of Texas at Dallas with clinical interventions focused on brain health. The center is located near the UT Dallas' Callier Center for Communication Disorders and adjacent to the north campus of University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in the city of Dallas. Brain research is concentrated on brain conditions, diseases, and disorders including, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, autism, dementia, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and working memory. The Callier Center for Communication Disorders became part of the University of Texas at Dallas in 1975 as part of the School of Human Development (now the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences). Research, at the center, includes

neg: Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre The Vision Touch and Hearing Research Centre (VTHRC, 1988-2007) was the first Commonwealth Special Research Centre to be awarded to the University of Queensland. Located on the St. Lucia campus of the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, the VTHRC was headed by Prof. Jack Pettigrew FRS, FAAS. The core research conducted at the VTHRC involved the use of sensory systems as models for understanding brain function and neuronal plasticity. Other major research themes included neuronal death and neuroprotection, the evolution and functional adaptation of sensory systems (sensory ecology) and the brain, the neuronal basis

neg: Brain damage Broca’s area and Broca’s Aphasia. A few years later, a German neuroscientist, Carl Wernicke, consulted on a stroke patient. The patient experienced neither speech nor hearing impairments, but suffered from a few brain deficits. These deficits included: lacking the ability to comprehend what was spoken to him and the words written down. After his death, Wernicke examined his autopsy that found a lesion located in the left temporal region. This area became known as Wernicke's area. Wernicke later hypothesized the relationship between Wernicke's area and Broca's area, which was proven fact. Brain damage Brain damage or brain injury (BI) is

neg: Cerebral contusion hearing, managing emotions, and thinking. Signs depend on the contusion's location in the brain. Often caused by a blow to the head, contusions commonly occur in coup or contre-coup injuries. In coup injuries, the brain is injured directly under the area of impact, while in contrecoup injuries it is injured on the side opposite the impact. Contusions occur primarily in the cortical tissue, especially under the site of impact or in areas of the brain located near sharp ridges on the inside of the skull. The brain may be contused when it collides with bony protuberances on the inside surface

neg: Musical ear syndrome to their hearing loss. This "hole" in the hearing range is "plugged" by the brain confabulating a piece of information – in this case a piece of music. A similar occurrence is seen with strokes of the visual cortex where a visual field defect occurs and the brain confabulates a piece of visual data to fill the spot. This is described by sufferers as an image in the visual field. The hallucinations are usually not unpleasant but may cause irritation due to their persistent nature. It is common for sufferers to have a history of tinnitus. Investigations such as magnetic

neg: Sandra Witelson slides from it, gave out limited portions for research. Years later, after hearing of Witelson's brain bank, he sent her a fax asking if she would like to study it, and she told him yes. Her analysis, with a credit to Harvey as well as her research assistant, was published in a 1999 paper titled "The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein". In it, she stated that the brain had a 15% wider inferior parietal region as well as a shorter than normal lateral sulcus. As the parietal lobe is the center for visuospatial perception and navigation, and the shorter sulcus

neg: Charles Limb in General Surgery, a residency in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, and a subspecialty fellowship in Neurotology at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. He also completed one postdoctoral research fellowship at the Center for Hearing Sciences at Johns Hopkins with Dr. David Ryugo, where he investigated the development of the auditory brainstem, and a second at the National Institutes of Health, where he used fMRI devices to image brain activity when jazz musicians improvise music. He joined the faculty of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 2003, where he remained until 2015, as Associate Professor of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. During this time,

neg: Islands of Calleja Islands of Calleja The islands of Calleja (IC, ISC, or IClj) are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals. This region of the brain is part of the limbic system, where it aids in the reinforcing effects of reward-like activities. Within most species, the islands are specifically located within the olfactory tubercle; however, in primates, these islands are located within the nucleus accumbens, the reward center of the brain, since the olfactory tubercle has practically disappeared in the brains of primates. Both of these structures have been implicated in the

neg: Center for Mind and Brain healthy minds and brains into clinical research on mind-brain disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, and Alzheimer's disease. The Center for Mind and Brain is located adjacent to the University of California, Davis campus at 267 Cousteau Place (main building) and 202 Cousteau Place (CMB and Developmental Psychology Annex). The CMB and Developmental Psychology Annex includes over . of custom designed laboratories, offices and shared facilities. Center for Mind and Brain The UCD Center for Mind and Brain is a research and training unit at the University of California, Davis dedicated to understanding the nature of the human

neg: The Learning Center for the Deaf The Learning Center for the Deaf The Learning Center for the Deaf (TLC) is a school for deaf and hard-of-hearing children located on 14 acres in Framingham, Massachusetts. TLC offers a program for deaf and hard of hearing students from infancy through high school, while also serving students who have different mental and emotional challenges. The curriculum fosters knowledge and respect for both American Sign Language (ASL) and English, a bilingual education, and for deaf and hearing cultures, a bicultural education. TLC consisted of three separate campuses located in Massachusetts: the main campus in Framingham, Massachusetts, the Walden campus, and

neg: Language acquisition does not make perfect, and each brain is unique" (Sousa, 2006, p. 274). In terms of genetics, the gene ROBO1 has been associated with phonological buffer integrity or length. Although it is difficult to determine without invasive measures which exact parts of the brain become most active and important for language acquisition, fMRI and PET technology has allowed for some conclusions to be made about where language may be centered. Kuniyoshi Sakai proposed, based on several neuroimaging studies, that there may be a "grammar center", where language is primarily processed in the left lateral premotor cortex (located near the pre

neg: Cough center Cough center The cough center of the brain is a region of the brain which controls coughing, located in the medulla oblongata area of the brain. Antitussives and other cough medicines focus their action on the cough center. The exact location and functionality of the cough center has remained somewhat elusive: while Johannes Peter Müller observed in 1838 that the medulla coordinates the cough reflex, investigating it has been slow because the usual anaesthetics for experimental animals were morphine or opiates, drugs which strongly inhibit cough. In addition, the center likely overlaps with the respiratory rhythm generator networks. It is

neg: Respiratory center bring about forceful exhalation. Depression of the respiratory centre can be caused by: brain trauma, brain damage, a brain tumour, or ischemia. A depression can also be caused by drugs including opioids, and sedatives. The respiratory centre can be stimulated by amphetamine, to produce faster and deeper breaths. Normally at therapeutic doses, this effect is not noticeable, but may be evident when respiration is already compromised. Respiratory center The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem. The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and

neg: Language processing in the brain languages or written content. Throughout the 20th century, our knowledge of language processing in the brain was dominated by the Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind model. The Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind model is primarily based on research conducted on brain-damaged individuals who were reported to possess a variety of language related disorders. In accordance with this model, words are perceived via a specialized word reception center (Wernicke's area) that is located in the left temporoparietal junction. This region then projects to a word production center (Broca's area) that is located in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Because almost all language input was thought to funnel via Wernicke's

neg: Cough center nuclei. Successful joint models of medullary systems coordinating breathing, coughing and swallowing has been constructed based on this model. Coughing can occur or be inhibited as a voluntary action, suggesting control from higher systems in the brain. Functional brain imaging of voluntary, suppressed, and induced coughing show that a number of cortical areas can get involved and may be important even for non-voluntary coughing. In contrast, voluntary coughing does not seem to activate medullary systems. Cough center The cough center of the brain is a region of the brain which controls coughing, located in the medulla oblongata area of the

neg: Origin of language Two possible scenarios have been proposed for the development of language, one of which supports the gestural theory: The first perspective that language evolved from the calls of our ancestors seems logical because both humans and animals make sounds or cries. One evolutionary reason to refute this is that, anatomically, the center that controls calls in monkeys and other animals is located in a completely different part of the brain than in humans. In monkeys, this center is located in the depths of the brain related to emotions. In the human system, it is located in an area unrelated to

neg: Linguistic intelligence fluency, and is commonly a reflection of an individual's overall linguistic intelligence. In order to understand linguistic intelligence, it is important to understand the mechanisms that control speech and language. These mechanisms can be broken down into four major groups: speech generation (talking), speech comprehension (hearing), writing generation (writing), and writing comprehension (reading). Speech production is process by which a thought in the brain is converted into an understandable auditory form. This is a multistage mechanism that involves many different areas of the brain. The first stage is planning, where the brain constructs words and sentences that turn the thought

neg: Centers (Fourth Way) brain, animals two and humans three brains. In "Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson", Gurdjieff greatly expanded his idea of humans as "three brained beings". In the book "The Fourth Way", Ouspensky refers to the "center of gravity" as being a center which different people primarily operate from (intellectuals, artists, and sports enthusiasts, for example, might represent each of these centers). According to the teaching: 1. Moving or physical center. This brain is located in the spinal column. This brain makes beings capable of physical actions. Some, but not all, Fourth Way schools have further divided this Center into three distinct

neg: Humor research participants gave after the brain scan and initial humor response. This response may stem from the mood or emotional change that occurs after hearing humor. Induction of laughter through direct brain stimulation has been reported in a number of studies, and includes areas such as ACC, globus pallidus, floor of the third ventricle, and most recently left superior frontal gyrus – though these results are hard to draw inferences from (may be inhibitory, may be artefacts, etc.) Because the nature of laughter is so complex—involving facial muscles, respiratory actions, etc.--a control center has been hypothesized in the upper pons. Studies

neg: Pineal gland Pineal gland The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland in the brain of animals with backbones. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles. The shape of the gland resembles a pine cone from which it derived its name. The pineal gland is located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two halves of the thalamus join. It is also called the conarium, kônarion or epiphysis cerebri. The pineal gland is included among a group of specialized

neg: Subvocal recognition using subvocalization is taking place at the University of California, Irvine under lead scientist Mike D'Zmura. NASA's Ames Research Laboratory in Mountain View, California, under the supervision of Charles Jorgensen is conducting subvocalization research. The Brain Computer Interface R&D program at Wadsworth Center under the New York State department of health has confirmed the existing ability to decipher consonants and vowels from imagined speech, which allows for brain-based communication using imagined speech. US Patents on silent communication technologies include: US Patent 6587729 "Apparatus for audibly communicating speech using the radio frequency hearing effect", US Patent 5159703 "Silent subliminal presentation system",

neg: Joseph Bogen unique identities of the right and left brains. His work played a crucial role in the development of the split-brain experiments that won Caltech's Roger Sperry the 1981 Nobel Prize in physiology. Bogen argued that consciousness is subjectivity, that looking for consciousness "is like looking for the wind, you can only see its effects". Bogen suggested that scientists look for a center (a nucleus) that has distributivity (i.e. widespread inward and outward connectivity) as a site that produces subjectivity as consciousness. At the time of his death, Bogen had been researching the site in the brain where consciousness is located

neg: Wednesday Is Indigo Blue process of making "metaphoric cross-connections" between different areas in the brain. Wednesday Is Indigo Blue Wednesday Is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia is a 2009 non-fiction book written by Richard Cytowic and David Eagleman documenting the current scientific understanding of synesthesia, a perceptual condition where an experience of one sense (such as sight) causes an automatic and involuntary experience in another sense (such as hearing). The afterword is written by Dimitri Nabokov, a synesthete, and the son of the well-known author and synesthete Vladimir Nabokov. The introduction likens the "cross-talk" occurring in the brain producing synesthetic experiences to

neg: Visual system Paul Broca of the language center (1861), and Gustav Fritsch and Edouard Hitzig of the motor cortex (1871). Based on selective damage to parts of the brain and the functional effects of the resulting lesions, David Ferrier proposed that visual function was localized to the parietal lobe of the brain in 1876. In 1881, Hermann Munk more accurately located vision in the occipital lobe, where the primary visual cortex is now known to be. Visual system The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which gives organisms the ability to process visual detail as sight, as well

neg: University of Kansas Edwards Campus training professionals, practitioners and families who serve children and adults with autism, and provide clinical services through its alliance with the Center for Child Health and Development (CCHD) at KU Medical Center. The CCHD diagnoses and develops treatment recommendations for children with developmental disabilities. The Hartley Audiology Clinic is staffed by doctoral-level audiologists on faculty in the KU Department of Speech, Language and Hearing as well as graduate students working toward doctoral degrees in audiology. Patients receive a full range of hearing tests and audiology services at the center, including the fitting of hearing aids. Located in Regnier Hall on

neg: Shyambazar of the pavement vacant for passers-by. Shyambazar is also the focal point of medical treatment for the North Kolkata and its Suburban areas. R.G.Kar Medical College, one of the biggest and oldest medical college in Kolkata is located near Shyambazar Five Point crossing. The area is also crowded with nursing homes and famous are Life Line, Dreamland Nursing Home, North Land Nursing Homes, Nirnoy Nursing Homes. Renowned private hospitals like Navajeevan Hospital, Sanjeevani hospital are also located here. N.C.Paul Clinic, Serum Analysis Center, Doyen diagnostic centers are in Shyambazar area. Renowned and popular hearing aid and hearing testing center Shrobonee's

neg: Anomic aphasia dementia or progressive aphasias which can include anomia. The imaging test, mostly done using MRI scans, is ideal for lesion mapping or viewing deterioration in the brain. However, imaging cannot diagnose anomia on its own because the lesions may not be located deep enough to damage the white matter or damage the arcuate fasciculus. However, anomic aphasia is very difficult to associate with a specific lesion location in the brain. Therefore, the combination of speech tests and imaging tests has the highest sensitivity and specificity. It is important to first do a hearing test, in case the patient cannot clearly

neg: Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering The Wyss Center is a not-for-profit neurotechnology research foundation in Geneva, Switzerland. The Center is part of the Campus Biotech (in the former Merck Serono building) located in Geneva, Switzerland. The Director of the Wyss Center, neuroscientist Professor John P. Donoghue, is best known for his work on human brain computer interfaces and brain function and plasticity. The institute was founded by Hansjörg Wyss, who previously created the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering in the United States. The mission of the Wyss Center is to accelerate the development of neurotechnology for human benefit.

neg: Bionics Institute Department of the University of Melbourne. Bionics Institute The Bionics Institute is a biomedical research institute focusing on medical bionics. The Institute’s three core research themes are bionic hearing through cochlear implants, bionic vision through stimulation of the optic nerve and neurobionics through deep brain stimulation. The Bionics Institute is located in Melbourne, Australia. The Institute is dedicated to translational research leading to clinical outcomes. Recent examples of clinical trials the Institute has been involved in include deep brain stimulation of a patient with intractable obsessive compulsive disorder; completion of the Bionic Vision Australia trial of the prototype bionic eye

neg: Bionics Institute Bionics Institute The Bionics Institute is a biomedical research institute focusing on medical bionics. The Institute’s three core research themes are bionic hearing through cochlear implants, bionic vision through stimulation of the optic nerve and neurobionics through deep brain stimulation. The Bionics Institute is located in Melbourne, Australia. The Institute is dedicated to translational research leading to clinical outcomes. Recent examples of clinical trials the Institute has been involved in include deep brain stimulation of a patient with intractable obsessive compulsive disorder; completion of the Bionic Vision Australia trial of the prototype bionic eye with a trial of the next

neg: Wednesday Is Indigo Blue Wednesday Is Indigo Blue Wednesday Is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia is a 2009 non-fiction book written by Richard Cytowic and David Eagleman documenting the current scientific understanding of synesthesia, a perceptual condition where an experience of one sense (such as sight) causes an automatic and involuntary experience in another sense (such as hearing). The afterword is written by Dimitri Nabokov, a synesthete, and the son of the well-known author and synesthete Vladimir Nabokov. The introduction likens the "cross-talk" occurring in the brain producing synesthetic experiences to weather patterns in coastal regions where there are no barriers and

neg: Horse system is in the nostrils and nasal cavity, which analyze a wide range of odors. The second, located under the nasal cavity, are the Vomeronasal organs, also called Jacobson's organs. These have a separate nerve pathway to the brain and appear to primarily analyze pheromones. A horse's hearing is good, and the pinna of each ear can rotate up to 180°, giving the potential for 360° hearing without having to move the head. Noise impacts the behavior of horses and certain kinds of noise may contribute to stress: A 2013 study in the UK indicated that stabled horses were calmest

neg: Death of Marvin Gaye the "Los Angeles Herald-Examiner", quoting his words: "I didn't mean to do it." During a check up at the County-USC Medical Center, a benign tumor was discovered at the base of Marvin Sr.'s brain. Doctors removed the tumor on May 17, 1984. On June 12, after reviewing a two-page report, including two psychiatric evaluations conducted by Dr. Ronald Markman, Judge Michael Pirosh ruled that Marvin Sr. was competent to stand trial. He appeared in court again on June 20, where he was ordered to return on July 16 for a preliminary hearing. His estranged wife, Alberta, posted the reduced bail

neg: New York International Arbitration Center (NYIAC) New York International Arbitration Center (NYIAC) The New York International Arbitration Center (NYIAC) is an independent not-for-profit organization focused on providing hearing center services for international arbitrations, mediations and other forms of alternative dispute resolution under any arbitration rules. NYIAC does not administer hearings, but provides hearing rooms, breakout rooms, neutral areas and on-site support for dispute resolution cases. In addition, NYIAC organizes educational events and focuses on advancing and promoting international arbitration in New York by inviting practitioners to be involved. It is located in New York City. The center was established following a recommendation by a task force

neg: Hearing loss by dysfunction of the inner ear, the cochlea or the nerve that transmits the impulses from the cochlea to the hearing centre in the brain. The most common reason for sensorineural hearing loss is damage to the hair cells in the cochlea. Depending on the definition it could be estimated that more than 50% of the population over the age of 70 has impaired hearing. Damage to the brain can lead to a central deafness. The peripheral ear and the auditory nerve may function well but the central connections are damaged by tumour, trauma or other disease and the patient

neg: Bionics Institute Institute Board have been held by ballet dancer and author Li Cunxin, and former Victorian Premier Steve Bracks. The Bionics Institute has two campuses, one located in East Melbourne and the other in nearby Fitzroy. Mollison House (East Melbourne) is the site of the Institute's administrative team as well as the bulk of its human research. The second campus exists in the Daly Wing of St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne which houses the Institute's wet labs and materials fabrication facilities. The Bionics Institute's research follows three primary themes: bionic hearing, bionic vision, and deep brain stimulation. The Institute undertakes bionic hearing

neg: Aromachologist the brain. When odors activate the olfactory pathways that lead to the limbic portion of the brain they trigger the release of neurotransmitters that affect the brain and mental state of the individual in a variety of ways. Stimuli transmitted to the limbic system cannot be consciously blocked, so all olfactory stimuli influence our emotions. Smell has not been studied in as much depth as vision and hearing. The brain is able to process small differences in smell and the sense of smell may last longer in the aging process than sight and hearing. There are some people who process

neg: Rizal Special Education Learning Center institution endeavors to achieve its vision, mission and goals, and to actively take part in the development of the youth for a better society. Rizal Special Education Learning Center Rizal Special Education Learning Center, also known as "Rizal Sped De La Salle", is a De La Salle-supervised school located in Davao Central. In 1986 three educators thought of opening a school offering courses with their respective specialization: preschool, intellectually challenged, and hearing-Impaired education. The main goal of opening the Rizal Special Education Learning Center is to help educate pupils/students with special needs such as the hearing impaired, intellectually challenged, autistic,

neg: Rizal Special Education Learning Center Rizal Special Education Learning Center Rizal Special Education Learning Center, also known as "Rizal Sped De La Salle", is a De La Salle-supervised school located in Davao Central. In 1986 three educators thought of opening a school offering courses with their respective specialization: preschool, intellectually challenged, and hearing-Impaired education. The main goal of opening the Rizal Special Education Learning Center is to help educate pupils/students with special needs such as the hearing impaired, intellectually challenged, autistic, slow learners and fast learners. However, the need for regular atmosphere for eventual mainstreaming prompted the founders to open classes for regular pupils, thus,

neg: Neurotree gives results not only from Neurotree, but also from any of the 54 other trees in Academic Family Tree in which that person appears. The same is true for a search in any of those trees under Academic Family Tree or from the main page of Academic Family Tree. Neurotree was founded in 2005 by Stephen V. David, an Assistant Professor in the Oregon Hearing Research Center of Oregon Health and Science University, and by Benjamin Y. Hayden, an assistant professor in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester. Academic Family Tree began

neg: Moshe Bar (neuroscientist) are the visual design elements that best stimulate curiosity. Moshe Bar (neuroscientist) Moshe Bar is a neuroscientist, director of the Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University. He is the head of the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory at the Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center. Prof. Bar assumed the position of the Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center director following 17 years in the US, where he had served as an associate professor at Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital last, and had led the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory at the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging. Prof. Bar has made significant

neg: Moshe Bar (neuroscientist) Moshe Bar (neuroscientist) Moshe Bar is a neuroscientist, director of the Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University. He is the head of the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory at the Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center. Prof. Bar assumed the position of the Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center director following 17 years in the US, where he had served as an associate professor at Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital last, and had led the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory at the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging. Prof. Bar has made significant contributions to the field of cognition; ideas and findings

neg: Jacobs Medical Center surgery and radiology. The A. Vassiliadis Pavilion for Advanced Surgery has 14 operating rooms of 650 sq ft each. It occupies the second and third floors of the medical center and is named for Carol Vassiliadis' $8.5 million gift on behalf of her deceased husband Alkiviadis. The pavilion is staffed by 200 surgeons and provides technology to perform surgeries not possible elsewhere in the county. These include minimally invasive surgeries to treat cancer and obesity; microsurgeries to restore voice, hearing, and facial function; MRI-guided gene therapy for brain cancer; heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy for abdominal cancer; spine and joint reconstruction; and

neg: Brain the tanning of their own hides. Brain The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 14–16 billion neurons, and the estimated number of neurons in the cerebellum is 55–70 billion. Each neuron is connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of

neg: Brain Brain The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 14–16 billion neurons, and the estimated number of neurons in the cerebellum is 55–70 billion. Each neuron is connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which

neg: Jahi McMath case activity in McMath's brain and where he released videos which he said showed the girl moving on command. At that time, Dolan also filed documents asking that the Alameda County Superior Court reverse their finding of brain death in the case. Paul Fisher, M.D., the court-appointed independent expert who had confirmed McMath's diagnosis of brain death in December 2013, said that the new evidence presented did not refute his earlier determination of brain death. Dolan then withdrew the petition for the October 2014 court hearing and requested that the involved doctors collaborate, stating that "with an open and transparent dialogue

neg: Insect morphology their ultrasonic echolocation. Even though beetles constitute a large order and live in a variety of niches, examples of hearing is surprisingly lacking in species, though it is likely that most are just undiscovered. The neuroendocrine system is typical of insects. There is a brain, a subesophageal ganglion, three thoracic ganglia, and six abdominal ganglia. Strong neuron connections connect the neurohemal corpora cardiaca to the brain and frontal ganglion, where the closely related median corpus allatum produces juvenile hormone III in close proximity to the neurohemal dorsal aorta. The digestive system of earwigs is like all other insects, consisting of

neg: Sensorineural hearing loss from the ototoxic effect on the developing fetus, plus malnutrition during pregnancy from the excess alcohol intake. Iodine deficiency and endemic hypothyroidism are associated with hearing loss. If a pregnant mother has insufficient iodine intake during pregnancy it affects the development of the inner ear in the foetus leading to sensorineural deafness. This occurs in certain areas of the world, such as the Himalayas, where iodine is deficient in the soil and thus the diet. In these areas there is a high incidence of endemic goitre. This cause of deafness is prevented by adding iodine to salt. Brain stroke in

neg: Acoustic reflex the malleus (hammer) in toward the middle ear. The reflex decreases the transmission of vibrational energy to the cochlea, where it is converted into electrical impulses to be processed by the brain. The acoustic reflex threshold (ART) is the sound pressure level (SPL) from which a sound stimulus with a given frequency will trigger the acoustic reflex. The ART is a function of sound pressure level and frequency. Individuals with normal hearing have an acoustic reflex threshold (ART) around 70-100 dB SPL. People with conductive hearing loss (-i.e. bad transmission in the middle ear) have a higher acoustic reflex threshold.

neg: Traumatic brain injury in ancient times. Ancient Mesopotamians knew of head injury and some of its effects, including seizures, paralysis, and loss of sight, hearing or speech. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written around 1650–1550 BC, describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability. Ancient Greek physicians including Hippocrates understood the brain to be the center of thought, probably due to their experience with head trauma. Medieval and Renaissance surgeons continued the practice of trepanation for head injury. In the Middle Ages, physicians further described head injury symptoms and the term "concussion" became more widespread. Concussion symptoms

neg: The Learning Center for the Deaf audiology clinic is a medical audiology clinic located on Framingham campus of TLC that serves the community as well as the students by providing hearing aids and audiological testing services. It is a non-profit organization that helps support TLC. All the funds that the clinic receives are placed in the education of the students at TLC while also providing for the underfunded programs. The Center for Research and Training (CRT) at The Learning Center for the Deaf actively supports culturally and linguistically accessible education for deaf and hard of hearing students by consulting with schools, districts, and states on effective

neg: Language exposure for deaf children with common properties like syntax and grammar. They both also use the same area of the brain in the left hemisphere. For years it was known that the left hemisphere dealt with speech, but now it is specifically the details of language organization that seem to be processed here. The deaf brain develops at the same rate as the hearing brain when learning language. Deaf babies babble on their hands the same way hearing babies babble with their mouths, and they acquire language in the same timeframe. This is true neurologically and behaviorally. In both areas they hit the same

neg: Markey Cancer Center cancer higher than patients from other centers in Kentucky. Nationally, Markey's five-year survival rates are higher in brain, liver, and prostate cancers than other patients. Markey Cancer Center The Markey Cancer Center is located in Lexington, Kentucky and is working towards the prevention, treatment, and cure of cancer. It is a component of the UK HealthCare. It was established in 1985, but has since grown to 28 departments, eight colleges, and has 150 employees. Markey has four distinct facilities located within three buildings, totaling to an estimated 200,000 square feet of space. The Markey Cancer Center is located on the

neg: Doctor Octopus to act like their lackey. After Sajani Jaffrey is fired by Peter Parker for conspiring against him, Doctor Octopus' consciousness smirks as Anna is made the head of Parker Industries' London branch. During the "" storyline, Peter decides to have Parker Industries get familiar with New U Enterprises' "New U" system which is a program where replacement organs are cloned for those suffering from serious injuries. Upon hearing about it from within Living Brain, Doctor Octopus' consciousness expresses an interest in the procedure. When Peter Parker scanned Living Brain to find out why it was acting unusually, Doctor Octopus' consciousness

neg: Charles Limb the fact that Thomas Edison invented the phonograph despite his loss of hearing. Limb is the former Editor-in-Chief of "Trends in Hearing" (then called "Trends in Amplification"), the only journal focused on hearing aids and other auditory amplification devices, and an Editorial Board Member of the journals "Otology & Neurotology" and "Music and Medicine". He has authored over 75 manuscripts, including magazine articles. He has given two TED talks. In the first, “Your Brain on Improv,” he showed how during jazz improvisation the brain deactivates the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and activates the medial prefrontal cortex. In the second, “Building the

neg: Allen Institute for Brain Science well as histology and gene expression data derived from both microarray and in situ hybridization (ISH) approaches. The Allen Human Brain Atlas allows researchers to see where a gene is turned on. "The location of where these genes are active is at the very center of understanding how brain diseases work," neurologist Jeffrey L. Noebels told the Wall Street Journal in April 2011. The Allen Human Brain Atlas was profiled in the journal "Nature" on September 19, 2012. The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas was launched online on November 3, 2011, and moved the Allen Institute's mapping efforts beyond its

neg: Illusion head based on what it samples from the surrounding environment. However, sometimes it tries to organize this information it thinks best while other times it fills in the gaps. This way in which our brain works is the basis of an illusion. An auditory illusion is an illusion of hearing, the auditory equivalent of an optical illusion: the listener hears either sound which are not present in the stimulus, or "impossible" sounds. In short, audio illusions highlight areas where the human ear and brain, as organic, makeshift tools, differ from perfect audio receptors (for better or for worse). One example

neg: Cranial nerves the brain through the falx cerebri. The cause of trigeminal neuralgia, in which one side of the face is exquisitely painful, is thought to be compression of the nerve by an artery as the nerve emerges from the brain stem. An acoustic neuroma, particularly at the junction between the pons and medulla, may compress the facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), leading to hearing and sensory loss on the affected side. Occlusion of blood vessels that supply the nerves or their nuclei, an ischemic stroke, may cause specific signs and symptoms that can localise where the occlusion occurred. A

neg: Lieber Institute for Brain Development researchers found that patients with schizophrenia had high levels of DNA methylation in brain regions associated with risk for schizophrenia. They are also developing a drug to prevent post-traumatic stress disorder. A recent paper by Lieber scientists found that altering brain proteins caused the cells of autistic brains to behave normally. The specific type of autism is called Pitt–Hopkins syndrome and researchers are now looking into possible treatments that could be used for the condition and for other types of autism. Lieber Institute for Brain Development The Lieber Institute for Brain Development (LIBD) is a nonprofit research center located in

neg: Brain implant intra-abdominal vagal blocking. This can only be done where the functional associations of these neurons are approximately known. Because of the complexity of neural processing and the lack of access to action potential related signals using neuroimaging techniques, the application of brain implants has been seriously limited until recent advances in neurophysiology and computer processing power. Research in sensory substitution has made significant progress since 1970. Especially in vision, due to the knowledge of the working of the visual system, eye implants (often involving some brain implants or monitoring) have been applied with demonstrated success. For hearing, cochlear implants are

neg: Pontine micturition center Pontine micturition center The Pontine micturition center (PMC, also known as Barrington's nucleus) is a collection of neuronal cell bodies located in the rostral pons in the brainstem involved in the supraspinal regulation of micturition. When activated, the PMC relaxes the urethral sphincter allowing for micturition to occur. The PMC coordinates with other brain centers, including the medial frontal cortex, insular cortex, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray (PAG). The PAG acts as a relay station for ascending bladder information from the spinal cord and incoming signals from higher brain areas. In humans and other mammals, neurons in the PMC send descending

neg: Pontine micturition center also elicited through the conscious desire to urinate. Pontine micturition center The Pontine micturition center (PMC, also known as Barrington's nucleus) is a collection of neuronal cell bodies located in the rostral pons in the brainstem involved in the supraspinal regulation of micturition. When activated, the PMC relaxes the urethral sphincter allowing for micturition to occur. The PMC coordinates with other brain centers, including the medial frontal cortex, insular cortex, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray (PAG). The PAG acts as a relay station for ascending bladder information from the spinal cord and incoming signals from higher brain areas. In humans and

neg: Sign language in the brain native signers, there was no clear changes in brain activity in traditional language processing centers. Brain activity of deaf native signers when processing signs was similar to activity of hearing subjects processing English. However, processing of ASL extensively recruited right hemisphere structures including significant activation of the entire superior temporal lobe, the angular region, and inferior prefrontal cortex. Since native hearing signers also exhibited this right hemisphere activation when processing ASL, it has been proposed that this right hemisphere activation is due to the temporal visuospatial decoding necessary to process signed languages. In a similar study published in 2017, deaf

neg: Hearing brain contain both rate-versus-place and fine temporal structure information, so the similarity is not strong. Hearing Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the ear. The academic field concerned with hearing is auditory science. Sound may be heard through solid, liquid, or gaseous matter. It is one of the traditional five senses; partial or total inability to hear is called hearing loss. In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the auditory system: mechanical waves, known as

neg: Sensorineural hearing loss a varying center frequency. The masker level is varied, so that the level of masker needed to just mask the test signal is found for the masker at each center frequency. The tip of the PTC is where the masker level needed to just mask the test signal is the lowest. For normal hearing people this is when the masker center frequency is closest to the frequency of the test signal (See Figure 9). In the case of dead regions, when the test signal lies within the boundaries of a dead region, the tip of the PTC will be shifted

neg: Brain types from Jung/Myers) which he believes is more precise: EA, EI, CA, and CI. EA, or 'Empirical-Animate' types (FEAL, FEAR, BEAL, BEAR), are said to excel in the region of the brain responsible for gross motor skills. EI, or 'Empirical-Inanimate' types (FEIL, FEIR, BEIL, BEIR) are thought to possess the best fine motor skills of the four groups. CA, or 'Conceptual-Animate' types (FCAL, FCAR, BCAL, BCAR), excel in the auditory cortex, which is responsible for controlling the mouth and various hearing/language skills. CI, or 'Conceptual-Inanimate' types (FCIL, FCIR, BCIL, BCIR), are believed to excel in the cerebral cortex, where abstract levels

neg: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation or traumatic brain injury. Berenson Allen Center is directed by Prof. Alvaro Pascual-Leone. Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (abbreviated as CNBS or BACNBS) is a brain research institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) of Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The center is specialized in research, educating, and clinical care using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Non-invasive brain stimulation is applied as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool on patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders like depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, dystonia, Parkinson's disease,

neg: Ear with the eyes. Hearing loss may be either partial or total. This may be a result of injury or damage, congenital disease, or physiological causes. When hearing loss is a result of injury or damage to the outer ear or middle ear, it is known as conductive hearing loss. When deafness is a result of injury or damage to the inner ear, vestibulochoclear nerve, or brain, it is known as sensorineural hearing loss. Causes of conductive hearing loss include an ear canal blocked by ear wax, ossicles that are fixed together or absent, or holes in the eardrum. Conductive hearing

neg: Wendy Suzuki the mentorship of Robert Desimone, studying how the brain is able to remember where objects are in space. Suzuki joined the faculty at New York University's Center for Neural Science in 1998. Her research interests center on neuroplasticity and how the brain is able to change and adapt over the course of a person's life. Her early career research focused on the areas of the brain that play an important role in our ability to form and retain memories. More recently, she's expanded this work to study the role of aerobic exercise on potentially enhancing cognitive abilities. Suzuki's research career

neg: Hearing and Speech Agency of Baltimore Hearing and Speech Agency of Baltimore The Hearing and Speech Agency of Metropolitan Baltimore (referred to as HASA) is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization located in Baltimore, Maryland that specializes in facilitating communication. Established in 1926, the organization provides special education services through Gateway School, audiology and speech-language services through its Clinical Services Department, and interpreting services for the deaf through its CIRS Interpreting Department. Established in 1926 as the Speech Reader's League of Baltimore by Dr. Olive A. Whildin, the League began as a community center for the hard of hearing. In 1930 the League was renamed the Baltimore League

neg: Usher syndrome pigmentosa. The photoreceptor cells usually start to degenerate from the outer periphery to the center of the retina, including the macula. The degeneration is usually first noticed as night blindness (nyctalopia); peripheral vision is gradually lost, restricting the visual field (tunnel vision), which generally progresses to complete blindness. The qualifier "pigmentosa" reflects the fact that clumps of pigment may be visible by an ophthalmoscope in advanced stages of degeneration. The hearing impairment associated with Usher syndrome is caused by damaged hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear inhibiting electrical impulses from reaching the brain. Since Usher syndrome is

neg: Brain stem tumor Brain stem tumor A brain stem tumor is a tumor in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brain stem). The symptoms of brain stem tumors vary greatly and can include ataxia, cranial nerve palsy, headaches, problems with speech and swallowing, hearing loss, weakness, hemiparesis, vision abnormalities, ptosis, and behavioral changes. Another possible symptom is vomiting. Headaches related to brainstem tumors may be worse shortly after waking up in the morning. An MRI is better than a CT scan when a brainstem tumor is in the differential diagnosis. The most common form of brainstem tumor

neg: Language deprivation in deaf and hard of hearing children issues. Children with typical hearing in households where spoken language is the primary means of communication, or children with typical vision in signing households, are exposed to language at a young age. The critical period of language development occurs from birth and continues to age 5. During this period, the child develops language in structure such as syntax, social and brain development. Throughout a normal day, children with access to auditory signals are likely to continually receive input from TV, radio, surrounding conversations, and narration of events throughout their day. Similarly, children with typical vision in signing households are also

neg: Norepinephrine inhibits voiding of the bladder and gastrointestinal motility. In the brain, noradrenaline is produced in nuclei that are small yet exert powerful effects on other brain areas. The most important of these nuclei is the locus coeruleus, located in the pons. Outside the brain, norepinephrine is used as a neurotransmitter by sympathetic ganglia located near the spinal cord or in the abdomen, and it is also released directly into the bloodstream by the adrenal glands. Regardless of how and where it is released, norepinephrine acts on target cells by binding to and activating noradrenergic receptors located on the cell surface.

neg: Lieber Institute for Brain Development Lieber Institute for Brain Development The Lieber Institute for Brain Development (LIBD) is a nonprofit research center located in Baltimore, Maryland, that studies brain development issues such as schizophrenia. The Lieber Institute was started in 2010 by Steve and Connie Lieber along with Milton and Tamar Maltz—both families have children with schizophrenia. Psychiatrist Daniel R. Weinberger is the CEO. Having gathered over 2,000 brains for research purposes, the institute has the largest collection of post-mortem brains diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. These brains are used to study the biological basis for mental illnesses. In one study of post-mortem brains, LIBD

neg: Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes conductive, bilateral hearing losses that are greater in degree than in cleft individuals without PRS. Middle ear effusion is generally apparent, with no middle ear or inner ear malformations. Accordingly, management by ear tubes (myringotomy tubes) is often effective and may restore normal levels of hearing (Handzic "et al.", 1995). The hearing loss most typical in patients with Stickler syndrome is a sensorineural hearing loss, indicating that the source of the deficit lies in the inner ear, the vestibulocochlear nerve or the processing centers of the brain. Szymko-Bennett "et al." (2001) found that the overall hearing loss in TypeI Stickler

neg: Vestibular schwannoma delaying diagnosis. The most prevalent symptoms in patients suffering from vestibular schwannoma is hearing loss (94%), tinnitus (83%) and vertigo (49%). The first symptom in 90% of those with an acoustic neuroma is unexplained unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, meaning there is damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. It involves a reduction in sound level, speech understanding and hearing clarity. In about 70 percent of cases there is a high frequency pattern of loss. The loss of hearing is usually subtle and worsens slowly, although occasionally a sudden loss of hearing

neg: Siemens Hearing Instruments Siemens Hearing Instruments Sivantos, Inc. (formerly Siemens Hearing Instruments) is the United States affiliate of Sivantos Group, which maintains a global headquarters in Singapore. Sivantos Group (formerly Siemens Audiology Group, a division of Siemens Healthcare) is one of the world's leading manufacturers of hearing aids. They serve hearing care professionals in more than 120 countries, offering hearing aids branded Siemens, Audio Service, Rexton, and A&M. Sivantos, Inc., and is located in Piscataway, NJ, where approximately 500 employees work in manufacturing, research and development, sales, marketing finance, and customer care. Siemens Hearing Instruments changed its name in 2015 to Sivantos, Inc.

neg: Center for BrainHealth shape differences of brain regions to millimeter accuracy. The Center houses specialists in various fields of neuroscience, and has produced publications from members of the BrainHealth Team. Research initiatives include: The Center for BrainHealth, part of The University of Texas at Dallas (UTD), was established in 1999 under the direction of Dr. Sandra Bond Chapman, UT Dallas' Dee Wyly Distinguished Chair in Brain Health. Originally located at UT Dallas' Callier Center for Communication Disorders, in 2004 the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board approved the purchase and renovation of a nearby building at 2200 Mockingbird Lane in Dallas to be the

neg: BrainSurge (attraction) appropriately dubbed BrainSurge, which is based on the Nick television network’s game show of the same name. The ride sports an attractive illumination package that utilizes power-saving LED lights. In the center of machine is a giant model of a brain that glows and flashes, sending ‘signals to the riders.’ It is located in the center of the park near the Avatar Airbender ride. The ride spins at 35 mph around the giant LED green, glowing brain. In this ride, riders control the orientation of their car—vertical, horizontal, or somewhere in between. Reminiscent of Chance’s old Rok ‘n’ Rol or

neg: David Eidelberg where he established the Functional Brain Imaging Laboratory and the Movement Disorders Center. He is Susan & Leonard Feinstein Professor of Neuroscience at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Professor of Molecular Medicine at Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine. He is also the Director of the Feinstein Center for Neurosciences and Director of the NIH Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research at Feinstein. He is also an attending neurologist at North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset. Eidelberg has studied functional imaging methods to characterize large-scale network abnormalities in brain disease. For example, Eidelberg and his

neg: Microtia the underdeveloped ear. Typically, testing is first done to determine the quality of hearing. This can be done as early as in the first two weeks with a BAER test (Brain Stem Auditory Response Test). At age 5–6, CT or CAT scans of the middle ear can be done to elucidate its development and clarify which patients are appropriate candidates for surgery to improve hearing. For younger individuals, this is done under sedation. The hearing loss associated with congenital aural atresia is a conductive hearing loss—hearing loss caused by inefficient conduction of sound to the inner ear. Essentially, children with

neg: Andrew King (neurophysiologist) University of London. King discovered that the mammalian brain contains a spatial map of the auditory world and showed that its development is shaped by sensory experience. His work has also demonstrated that the adult brain represents sound features in a remarkably flexible way, continually adjusting to variations in the statistical distribution of sounds associated with different acoustic environments as well to longer term changes in input resulting from hearing loss. In addition to furthering our understanding of the neural basis for auditory perception, his research is helping to inform better treatment strategies for the hearing impaired. King was elected

neg: Kernicterus be plotted on the Bhutani nomogram. Currently no effective treatment exists for kernicterus. Future therapies may include neuroregeneration. A handful of patients have undergone deep brain stimulation, and experienced some benefit. Drugs such as baclofen, clonazepam, and artane are often used to manage movement disorders associated with kernicterus. Proton pump inhibitors are also used to help with reflux. Cochlear implants and hearing aids have also been known to improve the hearing loss that can come with kernicterus (auditory neuropathy - ANSD). Kernicterus Kernicterus is a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction. The term was coined in 1904 by Schmorl. Bilirubin is a naturally

neg: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (abbreviated as CNBS or BACNBS) is a brain research institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) of Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The center is specialized in research, educating, and clinical care using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Non-invasive brain stimulation is applied as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool on patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders like depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, dystonia, Parkinson's disease, chronic pain, and the neurorehabilitation of motor function, cognition, and language after stroke

neg: Dianne McCarthy Cawthron Institute, and is a member of the governance boards of the Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, the Healthier Lives National Science Challenge. She is also acting chair of the Ageing Well National Science Challenge. She is a trustee of the Malaghan Institute of Medical Research and the Hearing Research Foundation (NZ), and is a member of the Science Advisory Board of the Center for Brain Research at the University of Auckland. She was recently appointed to the Board of the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research. McCarthy was co-opted onto the Royal Society of New Zealand council

neg: Siemens Hearing Instruments when Sivantos Group was spun off from Siemens Audiology Solutions after Siemens AG sold the company to EQT VI and Santo Holding GmbH. Siemens Hearing Instruments Sivantos, Inc. (formerly Siemens Hearing Instruments) is the United States affiliate of Sivantos Group, which maintains a global headquarters in Singapore. Sivantos Group (formerly Siemens Audiology Group, a division of Siemens Healthcare) is one of the world's leading manufacturers of hearing aids. They serve hearing care professionals in more than 120 countries, offering hearing aids branded Siemens, Audio Service, Rexton, and A&M. Sivantos, Inc., and is located in Piscataway, NJ, where approximately 500 employees

neg: Hearing aid for using digital signal processing and in some cases may be exacerbated by the use of amplification. Conductive hearing losses, which do not involve damage to the cochlea, tend to be better treated by hearing aids; the hearing aid is able to sufficiently amplify sound to account for the attenuation caused by the conductive component. Once the sound is able to reach the cochlea at normal or near-normal levels, the cochlea and auditory nerve are able to transmit signals to the brain normally. Common issues with hearing aid fitting and use are the occlusion effect, loudness recruitment, and understanding speech

neg: HVC (avian brain region) HVC (avian brain region) HVC (formerly, hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudalis (HVc), and high vocal center) is a nucleus in the brain of the songbirds (order passeriformes) necessary for both the learning and the production of bird song. It is located in the lateral caudal nidopallium and has projections to both the direct and the anterior forebrain pathways. It is notable that both of the other orders of birds that learn song, the hummingbirds and parrots, also seem to have structures similar to HVC. Since it is believed that all three of these groups independently derived the ability to learn song,

neg: Tryon, North Carolina cultural programs. Founded in 1969, the non-profit organization offers a number of classes in the arts. The center's theater seats 345 individuals and has a system for the hearing impaired. Located, exhibiting, or performing within the center are: the Tryon Painters and Sculptors and the Carolina Photo Club. The Photo Club annually exhibits in January and February. The group, affiliated with the Photographic Society of America, meets monthly and conducts an annual contest where winning submissions are exhibited in the Tryon Fine Arts Center. Established in 1960, Tryon Arts and Crafts School provides the community with creative opportunities "through education,

neg: Community Medical Center (Montana) Community Medical Center (Montana) Community Medical Center, is an integrated health care facility based in Missoula, Montana. Community Medical Center is on a campus located near the center of the Missoula valley. Community Medical Center is the only facility providing obstetrical and newborn care in Missoula County, Montana, and is one of the largest such programs in the state of Montana. It also offers residential and transitional living and day treatment program for brain injury survivors, and the elderly. It is also the only hospital in western Montana that has a separate Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for kids. , the

neg: National Institute of Speech and Hearing Science in Computer Science (for the hearing impaired), and Bachelor of Fine Arts (for the hearing impaired). The NISH launched a mentoring programme for first year students. Each teacher is given three or four students to mentor. A programme of experiential learning was started at the NISH in December 2012 with 17 students participating in an activity-based learning method where the students become performers and the teachers, facilitators. National Institute of Speech and Hearing The National Institute of Speech and Hearing (NISH) is an institute devoted to the education and rehabilitation of individuals with speech-language and hearing impairments located in

neg: Sign language in the brain signers and then hearing non-signers. This was expected; however, looking at a chart of the results, the hearing signers performed almost identically, in regards to the simple and complex images, to the deaf signers but just more slowly. The hearing non-signers were right on track in following behind on the simple image, but their reaction time was vastly longer. At least in this area, experience with a visual-spatial language provides quicker reaction times. The results are consistent with abilities recruited for processing sign language being enhanced in the brain, compared to those abilities in non-signers. A couple of things the

neg: Sign language in the brain opportunity for enhancement in the visual cortices which are of greater importance to deaf humans. The Calcarine sulcus acts as the hub for the Primary Visual Cortex in humans. Congenitally deaf humans have measurably higher volume of Calcarine cortex than hearing humans. The increased volume and size of visual cortices of deaf individuals can lead to heightened visual processing. Deaf humans have demonstrated, via event-related potential, an increased sensitivity and reactivity to new visual stimuli—evidence of brain plasticity leading to behavioral enhancement. In one experiment published in 1992, visual mental imagery was studied in ASL signers—deaf and hearing—and hearing non-signers.

neg: Mind the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, equilibrioception, taste and olfaction. While all vertebrates have a brain, most invertebrates have either a centralized brain or collections of individual ganglia. Primitive animals such as sponges do not have a brain at all. Brains can be extremely complex. For example, the human brain contains around 86 billion neurons, each linked to as many as 10,000 others. Understanding the relationship between the brain and the mind – mind–body problem is one of the central issues in the history of philosophy – is a challenging problem both philosophically and scientifically. There are three major

neg: Center for BrainHealth includes over 300 members. All contributions support the cause of brain health and the Center’s many research focus areas-Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury (TBI), autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), stroke, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Addiction, BrainHealth Physical, Dementia, Exercise and the Brain, Healthy Brain Aging, and Virtual Brain Training. Center for BrainHealth The Center for BrainHealth, part of The University of Texas at Dallas' school of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, is a research institute focused exclusively on brain health that combines brain research with clinical interventions. Founded by Dr. Sandra Bond Chapman in 1999, the Center for BrainHealth houses

neg: Lexington School and Center for the Deaf the Gallaudet University Board following a similar protest in 1988. The Lexington Hearing & Speech Center is a medical center that provides clinical services in hearing and speech to people in New York City's five boroughs, including infants, children, adults, and seniors. Beyond attempting to determine the cause of speech and language difficulty, the center focuses on medical and rehabilitative care, with a specialty in hearing aids. They operate a Mobile Hearing Evaluation Unit which visits seniors and residences throughout the New York City metropolitan area to conduct hearing tests and evaluate and analyze hearing aids already in use. The