query: when did turkey became part of european union

pos: Accession of Turkey to the European Union Accession of Turkey to the European Union Turkey is negotiating its accession to the European Union (EU) as a member state, following its application accede to the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the EU, on 14 April 1987. After the ten founding members, Turkey was one of the first countries to become a member of the Council of Europe in 1949. The country was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to its end in 2011. Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for

pos: Accession of Turkey to the European Union Accession of Turkey to the European Union Turkey is negotiating its accession to the European Union (EU) as a member state, following its application accede to the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the EU, on 14 April 1987. After the ten founding members, Turkey was one of the first countries to become a member of the Council of Europe in 1949. The country was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to its end in 2011. Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for

neg: Accession of Turkey to the European Union in 1915 as a genocide. However, he insisted that although France did not set a precondition for European Union entry regarding the matter, he stated that France would raise the issue during negotiations. The President of the European Parliament, Martin Schulz, stated that it must be a precondition for Turkey to recognise the systematic massacres of Armenians in 1915 as genocide. The government of Turkey rejects such a precondition for EU membership and does not accept it as a part of the EU membership criteria. In 2006, the European Parliament voted against a proposal to formally add the issue as

neg: Accession of Turkey to the European Union the Turkish War of Independence, establishing the modern Turkish Republic as it exists today. Atatürk, President of Turkey, implemented a series of reforms, including secularisation and industrialisation, intended to "Europeanise" or Westernise the country. During World War II, Turkey remained neutral until February 1945, when it joined the Allies. The country took part in the Marshall Plan of 1947, became a member of the Council of Europe in 1949, and a member of NATO in 1952. During the Cold War, Turkey allied itself with the United States and Western Europe. The Turkish expert Meltem Ahıska outlines the Turkish position vis-à-vis

neg: European Union–Turkey relations Turkish War of Independence, establishing the modern Turkish Republic as it exists today. Atatürk, President of Turkey, implemented a series of reforms, including secularisation and industrialisation, intended to "Europeanise" or Westernise the country. During World War II, Turkey remained neutral until February 1945, when it joined the Allies. The country took part in the Marshall Plan of 1947, became a member of the Council of Europe in 1949, and a member of NATO in 1952. During the Cold War, Turkey allied itself with the United States and Western Europe. The Turkish expert Meltem Ahıska outlines the Turkish position vis-à-vis Europe,

neg: Claudia Roth and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) – and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) following the 2017 national elections, Roth was part of the 14-member delegation of the Green Party. Since her time at the European Parliament, Roth has regularly criticized the European Union's "determination to hold Turkey at bay." In 1995, she expressed doubts about Prime Minister Tansu Çiller’s ability to bring about human rights reforms as a condition for a European Union–Turkey Customs Union. In June 2013, Roth was at the surroundings of the Taksim Square when the police intervened to evacuate Gezi Park and was among

neg: Erik-Jan Zürcher refer nostalgically to the Ottoman Empire. According to him, this is in line with Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's depicting of a powerful Turkey in the future, linked to a glorious empire in the past. Zürcher previously pleaded for accession of Turkey to the European Union. In 2012, he noted that the perspective of accession was lost politically in both Turkey and the European Union. In 2016, he noted that his previously expected advancement in democratic standards and "Rechtsstaat" did not materialize, and that Turkey therefore cannot and should not become a member of the European Union. Reacting shortly after the 2016

neg: Turkey Turkey became one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963. After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005. Today, EU membership is considered as a state policy and a strategic target by Turkey. Turkey's support for Northern Cyprus

neg: Claudia Roth (1995-1998). During this second term as an MEP, she was again a member of the European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, the Sub-Committee on Human Rights and the EC-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee, of which she was elected deputy chairperson. She also remained involved with the Committee on Foreign Affairs as a substitute member. Claudia Roth ended her work as an MEP when she became part of the Alliance 90/The Greens parliamentary group in the Bundestag after the German federal election, 1998. She became a member of the Committee on the Affairs of the European Union and

neg: Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Europe) an eviction notice, but al-Masri refused to leave. The mosque also informed the police of the situation, but much to their chagrin, the police did nothing about it until 2003 when they arrested al-Masri. U.K.–Vatican relations Relations between the U.K. and the Vatican "were facing their worst crisis in 150 years" because of Pope Benedict XVI's invitation to convert followers of the Church of England who opposed female priests. Accession of Turkey to the European Union According to Pietro Parolin, the Pope's voice is behind the Vatican's growing hostility towards Turkey joining the European Union because he believed that allowing

neg: Palestine–European Union relations Palestine–European Union relations Relations between the European Union and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) were established in 1975 as part of the Euro-Arab Dialogue. The EU is a member of the Quartet and is the single largest donor of foreign aid to Palestinians. As of 2015, 9 out of 28 EU member states recognize Palestine. In 2014, Sweden became the first member to recognize Palestine. Malta and Cyprus had recognized Palestine prior to joining the EU, as did a number of Central European member states when they were allied with the Soviet Union. However, some of these states, the Czech

neg: Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus stance, the TRNC refuses any official recognition of the government of the Republic of Cyprus, calling it the ""Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus"", and referring to its President as the ""Greek Cypriot Leader"". Turkey backs this position. After the Republic of Cyprus became a member of the European Union, the southern part of the island became part of the Customs Union of EU. The Northern part of the island is excluded from the Customs Union. In spite of that, the Green Line regulations are intended to ease trade relations between North Cyprus and EU. Oil exploration in East Mediterranean

neg: History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party relations campaign to get international support. On April 2, 2004, The Council of the European Union (the 15 EU governments) decided to update the European Union list of terrorist organisations to include Kurdistan Workers' Party. This applied to all and any members joining the EU. Turkey also reached an agreement with Tehran in 2002 in which Turkey recognized the Iranian rebel group Mujahideen-e-Khalq as a terrorist organisation in exchange for Iran doing the same for the PKK. However, as of 2008, Russia did not list the organization as a terrorist group despite a numerous of attempts by Turkey. Turkey argued

neg: European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar) Gibraltar along with the rest of the United Kingdom joined what was then known as the European Communities (EC), the main component of which was known as the European Economic Community (EEC), but all collectively known informally but commonly and generally in the United Kingdom as the "Common Market" which later became the European Union. Gibraltar's accession to the EC was determined in legislation as part of the UK's membership under the European Communities Act 1972. When the territory joined it was completely isolated from the rest of the EC as neighbouring Spain did not become an EC member until

neg: European Union–Turkey Customs Union European Union–Turkey Customs Union On 31 December 1995, a 6 March 1995 Decision of the EC-Turkey Association Council, established by the Ankara Agreement, to implement a customs union () between Turkey and the European Union, came into effect. Goods may travel between the two entities without any customs restrictions. The Customs Union does not cover essential economic areas such as agriculture (to which bilateral trade concessions apply), services or public procurement. In 1996 a free trade area was established between Turkey and the European Union for products covered by the European Coal and Steel Community. Decision 1/98 of the Association

neg: Małgorzata Górska Małgorzata Górska was active in the media, she gave interviews and took part in numerous debates. Her activities were often a topic for magazine and newspaper articles. When Poland joined the European Union in 2004, the Rospuda Valley became a protected area thanks to the Natura 2000 programme. However, her negotiations with the Polish government still did not bring the awaited result. In 2007 the European Commission transferred the case to the Court of Justice of the European Union. At last, the European Parliament prepared a report on the topic. At the same time, Polish courts announced on three different

neg: Minister of European Union Affairs (Turkey) Development Party won a third term in the general election of 2011, in time for the 61st government of Turkey. Previously, European Union negotiations were handled by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Since 29 June 2011, five Ministers have been responsible for this department. Minister of European Union Affairs (Turkey) The Minister of European Union Affairs of Turkey is the government minister responsible for Turkey's membership negotiations with the European Union and is a member of the Cabinet of Turkey, leading the Ministry of European Union Affairs. The position was formed on 29 June 2011 after Prime Minister Recep Tayyip

neg: Ministry of European Union Affairs (Turkey) throughout the 81 Provinces of Turkey in order to develop relations between Turkey and the European Union. The Minister responsible concurrently serves as the Chief Negotiator during the accession process. The Ministry of European Union Affairs operates the following 16 directorates: Ministry of European Union Affairs (Turkey) The Ministry of European Union Affairs (Turkish: "Avrupa Birliği Bakanlığı" ) is a ministry of the Turkish government responsible for the accession process between the Republic of Turkey and the European Union. Formed on June 29, 2011, the ministry has been headed by six ministers in the past, namely Egemen Bağış (2011–2013), Mevlüt

neg: European Union–Turkey relations not support the EU-Turkey deal if EU did not weaken the visa conditions by June 2016. In May 2016, the European Commission said that Turkey had met most of the 72 criteria needed for a visa waiver, and it invited EU legislative institutions of the bloc to endorse the move for visa-free travel by Turkish citizens within the Schengen Area by 30 June 2016. The European Parliament would have to approve the visa waiver for it to enter into force and Turkey must fulfil the final five criteria. The five remaining benchmarks still to be met by Turkey include: Following

neg: European Union–Turkey relations European Union–Turkey relations Relations between the European Union (EU) and Turkey were established in 1959, and the institutional framework was formalized with the 1963 Ankara Agreement. Turkey is one of the EU's main partners in the Middle East and both are members of the European Union–Turkey Customs Union. The EU and Turkey have a common land border through the EU member states Bulgaria and Greece. Turkey has been an applicant to accede to the EU since 1987, but since 2016 accession negotiations have stalled. The EU has accused and criticized Turkey for human rights violations and deficits in rule of

neg: Baku Initiative Baku Initiative The Baku Initiative is an international initiative of the European Union. It is a policy dialogue on energy and transport cooperation between the European Union, Turkey, and the former Soviet republics, undertaken as part of the INOGATE energy and TRACECA transport programmes. The Baku Initiative is originating from the European Neighbourhood Policy launched in 2004. On 13 November 2004, the First Ministerial Conference on Energy Cooperation between the EU and the littoral states of the Black Sea, Caspian Sea and their neighbours was held in Baku. Conclusions of this conference became known as the Baku Initiative. At the

neg: Chief Negotiator for Turkish Accession to the European Union 24 May 2016. With formal accession talks between Turkey and the European Union beginning in the years 2004 and 2005, the role of Chief Negotiator was established to represent the Turkish delegation during the membership negotiations. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan appointed Ali Babacan as the first Chief Negotiator on 17 January 2005, while the then-Foreign Minister Abdullah Gül became the president of the Turkish delegation. When the Ministry of European Union Affairs was established on 29 June 2011 before Erdoğan formed his third and final government, the Minister responsible for the new department began serving concurrently as the Chief

neg: Member state of the European Union free movement rights that full membership allows. The term is almost unheard of in the modern context and was primarily used in the earlier days of the EU with countries such as Greece and Turkey. Turkey's association agreement was the 1963 Ankara Agreement, implying that Turkey became an associate member that year. Present association agreements include the Stabilisation and Association Agreements with the western Balkans; these states are no longer termed "associate members". Member state of the European Union The European Union (EU) consists of 28 member states. Each member state is party to the founding treaties of the union

neg: France–Turkey relations place inside the European Union." With the open market conditions ("for industrial products") set off with the EU-Turkey Customs Union starting in 1996, trade figures between France and Turkey were boosted by two and a half fold during the ensuing five years, reaching 5.8 billion Dollars in 2000, and with France registering a clear surplus. Turkey became France's third largest trade partner outside the EU and France became Turkey's third largest partner overall. The loss of impetus caused by the late 2000 and early 2001 financial breakdowns in Turkey were already compensated for in 2002. Until recently, Turkey still attracted

neg: Accession of Turkey to the European Union European Parliament, equal to Germany's. If Turkey were to join the European Union, Istanbul would become the most populous metropolis in the EU. Cyprus was divided when, on 20 July 1974, Turkey invaded and occupied a third of the island in response to an Athens-engineered coup aimed at annexing Cyprus to Greece. Since then, Turkey has refused to acknowledge the Republic of Cyprus (an EU member since 2004) as the sole authority on the island, and recognizes the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus since its establishment in 1983. The Turkish invasion in 1974 and the resulting movement of refugees

neg: Accession of Turkey to the European Union government buildings, schools, and universities; the law was upheld by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights as legitimate in the "Leyla Şahin v. Turkey" case on 10 November 2005. However, in 2010, the prohibition of wearing headscarfs in universities was lifted. Cultural differences between Muslim majority Turkey and predominantly Christian Europe play an important part in the entire debate on Turkish accession to the European Union. In an analysis, based on the World Values Survey, the social scientists Arno Tausch and Almas Heshmati came to the conclusion that a robust measurement scale of global economic, political

neg: Water supply and sanitation in Turkey in water supply and sanitation are the European Union, France and Germany. The European Union provides 134.3 million Euro of grants in 2007-09 for water supply and sanitation as part of its Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA). The first project to be approved under IPA for water and sanitation in Turkey was for a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ordu. A priority for IPA is the reduction of water losses. The European Investment Bank also provides loans for water supply and sanitation in Turkey. As of 2010 it had several projects under implementation, of which the most recent one is the

neg: Minister of European Union Affairs (Turkey) Minister of European Union Affairs (Turkey) The Minister of European Union Affairs of Turkey is the government minister responsible for Turkey's membership negotiations with the European Union and is a member of the Cabinet of Turkey, leading the Ministry of European Union Affairs. The position was formed on 29 June 2011 after Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won a third term in the 2011 general election. So far, there have been three ministers of European Union Affairs. The Minister concurrently serves as the chief negotiator during accession talks with the EU. The ministry was established after the governing Justice and

neg: European Union–Turkey Customs Union Council covers trade in agricultural products. In addition to providing for a common external tariff for the products covered, the Customs Union foresees that Turkey is to align to the acquis communautaire in several essential internal market areas, notably with regard to industrial standards. The customs union increased both imports and exports in Turkey, as well as its GDP per capita. Turkey's membership of the customs union is recognised as having played a significant part in its economy's transition from agrarian to industrial. As Turkey is in a customs union with the EU, it has to adjust its tariffs and

neg: Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey) Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey) The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey is the government minister who heads the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and is a member of the Cabinet of Turkey. The minister is responsible for overseeing the international relations of the government, though specific relations involving Turkey's accession negotiations with the European Union are handled by the Ministry of European Union Affairs. The office was established in 1920 during the Turkish War of Independence, after which Bekir Sami Kunduh became the first Minister to hold the office. The incumbent officeholder is Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, who took

neg: Accession of Turkey to the European Union in the Luxembourg European Council of 1997 in which accession talks were started with central and eastern European states and Cyprus, but not Turkey. During the 1990s, Turkey proceeded with a closer integration with the European Union by agreeing to a customs union in 1995. Moreover, the Helsinki European Council of 1999 proved a milestone as the EU recognised Turkey as a candidate on equal footing with other potential candidates. The next significant step in Turkey–EU relations came with the December 2002 Copenhagen European Council. According to it, "the EU would open negotiations with Turkey 'without delay' if the European

neg: European Union–Turkey Customs Union the customs union agreement to add Turkey to the EU's present and future FTAs. Turkey has been an associate member of the European Community (EC) since 1964, following the signing in 1963 of the Ankara Agreement (EEC-Turkey Association Agreement (1963)) with the EEC. Turkey applied for full membership on 14 April 1987. The decision to consider Turkey's application was deferred until 1993, because the European Community was in the process of becoming the even (politically and economically) tighter European Union. The fall of the Soviet Union and German reunification delayed the decision on Turkish membership even more. During those years

neg: European Union Customs Union European Union Customs Union The European Union Customs Union (EUCU) is a customs union which consists of all the member states of the European Union (EU), Monaco, and some dependencies of the United Kingdom which are not part of the EU. Some detached territories of EU members do not participate in the customs union, usually as a result of their geographic separation. In addition to the EUCU, the EU is in customs unions with Andorra, San Marino, and Turkey, (with the exceptions of certain goods) through separate bilateral agreements. The customs union is a principal component of the European Union,

neg: Pembe Candaner The law also legalized temporary work, work-on-call and part-time work, which was previously not legal in Turkey. In 2005, she was selected as a consultant by European Union for the standardization of Public Employment Agency (İşkur) and for the National Employment Strategies of Turkey. In 2009, she founded the ‘Yaratıcı İnsan Platformu' (Creative Human Platform) to help the entrepreneurs in Turkey and support the creative ideas and entrepreneurship. In 2011, she also became the shareholder of Mikom Inc. and holds the position of Vice President in Board of Directors. Since 2003, Candaner is the Founding and Honorary President of Private

neg: Socrates programme Socrates programme The SOCRATES programme was an educational initiative of the European Commission; 31 countries took part. The initial Socrates programme ran from 1994 until 31 December 1999 when it was replaced by the Socrates II programme on 24 January 2000, which ran until 2006. This, in turn, was replaced by the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013. The countries participating in the programme were the then 25 European Union countries, the then candidate countries Romania and Bulgaria; Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Turkey. The programme is named after the Greek philosopher Socrates. Within the Socrates programme, funded by the European Union Directorates-General:

neg: Republican People's Party (Turkey) tender law, employment incentive law, to name a few. The government also changed 34 articles of the Constitution to widen fundamental rights and freedoms, and did this with the approval of all the parties in parliament. Turkey became a candidate country to the European Union (without any political preconditions and with equal treatment as all other candidate countries). Three major EU harmonisation packages were passed during this government, including the most comprehensive package of 3 August 2002, which included the removal of the death penalty and many changes in fundamental rights and freedoms. An economic crisis which resulted from long

neg: European Union–Turkey Customs Union of the Euro-Mediterranean partnership and as such is interested in concluding free trade agreements with all other Mediterranean partners, with a view to the creation of a Euro-Mediterranean free trade area, originally aimed for by 2010. European Union–Turkey Customs Union On 31 December 1995, a 6 March 1995 Decision of the EC-Turkey Association Council, established by the Ankara Agreement, to implement a customs union () between Turkey and the European Union, came into effect. Goods may travel between the two entities without any customs restrictions. The Customs Union does not cover essential economic areas such as agriculture (to which bilateral

neg: Albania–Turkey relations Albania–Turkey relations Albanian–Turkish relations are the bilateral foreign relations between Albania and Turkey. Albania has an embassy in Ankara and a general consulate in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tirana. Both nations are predominantly Muslim and part of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). In addition, they are full members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Union for the Mediterranean (UfM). Turkey and Albania are candidates for accession in the European Union (EU). Albanian–Turkish relations have traditionally been friendly due to pragmatic, geographical, historical and religious factors and the existence of a large Albanian diaspora in Turkey.

neg: European Union–Turkey relations the Brexit, the strategy plans of the EU suggest deeper integration between member states and closer and deeper ties with Turkey, signaling an intent to press ahead with plans to provide Turks with visa-free travel which was evaluated as a signal that EU may give compromise to Turkey in remaining benchmarks for visa liberation, namely the anti-terror laws of Turkey, following the June 2016 Istanbul airport bombing. European Union–Turkey relations Relations between the European Union (EU) and Turkey were established in 1959, and the institutional framework was formalized with the 1963 Ankara Agreement. Turkey is one of the EU's main

neg: Frontier part of the European Neighbourhood. This is a region of primarily less-developed countries, many of which aspire to become part of the union. Current applicants include Turkey and many small countries in the Balkans and South Caucasus. Romania and Bulgaria joined EU in 2007. Proposals to admit Turkey have been debated but are now currently stalled, partly on the ground that Turkey is beyond Europe's historic frontier and it is yet to comply with the 35 point policy areas set out by EU. If all or most East European states become members, the frontier may be the boundaries with Russia

neg: Foreign worker the 1970s, more than four million migrant workers and their families came to Germany like this, mainly from the Mediterranean countries of Italy, Spain, the former Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey. Since about 1990, came for the disintegration of the Soviet bloc and the enlargement of the European Union and guest workers from Eastern Europe to Western Europe Sometimes, a host country sets up a program in order to invite guest workers, as did the Federal Republic of Germany from 1955 until 1973, when over one million guest workers (German: Gastarbeiter) arrived, mostly from Italy, Spain and Turkey. The underestimation of

neg: 2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands Liberals and Democrats for Europe became the biggest group in the Netherlands, after an electoral loss for the parties in European People's Party–European Democrats and European Socialists group. The European Greens–European Free Alliance lost a seat, despite GreenLeft winning a seat. This was because Europe Transparent, which sat in the European Greens-EFA group, did not take part in this election. Newcomer Party for Freedom is not part of a European group and is under Non-Inscrits. The Christian Union-SGP was in the Independence/Democracy group, but this group did not meet the requirements to be a group in the European Parliament and

neg: Foreign relations of Turkey to extend the agreement are frozen by EU institutions due to the turn to authoritarianism and Neo-Ottomanism by the Erdoğan government of Turkey. The European Union confirmed Turkey's status as candidate for membership at the European Council's Helsinki Summit in 1999. The accession talks did not follow immediately, however, as the EU said Turkey had to make significant reforms, particularly in the field of human rights, before the talks could begin. Turkey's current administration has identified EU membership as its top priority, and has taken many – and sometimes controversial – reform packages through the Parliament aimed at gradually harmonizing

neg: Germany–Turkey relations The German Chancellor, Angela Merkel, has advocated a "vaguely defined partnership" and has opposed full membership of Turkey to the EU. Current Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said in response in July 2009, "We will never accept a privileged partnership. We want full membership into the EU. We don't want anything else than full membership.” In 2006, Chancellor Merkel said "Turkey could be in deep, deep trouble when it comes to its aspirations to join the European Union" regarding its refusal to open up its ports to European Union member Cyprus. She added: We need an implementation of the

neg: Economy of the Middle East Middle East followed by Iran, Saudi Arabia and UAE. Turkey has the world's 15th largest GDP-PPP and 15th largest Nominal GDP. The country is a founding member of the OECD (1961) and the G-20 major economies (1999). Turkey has been part of the EU Customs Union since 31 December 1995. Turkey is often classified as a newly industrialized country by economists and political scientists; while Merrill Lynch, the World Bank and "The Economist" magazine describe Turkey as an emerging market economy. Turkey is restructuring its economy in an attempt to gain full European Union membership. It began this policy in

neg: 2008 Women's European Union Amateur Boxing Championships Taylor. 2008 Women's European Union Amateur Boxing Championships The 2008 Women's European Union Amateur Boxing Championships were held in the Greenbank Sports Academy in Liverpool, England from August 4 to 8. This was the 3rd edition of this annual competition, and was organised by the European governing body for amateur boxing, EABA. 80 fighters representing 17 federations competed in 13 weight divisions. Turkey returned to top spot on the medals table with 4 gold and 4 bronze medals. Host country England won her first gold medals in these competitions, as did Ireland in the person of 60 kg World Champion

neg: 2008 Women's European Union Amateur Boxing Championships 2008 Women's European Union Amateur Boxing Championships The 2008 Women's European Union Amateur Boxing Championships were held in the Greenbank Sports Academy in Liverpool, England from August 4 to 8. This was the 3rd edition of this annual competition, and was organised by the European governing body for amateur boxing, EABA. 80 fighters representing 17 federations competed in 13 weight divisions. Turkey returned to top spot on the medals table with 4 gold and 4 bronze medals. Host country England won her first gold medals in these competitions, as did Ireland in the person of 60 kg World Champion Katie

neg: Scotland national under-18 rugby union team Scotland national under-18 rugby union team The Scotland national under-18 rugby union team is the under-18 team of the Scotland national rugby union team in the sport of rugby union. Under-18 became a recognised age-grade in European rugby in 2004. Scotland took part in the early editions of the European Under-18 Rugby Union Championship, coming third in 2005 and fourth in 2006, on both occasions playing Italy for third place. The team, after this did not take part in the competition again until 2011. Having missed out on participating in the elite division during the qualifying, the team was grouped

neg: Cuban Missile Crisis the Soviet Union and Kennedy's cabinet, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy, the former on the border of the Soviet Union, in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba. There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement. Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was, and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey. At this point, Khrushchev knew things the US did not: First, that the shooting down of the

neg: Model European Union Strasbourg and 10 March 2007 and has grown ever since. Residents of any of the 28 Member States of the European Union, EFTA , EEA countries and Turkey, Macedonia and the Erasmus + Partner countries (Western Balkans, Eastern Partnership Countries, South-Mediterranean Countries, and the Russian Federation) between the age of 18 and 26 are eligible to apply to take part in Model European Union Strasbourg. Such criteria are to maintain the project's goal of youth inter-European learning and networking. All applications are done online via the website. Model European Union partners up with other (youth) organisations which among others include different

neg: Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan or to have autonomy and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds in Turkey. Turkey is a charter member of the UN, an early member of NATO, the IMF and the World Bank, and a founding member of the OECD, OSCE, BSEC, OIC and G-20. After becoming one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005 which have been effectively stopped by the EU in

neg: Political positions of David Cameron European Union. On 9 December 2014, Cameron said that he still "very much supports" Turkey joining the European Union, during a visit to Turkey to meet the country's Prime Minister and President, despite his Government's inability to control numbers of EU migrants coming to the UK. The visit was his first since 2010 when he told the Turks he backed the country's goal of joining the EU. He had said then that he wanted to "make the case" for Turkey's EU membership, and added that he wanted to "pave the road" for Turkey to join the EU, saying the country

neg: Demir and Baykara v Turkey Demir and Baykara v Turkey Demir and Baykara v Turkey [2008] ECHR 1345 is a landmark European Court of Human Rights case concerning Article 11 ECHR and the right to engage in collective bargaining. It affirmed the fundamental right of workers to engage in collective bargaining and take collective action to achieve that end. Mr Vemal Demir was a member, and Mrs Vicdan Baykara was the president, of the Turkish trade union for civil servants, Tüm Bel Sen. The union signed a two-year collective agreement in 1993, but the employer, the Gaziantep Municipal Council did not comply with its provisions.

neg: European Union–Turkey Customs Union the European Community had also become reluctant to consider Turkey's application. At the Helsinki summit in December 1999 Turkey was given the status of a candidate country. At the end of 2004, the European Commission has issued a report with positive recommendations to the European Council, indicating the degree of compliance by Turkey of the Copenhagen political criteria. On this basis, the European Council decided to start accession negotiations with Turkey on 3 October 2005. Since then, no significant progress has been made towards membership nor is there evidence of political will to do so. Finally, Turkey is also member

neg: European Union–Turkey relations June 2018, reacting to the Turkish general election two days earlier, the EU's General Affairs Council stated that "the Council notes that Turkey has been moving further away from the European Union" and thus "no further work towards the modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union is foreseen." Turkey receives payments from the EU budget as pre-accession support, currently 4.5 billion allocated for the 2014-2020 period (about 740 million Euros per year). The European Parliament's resolution in November 2016 to suspend accession negotiations with Turkey over human rights and rule of law concerns called for the Commission to "reflect on the

neg: Ayşe Sezgin and London, United Kingdom. From 2006 to 2008, Sezgin was the Deputy General Manager of the European Union Affairs Department in the Ministry. She was appointed Ambassador of Turkey to Slovenia succeeding Melek Sina Baydur and serving in Ljubljana between 15 March 2008 and 9 October 2009. Returned home, she became in 2010 Deputy Undersecretary responsible for European Union Affairs in the Ministry, the highest-ranked position held for the first time ever by a female civil servant in Turkey. In 2011, Sezgin was appointed ambassador to Austria succeeding Kadri Ecvet Tezcan. Her next appointment was to Valletta as Ambassador to

neg: Soviet Union–Turkey relations the treaty did not cohere with "the new situation and needed serious improvement." When the Turkish government enquired on what conditions a new agreement could be concluded, it was informed by Molotov that in addition to bases in the Straits, the Soviet Union claimed a part of eastern Turkey, which was assumed to refer to the districts of Kars, Artvin and Ardahan, which the Russian Empire (and the short-lived DRA) had held between 1878 and 1921. In his congratulatory message to Stalin dated May 16, 1945, Turkey's prime minister Şükrü Saracoğlu called Stalin "the famous leader to whom I am

neg: Human rights in Turkey of which are expressed in the 1982 Turkish Constitution, Part Two of which guarantees "fundamental rights and freedoms" such as the right to life, security of person, and right to property. In addition, Turkey has signed a number of treaties, shown in the tables below: In October 2009 the European Commission on Enlargement to the European Union attested regarding Turkey that On October 18, 2017, Council of Europe Secretary General called for the release of human rights activists detained in Turkey in a telephone call with Turkish Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gül. Turkey's human rights record has long continued to attract

neg: Northern Cyprus and the European Union Northern Cyprus and the European Union Turkish Cypriots and the European Union have somewhat strained relations because the European Union (EU) does not recognise the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Due to the Cyprus dispute, TRNC is recognized only by the EU candidate state Turkey. All other countries recognise the Republic of Cyprus, an EU member state, as the only legitimate government for the whole island. However the Republic of Cyprus "de facto" controls only the south of the island while the TRNC government controls the north. Due to this dispute, northern Cyprus is "de jure" part of the

neg: Deportation of Roma migrants from France matter against France. Subsequently, the EU said it would seek to compel European Union countries to amend their national rules to the requirements of the European Union's free movement laws, but in so doing did not deny the unlawfulness of the French actions. Romani NGOs in Turkey as well protested the French government and what they considered the European Union's weak response to the French government's decision on human rights grounds. Efkan Ozcimen, head of a Romani NGO in Turkey was quoted saying, "Unfortunately France is expelling Roman people while the same France and the EU advise other countries about

neg: Immigration to Turkey Istanbul alone, according to Turkish officials. Turkey has traditionally been a major transit port for illegal immigrants to enter the European Union, but as Turkey has grown in wealth, it now finds itself a major focal point in illegal immigration. The governments of Turkey and Greece have agreed to work together, to implement border control. After the 2015 G20 Antalya summit held in November 2015 there was a new push forward in Turkey's European Union accession negotiations, including a goal of lifting the visa requirement for Turkish citizens travelling in the Schengen Area of the European Union. After the 2015

neg: Ministry of European Union Affairs (Turkey) Ministry of European Union Affairs (Turkey) The Ministry of European Union Affairs (Turkish: "Avrupa Birliği Bakanlığı" ) is a ministry of the Turkish government responsible for the accession process between the Republic of Turkey and the European Union. Formed on June 29, 2011, the ministry has been headed by six ministers in the past, namely Egemen Bağış (2011–2013), Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu (2013–2014), Volkan Bozkır (2014-August 2015 and again from November 2015-2016), Ali Haydar Konca (August-September 2015), Beril Dedeoğlu (September-November 2015) and the incumbent Ömer Çelik, in office since 24 May 2016. The Ministry is responsible for co-ordinating negotiations and accession projects

neg: Charlie Gallagher (Scottish footballer) days. On 20 September 1958, Gallagher provisionally signed for Celtic and made his full debut on 6 March 1959. Jock Stein signed him as a full professional on the same day. Gallagher was part of the Lisbon Lions squad that won the 1967 European Cup Final, although he did not play in the final. The same year, Gallagher became the first Scottish-born player to play for the Republic of Ireland when he travelled to Ankara on 22 February 1967 to represent Ireland against Turkey. Gallagher played for Celtic for over a decade, making a total of 171 appearances and scoring

neg: Future enlargement of the European Union (i.e. they enjoy access to European Union countries of physical exports without tariff barriers). Other Community rules do not apply to the Islands. The UK Sovereign Base Areas, Akrotiri and Dhekelia on Cyprus did not join the European Union when the United Kingdom joined. Cyprus' Accession Treaty specifically stated that this would not change with the accession of Cyprus to the European Union. However, currently, some provisions of the EU Law are applicable there—mainly border management, food safety and free movement of people and goods. The Faroe Islands, a self-governing nation within the Kingdom of Denmark, are not part of

neg: Democratic Left Party (Turkey) Left, Ecevit made up a new synthesis by articulating new dimensions such as democratic socialism and social democracy to the national independence movement or Kemalism. The symbol of the white dove ("Ak Güvercin") was selected to symbolize the pacifism and social accordance. DSP approves of Turkish adhesion to the European Union, although it criticized the content of the Customs Union. During the premiership of Ecevit in 1999, Turkey became a candidate for the EU. DSP is against the idea of a united Cyprus state. Democratic Left Party (Turkey) The Democratic Left Party (, DSP) is a Turkish political party founded

neg: Accession of Turkey to the European Union in the European Union. The former Greek Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis stated that Turkish membership of the EU could only be predicated upon, "full compliance, full accession" in December 2006. In 2005 the European Commission referred to relations between Turkey and Greece as "continuing to develop positively" while also citing a key barrier to progress being Turkey's ongoing claim of "casus belli" over a dispute about territorial waters boundaries. In September 2017, Greek Prime Minister, Alexis Tsipras, mentioned that halting accession talks with Turkey would be a strategic mistake by the European Union, amid a war of words raging between

neg: Germany–Turkey relations demonstrators. On 25 June EU foreign ministers backed a German proposal to postpone further EU membership talks with Turkey for about four months due to the Turkey's handling of the protests. A delay in opening new chapters for Turkey would raise new doubts about whether the country should ever be admitted to the European Union. In early June in comments on Turkey's possible membership German Chancellor Angela Merkel did not address the compromise proposal but said Turkey must make progress on its relations with EU member Cyprus to give impetus to its membership ambitions. In 2006, Chancellor Angela Merkel visited

neg: Pim Fortuyn List Islam, or Western society and Islamic culture. The LPF supported NATO, but was eurosceptic and saw the European Union as a "bureaucracy which barely interests its citizens, let alone inspires them." The party did however not oppose the project of European integration in general, but rather its present organization, lack of democracy and threat to national sovereignty. Opposing the full membership of Turkey, Albania, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, the LPF maintained that the European Union "shouldn't cross the Bosporus and the Ural". Pim Fortuyn List The Pim Fortuyn List (, LPF) was a right-wing populist political party in the Netherlands.

neg: Ploteus Ploteus PLOTEUS is an acronym of Portal on Learning Opportunities Throughout European Space, meant to connote "πλωτηρ" (ploter) which means "navigator" in ancient Greek. It is a European Union web portal, coordinated by the European's Commission Directorate-General for education and culture, that aims to help citizens find out about education and training opportunities, throughout the countries belonging to the European Union, Switzerland, Iceland, Norway and Turkey, though the latter did not participate in PLOTEUS at its launch, as it was not a member of the Leonardo da Vinci programme yet. According to France 5, the portal offers an "easy access"

neg: Accession of Turkey to the European Union complete negotiations with the European Commission on 33 of the 35 chapters of the acquis communautaire, the total body of EU law. (Two chapters do not require negotiation.) Afterwards, the member states must unanimously agree on granting Turkey membership to the European Union. Until the accession process is terminated, Turkey receives payments from the EU budget as pre-accession support, currently 4.5 billion allocated budget for the 2014–2020 period (about 740 million Euros per year). In June 2017, the EU's financial watchdog, the European Court of Auditors, announced that it would investigate the effectiveness of the pre-accessions funds which Turkey has

neg: European Union Customs Union dependencies of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey are integral parts of the EU's customs territory. Andorra, San Marino and Turkey, a candidate for EU membership, are each in a customs union with the EU. While all EU member states are part of the customs union, not all of their respective territories participate. Territories of member states which have remained outside of the EU (overseas territories of the European Union) generally do not participate in the customs union. However, there are seven EU member territories that do not participate in the customs union: The following are

neg: Accession of Turkey to the European Union 4.6%, Iran 3.9%, UK 3.2%; total EU imports 40.4%; total Asia imports 27%). According to Forbes magazine, Istanbul had a total of 37 billionaires in 2013, ranking 5th in the world behind Moscow (84 billionaires), New York City (62 billionaires), Hong Kong (43 billionaires) and London (43 billionaires). The opening of talks regarding the Economic and Monetary Policy acquis chapter of Turkey's accession bid was expected to begin in June 2007, but were stalled by France. Turkey became the European Union's fifth-largest trade partner in 2015 according to data released by Eurostat. Turkey is set to receive EUR 9.2bn from

neg: Issues in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016 ask themselves whether EU should give all new member countries all the rights of membership. The possibility of Turkey being a member has been subject to particularly heated debate. Turkey applied to join the EU in 1987, but has made relatively little progress towards membership due to concerns over its economy, human rights record and the partition of Cyprus. Successive UK governments supported the view that Turkey should be allowed to join EU if it fulfils certain conditions. David Cameron backed Turkish membership of EU several times after he became prime minister. In the European migrant crisis, EU reached an

neg: Accession of Turkey to the European Union but omitted Turkey. On 26 June 2018, the EU's General Affairs Council stated that "the Council notes that Turkey has been moving further away from the European Union. Turkey’s accession negotiations have therefore effectively come to a standstill and no further chapters can be considered for opening or closing and no further work towards the modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union is foreseen." The Council added that it is "especially concerned about the continuing and deeply worrying backsliding on the rule of law and on fundamental rights including the freedom of expression." To accede to the EU, Turkey must successfully

neg: Germany–Turkey relations Ankara Protocols regarding unrestricted trade with Cyprus too. Otherwise, the situation becomes very, very serious when it comes to the continuation of Turkey's accession negotiations. I appeal to Turkey to do everything to avoid such a complicated situation and not to lead the European Union into such a situation. Merkel also said that she could not imagine negotiations continuing without concessions made by Ankara toward opening up its ports to Cypriot ships. The Turkish Government responded by demanding that the EU lift its embargo on the Turkish-controlled part of the island in return. On 20 June 2013, in the wake

neg: Future enlargement of the European Union 2004 (following the major 2004 enlargement), the European Council announced that membership negotiations with Turkey were officially opened on 3 October 2005. Turkey is the thirteenth largest economy in the world, it has the second largest military force of NATO and is a key regional power. In 2006, Carl Bildt, Swedish foreign minister, stated that "[The accession of Turkey] would give the EU a decisive role for stability in the Eastern part of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, which is clearly in the strategic interest of Europe." However others, such as former French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor

neg: European integration Partnership which would include setting a FTA between the EU and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. The European Union Customs Union defines an area where no customs are levied on goods travelling within it. It includes all member states of the European Union. The abolition of internal tariff barriers between EEC member states was achieved in 1968. Andorra and San Marino belong to the EU customs unions with third states. Turkey is linked by the European Union-Turkey Customs Union. A prominent goal of the EU since its creation by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 is establishing and maintaining

neg: Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus as an independent country. Later, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov rejected this variant. The TRNC fully supports Turkey's bid to join the European Union. As part of this bid, Turkey recently signed a protocol extending its customs union to the new EU members, including the Republic of Cyprus, which Turkey does not recognise. Turkey made sure this was not tantamount to recognition with the inclusion of a declaration, stipulating their continued policy of non-recognition of what they describe as the "Greek Cypriot administration of Southern Cyprus" until a settlement is reached. This declaration is not accepted by the EU which

neg: Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest in Eastern Thrace and Western Asia), Turkey takes part in lots of Westerner organisations including their NATO membership in 1952 and associate membership in the European Economic Community in 1959. Test transmissions started on TRT 1 on 31 January 1968. A full national television schedule, which at that time linked the areas in and around Ankara, Istanbul, and Izmir, started in December 1971. TRT renewed its membership in the European Broadcasting Union (having been a founding member previously offering only radio) starting on 26 August 1972 with Turkey's first Eurovision Network event, a football match (Turkey vs. Italy), on 13

neg: Foreign relations of Turkey goal. However, problems in foreign policy such as the Cyprus conflict and the internal political turbulence from the 1970s until the early 1980s forced Turkey to delay applying for full membership of the European Community until 1987. The application was rejected, although the E.C. did say that Turkish membership could occur at some point in the future. An EU-Turkey Customs Union agreement came into effect on 1 January 1996, allowing goods to travel between Turkey and the EU member states without customs restrictions, although it crucially stopped short of lifting restrictions in areas such as agriculture. As of 2018, plans

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Turkey Postage stamps and postal history of Turkey The postal history of Turkey and its predecessor state, the Ottoman Empire, dates to the 18th century when foreign countries maintained courier services through their consular offices in the Empire. Although delayed in the development of its own postal service, in 1863 the Ottoman Empire became the second independent country in Asia (after Russia) to issue adhesive postage stamps, and in 1875, it became a founding member of the General Postal Union, soon to become the Universal Postal Union. The Ottoman Empire became the Republic of Turkey in 1923, and in the following

neg: European Union–Turkey relations is a carefully managed process which helps the transformation of the countries involved, extending peace, stability, prosperity, democracy, human rights and the rule of law across Europe.The European Union enlargement process took a major step forward on 3 October 2005 when accession negotiations were opened with Turkey and Croatia. After years of preparation the two candidates formally opened the next stage of the accession process. The negotiations relate to the adoption and implementation of the EU body of law, known as the "acquis. The acquis" is approximately 130,000 pages of legal documents grouped into 35 chapters and forms the rules

neg: Motherland Party (Turkey) moving towards privately owned business. In 1987, the ANAP-led government filed for admission into the European Economic Community, the forerunner of the European Union. However, this attempt to enter the EEC was ended when the ANAP criticized the customs union of the EEC and decided the admission terms prescribed by the EEC to be not in the best interest of Turkey or its people. In 1991 ANAP lost the majority to a coalition of the True Path and Social Democrats parties. After its longest run, the ANAP has had few opportunities to return to leadership. In 1995, The Motherland party

neg: Catholic Church in Turkey opposition to Turkey joining the European Union. The Council of Catholic Bishops met with the Turkish prime minister in 2004 to discuss restrictions and difficulties such as property issues. On June 6, 2010, Bishop Luigi Padovese, the Vicar Apostolic of Turkey, was killed. Catholic Church in Turkey The Catholic Church in Turkey is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the canonical leadership of the curia in Rome. Turkey is notable for being the only country with territory in Europe, other than Estonia, to have never had a Catholic bishop from its own

neg: Turkey Taekwondo Federation Turkey Taekwondo Federation Turkey Taekwondo Federation () is the governing body of Taekwondo sport in Turkey. Originally, it was formed in 1968 within the Turkey Judo Federation, where it maintained its activities thirteen years long. In 1981, it was disconnected from the Judo Federation and became a separate organization under the governmental Directorate General of Youth and Sports (Gençlik ve Spor Genel Müdürlüğü, GSGM). The headquarters is located in Ulus quarter of Ankara. It is a member of the European Taekwondo Union (ETU). It organizes tournaments and championships for all age groups of both genders at national level. In addition,

neg: Driver's license since 1963, and application to accede to the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union (EU), was made on 14 April 1987. Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for full membership on 12 December 1999, at the Helsinki summit of the European Council. On 1 January 2016 new Turkish laws concerning driving licences were implemented. The changes are intended to bring Turkey more in line with existing EU driving regulations and concern all road users in Turkey. A foreign national can drive in Turkey with an

neg: Issues in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016 that every country could veto other countries' entry into EU. David Owen stated that David Cameron and French president Francois Hollande had been committed to re-energising the accession process of Turkey into EU. If they did not live up to their pledge, Owen argued, Turkey would leave NATO, which would have profound consequences for dealing with Isil and problems of Iraq and Syria. However, Turkish membership would still require the agreement of all 28 member states, including the government of Cyprus, which the Turkish government does not even recognise. On 4 May 2016, the European Commission conditionally supported proposals to

neg: Turkey men's national goalball team Turkey men's national goalball team Turkey men's national goalball team is the men's national team of Turkey. It is governed by the Turkish Blind Sport Federation (), and takes part in international goalball competitions. Turkey men's goalball national team, initially competing in the Group C, won the 2007 IBSA European Goalball Championships held in Antalya, Turkey, and was promoted to the Group B. In 2011, the national team became runner-up at the IBSA European Championships in Assens, Denmark, and was promoted to the Group A. The national team qualified for the first time at the Paralympics in 2012 Summer Paralympics

neg: Education and Science Workers' Union (Turkey) litigation Eğitim Sen was closed by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court of Appeal on May 25, 2005. To avoid the closure, Eğitim Sen later revoked the clause in question from its statute. In 2008 however, a complaint by Adnan Oktar did lead to the banning of the organisation's website. This was a reaction to a press-release about Adnan Oktar’s "Atlas of Creation", which was sent to schools free of charge. In September 2009 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ordered adjudged Turkey to pay 2,340 Euro (around 5,150 Turkish Lira) in compensation for restricting trade union activities

neg: Future enlargement of the European Union also specify a gradual devolution of powers to the local New Caledonian assembly. The referendum's result was that New Caledonia would remain a part of the French Republic. Future enlargement of the European Union There are five recognised candidates for future membership of the European Union: Turkey (applied on 14 April 1987), Macedonia (applied on 22 March 2004), Montenegro (applied in 2008), Albania (applied in 2009), and Serbia (applied in 2009). All except Albania and Macedonia have started accession negotiations. Kosovo, whose independence is not recognised by five EU member states, and Bosnia and Herzegovina are recognised as potential candidates

neg: Treaty of Accession 1972 Treaty of Accession 1972 The Treaty of Accession 1972 was the international agreement which provided for the accession of Denmark, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom to the European Communities. Norway did not ratify the treaty after it was rejected in a referendum held in September 1972. The treaty was ratified by Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom who became EC member states on 1 January 1973 when the treaty entered into force. The treaty remains an integral part of the constitutional basis of the European Union. The full official name of the treaty is: The four countries were already

neg: Özgür Gürbulak Özgür Gürbulak Özgür Gürbulak (born April 30, 1981 in Izmir, Turkey) is a Turkish wheelchair basketball player and Paralympian. He is a 4 point player competing for Beşiktaş JK (wheelchair basketball), and is part of Turkey men's national wheelchair basketball team. Özgür played in the national team, which qualified to the 2012 Summer Olympics. In the beginning of the 2008 season, Özgür Gürbulak transferred from Saran Anadolu team to Galatasaray, which became European champion. Gürbulak won the silver medal with the national team at the 2009 IWBF European Championship held in Adana, Turkey, and became ""Top Scorer"" of the tournament.

neg: Baku Initiative for the transport aspects. Some experts, e.g. Frank Umbach of Centre for European Security Strategies, have criticised the Baku Initiative and other policies towards the Caspian region for concentrating too much on the technical cooperation instead of seeking a more strategic long-term cooperation. Baku Initiative The Baku Initiative is an international initiative of the European Union. It is a policy dialogue on energy and transport cooperation between the European Union, Turkey, and the former Soviet republics, undertaken as part of the INOGATE energy and TRACECA transport programmes. The Baku Initiative is originating from the European Neighbourhood Policy launched in 2004.

neg: Wolfgang Wessels of the Turkish-German University, Istanbul. Since 1981 he is Visiting Professor at the College of Europe, Brugge and Natolin. Furthermore, he is part time professor of the European University Institute in Florence. His interests include the European Union political system and its deepening and widening, the EU's role in the international system, governance modes and European integration strategies and theories. Wolfgang Wessels Wolfgang Theodor Wessels (born 19 January 1948 in Cologne) is a German political scientist, currently holding the Jean Monnet Chair ad personam for Political Science since 1990 and Director of the Centre for Turkey and European Union Studies

neg: Foreign relations of Cyprus Movement in Belgrade. Reasons for this neutrality may lie in the extreme pressures exerted on the infant Republic by its larger neighbours, Turkey and Greece. Intercommunal rivalries and movements for union with Greece or partial union with Turkey may have persuaded Makarios to steer clear of close affiliation with either side. In any case Cyprus became a high-profile member of the Non-Aligned Movement and retained its membership until its entry into the European Union in 2004. At the non-governmental level, Cyprus has also been a member of the popular extension of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organisation hosting

neg: European Communities Act 1972 (UK) 17 October, and the UK's instrument of ratification of the Treaty of Accession was deposited the next day—although the Act and the Treaty did not become law until 1 January 1973, when the United Kingdom officially became a member state of the European Communities (subsequently the European Union) along with Denmark and the Republic of Ireland. The European Communities Act was the instrument whereby the UK was able to join the European Union (then known as the European Communities). It enables, under section 2(2), UK government ministers to lay regulations before Parliament to transpose EU Directives (then Community law) and

neg: Sara Keçeci and Vejen EH in 2013–14. After her club went bankrupt, she signed in July 2014 for Silkeborg-Voel KFUM. She was appointed also goalkeeper coach of the youth teams of girls U-14, U-16 and U-18 in her club Silkeborg-Voel for the 2015–16 season. She was admitted to Turkey girls' U-17 team debuting Handball at the 2011 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival in Trabzon, Turkey. Sara Keçeci became a member of the Turkey team and took part at the qualifications round matches of 2014 European Championship, 2015 World Championship and 2016 European Championship. On October 8, 2015, she played at the European

neg: Automotive industry in Turkey for producing Renault models. Other global automotive manufacturers such as Toyota, Honda, Opel, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz and MAN Truck & Bus produce automobiles, vans, buses and trucks in their Turkish factories. There are also a number of Turkish bus and truck brands, such as BMC, Otokar and TEMSA. By 2004, Turkey was exporting 518,000 vehicles a year, mostly to the European Union member states. In 2006, the European Investment Bank loaned Tofaş €175 million to jointly develop and produce with PSA Peugeot Citroën and Fiat Auto small commercial vehicles for the European market. The loan, part-financing for total investments estimated at

neg: Sweden–Turkey relations Sweden–Turkey relations Swedish–Turkish relations are foreign relations between Sweden and Turkey. Sweden has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate–general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Stockholm. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Union for the Mediterranean. Sweden, which took over the rotating presidency of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union in July 2009, supports Turkey's European Union membership. Sweden's Green Party has criticized France and Germany's opposition to Turkey's membership. On 12

neg: Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community The flag of the European Coal and Steel Community was a horizontal bicolour flag defaced with stars which represented the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) between 1958 (six years after the ECSC was founded) until 2002 when the Community was merged into the European Union (EU). Prior to 1958 the ECSC did not have a flag, and no other flag has been used by a historical part of the European Union other than the flag of Europe. The flag consisted of two horizontal stripes, blue on the top and black on

neg: European Union–Turkey relations June 2018, the EU's General Affairs Council stated that "the Council notes that Turkey has been moving further away from the European Union. Turkey’s accession negotiations have therefore effectively come to a standstill and no further chapters can be considered for opening or closing and no further work towards the modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union is foreseen." The Council added that it is "especially concerned about the continuing and deeply worrying backsliding on the rule of law and on fundamental rights including the freedom of expression." The association agreement that Turkey has with the EU serves as the basis