query: when did the first human heart transplant happen

pos: Christiaan Barnard Christiaan Barnard Christiaan Neethling Barnard (8 November 1922 – 2 September 2001) was a South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant on 3 December 1967 at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Growing up in Beaufort West, Cape Province, he studied medicine and practised for several years in his native country. As a young doctor experimenting on dogs, Barnard developed a remedy for the infant defect of intestinal atresia. His technique saved the lives of ten babies in Cape Town and was adopted by surgeons in Britain and the United States. In 1955,

pos: Organ transplantation death, so any operation would have to be performed at great speed. The development of the heart-lung machine was also needed. Lung pioneer James Hardy was prepared to attempt a human heart transplant in 1964, but when a premature failure of comatose Boyd Rush's heart caught Hardy with no human donor, he used a chimpanzee heart, which beat in his patient's chest for approximately one hour and then failed. The first partial success was achieved on 3 December 1967, when Christiaan Barnard of Cape Town, South Africa, performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant with patient Louis Washkansky as the

pos: Christiaan Barnard stitching, and had very good hands in the theatre". A popular myth, propagated principally by a widely discredited documentary film called "Hidden Heart" and an erroneous newspaper article , maintains incorrectly that Naki was present during the Washkansky transplant. Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation in the early morning hours of Sunday 3 December 1967. Louis Washkansky, a 54-year-old grocer who was suffering from diabetes and incurable heart disease, was the patient. Barnard was assisted by his brother Marius Barnard, as well as a team of thirty staff members. The operation lasted approximately five hours. Barnard stated

pos: Cardiac surgery conduit vessel that is often used is the Saphenous vein. This vein is harvested using a technique known as endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH). In 1945, the Soviet pathologist Nikolai Sinitsyn successfully transplanted a heart from one frog to another frog and from one dog to another dog. Norman Shumway is widely regarded as the father of human heart transplantation, although the world's first adult heart transplant was performed by a South African cardiac surgeon, Christiaan Barnard, using techniques developed by Shumway and Richard Lower. Barnard performed the first transplant on Louis Washkansky on 3 December 1967 at Groote Schuur Hospital

pos: Christiaan Barnard Fund for research into heart disease and heart transplants in Cape Town. His second autobiography, "The Second Life", was published in 1993, eight years before his death (). Apart from his autobiographies, Dr Barnard also wrote several other books including: Christiaan Barnard Christiaan Neethling Barnard (8 November 1922 – 2 September 2001) was a South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant on 3 December 1967 at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Growing up in Beaufort West, Cape Province, he studied medicine and practised for several years in his native country. As a

neg: Louis Washkansky heart and not necessarily an indication of rejection. Louis Washkansky Louis Washkansky (1913 – 21 December 1967) was a South African man who was the recipient of the world's first human-to-human heart transplant, and the first patient to regain consciousness following the operation. Washkansky lived for 18 days and was able to speak with his wife and reporters. Washkansky was actually the second human recipient of a heart transplant overall, in that James Hardy had done a transplant in 1964 in which Boyd Rush received a chimpanzee's heart, although the patient in that case only survived an hour and did

neg: Louis Washkansky Louis Washkansky Louis Washkansky (1913 – 21 December 1967) was a South African man who was the recipient of the world's first human-to-human heart transplant, and the first patient to regain consciousness following the operation. Washkansky lived for 18 days and was able to speak with his wife and reporters. Washkansky was actually the second human recipient of a heart transplant overall, in that James Hardy had done a transplant in 1964 in which Boyd Rush received a chimpanzee's heart, although the patient in that case only survived an hour and did not regain consciousness. Washkansky was a Lithuanian Jew

neg: Boyd Rush Almost four years later, Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur hospital in South Africa performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant on December 3, 1967. The patient Louis Washkansky did regain consciousness, and in fact, lived for 18 days before dying of pneumonia. The donor heart was from 25 year-old Denise Darvall who had been rendered brain dead after she and her mother had been struck by a drunk driver. Her father gave permission for the transplant. Rush is sometimes overlooked by accounts of early transplant history. For example, a 2017 BBC retrospective article which covers Barnard's 1967 operation has a

neg: Heart transplantation xenotransplantation is the technical term for the transplant of an organ or tissue from one species to another. The world's first human-to-human heart transplant was performed by South African cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard utilizing the techniques developed by American surgeons Norman Shumway and Richard Lower. Patient Louis Washkansky received this transplant on December 3, 1967, at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Washkansky, however, died 18 days later from pneumonia. On December 6, 1967, at Maimonides Hospital in Brooklyn, New York, Adrian Kantrowitz performed the world's first pediatric heart transplant. The infant's new heart stopped beating after

neg: Heart transplantation 7 hours and could not be restarted. At a following press conference, Kantrowitz emphasized that he did not consider the operation a success. Norman Shumway performed the first adult heart transplant in the United States on January 6, 1968, at the Stanford University Hospital. A team led by Donald Ross performed the first heart transplant in the United Kingdom on May 3, 1968. An allotransplantation is the technical term for a transplant from a non-genetically identical individual of the same species. Brain death is the current ethical standard for when a heart donation can be allowed. Worldwide, more than 100

neg: Heart transplantation surgeon who had performed the world's first human-to-human lung transplant a year earlier, author Donald McRae states that Hardy could feel the "icy disdain" from fellow surgeons at the Sixth International Transplantation Conference several weeks after this attempt with the chimpanzee heart. Hardy had been inspired by the limited success of Keith Reemtsma at Tulane University in transplanting chimpanzee kidneys into human patients with kidney failure. The consent form Hardy asked Rush's step sister to sign did not include the possibility that a chimpanzee heart might be used, although Hardy stated that he did include this in verbal discussions. A

neg: University of Mississippi world's first human lung transplant, in 1963, and the world's first animal-to-human heart transplant, in 1964. The heart of a chimpanzee was used for the heart transplant because of Hardy's research on transplantation, consisting of primate studies during the previous nine years. The University of Mississippi Field Station in Abbeville is a natural laboratory used to study, research and teach about sustainable freshwater ecosystems. Since 1968, the school operates the only legal marijuana farm and production facility in the United States. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) contracts to the university the production of cannabis for the use in

neg: CryoLife CryoLife CryoLife, Inc. is a distributor of cryogenically preserved human tissues for cardiac and vascular transplant applications and develops medical devices. Among its products are human heart valves, which are treated to remove excess cellular material and antigens, and BioGlue surgical adhesive. CryoLife, Inc. incorporated in 1984 in Florida, was the first biomedical company to specialize in the ultra-low temperature preservation of human heart valves used for cardiac reconstruction, primarily in children born with heart defects. The Company preserves and distributes human tissues and develops, manufactures, and commercializes medical devices for cardiac and vascular transplant applications. The human tissues distributed

neg: Heart transplantation over five years compared to men receiving male hearts. Survival rates for women did not significantly differ based on male or female donors. Heart transplantation A heart transplant, or a cardiac transplant, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease when other medical or surgical treatments have failed. , the most common procedure is to take a functioning heart, with or without transplanting one or both lungs at the same time, from a recently deceased organ donor (brain death is the standard) and implanting it into the patient. The patient's own

neg: Boyd Rush photo caption stating that Louis Washkansky was the first recipient of a heart transplant, when of course Rush was the first (modern) recipient of a heart transplant. The 2013 book "Organ Donation (GlobalViewpoints)" includes James Hardy's 1963 lung transplant [with patient John Russell], but makes no mention of Hardy's 1964 heart transplant attempt with Rush as his patient. Boyd Rush Boyd Rusia Rush (July 4, 1895 – January 24, 1964) was an American retired upholsterer who was the recipient of the world's first heart transplant in the early morning hours of January 24, 1964, at University of Mississippi Medical Center

neg: Keith Reemtsma 20 liters per day), as the chimpanzee kidneys probably did not work in precisely the same way as human kidneys. At autopsy, it was surprising that her transplanted kidneys did not show any signs of rejection and appeared normal. Later, the notion of using nonhuman primates as kidney donors was expanded by a number of surgeons, particularly by Tom Starzl. In 1963, James Hardy, who had carried out the first human lung allotransplant, visited Reemtsma and was impressed by the outcome of the chimpanzee kidney transplantations. Hardy went on to transplant a chimpanzee heart into a human, however, they survived

neg: Adrian Kantrowitz Rian R, Sørland SJ, Tjønneland S, performed the world's first pediatric heart transplant attempt as well as the first human-to-human heart transplant in the United States. The donor infant was David McIntire Bashaw who was anencephalic baby with a brain which was "grossly malformed" and who had a poor moro reflex (infant's startle response). However, this infant could move its extremities and had a feeble cry. According to "Every Second Counts", both this infant and the recipient infant had their body temperatures cooled from 98.6 to 59 °F, at which time surgeons then waited for the donor baby's heart to

neg: Science and technology in Iran has produced increasing numbers of scientific publications since its establishment. Modern organ transplantation in Iran dates to 1935, when the first cornea transplant in Iran was performed by Professor Mohammad-Qoli Shams at Farabi Eye Hospital in Tehran, Iran. The Shiraz Nemazi transplant center, also one of the pioneering transplant units of Iran, performed the first Iranian kidney transplant in 1967 and the first Iranian liver transplant in 1995. The first heart transplant in Iran was performed in 1993 in Tabriz. The first lung transplant was performed in 2001, and the first heart and lung transplants were performed in 2002, both

neg: Richard Lower (surgeon) of Virginia, and competed with Shumway, Adrian Kantrowitz, and Christiaan Barnard to conduct the first successful human heart transplant. While the Americans (Lower, Shumway, and Kantrowitz) made preparations to conduct the first successful transplant, they were delayed due to disagreements over the differences between cardiac death versus brain death. While a solution was being found to those questions, Barnard (who used Shumway and Lower's research) conducted the first successful (i.e. not resulting in immediate death) human transplantation in South Africa on December 3, 1967. Adrian Kantrowitz subsequently also conducted a transplant in New York City on December 6, 1967. Shumway

neg: Mandeep R. Mehra Mehra was born in December 1967, the same day as heart surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. After graduating in medicine from the Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences in 1983, he pursued further studies in the United States with the ambition to qualify in cardiac catheterization. Narrowing of the coronary arteries, or cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), after a heart transplant has been noted as a significant problem in terms of long-term survival. The terminology used in past research has varied, causing difficulties in interpreting which treatments

neg: Adrian Kantrowitz newspaper articles making the assumption that the donor was a human. In addition, when Hardy attended the Sixth International Transplantation Conference several weeks later, he was treated with "icy disdain." Hardy withdrew from active pursuit of a successful heart transplant. In what turned out to be a four-way race between South African cardiac surgeon Dr. Christiaan Barnard and Americans Norman Shumway and Richard Lower, Kantrowitz prepared for a potential human heart transplant by transplanting hearts in 411 dogs over a five-year period together with members of his surgical team. On June 29, 1966, by which time Kantrowitz had completed the

neg: Heart of Cape Town Museum Heart of Cape Town Museum The Heart of Cape Town Museum is a museum complex in the Observatory suburb of Cape Town, South Africa. It is in the Groote Schuur Hospital on Main Road. The hospital was founded in 1938 and is famous for being the institution where the first human heart transplant took place, conducted by University of Cape Town-educated surgeon Christiaan Barnard on the patient Louis Washkansky. The museum opened on December 3, 2007 marking the 40th anniversary of the heart transplant by Christiaan Barnard. The Heart of Cape Town Museum honors everyone who played a major role

neg: Edward Stinson (surgeon) was Shumway's most notable resident and the chief resident in 1968 when he assisted Shumway in performing the first adult human-to-human heart transplant procedure in a 54-year-old steelworker, in the United States. On 6 January 1968, he travelled to El Camino Hospital to bring the donor Virginia White to Stanford with her heart still beating. As soon as the neurologist confirmed White's brain death, surgery began in two adjacent operating theatres. After removing White's heart in room 12, Stinson carried it over in a cold saline filled bowl to Shumway in Room 13. Later, as professor emeritus of cardiothoracic surgery

neg: Adrian Kantrowitz necessary technical research, one of his patients was an 18-day-old infant who very much needed a new heart. He and his team had located an anecephalic baby whose parents agreed to let her be the donor. Due to disagreements with senior staffers Howard Joos and Harry Weiss, Kantrowitz was forced to wait until cardiac death (instead of the more modern use of brain death) to retrieve the donor heart, which was found to be useless. According to the "Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart" (2006), Kantrowitz did not know at the time that the donor

neg: Philip Blaiberg that he was dying. The world's first human heart transplant operation was performed months later, on December 3, 1967. With the assistance of his brother, Marius, and thirty other people, Dr. Christiaan Barnard performed the nine-hour operation on Louis Washkansky, a 55-year-old man suffering from diabetes and heart disease. With the transplanted heart from Denise Darvall, a victim of a road accident, Washkansky was able to survive the operation and lived for a period of eighteen days before dying of pneumonia. On 2 January 1968, Blaiberg became the second person to successfully undergo a heart transplant. Blaiberg received the heart

neg: Pittsburgh operation on a child (6-year-old Stormie Jones in 1984), the youngest heart-lung transplant (9 years old in 1985), the world's first heart-liver-kidney transplant (1989), the world's first heart-liver transplant on an infant (1997), the first pediatric heart-double lung-liver transplant (1998), the nation's first double hand transplant (2009), and the first total forearm and hand transplant (2010), as well as the state's first heart transplant (1968). "The Lancet" published a 2012 UPMC study of two 9 year quadriplegics being able to move a robotic arm by thought, to pick up objects, shake hands, and even eat. Wiring the brain around spine

neg: James Hardy (surgeon) including: James Hardy (surgeon) James D. Hardy (May 14, 1918 – February 19, 2003) was a United States surgeon who performed the world's first lung transplant with patient John Russell living for 18 days. The transplant was performed at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi on June 11, 1963. Hardy also performed the world's first heart transplant and first heart xenotransplant when he transplanted the heart of a chimpanzee into comatose and dying Boyd Rush's chest during the early morning of January 24, 1964. This heart beat for approximately one hour, and then Rush died without regaining

neg: James Hardy (surgeon) James Hardy (surgeon) James D. Hardy (May 14, 1918 – February 19, 2003) was a United States surgeon who performed the world's first lung transplant with patient John Russell living for 18 days. The transplant was performed at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi on June 11, 1963. Hardy also performed the world's first heart transplant and first heart xenotransplant when he transplanted the heart of a chimpanzee into comatose and dying Boyd Rush's chest during the early morning of January 24, 1964. This heart beat for approximately one hour, and then Rush died without regaining consciousness.

neg: Beaufort West the town in 1880 it became a marshalling yard and locomotive depot and today it is the largest town in the Karoo. Professor Christiaan Barnard, the town’s most famous son, performed the first successful human-to-human heart transplant. He is honoured in the local museum, which houses a display of awards presented to him and a replica of the original heart transplant theatre. Beaufort West is the site of one of the largest migrations of mammals on record. In 1849, Sir John Fraser (son of the local Dutch Reformed Church minister) observed and famously documented a herd of Springbok that took

neg: Adrian Kantrowitz parents in Oregon both expected and wanted their baby's heart to be taken before it stopped beating (anecephalic babies typically live 24 to 48 hours). Barnard performed the first human-to-human heart transplant with an adult donor and recipient on December 3, 1967 at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Worldwide, especially following Barnard's Dec. 1967 transplant, there were more than 100 transplants were performed by various doctors during 1968. However, only a third of these patients lived longer than three months. On December 6, 1967, at Maimonides Medical Center, Kantrowitz's team, including Bjørnstad PG, Lindberg HL, Smevik B,

neg: Stuart W. Jamieson in a report in the "British Medical Journal" (BMJ) on "Cardiac transplantation in 150 patients at Stanford University". This report was one of the developments that supported the recommencement of heart surgery in the UK under Sir Terence English in 1979. In December 1980, he participated in the first successful human heart transplant using cyclosporine. The recipient was then age 20 and still living in 2017 at the age of 58. On 9 March 1981, Jamieson was part of the team that achieved the first long-term survival following a combined heart-lung transplant procedure, led by Bruce Reitz and accompanied by

neg: National Taiwan University Hospital only was it the first heart transplant in NTUH, but it was also, more importantly, the first heart transplant in all of Taiwan. Since then, it has expanded rapidly. In 1991, NTUH performed their first domino heart transplant. Later in 1995, NTUH was the first in all of Asia to implant biventricular-assist devices which were then bridged successfully into a heart transplant. Since these advances in the heart transplant field, NTUH has become world-renowned for heart transplant and research. The hospital is accessible within walking distance East from NTU Hospital Station of the Taipei Metro. National Taiwan University Hospital The

neg: James Hardy (surgeon) man." James Hardy thereby withdrew from the race to perform the first successful heart transplant. More than three and a half years later, the first heart transplantation with a human heart was performed by Christiaan Barnard of South Africa on Dec. 3, 1967, with patient Louis Washkansky surviving for eighteen days. Hardy married Louise Scott Sams of Decatur, Georgia in 1949; they met when he was working in Stark General Hospital in Charleston. She died from Alzheimer's disease in 2000. They had four daughters – Dr. Louise Roeska-Hardy, professor of philosophy in Heidelberg and Frankfurt, Germany, Dr. Julia Ann Hardy,

neg: Heart–lung transplant heart–lung transplantation at the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) in the USA, of which around forty will die before a suitable donor is found. Conditions which may necessitate a heart–lung transplant include: Candidates for a heart–lung transplant are usually required to be: Norman Shumway laid the groundwork for heart lung transplantation with his experiments into heart transplantation at Stanford in the mid 1960s. Shumway conducted the first adult heart transplant in the US in 1968. Building on his research at Stanford, Bruce Reitz performed the first successful heart–lung transplant on Mary Gohlke in 1981 at Stanford Hospital. The transplant

neg: Double-mindedness knew what would happen to him, but he did not know how anxiety would seize him, as he felt himself deserted in the manifold wherein he has his soul; he did not know how the heart beats when help from others, and the guidance from others, and the standards and the distractions afforded by others, vanish in the stillness; he did not know the trembling of the soul, when it is too late to shout for human aid, since no one can hear him: in short, he had no idea of how knowledge is changed when he needs to apply

neg: Organ transplantation how to transplant human fetal hearts and kidneys into animals for future transplantation into human patients to address the shortage of donor organs. In people with cystic fibrosis (CF), where both lungs need to be replaced, it is a technically easier operation with a higher rate of success to replace both the heart and lungs of the recipient with those of the donor. As the recipient's original heart is usually healthy, it can then be transplanted into a second recipient in need of a heart transplant, thus making the person with CF a living heart donor. In a 2016 case

neg: CHI St. Luke's Health II LVAD in the United States. The next year, they conducted the first FDA-approved clinical trial of adult stem cell therapy for congestive heart failure in the United States. Texas Heart Institute performed its 1,000th heart transplant in 2006 and its 1,000th carotid artery stent procedure for stroke prevention in 2012. In 2010, researchers pioneered a breakthrough technique for turning ordinary human skin cells into early-stage heart cells. In 2011, Texas Heart Institute performed the first successful implantation of a continuous-flow total artificial heart in a human. In 2013, CHI St. Luke’s Health–Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center performed its 500th

neg: Christiaan Barnard the second kidney transplant in South Africa in October 1967, the first being done in Johannesburg the previous year. On 23 January 1964, James Hardy at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi, performed the world's first heart transplant and world's first cardiac xenotransplant by transplanting the heart of a chimpanzee into a desperately ill and dying man. This heart did beat in the patient's chest for approximately 60 to 90 minutes. The patient, Boyd Rush, died without ever regaining consciousness. Barnard had experimentally transplanted forty-eight hearts into dogs, which was about a fifth the number that Adrian

neg: Donna Mansell her daughter Leonie for 33 weeks doctors soon realised that Donna had developed Dilated cardiomyopathy. Leonie was delivered by Caesarean section on 9 August 2002 while Donna was treated for heart failure. After 12 weeks of treatment was not successful, doctors realised that a heart transplant was the only option and on 2 November 2002 Donna received her first heart transplant at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham. After her transplant Donna developed Transplant rejection a number of times requiring various hospital stays. Eventually doctors gained control and Donna continued her life until December 2004 when her brother James was diagnosed

neg: Loma Linda University Level I trauma center in San Bernardino, Riverside, Inyo and Mono counties, which comprise more than a fourth of the state's land mass. About 1,600 emergency helicopters land there each year. In October 1984, at Loma Linda University Medical Center, Baby Fae became the first human to receive a heart of a baboon. The transplant appeared to be successful, but Baby Fae died 21 days later of heart failure due to rejection of the transplant. In 1991, B. Lyn Behrens became the first female president of LLU. Serving until March 2008, she was succeeded by Richard Hart, who had previously

neg: Henry Denker the first radio drama about a physical transplant, a corneal transplant of a human eye to restore sight. In 1947, Denker wrote the first script for the religious radio series "The Greatest Story Ever Told", which, in 1949, won a special George Foster Peabody Citation, the Christopher Award, the CCNY Outstanding Program of the Year Award, the Variety Award of the Year 1947, and others. Denker was to write every script in the series, which ran from 1947 to 1957. Later, on television, Denker wrote, and David Susskind produced, the first dramatic treatment of a heart transplant, "The Choice," which

neg: Panangipalli Venugopal Ventricular Assist Device implantation in Asia. The centre now handles around 3500 open heart surgical procedures annually. The "Organ Transplant Bill 1994" was passed in the Indian Parliament in May 1994 which legalized the organ transplants in India. The Bill was on the Table of the President of India for final approval when Venugopal led a team of doctors to perform the first successful heart transplant in India on 3 August 1994. This was the first of the 26 heart transplant procedures performed by Venugopal. In the fag end of 2005 and at the beginning of 2006, about 200 faculty

neg: Victor Parsonnet pioneers of the heart surgery field, Michael DeBakey and Denton Cooley (the first person in the United States to perform a heart transplant in 1968). Dr. Parsonnet was the first surgeon in New Jersey to implant a permanent pacemaker (1961) and to complete a heart transplant (1985) and kidney transplant. When asked about his success, he simply says, "I was in the right place at the right time." Dr. Parsonnet has been on the Editorial Boards of numerous academic publications, including an Editor of The Medical Roundtable, Cardiovascular Edition, a peer-reviewed journal publishing expert roundtable discussions on compelling topics. The

neg: Stuart W. Jamieson Stuart W. Jamieson Stuart William Jamieson (born 1947) is a British cardiothoracic surgeon, specialising in pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE), a surgical procedure performed to remove blood clots from pulmonary arteries in people with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). In his early career, he wrote on xenograft hyperacute rejection and was part of the team that performed the first successful human heart transplant using the then newly discovered immunosuppressant cyclosporine, in December 1980. In 1981, he was part of Bruce Reitz's team that performed the world's first successful combined heart-lung transplant procedure at Stanford University. Following that, he continued to make significant

neg: Boyd Rush of Keith Reemtsma in transplanting chimpanzee kidneys into human patients. Hardy acquired four chimpanzees for the possibility of a heart transplant. Dean of the Medical School Robert Marston and Hardy jointly established conditions for a heart transplant which included, that since a heart transplant was highly experimental, they could only consider a patient already close to death and who had no other hope of survival. On January 22, 1964, Rush had been found unconscious by neighbors. His lower left leg was black with gangrene, his face was mottled with blood clots, and he only had a faint pulse. All these

neg: Hamilton Naki ("The Economist"), two newspapers ("The Independent" and "The New York Times"), and an unknown number of newspapers publishing Associated Press stories, printed obituaries that made the following claims about Naki's participation in the world's first human-to-human heart transplantation: Between 14 July 2005 and 3 September 2005, the five aforementioned periodicals and the Associated Press issued formal retractions of statements in their obituaries of Naki that claimed that he participated in the world's first human-to-human heart transplantation. The reasons given for the initial mistakes included: Evidence cited in 2005 that Naki was not present at the first transplant included: Instead, the

neg: Heart–lung transplant team at Stanford is the longest continuously active team performing these transplants. Australia's first heart-lung transplant was conducted by Victor Chang at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney in 1986. Iran's first heart-lung transplant was performed in Tehran in 2002. The patient is anesthetised. When the donor organs arrive, they are checked for fitness; if any organs show signs of damage, they are discarded and the operation cancelled. Some patients are concerned that their organs will be removed and the donor organs won't be suitable. Since this is a possibility, it is standard procedure that the patient is not operated on until

neg: National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 transplants. A new drug, cyclosporin, that had been introduced had also increased the survival rate of liver transplant patients from 35% to 70% in a patients first year of undergoing a liver transplant. This made it clear that the legislation was aware of a growing need and also growing shortage of organs when NOTA was passed. NOTA made it illegal to compensate organ donors, but did not prevent payment for other forms of donations (such as human plasma, sperm, and egg cells). Although bone marrow is not an organ or a component of an organ, the act made paying bone

neg: P. K. Sen (surgeon) Barnard and Shumway. With less media coverage than numerous other early heart transplants, Sen’s heart transplant in February 1968, was before any in Europe, Canada, Australia, Japan or the Soviet Union. Sen believed India had a vast potential as a transplant centre with a wealth of donor organs resulting from accidents on its disordered roads and railways. On 13 September 1968, he performed the second human heart transplant in India. The donor was a 25 year old road traffic accident victim and the recipient, a youth. Severe pulmonary hypertension developed within a few hours of the operation and the recipient

neg: A. G. K. Gokhale A. G. K. Gokhale A. G. K. Gokhale (also known as Dr Alla Gopala Krishna Gokhale; MBBS, M.S. (General Surgery), M.Ch (Cardio-thoracic surgery), DNB (Cardiothoracic Surgery), SMP (IIM-C)) is an Indian Cardiac Surgeon at Apollo Hospitals. He is known for being the first to perform a successful human-to-human heart transplant and first successful lung transplant in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. He was honored by the Government of India with the Padma Sri award in 2016. Gokhale was born Tamirisa near Gudivada, a small village in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born in a Telugu family

neg: The Heart (novel) the heart not just as an essential organ in the human body like she did in "Swimmer's Heart for Compatible Woman's Body", but as a source of love, emotion, and humanism. She subsequently began writing "The Heart" in July 2012. While developing and writing the novel, de Kerangal consulted with an organ transplant coordinating nurse at the Biomedicine Agency in Saint-Denis, France, who educated her on the legal aspects of organ transplantation and the process of obtaining consent from family members of the deceased. She then met with an emergency physician at the agency who introduced her to Cristal, a

neg: Panangipalli Venugopal the Cardithoracic department. He got married at the age of 55 and has a daughter. Venugopal has pioneered heart transplant surgery in India, having performed the first successful heart transplant in the country, the count now standing at 26 transplants. He performed the first implantation of left ventricular assist device, lasting for more than 90 days, in Asia. He introduced the stem cell therapy, for the first time in India, by the deployment of autologous stem cell implantation for repairing the myocardium as an alternative to transplantation, which he did on 26 patients. He pioneered the stem cell implantation procedure

neg: Iván González Cancel Edmonton, Canada. After completing his training in Cardiovascular Surgery he decides to pursue a fellowship at the University of Pittsburgh in Heart and Lung Transplant. In 1993 after completing his training in mainland United States he returned to Puerto Rico to practice as a Cardiovascular and Heart Transplant Surgeon. It is in 1999 when he makes history by conducting the first heart transplant surgery in Puerto Rico. In June 27, 1999, Dr.Ivan Gonzalez Cancel along with a group of healthcare professionals performed the surgery which took 3 hours and 17 minutes at the Cardiovascular Center of Puerto Rico and the

neg: James Hardy (surgeon) 1964. He had been found by neighbors in a comatose state with only a faint pulse. Rush's stepsister Mrs. J.H. Thompson signed a consent form which stated, "I agree to the insertion of a suitable heart transplant if such should be available at the time. I further understand that hundreds of heart transplants have been performed in laboratories throughout the world but that any heart transplant would represent the initial transplant in man." The consent form did not include the possibility that a chimpanzee heart may be used. Hardy later stated that he had verbally discussed the procedure in detail

neg: Organ transplantation do not trigger an immune response. A transplant of organs or tissue from one species to another. An example is porcine heart valve transplant, which is quite common and successful. Another example is attempted piscine-primate (fish to non-human primate) transplant of islet (i.e. pancreatic or insular tissue) tissue. The latter research study was intended to pave the way for potential human use if successful. However, xenotransplantion is often an extremely dangerous type of transplant because of the increased risk of non-compatibility, rejection, and disease carried in the tissue. In an opposite twist, Ganogen Research Institute CEO Eugene Gu is studying

neg: Henry Tazelaar was diffuse alveolar damage with prominent eosinophils. He is a co-author of the lung and heart transplantation working formulations that provide guidelines to pathologists who interpret lung and heart biopsies from transplant patients. Henry Tazelaar Henry D. Tazelaar is a lung, heart and transplant pathologist. He obtained his B.A. at Calvin College then attended Rush University for his M.D. He then completed a residency in Pathology at Stanford University Medical Center, where he also obtained fellowship training in Surgical Pathology. While at Stanford he also did and NIH postdoctoral fellowship in heart and lung transplant pathology in the Laboratory of

neg: CHI St. Luke's Health the USA at Texas Heart Institute. A year later, he completed the first artificial heart implantation. The second implantation of an artificial heart in a human was completed at the same location in 1981. Additional “firsts” from Texas Heart Institute include the first bridge-to-transplant with an LVAD in 1978, the first laser angioplasty procedure in America in 1985, and the first laser coronary endarterectomy procedure in America in 1985. In 1986, Texas Heart Institute performed the first peripheral laser procedure in Texas– and one of the first in the United States– and the first implant of the HeartMate pneumatically powered

neg: Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata was established by the French Government a year later in 1823. The college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) as well as specialised ,M.Sc(Medical) ,Ph.D and post-doctoral degrees. Nursing and para-medical courses are also offered.The hospital became the first government hospital to conduct an heart transplant in West Bengal, when it carried out an heart transplant on 17 Nov 2018. The hospital had received the license to carry out heart transplant in 2017. The British East India Company established the Indian Medical Service (IMS) as early as 1764 to look after Europeans in British India. IMS

neg: Baby Fae body began generating isohaemagglutinins, but a suitable donor could not be found in time. Prior to the procedure, no infant heart transplant—even with human hearts—had been successfully performed due to a lack of infant human hearts. To address this issue, Bailey had become a pioneer in the research of cross-species heart transplants, which had included "more than 150 transplants in sheep, goats, and baboons". Multiple surgeons had previously experimented with baboon heart implants, leading some to speculate even that baboons could be farmed in the future for such purposes. When asked why he had picked a baboon over a primate

neg: Vanderbilt University Medical Center transplant milestones were Tennessee's first pancreas transplant in 1985, the first successful heart-lung transplant in the state, in 1987, the first pediatric heart transplant in the state in 1987, and the first triple organ transplant of heart, lungs and liver in 2000. The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center is one of 42 National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers, and the only one in Tennessee that provides treatment for adult and pediatric cancers. The center is also a member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, a non-profit alliance of 21 centers focused on improving quality and efficiency of cancer care. VUMC ranks in the

neg: Terence English comprised a combination of hypothermic, and pharmacological inhibition of metabolism and allowed safe periods of storage of the donor heart for up to 6 hours. By the end of 1977 English felt ready to embark on a clinical programme and submitted his plans to the Transplant Advisory Panel (TAP) of the Department of Health. He was received politely when the TAP met in January 1978 but was later informed that there was no funding for a heart transplant programme and they did not want to see any one-off operations. However, English managed to obtain permission from the Chairman of Cambridge

neg: Norman Shumway Billingham in acute organ rejection and trained Philip Caves, cardiothoracic surgeon, who returned to Scotland to work in heart surgery in newborns. Shumway and Barnard crossed paths again in 1966 when Barnard visited Stanford. The United States legislation in 1967 did not allow the acquisition of an organ from a heart beating donor. Following the first heart transplant in 1967 by Barnard in South Africa, the concept of brain death, already described in 1959 by French neurologists, became more widely accepted. This was followed by changing guidelines and legislation in various countries. In collaboration with Randall B. Griepp, he was

neg: My First Romance will eventually fall in love amidst the chaotic events that almost threatened their relationship. "Two Hearts" is the second episode in My First Romance starring John Lloyd and Bea. Enzo (John Lloyd Cruz) is star soccer player at school who loves the attention that he gets. However, he takes many things for granted but changes when he gets a heart problem and doctors say that only a heart transplant can save his life. Enzo gets a heart transplant after finding out that a guy who met an accident is a heart donor. This guy is the ex-boyfriend of Bianca (Bea

neg: Stuart W. Jamieson the Minnesota Heart and Lung Institute, performing Minnesota's first heart-lung transplant in the same year. In 1988, he performed the Midwest's first double-lung transplant. By 1989, Jamieson had transferred his entire surgical team, including Michael Peter Kaye, to the University of California, San Diego. to which he introduced heart-lung, lung, double lung and living-related transplant, and established the first lung transplantation programme to be Medicare certified and co-founded the Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center The International Registry for Heart Transplantation, which possesses global heart and heart-lung transplants records, and the editorial offices of the "Journal of Heart Transplantation" also moved to UCSD

neg: Baby Fae Baby Fae Stephanie Fae Beauclair (October 14, 1984 – November 15, 1984), better known as Baby Fae, was an American infant born in 1984 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. She became the first infant subject of a xenotransplant procedure and first successful infant heart transplant, receiving the heart of a baboon. Though she died within a month of the procedure, she lived weeks longer than any previous recipient of a non-human heart. The procedure, performed by Leonard L. Bailey at Loma Linda University Medical Center, was successful, but Fae died 21 days later of heart failure due to rejection of

neg: St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney Chinese-Australian cardiothoracic surgeon. One of the first patients to receive a new heart at St Vincents was 14-year-old Fiona Coote who, on 7 April 1984, became Australia's youngest and first female heart transplant recipient at the time. Cardiothoracic surgeons performed the first heart/lung transplant. The hospital was also one of the first health care facilities in Australia to begin treating AIDS patients when the epidemic reached Sydney in the early 1980s. This was a direct result of the hospital's close geographic position to the predominantly gay areas surrounding nearby Oxford Street and the injecting drug using population of notorious red-light

neg: Heart transplantation Heart transplantation A heart transplant, or a cardiac transplant, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease when other medical or surgical treatments have failed. , the most common procedure is to take a functioning heart, with or without transplanting one or both lungs at the same time, from a recently deceased organ donor (brain death is the standard) and implanting it into the patient. The patient's own heart is either removed and replaced with the donor heart (orthotopic procedure) or, much less commonly, the recipient's diseased heart is left in

neg: Heart transplantation fall from a fire escape at his home. JP was born with multiple heart defects. The transplant was done by a surgical team led by Dr. Eric A. Rose, director of cardiac transplantation at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital. Drs. Keith Reemtsma and Fred Bowman also were members of the team for the six-hour operation. In 1988, the first "domino" heart transplant was performed, in which a patient in need of a lung transplant with a healthy heart will receive a heart-lung transplant, and their original heart will be transplanted into someone else. Worldwide, about 3,500 heart transplants are performed annually. The vast

neg: Heart transplantation transplants continues to expand. For example, Sri Lanka's first heart transplant was successfully performed at the Kandy General Hospital on July 7, 2017. During heart transplant, the vagus nerve is severed, thus removing parasympathetic influence over the myocardium. However, some limited return of sympathetic nerves has been demonstrated in humans. Some patients are less suitable for a heart transplant, especially if they suffer from other circulatory conditions related to their heart condition. The following conditions in a patient increase the chances of complications; Absolute contraindications: Relative contraindications: Patients who are in need of a heart transplant but do not qualify

neg: Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act may vary from each approved institution. As an example, the Singapore General Hospital Skin Bank may harvest skin from the dead donor within 15 hours of death. 0.025 cm to 0.046 cm of the outer layer of the skin – mostly from the hidden areas of the body, such as the back and thighs – is harvested using a special instrument called the dermatome, so that the donor may still have an open casket funeral. Implementations of organ transplant such as the heart transplant programme by National Heart Centre Singapore (NHCS) may usually be enabled by the Human Organ Transplant

neg: East of England Hospital the UK's first heart transplant took place in January 1979, being operated by Sir Terence English and Sir Roy Calne, on 44-year-old Charles McHugh. The world's first heart, lung and liver transplant was performed there on 17 December 1986. The world's first long-term artificial heart was implanted (and connected) on 26 August 1994 - by Dr John Wallwork; the patient lived for 9 months; John Wallwork had performed Europe's first heart–lung transplant there in 1984; such transplants are often carried out on people with cystic fibrosis. Ben Milstein conducted Britain's first open-heart surgery there in September 1958 on a

neg: Louisville, Kentucky by Edison's light bulb which occurred during the Southern Exposition. (At the time, in 1883, the largest such installation to date.) Also, Louisville had the first library open to African Americans in the South, and medical advances including the first human hand transplant and the first self-contained artificial heart transplant. Louisville has nine sister cities as of 2012: In addition, Leeds has been recognized as a "friendship city". The two cities have engaged in many cultural exchange programs, particularly in the fields of nursing and law, and cooperated in several private business developments, including the Frazier History Museum. On April

neg: Jose Chacko Periappuram next year. Vipin, the benefactor, had a heart transplant, as a part of the first multi-organ transplant in the state. Periappuram has since performed over 11 heart transplants. On 6 March 2014, Jose became the first cardiac surgeon to conduct a successful heart re-transplant in the country. 9 months later, Gireesh, the fourth transplant patient had developed a fever which led to a valve infection and thus an unusable heart which had to be replaced. On 24 July 2015, Jose and his team from Lisie Hospital used the services of the Indian navy by using their Dornier aircraft to transport

neg: Kumud Dhital As a faculty member at the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Dhital works closely with Professor Peter MacDonald, the medical director of the St Vincent's Heart Transplant Unit. St Vincent's Hospital and the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute collaborated to develop their successful DCD transplant technique. Kumud Dhital Kumud Dhital (Nepali: कुमुद धिताल) is a Nepalese cardiothoracic specialist and transplant surgeon at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia. In fall 2014, Dhital was part of the surgical team who completed the world's first “dead heart” transplant. A “dead heart” is a heart donated after circulatory death (DCD), where the heart has

neg: Groote Schuur Hospital by Dutch settlers when the city of Cape Town was founded in the 17th century. The hospital was declared a Western Cape Provincial Heritage Site in 1996. Groote Schuur Hospital Groote Schuur Hospital is a large, government-funded, teaching hospital situated on the slopes of Devil's Peak in the city of Cape Town, South Africa. It was founded in 1938 and is famous for being the institution where the first human-to-human heart transplant took place, conducted by University of Cape Town-educated surgeon Christiaan Barnard on the patient Louis Washkansky. Groote Schuur is the chief academic hospital of the University of Cape

neg: Groote Schuur Hospital Groote Schuur Hospital Groote Schuur Hospital is a large, government-funded, teaching hospital situated on the slopes of Devil's Peak in the city of Cape Town, South Africa. It was founded in 1938 and is famous for being the institution where the first human-to-human heart transplant took place, conducted by University of Cape Town-educated surgeon Christiaan Barnard on the patient Louis Washkansky. Groote Schuur is the chief academic hospital of the University of Cape Town's medical school, providing tertiary care and instruction in all the major branches of medicine. The hospital underwent major extension in 1984 when two new wings were

neg: History of science and technology in Africa the procedures employed, European observers concluded that they had been employed for some time. Bunyoro surgeons treated lung inflammations and pleurisy by punching holes in the chest until the hair passed freely. Trephining was carried out and the bones of depressed fractures were elevated. Horrible war wounds, even penetrating abdominal and chest wounds were treated with success, even when this involved quite heroic surgery. A South African, Max Theiler, developed a vaccine against yellow fever in 1937. Allan McLeod Cormack developed the theoretical underpinnings of CT scanning and co-invented the CT-scanner. The first human-to-human heart transplant was performed by South

neg: Hamilton Naki surgeons who removed the heart from the donor were Marius Barnard (Christiaan Barnard's brother) and Terry O'Donovan. Despite the retractions, the claim that Naki participated in the 1967 heart transplantation has been perpetuated in journal articles and books published after 2005. Examples include: A 2007 book traced the origin of the incorrect story to a 1993 article in the Associated Press that stated "Barnard had Naki on his heart-transplant backup team. … When Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967, Naki was part of the backup team at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town." The story's "blossom[ing] into accepted

neg: Human Transplantation (Wales) Act 2013 in 2008 by the Organ Donation Taskforce. By 2012, the donation rate in the UK was 17.4 pmp. Donation rates in Wales continued to be higher than in the other countries of the UK. In 2012, the rate in Wales was 24.9 pmp. Detailed cost-benefit analyses were published by the Welsh Government in 2012 as part of their Regulatory Impact Assessment. Net savings forecast, over a ten-year period, were: £3.392m per additional kidney transplant; £5.624m per additional liver transplant; £2.434m per additional heart transplant; £0.65m per additional lung transplant. The figures were calculated using transplant related costs against savings of

neg: Artificial heart up to five years, had animal trials in 2005, and the company hoped to get FDA approval for human use in 2008. On October 27, 2008, French professor and leading heart transplant specialist Alain F. Carpentier announced that a fully implantable artificial heart would be ready for clinical trial by 2011 and for alternative transplant in 2013. It was developed and would be manufactured by him, biomedical firm , and venture capital firm Truffle Capital. The prototype used embedded electronic sensors and was made from chemically treated animal tissues, called "biomaterials", or a "pseudo-skin" of biosynthetic, microporous materials. According to

neg: P. K. Sen (surgeon) able to breath after surgery without artificial ventilation. All the dogs had survivals from 5 to 12 hours. James Hardy, who had previously supervised Sen on his first fellowship at Pennsylvania in 1950, had by 1964 transplanted a chimpanzee heart into a human. Two years later, Hardy visited Bombay and spoke at G.S. Medical College about transplants. On 16 February 1968, Sen led the team that performed the first human heart transplant in India, and only the sixth in the world. He was the fourth surgeon in the world to attempt this, the previous three surgeons being Christiaan Barnard, Norman

neg: Terence English Health Authority to use his facilities at Papworth for two transplants and after the first failed in January 1979 the second in August 1979 was successful and the patient Keith Castle lived for over 5 years. English carried on with developing the heart transplant programme and became Director of the British Heart Foundation Transplant Research Unit at Papworth (1980–1998). In 2013, Eric Hunter's grandson acknowledged English in his tribute to his grandfather who had three consecutive heart transplants. English performed the first total artificial heart transplant in The UK in November1986. A Jarvic 7 heart was used as a bridge

neg: Transplant rejection Transplant rejection Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue. Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecular similitude between donor and recipient and by use of immunosuppressant drugs after transplant. The first successful organ transplant, performed in 1954 by Joseph Murray, involved identical twins, and so no rejection was observed. Otherwise, the number of mismatched gene variants, namely alleles, encoding cell surface molecules called major histocompatibility complex (MHC), classes I and II, correlate with the rapidity and severity of transplant rejection. In humans MHC is also called human

neg: Carlos Manuel Chávez time to Brownsville, Texas and remains active in medicine, although has not performed any transplant work in recent years. Carlos Manuel Chávez Carlos Manuel Chávez (born 25 December 1931) is a cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon best known for his participation in the first-ever human heart transplant. He was also the first surgeon to perform a coronary artery bypass, during 1972 in Mississippi, United States, and Monterrey, Mexico. Chavez was born in Cajamarca, Peru. He was the last of nine children born to Nazario Chávez Aliaga (1891–1979). He graduated from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru in the

neg: Organ transplantation in Japan donation in Japan is significantly lower than in Western countries. The first organ transplant in Japan took place at Niigata University in 1956 when a kidney was temporarily transplanted to a patient with acute renal failure. In 1964 a permanent and full-scale kidney transplant was successfully undertaken at the University of Tokyo, and by 1992 nearly 9,000 kidney transplants had taken place. In the same year, a liver transplant was performed at Chiba University by Professor Komei Nakayama. The first heart transplant in Japan was conducted at Sapporo Medical University in 1968 by Dr Wada. This operation attracted concerns that

neg: Stuart W. Jamieson first papers on xenograft hyperacute rejection in 1974 and 1975. In 1978, the American Heart Association awarded him a fellowship to study at Stanford University under the pioneering heart surgeon Norman Shumway, who had performed the first human heart transplant in America in 1967. Jamieson completed his residency in 1980 and stayed on as chief resident at Shumway's request Later, he was listed in "Clinical Cardiology", 2000, as one of Norman Shumway's distinguished trainees. Before 1980, just under 40 lung transplantation procedures had been attempted, all of which resulted in the patient's death within a few months and just one

neg: Gilles Dreyfus he performed the first mitral valve repair in case of acute endocarditis and he published an article on innovative surgical procedures. He also improved the transplant program at the Broussais Hospital, started by Professor Dubost and discontinued after 4 patients. The program developed rapidly: from 1984 to 1989, more than 200 heart transplants were performed at the Broussais Hospital. An artificial heart project as a bridge to transplant was also developed. In 1986, he helped Professor Carpentier perform the first artificial heart implant in Europe. During his stay at the Broussais Hospital, Gilles Dreyfus published several articles on heart transplant,

neg: René Küss René Küss René Küss (3 May 1913 – 2006) was a French pioneering urologist and transplant surgeon who made ground-breaking contributions in renal tract surgery and kidney transplantation with the establishment of transplant programs. At a time of unavoidable transplant rejection, he was involved in two particularly historic transplant operations. The first was a human-to-human extraperitoneal kidney transplant procedure in 1951 and later a pig-to-human kidney transplant in 1966, both of which ended in abrupt rejection. He later introduced kidney transplantation schedules involving at first irradiation, later immunosuppressants, living-related and unrelated donors and later organs from deceased donors. Küss established

neg: Jack Copeland (surgeon) Jack Copeland (surgeon) Jack Greene Copeland (born 1942) is an American cardiothoracic surgeon, who has established procedures in heart transplantation including the implantation of total artificial hearts (TAH) to bridge the time to heart transplant, innovations in left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) and the technique of "piggybacking" a second heart (heterotopic heart transplant) in a person, while leaving them the original. In 1985, he performed the first successful implant of the Jarvik 7 artificial heart for the purpose of gaining time until a suitable heart donor could be found. The 25-year old recipient received the heart transplant within two weeks

neg: Kumud Dhital Kumud Dhital Kumud Dhital (Nepali: कुमुद धिताल) is a Nepalese cardiothoracic specialist and transplant surgeon at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia. In fall 2014, Dhital was part of the surgical team who completed the world's first “dead heart” transplant. A “dead heart” is a heart donated after circulatory death (DCD), where the heart has stopped beating. , 3 patients had received DCD heart transplants. It helps to buy certain time(3 to 6 hrs) for the dead heart to transplant in a receiver. Dhital is also an associate professor and senior lecturer in surgery at the University of New South Wales.

neg: Margaret Billingham developed bioptome, percutaneous transvenous endomyocardial biopsy. The histological samples were examined in the pathology laboratories for early signs of rejection, allowing early treatment interventions. The timing of her work coincided with the excitement in early heart transplant surgery, with Norman Shumway performing the first heart transplant in the USA in 1968. She was at Stanford at a time when Stanford was leading cardiac transplantation research on an international platform and when places like Stanford had relatively few leading female scientists. The grading system was soon adopted as the standard method for examining rejection and other cardiac diseases. Her work led

neg: Abbas Ardehali of Cardiothoracic surgery. The program is the largest lung transplant program on the west coast and leads to the best results in patient outcomes. Ardehali was involved developing technology that allows for transporting a breathing human heart or lung for an extended period of time. Abbas Ardehali was the first surgeon in the United States to perform a 'breathing lung' transplant. He and his wife, Mitra Ardehali, live with their two daughters in Los Angeles, California. Abbas Ardehali served as a Trustee of the Brentwood School from 2013-2015. Dr. Abbas Ardehali has authored multiple book chapters, published more than 100

neg: Edward Stinson (surgeon) he also completed his specialty training in cardiovascular surgery. In 1965, three years prior to America’s first adult human-to-human heart transplant, Stinson was part of the research team that published the classic paper which appraised experimental heart transplants at Stanford University Medical Center and demonstrated that the operative procedure could be successful. Of the just over 30 consecutive orthotopic transplants, most survived the operation until either rejection or immunosuppressant toxicity resulted in death. Two particular adaptations in operative techniques were key to surviving the operation itself and were endorsed in the research. Atrial anastomosis was performed instead of joining the

neg: Artificial heart valve patients older than age 55. Mechanical heart valves can also cause mechanical hemolytic anemia with hemolysis of the red blood cells as they pass through the valve. "Biological valves" are valves of animals, like pigs, which undergo several chemical procedures in order to make them suitable for implantation in the human heart. The porcine (or pig) heart is most similar to the human heart, and therefore represents the best anatomical fit for replacement. Implantation of a porcine valve is a type of xenotransplantation, also known as a xenograft, which means a transplant from one species (in this case a pig)

neg: Carlos Manuel Chávez James D. Hardy, M.D., had proven heart transplantation in humans could be done. Unfortunately, their effort was overshadowed in history by the first human-to-human heart transplant by Christiaan Barnard, M.D. in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1967. The American Medical Association, and its convention in New York City, presented Chavez with a Scientific Award silver medal for his exhibit on transplantation in 1965. He also received an Honor Achievement Award from the Angiology Research foundation in 1968. Chavez forsook private practicing for a while, and devoted his energies to teaching. He had served as chief instructor of anatomy and professor

neg: Sharon Ann Hunt disease certification in 1979. She was mentored by heart translant pioneer Norman Shumway and pathologist Margaret Billingham and also worked with cardiothoracic surgeon Philip Caves and Edward Stinson, and has therefore witnessed the history of heart transplant surgery in the US from its early years. As a second-year medical student, she has recounted the first heart transplant procedure in the US as "groundbreaking...very exciting" when "the whole place was abuzz with the news of it". She recalls the poor survival rates and the vast public interest which led members of the press to climb the outside of the hospital to

neg: Peer Portner that had run on compressed air, requiring a larger opening in the thoracic cavity that was more prone to infection. The first recipient, 51-year-old Robert St. Laurent, remained on the pump for eight days before his damaged heart was replaced in a transplant operation, and lived for 20 years in stable health before his death in 2004. St. Laurent had had a heart attack and what turned out to be unsuccessful coronary artery bypass surgery, leading to the successful implantation of the LVAD for the first time in a human. The heart St. Laurent received came from an 18-year-old college

neg: James Hardy (surgeon) used an endotracheal tube to keep the lungs ventilated and injected heparin into the heart to prevent clotting. When the time came, he removed the left lung and carried it to the adjourning operating room. On June 11, 1963, when Hardy and his team first opened up Russell's chest to begin the transplant, they saw that his cancer had spread beyond the left lung. The transplant would not save his life from the cancer. However, it might give him better breathing. The team continued with the planned transplant of the left lung. The cancerous left lung had shrunk, and so

neg: St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney Charity. St Vincent's Health Australia is a part of Mary Aikenhead Ministries. St Vincent's is a leading medical, surgical and research facility. It has been at the forefront of innovation in areas such as heart, lung and bone marrow transplantation. The first Australian heart transplant was performed on 23 October 1968 by Dr Harry Windsor on a 57-year-old, Richard Pye. The hospital was also the first Australian hospital to implement a successful cardiac transplant programme. The head of the transplant program was Dr Windsor, but the surgeon who conducted the first successful transplant in 1982 was Dr Victor Chang, a

neg: Philip Blaiberg Philip Blaiberg Philip Blaiberg (24 May 1909 – 17 August 1969) was a South Africa dentist and the third person to receive a heart transplant. On 2 January 1968, in Cape Town, Dr. Christiaan Barnard performed the third heart transplant in the world on the fifty-nine-year-old Blaiberg (Dr. Adrian Kantrowitz performed the world's second heart transplant, on a baby in the USA, only three days after Dr. Barnard performed the first). Blaiberg survived the operation, and continued with his life for nineteen months and fifteen days before dying from heart complications on 17 August 1969. The success of Blaiberg's heart

neg: Maimonides Medical Center commercial pacemaker was developed in the Maimonides Research Laboratory. The same laboratory was co-developer of the intra-aortic balloon pump in 1970. Implantation of first partial mechanical heart was performed in the hospital in 1966. The following year, the second human heart transplant in the world (and the first in the US) was performed at Maimonides by Dr. Adrian Kantrowitz. Several other technical feats were achieved by the clinicians in the hospital, such as the first needle aspiration biopsy in the US in 1981, the first robotic surgery for pediatric patients in the US in 2001, and the first angioplasty during