query: when was email invented and who is considered the inventor

pos: Ray Tomlinson Ray Tomlinson Raymond Samuel Tomlinson (April 23, 1941 – March 5, 2016) was a pioneering American computer programmer who implemented the first email program on the ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet, in 1971; he is internationally known and credited as the inventor of email. It was the first system able to send mail between users on different hosts connected to ARPANET. Previously, mail could be sent only to others who used the same computer. To achieve this, he used the @ sign to separate the user name from the name of their machine, a scheme which has been

pos: Shiva Ayyadurai to Ayyadurai as the inventor of electronic messaging; the 'bcc', 'cc', 'to' and 'from' fields existed previously; Ayyadurai had not been honored as the "inventor of email". Writing for Gizmodo, Sam Biddle argued that email was developed a decade before EMAIL, beginning with Ray Tomlinson's sending the first text letter between two ARPANET-connected computers in 1971. Biddle quoted Tomlinson: "[We] had most of the headers needed to deliver the message (to:, cc:, etc.) as well as identifying the sender (from:) and when the message was sent (date:) and what the message was about." Biddle allowed for the possibility that Ayyadurai

pos: History of email Ray Tomlinson is generally credited as having sent the first email across a network, initiating the use of the "@" sign to separate the names of the user and the user's machine in 1971, when he sent a message from one Digital Equipment Corporation DEC-10 computer to another DEC-10. The two machines were placed next to each other. Tomlinson's work was quickly adopted across the ARPANET, which significantly increased the popularity of email. Tomlinson is internationally known as the inventor of modern email. Initially addresses were of the form, "username@hostname" but were extended to "username@host.domain" with the development of the

pos: Ray Tomlinson He was 74 years old. Ray Tomlinson Raymond Samuel Tomlinson (April 23, 1941 – March 5, 2016) was a pioneering American computer programmer who implemented the first email program on the ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet, in 1971; he is internationally known and credited as the inventor of email. It was the first system able to send mail between users on different hosts connected to ARPANET. Previously, mail could be sent only to others who used the same computer. To achieve this, he used the @ sign to separate the user name from the name of their machine,

pos: Ray Tomlinson Ray Tomlinson Raymond Samuel Tomlinson (April 23, 1941 – March 5, 2016) was a pioneering American computer programmer who implemented the first email program on the ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet, in 1971; he is internationally known and credited as the inventor of email. It was the first system able to send mail between users on different hosts connected to ARPANET. Previously, mail could be sent only to others who used the same computer. To achieve this, he used the @ sign to separate the user name from the name of their machine, a scheme which has been

pos: Otto Titzling Otto Titzling Otto Titzling is a fictional character who is apocryphally described as the inventor of the brassiere in the 1971 book "Bust-Up: The Uplifting Tale of Otto Titzling", published by Macdonald in London, and by Prentice-Hall in the USA. The name, a pun on "a two-tit sling," was invented by humorist Wallace Reyburn in the 1970s. Since then, the name has appeared in the game "Trivial Pursuit" (the makers of the game fell for the hoax, and listed "Otto Titzling" as the "correct answer" to the question of who invented the brassiere), the 1988 movie "Beaches" (featuring a song

neg: Shiva Ayyadurai 'inventor of email'." Haigh argued that while EMAIL was impressive for a teenager's work, it contained no features that were not present on previous electronic mail systems and had no obvious influence on later systems. "The most striking thing about Ayyadurai's claim to have invented electronic mail is how late it comes. Somehow it took him thirty years to alert the world to [his] greatest achievement". Haigh wrote that by 1980, "electronic mail had been in use at MIT for 15 years, Xerox had built a modern, mouse-driven graphical email system for office communication, Compuserve was selling email access to

neg: Cangjie Henan, Hebei, and Shaanxi. Cangjie Cangjie () is a legendary figure in ancient China (c. 2650 BCE), claimed to be an official historian of the Yellow Emperor and the inventor of Chinese characters. Legend has it that he had four eyes, and that when he invented the characters, the deities and ghosts cried and the sky rained millet. He is considered a legendary rather than historical figure, or at least, not considered to be sole inventor of Chinese characters. Cangjie was the eponym for the (c. 220 BCE) "Cangjiepian" proto-dictionary, the Cangjie method of inputting characters into a computer, and

neg: Cangjie Cangjie Cangjie () is a legendary figure in ancient China (c. 2650 BCE), claimed to be an official historian of the Yellow Emperor and the inventor of Chinese characters. Legend has it that he had four eyes, and that when he invented the characters, the deities and ghosts cried and the sky rained millet. He is considered a legendary rather than historical figure, or at least, not considered to be sole inventor of Chinese characters. Cangjie was the eponym for the (c. 220 BCE) "Cangjiepian" proto-dictionary, the Cangjie method of inputting characters into a computer, and a Martian rock visited

neg: NTP, Inc. NTP, Inc. NTP, Inc. is a Virginia based Corporation founded in 1992 by the late inventor Thomas J. Campana Jr. and Donald E. Stout . The company is widely known for licensing push email patents invented by Thomas J. Campana Jr. and Donald E. Stout to Research In Motion, the manufacturer of BlackBerry for $612.5 Million USD . The company's primary asset is a portfolio of 19 US patents and additional pending US and international patent applications. These patents and patent applications disclose inventions in the fields of wireless email and RF Antenna design. The named inventors include Andrew Andros

neg: Thomas J. Campana Jr. Thomas J. Campana Jr. Thomas J. Campana Jr. (26 January 1947 – 8 June 2004) was an inventor. He was awarded about 50 US patents in his 30-year career. His most significant contributions were in the field of push email. He invented and patented a number of new technologies that were later incorporated into Research in Motion's BlackBerry mobile email devices. In 2006, after a protracted legal battle, Research in Motion paid US$612.5 million to license the patents. Thomas Campana was the son of a milkman and grew up in the southside of Chicago. Thomas had an electrical engineering degree

neg: Thomas J. Campana Jr. Nextel, and T-Mobile. Most recently, on 8 June 2010, NTP filed patent infringement lawsuits against several smartphone companies such as Apple, Google, LG, and Microsoft. The suits have not been settled at this time. Thomas J. Campana Jr. Thomas J. Campana Jr. (26 January 1947 – 8 June 2004) was an inventor. He was awarded about 50 US patents in his 30-year career. His most significant contributions were in the field of push email. He invented and patented a number of new technologies that were later incorporated into Research in Motion's BlackBerry mobile email devices. In 2006, after a protracted

neg: Bell-Northern Research later in Research Triangle Park and Richardson, Texas, BNR's notable American employees included Whitfield Diffie, a noted authority on cryptography, and Robert Gaskins, who invented PowerPoint after leaving BNR, influenced in part by BNR's response to the very cumbersome presentation tools used by his department there. J.W.J. Williams, the inventor of Heapsort was also an influential figure in the development of digital switching. As part of its internal IT infrastructure, BNR also created an email system called COCOS (COrporate COmmunication System), and a powerful relational database system called GERM (General Entity-Relationship Model). BNR also had labs in Maidenhead, England, Montreal,

neg: Peter Henlein very nearly the first of those who invented how to put small clocks into little boxes. Peter Henlein Peter Henlein (also spelled Henle or Hele) (1485 - August 1542), a locksmith and clockmaker of Nuremberg, Germany, is often considered the inventor of the watch. He was one of the first craftsmen to make small ornamental "Taschenuhren", portable clocks which were often worn as pendants or attached to clothing, regarded as the first watches. Many sources also erroneously credit him as the inventor of the mainspring. Little is known about Henlein's life. He apparently apprenticed in his youth as a locksmith.

neg: Anemometer first modern anemometers. They consist of a flat plate suspended from the top so that the wind deflects the plate. In 1450, the Italian art architect Leon Battista Alberti invented the first mechanical anemometer; in 1664 it was re-invented by Robert Hooke (who is often mistakenly considered the inventor of the first anemometer). Later versions of this form consisted of a flat plate, either square or circular, which is kept normal to the wind by a wind vane. The pressure of the wind on its face is balanced by a spring. The compression of the spring determines the actual force

neg: John Norton (journalist) autopsy. The 1906 inquest into Grohn's death produced an open finding due to lack of medical evidence, but serious doubts over the incident always remained. Wowser John Norton is generally considered as the person who invented the Australian word 'wowser', meaning one whose overdeveloped sense of morality drives them to deprive others of their pleasures; a person regarded as excessively puritanical; a killjoy. His name is mentioned as the inventor of this word in the Macquarie Dictionary. "I invented the word myself," he wrote. "I was the first man publicly to use the word. I first gave it public utterance

neg: NTP, Inc. believed low by some analysts, because of the absence of any future royalties on the technology in question. The $612.5 million (USD) settlement NTP Inc reached with Research In Motion was one of the largest ever of its kind. The lead attorney representing NTP in the patent infringement lawsuit was James Wallace, Jr. of Wiley Rein. <ref> NTP, Inc. NTP, Inc. is a Virginia based Corporation founded in 1992 by the late inventor Thomas J. Campana Jr. and Donald E. Stout . The company is widely known for licensing push email patents invented by Thomas J. Campana Jr. and Donald

neg: Henry Hoke (fictional inventor) Henry Hoke (fictional inventor) Henry Hoke (20th century) was a fictitious Australian scientist, engineer, and inventor. Hoke was the son of Dr Silas Hoke and Beryl Hoke, and lived in the small outback town of Hoke's Bluff. Silas Hoke operated a pharmacy, and invented a medication called Willing’s Suspension of Disbelief, and Beryl Hoke was an accomplished blacksmith. Many of Hoke's inventions were lost but are now being rediscovered. He is considered to have been fifty years ahead of his time. Hoke first worked as a fencer, starting his career as an inventor by developing pre-dug fence post holes. Hoke

neg: World Patent Marketing April 2016 when an irate customer, Crystal Carlson, received a threatening email from Cooper she searched Facebook and found dozens of other inventors who had also been scammed. Most notably she tracked down the inventor of "Teddy's Ballie Bumpers," which World Patent Marketers were using as a star success story, saying that the inventor had seen sales "skyrocket". However, the inventor told Carlson that the Patent Office had rejected his application and he was left with thousands of bumpers stored in a warehouse, selling only 15. Carlson organized victims and they filed a class-action lawsuit in December 2016 alleging deception,

neg: The Flying Torpedo The Flying Torpedo The Flying Torpedo is a 1916 American silent drama directed by John B. O'Brien and Christy Cabanne. The film was written by John Emerson (who also stars), Robert M. Baker and D. W. Griffith (who was not credited). The film is now considered lost. Set in 1921, the film centers around the character of novelist Winthrop Clavering (Emerson), known as "The World's Greatest Detective". Clavering befriends young inventor Bartholomew Thompson (Spottiswoode Aitken), who has just invented a radio controlled flying bomb (weaponry that would come to be known as guided missiles). Bartholomew is soon murdered by spies,

neg: Thomas Godfrey (inventor) popular works, including The Prince of Parthia, a play that remains well known to this day. Thomas Godfrey (inventor) Thomas Godfrey (December 1704 – December 1749) was an optician and inventor in the American colonies, who around 1730 invented the octant. At approximately the same time an Englishman, John Hadley, also invented the octant independently. Godfrey was born on his family's farm in Bristol Township, near Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Benjamin Franklin describes Godfrey at length in his "Autobiography", referring to him as a "Great Mathematician" who nevertheless was "not a pleasing Companion", demanding in conversations a "universal Precision in every

neg: Thomas Godfrey (inventor) Thomas Godfrey (inventor) Thomas Godfrey (December 1704 – December 1749) was an optician and inventor in the American colonies, who around 1730 invented the octant. At approximately the same time an Englishman, John Hadley, also invented the octant independently. Godfrey was born on his family's farm in Bristol Township, near Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Benjamin Franklin describes Godfrey at length in his "Autobiography", referring to him as a "Great Mathematician" who nevertheless was "not a pleasing Companion", demanding in conversations a "universal Precision in every thing said." Godfrey's son, also Thomas Godfrey, died at only 26, but had already published several

neg: Eduard Nepomuk Kozič Eduard Nepomuk Kozič Eduard Nepomuk Kozič (21 May 1829 – 25 April 1874) was a photographer and inventor, known for his photo ateliers in the city center of Pressburg (today Bratislava). He created images of monuments of Bratislava and its surrounding, but was famous also as author of portraits (Franz Liszt, Graf Géza Zichy). He invented and patented a procedure to expose photographs on canvas, elephant bone, porcelain, wood, glass and email. In the 1850s he was the most prominent photographer in Bratislava. His portraits were the highlights of contemporary photography. He won many medals and awards from exhibitions (Paris

neg: David H. Shepard David H. Shepard David Hammond Shepard (September 30, 1923 – November 24, 2007) was an American inventor, who invented among other things, the first optical character recognition device, first voice recognition system and the Farrington B numeric font used on credit cards. Shepard was born September 30, 1923 in Milwaukee. His father died when he was 2 and his mother when he was 10. His guardian was Laurens Hammond who invented the Hammond organ. He graduated in electrical engineering from Cornell in 1945 and then University of Michigan with a master's degree in Mathematics in 1947. He worked during World

neg: David H. Shepard Sydney. Shepard died in San Diego of bronchiectasis on November 24, 2007, at the age of 84. David H. Shepard David Hammond Shepard (September 30, 1923 – November 24, 2007) was an American inventor, who invented among other things, the first optical character recognition device, first voice recognition system and the Farrington B numeric font used on credit cards. Shepard was born September 30, 1923 in Milwaukee. His father died when he was 2 and his mother when he was 10. His guardian was Laurens Hammond who invented the Hammond organ. He graduated in electrical engineering from Cornell in 1945

neg: Thomas Blanchard (inventor) Thomas Blanchard (inventor) Thomas Blanchard (June 24, 1788 – April 16, 1864) was an American inventor who lived much of his life in Springfield, Massachusetts, where in 1819, he pioneered the assembly line style of mass production in America, and also invented the first machining lathe for interchangeable parts. Blanchard worked, for much of his career, with the Springfield Armory. In 1825, Blanchard also invented America's first car, which he called a "horseless carriage," powered by steam. During Blanchard's lifetime, he was awarded over twenty-five patents for his creations. He was born in Sutton, Massachusetts. He had a fondness for

neg: Amaro Averna Amaro Averna Amaro Averna is an Italian liqueur in the Amaro category produced in Caltanissetta, Sicily. It is named after its inventor, Salvatore Averna, who invented the recipe in 1868. This drink is produced on the Island of Sicily and is considered a traditional drink. The Averna company was acquired in 2014 by Gruppo Campari. In 1802, Salvatore Averna. was born into a family of drapers. Growing up in Caltanissetta, he became one of the most active members of the community, a justice of the peace and benefactor of the Abbey of the Holy Spirit. Here, following an ancient tradition

neg: Amaro Averna is sweet, thick and has a gentle herbal bitterness. It is 29% alc/volume (formerly 32%) and distilled and bottled in Italy. Averna is a classic digestif, often served on the rocks or neat. It also is an ingredient in some cocktails. Amaro Averna Amaro Averna is an Italian liqueur in the Amaro category produced in Caltanissetta, Sicily. It is named after its inventor, Salvatore Averna, who invented the recipe in 1868. This drink is produced on the Island of Sicily and is considered a traditional drink. The Averna company was acquired in 2014 by Gruppo Campari. In 1802, Salvatore Averna.

neg: Pulsejet input of fuel to maintain a self-sustaining combustion cycle. Russian inventor and artillery officer N. Teleshov patented a pulsejet engine in 1864 while Swedish inventor Martin Wiberg also has a claim to having invented the first pulsejet, in Sweden, but details are unclear. The first working pulsejet was patented in 1906 by Russian engineer V.V. Karavodin, who completed a working model in 1907. The French inventor Georges Marconnet patented his valveless pulsejet engine in 1908, and Ramon Casanova, in Ripoll, Spain patented a pulsejet in Barcelona in 1917, having constructed one beginning in 1913. Robert Goddard invented a pulsejet engine

neg: American Inventor American Inventor American Inventor is a reality television series based on a competition to be named America's best inventor. It was conceived by Simon Cowell and the producers of "American Idol" after appeared on Season 5 with his Cosmic Coaster invention. He also appeared on Season 2 of American Inventor and was featured in the Florida auditions. It premiered on ABC on March 16, 2006. It was organized as a competition between the various inventors resulting in one overall winner. Janusz Liberkowski, who invented a new type of child safety seat based on the human womb called the Anecia Safety

neg: Lathe woodturning page. Most woodworking lathes are designed to be operated at a speed of between 200 and 1,400 revolutions per minute, with slightly over 1,000 rpm considered optimal for most such work, and with larger workpieces requiring lower speeds. One type of specialized lathe is duplicating or copying lathe also known as Blanchard lathe after its inventor Thomas Blanchard. This type of lathe was able to create shapes identical to a standard pattern and it revolutionized the process of gun stock making in 1820's when it was invented. Used to make a pattern for foundries, often from wood, but also

neg: Shiva Ayyadurai Shiva Ayyadurai V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai (born Vellayappa Ayyadurai Shiva, December 2, 1963) is an Indian-born American scientist and entrepreneur. He is notable for his controversial claim to be the "inventor of email", based on the electronic mail software called "EMAIL" he wrote as a New Jersey high school student in the late 1970s. Initial reports that repeated Ayyadurai's assertion—from organizations such as "The Washington Post" and the Smithsonian Institution—were followed by public retractions. These corrections were triggered by objections from historians and ARPANET pioneers who pointed out that email was already actively used in the early 1970s. Ayyadurai also

neg: Fifth-wheel coupling of patents awarded for fifth-wheel design. Edward and Charles Everett, Quincy, Illinois patented a type of fifth wheel in 1850, followed by Gutches' metallic head block and fifth wheel in 1870 and Wilcox fifth wheel in 1905. The invention of the fifth wheel for motorized trucks is often credited to US inventor Charles H. Martin of the Martin Rocking Fifth Wheel Co. who invented the device in 1915. It was submitted for patent in 1915 and finalized in 1916, with Herman Farr as inventor and Martin as assignee. When they formed the Martin Fifth Wheel company Martin was president and

neg: Arnold Dumey Arnold Dumey Arnold I. Dumey (1906-1995) was the co-inventor of the postal sorting machine and cryptanalyst first for SIS and then NSA. During World War II he worked for the Army Signal Corps and at Arlington Hall, headquarters of the US Army's Signals Intelligence Service (SIS) cryptography, under William and Elizabeth Friedman on breaking the German and Japanese codes. Dumey is also considered by some the inventor of hashing. He published the first hashing paper in 1956. Later, as a consultant, he co-invented the postal sorter and wrote the code that is used on the front of all USPS envelopes

neg: Whitcomb L. Judson cable streetcar firm bought them out and turned it into an electric streetcar since Judson's system was impractical. Judson was an inventor who was awarded 30 (patents) over a sixteen-year career. He received fourteen patents on street railway ideas before his most noteworthy invention, a chain-lock fastener. This was the precursor to the modern zipper which he developed and invented in 1890. Judson is recognized as the inventor of the zipper. He also invented a "clasp-locker" automation production machine that made his fastener device inexpensively. There were many technical problems in making the "clasp-lockers", however. Judson’s metal zipper fastener device

neg: Martin Cooper (inventor) Martin Cooper (inventor) Martin "Marty" Cooper (born December 26, 1928) is an American engineer. He is a pioneer in the wireless communications industry, especially in radio spectrum management, with eleven patents in the field. While at Motorola in the 1970s, Cooper invented the first handheld cellular mobile phone (distinct from the car phone) in 1973 and led the team that developed it and brought it to market in 1983. He is considered the "father of the (handheld) cell phone" and is also cited as the first person in history to make a handheld cellular phone call in public. Cooper is

neg: Texas Instruments an effort by Haggerty to increase market demand for transistors. Jack Kilby, an employee at TI's Central Research Labs, invented the integrated circuit in 1958. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, and successfully demonstrated the world's first working integrated circuit on September 12, 1958. Six months later, Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor (who went on to co-found Intel) independently developed the integrated circuit with integrated interconnect, and is also considered an inventor of the integrated circuit. In 1969, Kilby was awarded the National Medal of Science, and in 1982 he was inducted into the

neg: Douglas H. Ring invented and developed by Bell Labs engineers. Douglas H. Ring Douglas H. Ring (March 28, 1907 in Montana – September 8, 2000 in Red Bank, New Jersey) was one of the Bell Labs engineers that invented the cell phone. The history of cellular phone technology began on December 11, 1947 with an internal memo written by Douglas H. Ring in which he proposed development of a cellular telephone system by AT&T. Although Martin Cooper of Motorola is considered the inventor of the first handheld cellular telephone and the first person to demonstrate to reporters a handheld cell phone call, Cooper's

neg: William Bullock (inventor) age 21, he was running his own machinery shop in Savannah, Georgia. At this time, Bullock invented a shingle-cutting machine, but his business went broke when he was unable to market it. While in Georgia Bullock married Angeline Kimball and had seven children with her. When his wife died in 1850, he married Angeline's sister Emily, who bore him six children. Bullock returned to New York and designed such devices as a cotton and hay press, a seed planter, and a lathe cutting machine. He also invented a grain drill, which won him a prize from the Franklin Institute in

neg: Thomas E. Murray Hall of Fame for the Electric Safety Fuse 920,613. In 1910, Murray won the Edward Longstreth Medal from the Franklin Institute. Thomas E. Murray Thomas E. Murray (October 21, 1860 – July 21, 1929) was an American inventor and businessman who developed electric power plants for New York City as well as many electrical devices which influenced life around the world, including the dimmer switch and screw-in fuse. It has been said that he "invented everything from the power plant up to the light bulb". Murray is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history after Thomas Edison, holding

neg: Thomas E. Murray Thomas E. Murray Thomas E. Murray (October 21, 1860 – July 21, 1929) was an American inventor and businessman who developed electric power plants for New York City as well as many electrical devices which influenced life around the world, including the dimmer switch and screw-in fuse. It has been said that he "invented everything from the power plant up to the light bulb". Murray is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history after Thomas Edison, holding 462 U.S. patents in his name. However, unlike Edison, Murray did not patent the work of others under his name; the

neg: Charles A. Morris Charles A. Morris Charles A. Morris (1853 - March 8, 1914) was a Bloomfield, New Jersey engineer who owned his own dredging firm in New Jersey in the 1880s. Born in 1853, Morris came from a family of engineers and inventors. He invented a sliding bucket used for loading ships and other shipping devices. He helped the pioneering inventor John Philip Holland gain acceptance of his craft within the United States naval community. Mr. Morris was a good friend of the inventor and helped him out during a time when Holland was in financial trouble prior to the acceptance of

neg: Flarf poetry Further discussion has taken place on dozens of blogs and listservs across the United States, and in Australia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Holland, Mexico, and elsewhere. Flarf poetry Flarf poetry was an "avant-garde" poetry movement of the early 21st century. The term Flarf was coined by the poet Gary Sullivan, who also wrote and published the earliest Flarf poems. Its first practitioners, working in loose collaboration on an email listserv, used an approach that rejected conventional standards of quality and explored subject matter and tonality not typically considered appropriate for poetry. One of their central methods, invented by Drew Gardner, was

neg: Flarf poetry Flarf poetry Flarf poetry was an "avant-garde" poetry movement of the early 21st century. The term Flarf was coined by the poet Gary Sullivan, who also wrote and published the earliest Flarf poems. Its first practitioners, working in loose collaboration on an email listserv, used an approach that rejected conventional standards of quality and explored subject matter and tonality not typically considered appropriate for poetry. One of their central methods, invented by Drew Gardner, was to mine the Internet with odd search terms then distill the results into often hilarious and sometimes disturbing poems, plays and other texts. Pioneers of

neg: Sticky bomb French Resistance. In 1947, the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors considered claims from Macrae and from the managing director of Kay Brothers. Macrae's legal representative was Edward Terrell – himself a wartime inventor. At the time the crown opposed granting an award; when Macrae was asked what elements of the sticky bomb he claimed to have invented, he replied "I am claiming no invention; I merely claim the development of the bomb, which was my job." However, in 1951, the commission recommended that Macrae should receive an "ex-gratia" payment of £500 [about £ in ] and Norwood received £250

neg: Shiva Ayyadurai A November 2011 "Time" Techland interview by Doug Aamoth entitled "The Man Who Invented Email" argued that EMAIL represented the birth of email "as we currently know it". In that interview, Ayyadurai recalled that Les Michelson, the former particle scientist at Brookhaven National Labs who assigned Ayyadurai the project, had the idea of creating an electronic mail system that uses the header conventions of a hardcopy memorandum. Ayyadurai recalled Michelson as saying: "Your job is to convert that into an electronic format. Nobody's done that before." In February 2012, the Smithsonian National Museum of American History announced that Ayyadurai had

neg: Alan Amron suit against 3M, suing them in federal court in Fort Lauderdale, asserting that 3M were wrongly claiming to be the inventors, and seeking $400 million in damages. Amron said, "l just want them to admit that l am the inventor and that they will stop saying that they are the inventor", "Every single day that they keep claiming they invented it damages my reputation and defames me." When Amron was asked about how he invented the sticky note, he replied, "In 1973 I had to leave a note for my wife and didn't have any scotch tape to post it

neg: Johan Hjort an early warning, and worked on methods for determining "the optimum catch" that would secure sustainable populations. Hjort was a versatile individual who could also apply his broadly based theoretical knowledge in strikingly practical ways. In 1924 he invented novel industrial mechanical machinery for extraction of whale oil from blubber. He is also credited with being the "practical inventor of shrimp fishery", on both sides of the Atlantic. The shrimp, in particular the deep-water shrimp "Pandalus borealis", were known species, but were considered rare and not worth looking for. Around 1898, Hjort adapted earlier designs of deep-sea trawls on the

neg: Thomas Hancock (inventor) Thomas Hancock (inventor) Thomas Hancock (8 May 1786 – 26 March 1865), elder brother of inventor Walter Hancock, was an English self-taught manufacturing engineer who founded the British rubber industry. He invented the masticator, a machine that shredded rubber scraps and which allowed rubber to be recycled after being formed into blocks or sheets. A blue plaque commemoration is placed on No. 4 High Street in Marlborough, Wiltshire in his honour (also one for his brother). Hancock was born in 1786 in Marlborough, Wiltshire, and little is known about his early life. His father was a cabinet maker and it

neg: The Alvin Show had segments featuring a character called Clyde Crashcup (voiced by Shepard Menken impersonating Richard Haydn's Edwin Carp character), a scientist/inventor. Each segment was introduced by Alvin, who was told by Dave that he was introducing a great inventor and was dumbfounded when he heard of Clyde Crashcup. Clyde's "inventions" were really items that had already been invented, but with his own personal touches. His "creations" often backfired on him until his silent, level-headed assistant, Leonardo (diminutive, balding and perpetually whispering in Crashcup's ear) saved him from any further self-destruction. CBS reran the series on Saturday mornings for a few years

neg: Peter Roberts (inventor) Peter Roberts (inventor) Peter 'Pete' Roberts invented the quick release socket wrench. He sold his patent to US retail store chain Sears for $10,000 who said that they did not think the invention was worth very much. When he learned that Sears had done a market study which revealed a huge market and that they had sold 26 million of his wrenches for a profit of $44 million within a year, he sued them for fraud. In 1976, a US Federal jury agreed with him and awarded him $1 million in damages. Sears appealed the decision all the way to

neg: Peter Roberts (inventor) the US Supreme Court but lost. On further appeals he was granted $5 million in damages, however the lawsuit continued, and in 1989 it was reported that he had finally settled with Sears for $8.9 million. Roberts went on to found Link Tools, which manufactures a system of interlocking quick-release ratchets, sockets, and accessories. Peter Roberts (inventor) Peter 'Pete' Roberts invented the quick release socket wrench. He sold his patent to US retail store chain Sears for $10,000 who said that they did not think the invention was worth very much. When he learned that Sears had done a market

neg: Email tracking Email tracking Email tracking is an effective method for monitoring the email delivery to the intended recipient. Most tracking technologies use some form of digitally time-stamped record to reveal the exact time and date that an email was received or opened, as well the IP address of the recipient. Email tracking is useful when the sender wants to know if the intended recipient actually received the email, or if they clicked the links. However, due to the nature of the technology, email tracking cannot be considered an absolutely accurate indicator that a message was opened or read by the recipient.

neg: Email management Email management Email management is a specific field of communications management for managing high volumes of inbound electronic mail received by organizations. Today, email management is an essential component of customer service management. Customer service call centers currently employ email response management agents along with telephone support agents, and typically use software solutions to manage emails. Email management evolved from database management and customer relationship management (CRM). Database management began in the 1960s. IBM provided one of the earliest solutions and established standards for database management. Prominent database management platforms include Oracle, SQL Server etc. Vern Watts, inventor of IBM's

neg: Science and technology in Russia was awarded with Nobel Prize (not shared by Olovnikov). Nikolay Benardos introduced the arc welding, further developed by Nikolay Slavyanov, Konstantin Khrenov and other Russian engineers. Alexander Lodygin and Pavel Yablochkov were pioneers of electric lighting, and Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky invented and introduced the first three-phase electric power systems, widely used today. Oleg Losev is often considered as the inventor of the light-emitting diode (LED). Nikola Tesla was arguably the discover of modern electricity, he wished for electricity to be free. Vasily Dokuchaev (1845–1902) is credited with laying the foundations of soil science. Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945) is considered one of the

neg: Engelberg Huller Company Engelberg Huller Company The Engelberg Huller Company was established in 1888 in Syracuse, New York, by John R. Montague, to manufacture and distribute the "Engelberg Huller" machine which was invented by Brazilian mechanical engineer and inventor, Evaristo Conrado Engelberg, and Willard Halstead to remove the husks and shells from rice and coffee during the milling process. While working in the C. E. Lipe Machine Shop, located on Geddes Street and considered an early business incubator in Syracuse, Montague began producing a hulling machine invented by the Brazilian, mechanical engineer, Evaristo Conrado Engelberg in 1885. The machine could remove the husks

neg: Marles steering gear Marles steering gear Marles steering gear was an hour-glass-and-roller steering gear for mechanically propelled vehicles invented by British inventor and businessman Henry Marles (1871-1955) who also gave his name to his joint-venture Ransome & Marles a major British ball-bearing manufacturer. Aside from ease of use Marles' steering's great appeal to drivers was its lack of backlash. Invented in 1913 it became common from the 1920s until the mid 1950s. In USA when power-steering becoming popular in the 1950s it was mainly replaced by worm and recirculating-ball nut steering —which incorporated ball-bearings. In Europe Marles' design was replaced by a general

neg: Marles steering gear no longer required a special opener. Marles steering gear Marles steering gear was an hour-glass-and-roller steering gear for mechanically propelled vehicles invented by British inventor and businessman Henry Marles (1871-1955) who also gave his name to his joint-venture Ransome & Marles a major British ball-bearing manufacturer. Aside from ease of use Marles' steering's great appeal to drivers was its lack of backlash. Invented in 1913 it became common from the 1920s until the mid 1950s. In USA when power-steering becoming popular in the 1950s it was mainly replaced by worm and recirculating-ball nut steering —which incorporated ball-bearings. In Europe Marles'

neg: Cronus Sanchuniathon, indicates that Cronus was originally a Canaanite ruler who founded Byblos and was subsequently deified. This version gives his alternate name as "Elus" or "Ilus", and states that in the 32nd year of his reign, he emasculated, slew and deified his father Epigeius or Autochthon "whom they afterwards called Uranus". It further states that after ships were invented, Cronus, visiting the 'inhabitable world', bequeathed Attica to his own daughter Athena, and Egypt to Taautus the son of Misor and inventor of writing. While the Greeks considered Cronus a cruel and tempestuous force of chaos and disorder, believing the Olympian

neg: Email Email Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages ("mail") between people using electronic devices. Invented by Ray Tomlinson, email first entered limited use in the 1960s and by the mid-1970s had taken the form now recognized as email. Email operates across computer networks, which today is primarily the Internet. Some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are

neg: Email disrupt web bugs by pre-caching images. Email Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages ("mail") between people using electronic devices. Invented by Ray Tomlinson, email first entered limited use in the 1960s and by the mid-1970s had taken the form now recognized as email. Email operates across computer networks, which today is primarily the Internet. Some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither

neg: History of computing hardware of effort and 50 prototypes he invented a mechanical calculator. He built twenty of these machines (called Pascal's calculator or Pascaline) in the following ten years. Nine Pascalines have survived, most of which are on display in European museums. A continuing debate exists over whether Schickard or Pascal should be regarded as the "inventor of the mechanical calculator" and the range of issues to be considered is discussed elsewhere. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the stepped reckoner and his famous stepped drum mechanism around 1672. He attempted to create a machine that could be used not only for addition and

neg: Lachsack different colours and use digital audio technology. The toy is sold under several different names such as Laugh Bag, Laughing Bag, Bag of Laughs and Bag of Joys. Lachsack A Lachsack (German, literally "laugh bag") is a novelty toy consisting of a small cloth bag containing a plastic box with a push button that, when pressed, plays recorded laughter. The Lachsack was invented in 1968 by German inventor Walter Thiele. It was the most successful of about 1,600 items he invented. The device originated from a talking parrot soft toy that he produced for the Wienerwald restaurant chain. When the

neg: Joseph Hudson (inventor) His whistle is still used by the force and many others worldwide. He later invented the first referee whistle for football matches, prior to this handkerchiefs were used at games. Hudson also invented the 'Acme Thunderer', the first ever pea whistle, which has been, and remains, the most used whistle in the world, from train guards to dog handlers, party goers to police officers. Joseph Hudson (inventor) Joseph Hudson (1848–1930) was an inventor in Birmingham, England during the late 19th century and the founder of J Hudson & Co in 1870, later to become the world largest whistle manufacturer .

neg: History of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute wing would be used for "computation and a library". The dome was by far the most interesting feature of this building and was innovative in being one of the first paper domes constructed. The Hall process had not been invented, so aluminium was still more expensive than gold, and paper was a practical material. The design and construction was overseen by Prof. Dascom Greene, a professor of mathematics and astronomy, who may be considered the inventor of the paper design. Prof. Greene provided the following rationale for paper construction: Prof. Greene contracted E. Waters & Sons, a firm in Troy

neg: Opt-in email Opt-in email Opt-in email is a term used when someone is given the option to receive email. Typically, this is some sort of mailing list, newsletter, or advertising. Without obtaining permission before sending email, the email is unsolicited bulk email, better known as spam. There are several common forms of opt-in email: Someone first gives an email address to the list software (for instance, on a Web page), but no steps are taken to make sure that this address belongs to the person submitting it. This can cause email from the mailing list to be considered spam because simple typos

neg: Folding harpsichord with the longest section. Once the keyboards are slid inward like drawers and the end covers are folded shut, the instrument is in its compact and portable form. It is not certain who invented the folding harpsichord. In 1700, the French harpsichord maker Jean Marius presented his instrument to the Académie des Sciences, and was granted a 20-year patent for it. However, Laurence Libin found tentative evidence that the original inventor was a builder named Giuseppe Mondini, a cleric from Imola, Italy who worked in the 17th century. Marius's claim to be the original inventor was disputed at the time

neg: Tim Walsh (game inventor) Tim Walsh (game inventor) Tim Walsh (born December 25, 1964) is an American game inventor, writer and former sportsman. He attended Colgate University, with a major in biology and minors in art and art history. Here, he invented the game "TriBond" together with classmates Dave Yearick, and Ed Muccini in 1990. He invented "Blurt!" in 1994. After inventing "TriBond" he got a job at the game's license holder, Patch Products, as Corporate VP of Product Development and Marketing. At college, Walsh played varsity football and was a baseball pitcher. He also played baseball in Mexico, as well as for the

neg: Tim Walsh (game inventor) in Sarasota, Florida. Tim Walsh (game inventor) Tim Walsh (born December 25, 1964) is an American game inventor, writer and former sportsman. He attended Colgate University, with a major in biology and minors in art and art history. Here, he invented the game "TriBond" together with classmates Dave Yearick, and Ed Muccini in 1990. He invented "Blurt!" in 1994. After inventing "TriBond" he got a job at the game's license holder, Patch Products, as Corporate VP of Product Development and Marketing. At college, Walsh played varsity football and was a baseball pitcher. He also played baseball in Mexico, as well

neg: Lachsack Lachsack A Lachsack (German, literally "laugh bag") is a novelty toy consisting of a small cloth bag containing a plastic box with a push button that, when pressed, plays recorded laughter. The Lachsack was invented in 1968 by German inventor Walter Thiele. It was the most successful of about 1,600 items he invented. The device originated from a talking parrot soft toy that he produced for the Wienerwald restaurant chain. When the company rejected the parrot Thiele placed its miniature battery-driven record player into a sock, replacing the disk recording with one of laughter and named it the "Lachsock" (laugh

neg: Jonathan Browning (inventor) I damned some of them when Pappy wasn't near, but it never occurred to us to make better ones. He was too old, and I was too young." Jonathan died June 21, 1879 in Ogden. Jonathan Browning (inventor) Jonathan Browning (October 22, 1805 – June 21, 1879) was an American inventor and gunmaker. Jonathan Browning was born October 22, 1805 in Sumner County, Tennessee. He started earning a living as a blacksmith and later switched to become gunsmith. He invented a "sliding breech" repeating rifle also called a Harmonica gun between 1834 and 1842 while living in Quincy, Illinois. He

neg: Italians Natta (the inventor of the first catalyst for the production of isotactic propylene and among the fathers of macromolecular chemistry, for which he won the Nobel prize for chemistry along with Karl Ziegler), Evangelista Torricelli (inventor of the barometer), Alessandro Volta (inventor of the electric battery), Guglielmo Marconi (inventor of radio), Antonio Meucci (known for developing a voice-communication apparatus, often credited as the inventor of the first telephone before even Alexander Graham Bell), Galileo Ferraris (one of the pioneers of AC power system, invented the first induction motor), Ettore Majorana (who discovered the Majorana fermions), and Carlo Rubbia (1984 Nobel

neg: Safety confirmation a passive request for contact. By the application of 'lean' design, the process of Safety Confirmation is conceptually simple, especially for people who use it but, as it has to be highly dependable and work reliably over different providers' phone networks, the technology that runs it is complex. Safety confirmation was invented and brought to market by James Batchelor (May 28, 1977, Yorkshire, England), a British technology entrepreneur and inventor who created it when he spotted the shortcomings of the predominant paradigm of personal safety alarms (also known as: community alarms; pendant alarms; autodialer alarms; medical alerts or personal emergency

neg: Donát Bánki Donát Bánki Donát Bánki (born as Donát Lőwinger, 6 June 1859 – 1 August 1922) was a Hungarian mechanical engineer and inventor. In 1893 he invented the carburetor for the stationary engine, together with János Csonka (known as the Bánki-Csonka engine). The invention is often, incorrectly credited to the German Wilhelm Maybach, who submitted his patent half a year after Bánki and Csonka. Bánki also greatly contributed to the design of compressors for combustion engines. He invented a water-turbine, as well, which is named after him. In 1898, Donát Bánki invented the high-compression engine with a dual carburetor, an evaporation

neg: Jim Frazier (inventor) developed through the growth and manipulation of crystals on glass plates. The crystals are shaped with the use of sound tones, energy fields and heat to make brilliant compositions and captured by special photographic techniques. They are featured in private collections around the world including those of Oprah Winfrey and Hillary Clinton. Jim Frazier (inventor) James Frazier (born 26 November 1940) is an Australian inventor, naturalist and cinematographer who invented the Frazier lens. He has won many Australian and international awards for his work, including an Academy Award for Technical Achievement and an Emmy Award. He is well known for

neg: James Wright (inventor) Nutty Putty but changed later due to marketing concerns. It is now called Silly Putty; it was actually one of the most sold items in 1949. James Wright (inventor) James Wright (March 25, 1874 – August 20, 1961) was an engineer at General Electric who invented Silly Putty in 1943. The invention of Bouncy Putty, later renamed Silly Putty, happened accidentally. During World War II, the United States couldn't obtain natural rubber from Asian suppliers, who gathered it from rubber trees. General Electric was trying to find a way to supply rubber for truck tires and soldiers boots. James Wright,

neg: Opt-in email to visit Alice's website attempting to masquerade as Bob, he would be unable to complete the account registration process because the confirmation would be sent to Bob's email address, to which Chuck does not have access. Wikipedia uses this mechanism too. The step of email address verification (confirmation) is considered by many anti-spam advocates to be the minimum degree necessary for any opt-in email advertising or other ongoing email communication. Opt-in email Opt-in email is a term used when someone is given the option to receive email. Typically, this is some sort of mailing list, newsletter, or advertising. Without obtaining

neg: John Wesley Hyatt John Wesley Hyatt John Wesley Hyatt (November 28, 1837 – May 10, 1920) was an American inventor. He is mainly known for simplifying the production of celluloid, the first industrial plastic. Hyatt, a Perkin Medal recipient, is an inductee into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Hyatt was born in Starkey, New York, and began working as a printer when he was 16. Later, he became an inventor, receiving several hundred patents. Aided by his brother Isaiah, he experimented with Parkesine, a hardened form of nitrocellulose, while researching a substitute for ivory to produce billiard balls. Parkesine had been invented

neg: Shotgun email is broken. One technician responds with an on-site call and fixes the problem. Later in the day, other technicians follow-up to fix the printer that is already back in order. Shotgun emails can also be request for information or other tasks. The blind shotgun email occurs when the sender uses the blind co-copy feature of an email program to hide the fact that a shotgun email is in use. This is considered particularly deceitful. Shotgun email Shotgun email refers to an email requesting information or action that only requires the efforts of one person but is sent to multiple people

neg: Shiva Ayyadurai which produces email management software originally called Xiva and now called EchoMail. The software analyzes incoming email messages to organizations before either replying automatically or forwarding it to the most relevant department. By 2001, customers included Kmart, American Express, and Calvin Klein, as well as more than 30 U.S. senators to help handle constituent email. EchoMail competed with more established customer relationship management software that had an email component. On its website, EchoMail describes Ayyadurai as the "Inventor of Email". In 2009, Ayyadurai was hired by India's Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India's largest science agency, by its director

neg: Charles Thurber (inventor) Charles Thurber (inventor) Charles Thurber (January 2, 1803 – November 7, 1886) was an inventor and firearms maker who made important innovations in the early development of the typewriter. According to the book "The Marvels of Modern Mechanism" published in 1901, Thurber invented and patented in 1843 the first practical typewriter, though it admits his machine was slow, crude and was never manufactured. Thurber was a partner with his brother-in-law, Ethan Allen in a firearms manufacturing company known as Allen & Thurber. Aside from firearms, he developed multiple patents, the first in 1843 for an aid to the blind and

neg: Charles Thurber (inventor) in 1845 he patented his Chirographer Charles Thurber (inventor) Charles Thurber (January 2, 1803 – November 7, 1886) was an inventor and firearms maker who made important innovations in the early development of the typewriter. According to the book "The Marvels of Modern Mechanism" published in 1901, Thurber invented and patented in 1843 the first practical typewriter, though it admits his machine was slow, crude and was never manufactured. Thurber was a partner with his brother-in-law, Ethan Allen in a firearms manufacturing company known as Allen & Thurber. Aside from firearms, he developed multiple patents, the first in 1843 for

neg: Jim Frazier (inventor) Jim Frazier (inventor) James Frazier (born 26 November 1940) is an Australian inventor, naturalist and cinematographer who invented the Frazier lens. He has won many Australian and international awards for his work, including an Academy Award for Technical Achievement and an Emmy Award. He is well known for filming documentaries for David Attenborough together with his long-time collaborator Australian naturalist, photographer and writer Densey Clyne. Clyne and Frazier formed a partnership known as Mantis Wildlife Films and their work including Webs of Intrigue, has won numerous international awards. David Attenborough asked the pair to work on his series Life on

neg: Email encryption who breaks into that organization's email system (unless further steps are taken) can easily read or modify the email. If the receiving organization is considered a threat, then end-to-end encryption is necessary. The Electronic Frontier Foundation encourages the use of STARTTLS, and has launched the 'STARTTLS Everywhere' initiative to "make it simple and easy for everyone to help ensure their communications (over email) aren’t vulnerable to mass surveillance." Support for STARTTLS has become quite common; Google reports that on GMail 90% of incoming email and 90% of outgoing email was encrypted using STARTTLS by 2018-07-24. Mandatory certificate verification is historically

neg: Dalén light Dalén light A Dalén light is a light produced from burning of carbide gas (acetylene), combined with a solar sensor which automatically operates the light only during darkness. The technology was the predominant form of light source in lighthouses from the 1900s through the 1960s, when electric lighting had become dominant. The system was invented by Gustaf Dalén and marketed by his company AGA. Dalén later invented the AGA cooker in 1922. The Dalén light is notable because of its sun valve (a.k.a. solar valve), which earned its inventor the Nobel prize in physics. The Carbide lamp was developed in

neg: Barcode system used in the United States. George J. Laurer is considered the inventor of U.P.C. or Uniform Product Code, which was invented in 1973. In June 1974, the first U.P.C. scanner was installed at a Marsh's supermarket in Troy, Ohio. The first product to have a barcode included was a packet of Wrigley's Gum. There is a wide range of hardware that is manufactured today for use in Barcode Systems. The best known brand of handheld scanners and mobile computers is Symbol, which is now a division of Motorola. Other manufacturers include Intermec, HHP (Hand Held Products), Microscan Systems, Unitech, Metrologic,

neg: Walter Hunt (inventor) Walter Hunt (inventor) Walter Hunt (July 29, 1796 – June 8, 1859) was an American mechanic. He was born in Martinsburg, New York. Through the course of his work he became renowned for being a prolific inventor, notably of the lockstitch sewing machine (1833), safety pin (1849), a forerunner of the Winchester repeating rifle, a successful flax spinner, knife sharpener, streetcar bell, hard-coal-burning stove, artificial stone, street sweeping machinery, and the ice plough. Walter Hunt did not realize the significance of many of these when he invented them; today, many are widely used products. He thought little of the safety

neg: Bellows least since the 5th century BC, when it was invented, and had reached Europe by the 16th century. In 240 BC, The ancient Greek inventor Ctesibius of Alexandria independently invented a double-action piston bellow used to lift water from one level to another. A piston is enclosed in a rectangular box with a handle coming out one side. The piston edges are covered with feathers, fur, or soft paper to ensure that it is airtight and lubricated. As the piston is pulled, air from one side enters and flows through the nozzle and as it is pushed air enters from

neg: Thomas Davenport (inventor) Washington scientist and inventor, commenced a project to build an electromagnetically powered locomotive, with substantial funds appropriated by the US Senate. Davenport challenged the expenditure of public funds, arguing for the motors he had already invented. In 1851, Page's full sized electromagnetically operated locomotive was put to a calamity-laden test on the rail line between Washington and Baltimore. Thomas Davenport (inventor) Thomas Davenport (9 July 1802 – 6 July 1851) was a Vermont blacksmith who constructed the first American DC electric motor in 1834. Davenport was born in Williamstown, Vermont. He lived in Forest Dale, a village near the town

neg: Benjamin Bramer bequemen geometrischen Instrumentes zu allerhand Abmessung". Although he is typically not credited with the invention of the pantograph, his early design is superior to the pantograph invented by Christoph Scheiner. Benjamin Bramer Benjamin Bramer (15 February 1588 – 17 March 1652) was a German mathematician, architect, inventor, and adviser. Bramer was born on 15 February 1588 in Felsberg, Germany to a Protestant minister father. The minister later died when Bramer was three years old. This led him to be adopted by his brother-in-law, Jost Bürgi, who was a prominent mathematician at the time. He moved to Bürgi's home in Kassel

neg: Jotun Hein Jotun Hein Jotun John Piet Hein (born 19 July 1956) is Professor of Bioinformatics at the Department of Statistics of the University of Oxford and a professorial fellow of University College, Oxford. Hein was previously Director of Bioinformatics Research Centre at Aarhus University, Denmark. Hein is the fourth son of Piet Hein, the Danish scientist, mathematician, inventor, designer, author, and poet who wrote the famed Grooks poetry collections and invented the Superegg and the Soma cube. When he was 12 years old, Jotun proved the Soma cube's "Basalt Rock" construction impossible, which was published in the puzzle's instruction manual as

neg: Thomas Blanchard (inventor) of railroads in the United States, and in 1831 created a powerful upriver steamboat that was used on the Connecticut River and the West, both of which he invented and patented in Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1851, he designed and created a machine that could bend dense and strong wood. Blanchard also constructed machines for cutting and folding envelopes at a single operation, and several mortising machines. Thomas Blanchard (inventor) Thomas Blanchard (June 24, 1788 – April 16, 1864) was an American inventor who lived much of his life in Springfield, Massachusetts, where in 1819, he pioneered the assembly line style

neg: Hudson Maxim Hudson Maxim Hudson Maxim (February 3, 1853 – May 6, 1927), was a U.S. inventor and chemist who invented a variety of explosives, including smokeless gunpowder, Thomas Edison referred to him as "the most versatile man in America". He was the brother of Hiram Stevens Maxim, inventor of the Maxim gun and uncle of Hiram Percy Maxim, inventor of the Maxim Silencer. Maxim started his career in 1881 as the publisher of "Real Pen Work - Self Instructor in Penmanship", a book addressing the arts of calligraphy and penmanship, and the sale of special inks, pens, and other supplies related

neg: Baunscheidtism Baunscheidtism Baunscheidtism is a form of alternative medicine created in the 19th century. The practice, a form of homeopathy, is named for its founder Carl Baunscheidt (1809–1873), a German mechanic and inventor. The legitimacy of baunscheidtism as an effective medical practice was questioned by at least 1880, when a Melbourne practitioner named Samuel Fischer lost a lawsuit he brought against a patient who failed to pay him, based on the objection that Fischer (a bootmaker) was not a qualified medical practitioner. The lebenswecker ("life awakener") or "artificial leech" was a medical device invented by Baunscheidt to pierce the skin with

neg: Adolphe Sax Adolphe Sax Antoine-Joseph "Adolphe" Sax (; 6 November 1814 – 7 February 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who invented the saxophone in the early 1840s (patented in 1846). He played the flute and clarinet. He also invented the saxotromba, saxhorn and saxtuba. Antoine-Joseph Sax was born on 6 November 1814, in Dinant, in what is now Belgium, to Charles-Joseph Sax and his wife. While his given name was Antoine-Joseph, he was referred to as Adolphe from childhood. His father and mother were instrument designers themselves, who made several changes to the design of the French horn. Adolphe began

neg: Jotun Hein "Jotun's Proof." Hein's research interests are in molecular evolution, molecular population genetics and bioinformatics. Jotun Hein Jotun John Piet Hein (born 19 July 1956) is Professor of Bioinformatics at the Department of Statistics of the University of Oxford and a professorial fellow of University College, Oxford. Hein was previously Director of Bioinformatics Research Centre at Aarhus University, Denmark. Hein is the fourth son of Piet Hein, the Danish scientist, mathematician, inventor, designer, author, and poet who wrote the famed Grooks poetry collections and invented the Superegg and the Soma cube. When he was 12 years old, Jotun proved the Soma

neg: Verner E. Suomi Verner E. Suomi Verner Edward "Vern" Suomi (1915 – 30 July 1995) was a Finnish-American educator, inventor, and scientist. He is considered the father of satellite meteorology. He invented the Spin Scan Radiometer, which for many years was the instrument on the GOES weather satellites that generated the time sequences of cloud images seen on television weather shows. The Suomi NPP polar orbiting satellite, launched in 2011, was named in his honor. Suomi was born in Eveleth, Minnesota to John and Anna Suomi. His parents arrived in the United States in 1902 from Finland. (The family surname, "Suomi", is of

neg: William Fuld William Fuld William Fuld (July 24, 1870–February 24, 1927) was an American businessman, inventor, and entrepreneur from Baltimore, Maryland who is best known for his marketing and manufacture of Ouija boards from the 1890s through the 1920s. Fuld is seen as the father of the Ouija board. Though Fuld never claimed to have invented the Ouija board, intense media coverage in the 1920s credited him with it. The misinformation was sustained by his own marketing, and his practice of stamping "Original Ouija Board" and "Inventor" on the back of his boards. By the end of his life he would have

neg: Ellen Eglin is no information that she ever created this invention. She went on to work as a clerk in a census office. Eglin was in a rare position as an inventor because she was one of only a few African American women inventors. She set the stage for later inventors such as Madam C.J. Walker, as well as Sarah Boone. Although Eglin invention became very successful, there is still a lack of sources on the events that took place in her life. Ellen Eglin Ellen Eglin (1849- after 1890) was an African-American inventor who invented a clothes wringer for washing machines.

neg: John Walker (inventor) John Walker (inventor) John Walker (29 May 1781 – 1 May 1859) was an English inventor who invented the friction match. Walker was born in Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, on 1781. He went to the local grammar school and was afterwards apprenticed to Watson Alcock, the principal surgeon of the town serving him as an assistant. He had, however, an aversion to surgical operations, and had to leave the profession, turning instead to chemistry. After studying at Durham and York, he set up a small business as a chemist and druggist at 59 High Street, Stockton, around 1818. Walker died in

neg: Local Heroes pages have now been deleted, suggesting that no further series are planned. 1 North West: Isambard Kingdom Brunel: 2 Scotland: Alexander Bain (inventor): Electro-chemical telegraph 3 East: William Harvey: Reformed incorrect thinking about the circulation of blood. Benjamin Wiseman: Patented a Windmill in 1783. 4 North East: John Walker (inventor): Invented the friction match. Charles Algernon Parsons: Invented the steam turbine. 5 Wales: Thomas Telford: Developed a system for road building & built bridges. Alfred Russel Wallace: Devised theory of natural selection jointly with Darwin. 6 South East: Samuel Morland: Invented giant megaphones and was master mechanic to Charles II