query: when did the volcanic eruption in pompeii occur

pos: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 thermal energy of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings. Several Roman settlements were obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic surges and ashfall deposits, the best known being Pompeii and Herculaneum. The total inhabitants of both cities were 16,000–20,000; the remains of over 1,500 people have been found at Pompeii and Herculaneum, but the overall death toll is still unclear. The AD 79 eruption was preceded by a powerful earthquake seventeen years before on February 5, AD 62, which caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples, and particularly to Pompeii. Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted.

pos: Pompeii Pompeii Pompeii () was an ancient Roman city near modern Naples in the Campania region of Italy, in the territory of the comune of Pompei. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was buried under of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. Many of the inhabitants were also buried before they could escape. The catastrophe was described in a surviving letter by Pliny the Younger who saw the eruption from a distance and described the death of his uncle Pliny the Elder, an admiral of

pos: Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeii and Herculaneum were once thriving towns, 2,000 years ago, in the Bay of Naples. Though both cities have rich histories influenced by Greeks, Oscans, Etruscans, Samnites and finally the Romans, they are most renowned for their destruction: both were buried in the AD 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius. For over 1,500 years, these cities were left in remarkable states of preservation underneath volcanic ash, mud and rubble. The eruption completely obliterated the towns but ironically was the cause of their longevity and survival over the centuries. However, for both cities, excavation has brought

pos: Mediterranean Sea constitute the most densely populated volcanic region in the world where an eruptive event may occur within decades. Vesuvius itself is regarded as quite dangerous due to a tendency towards explosive (Plinian) eruptions. It is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The large experience of member states and regional authorities has led to exchange on the international level with cooperation of NGOs, states, regional and municipality authorities and private persons. The Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy is a quite positive example of natural hazards leading

pos: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 "remarkable that both coins will have taken just two months after minting to enter circulation and reach Pompeii before the disaster." Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 Mount Vesuvius, a stratovolcano in modern-day Italy, erupted in AD 79 in one of the most catastrophic volcanic eruptions in European history. Historians have learned about the eruption from the eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger, a Roman administrator and poet. The event is the namesake for the Vesuvian type of volcanic eruptions. Mount Vesuvius violently spewed forth a deadly cloud of super-heated tephra and gases to a height of , ejecting molten

pos: Herculaneum Herculaneum Located in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius, Herculaneum (Italian: "Ercolano") was an ancient Roman town destroyed by volcanic pyroclastic flows in 79 AD. Its ruins are located in the "comune" of Ercolano, Campania, Italy. Herculaneum is one of the few ancient cities to be preserved more or less intact, with no later accretions or modifications. Like its sister city, Pompeii, Herculaneum is famous for having been buried in lava and ash, along with Pompeii, Stabiae, Oplontis and Boscoreale, during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. Unlike Pompeii, the heavy blanket of lava that covered Herculaneum carbonized and

pos: The Last Day of Pompeii Bologna and Venice to see work by Tintoretto and Titian gave him the answers he needed. The subject is the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 that enveloped the city of Pompeii in volcanic ash killing most of its inhabitants. As a scene from the ancient world it was an appropriate subject for a history painting, then regarded as the highest genre of painting, and the magnitude of the event also made it suitable for a large canvas that would allow Bryullov to showcase all his skills. Bryullov said that he could only have completed the work with the

pos: Stratovolcano collapse of this erupting dome generated ash flows that swept down the mountain's slopes at speeds as high as . Unzen is one of more than 75 active volcanoes in Japan; an eruption in 1792 killed more than 15,000 people—the worst volcanic disaster in the nation's history. The AD 79 Vesuvian eruption of Mount Vesuvius, a stratovolcano situated within Campania, completely smothered the nearby ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum with thick deposits of pyroclastic surges and lava flows. Although death toll is estimated between 13,000 to 26,000 remains, the exact number still remains unknown. Vesuvius is recognized as one

neg: Natural disaster immediate surroundings of a volcanic eruption is the pyroclastic flows, which consist of a cloud of hot volcanic ash which builds up in the air above the volcano and rushes down the slopes when the eruption no longer supports the lifting of the gases. It is believed that Pompeii was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow. A lahar is a volcanic mudflow or landslide. The 1953 Tangiwai disaster was caused by a lahar, as was the 1985 Armero tragedy in which the town of Armero was buried and an estimated 23,000 people were killed. Volcanoes rated at 8 (the highest level)

neg: Plinian eruption Plinian eruption Plinian eruptions or Vesuvian eruptions are volcanic eruptions marked by their similarity to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, which destroyed the ancient Roman cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii. The eruption was described in a letter written by Pliny the Younger, after the death of his uncle Pliny the Elder. Plinian/Vesuvian eruptions are marked by columns of volcanic debris and hot gases ejected high into the stratosphere, the second layer of Earth's atmosphere. The key characteristics are ejection of large amount of pumice and very powerful continuous gas-driven eruptions. According to the Volcanic Explosivity Index, Plinian

neg: Types of volcanic eruptions in a way similar to the Richter scale for earthquakes, in that each interval in value represents a tenfold increasing in magnitude (it is logarithmic). The vast majority of volcanic eruptions are of VEIs between 0 and 2. Volcanic eruptions by VEI index Magmatic eruptions produce juvenile clasts during explosive decompression from gas release. They range in intensity from the relatively small lava fountains on Hawaii to catastrophic Ultra-Plinian eruption columns more than high, bigger than the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 that buried Pompeii. Hawaiian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption, named after the Hawaiian volcanoes with

neg: The Pirates of Pompeii when she is assured otherwise, she accepts. Just then, the first rainstorm since the volcanic eruption begins, and the rain washes away the layer of ash covering everything. "The Pirates of Pompeii" was one of the books adapted into an episode of the television series. The Pirates of Pompeii The Pirates of Pompeii is a children's historical novel set in Roman times by Caroline Lawrence. The novel is the third in the Roman Mysteries series. Flavia and Nubia look over the devastation of Mount Vesuvius. Their friend Jonathan Ben Mordecai is in a coma, and Nubia and Flavia search for

neg: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens Helens has been documented as a continuous eruption with a gradual extrusion of magma at the Mount St. Helens volcano. Starting in October 2004, there was a gradual building of a new lava dome. The new dome did not rise above the caldera created by the 1980 eruption. This activity lasted until January 2008. 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens On May 18, 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in Skamania County, in the U.S. state of Washington. The eruption (a VEI 5 event) was the most significant volcanic eruption to occur in

neg: Stromboli eruption for the past 2,000 years. A pattern of eruption is maintained in which explosions occur at the summit craters, with mild to moderate eruptions of incandescent volcanic bombs, at intervals ranging from minutes to hours. This Strombolian eruption, as it is known, is also observed at other volcanoes worldwide. Eruptions from the summit craters typically result in a few short, mild, but energetic bursts, ranging up to a few hundred meters in height, containing ash, incandescent lava fragments and stone blocks. Stromboli's activity is almost exclusively explosive, but lava flows do occur at times when volcanic activity is high:

neg: Volcanic winter with total eruptive masses of at least 10 kg (Toba eruptive mass = 6.9 × 10 kg) occur every 1 million years. However, archaeologists who in 2013 found a microscopic layer of glassy volcanic ash in sediments of Lake Malawi, and definitively linked the ash to the 75,000-year-old Toba super-eruption, went on to note a complete absence of the change in fossil type close to the ash layer that would be expected following a severe volcanic winter. This result led the archaeologists to conclude that the largest known volcanic eruption in the history of the human species did not significantly

neg: San Francisco volcanic field is impossible to predict when and exactly where a new eruption might occur. The United States Geological Survey does say that a future eruption would likely be in the eastern side of the volcanic field, where the most recent volcanic activity has occurred. Such an eruption is likely to be small and pose little hazard due to the remoteness of the area. Popular tourist and hiking destinations in the volcanic field include the Kendrick Mountain Wilderness, 20 miles northwest of Flagstaff; and Sunset Crater, which is particularly popular because it is easily accessible and has interesting horizontal lava flows at

neg: Ottaviano Medici family was part Luigi de' Medici, the representative of the Kingdom of Naples at the Congress of Vienna. The city has long suffered from eruptions of Vesuvius, and in particular was almost completely buried by volcanic ash from Vesuvius's eruption of 1631, 1779 and 1906. According to Sir William Hamilton, during the first and second eruptions Ottaviano "was buried like Pompeii", and also in the third, as testified by Matilde Serao, who called the city "the new Pompeii". In the third eruption also the roof of the Mother Church of San Michele Arcangelo collapsed under the weight of the

neg: Pompeii (film) relatives, and there were some who prayed for death in their terror of dying. Many besought the aid of the gods, but still more imagined there were no gods left, and that the universe was plunged into eternal darkness for evermore." Anderson became enamored of his writings, particularly their near fantastical element and their eloquence, whose influence can be seen throughout the film in the destruction of Pompeii. The depiction of the eruption is based on eruptions which occurred all over the world over the last ten years. Anderson cites the volcanic eruption of Mount Etna in Italy and various

neg: Peléan eruption viscous magma then forms a steep-sided dome or volcanic spine in the volcano's vent. The dome may later collapse, resulting in flows of ash and hot blocks. The eruption cycle is usually completed in a few years, but in some cases may continue for decades, like in the case of Santiaguito. The 1902 explosion of Mount Pelée is the first described case of a Peléan eruption, and gave it its name. Some other examples include the following: Peléan eruption Peléan eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption. They can occur when viscous magma, typically of rhyolitic or andesitic type, is

neg: Effusive eruption ascent and eruption, pressure drops rapidly, and these gasses begin to exsolve out of the melt. A volcanic eruption is effusive when the erupting magma is volatile poor (water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride), which suppresses fragmentation, creating an oozing magma which spills out of the volcanic vent and out into the surrounding area. The shape of effusive lava flows is governed by the type of lava (i.e. composition), rate and duration of eruption, and topography of the surrounding landscape. For an effusive eruption to occur, magma must be permeable enough to allow the expulsion of

neg: Peléan eruption Peléan eruption Peléan eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption. They can occur when viscous magma, typically of rhyolitic or andesitic type, is involved, and share some similarities with Vulcanian eruptions. The most important characteristic of a Peléan eruption is the presence of a glowing avalanche of hot volcanic ash, a pyroclastic flow. Formation of lava domes is another characteristic. Short flows of ash or creation of pumice cones may be observed as well. The initial phases of eruption are characterized by pyroclastic flows. The tephra deposits have lower volume and range than the corresponding Plinian and Vulcanian eruptions. The

neg: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens On May 18, 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in Skamania County, in the U.S. state of Washington. The eruption (a VEI 5 event) was the most significant volcanic eruption to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the much smaller 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. It has often been declared as the most disastrous volcanic eruption in U.S. history. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the

neg: Cerro Negro eruptions is correlated with the volume of the previous significant eruption. Since there have been steady-state eruptions since 1900, a Cerro Negro Time-Volume Prediction Model was made. Although a small-scale eruption did occur in 1999, another larger-scale eruption is expected to occur in the immediate future. Cerro Negro does not differ from most volcanoes, in that numerous hazards are associated with volcanic activity. These hazards include lava flows, mudslides, pyroclastic flows, and earthquakes, but the biggest hazard of Cerro Negro is the effects of the ash and tephra fallouts. Currently, Cerro Negro is being monitored by the Nicaraguan Seismic Network,

neg: Nola-Croce del Papa Nola-Croce del Papa Nola-Croce del Papa was an early Bronze age village discovered in May 2001 in the Campania region near Nola, Italy. The settlement has been described as the "first Pompeii" by archaeologists. The discovery of two bodies which had been caught by the Pyroclastic flow as they were fleeing a Volcanic eruption from Mount Vesuvius led archaeologists to find the lost settlement. The eruption, which took place in the 2nd millennium BC, covered the village in volcanic ash. The remains of livestock such as goats were found, and various fossils were also found as mud had flowed into

neg: House of Loreius Tiburtinus House of Loreius Tiburtinus The House of Loreius Tiburtinus (also called the House of Octavius Quartio) is renowned for its meticulous and well-preserved artwork as well as its large gardens. It is located in the Roman city of Pompeii. It, along with the rest of Pompeii was preserved by the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius on October A 24, 79 AD. The House of Loreius Tiburtinus was excavated between the years 1916 and 1921 by V. Spinazzola. It can be found on the Via Dell'Abbondanza (or street of abundance), one of the most prosperous streets in Pompeii. There is considerable

neg: House of Loreius Tiburtinus House of Loreius Tiburtinus The House of Loreius Tiburtinus (also called the House of Octavius Quartio) is renowned for its meticulous and well-preserved artwork as well as its large gardens. It is located in the Roman city of Pompeii. It, along with the rest of Pompeii was preserved by the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius on October A 24, 79 AD. The House of Loreius Tiburtinus was excavated between the years 1916 and 1921 by V. Spinazzola. It can be found on the Via Dell'Abbondanza (or street of abundance), one of the most prosperous streets in Pompeii. There is considerable

neg: Teide of possible lavas indicates that in 1492 no eruption occurred in the Orotava Valley, but one did occur from the Boca Cangrejo vent. The last summit eruption from Teide occurred about the year 850 AD, and this eruption produced the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that cover much of the flanks of the volcano. About 150,000 years ago, a much larger explosive eruption occurred, probably of Volcanic Explosivity Index 5. It created the Las Cañadas caldera, a large caldera at about 2,000 m above sea level, around from east to west and from north to south. At Guajara, on the

neg: Prediction of volcanic activity an eruption within two days at Popocatépetl, on the outskirts of Mexico City. Their prediction used research that had been done by Bernard Chouet, a Swiss volcanologist who was working at the United States Geological Survey and who first observed a relation between long-period events and an imminent eruption. The government evacuated tens of thousands of people; 48 hours later, the volcano erupted as predicted. It was Popocatépetl's largest eruption for a thousand years, yet no one was hurt. Similarities between iceberg tremors, which occur when they run aground, and volcanic tremors may help experts develop a better method for

neg: Mentolat in the 18th century, Mentolat erupted and formed lava flows on its western flank. These are Mentolat's best preserved volcanic deposits. The eruption deposited lapilli pumice. No historical records of activity exist, however, although reports by Serrano in the 18th century may refer to a lava flow from Mentolat. The most recent eruption may have been in 1850, or 1710 ± 5. Large explosive eruptions in the southern segment of the Southern Volcanic Zone occur on average every 725 years, and tephras from volcanoes in the Southern Volcanic Zone have been transported over large distances. The largest Holocene volcanic eruption

neg: Hawaiian eruption Hawaiian eruption A Hawaiian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption where lava flows from the vent in a relatively gentle, low level eruption; it is so named because it is characteristic of Hawaiian volcanoes. Typically they are effusive eruptions, with basaltic magmas of low viscosity, low content of gases, and high temperature at the vent. Very small amounts of volcanic ash are produced. This type of eruption occurs most often at hotspot volcanoes such as Kīlauea on Hawaii's big island and in Iceland, though it can occur near subduction zones (e.g. Medicine Lake Volcano in California, United States) and

neg: Italy seismic and volcanic activity. There are 14 volcanoes in Italy, four of which are active: Etna (the traditional site of Vulcan's smithy), Stromboli, Vulcano and Vesuvius. The latter one is the only active volcano in mainland Europe and is most famous for the destruction of Pompeii and Herculanum in the eruption in 79 AD. Several islands and hills have been created by volcanic activity, and there is still a large active caldera, the Campi Flegrei north-west of Naples. The high volcanic and magmatic neogenic activity is subdivided into provinces: Until the 1950s, Italy was the first and only country to

neg: Mount Tehama Chaos Crags, and Sunflower Flat, and effusive eruptions of basalt have occurred at Tumble Buttes, Hat Mountain, and Prospect Peak. Pyroclastic flows and lahars could easily occur near glaciated areas and in river valleys like Hat Creek Valley. In addition to the volcanic hazards that could possibly occur, one volcano did erupt in the 20th century in LVNP: (Lassen Peak). Lassen's eruptions (1914-21, though most activity occurred between 1914-17) were very small compared to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Mount Tehama Brokeoff Volcano (also called Mount Tehama) is an eroded andesitic stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and

neg: Prediction of volcanic activity the world's earthquakes and 81% of the world's largest earthquakes occur. The geologists study the eruptive activity for the volcanoes in the country, especially Tungurahua whose volcanic activity restarted on 19 August 1999, and several major eruptions since that period, the last starting on 1 February 2014. Going beyond predicting volcanic activity, there are highly speculative proposals to prevent explosive volcanic activity by cooling the magma chambers using geothermal power generation techniques. Prediction of volcanic activity Prediction of volcanic eruption (also: "volcanic eruption forecasting") is an interdisciplinary monitoring and research effort to predict the time and severity of a volcano's

neg: Temple of Isis (Pompeii) eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 A.D. - are highlighted by the excavations between 1750 and 1764 and the work of Weber. He was a Swiss military engineer charged with the supervision of the excavations during the period by Roceque Joaquin de Alcubierre, chief director of the royal excavations from 1738 until his death in 1780. These early excavations faced many daunting tasks: the difficulties of excavating through tons of volcanic material in Resina to investigate Herculaneum, the problems of disturbing established and arable farmland to evacuate in Pompeii, and the resulting health hazards from long periods underground in damp

neg: Boscoreale Treasure Boscoreale Treasure The Boscoreale Treasure is the name for a large collection of exquisite silver and gold Roman objects discovered in the ruins of an ancient villa at Boscoreale, near Pompeii, southern Italy. Consisting of over a hundred pieces of silverware, as well as gold coins and jewellery, it is now mostly kept at the Louvre Museum in Paris, although parts of the treasure can also be found at the British Museum. Located northwest of Pompeii, Boscoreale was the location of a large Roman villa, the "Villa della Pisanella", that was buried by volcanic ash following the eruption of Mount

neg: Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field is located in central Mexico. It is a volcanic field that takes the form of a large cinder cone field, with numerous shield volcanoes and maars. The volcanic field is best known for the 18th century eruption of Jorullo volcano, and 20th century eruption of Parícutin volcano. The Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field covers an area of x , in the states of Michoacán and Guanajuato. It contains 1400 vents, mostly cinder cones. The shield volcanoes are mostly Pleistocene in age. The cinder cones are randomly arranged and occur at low altitudes, usually on alluvial plains

neg: Cerro Blanco (volcano) medium-sized pumice deposits. Some ignimbrites from this stage are derived from the lava domes placed within small depressions, the largest of which is wide. Aeolian erosion has reworked the ashes generated by the eruption, generating dunes which occur as far south as the Bolsón de Fiambalá. The Cerro Blanco eruption pyroclastics are a major source of dust in northwestern Argentina. In 2015, an episode of strong wind blew enough volcanic dust into the air that the resulting dust cloud was mistaken for a renewed volcanic eruption of Ojos del Salado volcano, a major volcanic edifice in the region. The Purulla/El

neg: Villa of the Mysteries now a popular part of tourist visits to Pompeii, and forms part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Pompeii. Although covered with metres of ash and other volcanic material, the villa sustained only minor damage in the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, and the majority of its walls, ceilings, and most particularly its frescoes survived largely undamaged. Since its excavation the roofing and other parts of the house have been maintained as necessary. The Villa is named for the paintings in one room of the residence. This space may have been a triclinium, and is decorated with very

neg: The Wacky World of Tex Avery Corlett) is a short bumbling Roman centurion from Pompeii who was buried in lava from the Volcanic eruption and 2,000 years later breaks free from his preserved state to live in the modern world. His over interpretive behavior annoys a man named Dan (voiced by Alec Willows). There are individual DVD releases of Power Pooch, Pompeii Pete, and Tex Rides Again, each containing bonus episodes with other characters from the show like Freddy the Fly. In 2010, the program was a part of the weekday morning Cookie Jar Toons programming block for the digital subchannel This TV network. The show

neg: Novarupta Novarupta Novarupta (meaning "newly erupted" in Latin) is a volcano that was formed in 1912, located on the Alaska Peninsula in Katmai National Park and Preserve, about southwest of Anchorage. Formed during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, Novarupta released 30 times the volume of magma of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The 1912 eruption that formed Novarupta was the largest to occur during the 20th century. It began on June 6, 1912, and culminated in a series of violent eruptions. Rated "6" on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, the 60-hour-long eruption expelled of ash, 30 times

neg: Volcanic crater or by lava, or through later erosion. Breached craters have a much lower rim on one side. Some volcanoes, such as maars, consist of a crater alone, with scarcely any mountain at all. These volcanic explosion craters are formed when magma rises through water-saturated rocks, which causes a phreatic eruption. Volcanic craters from phreatic eruptions often occur on plains away from other obvious volcanoes. Not all volcanoes form craters. Volcanic crater A volcanic crater is a roughly circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. It is typically a bowl-shaped feature within which occurs a vent or vents. During

neg: Pompeii (film) eruptions of Japanese volcanoes as specific examples of volcanic eruptions which the production crew observed through footage which has been captured on film. Furthermore, Anderson wanted to portray the lightning which is often seen in the ash cloud above eruptions, as he had never seen it portrayed before and he felt it was both magnificent and very terrifying. The animation team was so concerned with realism in the eruption that they would always have real photographs and footage of real eruptions visible to them on separate screens as they put together the eruption of Mount Vesuvius for the film. Claims

neg: Mount Vesuvius cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis and Stabiae, as well as several other settlements. The eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ashes and volcanic gases to a height of , spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings. More than 1,000 people died in the eruption, but exact numbers are unknown. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus. Vesuvius has erupted many times since and is the only volcano on

neg: Mount Vesuvius ranged from 78 to 88 aircraft destroyed. The eruption could be seen from Naples. Different perspectives and the damage caused to the local villages were recorded by USAAF photographers and other personnel based nearer to the volcano. Large Vesuvian eruptions which emit volcanic material in quantities of about , the most recent of which overwhelmed Pompeii and Herculaneum, have happened after periods of inactivity of a few thousand years. Sub-Plinian eruptions producing about , such as those of 472 and 1631, have been more frequent with a few hundred years between them. From the 1631 eruption until 1944, there was

neg: Supervolcano Supervolcano A supervolcano is a large volcano that has had an eruption of magnitude 8, which is the largest value on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). This means the volume of deposits for that eruption is greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles). Supervolcanoes occur when magma in the mantle rises into the crust but is unable to break through it and pressure builds in a large and growing magma pool until the crust is unable to contain the pressure. This can occur at hotspots (for example, Yellowstone Caldera) or at subduction zones (for example, Toba). Another setting for

neg: 2007–2008 Nazko earthquakes migrating at all." Even if the Nazko swarm were a warning of a volcanic eruption, Hickson doubted it would turn out to be a highly explosive eruption like those that can occur in subduction-zone volcanoes. "We're not talking about an injection of tonnes of ash many kilometers into the air like the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption or the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption. We're talking about something very small, relatively localized that should have a fairly limited impact... but it'll be extremely exciting", Hickson said. If an eruption were to occur, Hickson suggested that it would be characterized by a

neg: 2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption 2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption The 2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption began on March 16, 2009, near the island of Hunga Tonga, approximately from the Tongan capital of Tongatapu. The volcano is in a highly active volcanic region that represents a portion of the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is estimated that there are up to 36 undersea volcanoes clustered together in the area. The initial March 16–17 eruption sent ash and smoke up to into the atmosphere and an initial inspection reported that the volcano has breached the ocean surface. Authorities suggested at that time that the eruption did

neg: Volcanic hazards Volcanic hazards A volcanic hazard is the probability that a volcanic eruption or related geophysical event will occur in a given geographic area and within a specified window of time. The risk that can be associated with a volcanic hazard depends on the proximity and vulnerability of an asset or a population of people near to where a volcanic event might occur. There are different forms of effusive lava that can provide different hazards. Pahoehoe lava is smooth and ropy while Aa lava is blocky and hard. Lava flows normally follow the topography, sinking into depressions and valleys and flowing

neg: Pompeii: The Last Day the time the city was finally destroyed in the 79 eruption. Pompeii: The Last Day Pompeii: The Last Day is a 2003 dramatized documentary that tells of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius on August 24 79 AD. This eruption covered the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in ash and pumice, killing everyone trapped between the volcano and the sea. The documentary, which portrays the different phases of the eruption, was directed by Peter Nicholson and written by Edward Canfor-Dumas. The film was directed and produced by the BBC in co-production with TLC. This was the highest rated specialist factual

neg: August Mau August Mau August Mau (15 October 1840 – 6 March 1909) was a prominent German art historian and archaeologist who worked with the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut while studying and classifying the Roman paintings at Pompeii, which was destroyed with the town of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD. The paintings were in remarkably good condition due to the preservation by the volcanic ash that covered the city. Mau first divided these paintings into the four Pompeian Styles still used as a classification. Mau was born in Kiel, where he read Classical Philology at the University of Kiel, and then

neg: Cities in Dust Thrones". Cities in Dust "Cities in Dust" is a song by English rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees from their seventh studio album, "Tinderbox" (1986). It was released on 18 October 1985 as the album's lead single. The "Cities in Dust" 12-inch vinyl was the first Banshees' single release in the United States, on Geffen Records. "Cities in Dust" is a dance-rock and dance-pop song. The song describes the city of Pompeii, destroyed in a volcanic eruption in 79 AD. Imagery describing the volcano and its magma chamber, the condition of the victims of the eruption, and the subsequent discovery

neg: Cities in Dust Cities in Dust "Cities in Dust" is a song by English rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees from their seventh studio album, "Tinderbox" (1986). It was released on 18 October 1985 as the album's lead single. The "Cities in Dust" 12-inch vinyl was the first Banshees' single release in the United States, on Geffen Records. "Cities in Dust" is a dance-rock and dance-pop song. The song describes the city of Pompeii, destroyed in a volcanic eruption in 79 AD. Imagery describing the volcano and its magma chamber, the condition of the victims of the eruption, and the subsequent discovery and

neg: Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes the ground—that are dynamically involved in series of chemical and physical events, such as the capillary movement and rise of moisture. Catastrophic physical forces such as earthquakes—which have been causing structural damage to the buildings and cracks in the walls since A.D. 62 —and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, have contributed to the deterioration of the frescoes. The frescoes of Pompeii were both damaged by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius from heat and falling debris, which scratched and loosened the plaster and paint, and simultaneously preserved by the volcanic ash until their discovery. In addition, the frost of 1816 entirely

neg: Giants (Greek mythology) to sit atop the Giant Mimas, and Polybotes was said to lie pinned beneath the volcanic island of Nisyros, supposedly a piece of the island of Kos broken off and thrown by Poseidon. Describing the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, which buried the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, Cassius Dio relates accounts of the appearance of many Giant-like creatures on the mountain and in the surrounding area followed by violent earthquakes and the final cataclysmic eruption, saying "some thought that the Giants were rising again in revolt (for at this time also many of their forms could

neg: El Chichón the ground samples. El Chichón El Chichón, also known as Chichonal, is an active volcano in Francisco León, north-western Chiapas, Mexico. El Chichón is part of a geologic zone known as the Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc. El Chichón is a complex of domes with a tuff ring, made of ejected volcanic material, located between the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Central America Volcanic Arc. El Chichón erupted in 1982; prior to this, activity had not occurred since ca.1360, although debates in literature occur around an eruption occurring in ca.1850. El Chichón became famous for its 1982 eruption. In little under a

neg: El Chichón El Chichón El Chichón, also known as Chichonal, is an active volcano in Francisco León, north-western Chiapas, Mexico. El Chichón is part of a geologic zone known as the Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc. El Chichón is a complex of domes with a tuff ring, made of ejected volcanic material, located between the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Central America Volcanic Arc. El Chichón erupted in 1982; prior to this, activity had not occurred since ca.1360, although debates in literature occur around an eruption occurring in ca.1850. El Chichón became famous for its 1982 eruption. In little under a week, the presumed

neg: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 increment identified the increment at which the sample's resultant magnetism had formed. That was considered to be the equilibrium temperature of the deposit. Considering the data for all the deposits of the surge arrived at a surge deposit estimate. The authors discovered that the city, Pompeii, was a relatively cool spot within a much hotter field, which they attributed to interaction of the surge with the "fabric" of the city. The investigators reconstruct the sequence of volcanic events as follows. On the first day of the eruption a fall of white pumice containing clastic fragments of up to fell for

neg: Explosive eruption the cone, usually the crater. However, in the case of the eruption of Mount St. Helens, pressure was released on the side of the volcano, rather than the crater. The sudden release of pressure causes the gases in the magma to suddenly froth and create volcanic ash and pumice, which is then ejected through the volcanic vent to create the signature eruption column commonly associated with explosive eruptions. The size and duration of the column depends on the volume of magma being released and how much pressure the magma was under. Pyroclastic flows occur towards the end of an explosive

neg: Ascendonanus preyed on insects and other small arthropods. "Ascendonanus" was named and described in 2018 from remains of five individuals that were discovered in the Chemnitz petrified forest, an Early Permian tropical fossil forest preserved under the city of Chemnitz, Germany. A Pompeii-like pyroclastic volcanic eruption 291 million years ago buried the forest and created the Zeisigwald Tuff Horizon in the uppermost Leukersdorf Formation (late Sakmarian/early Artinskian transition stage), preserving some of the animals that lived there in exceptional detail in a bottom layer of volcanic ash. The type species name "Ascendonanus nestleri" honors Knut Nestler, a long-time local supporter (deceased)

neg: Volcanic block Volcanic block A volcanic block is a fragment of rock that measures more than in diameter and is erupted in a solid condition. Blocks are formed from material from previous eruptions or from country rock and are therefore mostly accessory or accidental in origin. Blocks also occur due to the impact and breakage of volcanic bombs (a bomb is a block with streamlined appearance, often expelled in a molten state). Bombs can also occur due to the disruption of the crust of a lava dome that has formed up or over a vent during an eruption. Blocks are nearly always

neg: Pompeii: The Last Day a 40% share. The documentary tells the story of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius from the point of view of assorted inhabitants of Pompeii and Herculaneum whose names and occupations are known, including a local politician and his family, a fuller, his wife, and two gladiators. Historical characters include Pliny the Elder and his nephew Pliny the Younger. It draws heavily on the eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger as well as historical research and recent discoveries in volcanology. Extensive CGI was used to recreate the effects of the eruption. Most of the people who were in Pompeii when the

neg: Ring of Fire flank. Some minor volcanic activity may occur in the next few years. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is the world's second-largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century. Successful predictions of the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas, saving many lives, but as the surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic flows, ash deposits, and later, lahars caused by rainwater remobilising earlier volcanic deposits, thousands of houses were destroyed. Mayon Volcano is the Philippines' most active volcano. It has steep upper slopes that average 35–40° and is

neg: Plagues of Egypt other Christian archaeologists have claimed that such evidence, as well as careful study of the areas ostensibly travelled by the Israelites after the Exodus, make discounting the biblical account untenable. Some historians have suggested that the plagues are passed-down accounts of several natural disasters, some disconnected, others playing part of a chain reaction. Natural explanations have been suggested for most of the phenomena: A volcanic eruption did occur in antiquity and could have caused some of the plagues if it occurred at the right time. The eruption of the Thera volcano was away from the northwest part of Egypt. Controversially

neg: Pompeii: The Last Day Pompeii: The Last Day Pompeii: The Last Day is a 2003 dramatized documentary that tells of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius on August 24 79 AD. This eruption covered the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in ash and pumice, killing everyone trapped between the volcano and the sea. The documentary, which portrays the different phases of the eruption, was directed by Peter Nicholson and written by Edward Canfor-Dumas. The film was directed and produced by the BBC in co-production with TLC. This was the highest rated specialist factual programme of the year with an audience of 10.3 million and

neg: Prediction of volcanic activity techniques lending from seismology (geophones), deformation, and meteorology. Landslides, rock falls, pyroclastic flows, and mud flows (lahars) are example of mass failures of volcanic material before, during, and after eruptions. The most famous volcanic "landslide" was probably the failure of a bulge that built up from intruding magma before the Mt. St. Helens eruption in 1980, this landslide "uncorked" the shallow magmatic intrusion causing catastrophic failure and an unexpected lateral eruption blast. "Rock falls" often occur during periods of increased deformation and can be a sign of increased activity in absence of instrumental monitoring. "Mud flows" ("lahars") are remobilized hydrated

neg: 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull were volcanic events at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland which, although relatively small for volcanic eruptions, caused enormous disruption to air travel across western and northern Europe over an initial period of six days in April 2010. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010. The eruption was declared officially over in October 2010, when snow on the glacier did not melt. From 14–20 April, ash from the volcanic eruption covered large areas of Northern Europe. About 20 countries closed their airspace to commercial jet traffic and it affected approximately 10 million travellers. Seismic

neg: Mount Price (British Columbia) that an eruption in the foreseeable future is more likely to be characterized by fluid lava rather than major explosivity. However, the majority of these effusive eruptions occur in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province of northwestern British Columbia and central Yukon, which is the most active volcanic zone in Canada. In the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, eruptions occur less often, but it is the site of Canada's most explosive volcanism. The change in eruptive style between the two volcanic zones is caused by the different tectonic processes that formed them. Nevertheless, the possibility of passive lava eruptions occurring in the Garibaldi

neg: Effusive eruption from effusive to explosive, due to pressure build up below the lava dome. Effusive eruption An effusive eruption is a type of volcanic eruption in which lava steadily flows out of a volcano onto the ground. There are two major groupings of eruptions: effusive and explosive. Effusive eruption differs from explosive eruption, wherein magma is violently fragmented and rapidly expelled from a volcano. Effusive eruptions are most common in basaltic magmas, but they also occur in intermediate and felsic magmas. These eruptions form lava flows and lava domes, each of which vary in shape, length, and width. Deep in the

neg: Effusive eruption Effusive eruption An effusive eruption is a type of volcanic eruption in which lava steadily flows out of a volcano onto the ground. There are two major groupings of eruptions: effusive and explosive. Effusive eruption differs from explosive eruption, wherein magma is violently fragmented and rapidly expelled from a volcano. Effusive eruptions are most common in basaltic magmas, but they also occur in intermediate and felsic magmas. These eruptions form lava flows and lava domes, each of which vary in shape, length, and width. Deep in the crust, gasses are dissolved into the magma because of high pressures, but upon

neg: Tectonic–climatic interaction effect “the year without a summer”. Volcanic emissions contain trace amounts of heavy metals, which can affect the hydrosphere when they are injected into the lower reaches of the atmosphere. When large quantities of these emissions are concentrated into a small area they can damage ecosystems, negatively affect agriculture, and pollute water sources. Examples of the environmental and health impacts are agricultural loss due to acid rain and particulate shading, damage to ecosystems, and pollution in the hydrosphere. Intensity of a volcanic eruption is a variable controlling the altitude and effect of ejected material. Though larger eruptions occur less often

neg: Pompeii in 1985, on Polydor Records. The jacket of the single remix of the song features the plaster cast of the chained dog killed in Pompeii. "Pompeii" is a novel written by Robert Harris (published in 2003) featuring the account of the aquarius' race to fix the broken aqueduct in the days leading up to the eruption of Vesuvius, inspired by actual events and people. "Pompeii" is a song by the British band Bastille, released 24 February 2013. The lyrics refer to the city and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. "Pompeii" is a 2014 German-Canadian historical disaster film produced and directed

neg: Subglacial eruption to undertake hazard assessments. This is particularly relevant given that subglacial eruptions have recently demonstrated their ability to cause widespread impact, with the ash cloud associated with Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull eruption resulting in significant impacts to aviation across Europe. Given that subglacial eruptions occur in often sparsely populated regions, they are not commonly observed or monitored; thus timings and sequences of events for an eruption of this type are poorly constrained. Research of the 1969 Deception Island eruption demonstrates that the impact of a subglacial eruption is not limited purely by glacier thickness, but that the pre-volcanic ice structure and densification

neg: Macellum of Pompeii Macellum of Pompeii The Macellum of Pompeii was located on the Forum and as the provision market (or "macellum") of Pompeii was one of the focal points of the ancient city. The building was constructed in several phases. When the earthquake of 62 CE destroyed large parts of Pompeii, the Macellum was also damaged. Archeological excavations in the modern era have revealed a building that had still not been fully repaired by the time of the eruption of 79 CE. Of particular interest to researchers is the section of the Macellum located on the east side that is thought to

neg: Macellum of Pompeii wooden stairway leading to a wooden gallery from which it was possible to reach the rooms. Macellum of Pompeii The Macellum of Pompeii was located on the Forum and as the provision market (or "macellum") of Pompeii was one of the focal points of the ancient city. The building was constructed in several phases. When the earthquake of 62 CE destroyed large parts of Pompeii, the Macellum was also damaged. Archeological excavations in the modern era have revealed a building that had still not been fully repaired by the time of the eruption of 79 CE. Of particular interest to

neg: Dreiser Weiher and four volcanic centres on the edge of the bowl were identified. In the centre of the maar an eruption site was identified, hence the maar is probably an eruption funnel. The tuffs of the Dreiser Weiher lies above the depositions of the surrounding volcanoes, the maar is thus younger than the others. An exact date for the formation of the maars using pollen analysis could not be done for the Dreiser Weiher since there is no bog here. So-called olivinite bombs, from the time when the maar was formed, occur in the vicinity. Due to the many, mainly rare

neg: Mount Taveuni will be significantly affected by Taveuni's topography. It is likely that they will strike the southern flank of the island, as many of the vents formed are on a slope leading there. A hydrovolcanic eruption occurs when lava comes into contact with water. Hydrovolcanic eruptions can cause violent explosions and large waves. Radiocarbon dating has shown that many hydrovolcanic eruptions occurred in the past. It is quite possible they will occur again during a future eruption. The volcano on Taveuni island has a generally good effect on its economy, as it leaves behind rich volcanic soils for farming, in fact,

neg: Jabal Yar Jabal Yar Jabal Yar is a small basaltic volcanic field in Saudi Arabia, near the border with Yemen. It is the southernmost (young) volcanic field in Saudi Arabia. The field is rich in olivine. The field is located near the Red Sea, in the SW of Saudi Arabia. The field contains three groups of volcanoes (Qummatain, Djar'attain-Harra, and 'Ukwatain). The area is still very active. Hot springs occur south of Djar'attain and between it and 'Ukwatain. The only eruption at the field took place in 1810 (give or take 10 years). It was a small (VEI 2) explosive eruption that

neg: Lahar 151 people died after a Christmas Eve express train fell into the Whangaehu River in 1953. Lahars have been responsible for 17% of volcano-related deaths between 1783 and 1997. A lahar can cause fatalities years after its precipitating eruption. For example, the Cabalantian tragedy occurred four years subsequent to the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Lahars have several possible causes: In particular, although lahars are typically associated with the effects of volcanic activity, lahars can occur even without any current volcanic activity, as long as the conditions are right to cause the collapse and movement of mud originating from existing

neg: Garibaldi Volcanic Belt caused considerable damage to logging roads and forest stands, but did not result in any casualties. The threat from lava flows in the Garibaldi Belt is minor unless an eruption takes place in winter or under or adjacent to areas of glacial ice, such as ice fields. When lava flows over large areas of snow, it creates meltwater. This can produce lahars that could flow further than the associated lavas. If water were to enter a volcanic vent that is erupting basaltic lava, it may create a massive explosive eruption. These explosions are generally more extreme than those during normal

neg: Sabancaya observed in the area. This period reached a climax in May 1990, when an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index of 2–3 occurred. This eruption threw ash to distances of from the summit and was accompanied by strong earthquake activity and the formation of eruption columns that reached heights of . The eruption and further activity, through 1990, enlarged the summit crater and caused the formation of new rows of fumaroles. Chemical analysis, of the volcanic rocks, suggests that this phase of volcanic activity was started by the injection of mafic magma into the magma chamber. This eruption displaced between

neg: Explosive eruption Explosive eruption In volcanology, an explosive eruption is a volcanic eruption of the most violent type. A notable example is the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Such eruptions result when sufficient gas has dissolved under pressure within a viscous magma such that expelled lava violently froths into volcanic ash when pressure is suddenly lowered at the vent. Sometimes a lava plug will block the conduit to the summit, and when this occurs, eruptions are more violent. Explosive eruptions can send rocks, dust, gas and pyroclastic material up to 20 km into the atmosphere at a rate of up to

neg: MIT Guyot MIT took place underwater, forming pyroclastic material including lapilli and tephra but also reworked carbonate material. Also, tuffs and volcanic ash layers were emplaced. The eruption may have started as a phreatomagmatic eruption when water within a lagoon or within pores of the carbonate platform interacted with the rising magma. The eruption formed an eruption column and a crater within the carbonate platform that was subsequently filled by other eruption products. It is likely that this volcanic activity caused the formation of a volcanic island above the carbonate platform. Growth of the carbonate platform ceased during the late Albian. Such

neg: 2009 Mount Redoubt eruptive activity of April 4, 2009, AVO had recorded twenty-six volcanic eruptions and/or explosions at Redoubt volcano, although they singled out nineteen of them as most notable. The AVO refers to an "eruption" as any event which discharges ash into the atmosphere, while adding the term "explosion" for more vigorous events. The AVO did not rate and compare each eruption, although the 9:24 am eruption on March 26 reached an altitude of 65,000 feet making it the highest volcanic ash cloud to date during the 2009 phase of activity. The eruption on April 4 was described as being the biggest eruption to

neg: East African Rift northeastern Ethiopia. When DallaFilla erupted in 2008 it was the largest volcanic eruption in Ethiopia in recorded history. The Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano is currently the only active natrocarbonatite volcano in the world. The magma contains almost no silica, making the flow viscosity extremely low. “Its lava fountains crystallize in midair then shatter like glass” according to the National Geographic. Approximately 50 volcanic structures in Ethiopia alone have documented activity since the onset of the Holocene. The EAR is the largest seismically active rift system on Earth today. The majority of earthquakes occur near the Afar Depression, with the largest

neg: Tuff plugged with masses consisting entirely of sedimentary debris; in such cases, supposedly no lava was ejected, but the cause of the eruption was the sudden liberation and expansion of a large quantity of steam. These accessory or adventitious materials, however, as distinguished from the true ashes, tend to occur in angular fragments, and when they form a large part of the mass, the rock is more properly a "volcanic breccia" than a tuff. The ashes vary in size from large blocks 20 ft or more in diameter to the minutest impalpable dust. The large masses are called "volcanic bombs"; they

neg: Ice core the conductivity at each point, gives a graph that shows an annual periodicity. Such graphs also identify chemical changes caused by non-seasonal events such as forest fires and major volcanic eruptions. When a known volcanic event, such as the eruption of Laki in Iceland in 1783, can be identified in the ice core record, it provides a cross-check on the age determined by layer counting. Material from Laki can be identified in Greenland ice cores, but did not spread as far as Antarctica; the 1815 eruption of Tambora in Indonesia injected material into the stratosphere, and can be identified in

neg: Galeras tragedy ability to predict volcanic eruptions. Still, there is not a definite method of prediction. Though scientists were able to make accurate eruptions by employing long-period earthquakes, short bursts of seismic energy, to predict the 1990 eruption of Mount Redoubt in Alaska, these events are known to occur at volcanoes that do not erupt as well. In early October 2004, for example, long-period events took place at Mount St. Helens, only to precede insignificant events. Galeras tragedy The Galeras tragedy occurred when six scientists and three tourists were killed as a result of the January 1993 eruption of the Galeras stratovolcano

neg: 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull with thousands of small earthquakes (mostly of magnitude 1–2 M), beneath the volcano. The radar stations of the Meteorological Institute of Iceland did not detect any appreciable amount of volcanic ashfall during the first 24 hours of the eruption. However, during the night of 22 March, they reported some volcanic ash fall reaching the Fljótshlíð area ( north-west of the eruption's location) and Hvolsvöllur town ( north-west of the eruption location) leaving vehicles with a fine, grey layer of volcanic ash. At around 07:00 on 22 March, an explosion launched eruption columns as far as straight up into the air.

neg: Volcanic hazards an overview on Risks and Societal Implications of extreme natural hazards and an assessment of the global risk of volcanos and contains an appeal to found a worldwide volcanological organization comparable to the WMO The EU has recently started major research programs dealing with risk assessment, compare: The British Geological Survey has various ongoing volcanology programs. Volcanic hazards A volcanic hazard is the probability that a volcanic eruption or related geophysical event will occur in a given geographic area and within a specified window of time. The risk that can be associated with a volcanic hazard depends on the proximity

neg: Uturunku supervolcano, and a caldera forming super-eruption may occur there; this possibility has resulted in international media attention. However, there is no evidence of eruptible magma near the surface, meaning that such an eruption could not occur in the near future. Uturunku Uturunku (Quechua for jaguar, Hispanicized spellings "Uturunco, Uturuncu") is a dormant volcano in the Cordillera de Lípez in Potosí Department, Bolivia. It is located in the Sur Lípez Province, San Pablo de Lípez Municipality. It is in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, and its highest summit is above sea level. The volcano has two summits, with a

neg: 1883 eruption of Krakatoa most destructive volcanic events in recorded history. At least 36,417 deaths are attributed to the eruption and the tsunamis it created. Significant additional effects were also felt around the world in the days and weeks after the volcano's eruption. In the years before the 1883 eruption, seismic activity around the Krakatoa volcano was intense, with earthquakes felt as far away as Australia. Beginning 20 May 1883, steam venting began to occur regularly from Perboewatan, the northernmost of the island's three cones. Eruptions of ash reached an estimated altitude of 6 km (20,000 ft) and explosions could be heard in New

neg: 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull deal effectively with the eruption and subsequently published a detailed report about its actions and conclusions. At the mouth of the crater, the gases, ejecta, and volcanic plume have created a rare weather phenomenon known as volcanic lightning (or a "dirty thunderstorm"). When rocks and other ejecta collide with one another, they create static electricity. This, with the abundant water-ice at the summit, aids in making lightning. High-fluoride Hekla eruptions pose a threat to foraging livestock, especially sheep. Fluoride poisoning can start in sheep at a diet with fluorine content of 25 ppm. At 250 ppm, death can occur within

neg: Diamond Rock island, to show due respect, personnel on the upper deck to stand at attention and face the rock whilst the bridge salutes. The rock is a volcanic plug, a remnant of the strong volcanic activity that affected the region some one million years ago. However, a Captain Hansen of the Norwegian steamship "Talisman" reported that on 13 May 1902, he observed what he took to be a volcanic eruption from a hole in the rock. This was at the time of the devastating volcanic eruption of Mount Pelée that destroyed Saint Pierre. Hansen did not investigate further. Like the other

neg: Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii) original Temple of Jupiter was still awaiting restoration when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79, burying the town of Pompeii in volcanic dust, ash, and pumice stones. The excavated temple can still be seen in Pompeii today. Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii) The Temple of Jupiter, Capitolium, or Temple of the Capitoline Triad was a temple in Roman Pompeii, at the north end of its forum. Initially dedicated to Jupiter alone, it was built in the mid-2nd century BC at the same time as the temple of Apollo was being renovated - this was the area at which Roman influence over Pompeii

neg: Domenico Sorrentino State in Rome. Sorrentino's activities as a speechwriter in the Secretariat of State brought him into contact with Stanisław Dziwisz, principal private secretary to Pope John Paul II. He was appointed on 17 February 2001 to the rank of archbishop and the post of Prelate of Pompeii, in effect a small diocese centred on a large and popular shrine of the Virgin in the modern township of Pompei, adjacent to the ruins of the Roman town buried in ancient times by volcanic eruption. Here Sorrentino set about plans for the rearrangement of the area surrounding the shrine, the provision of

neg: Payson D. Sheets at the University of Colorado and Ph.D. in 1974 at the University of Pennsylvania. His largest known body of research comes from the archaeology of the Maya site of Cerén, or Joya de Cerén, in the Zapotitan Valley of El Salvador which has been ongoing since its discovery in 1978. Cerén is known as the Pompeii of North America as it was preserved under hot volcanic ash from Loma Caldera’s eruption around the year 600 and provides a snapshot in time of the everyday village life of the ancient Maya. Sheets is the primary archaeologist for the University of Colorado’s

neg: Ruins Warsaw, Dresden, Coventry, Stalingrad, Königsberg, and Berlin were left in ruins following World War II, and a number of major cities around the world – such as Beirut, Kabul, Sarajevo, Grozny and Baghdad – have been partially or completely ruined in recent years as a result of more localised warfare. Entire cities have also been ruined, and some occasionally lost completely, to natural disasters. The ancient city of Pompeii was completely lost during a volcanic eruption in the 1st century AD, its uncovered ruins now preserved as a World Heritage Site. The city of Lisbon was totally destroyed in 1755

neg: Disaster film and the firemen who arrive to quench the flames and rescue the inhabitants. Origins of the genre can also be found in "In Nacht und Eis" (1912), about the sinking of the "Titanic"; "Atlantis" (1913), also about the "Titanic"; "Noah's Ark" (1928), the Biblical story from Genesis about the great flood; "Deluge" (1933), about tidal waves devastating New York City; "King Kong" (1933), with a gigantic gorilla rampaging through New York City; and "The Last Days of Pompeii" (1935), dealing with the Mount Vesuvius volcanic eruption in 79 AD. John Ford's "The Hurricane" (1937) concluded with the striking sequence of

neg: Naples sea level to an elevation of . The small rivers which formerly crossed the centre of the city have since been covered over by construction. It lies between two notable volcanic regions, Mount Vesuvius and the Campi Flegrei (en: "Phlegraean Fields"). The islands of Procida, Capri and Ischia can all be reached from Naples by hydrofoils and ferries. Sorrento and the Amalfi Coast are situated south of the city, while the Roman ruins of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis and Stabiae, which were destroyed in the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, are also visible nearby. The port towns of Pozzuoli and

neg: Bounty (reward) creators. Those who make a living by pursuing bounties are known as bounty hunters. Written promises of reward for the capture of or information regarding criminals go back to at least the first century Roman Empire. Graffiti from Pompeii, a Roman city that was destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 79 AD, contained the following message: A copper pot went missing from my shop. Anyone who returns it to me will be given 65 bronze coins (sestertii). 20 more will be given for information leading to the capture of the thief. A bounty system was used in the American Civil