query: who introduced the term entrepreneur first in economics

pos: Entrepreneurship positive biases towards finding new possibilities and seeing unmet market needs, and a tendency towards risk-taking that makes them more likely to exploit business opportunities. "Entrepreneur" (, ) is a loanword from French. The word first appeared in the French dictionary entitled "Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce" compiled by Jacques des Bruslons and published in 1723. Especially in Britain, the term "adventurer" was often used to denote the same meaning. The study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon, which was foundational to classical economics. Cantillon defined the

pos: Entrepreneurial economics deficiencies. Additionally, drawing from the theories of J.B. Say and Richard Cantillon, Leibenstein suggests that entrepreneurs have the ability to combine various inputs into new innovations in order to satisfy unfulfilled market demand. Baumol has argued that entrepreneurship can be either productive or unproductive. Unproductive entrepreneurs may pursue economic rents or crime. Societies differ significantly in how they allocate entrepreneurial activities between the two forms of entrepreneurship, depending on the 'rules of the game' such as the laws in each society. Audretsch defines the entrepreneur as the missing link between investment in knowledge and growth. It is the entrepreneur who

neg: Kishichiro Okura Kishichiro Okura Baron was a Japanese entrepreneur and hotelier. He was a son of Okura Kihachiro (1837-1928) who as an entrepreneur built up the Okura-gumi and founded the giant Okura Zaibatsu (family owned conglomerate) and the Okura Shogyo Gakko which later became Tokyo Keizai University (Tokyo University of Economics) in 1949. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge from 1903 to 1906 but he did not graduate from Cambridge University. Okura competed in the first ever car race held at Brooklands in Surrey on July 6, 1907 and came second. He is one of the pioneers who introduced the motor car

neg: Entrepreneurial economics considerable attention to the entrepreneur. He introduced the very concept of entrepreneur. The entrepreneur is functionally described as arbitrager. The motivating factor is the potential profit generated from the activity of "buying at a certain price and selling at an uncertain price". Jean-Baptiste Say, who has been an entrepreneur during a period of his life, recognizes the "superior kind of labour" of the entrepreneur. He is the "coordinator, modern leader and manager within his firm". He is a kind of "super-manager" because the exercise of the function needs a combination of rare qualities and experience: "Judgement, perseverance, and a knowledge

neg: Entrepreneurial economics Entrepreneurial economics Entrepreneurial economics is the study of the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship within the economy. The accumulation of factors of production per se does not explain economic development. They are necessary factors of production, but they are not sufficient for economic growth. Human creativity and productive entrepreneurship are needed to combine these inputs in profitable ways, and an institutional environment that encourages productive entrepreneurship becomes the ultimate determinant of economic growth. Thus, the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship should take center stage in any effort to explain long-term economic development. Early economic theory, however, did not pay proper attention to the entrepreneur.

neg: Michelle Gale De Oliveira Michelle Gale De Oliveira Michelle Suzanne Gale de Oliveira is an international speaker, social entrepreneur, and activist. She is founder and president of the Gender Progress Consortium, founder and trustee of the Gender Progress Foundation, and is the creator of the term "gender progress". She is a director of the Green Economics Institute, which is credited with the creation of the academic discipline of green economics). As an editor at Green Economics Institute Publishing, she has edited and collaborated on over 25 books, and is deputy editor of the International Journal of Green Economics, the world's first green economics journal.

neg: Ibrahim Oweiss rank of Ambassador, held the position of Chief of the Egyptian Economic Mission to the United States in New York. Oweiss has authored over 50 scholarly publications, including several books. In a pioneering work on oil revenues, he introduced a term now widely used in global economics and business: "petrodollars". The influential Oweiss Demand Curve was first presented at Oxford University. He has been a prominent faculty member who shaped generations of Georgetown students in economics, international affairs, and related fields, including US President Bill Clinton (Class of 1968), who wrote the preface to Oweiss's memoir in 2011. His academic

neg: Entrepreneurship crisis, lack of market demand—or a combination of all of these. A broader definition of the term is sometimes used, especially in the field of economics. In this usage, an Entrepreneur is an entity which has the ability to find and act upon opportunities to translate inventions or technology into new products: "The entrepreneur is able to recognize the commercial potential of the invention and organize the capital, talent, and other resources that turn an invention into a commercially viable innovation." In this sense, the term "Entrepreneurship" also captures innovative activities on the part of established firms, in addition to

neg: Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez national politics, antioqueño engineers continued to nurture the self-image of the apolitical, economically practical, hardworking paisa. Since 1910, successful businessmen and engineers emerged from the business community of Medellín, as did Ospina, who was a Berkeley-trained mining engineer and an industrial entrepreneur as well as a large-scale agriculturalist. Ospina was elected MP to the Camara de Representantes (House of Representatives) in 1892 and 1894 for the province of Antioquia. During his first term he sponsored the bill to derogate the “Ley de los Caballos” and introduced a bill to enact the "“freedom of speech”". During his second term he sponsored

neg: Policy entrepreneur and political elite. The term entrepreneur is derived from the French word entreprendre, i.e. to undertake. The French economist Jean-Baptiste Say first coined the term in 1803 and defined an entrepreneur as an individual who "shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield". Many decades later, scholars gradually have expanded the use of the idea of entrepreneurship and adapted the concept from business to the public sector. John Kingdon (1984) was one of the earliest scholars to apply the term entrepreneurs to the public sector; he first coined the

neg: Environmental finance Environmental Responsibility and Corporate Economic Performance... 1994 at USIU) as a fairly new field, "concerned mainly with finance and investment regarding the ecological environment. The term environment, although frequently used in areas, such as strategic management (Ansoff, 1968), has been popularized throughout literature synonymously with the term ecological environment." Environmental finance Environmental finance is the use of various financial instruments (usually land trusts and emissions trading) to protect the environment. The field is part of both environmental economics and the conservation movement. The field of Environmental Finance was first defined by Richard L. Sandor, American economist and entrepreneur, when he

neg: Rob Lewis (entrepreneur) Rob Lewis (entrepreneur) Rob Lewis (born 23 May 1969) is an English businessman and serial entrepreneur. Lewis has established several publishing and technology ventures including Business & Technology magazine, Cromwell Media, Silicon Media Group, Omnifone, rara.com and most recently ROXI. Lewis is a 2009 Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year. Lewis was educated at Latymer Upper School, London. He gained a MA degree in Economics from Jesus College, Cambridge. Lewis established his first venture, the "Cambridge Weekly Review", as a rival publication to "Varsity", whilst reading Economics at Jesus College Cambridge. He sold the publication to Associate Publishing prior

neg: Economics (textbook) and the development of mainstream economic thought has been traced by comparing the fourteen editions under Samuelson's editing. "Economics" coined the term "neoclassical synthesis" and popularized the concept, bringing a mix of neoclassical economics and Keynesian economics and helping make this the leading school in mainstream economics in the United States and globally in the second half of the 20th century. It popularized the term "paradox of thrift," and attributed the concept to Keynes, though Keynes himself attributed it to earlier authors, and forms of the concept date to antiquity. The 1958 text introduced a "family tree of economics", which

neg: Richard Cantillon John Maynard Keynes's liquidity preference theory. Traditionally it is Jean-Baptiste Say who is credited for coining the word and advancing the concept of the entrepreneur, but in fact it was Cantillon who first introduced the term in "Essai". Cantillon divided society into two principal classes—fixed income wage-earners and non-fixed income earners. Entrepreneurs, according to Cantillon, are non-fixed income earners who pay known costs of production but earn uncertain incomes, due to the speculative nature of pandering to an unknown demand for their product. Cantillon, while providing the foundations, did not develop a dedicated theory of uncertainty—the topic was not revisited

neg: Monopsony or monopsonistic competition. The term was first introduced by Joan Robinson in her influential book, "The Economics of Imperfect Competition", published in 1933. Robinson credited classics scholar Bertrand Hallward at the University of Cambridge with coining the term. The standard textbook monopsony model of a labor market is a static partial equilibrium model with just one employer who pays the same wage to all the workers. The employer faces an upward-sloping "labor supply curve" (as generally contrasted with an infinitely elastic labor supply curve), represented by the "S" blue curve in the diagram on the right. This curve relates the

neg: Michelle Gale De Oliveira M.) (2009) Europe's World Journal Website. Publisher, Friends of Europe. January 2009. Michelle Gale De Oliveira Michelle Suzanne Gale de Oliveira is an international speaker, social entrepreneur, and activist. She is founder and president of the Gender Progress Consortium, founder and trustee of the Gender Progress Foundation, and is the creator of the term "gender progress". She is a director of the Green Economics Institute, which is credited with the creation of the academic discipline of green economics). As an editor at Green Economics Institute Publishing, she has edited and collaborated on over 25 books, and is deputy editor of

neg: Brian Lee (entrepreneur) Brian Lee (entrepreneur) Brian S. Lee is an American serial entrepreneur who co-founded Legalzoom.com, ShoeDazzle.com, and The Honest Company. Before his startup career, Lee was an attorney with Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom and a former manager at Deloitte. Lee attended Servite High School in Anaheim, graduated with at B.A. in Economics/Business from UCLA and received his J.D. from UCLA School of Law. Brian Lee is known for co-founding startups with celebrities. His first startup, Legalzoom.com, was with Robert Shapiro of OJ Simpson fame. Legalzoom is an online legal documentation service or e-lawyering firm. His other co-founders include Brian

neg: Environmental finance Environmental finance Environmental finance is the use of various financial instruments (usually land trusts and emissions trading) to protect the environment. The field is part of both environmental economics and the conservation movement. The field of Environmental Finance was first defined by Richard L. Sandor, American economist and entrepreneur, when he taught the first ever Environmental Finance course at Columbia University in the fall of 1992. Dr. Gretchen Daily, of Stanford University has written a book, "The New Economy of Nature" that addresses the issue of financing ecosystem services. Dr. Jürg P. Blum, defined the term environmental finance (Dissertation: Corporate

neg: William Appleton (entrepreneur) Appleton lives in Los Gatos, California. William Appleton (entrepreneur) William "Bill" Appleton (born May 23, 1961) is an American entrepreneur and technologist best known as the programmer of the first rich media authoring tool World Builder, the multimedia programming language SuperCard, a best-selling CD-ROM "", and DreamFactory, a cloud service platform. Originally from Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Appleton graduated from Oak Ridge High School in 1979 before moving on to Davidson College, where he studied philosophy, painting and economics. In 1984 Appleton passed up an economics graduate fellowship at Vanderbilt University and moved into his parents’ basement, where he developed programs

neg: William Appleton (entrepreneur) William Appleton (entrepreneur) William "Bill" Appleton (born May 23, 1961) is an American entrepreneur and technologist best known as the programmer of the first rich media authoring tool World Builder, the multimedia programming language SuperCard, a best-selling CD-ROM "", and DreamFactory, a cloud service platform. Originally from Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Appleton graduated from Oak Ridge High School in 1979 before moving on to Davidson College, where he studied philosophy, painting and economics. In 1984 Appleton passed up an economics graduate fellowship at Vanderbilt University and moved into his parents’ basement, where he developed programs for his Macintosh computer. Appleton has

neg: Human ecology Small, collaborated with sociologist George E. Vincent and published a "‘‘laboratory guide’’ to studying people in their ‘‘every-day occupations.’’" This was a guidebook that trained students of sociology how they could study society in a way that a natural historian would study birds. Their publication "explicitly included the relation of the social world to the material environment." The first English-language use of the term "ecology" is credited to American chemist and founder of the field of home economics, Ellen Swallow Richards. Richards first introduced the term as "oekology" in 1892, and subsequently developed the term "human ecology". The term "human

neg: Patrick Vlaskovits Patrick Vlaskovits Patrick Vlaskovits (born 1976) is a "New York Times" bestselling author and entrepreneur. Patrick Vlaskovits was born in 1976 in San Jose, CA. He graduated from the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and holds a BA in Physical Anthropology and a MA in economics. In 2010, Patrick Vlaskovits wrote "The Entrepreneur's Guide to Customer Development". He, along with Hiten Shah and Sean Ellis coined the term and concept of a "growthhacker". His book "The Lean Entrepreneur" became a "New York Times" monthly bestseller for March 2013, "USA Today" monthly bestseller, and one of Amazon.com Editors' Picks in

neg: Parchís (group) entrepreneur and model, he too is married and has a daughter named Ona; Yolanda moved to Mexico to pursue a career as an actress where she had moderate success. She is married and has son named Alex. David earned a degree in economics and works in an investment group he created along with his school buddies. He is not married. All except Yolanda live in Barcelona. On February 10, 2008, Parchis made an appearance on the Mexican television show "Muevete" It was the first time in 25 years that they were all together on the same stage. They were introduced

neg: Expeditionary economics to other departments of the U.S. Government. The U.S. Army Stability Operations field manual (published in 2009) offers no relevant guidance on what role economic development should play in the United States' post conflict strategy or how to help build dynamic, growth-oriented economies. Expeditionary economics Expeditionary economics is an emerging field of economic enquiry that focuses on the rebuilding and reconstructing of economies in post-conflict nations and providing support to disaster-struck nations. The term was first introduced in 2010 in an essay by Carl Schramm, the former president and CEO of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. It focuses on the

neg: Expeditionary economics Expeditionary economics Expeditionary economics is an emerging field of economic enquiry that focuses on the rebuilding and reconstructing of economies in post-conflict nations and providing support to disaster-struck nations. The term was first introduced in 2010 in an essay by Carl Schramm, the former president and CEO of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. It focuses on the need for good economic planning on the part of developed nations to help prevent the creation of failed states. It also emphasizes the need for the structuring on new firms to rebuild the national economies. Since then, the theory has been used by

neg: Friedrich von Wieser Friedrich von Wieser's most famous contributions are the imputation theory drawn from his 1889 work ("Natural Value") and the "Alternative Cost (or Opportunity Cost) Theory" drawn from his 1914 work ("Social Economics") in which he coined the term "opportunity cost." He is credited with the economic distinction between public goods and private goods subsequently used by Friedrich August von Hayek and eight of his disciples, and with developing the concept of marginal utility (). Wieser also stressed the importance of the entrepreneur to economic change, which he saw as being caused by "the heroic intervention of individual men who appear

neg: Lee Kuan Yew in England. He briefly attended London School of Economics as enrollment at University of Cambridge had already closed. He related that London overwhelmed him and he sought the more pleasant surroundings of Cambridge, where he read law at Fitzwilliam College. A fellow Raffles College student introduced him to the Censor of Fitzwilliam House, W. S. Thatcher, who admitted him for the 1947 Lent term. He matriculated in January 1947. Lee graduated First Class in both parts of the Tripos with an exceptional Starred-First (perfect score) for Part II Law in 1949; this placed him at the very top of his

neg: Entrepreneurship term first in his "Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général", or "Essay on the Nature of Trade in General", a book William Stanley Jevons considered the "cradle of political economy". Cantillon defined the term as a person who pays a certain price for a product and resells it at an uncertain price, "making decisions about obtaining and using the resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise". Cantillon considered the entrepreneur to be a risk taker who deliberately allocates resources to exploit opportunities in order to maximize the financial return. Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to

neg: Alberto Cinta de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública" of the Chamber of Deputies. Alberto Cinta Alberto Emiliano Cinta Martínez (born in Mexico City) is a Mexican economist, entrepreneur and politician who is a founder and became the first General Secretary of the New Alliance Party (PANAL). He ran as the PANAL's candidate for Mayor of Mexico City Head of Government of the Federal District in the 2006 Federal District election. He has been a Congressman, public servant, university professor and entrepreneur. He studied Economics at the ITAM in Mexico City, and holds two master's degrees from both the Ecole Nationale d'Administratuon

neg: Alberto Cinta Alberto Cinta Alberto Emiliano Cinta Martínez (born in Mexico City) is a Mexican economist, entrepreneur and politician who is a founder and became the first General Secretary of the New Alliance Party (PANAL). He ran as the PANAL's candidate for Mayor of Mexico City Head of Government of the Federal District in the 2006 Federal District election. He has been a Congressman, public servant, university professor and entrepreneur. He studied Economics at the ITAM in Mexico City, and holds two master's degrees from both the Ecole Nationale d'Administratuon (ENA, Paris) and Harvard (KSG, Massachusetts). He has been a Deputy at

neg: Sherry Coutu Sherry Coutu Sherry Coutu CBE (born 1964) is a serial entrepreneur, former CEO, angel investor and non-executive director based in Cambridge, UK and originally from Canada. Coutu graduated from University of British Columbia, with a first class honours BA, in 1986, with distinction from the London School of Economics, with an MSc, in Economics, and from Harvard Business School, with an MBA, in 1993. As an entrepreneur, Sherry founded interactive investor international in 1994. She ran it until 2000 when it was floated on the London Stock Exchange and she stepped down when it was acquired by AMP in 2001.

neg: Chris Salamone high school students. Salamone speaks frequently at conferences and college events. In 2011, Salamone co-authored, Rescue America: Our best America is only one generation away, with Professor Morris. The book is known for deriving term “Paradox of prosperity”, used in economics, social theory and general commentary. The book became a bestseller in 2011 on the New York Times and Wall Street Journal. Chris Salamone Chris Salamone is an American attorney and entrepreneur. He is best known for deriving term, “Paradox of Prosperity” with Professor Gilbert N. M. O. Morris on his New York Times, Wall Street Journal bestseller Rescue America:

neg: Albrecht Dietz Albrecht Dietz Albrecht Dietz (11 March 1926 – 21 March 2012) was a German entrepreneur and scientist who founded the first leasing company in Germany. He is considered to be one of the pioneers and founding fathers of the German leasing industry. His publications on economic subjects range from leasing and corporate management to institutions and evolutionary economics. Albrecht Dietz was born in Dresden as the son of merchant and inventor, Albert Dietz, and the early-childhood educator, Lydia Dietz. After taking his school-leaving exam in 1944 at the Dresden Grammar School of Business and Economics he went on to study

neg: Entrepreneurial economics of the world as well as of business...the art of superintendence and administration". To Say, a successful entrepreneur must demonstrate prudence, probity and regularity. Frank Knight saw the entrepreneur as someone who undertakes business decisions under conditions of 'uncertainty'. Knightian uncertainty exists where there is no basis for objective probabilities, so that it is unmeasureable and decisions have to be made using subjective judgment. The entrepreneur earns economic profits as a reward for good judgment. Entrepreneurs are seen as being confident and venturesome. Schumpeter's concept is a synthesis of three different notions of the entrepreneur: risk bearer, innovator and a

neg: Motivation crowding theory Motivation crowding theory In psychology and microeconomics, Motivation Crowding Theory describes the observation that providing extrinsic incentives for certain kinds of behavior—such as promising monetary rewards for accomplishing some task—can sometimes undermine intrinsic motivation for doing that behavior. The result of lowered motivation, opposite the predictions of neoclassical economics, can be an overall "decrease" in the total amount of that behavior produced. For example, one study found that paying people to collect charitable donations actually caused them to collect fewer donations. The term “crowding out” was coined by Bruno Frey in 1997, but the idea was first introduced into economics

neg: Stanley Wisniewski Systems Agency; as a member of the Montgomery County Commission on Aging; as a member of 1999-2000 Governor’s Task Force on Regulatory Reform in the State of Maryland; and was appointed by the governor to a six-year term as a member of the Maryland State Banking Board in July 2000." Stanley Wisniewski Stanley C. Wisniewski is an American copyright royalty judge specializing in economics. He is currently serving a term of four years, subject to reappointment to additional six-year terms. Dr. Wisniewski has more than thirty years of experience as an economist, attorney, entrepreneur, educator, arbitrator, and manager. He has

neg: Megacorpstate Eichner, creative theorist, Keynesian economist and Rutgers University economics professor introduced the term the "megacorp" in his book ""The Megacorp and Oligopoly"" (1976). The term was initially used to describe the powerful and expansive corporate groups that held monopolistic power over multiple markets. Like many intellectuals who studied Eichner's work, J.Barkley Rosser. Jr, endeavoured to expand the ideas and research on megacorporations. He recognized a strong alliance present between the monopolistically powerful multinational oil corporation groups and nation states. As a result of such interlocking relationships and trade, these participants formed a rather rare market structure. After careful analysis and

neg: Utility evolutionary fitness in the ancestral environment but not necessarily in the current one. Utility Within economics the concept of utility is used to model worth or value, but its usage has evolved significantly over time. The term was introduced initially as a measure of pleasure or satisfaction within the theory of utilitarianism by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. But the term has been adapted and reapplied within neoclassical economics, which dominates modern economic theory, as a utility function that represents a consumer's preference ordering over a choice set. As such, it is devoid of its

neg: Political entrepreneur Political entrepreneur The term political entrepreneur may refer to any of the following: In the field of business, entrepreneurship involves people taking a risk in order to create new business ventures, to gain advantage over a competitor, and to maximize profits. Traditionally entrepreneurs have been associated with the world of business, however the term is used in the political arena also. For example, Choi Taewook in 2004 wrote: "A political entrepreneur refers to a political player who seeks to gain certain political and social benefits in return for providing the common goods that can be shared by an unorganized general

neg: Utility Utility Within economics the concept of utility is used to model worth or value, but its usage has evolved significantly over time. The term was introduced initially as a measure of pleasure or satisfaction within the theory of utilitarianism by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. But the term has been adapted and reapplied within neoclassical economics, which dominates modern economic theory, as a utility function that represents a consumer's preference ordering over a choice set. As such, it is devoid of its original interpretation as a measurement of the pleasure or satisfaction obtained by the

neg: Winifred Atwell entrepreneur Bernard Delfont, who put her on a long-term contract. She released three discs that were well received. The third, "Jezebel", went to the top of the bestseller lists. It was her fourth disc that catapulted her to huge popularity in the UK. A complex arrangement called "Cross Hands Boogie" was released to show her virtuoso rhythmic technique, but it was the B-side, a 1900s tune written by George Botsford called "Black and White Rag", that was to become a radio standard. Atwell was championed by popular disc jockey Jack Jackson, who introduced her to Decca promotions manager Hugh Mendl,

neg: Policy entrepreneur Policy entrepreneur Policy entrepreneur refers to an individual who takes advantage of opportunities to influence policy outcomes to increase their self-interests. The term was first coined by American political scientist John W. Kingdon in his influential work "Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies" published in 1995. Kingdon created the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) which outlines that the policy process can be situated into problems, policy and politics. Political entrepreneurs are most active in the policy stream, creating solutions to potential problems and bringing them forth to the agenda setting process. The Multiple Streams Framework is a powerful tool to understand policy

neg: Counter-economics Counter-economics Counter-economics is a term originally used by libertarian activists and theorists Samuel Edward Konkin III and J. Neil Schulman. The former defined it as "the study or practice of all peaceful human action which is forbidden by the State." The term is short for "counter-establishment economics" and may also be referred to as counter-politics. Counter-economics was integrated by Schulman into Konkin's doctrine of agorism. The first presentation of the theory of counter-economics was made by Samuel Edward Konkin III at a conference organized by J. Neil Schulman in 1974 held in Cheshire, Massachusetts. The first book to portray counter-economics

neg: 2007 State of the Union Address Americans. First, he pointed out Dikembe Mutombo, a player in the National Basketball Association. He is native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and recently built a new hospital in Kinshasa, his hometown. Next, he introduced business and social entrepreneur Julie Aigner-Clark, who founded the Baby Einstein Company. Then, he introduced Wesley Autrey who, three weeks prior, saved a man with epilepsy from being run down by a New York City Subway train. Finally, he introduced Sergeant Tommy Rieman, an American soldier who continued to fight even though he was critically injured in Iraq. Jim Webb, a Vietnam War

neg: Vance Buck Vance Buck Vance Matthew Buck (February 5, 1961 – July 6, 1992) was an American entrepreneur, best known for his long-term relationship with Elton John. Vance Buck was born on February 5, 1961 in Richmond, Virginia. In 1975, he moved to Manhattan, where he became immersed in the burgeoning punk rock scene. A talented entrepreneur, he soon became a luminary in New York City's underground nightlife. Buck was introduced to Elton John in 1978 by Andy Warhol, after which they became lovers and lifelong friends. By the mid 1980s Buck became disenchanted with life on the road. In 1985, he

neg: Vance Buck John dedicated "The One" to him, which was emblazoned on the back of the record, with original artwork by Gianni Versace. Vance Buck Vance Matthew Buck (February 5, 1961 – July 6, 1992) was an American entrepreneur, best known for his long-term relationship with Elton John. Vance Buck was born on February 5, 1961 in Richmond, Virginia. In 1975, he moved to Manhattan, where he became immersed in the burgeoning punk rock scene. A talented entrepreneur, he soon became a luminary in New York City's underground nightlife. Buck was introduced to Elton John in 1978 by Andy Warhol, after which

neg: Pat Walsh (social entrepreneur) Xaverian Brothers High School in Westwood, Massachusetts in 1998 and received a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering with a minor focus in economics from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst 2003. Pat Walsh (social entrepreneur) Pat Walsh is an American social entrepreneur who is the co-founder and chief impact officer of Classy, an online fundraising platform for nonprofits and social enterprises. Walsh co-founded Classy with Scot Chisholm in 2006. Since launching its online fundraising platform in 2011, Classy has helped more than 1,800 nonprofits and social enterprises including Oxfam, The World Food Programme and National Geographic Society to

neg: Sandra Palmer (entrepreneur) Sandra Palmer (entrepreneur) Sandra Marie Palmer (born August 4, 1969) is a Jamaican entrepreneur who founded information technology company SSP APTEC in 1997, eventually opening a branch in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in 2002. In 2014, she founded Soulmates, a boutique match-making social club for the affluent and Peak Performance International, a consulting firm. She currently lectures New Ventures and Entrepreneurship at the Mona School of Business and Management at the University of the West Indies, Mona and Managerial Economics and New Venture Creation at Northern Caribbean University. In 2010, the World Bank named her as one of the top female

neg: Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Plekhanov Russian University of Economics () is a public research university in Moscow. It was founded in 1907 by entrepreneur Alexei Vishnyakov as the first finance-specialized college in the Russian Empire. During the Soviet rule it became a large university, recognized worldwide as one of the most prestigious. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics is consistently ranked as one of the top 10 universities in Moscow, and is every year included in QS World University Rankings, as well as in top 200 worldwide by employability of the students after graduation. In addition to accreditation by Ministry

neg: Sandra Palmer (entrepreneur) auto-biography is "On Seraph Wings: Memoirs of a Country Girl". Sandra Palmer (entrepreneur) Sandra Marie Palmer (born August 4, 1969) is a Jamaican entrepreneur who founded information technology company SSP APTEC in 1997, eventually opening a branch in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in 2002. In 2014, she founded Soulmates, a boutique match-making social club for the affluent and Peak Performance International, a consulting firm. She currently lectures New Ventures and Entrepreneurship at the Mona School of Business and Management at the University of the West Indies, Mona and Managerial Economics and New Venture Creation at Northern Caribbean University. In 2010, the

neg: Plekhanov Russian University of Economics in different spheres of Russian and world economy and politics. Its graduates include: Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Plekhanov Russian University of Economics () is a public research university in Moscow. It was founded in 1907 by entrepreneur Alexei Vishnyakov as the first finance-specialized college in the Russian Empire. During the Soviet rule it became a large university, recognized worldwide as one of the most prestigious. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics is consistently ranked as one of the top 10 universities in Moscow, and is every year included in QS World University Rankings, as well as in top 200 worldwide

neg: Ernest C. Pasour program at Michigan State University, where the influence of the Chicago school of economics was much less pronounced. He obtained his Ph.D. in agricultural economics in 1963. After teaching as an assistant and associate professor of economics and business at North Carolina State University, Pasour took a sabbatical at the University of Chicago. His view of economics soon began to change, first being influenced by public choice economists, emphasizing the incentives of government decision-makers versus private entrepreneurs, and then by Austrian economists, emphasizing the role of the entrepreneur in the market process. After reading further Austrian works, such as James

neg: Entrepreneurial economics adds value to scientific discovery. Entrepreneurship capital is then, just as capital and labor in a macroeconomic model, an essential factor of production in the economy. Entrepreneurial economics Entrepreneurial economics is the study of the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship within the economy. The accumulation of factors of production per se does not explain economic development. They are necessary factors of production, but they are not sufficient for economic growth. Human creativity and productive entrepreneurship are needed to combine these inputs in profitable ways, and an institutional environment that encourages productive entrepreneurship becomes the ultimate determinant of economic growth. Thus, the entrepreneur

neg: Constitutional economics must be a "constitutional market economy" as a term introduced by Chief Justice of Indonesian Constitutional Court Jimly Asshiddiqie in his "Economic Constitution". The political process is one of exchange, only unlike the market, the resources exchanged are political, not material or financial. Therefore, political efficiency is political consent, or when all individuals in the community agree to the political structures. Constitutional economics mimics a traditional contractarian political economy in its focus on the contract, or consent, between the governed and government. However, consent follows efficiency in markets while efficiency follows consent in politics. Normative constitutional economics focuses on legitimizing

neg: Richard Cantillon until the 20th century, by Ludwig von Mises, Frank Knight, and John Maynard Keynes, among others. Furthermore, unlike later theories of entrepreneurship which saw the entrepreneur as a disruptive force, Cantillon anticipated the belief that the entrepreneur brought equilibrium to a market by correctly predicting consumer preferences. Spatial economics deal with distance and area, and how these may affect a market through transportation costs and geographical limitations. The development of spatial economics is usually ascribed to German economist Johann Heinrich von Thünen; however, Cantillon addressed spatial economics nearly a century earlier. Cantillon integrated his advancements in spatial economic theory into

neg: Civilekonom Civilekonom Civilekonom, literally "civil economist", is a professional title in Sweden (with corresponding titles in Denmark and Norway, see below) which traditionally refers to an individual who holds either a Bachelor's degree or a Master's degree in business administration and economics (with a major in business administration and a minor in economics, or vice versa). Unlike the English language usage, in Swedish, "ekonomi" ("economy") is commonly used as an umbrella designation for both business- and economics-related subjects. As an academic title it was first introduced by the Stockholm School of Economics for the degree that the school offered, and was

neg: Innovation economics infrastructure of streets, water systems, energy, and transportation. Innovation economics Innovation economics is a growing economic theory that emphasizes entrepreneurship and innovation. "In his 1942 book, "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy", economist Joseph Schumpeter introduced the notion of an innovation economy. He argued that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs, and technological changes were at the heart of economic growth. But it is only in recent years that “innovation economy,” grounded in Schumpeter’s ideas, has become a mainstream concept." Joseph Schumpeter was one of the first and most important scholars who extensively tackled the question of innovation in Economics. In contrast to his contemporary

neg: Innovation economics Innovation economics Innovation economics is a growing economic theory that emphasizes entrepreneurship and innovation. "In his 1942 book, "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy", economist Joseph Schumpeter introduced the notion of an innovation economy. He argued that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs, and technological changes were at the heart of economic growth. But it is only in recent years that “innovation economy,” grounded in Schumpeter’s ideas, has become a mainstream concept." Joseph Schumpeter was one of the first and most important scholars who extensively tackled the question of innovation in Economics. In contrast to his contemporary John Maynard Keynes, Schumpeter contended that evolving institutions,

neg: Nettie McBirney Nettie McBirney Nettie Williams McBirney (November 24, 1887 – December 16, 1982) was a Tulsa inventor, writer and entrepreneur, who wrote a cooking column under the pseudonym Aunt Chick for the "Tulsa Daily World" from 1935 to 1955. Born November 24, 1887, Nettie McBirney earned a home economics degree from the Stout Institute in Menomonie, Wisconsin. She moved to Claremore, Oklahoma in 1909 to teach home economics. Two years later, she became supervisor of home economics at Muskogee schools. After marrying Sam P. McBirney, coach of the University of Tulsa football team and vice president of the National Bank of

neg: Economics of the arts and literature more you appreciate. In his economic framework, these goods do not have the usual decreasing marginal utility. Key academic works in cultural economics include those of Baumol and Bowen (Performing Arts, The Economic Dilemma, 1966), of Gary Becker on addictive goods, and of Alan Peacock (public choice). This summary has been divided into sections on the economic study of the performing arts, on the market of individual pieces of art, the art market in cultural industries, the economics of cultural heritage and the labour market in the art sector. The seminal paper by William Baumol and Bowen introduced the term

neg: Ecology the way that researchers approached the ecological sciences. Modern ecology is a young science that first attracted substantial scientific attention toward the end of the 19th century (around the same time that evolutionary studies were gaining scientific interest). The scientist Ellen Swallow Richards may have first introduced the term "oekology" (which eventually morphed into home economics) in the U.S. as early 1892. In the early 20th century, ecology transitioned from a more descriptive form of natural history to a more analytical form of "scientific natural history". Frederic Clements published the first American ecology book in 1905, presenting the idea of

neg: Open-source warfare Open-source warfare Open-source warfare is a method of warfare in which many small, autonomous groups can work together—without a formal means of coordination. The term was coined in Robb's "Brave New War" published in April 2007. The term was developed by the author, analyst and entrepreneur John Robb. Early usage of the term and the concept it represents appear in: Robb's "Brave New War", was published in April 2007. It introduced the concept of open-source warfare and explored its implications. "Brave New War" was well received. Noah Shachtman, editor of "Wired" magazine's Danger Room, said in 2007, "For years, now,

neg: Nicolas Baudeau Nicolas Baudeau Nicolas Baudeau () (25 April 1730 - 1792) was a Catholic cleric, theologian and economist, who was born in Amboise, France. Baudeau became a monk at Chancelade Abbey, where he taught theology. In 1765 he founded the first economics periodical to be published in France, "Éphémérides du citoyen", and was at first an opponent of the physiocrats. In 1766, however, he became a proponent of physiocracy. He died in Paris in 1792. The French word ""économiste"" first appeared in print in a book by Baudeau. Early usage of the concept of an "entrepreneur" can also be attributed to

neg: Oscar Swartz Oscar Swartz Per Oscar Swartz (December 1, 1959) is a Swedish entrepreneur, writer and blogger. Oscar Swartz was born in Solna, Stockholm County. He is the great-grandson of the former Swedish Prime Minister Carl Swartz, and a second cousin of the publisher Eva Swartz and the journalist Richard Swartz. He has a doctorate in economics and managerial economics from the Stockholm School of Economics. In 1994 he founded Bahnhof, the first independent Internet service provider in Sweden. He left the company in 2004 after some internal disputes. Since July 2005 he runs the blog "Texplorer" where he covers issues such

neg: Janney coupler stock. The large bogie boxvans for car parts, used on the Victorian Railways, were fitted with gooseneck couplers for that reason. The Henricot coupler is a variation on the Janney coupler, introduced by Belgian engineer and entrepreneur Émile Henricot of Court-Saint-Étienne. It is used on certain EMU's of the Belgian State Railways, including the NMBS/SNCB class 75 (). Janney was a dry goods clerk and former Confederate Army officer from Alexandria, Virginia, who used his lunch hours to whittle from wood an alternative to the link and pin coupler. The term Buckeye comes from the nickname of the US state

neg: C (anime) C (anime) C is a 2011 Japanese anime television series produced by Tatsunoko Production. The story follows Kimimaro Yoga, an economics student who is introduced to the alternate reality of the Financial District, where people bet their own futures in battles. Entres—the series' term for the fighters—can accumulate large quantities of money by winning but they will have their futures altered if they lose. As the story proceeds Kimimaro starts to perceive the effects of the Financial District's existence in the real world. The anime was directed by Kenji Nakamura, who was given the opportunity to create a storyline for

neg: Juuso Walden in his footsteps until he resigned. Juuso Walden Juuso Walfrid Walden (5 April 1907 – 19 November 1972) was a Finnish industrial leader and entrepreneur, long term CEO of Yhtyneet Paperitehtaat, the predecessor of United Paper Mills. Juuso Walden was born in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1907. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1925 from the Helsinki School of Economics and completed his studies later in England on paper marketing. Since his early years, Juuso Walden worked at the mills of United Paper Mills founded by his father, general Rudolf Walden. Juuso started as a trainee, soon rose

neg: Juuso Walden Juuso Walden Juuso Walfrid Walden (5 April 1907 – 19 November 1972) was a Finnish industrial leader and entrepreneur, long term CEO of Yhtyneet Paperitehtaat, the predecessor of United Paper Mills. Juuso Walden was born in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1907. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1925 from the Helsinki School of Economics and completed his studies later in England on paper marketing. Since his early years, Juuso Walden worked at the mills of United Paper Mills founded by his father, general Rudolf Walden. Juuso started as a trainee, soon rose to become Office Manager and later

neg: Stanley Wisniewski Stanley Wisniewski Stanley C. Wisniewski is an American copyright royalty judge specializing in economics. He is currently serving a term of four years, subject to reappointment to additional six-year terms. Dr. Wisniewski has more than thirty years of experience as an economist, attorney, entrepreneur, educator, arbitrator, and manager. He has served as an expert economic witness in federal courts and before private arbitration panels. He has also prepared and presented expert testimony before several committees of the United States Senate and House of Representatives. As an attorney, he has represented a variety of clients in litigation, arbitration, and administrative proceedings

neg: Thomas Kane (economist) Thomas Kane (economist) Thomas Joseph Kane (born September 5, 1961) is a U.S.-American education economist who currently holds the position of Walter H. Gale Professor of Education and Economics at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. He has performed research on education policy, labour economics and econometrics. During Bill Clinton's first term as U.S. President, Kane served on the Council of Economic Advisers. Thomas Kane earned a B.A. in economics from the University of Notre Dame in 1983, followed by an M.A. in economics from the University of Michigan in 1986, a M.P.P. and Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1988

neg: Tai-pan "Tai-Pan". The term was used to describe the protagonist's family in Empire of the Sun. Tai-pan A tai-pan (, literally 'top class') is a senior business executive or entrepreneur operating in China or Hong Kong. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, "tai-pans" were foreign-born businessmen who headed large "Hong" trading houses such as Jardine, Matheson & Co., Swire and Dent & Co. amongst others. The first recorded use of the term in English is in the "Canton Register" of 28October 1834. Historical variant spellings include "taepan" (first appearance), "typan", and "taipan". The term gained wide currency outside China after

neg: Tasmanian School of Business and Economics Accounting and Corporate Governance education as a three-year Certificate and the Bachelor of Commerce, a four-year degree equivalent to an honours degree. Economic Geography and Economic History was later introduced as first-year year-long subjects. In 1949 the Bachelor of Economics was introduced alongside the Bachelor of Commerce, and Econometrics introduced as a third-year full year subject. In a short period of time in the 1990s, Tasmanian School of Business & Economics and a part of the College of Arts & Law were a single organisation as the Faculty of Commerce and Law. In 1997 the Faculty of Commerce creates three

neg: Vijay Vasanth Vijay Vasanth Vijay Vasanth (born as Vijayakumar Vasanthakumar on 20 May 1983) is an Indian film actor and businessman, who has worked on Tamil language films. He is the son of entrepreneur H. Vasanthakumar and currently serves as the managing director of Vasanth & Co, alongside his acting commitments. Vijay Vasanth made his debut in Venkat Prabhu's cult sports film, "Chennai 600028" (2007), playing a supporting role as a member of the Sharks cricket team. Vasanth was introduced to Venkat Prabhu by his close friend Shiva, who first introduced him to music composer Yuvan Shankar Raja, before he later became

neg: Corrin Varady Corrin Varady Corrin Varady is an author and Edtech entrepreneur. Varady founded a digital education company, IDEA Digital Education in 2014. Varady holds two masters degrees (Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi/University of New South Wales and the London School of Economics) with First Class Honours and a PhD at the London School of Economics. Varady's first book published by Palgrave Macmillan is titled 'Vigorous Self Defense' and challenges the use of military force in peacekeeping in the Middle East. He has also written for the Huffington Post, USA. Varady founded IDEA Digital Education to create and deliver STEM fields digital education

neg: Definitions of economics Definitions of economics There are a variety of modern definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject itself or different views among economists. including the definition of 'economics' as "what economists do". The earlier term for 'economics' was political economy. It is adapted from the French Mercantilist usage of "économie politique", which extended "economy" from the ancient Greek term for household management to the national realm as public administration of the affairs of state. Sir James Steuart (1767) wrote the first book in English with 'political economy' in the title, explaining that just as:

neg: Rita Dixit Estate and hospitality segment. Rita received Amity Leadership Award for Marketing Excellence in Hospitality Industry in the Year 2007 as well as the Women Professional of the Year (2011) Award by Realty Plus. Rita Dixit Rita Dixit is an Indian entrepreneur and founder of JC World Hospitality Pvt. Ltd, which is constructing a commercial project in Noida. She is daughter of Indian entrepreneur Jaiprakash Gaur, who founded Jaypee Group. She did her B.A. (Hons) Economics – Jesus & Mary College, Delhi University – 1985 and became a Chartered Accountant at Chartered Accountant – Institute of chartered accountants of India, New

neg: Priyanka Bakaya Priyanka Bakaya Priyanka Bakaya is an Australian-American entrepreneur. She founded Renewlogy (formerly PK Clean), a clean energy company which converts plastic waste into fuel, and serves as its chief executive officer. Bakaya grew up in Australia, where she attended Lauriston Girls' School. Her mother worked as a CPA and her father was a financial services entrepreneur. Bakaya is of Kashmiri descent. As a child, she developed her interest in science through interacting with Percy Kean, an inventor who developed solutions for clean energy and was close to her family. Bakaya attended Stanford University for her undergraduate education in economics and

neg: Buddhist economics U Nu. The term was used in his essay named "Buddhist Economics", which was first published in 1966 in "Asia: A Handbook", and republished in his influential collection "Small Is Beautiful" (1973). The term is currently used by followers of Schumacher and by Theravada Buddhist writers, such as Prayudh Payutto, Padmasiri De Silva, and Luang Por Dattajivo. The 1st Conference of the Buddhist Economics Research Platform was held in Budapest, Hungary from 23–24 August 2007. The second conference was held at Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand from 9–11 April 2009. Unlike traditional economics, Buddhist economics considers stages after the consumption of

neg: Rita Dixit Rita Dixit Rita Dixit is an Indian entrepreneur and founder of JC World Hospitality Pvt. Ltd, which is constructing a commercial project in Noida. She is daughter of Indian entrepreneur Jaiprakash Gaur, who founded Jaypee Group. She did her B.A. (Hons) Economics – Jesus & Mary College, Delhi University – 1985 and became a Chartered Accountant at Chartered Accountant – Institute of chartered accountants of India, New Delhi – May 1990. She started her career as a management trainee at Jaiprakash Associates Limited, a company founded by her father. From 1992-1996, she acted as Corporate Cordinater in the company. Later

neg: Consumption function Consumption function In economics, the consumption function describes a relationship between consumption and disposable income. The concept is believed to have been introduced into macroeconomics by John Maynard Keynes in 1936, who used it to develop the notion of a government spending multiplier. Its simplest form is the "linear consumption function" used frequently in simple Keynesian models: formula_1 where formula_2 is the autonomous consumption that is independent of disposable income; in other words, consumption when income is zero. The term formula_3 is the induced consumption that is influenced by the economy's income level. The parameter formula_4 is known as the

neg: Counter-economics facility in a building basement. The Horizontal/Extroverted Strategy applies individuals actively creating black market networks and structures which can be stretched beyond neighborhood communities focus in the Vertical Strategy. Counter-economics Counter-economics is a term originally used by libertarian activists and theorists Samuel Edward Konkin III and J. Neil Schulman. The former defined it as "the study or practice of all peaceful human action which is forbidden by the State." The term is short for "counter-establishment economics" and may also be referred to as counter-politics. Counter-economics was integrated by Schulman into Konkin's doctrine of agorism. The first presentation of the theory

neg: Nicolaas Pierson Nicolaas Pierson Nicolaas Gerard Pierson (7 February 1839 – 24 December 1909) was a Dutch economist and Liberal statesman who served as the chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Netherlands from 1897 until 1901. Pierson was a professor economics and statistics at the University of Amsterdam and director and presiding director ("president-directeur") of the De Nederlandsche Bank, the Dutch national bank. He was minister of Finance in the Cabinet Van Tienhoven. During his term of office he introduced an important tax revision. After serving as chairman of the Council of Ministers for four years he took

neg: Gregory Grossman Gregory Grossman Gregory Grossman (July 5, 1921, Kiev – August 14, 2014) was late professor emeritus at UC Berkeley, an authority on the economy of the Soviet Union. He is credited with the introduction of the terms "second economy" and "command economy". He received his undergraduate degree in economics from Berkeley in 1942 and his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1952. He spent his entire career, 1952-1993, at Berkeley. He received the lifetime achievement award from the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies in 1991. The term "command economy" was introduced in his seminal 1963 article

neg: Gregory Grossman "Notes for a Theory of the Command Economy". The term "second economy" was introduced in his another article, "The Second Economy of the USSR" (1977). Gregory Grossman Gregory Grossman (July 5, 1921, Kiev – August 14, 2014) was late professor emeritus at UC Berkeley, an authority on the economy of the Soviet Union. He is credited with the introduction of the terms "second economy" and "command economy". He received his undergraduate degree in economics from Berkeley in 1942 and his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1952. He spent his entire career, 1952-1993, at Berkeley. He received the lifetime

neg: Evolutionary economics the major contributions to the emerging field of evolutionary economics has been the publication of "An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change" by Richard Nelson and Sidney G. Winter. These authors have focused mostly on the issue of changes in technology and routines, suggesting a framework for their analysis. If the change occurs constantly in the economy, then some kind of evolutionary process must be in action, and there has been a proposal that this process is Darwinian in nature. Then, mechanisms that provide selection, generate variation and establish self-replication, must be identified. The authors introduced the term 'steady change' to

neg: William F. Sharpe interested in accounting, Sharpe had a further change in preferences, finally majoring in Economics. During his undergraduate studies, two professors had a large influence on him: Armen Alchian, a professor of economics who became his mentor, and J. Fred Weston, a professor of finance who first introduced him to Harry Markowitz's papers on portfolio theory. While at UCLA, Sharpe became a member of the Theta Xi Fraternity and Phi Beta Kappa Society. He earned a B.A. from UCLA in 1955 and a M.A. in 1956. After graduation, in 1956 Sharpe joined the RAND Corporation. While doing research at RAND, he

neg: Basil Bunting the London School of Economics, and had his first contacts with journalists, social activists and Bohemia. Bunting was introduced to the works of Ezra Pound by Nina Hamnett who lent him a copy of "Homage to Sextus Propertius". The glamour of the cosmopolitan modernist examples of Nina Hamnett and Mina Loy seems to have influenced Bunting in his later move from London to Paris. After travelling in Northern Europe, Bunting left the London School of Economics without a degree and went to France. There, in 1923, he became friendly with Ezra Pound, who years later would dedicate his "Guide to

neg: Richard Caruso their lives. (www.uif.org). He has served on the Boards of Susquehanna University, The Baum School of Art and the Business Performance Group of the London School of Economics. Richard Caruso Richard E. Caruso is an entrepreneur. He is the founder and chairman of Integra Life Sciences and other companies. In 2006, Caruso was named the Ernst and Young National Entrepreneur of the Year for the United States. Caruso received a BS degree from Susquehanna University, a MSBA degree from Bucknell University, and a PhD degree from the London School of Economics. After college Caruso began his career with PriceWaterhouse &

neg: Norm entrepreneur Norm entrepreneur A norm entrepreneur is someone interested in changing social norms. Cass Sunstein coined the term in his 1996 paper "Social Norms and Social Roles". He notes there that existing social conditions can frequently be more fragile than is typically supposed as they depend on social norms to which many may not be strongly allied. Sunstein identifies a category of people, who he calls "norm entrepreneurs", who are interested in changing social norms. If they are successful in their endeavors they can produce what he calls "norm bandwagons" and "norm cascades" which lead to substantial changes in social norms.

neg: Norm entrepreneur Norm entrepreneur A norm entrepreneur is someone interested in changing social norms. Cass Sunstein coined the term in his 1996 paper "Social Norms and Social Roles". He notes there that existing social conditions can frequently be more fragile than is typically supposed as they depend on social norms to which many may not be strongly allied. Sunstein identifies a category of people, who he calls "norm entrepreneurs", who are interested in changing social norms. If they are successful in their endeavors they can produce what he calls "norm bandwagons" and "norm cascades" which lead to substantial changes in social norms.

neg: Bo Peabody Bo Peabody Bo Peabody (born 1971) is an entrepreneur, venture capitalist and Internet executive who co-founded Tripod.com, one of the earliest dot-coms, in 1992. He is currently the founder of Renzell, a media and data company—including a new ratings methodology—covering the high-end restaurant market. He is also a Venture Partner and Entrepreneur-in-Residence at Greycroft Partners. Peabody graduated from Williams College in 1994 and the Academy at Charlemont in 1990. Tripod.com originated in 1992 with two Williams College classmates, Bo Peabody and Brett Hershey, along with Dick Sabot, an economics professor at the school. The company was headquartered in Williamstown, Massachusetts,

neg: Rajeeb Dey Rajeeb Dey Rajeeb Dey MBE (born 6 December 1985) is a British entrepreneur. He was the winner of the O2 X Young Entrepreneur of the Year 2009 Award and has been referred to as "among the most high profile" young entrepreneurs by the "Financial Times". In 2012, Rajeeb Dey was named the world's Youngest Young Global Leader in the 2012 cohort by the World Economic Forum. Rajeeb graduated with First Class Honours in June 2008 from Jesus College, University of Oxford in Economics and Management. Whilst at university he was the longest serving President of Oxford Entrepreneurs, the student society

neg: Cambridge Circus (economics) Circus met among themselves and in a seminar, which included some undergraduates, during the 1930-1931 academic year. The seminar convened in the Old Combination Room of Trinity College. Kahn acted as the group's spokesperson and met with Keynes weekly to discuss the Circus's thoughts. Kahn identifies the "widow's cruse" and "Danaid jar" fallacy as the most substantive issue in the group's discussions. The issue referred to Keynes's statement in the "Treatise" that an entrepreneur who spent his profits on consumption goods would increase profits for another entrepreneur by the same amount and that these profits would percolate through the economy

neg: James A. Reed (entrepreneur) James A. Reed (entrepreneur) James A. Reed (born April 1963) is a British businessman. He is Chairman and Chief Executive of the Reed group of companies, which comprises Reed Specialist Recruitment, Reed Learning, Reed in Partnership and Reed Online. He is the son of Sir Alec Reed, who founded the company in 1960. Reed attended Scaitcliffe prep school and St Paul's. He graduated from Christ Church, Oxford in 1984 with a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) and subsequently gained an MBA from the Harvard Business School, where his father briefly joined him to study. At Oxford, Reed was

neg: Dharmash Mistry He is currently a Partner at Lakestar a pan European venture capital firm, involved in investments and associated Boards of Revolut, Blockchain.com, Entrepreneur First, FiveAI & Amuse. Dharmash is also a Non Executive Director of BBC Commercial Holdings . Dharmash Mistry Dharmash Mistry (born in 1970) is an entrepreneur and venture capitalist based in London, Former Non Executive Board Director of Hargreaves Lansdown PLC, Dixons Retail (now Dixons Carphone plc), BBC Executive Board, BBC Worldwide & Chairman of CAP (Car Auction Prices now merged with Solera). Dharmash Mistry graduated in 1992 from Oxford University with a degree in Engineering, Economics

neg: Jonathan M. Lamb face Democrat Jeannine Lake in the November general election. Lamb and his wife Mollee, live in Muncie Indiana and have two boys. Jonathan M. Lamb Jonathan Matthew Lamb (born November 8, 1981) is an American entrepreneur, economist, author, and educator, who ran in the 2018 Republican primary for Indiana's 6th congressional district. Born in Muncie, Indiana, Lamb is a graduate of Ball State University with degrees in Economics, and Risk Management, and has an MBA from North Carolina State University. In 2004, Lamb received BS degrees from the Miller College of Business in Risk Management and Economics. He then went

neg: Jonathan M. Lamb Jonathan M. Lamb Jonathan Matthew Lamb (born November 8, 1981) is an American entrepreneur, economist, author, and educator, who ran in the 2018 Republican primary for Indiana's 6th congressional district. Born in Muncie, Indiana, Lamb is a graduate of Ball State University with degrees in Economics, and Risk Management, and has an MBA from North Carolina State University. In 2004, Lamb received BS degrees from the Miller College of Business in Risk Management and Economics. He then went on to work as a Power Trader for ACES Power Marketing and as a senior real time trader for Progress Energy. Lamb

neg: Douglas E. Lynch that he was enrolled in a doctoral program. The controversy continued a year later, where another article claimed that he continued to fake his degrees. However, the Columbia University website at the time of the article did listed him as having a PhD and with a dissertation in economics that focused on the value of diversity. Douglas E. Lynch Douglas E. Lynch is an academic administrator and education entrepreneur who has made significant contributions to education innovation and also sparked controversy. Lynch holds a B.A. in economics from Arizona State University, an M.B.A. in International Finance from the Stern School

neg: Vilfredo Pareto Vilfredo Pareto Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto (; ; born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923) was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher. He made several important contributions to economics, particularly in the study of income distribution and in the analysis of individuals' choices. He was also responsible for popularising the use of the term "elite" in social analysis. He introduced the concept of Pareto efficiency and helped develop the field of microeconomics. He was also the first to discover that income follows a Pareto distribution, which is a power law probability distribution. The