query: who used the first standardized system of measurement

pos: History of measurement of modifying influences. It is possible to group official measurement systems for large societies into historical systems that are relatively stable over time, including: the Babylonian system, the Egyptian system, the Phileterian system of the Ptolemaic age, the Olympic system of Greece, the Roman system, the British system, and the metric system. The earliest known uniform systems of weights and measures seem all to have been created at some time in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC among the ancient peoples of Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, and perhaps also Elam (in Iran) as well. Early Babylonian and Egyptian

pos: Ancient Egyptian units of measurement attested in Ptolemy's 2nd-century works. Ancient Egyptian units of measurement The ancient Egyptian units of measurement are those used by the dynasties of ancient Egypt prior to its incorporation in the Roman Empire and general adoption of Roman, Greek, and Byzantine units of measurement. The units of length seem to have originally been anthropic, based on various parts of the human body, although these were standardized using cubit rods, strands of rope, and official measures maintained at some temples. Following Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia and subsequent death, his bodyguard and successor Ptolemy assumed control in Egypt, partially reforming

pos: Ancient Egyptian units of measurement Ancient Egyptian units of measurement The ancient Egyptian units of measurement are those used by the dynasties of ancient Egypt prior to its incorporation in the Roman Empire and general adoption of Roman, Greek, and Byzantine units of measurement. The units of length seem to have originally been anthropic, based on various parts of the human body, although these were standardized using cubit rods, strands of rope, and official measures maintained at some temples. Following Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia and subsequent death, his bodyguard and successor Ptolemy assumed control in Egypt, partially reforming its measurements, introducing some new

pos: History of measurement systems in Pakistan eight "pahars" in a day. The timing of Salat (Namaz) were also used to measure time of the day. The traditional system is still used in the villages and remote areas of Pakistan. The current definitions as per the UN are: zi History of measurement systems in Pakistan The History of measurement systems in Pakistan begins in early Indus Valley Civilization when pastoral societies used barter to exchange goods or services and needed units of measurement. The System of measurement is a set of units of measurement which can be used to specify anything which can be measured and were

pos: Abstract labour and concrete labour ability to measure and compare all kinds of things, not just length, volume and weight, but also time itself. Originally, the units of measurement used were taken from everyday life—the length of a finger or limb, the volume of an ordinary container, the weight one can carry, the duration of a day or a season, the number of cattle. Socially "standardized" measurement units began to be used probably from circa 3000 BC onwards in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, and then state authorities began to supervise the use of measures, with rules to prevent cheating. Once standard measuring units existed, mathematics

pos: Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement when the competing systems were unified by a single official standard, the royal gur-cube. His reform is considered the first standardized system of measure in Mesopotamia. The royal gur-cube (Cuneiform: LU.GAL.GUR, ; Akkadian: "šarru kurru") was a theoretical cuboid of water approximately 6m × 6m × 0.5m from which all other units could be derived. The Neo-Sumerians continued use of the royal gur-cube as indicated by the Letter of Nanse issued in 2000 BCE by Gudea . Use of the same standard continued through the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian Empires. Units of length are prefixed by the logogram DU ()

neg: Standard units Standard units Standard units may be understood in two senses. The first sense is the general conceptual sense, as regarding standardized units used for consistent measurement. Most countries in the world use standardized units from of the metric system: The second meaning of standard unit refers to a unit of particular set of units of measurement called the standard system (versus the metric system). The standard system includes the standard units of the foot, the pound (mass), and the gallon. The United Kingdom and the United States both make, or have in the past made, use of the standard system.

neg: Standard units However, each country defines them slightly differently: Standard units Standard units may be understood in two senses. The first sense is the general conceptual sense, as regarding standardized units used for consistent measurement. Most countries in the world use standardized units from of the metric system: The second meaning of standard unit refers to a unit of particular set of units of measurement called the standard system (versus the metric system). The standard system includes the standard units of the foot, the pound (mass), and the gallon. The United Kingdom and the United States both make, or have in the

neg: Temperature measurement filled-system, and liquid-in-glass thermometers. It also provides guidelines for thermowells. PTC 19.3 provides guidelines for temperature measurement related to Performance Test Codes with particular emphasis on basic sources of measurement errors and techniques for coping with them. Temperature measurement Temperature measurement, also known as thermometry, describes the process of measuring a current local temperature for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends. Attempts at standardized temperature measurement prior to the 17th century were crude at best. For instance in 170 AD, physician Claudius Galenus mixed equal portions of ice and

neg: CANape 6.0 the product was known as CANape Graph. The latest version of CANape is 15.0 (revision level: January 2017). Internal ECU parameters are accessed via standardized measurement and calibration protocols such as CCP (CAN Calibration Protocol) and XCP (Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol). CANape was the first measurement and calibration tool to enable access over XCP on CAN and XCP on FlexRay. Supported ASAM standards, status as of June 2015: Other supported standards: If a development task requires a high measurement data throughput of up to 30 MByte/s, Vector’s VX1000 System can be used to access data over microcontroller-specific data

neg: Avoirdupois system Avoirdupois system The avoirdupois system (; abbreviated avdp) is a measurement system of weights which uses pounds and ounces as units. It was first commonly used in the 13th century and was updated in 1959. In 1959, by international agreement, the definitions of the pound and ounce became standardized in countries which use the pound as a unit of mass. The International Avoirdupois Pound was then created. It is the everyday system of weights used in the United States. It is still used, in varying degrees, in everyday life in the United Kingdom, Canada, and some other former British colonies,

neg: Blended value and so many in the field describe sustainable, responsible impact investing as a connected set of investment practices. The US-SIF’s 2018 Report on SRI Investing Trends takes this view of capital, stating that SRI assets in the United States now total approximately $12 trillion. There is currently no single standardized measurement system that can be used to evaluate the social and environmental components of blended value returns, though efforts are being taken by organizations like the GIIN and GIIRS to create a standardized set of measurement tools and metrics. Current systems and approaches include: Though the impact investing industry is

neg: Obsolete Finnish units of measurement towns. The king's bailiff in the town of Porvoo, for example, used two sets of measures: a big one for collecting tax in kind from the populace and a smaller set to remit the assets to the king, keeping the difference for himself. However, nowadays the proverb "mitata Porvoon mitalla" (to measure in Porvoo units) has a positive meaning of measuring in excess or generously. Certain units were standardized to the metric system in 1861, and Finland fully converted to the metric system in 1880. Obsolete: Obsolete Finnish units of measurement The obsolete Finnish units of measurement consist mostly of

neg: Standard (metrology) Standard (metrology) In metrology (the science of measurement), a standard (or etalon) is an object, system, or experiment that bears a defined relationship to a unit of measurement of a physical quantity. Standards are the fundamental reference for a system of weights and measures, against which all other measuring devices are compared. Historical standards for length, volume, and mass were defined by many different authorities, which resulted in confusion and inaccuracy of measurements. Modern measurements are defined in relationship to internationally standardized reference objects, which are used under carefully controlled laboratory conditions to define the units of length, mass, electrical

neg: Omaha System in its structure and terms during this period to establish reliability, validity, and usability. Users include nurses, physicians, occupational therapists, physical therapists, registered dietitians, recreational therapists, speech and language pathologists, and social workers.When multidisciplinary health teams use the Omaha System accurately and consistently, they have an effective basis for documentation, communication, coordination of care, and outcome measurement. The American Nurses Association recognized the Omaha System as a standardized terminology to support nursing practice in 1992. In 2014, Minnesota became the first state to recommend ANA-recognized point-of-care terminologies be used in all Electronic Health Records (EHRs). The evidence underlying this decision

neg: Chinese units of measurement Dynasty, the king conferred nobles with powers of the state and the measurement units began to be inconsistent from state to state. After the Warring States period, Qin Shi Huang unified China, and later standardized measurement units. In the Han Dynasty, these measurements were still being used, and were documented systematically in the Book of Han. Astronomical instruments show little change of the length of chi in the following centuries, since the calendar needed to be consistent. It was not until the introduction of decimal units in the Ming Dynasty that the traditional system was revised. On 7 January 1915,

neg: Temperature measurement Temperature measurement Temperature measurement, also known as thermometry, describes the process of measuring a current local temperature for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends. Attempts at standardized temperature measurement prior to the 17th century were crude at best. For instance in 170 AD, physician Claudius Galenus mixed equal portions of ice and boiling water to create a "neutral" temperature standard. The modern scientific field has its origins in the works by Florentine scientists in the 1600s including Galileo constructing devices able to measure relative change in temperature, but subject

neg: Synthetic instrument of elemental hardware and software components with standardized interfaces to generate signals or make measurements using numeric processing techniques. Synthetic instrument A synthetic instrument is a term in metrology (test and measurement science). A Synthetic Instrument is software that runs on a Synthetic Measurement System to perform a specific synthesis, analysis, or measurement function. A Synthetic Measurement System (SMS) is a common, general purpose, physical hardware platform that is intended to perform many kinds of synthesis, analysis, or measurement functions using Synthetic Instruments. Typically the generic SMS hardware is dual cascade of three subsystems: digital processing and control, A/D or

neg: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) provides clinicians and researchers access to reliable, valid, and flexible measures of health status that assess physical, mental, and social well–being from the patient perspective. PROMIS measures are standardized, allowing for assessment of many patient-reported outcome domains—including pain, fatigue, emotional distress, physical functioning and social role participation—based on common metrics that allow for comparisons across domains, across chronic diseases, and with the general population. Further, PROMIS tools allow for computer adaptive testing, efficiently achieving precise measurement of health status domains with few items. There are PROMIS measures for

neg: IMRB International for Information Technology (MAIT) IMRB initiated the periodic ITOPS survey which monitors the IT hardware market among households and businesses. Since 1998, in collaboration with the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), an industry body IMRB also started providing a series of annual syndicated research reports named I-Cube which surveys the online and mobile landscape in India. More recently, in 2010 IMRB launched the Web Audience Measurement (WAM) system, India’s first standardized internet audience measurement system based on a panel. IMRB is headquartered in Mumbai, India. Its parent company is Hindustan Thompson Associates, which in turn is owned by

neg: Chinese units of measurement Chinese units of measurement Chinese units of measurement, known in Chinese as the shìzhì ("market system"), are the traditional units of measurement of the Han Chinese. Although Chinese numerals have been decimal (base-10) since the Shang, several Chinese measures use hexadecimal (base-16). Local applications have varied, but the Chinese dynasties usually proclaimed standard measurements and recorded their predecessor's systems in their histories. In the present day, the People's Republic of China maintains some customary units based upon the market units but standardized to round values in the metric system, for example the common "jin" or catty of exactly 500g. The

neg: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System as of November 2016 are listed below. Domains that are “PROMIS Profile Domains” are included in either PROMIS Adult Profile Instruments (PROMIS-29, PROMIS-43, PROMIS-57) and Pediatric or Parent Proxy Profile Instruments (PROMIS Pediatric/Parent Proxy 25, PROMIS Pediatric/Parent Proxy 37, PROMIS Pediatric/Parent Proxy 49). There are also Sexual Function and Satisfaction Profiles for adults. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) provides clinicians and researchers access to reliable, valid, and flexible measures of health status that assess physical, mental, and social well–being from the patient perspective. PROMIS measures are standardized, allowing for assessment of many patient-reported

neg: Standardized approach (operational risk) only replace the existing standardized approaches, but also the Advanced Measurement Approach. Under the SMA, regulatory capital levels will be determined using a simple formulaic method which facilitates comparability across the industry. Standardized approach (operational risk) In the context of operational risk, the standardized approach or standardised approach is a set of operational risk measurement techniques proposed under Basel II capital adequacy rules for banking institutions. Basel II requires all banking institutions to set aside capital for operational risk. Standardized approach falls between basic indicator approach and advanced measurement approach in terms of degree of complexity. Based on the original

neg: Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement construct the calendar were the synodic month, equinox year, and sidereal day. The Classical Mesopotamian system formed the basis for Elamite, Hebrew, Urartian, Hurrian, Hittite, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, Arabic, and Islamic metrologies. The Classical Mesopotamian System also has a proportional relationship, by virtue of standardized commerce, to Bronze Age Harappan and Egyptian metrologies. Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement originated in the loosely organized city-states of Early Dynastic Sumer. Each city, kingdom and trade guild had its own standards until the formation of the Akkadian Empire when Sargon of Akkad issued a common standard.

neg: Vienna Test System operating system components designed in particular to ensure real-time control and measurement. Electro-mechanical devices were controlled by computer; individual tests required a control module and a special respondent interface for stimulus presentation and input of responses. The following devices used in applied psychology were developed by Schuhfried: ·DT: Vienna Determination Unit (complex reaction tests) ·MLS: Motor Performance Series according to Schoppe (fine motor skills) ·RT: Vienna Reaction Device (simple reaction tests) ·ART 90: Act and react test system (seven subtests for assessment of fitness to drive) Standardized respondent desks providing additional optical and acoustic stimulus presentation options and multiple response

neg: Obsolete Finnish units of measurement firewood, some customers (and even dealers) use "syli" to refer to a cubic meter, but some old people use the term to refer to various much larger amounts of firewood. Most Finnish obsolete units of measurement were identical to Swedish units of measurement, including units of length being based on the Swedish "foot" (29.69 cm) that was defined in 1605, since Finland was part of Sweden from the Middle Ages to 1809, but later some Russian units were also used. The measurements were first standardized by law in 1665 and were revised in 1735. Before this, measurements often varied between

neg: Urine sodium Urine sodium Urine sodium is a measurement of the concentration of sodium in the urine. The urine sodium is expressed as a concentration (such as milimoles per liter). The result must therefore be interpreted in the context of the degree of urine concentration present. Alternatively, the urine sodium can be standardized to the excretion of creatinine using a formula such as the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa). Because the hypothalamus/osmoreceptor system ordinarily works well to cause drinking or urination to restore the body's sodium concentrations to normal, this system can be used in medical treatment to regulate the body's total

neg: Cubit Classical Mesopotamian system formed the basis for Elamite, Hebrew, Urartian, Hurrian, Hittite, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, Arabic, and Islamic metrologies. The Classical Mesopotamian System also has a proportional relationship, by virtue of standardized commerce, to Bronze Age Harappan and Egyptian metrologies. In 1916, during the last years of the Ottoman Empire and in the middle of World War I, the German assyriologist Eckhard Unger found a copper-alloy bar while excavating at Nippur. The bar dates from c. 2650 BC and Unger claimed it was used as a measurement standard. This irregularly formed and irregularly marked graduated rule supposedly defined

neg: Thermoscope used for quantitative or standardized measurement and used the temperature of air to expand or contract gas, thereby moving a column of water. It was Drebbel who announced in the early 17th century one of the earliest or possibly the first prototype, which was filled with air and blocked by water containing a little "aqua fortis" to prevent it from freezing and being discolored. The device was improved by early German scientist Otto von Guericke in the 17th century. Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany personally made a further improvement by introducing the use of a colored alcohol,

neg: Clock have a "second hand" which indicates the seconds in the current minute. The only other widely used clock face today is the 24 hour analog dial, because of the use of 24 hour time in military organizations and timetables. Before the modern clock face was standardized during the Industrial Revolution, many other face designs were used throughout the years, including dials divided into 6, 8, 10, and 24 hours. During the French Revolution the French government tried to introduce a 10-hour clock, as part of their decimal-based metric system of measurement, but it didn't catch on. An Italian 6 hour

neg: Inclinometer on the panel of the Ryan NYP "The Spirit of St. Louis"—in 1927 Charles Lindbergh chose the lightweight Rieker Inc P-1057 Degree Inclinometer to give him climb and descent angle information. Hand-held clinometers are used for a variety of surveying and measurement tasks. In land surveying and mapping, a clinometer can provide a rapid measurement of the slope of a geographic feature, or used for cave survey. In prospecting for minerals, clinometers are used to measure the strike and dip of geologic formations. In forestry, tree height measurement can be done with a clinometer using standardized methods. Major artillery guns

neg: Forming limit diagram measurement system in combination with digital data processing forming limit curves can be acquired in a more automatic and productive way compared to the classic way as described above. This procedure has been standardized and is contained in an ISO document (12004). In order to obtain a full forming limit curve, test pieces with different geometries are drawn by a punch (e. g. with a diameter of 100 mm) until fracture occurs. Friction is almost zero by using a complex tribo-system with foils and grease between sheet and tool. By use of an optical strain measurement system spatial strain paths

neg: Korean units of measurement was standardized to the "pyeong" system but varied in size from province to province based on the average richness of their soil. The base unit of Korean weight is the "gwan". At the time of Korea's metrification, however, the pound was in more common use. Although it was usually taken as equivalent to 600g, as with red pepper and meats, a separate pound of 400g was used for fruits and another of 375 or 200g was used for vegetables. The "nyang" also sees some use among Korea's vendors of traditional Chinese medicine. The "bag" ("kama") was a variable unit usually

neg: Beer measurement beer was originally used to indicate that the contents were stronger than legal small beer limits, and were subject to a tax of ten (Roman numeral X) shillings per barrel tax. Later, brewers added additional (superfluous) X marks to signify progressively stronger beers: "the present quack-like denominations of XX (double X) and XXX (treble X), which appear, unnecessarily, on the casks and in the accounts of the strong-ale brewers". In mid-19th century England, the use of "X" and other letters had evolved into a standardized grading system for the strength of beer. Today, it is used as a trade mark

neg: Security Content Automation Protocol open standards that are widely used to enumerate software flaws and configuration issues related to security. Applications which conduct security monitoring use the standards when measuring systems to find vulnerabilities, and offer methods to score those findings in order to evaluate the possible impact. The SCAP suite of specifications standardize the nomenclature and formats used by these automated vulnerability management, measurement, and policy compliance products. A vendor of a computer system configuration scanner can get their product validated against SCAP, demonstrating that it will interoperate with other scanners and express the scan results in a standardized way. SCAP defines how

neg: Standardized approach (credit risk) on internal ratings. There are some options in weighing risks for some claims, below are the summary as it might be likely to be implemented. NOTE: For some "unrated" risk weights, banks are encouraged to use their own internal-ratings system based on Foundation IRB and Advanced IRB in Internal-Ratings Based approach with a set of formulae provided by the Basel-II accord. There exist several alternative weights for some of the following claim categories published in the original Framework text. Standardized approach (credit risk) The term standardized approach (or standardised approach) refers to a set of credit risk measurement techniques proposed

neg: Imperial and US customary measurement systems Imperial and US customary measurement systems The imperial system of measurement and the US customary system of measurement are both derived from an earlier English system of measurement which in turn can be traced back to Ancient Roman units of measurement, and Carolingian and Saxon units of measure. The US Customary system of units was developed and used in the United States after the American Revolution, based on a subset of the English units used in the Thirteen Colonies. The Imperial system of units was developed and used in the United Kingdom beginning in 1826, and subsequently used in the

neg: Hand (unit) horse can be measured with shoes on or off. In the United Kingdom, official measurement of horses is overseen by the Joint Measurement Board (JMB). For JMB purposes, the shoes must be removed and the hooves correctly prepared for shoeing prior to measurement. Hand (unit) The hand is a non-SI unit of measurement of length standardized to . It is used to measure the height of horses in some English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. It was originally based on the breadth of a human hand. The adoption of the

neg: Service Measurement Index Service Measurement Index The Service Measurement Index is a framework designed to "measure the "relative goodness" of an IT Service". The Service Measurement Index (SMI) defines a framework and method for the calculation of a relative index, which may be used to compare IT Services against one another, or to track services over time. From a practical standpoint, SMI enables consumers of IT business services to perform "apples-to-apples" comparisons so they can make informed decisions about selecting specific services and service providers. SMI works by letting consumers of cloud services rate them, via standardized surveys, across six key metrics: quality,

neg: System of measurement for Standardization (ISO). Throughout history, many official systems of measurement have been used. While no longer in official use, some of these customary systems are occasionally used in day-to-day life, for instance in cooking. System of measurement A system of measurement is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other. Systems of measurement have historically been important, regulated and defined for the purposes of science and commerce. Systems of measurement in modern use include the metric system, the imperial system, and United States customary units. The French Revolution gave rise to the metric system, and

neg: Pigment batches of color were often inconsistent. With the development of a modern color industry, manufacturers and professionals have cooperated to create international standards for identifying, producing, measuring, and testing colors. First published in 1905, the Munsell color system became the foundation for a series of color models, providing objective methods for the measurement of color. The Munsell system describes a color in three dimensions, hue, value (lightness), and chroma (color purity), where chroma is the difference from gray at a given hue and value. By the middle 20th century, standardized methods for pigment chemistry were available, part of an international

neg: Frederick Hanley Seares remained for 36 years, 15 of them as assistant director. Seares served as president of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1929. Seares used astrophotography as part of Jacobus Kapteyn's effort to uncover the structure of the sidereal universe through research of "selected areas." Seares standardized the stellar magnitude system and extended it beyond the 18th magnitude, using absorbing wire gauze screens and reduced apertures to compare stars of varying brightnesses. Seares also made contributions to the measurement and interpretation of stellar color indices and wrote on the brightness of the Milky Way compared to spiral nebulae, which were

neg: Standard (metrology) physical constants, as demonstrated by standardized technique. One advantage of elimination of artifact standards is that inter-comparison of artifacts is no longer required. Another advantage would be that the loss or damage of the artifact standards would not disrupt the system of measures. The next quality standard in the hierarchy is known as a "secondary standard". Secondary standards are calibrated with reference to a primary standard. The third level of standard, a standard which is periodically calibrated against a secondary standard, is known as a "working standard". Working standards are used for the calibration of commercial and industrial measurement equipment.

neg: Recovery approach considered valuable or acceptable. A number of standardized questionnaires and assessments have been developed to try to assess aspects of an individual's recovery journey. These include the Milestones of Recovery (MOR) Scale, Recovery Enhancing Environment (REE) measure, Recovery Measurement Tool (RMT), Recovery Oriented System Indicators (ROSI) Measure, Stages of Recovery Instrument (STORI), and numerous related instruments. The data-collection systems and terminology used by services and funders are said to be typically incompatible with recovery frameworks, so methods of adapting them have been developed. It has also been argued that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (and to some

neg: Pint Pint The pint (, ; symbol pt, sometimes abbreviated as "p") is a unit of volume or capacity in both the imperial and United States customary measurement systems. In both of those systems it is traditionally one-eighth of a gallon. The British imperial pint is about 20% larger than the American pint because the two systems are defined differently. Almost all other countries have standardized on the metric system, so the size of what may be called a pint varies depending on local custom. The imperial pint (≈ 568 ml) is used in the United Kingdom and Ireland and to

neg: History of measurement The magnitude of these units varied from place to place. The Babylonians and Sumerians had a system in which there were 60 shekels in a mina and 60 minas in a talent. The Roman talent consisted of 100 libra (pound) which were smaller in magnitude than the mina. The troy pound (~373.2 g) used in England and the United States for monetary purposes, like the Roman pound, was divided into 12 ounces, but the Roman uncia (ounce) was smaller. The carat is a unit for measuring gemstones that had its origin in the carob seed, which later was standardized at

neg: Ken (unit) Ken (unit) The is a traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to six Japanese feet ("shaku"). The exact value has varied over time and location but has generally been a little shorter than . It is now standardized as meter. Although mostly supplanted by the metric system, this unit is a common measurement in Japanese architecture, where it is used as a proportion for the intervals between the pillars of traditional-style buildings. In this context, it is commonly translated as "bay". The length also appears in other contexts, such as the standard length of the "bō" staff in Japanese martial

neg: Current transformer Current transformer A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to measure alternating current (AC). It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to the current in its primary. Current transformers, along with voltage or potential transformers, are instrument transformers. Instrument transformers scale the large values of voltage or current to small, standardized values that are easy to handle for instruments and protective relays. The instrument transformers isolate measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage of the primary system. A current transformer provides a secondary current that is accurately proportional to the current

neg: Standardized approach (operational risk) Standardized approach (operational risk) In the context of operational risk, the standardized approach or standardised approach is a set of operational risk measurement techniques proposed under Basel II capital adequacy rules for banking institutions. Basel II requires all banking institutions to set aside capital for operational risk. Standardized approach falls between basic indicator approach and advanced measurement approach in terms of degree of complexity. Based on the original Basel Accord, under the Standardised Approach, banks’ activities are divided into eight business lines: corporate finance, trading & sales, retail banking, commercial banking, payment & settlement, agency services, asset management, and retail

neg: Standardized test standardized tests offer narrow information on many forms of intelligence and relying on them harms students because they inaccurately measure a student's potential for success. In the field of psychometrics, the "Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing" place standards about validity and reliability, along with errors of measurement and issues related to the accommodation of individuals with disabilities. The third and final major topic covers standards related to testing applications, credentialing, plus testing in program evaluation and public policy. Standardized testing is considered important and these tests do assess what is taught on the national level. They are used to

neg: Bitstream Charter Fournier, a French 18th century punch-cutter, typefounder and typographic theoretician who invented the “point system”, standardized measurement system for font sizes. Bitstream Charter Bitstream Charter is a serif typeface designed by Matthew Carter in 1987 for Bitstream Inc. Charter is based on Pierre-Simon Fournier’s characters, originating from the 18th century. Classified by Bitstream as a transitional-serif typeface (Bitstream Transitional 801), it also has features of a slab-serif typeface and is often classified as such. Charter was originally optimized for printing on the low-resolution 300 dpi laser printers of the 1980s, and remains suitable for printing on both modern high-resolution laser

neg: Units of measurement in France Units of measurement in France France has a unique history of units of measurement due to the radical decision to invent and adopt the metric system after the French Revolution. The metric system following the French Revolution. In the Ancien régime, before 1795, France used a system of measures that had many of the characteristics of the modern Imperial System of units. There was widespread abuse of the king's standards to the extent that the "lieue" could vary from 3.268 km in Beauce to 5.849 km in Provence. In the revolutionary era, France used the first version of the metric

neg: Lorentz force velocimetry effective enough tool to perform noncontact measurements. However, if either the wall or the liquid are opaque as is often the case in food production, chemical engineering, glass making, and metallurgy, very few possibilities for noncontact flow measurement exist. The force measurement system is an important part of the Lorentz force velocimetry. With high resolution force measurement system makes the measurement of even lower conductivity possible.Up to date has the force measurement system continually being developed. At first the pendulum-like setups was used (Figure 5). One of the experimental facilities consists of two high power (410 mT) magnets made of

neg: Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills in 2011. Ratings will be suspended in 2012 while a new accountability system is developed. Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills The Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) was the fourth Texas state standardized test previously used in grade 3-8 and grade 9-11 to assess students' attainment of reading, writing, math, science, and social studies skills required under Texas education standards. It is developed and scored by Pearson Educational Measurement with close supervision by the Texas Education Agency. Though created before the No Child Left Behind Act was passed, it complied with the law. It replaced the previous test,

neg: 42-line fortress and siege gun Pattern of 1877 42-line fortress and siege gun Pattern of 1877 42-line fortress and siege gun M1877 () was a siege gun used by the Russian Imperial Army in late 19th and early 20th centuries. The word "line" in the designation refers to a measurement unit which equals 0.1 inch. Curiously, the "model year" was not the year when the weapon was designed or standardized, but the year when a new rifling system was adopted. The gun was initially developed by the German arms manufacturer Krupp and was based on an earlier 105 mm piece and would have a typical Krupp horizontal sliding-block

neg: Standardized test standardized tests are not inexpensive. It has been reported that the United States spends about 1.7 billion dollars annually on these tests. In 2001, it was also reported that only three companies (Harcourt Educational Measurement, CTB McGraw-Hill and Riverside Publishing) design 96% of the tests taken at the state level. Test scores are in some cases used as a sole, mandatory, or primary criterion for admissions or certification. For example, some U.S. states require high school graduation examinations. Adequate scores on these exit exams are required for high school graduation. The General Educational Development test is often used as an

neg: Tamil units of measurement Tamil units of measurement The Tamil units of measurement is a system of measurements that was traditionally used in ancient Tamil-speaking South India. These ancient measurement systems spanned systems of counting, distances, volumes, time, weight as well as tools used to do so. While modern India uses the metric system International System of Units (Tamil Nadu state included), some of these older day measurement systems, especially those of counting, are still used today. Other units that have persisted are those of area – the 'ma' (not to be confused with the dollar-cent) and the ‘ground’, both used to measure land

neg: History of measurement systems in Pakistan were standardized so that the Kanal equals exactly 605 square yards or 1/8 acre; this is equivalent to about 505.857 square meters. A Kanal is equal to 20 marlas. The Marla (unit) is a traditional unit of area that was used in Pakistan and Marla was standardized under British rule to be equal to the square rod, or 272.25 square feet, 30.25 square yards, or 25.2929 square metres. As such, it was exactly one 160th of an acre. Paher, is a traditional unit of time used in South Asia, including Pakistan. One "pahar" nominally equals three hours, and there are

neg: Adequate Yearly Progress Adequate Yearly Progress Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) is a measurement defined by the United States federal No Child Left Behind Act that allows the U.S. Department of Education to determine how every public school and school district in the country is performing academically according to results on standardized tests. As defined by National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME), AYP is "the amount of annual achievement growth to be expected by students in a particular school, district, or state in the U.S. federal accountability system, No Child Left Behind (NCLB)." AYP has been identified as one of the sources of

neg: Obsolete Russian units of measurement Peter the Great replace it with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. The basic unit is the Russian cubit, called the "arshin", which has been in use since the 16th century. It was standardized by Peter the Great in the 18th century to measure exactly twenty-eight English inches (). Thus, 80 vershoks = 20 piads = 5 arshins = 140 English inches (). A "piad" (, “palm”, “five”) or "chetvert" (, “quarter”) is a hand span, the distance between ends of the spread thumb and index finger. Alternative units: As in many ancient systems of measurement the Russian distinguishes between dry and

neg: Tamil units of measurement kālam): மாசி , பங்குனி Tamil units of measurement The Tamil units of measurement is a system of measurements that was traditionally used in ancient Tamil-speaking South India. These ancient measurement systems spanned systems of counting, distances, volumes, time, weight as well as tools used to do so. While modern India uses the metric system International System of Units (Tamil Nadu state included), some of these older day measurement systems, especially those of counting, are still used today. Other units that have persisted are those of area – the 'ma' (not to be confused with the dollar-cent) and the ‘ground’, both

neg: XCP (protocol) protocol is designed for a variety of bus systems." In 2003, the protocol was standardized as "ASAM MCD-1 XCP". XCP is a successor to CAN Calibration Protocol (CCP) that was developed back in the mid-1990s. At that time, CAN was the dominant networking system in the automobile industry. Over time, other bus systems such as LIN, MOST and FlexRay emerged and made it necessary to extend the protocol to other transport media. In addition, XCP supports synchronous and asynchronous serial interfaces. With Ethernet or USB as the transport medium, XCP can also serve as a standardized interface to analog measurement

neg: Byzantine units of measurement Byzantine units of measurement Byzantine units of measurement were a combination and modification of the ancient Greek and Roman units of measurement used in the Byzantine Empire. Until the reign of Justinian I (527–565), no universal system of units of measurement existed in the Byzantine world, and each region used its traditional measures. Justinian began the process of standardization that resulted in a specifically Byzantine system, chiefly due to the need of such a system for the fiscal administration. Official measurement and weighing was performed subject to an array of charges including the "mestikon", "miniatikon", "zygastikon", "kambaniatikon", "gomariatikon", and "samariatikon".

neg: Cypriot units of measurement (bushel) = 36.368 l 1 medimno = 75.05 l 1 kartos = 4 oke 1 kouza = 8 oke 1 gomari = 128 oke (used for grain too). Cypriot units of measurement A number of different units of measurement were used in Cyprus to measure quantities like length, mass, area and capacity. Before the Metric system, the British system was used. In between 1972-1974, metric system was adopted in Cyprus. A number of units were used with British system. One pic is equel to 2 foot (0.6096 m) as an accepted equivalence. A number of units were used to measure

neg: History of measurement in 1585 first advocated the use of decimal numbers for everyday purposes in his booklet "De Thiende" (old Dutch for 'the tenth'). He also declared that it would only be a matter of time before decimal numbers were used for currencies and measurements. His notation for decimal fractions was clumsy, but this was overcome with the introduction of the decimal point, generally attributed to Bartholomaeus Pitiscus who used this notation in his trigonometrical tables (1595). In his "Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language", published in 1668, John Wilkins proposed a system of measurement that was very similar

neg: Standardized test by students typically meet the definition of a standardized test: everyone in the class takes the same test, at the same time, under the same circumstances, and all of the students are graded by their teacher in the same way. However, the term "standardized test" is most commonly used to refer to tests that are given to larger groups, such as a test taken by all adults who wish to acquire a license to have a particular kind of job, or by all students of a certain age. Because everyone gets the same test and the same grading system, standardized

neg: Colombian units of measurement metric system. one vara was equal to 0.64 m, and one fanegada was equal to 10000 vara Colombian units of measurement A variety of units of measurement were used in Colombia to measure quantities like length, mass and area. In Colombia, International Metric System has adopted since 1853, and has been compulsory since 1854. Several different units were used before 1854. Older system before Metric system was derived from Spanish Castillian System. Different units were used to measure length. As in 1920s too, some units were derived from metric system. One vara was equal to 0.8 m (or 0.84 m).

neg: Myanmar units of measurement that Myanmar was preparing to adopt the International System of Units (SI System) as the country's official system of measurement. Myanmar units of measurement The traditional Burmese units of measurement are still in everyday use in Myanmar (also known as Burma). According to the CIA Factbook, Myanmar is one of three countries that have not adopted the International System of Units (SI) metric system as their official system of weights and measures. However, in June 2011, the Burmese government's Ministry of Commerce began discussing proposals to reform the measurement system in Burma and adopt the metric system used by most

neg: California Standardized Testing and Reporting Program California Standardized Testing and Reporting Program The Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program measures performance of students undergoing primary and secondary education in California. It was replaced in late 2013-early 2014 with the California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress (CAASPP), also known as the Measurement of Academic Performance and Progress (MAPP). The 2012 STAR Program included four components: The CSTs show how well students are doing in relation to the state content standards. The CMA is an alternate assessment of the California content standards based on modified achievement standards for children with an individualized education program (IEP) who meet

neg: Standardized test decreased the use of open-ended assessment, which was harder to mass-produce and assess objectively due to its intrinsically subjective nature. For instance, measurement error is easy to determine in standardized testing, whereas in open-ended assessment, graders have more individual discretion and therefore are more likely to produce unfair results through unconscious bias. When the score depends upon the graders' individual preferences, then the result an individual student receives depends upon who grades the test. More recently, standardized testing has been shaped in part, by the ease and low cost of grading of multiple-choice tests by computer. Though the process is

neg: Hand (unit) Hand (unit) The hand is a non-SI unit of measurement of length standardized to . It is used to measure the height of horses in some English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. It was originally based on the breadth of a human hand. The adoption of the international inch in 1959 allowed for a standardized imperial form and a metric conversion. It may be abbreviated to "h" or "hh". Although measurements between whole hands are usually expressed in what appears to be decimal format, the subdivision of the hand is

neg: Standardized test to standardized tests such as the citywide. Parents and community activists around the country explain that the education system is failing students. Standardized testing is included in efforts to improve the education system. Standardized testing gives a detailed account of student improvement and teacher effectiveness is evaluated, which can show how the school's effectiveness sits on a national scale. Standardized testing is used as a public policy strategy to establish stronger accountability measures for public education. While the National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) has served as an educational barometer for some thirty years by administering standardized tests on a

neg: Bolivian units of measurement lb). One quintal was also equal to 4 arrobas. Bolivian units of measurement A number of different units of measurement were used in Bolivia to measure, for example, mass. Older system was basically derived from Spain. In Bolivia, International Metric system was legally optional since 1871, and International Metric system has been compulsory since 1893 even though, even in 1890s also, metric system was recognised at the custom-houses and other units which were of Spanish origin was also used. A number of units were used in Bolivia, and those units were of Spanish origin. Different units were used to measure

neg: Bolivian units of measurement Bolivian units of measurement A number of different units of measurement were used in Bolivia to measure, for example, mass. Older system was basically derived from Spain. In Bolivia, International Metric system was legally optional since 1871, and International Metric system has been compulsory since 1893 even though, even in 1890s also, metric system was recognised at the custom-houses and other units which were of Spanish origin was also used. A number of units were used in Bolivia, and those units were of Spanish origin. Different units were used to measure mass. One quintal was equal to 46 kg (101.4179

neg: Cypriot units of measurement Cypriot units of measurement A number of different units of measurement were used in Cyprus to measure quantities like length, mass, area and capacity. Before the Metric system, the British system was used. In between 1972-1974, metric system was adopted in Cyprus. A number of units were used with British system. One pic is equel to 2 foot (0.6096 m) as an accepted equivalence. A number of units were used to measure mass. One oke (Uqqa) was equal to 2.8 pound av (1.27006 kg) as an accepted equivalent. One moosa (hundredweight) was equal to 50.700 kg as an accepted equivalent.

neg: Custody transfer component uncertainties in the measurement system. Liquid flow measurements are usually in volumetric or mass unit. Volume is normally used for stand-alone field tanker loading operations, while mass is used for multi-field pipeline or offshore pipeline with an allocation requirement. Mass measurement and reporting are achieved by An automatic flow-proportional sampling system is used in flow measurement to determine the average water content, average density and for analysis purposes. Sampling systems should be broadly in accordance with ISO 3171. The sampling system is a critical section during flow measurement. Any errors introduced through sampling error will generally have a direct,

neg: Color chart ColorChecker—first produced as the “Macbeth ColorChecker” in 1976—a cardboard-framed arrangement of twenty-four squares of painted samples based on Munsell colors. Its previous maker Gretag–Macbeth was acquired in 2006 by X-Rite. A ColorChecker chart can be used to manually adjust color parameters (e.g. color temperature) to achieve a desired color rendition. ColorChecker charts are available in different sizes and forms. Standardized IT8 charts (also called IT8 targets) are made by several companies including Coloraid.de, FujiFilm, Kodak, LaserSoft Imaging. Unlike ColorChecker charts, IT8 charts are supplied with measurement values and can be used to create ICC color profiles by software (e.g. for

neg: Colombian units of measurement Colombian units of measurement A variety of units of measurement were used in Colombia to measure quantities like length, mass and area. In Colombia, International Metric System has adopted since 1853, and has been compulsory since 1854. Several different units were used before 1854. Older system before Metric system was derived from Spanish Castillian System. Different units were used to measure length. As in 1920s too, some units were derived from metric system. One vara was equal to 0.8 m (or 0.84 m). Some other units are provided below: 1 pulgada = 1/32 vara 1 cuarta = 1/4 vara 1

neg: Supercapacitor IEC standard defines four classes: The measurement methods employed by individual manufacturers are mainly comparable to the standardized methods. The standardized measuring method is too time consuming for manufacturers to use during production for each individual component. For industrial produced capacitors the capacitance value is instead measured with a faster low frequency AC voltage and a correlation factor is used to compute the rated capacitance. This frequency dependence affects capacitor operation. Rapid charge and discharge cycles mean that neither the rated capacitance value nor specific energy are available. In this case the rated capacitance value is recalculated for each application

neg: Hungarian units of measurement Hungarian units of measurement A number of units of measurement were used in Hungary to measure length, area, volume, etc. Metric system has been adopted in Hungary since 1874 and has been compulsory since 1876. The system before the metric system was the old Vienna system. Several units were used to measure length. Some units are given below: One arsin was equal to 23.01084 in and one stab was equal to 5.18565 ft. One oka was equal from 2.78 to 3.082 lb. Several units were used to measure area. Some units are given below: 1 hold = 4316 m =

neg: Words per minute The fastest Morse code operator was Theodore Roosevelt McElroy copying at 75.6 wpm using a typewriter at the 1939 world championship. Words per minute Words per minute, commonly abbreviated wpm (sometimes uppercased WPM), is a measure of words processed in a minute, often used as a measurement of the speed of typing, reading or Morse code sending and receiving. Since the length or duration of words is clearly variable, for the purpose of measurement of text entry, the definition of each "word" is often standardized to be five characters or keystrokes long in English, including spaces and punctuation. For example,

neg: Words per minute Words per minute Words per minute, commonly abbreviated wpm (sometimes uppercased WPM), is a measure of words processed in a minute, often used as a measurement of the speed of typing, reading or Morse code sending and receiving. Since the length or duration of words is clearly variable, for the purpose of measurement of text entry, the definition of each "word" is often standardized to be five characters or keystrokes long in English, including spaces and punctuation. For example, under such a method applied to plain English text the phrase "I run" counts as one word, but "rhinoceros" and "let's

neg: Lighting through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural. Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of

neg: History of Western typography rococo-influenced designs—Fournier and Narcissus—and his Modèles des Caractères (1742) continued the romaine du roi style and adapted it for his own modern age. Like Baskerville, his italics were inspired by handwriting and the engraved lettering known as copperplate hand. Fournier also published a two volume "Manuel Typographique", in which he recorded much European typographic history, and introduced the first standardized system of type size measurement—the "point". The roman and italic types of John Baskerville c. 1772 appeared later than Fleischman's but are considered transitional and partly retrogressive with a return to lower contrast, smooth transaxial modeling, finely modeled bracketed serifs,

neg: Nepalese customary units of measurement regions. In the Terai region, the southern parts of Nepal, the customary units are those used elsewhere in South Asia: A different system is used in hilly regions: Conversions Nepalese customary units of measurement In Nepal, some customary units of measurement are still used, although the metric system has been the official standard since 1968. The kos (kosh, krosh, koss) is a very ancient measure of distance, measuring about 2.25 miles or 3.7 km. The following is a partial list of everyday units used to calculate land area in Nepal. The units of measurement of area of land depends on

neg: Korean units of measurement "pyeong" were also formerly used. The pyeong of gravel was a cubic "gan" (about 6.01m³); the pyeong of firewood was ⅓ as much (about2.0035m³). Palais reports alternate "seoks" of 15 and 20 "mal" each. Korean units of measurement Korean units of measurement, called cheokgwan-beop () or cheokgeun-beop () in Korean, is the traditional system of measurement used by the people of the Korean peninsula. It is largely based on the Chinese system, with influence from Japanese standards imposed following its annexation of the Korean Empire in 1910. Both North and South Korea currently employ the metric system. Since 2007, South

neg: EQ-5D EQ-5D EQ-5D is a standardized instrument for measuring generic health status. It has been widely used in population health surveys, clinical studies, economic evaluation and in routine outcome measurement in the delivery of operational healthcare. EQ-5D is designed for self-completion and as such captures information directly from the respondent, thereby generating data that conforms with the general requirement of all Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) measures. Alternative modes of administration have also been developed. Its ease of use and standardized use have resulted in its inclusion in 1,000s of peer-reviewed papers over the past 20 years. The overwhelming majority of these

neg: Standardized coefficient effect on the dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis, when the variables are measured in different units of measurement (for example, income measured in dollars and family size measured in number of individuals). A regression carried out on original (unstandardized) variables produces unstandardized coefficients. A regression carried out on standardized variables produces standardized coefficients. Values for standardized and unstandardized coefficients can also be derived subsequent to either type of analysis. Before solving a multiple regression problem, all variables (independent and dependent) can be standardized. Each variable can be standardized by subtracting its mean from each of its values and

neg: Audio system measurements components of the digital system can suffer analog effects and potentially compromise the integrity of a well designed digital system. Sequence testing uses a specific sequence of test signals, for frequency response, noise, distortion etc., generated and measured automatically to carry out a complete quality check on a piece of equipment or signal path. A single 32-second sequence was standardized by the EBU in 1985, incorporating 13 tones (40 Hz–15 kHz at −12 dB) for frequency response measurement, two tones for distortion (1024 Hz/60 Hz at +9 dB) plus crosstalk and compander tests. This sequence, which began with a 110-baud

neg: Haitian units of measurement Haitian units of measurement A number of units of measurement were used in Haiti to measure length, area, volume, etc. Since 1921, Metric system has been compulsory in Haiti. Older units before the Metric system were British, old French, and Spanish. Several units were used in Haiti. One toise was 1.9488 m and one anne was 1.188 m, according to the legal equivalents during the transition period to metric system. One carreau was equal to 1292.3 m according to the legal equivalents during the transition period to metric system. Several units were used to measure volume. Some units and their

neg: ISO 10012 to demonstrate compliance with specified requirements. Quality assurance for measuring equipment – Part 2: Guidelines for control of measurement processes ISO 10012 ISO 10012:2003, Measurement management systems - Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment is the ISO standard that specifies generic requirements and provides guidance for the management of measurement processes and metrological confirmation of measuring equipment used to support and demonstrate compliance with metrological requirements. It specifies quality management requirements of a measurement management system that can be used by an organization performing measurements as part of the overall management system, and to ensure metrological requirements are met.

neg: ISO 10012 ISO 10012 ISO 10012:2003, Measurement management systems - Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment is the ISO standard that specifies generic requirements and provides guidance for the management of measurement processes and metrological confirmation of measuring equipment used to support and demonstrate compliance with metrological requirements. It specifies quality management requirements of a measurement management system that can be used by an organization performing measurements as part of the overall management system, and to ensure metrological requirements are met. ISO 10012:2003 is not intended to be used as a requisite for demonstrating conformance with ISO 9001, ISO 14001 or

neg: Venezuelan units of measurement Venezuelan units of measurement A number of units of measurement were used in Venezuela to measure quantities like length, mass, etc. Metric system was optional in Venezuela since 1857, and has been compulsory since 1914. Older system was Spain (Castilian) System. Several units were used. Following of Granada: 1 vara = 0.8 m 1 meile = 6280 vara. Some other units are: 1 legua = 6280 vara 1 pie = 1/3 vara 1 cuarta = 1/4 vara 1 pulgada = 1/36 vara. According to an older source, one vara was equal to 0.835 m (32.874 in). Several units were used.

neg: Standardized test system has also contributed to the debate about standardized testing, including the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 that required standardized testing in public schools. U.S. Public Law 107-110, known as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, further ties public school funding to standardized testing. The goal of No Child Left Behind was to improve the education system in the United States by holding school and teachers accountable and attempting to close the educational gap between minority and non-minority children in public schools. Students' results on standardized tests were used to allocate funds and other resources such

neg: Phasor measurement unit through interconnecting ISO's. A phasor network consists of phasor measurement units (PMUs) dispersed throughout the electricity system, Phasor Data Concentrators (PDC) to collect the information and a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system at the central control facility. Such a network is used in Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS), the first of which began in 2000 by the Bonneville Power Administration. The complete network requires rapid data transfer within the frequency of sampling of the phasor data. GPS time stamping can provide a theoretical accuracy of synchronization better than 1 microsecond. "Clocks need to be accurate to ± 500

neg: Jasper West Jasper West Jasper West was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada. It was created after Edmonton broke up into nine districts after the province standardized to the First Past the Post voting system in 1959. In 1963 the district was renamed Edmonton Jasper Place. The historic 1959 redistribution of the provincial ridings of Calgary and Edmonton standardized the voting system back to First Past the Post single member districts. From 1926 to 1959 Calgary and Edmonton members were elected by Single Transferable Vote in multi-member districts. The rest of the province used STV in single-member districts. The redistribution created

neg: Metrication in Australia units of measurement in Australia. Australia's largely successful transition to the metric system contrasts with the ongoing opposition to metrication in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Although there was debate in Australia's first Parliament after federation to consider adopting the metric system, metric units first became legal for use in Australia in 1947 when Australia signed the Metre Convention (or "Convention du Mètre"). However, Imperial "Weights and Measures" were most commonly used until the Commonwealth government began the metric changeover in the 1970s. In 1960, SI units were adopted as a worldwide system of measurement by international

neg: History of construction wheels or pulleys. They transported massive stones over great distances using rollers, ropes and sledges hauled by large numbers of workers. The ancient Egyptians are credited with inventing the ramp, lever, lathe, oven, ship, paper, irrigation system, window awning, door, glass, a form of plaster of Paris, the bath, lock, shadoof, weaving, a standardized measurement system, geometry, silo, a method of drilling stone, saw, steam power, proportional scale drawings, enameling, veneer, plywood, rope truss, and more. There are no surviving Egyptian manuals so there has been considerable speculation on how stones were lifted to great heights and obelisks erected. Most

neg: Hvat Hvat Hvat () is a historical unit of length that was common in Serbia and Croatia, analogous to fathom. The measurement system based on the hvat is called "hvatski sistem" (literally "hvat system"). 1 hvat equals: 1 metre equals 0.527292 hvats. The hvat measurement system had been developed from Austrian units of measurement, used in Croatia and Vojvodina (northern part of Serbia) while they were parts of Austro-Hungarian Empire (Austria-Hungary). Hvat is equal to Austrian measure Viennese "klafters". In the hvat system, hvat is used as a basis for the unit of area, called "kvadratni hvat" (Serbian) or "četvorni hvat"

neg: Paraguayan units of measurement Paraguayan units of measurement A number of units of measurement were used in Paraguay to measure quantities including length, mass, area, capacity, etc. Metric system had been optional since 1890, and adopted since 1899 in Paraguay. Spanish system was used before metric system. A number of units were used to measure length. According to legal equivalents, one vara (old) was 0.838 56 m. One cuerda or One cordel was 83 1/3 vara or 69.88 m, according to legal equivalents. One vara was 0.866 m, according to legal equivalents. Some other units and their legal equivalents are given below: 1 pulgada

neg: Yard Yard The yard (abbreviation: yd) is an English unit of length, in both the British imperial and US customary systems of measurement, that comprises 3 feet or 36 inches. Since 1959 it is by international agreement standardized as exactly 0.9144 meters. The name derives from the Old English ', ', &c., which was used for branches, staves, and measuring rods. It is first attested in the late-7th century laws of Ine of Wessex, where the "yard of land" mentioned is the yardland, an old English unit of tax assessment equal to hide. Around the same time, the Lindisfarne Gospels account