query: what is the use of tannin in plant

pos: Tannin a role in protection from predation, and perhaps also as pesticides, and might help in regulating plant growth. The astringency from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the consumption of unripened fruit, red wine or tea. Likewise, the destruction or modification of tannins with time plays an important role when determining harvesting times. Tannins have molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3,000 (gallic acid esters) and up to 20,000 (proanthocyanidins). There are three major classes of tannins: Shown below are the base unit or monomer of the tannin. Particularly in the

neg: Acacia pycnantha phyllodes and branches. These include "Uromycladium simplex" that forms pustules and "U. tepperianum" that causes large swollen brown to black galls that eventually lead to the death of the host plant. Two fungal species have been isolated from leaf spots on "Acacia pycnantha": "Seimatosporium arbuti", which is found on a wide range of plant hosts, and "Monochaetia lutea". Golden wattle has been grown in temperate regions around the world for the tannin in its bark, as it provides the highest yield of all wattles. Trees can be harvested for tannin from seven to ten years of age. Commercial use of

neg: Tannin able to withstand the protein precipitation process. Idioblasts are isolated plant cells which differ from neighboring tissues and contain non-living substances. They have various functions such as storage of reserves, excretory materials, pigments, and minerals. They could contain oil, latex, gum, resin or pigments etc. They also can contain tannins. In Japanese persimmon ("Diospyros kaki") fruits, tannin is accumulated in the vacuole of tannin cells, which are idioblasts of parenchyma cells in the flesh. The convergent evolution of tannin-rich plant communities has occurred on nutrient-poor acidic soils throughout the world. Tannins were once believed to function as anti-herbivore defenses, but

neg: Tannin Studies conducted in 2002 on "in vitro" ammonia release and dry matter degradation of soybean meal comparing three different types of tannins (quebracho, acacia and chestnut) demonstrated that chestnut tannins are more efficient in protecting soybean meal from "in vitro" degradation by rumen bacteria. Condensed tannins inhibit herbivore digestion by binding to consumed plant proteins and making them more difficult for animals to digest, and by interfering with protein absorption and digestive enzymes (for more on that topic, see plant defense against herbivory). Many tannin-consuming animals secrete a tannin-binding protein (mucin) in their saliva. Tannin-binding capacity of salivary mucin is

neg: Tannin Edwin Haslam proposed a first comprehensive definition of plant polyphenols based on the earlier proposals of Bate-Smith, Swain and Theodore White, which includes specific structural characteristics common to all phenolics having a tanning property. It is referred to as the White–Bate-Smith–Swain–Haslam (WBSSH) definition. Tannins are distributed in species throughout the plant kingdom. They are commonly found in both gymnosperms as well as angiosperms. Mole studied the distribution of tannin in 180 families of dicotyledons and 44 families of monocotyledons (Cronquist). Most families of dicot contain tannin-free species (tested by their ability to precipitate proteins). The best known families of which

neg: Tannin light color, indicating a low tannin content, can be an easy way to avoid tannins. Tannic acid is brown in color, so in general white woods have a low tannin content. Woods with a lot of yellow, red, or brown coloration to them (like cedar, redwood, red oak, etc.) tend to contain a lot of tannin. There is no single protocol for extracting tannins from all plant material. The procedures used for tannins are widely variable. It may be that acetone in the extraction solvent increases the total yield by inhibiting interactions between tannins and proteins during extraction or even

neg: Mustang District with birch "Betula utilis". Mustang is rich in medicinal and aromatic plants with very high economic and ethnomedicinal values. Local people use a number of plants for food, spices, fibre, medicine, fuel, dye, tannin, gum, resin, religious purposes, roofing materials, handicrafts, etc. Medicinal use of 121 plant species was recorded in a study. These 121 plants included 49 vascular plants and 2 fungi species from 92 genera. These plants, including different parts of the same plant, were used to treat 116 different ailments. The most common type of medicinal plants were herbs (73%), which was followed by shrubs, trees, and,

neg: Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil a density of about . Gum from the tree can be used in the same way as gum arabic. This tree is used as a honey plant. The tree is a medicinal plant. The bark is the most-used part of the tree for this. Small amounts of roasted, powdered seeds are snuffed for headaches and colds. The tree is an ornamental plant, and it is especially useful as an urban tree. The tree's bark contains about 15.38% tannin. The seed pods contain 3% tannin and the heartwood contains 1.8%. The wood is very hard and it dulls cutting tools. The

neg: Tannic acid of tannin (plant polyphenol), the two terms are sometimes (incorrectly) used interchangeably. The long-standing misuse of the terms, and its inclusion in scholarly articles has compounded the confusion. This is particularly widespread in relation to green tea and black tea, both of which contain tannin but not tannic acid. Tannic acid is not an appropriate standard for any type of tannin analysis because of its poorly defined composition. Quercitannic acid is one of the two forms of tannic acid found in oak bark and leaves. The other form is called gallotannic acid and is found in oak galls. The quercitannic

neg: Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides parasite "A. lumbricoides". The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values were 94 μg/mL and 132 μg/mL, for roots and root bark, respectively. The authors concluded that these results encourage further investigation of the use of this plant as complementary treatment options for ascariasis. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, also called Senegal prickly-ash or artar root, is a plant species in the genus "Zanthoxylum". The plant contains isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A, 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C). Burkinabin C, a type of hydrolysable tannin can be found in the root bark of "F.

neg: Tannin general. Powdered plant leaves of the test plant (1.0 g) are weighed into a beaker and 10 ml of distilled water are added. The mixture is boiled for five minutes. Two drops of 5% FeCl are then added. Production of a greenish precipitate was an indication of the presence of tannins. Alternatively, a portion of the water extract is diluted with distilled water in a ratio of 1:4 and few drops of 10% ferric chloride solution is added. A blue or green color indicates the presence of tannins (Evans, 1989). The hide-powder method is used in tannin analysis for leather

neg: Iris pseudacorus aquatic plant which can create dense, monotypic stands, outcompeting other plants in the ecosystem. Where it is invasive, it is tough to remove on a large scale. Even ploughing the rhizomes is often ineffective. It has been banned in some areas but is still widely sold in others for use in gardens. The rhizome has historically been used as an herbal remedy, most often as an emetic. When applied to the skin or inhaled, the tannin-rich juices can be acrid and irritating. This plant has been used as a form of water treatment since it has the ability to take

neg: Potentilla erecta because of its tannin content, which is unusually high for a herbaceous plant. This is linked to its use as a red dye, which is due to the structurally similar phlobaphene content. Phlobaphenes can be extracted from the root of the common tormentil and is known as "tormentil red", alongside the triterpene alcohol tormentol. The plant has extremely low toxicity, which was studied by Sergei Shushunov and his team. The roots are a main ingredient of a bitter liqueur from Bavaria and the Black Forest area, called Blutwurz. Potentilla erecta Potentilla erecta (syn. Tormentilla erecta, Potentilla laeta, Potentilla tormentilla, known

neg: Tannin Tannin Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. The term "tannin" (from Anglo-Norman "tanner", from Medieval Latin "tannāre", from "tannum", oak bark) refers to the use of oak and other bark in tanning animal hides into leather. By extension, the term "tannin" is widely applied to any large polyphenolic compound containing sufficient hydroxyls and other suitable groups (such as carboxyls) to form strong complexes with various macromolecules. The tannin compounds are widely distributed in many species of plants, where they play

neg: Tannin by breaking hydrogen bonds between tannin-protein complexes. There are three groups of methods for the analysis of tannins: precipitation of proteins or alkaloids, reaction with phenolic rings, and depolymerization. Alkaloids such as caffeine, cinchonine, quinine or strychnine, precipitates polyphenols and tannins. This property can be used in a quantitation method. When goldbeater's skin or ox skin is dipped in HCl, rinsed in water, soaked in the tannin solution for 5 minutes, washed in water, and then treated with 1% FeSO solution, it gives a blue black color if tannin was present. Use of ferric chloride (FeCl) tests for phenolics in

neg: Tanbark of Mount Tremper, hemlock bark was a major source of tanbark during the 19th century. Around the Mediterranean Sea, sumach ("Rhus coriaria") leaves and bark are used. In Africa and Australia, acacia (called "wattle") bark is used by tanners. One ton of wattle or mimosa bark produces about 150 lbs of pure tannin. Used tanbark is employed in horticulture and spread on flower beds and in glass houses to keep down weeds and protect plant roots. Tanbark Tanbark is the bark of certain species of tree. It is traditionally used for tanning hides into leather. The words "tannin", "tanning", "tan,"

neg: Olfaction volatile organic compounds. Parasites such as dodder make use of this in locating their preferred hosts and locking on to them. The emission of volatile compounds is detected when foliage is browsed by animals. Threatened plants are then able to take defensive chemical measures, such as moving tannin compounds to their foliage. (See Plant perception). The importance and sensitivity of smell varies among different organisms; most mammals have a good sense of smell, whereas most birds do not, except the tubenoses (e.g., petrels and albatrosses), certain species of vultures, and the kiwis. Among mammals, it is well developed in the

neg: Castanea sativa for external purposes such as fencing. It is also a good fuel, though not favoured for open fires as it tends to spit. Tannin is found in the following proportions on a 10% moisture basis: bark (6.8%), wood (13.4%), seed husks (10 - 13%). The leaves also contain tannin. Castanea sativa Castanea sativa, or sweet chestnut, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fagaceae, native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor, and widely cultivated throughout the temperate world. A substantial, long-lived deciduous tree, it produces an edible seed, the chestnut, which has been used in cooking since ancient

neg: Clidemia hirta than 1,000 fruits in a single year for a total of 700,000 seeds. The seeds are dispersed by birds, feral pigs, other animals, and humans. Sheep will not eat the plant, and the tannin inside the fruits is poisonous to goats. Biosecurity trials in Australia show that the seeds can remain viable in the soil for at least 12 years. The human edibility factor of this berry has not been fully explored. The tannin inside of the fruit is not harmful to humans and a delicious syrup may be made from the fruit. The syrup has a beautiful indigo blue

neg: Pyrogallol Pyrogallol Pyrogallol is an organic compound with the formula CH(OH). It is a white water-soluble solid although samples are typically brownish because of its sensitivity toward oxygen. It is one of three isomeric benzenetriols. It is produced in the manner it was first prepared by Scheele (1786): heating gallic acid. Presently gallic acid is obtained from tannin. Heating induces decarboxylation: Because tannin is expensive, many alternative routes have been devised. An alternate preparation involves treating para-chlorophenoldisulphonic acid with potassium hydroxide, a variant on the time-honored route to phenols from sulfonic acids. The aquatic plant "Myriophyllum spicatum" produces pyrogallic acid. When

neg: Caterpillar and resemble the plants on which they feed. An example of caterpillars that use camouflage for defence is the species "Nemoria arizonaria". If the caterpillars hatch in the spring and feed on oak catkins they appear green. If they hatch in the summer they appear dark colored, like oak twigs. The differential development is linked to the tannin content in the diet. Caterpillars may even have spines or growths that resemble plant parts such as thorns. Some look like objects in the environment such as bird droppings. More aggressive self-defense measures are taken by some caterpillars. These measures include having

neg: Castanea pumila to the chestnut blight fungus that devastated the American chestnut. While the chinquapin does blight to some degree, it continues to send out suckers that will produce fruit. Chinquapins are quite vulnerable nevertheless, and there are many reports of heavily diseased and cankered trees. John Smith of Jamestown made the first record of the tree and its nuts in 1612, observing its use by the Native Americans. Native Americans made an infusion of chinquapin leaves to relieve headaches and fevers. The bark, leaves, wood, and seed husks of the plant contain tannin. The wood is hard and durable and is

neg: Notholithocarpus also roast the acorns and eat them. Roasted, the seeds can be used as a coffee substitute. The name "tanoak" refers to its tannin-rich bark, a type of tanbark, used in the past for tanning leather before the use of modern synthetic tannins. By 1907, the use of tanoak for tannin was subsiding due to the scarcity of large tanoak trees. There weren't enough trees around for a worthwhile economic return. By the early 1960s, there were only a few natural tannin operations left in California. The industry was beginning to switch to a synthetic alternative. A mulch made from

neg: Chestnut (68 °F) and 70% relative humidity. Tannin is contained in the bark as well as in the wood, leaves, and seed husks. The husks contain 10–13% tannin. Chestnuts produce a better crop when subjected to chill temperatures during the dormant period. Frosts and snowfalls are beneficial rather than harmful to the trees. The dormant plant is very cold-hardy in Britain. Chestnut is hardy to zone 5, which is 22 °C (39.6 °F) lower in average minimal temperature than London in zone 9. The young growth in spring, even on mature plants, though, is frost-tender; bud-burst is later than most other

neg: Areca nut production in India single stem, and has generally a height of about . The fruit, which bears the nut, is orange coloured and is in the shape of an egg or oval shape; it holds a hard single seed. Areca nut and the plant as a whole is used widely in India and South Asia as: a masticator for chewing purposes, vegetable, medicine, stimulant, timber, fuel wood, clothing, wrapping, lubricant, tannin and so forth. The nut is chewed with the betel leaf as it has a stimulating effect but its over use could cause cancer. Areca nut production in India Areca nut production

neg: Tannin under brand-name "Nox Primer" for treatment of rusted steel surfaces prior to painting, rust converter to transform oxidized steel into a smooth sealed surface and rust inhibitor. The use of resins made of tannins has been investigated to remove mercury and methylmercury from solution. Immobilized tannins have been tested to recover uranium from seawater. Tannin Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. The term "tannin" (from Anglo-Norman "tanner", from Medieval Latin "tannāre", from "tannum", oak bark) refers to the use of

neg: Vaccinium ovalifolium of dyes, including the use of its tannin. In the winter, "Vaccinium ovalifolium" is an important food source for grazing deer, goats, and elk, and in the summer the nectar feeds hummingbirds. Vaccinium ovalifolium Vaccinium ovalifolium (commonly known as Alaska blueberry, early blueberry, oval-leaf bilberry, oval-leaf blueberry, and oval-leaf huckleberry) is a plant in the heath family having three varieties, all of which grow in northerly regions, including the subarctic. "Vaccinium ovalifolium" is a spreading shrub which may grow to tall. It has pink urn-shaped flowers. Berries are dark blue, often black, sometimes with a waxy coating. The original variety

neg: Tree footwear, cigarette tips, packaging, insulation and joints in woodwind instruments. The bark of other varieties of oak has traditionally been used in Europe for the tanning of hides though bark from other species of tree has been used elsewhere. The active ingredient, tannin, is extracted and after various preliminary treatments, the skins are immersed in a series of vats containing solutions in increasing concentrations. The tannin causes the hide to become supple, less affected by water and more resistant to bacterial attack. At least 120 drugs come from plant sources, many of them from the bark of trees. Quinine originates

neg: Quercus infectoria used in pharmaceuticals, medical laboratory techniques as well as inks which use "Aleppo tannin", food and feed additives, dyes, and metallurgy. Tannin, a substance contained in the galls of the "Quercus infectoria", has been used for centuries for the tanning of leather. The so-called "Aleppo tannin" is tannic acid gained from Aleppo pine galls, which displays unique chemical properties essential in the preparation of gold sols (colloids) used as markers in immunocytochemistry. Also known as "majuphal" in Indian traditional medicine, "manjakani" has been used as dental powder and in the treatment of toothache and gingivitis. The galls, locally known as

neg: Myrica cerifera anti-fever properties. In addition, that chemical, along with the tannins, has anti-diarrheal properties. Myricitrin works as an antibiotic, while the tannins have astringent properties. In general, either a decoction or a tincture is used. Infusions and a topical paste have also been used. Pregnant women should not use bayberry. In addition, tannin action relating to cancer is unclear, with studies indicating both pro and anti-cancer effects. bayberry, just like any other medicinal plant, should only be used under the supervision of a physician. Southern bayberry's fruits are a traditional source of the wax for those old-fashioned Christmas decorations called bayberry

neg: Cyclopia (plant) tea flower in September/October whereas coastal tea flowers in May/June. There are two methods of processing honeybush for use in tea. In the traditional method, the leaves of the bush are harvested, cut and bruised (often with mechanical rollers), and then left in the sun to oxidise. The modern, industralised process oxidises the leaves in rotating, heated tanks at temperatures of 70–90 °C, for two to three days. The leaves are then air-dried. Afterwards, the leaves are sifted and graded according to the application: Honeybush is low in tannin (0.45%). Some of the bioactive compounds present in honeybush include: "Cyclopia"

neg: Fraxinus nigra good for the frogs as a food source and also not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels. Ash species native to North America also provide important habit and food for various other creatures that are native to North America, such as a long-horned beetle, avian species, and mammalian species. Black ash is a food plant for

neg: Tannin directly related to its proline content. Salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs) are sometimes used to inactivate tannins. One reason is that they inactivate tannins to a greater extent than do dietary proteins resulting in reduced fecal nitrogen losses. PRPs additionally contain non-specific nitrogen and non-essential amino acids making them more convenient than valuable dietary protein. Histatins, another type of salivary proteins, also precipitate tannins from solution, thus preventing alimentary adsorption. Tannin production began at the beginning of the 19th century with the industrial revolution, to produce tanning material for the need for more leather. Before that time, processes used plant material

neg: Castanea sativa of tannin-rich wood every 12 to 30 years, depending on intended use and local growth rate. The tannin renders the young growing wood durable and resistant to outdoor use, thus suitable for posts, fencing or stakes. The wood is of light colour, hard and strong. It is used to make furniture, barrels (sometimes used to age balsamic vinegar), and roof beams notably in southern Europe (for example in houses of the Alpujarra, Spain, in southern France and elsewhere). The timber has a density of 560 kg per cubic meter, and due to its durability in ground contact is often used

neg: Cneorum tricoccon stunts when in much of shade. Its fruit have no food value. The plant is rich in tannin, and can be used as a source of fuel. Cneorum tricoccon Cneorum tricoccon, the spurge olive, is a small shrub of the family Rutaceae, native to Europe in the western Mediterranean Region. "Cneorum tricoccon" reaches an average of in height and is in leaf all year. The plant which is nearly round and evergreen in color. The yellowish flowers occur from June to July, and their seeds ripen from August to September. The spurge olive plant is also hermaphroditic. "Cneorum tricoccon" prefers

neg: Rumex hymenosepalus plant family. "Rumex hymenosepalus" was first described by American botanist John Torrey in the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary in 1859. Rumex hymenosepalus Rumex hymenosepalus, commonly known as canaigre, canaigre dock, ganagra, wild rhubarb, Arizona dock, and tanner's dock, is a perennial flowering plant which is native to the western United States and northern Mexico. It is a common food plant of the ruddy copper larvae. It has been cultivated in the southwestern United States for the roots, a good source of tannin, which is used in leather tanning. It also yields a warm, medium brown dye.

neg: Hydrolysable tannin hydrolyzed by weak acids or weak bases to produce carbohydrate and phenolic acids. Examples of gallotannins are the gallic acid esters of glucose in tannic acid (CHO), found in the leaves and bark of many plant species. Hydrolysable tannins can be extracted from different vegetable plants, such as chestnut wood ("Castanea sativa"), oak wood ("Quercus robur", "Quercus petraea" and "Quercus alba"), tara pods ("Caesalpinia spinosa"), gallnuts ("Quercus infectoria" and "Rhus semialata"), myrobalan ("Terminalia chebula"), sumac ("Rhus coriaria") and Aleppo gallnuts ("Andricus kollari"). 50 mg of sample tannin in 5 ml 2N HSO are put into constricted test tubes and frozen.

neg: Natural dye alone; these dyes are called "direct dyes" or "substantive dyes". The majority of plant dyes, however, also require the use of a mordant, a chemical used to "fix" the color in the textile fibres. These dyes are called "adjective dyes". By using different mordants, dyers can often obtain a variety of colors and shades from the same dye. Fibres or cloth may be pretreated with mordants, or the mordant may be incorporated in the dyebath. In traditional dyeing, the common mordants are vinegar, tannin from oak bark, sumac or oak galls, ammonia from stale urine, and wood-ash liquor or potash

neg: Tannosome Tannosome Tannosomes are organelles found in plant cells of vascular plants. Tannosomes are formed when the chloroplast membrane forms pockets filled with tannin. Slowly, the pockets break off as tiny vacuoles that carry tannins to the large vacuole filled with acidic fluid. Tannins are then released into the vacuole and stored inside as tannin accretions. They are responsible for synthesizing and producing condensed tannins and polyphenols. Tannosomes condense tannins in chlorophyllous organs, providing defenses against herbivores and pathogens, and protection against UV radiation. Tannosomes were discovered in September 2013 by French and Hungarian researchers. The discovery of tannosomes showed how

neg: Hederagenin as a pre-plant root dip for roots of transplants, at planting, to prevent fungal growth, bacterial growth, and viral plant diseases. Hederagenin has been found to have antidepressant-like effects in a rodent models. Hederagenin was discovered by L. Posselt in 1849 and named hederic acid. However, Posselt was not able to isolate a pure substance or obtain an exact formula: his hederic acid was hederagenin mixed with some tannin impurity. All these compounds share the same pentacyclic framework: Hederagenin Hederagenin is a triterpenoid which is a chemical constituent of the "Hedera helix" plant. Hederagenin is the aglycone part of numerous

neg: Tannosome to get enough tannins to change the flavour of wine, tea, chocolate, and other food or snacks. Tannosome Tannosomes are organelles found in plant cells of vascular plants. Tannosomes are formed when the chloroplast membrane forms pockets filled with tannin. Slowly, the pockets break off as tiny vacuoles that carry tannins to the large vacuole filled with acidic fluid. Tannins are then released into the vacuole and stored inside as tannin accretions. They are responsible for synthesizing and producing condensed tannins and polyphenols. Tannosomes condense tannins in chlorophyllous organs, providing defenses against herbivores and pathogens, and protection against UV radiation.

neg: Tannin and were long (up to six months). There was a collapse in the vegetable tannin market in the 1950s–1960s, due to the appearance of synthetic tannins, which were invented in response to a scarcity of vegetable tannins during World War II. At that time, many small tannin industry sites closed. Vegetable tannins are estimated to be used for the production of 10–20% of the global leather production. The cost of the final product depends on the method used to extract the tannins, in particular the use of solvents, alkali and other chemicals used (for instance glycerin). For large quantities, the

neg: Tannin the growth of these tissues. In all vascular plants studied so far, tannins are manufactured by a chloroplast-derived organelle, the tannosome. Tannins are mainly physically located in the vacuoles or surface wax of plants. These storage sites keep tannins active against plant predators, but also keep some tannins from affecting plant metabolism while the plant tissue is alive; it is only after cell breakdown and death that the tannins are active in metabolic effects. Tannins are classified as ergastic substances, i.e., non-protoplasm materials found in cells. Tannins, by definition, precipitate proteins. In this condition, they must be stored in organelles

neg: Phlobaphene extracts are: a very rapid penetration, a high tannin content and a relatively low percentage of non-tannins. The rather low acid and medium salt content characterise them as mild tanning extracts (low astringency). Phlobaphenes formation (tannins condensation and precipitation) can be minimized in using strong nucleophiles, such as phloroglucinol, "m"-phenylenediamine and urea, during pine tannins extraction. The use of synthetic tannin neradol D can help solubilize phlobaphen in tanning solutions. Phlobaphene Phlobaphenes (or phlobaphens, CAS No.:71663-19-9) are reddish, alcohol-soluble and water-insoluble phenolic substances. They can be extracted from plants, or be the result from treatment of tannin extracts with mineral

neg: Carapichea ipecacuanha prisoners at the Cascades Female Factory, Tasmania, were routinely given "a grain or so of ipecacuanha" as a precaution, especially "upon ladies with gross health and fiery temperaments." Ipecacuanha contains the alkaloids emetine (methylcephaeline) and cephaeline. It also contains the pseudo-tannin ipecacuanhic acid or cephaëlic acid. Carapichea ipecacuanha Carapichea ipecacuanha is a species of flowering plant in the Rubiaceae family. It is native to Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, and Brazil. Its common name, ipecacuanha (), is derived from the Tupi "ipega'kwãi", or "road-side sick-making plant". The plant has been discussed under a variety of synonyms over the years by

neg: Hydrolysable tannin Hydrolysable tannin A hydrolyzable tannin or pyrogallol-type tannin is a type of tannin that, on heating with hydrochloric or sulfuric acids, yields gallic or ellagic acids. At the center of a hydrolyzable tannin molecule, there is a carbohydrate (usually D-glucose but also cyclitols like quinic or shikimic acids). The hydroxyl groups of the carbohydrate are partially or totally esterified with phenolic groups such as gallic acid in gallotannins or ellagic acid in ellagitannins. Hydrolysable tannins are mixtures of polygalloyl glucoses and/or poly-galloyl quinic acid derivatives containing in between 3 up to 12 gallic acid residues per molecule. Hydrolyzable tannins are

neg: Tannase Tannase In enzymology, a tannase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are digallate and HO, whereas its product is gallate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is tannin acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include tannase S, and tannin acetylhydrolase. In addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of the central ester bond between the two aromatic rings of digallate (depsidase activity), tannase may also have an esterase activity (hydrolysis of terminal ester functional groups that

neg: Lacquer have a paint /primer aspect. Tannin bleed-through can also be an issue, depending on the brand of lacquer used. Once it happens, there is no easy fix as the lacquer is so reactive to other products. It is best when planning to spray a white based lacquer over raw wood to source and find a primer that will seal in the tannin. Some painters will use a clear to seal, but several light and fast drying coats must be applied to ensure a good seal. It is then recommended to wait until the next day to start spraying the color

neg: Hydnora triceps reach highs of over 40 °C. The average rainfall is . The soil is extremely dry and lacking in nutrients. The major vegetation found in this area is scattered patches of grass and shrubs. "Hydnora triceps" is a perennial plant, and will always be associated with a "Euphorbia dregeana" plant. Individuals of this species exhibit greatly reduced morphological characteristics, with no leaf structures. It has a dark brown color, and bright pink to red on the inside when alive. The body, with the exception of the dermal and conducting tissue, is made up of tannin-containing parenchymal cells. The vascular tissue

neg: Tannic acid Tannic acid Tannic acid is a specific form of tannin, a type of polyphenol. Its weak acidity (pK around 6) is due to the numerous phenol groups in the structure. The chemical formula for commercial tannic acid is often given as CHO, which corresponds with decagalloyl glucose, but in fact it is a mixture of polygalloyl glucoses or polygalloyl quinic acid esters with the number of galloyl moieties per molecule ranging from 2 up to 12 depending on the plant source used to extract the tannic acid. Commercial tannic acid is usually extracted from any of the following plant parts:

neg: Flemingia macrophylla considered a poor forage since its leaves have a high fibre and condensed tannin concentrations and is not readily eaten by stock. Yet it is used as dietary supplement by mixing with grasses and other legumes, particularly during dry season when regular forages are scarce. In India it is used as a host plant to the Lac insect, and is sometimes intercropped with food crops during its establishment period. It is also one of the major sources of the resinous powder, variously known as 'warrus', 'wurrus', 'wars' and 'varas’ obtained from fruits of the plant. It is a coarse purple

neg: Rumex hymenosepalus Rumex hymenosepalus Rumex hymenosepalus, commonly known as canaigre, canaigre dock, ganagra, wild rhubarb, Arizona dock, and tanner's dock, is a perennial flowering plant which is native to the western United States and northern Mexico. It is a common food plant of the ruddy copper larvae. It has been cultivated in the southwestern United States for the roots, a good source of tannin, which is used in leather tanning. It also yields a warm, medium brown dye. The leaves and leaf stalks are considered edible when young, the older leaf stalks cooked and eaten like rhubarb, which is in the same

neg: Circaea lutetiana as cold maceration in ethanol, for treatment of rheumatism, gout, infections, and fever. Circaea lutetiana Circaea lutetiana, known as enchanter's-nightshade, is a plant in the evening primrose family, Onagraceae. The genus name comes from the enchantress Circe of Greek mythology and the specific designation is derived from Lutetia, the Latin name for Paris, which was sometimes referred to as the "Witch City". Despite its name it is not especially toxic, but contains a lot of the astringent tannin. "Circaea lutetiana" is a perennial herbaceous plant with opposite, simple leaves, on slender, green stems. The flowers are white, borne in summer.

neg: Serpents in the Bible Eden. Throughout the Hebrew Bible, it is also used in conjunction with "saraph" to describe vicious serpents in the wilderness. The "tannin", a dragon monster, also occurs throughout the Hebrew Bible. In the Book of Exodus, the staffs of Moses and Aaron are turned into serpents, a "nāḥāš" for Moses, a "tannin" for Aaron. In the New Testament, the Book of Revelation makes use of "ancient serpent" and "the Dragon" several times to identify Satan or the devil. (; ) The serpent is most often identified with the hubristic Satan, and sometimes with Lilith. The story of the Garden of

neg: Circaea lutetiana Circaea lutetiana Circaea lutetiana, known as enchanter's-nightshade, is a plant in the evening primrose family, Onagraceae. The genus name comes from the enchantress Circe of Greek mythology and the specific designation is derived from Lutetia, the Latin name for Paris, which was sometimes referred to as the "Witch City". Despite its name it is not especially toxic, but contains a lot of the astringent tannin. "Circaea lutetiana" is a perennial herbaceous plant with opposite, simple leaves, on slender, green stems. The flowers are white, borne in summer. It grows 20 cm to 60 cm, rarely up to 75 centimeters high.

neg: Tannin most cost-effective method is hot water extraction. Tannic acid is used worldwide as clarifying agent in alcoholic drinks and as aroma ingredient in both alcoholic and soft drinks or juices. Tannins from different botanical origins also find extensive uses in the wine industry. Tannins are an important ingredient in the process of tanning leather. Tanbark from oak, mimosa, chestnut and quebracho tree has traditionally been the primary source of tannery tannin, though inorganic tanning agents are also in use today and account for 90% of the world's leather production. Tannins produce different colors with ferric chloride (either blue, blue black,

neg: Tannin tannin. Löwenthal's method has been criticized. For instance, the amount of indigo used is not sufficient to retard noticeably the oxidation of the non-tannins substances. The results obtained by this method are therefore only comparative. A modified method, proposed in 1903 for the quantification of tannins in wine, Feldmann's method, is making use of calcium hypochlorite, instead of potassium permanganate, and indigo sulfate. Strawberries contain both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. Most berries, such as cranberries, and blueberries, contain both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. Nuts that can be consumed raw, such as hazelnuts, walnuts, and pecans, contain high amounts of tannins.

neg: Berberis aristata are bright red in color and have medicinal properties. The fruits start ripening from the second week of May and continue to do so throughout June. The berries are approximately long, in diameter, and weigh about . The fruits of the species are eaten by people living in areas where the plant is found, often as a dessert. They are juicy and contain plenty of sugars and other useful nutrients that supplement their diet. The roots can also be used for making an alcoholic drink. The plant as a whole is a good source of dye and tannin which is

neg: Chestnut of soluble non-tans, or impurities, in the extract; so it was not employed in this use. Chestnut tannin is obtained by hot-water extraction of chipped wood. It is an ellagic tannin and its main constituents are identified by castalagin (14.2%) and vescalagin (16.2%).<br>It has a naturally low pH value, relatively low salts content, and high acids content. This determines its astringency and its capability to fix raw hides. These properties make chestnut extract especially suitable for the tanning of heavy hides and to produce leather soles for high-quality shoes in particular. It is possible to obtain a leather with high

neg: Pterolobium stellatum shoots are collected for livestock fodder. In Ethiopia an infusion of the pounded bark has been used as a component in tanning leather, while providing it with a red colour. The leaves contain 20% tannin and yield a dark red dye when crushed, which has been used in textiles, basketry and as an ingredient in black ink. The plant is employed in traditional medicine, though its medicinal properties have not been formally investigated. Pterolobium stellatum The Redwing, "Pterolobium stellatum" (Latin: "stellatum", starry or star-like, suggesting the radial arrangement of inflorescences), is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae.

neg: Vitis vulpina in woods, flood plains, and ravines. Due to its known ability to climb, the vine is often used along fences and trellisses for ornamentation. Commonly used for wine making. The sweet taste from the high sugar levels and drop in acidity after a frost allow for wine fermentation or preserves. The grapes are wanted when sugar is at its maximum but before the grapes lose their color and tannin components. Many parts of the plant are used in herbal medicines. The leaves of the plant are used sometimes for liver treatments because they are considered hepatic. When the leaves are

neg: Myrothamnus flabellifolius Myrothamnus flabellifolius Myrothamnus flabellifolius is a plant species in the genus "Myrothamnus" found in Southern Africa. It is also called the resurrection plant, for the speed with which apparently dead leaves revive when the rains come. (see Poikilohydry) 3,4,5-Tri-O-galloylquinic acid is a tannin found in "M. flabellifolius". "Myrothamnus flabellifolius" is a small resinous shoot that reaches 200 - 1200mm in height. It can be found in either single bundles or colonies. These colonies are commonly found to have extensive root systems. During the winter these plants are known to lose all of their leaves. It will stay in this state

neg: Condensed tannin modern techniques including depolymerisation, asymmetric flow field flow fractionation, small-angle X-ray scattering and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Their interactions with proteins can be studied by isothermal titration calorimetry and this provides information on the affinity constant, enthalpy and stoichiometry in the tannin-protein complex. Depolymerisation reactions are mainly analytical techniques but it is envisaged to use them as means to produce molecules for the chemical industry derived from waste products, such as bark from the wood industry or pomaces from the wine industry. Depolymerisation is an indirect method of analysis allowing to gain information such as average degree of polymerisation, percentage of

neg: Tannin or green to greenish-black) according to the type of tannin. Iron gall ink is produced by treating a solution of tannins with iron(II) sulfate. Tannin is a component in a type of industrial particleboard adhesive developed jointly by the Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization and Forintek Labs Canada. "Pinus radiata" tannins has been investigated for the production of wood adhesives. Condensed tannins, e.g., quebracho tannin, and Hydrolyzable tannins, e.g., chestnut tannin, appear to be able to substitute a high proportion of synthetic phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resins for wood particleboard. Tannins can be used for production of anti-corrosive primer, sold

neg: Tannin (monster) the Exodus to Canaan. In modern scholarship, Tannin is sometimes associated with Tiamat and, in modern Hebrew, the name "tannin" means crocodile. The name has subsequently been given to three submarines in the Israeli Navy: the first, an S-class submarine formerly known as HMS "Springer", was in commission from 1958 until 1972. The second, a "Gal"-class submarine, was in commission from 1977 until 2002. The third INS "Tanin" is a "Dolphin"-class submarine in commission since 2014. Tannin (monster) Tannin () or Tunannu (Ugaritic: 𐎚𐎐𐎐 "tnn", vocalized "tu-un-na-nu") was a sea monster in Canaanite, Phoenician, and Hebrew mythology used as a

neg: Psidium guineense some are sweet enough to eat as raw fruit. They make good fruit preserves. This species has been crossed with its relative, the common guava. The resulting fruits are small, but numerous. The wood of the plant is hard and sturdy and can be used as lumber and to make durable objects like tool handles. The bark has tannin and can be used in tanning. There are a few medicinal uses for the plant. Extracts of the bark and roots are used to treat diarrhea in Brazil. Extracts of the leaves are used to ease the common cold in Costa

neg: Friedrich Rochleder 1848 he became a full member of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna. Most of his scientific research dealt with plant chemistry, and he was the author of numerous papers involving chemical analyses of various plants and plant substances such as gall, tannin, gardenia, oregano, the roots of "Rubia tinctorum", the plant families Rubiaceae and Ericaceae, horse chestnut, the flavonol- quercetin, cassia, Scots pine, et al. The following are some of his better known publications: Friedrich Rochleder Friedrich Rochleder (15 May 1819 – 5 November 1874) was an Austrian chemist born in Vienna. Son of pharmacist Anton Rochleder, he studied

neg: Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, also called Senegal prickly-ash or artar root, is a plant species in the genus "Zanthoxylum". The plant contains isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A, 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C). Burkinabin C, a type of hydrolysable tannin can be found in the root bark of "F. zanthoxyloides". It also contains fagaronine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid. A study by Williams, Soelberg and Jäger (2016) showed than ethanolic extracts of "Z. zanthoxyloides" have "in vitro" anthelmintic properties against the nematode "Ascaris suum", a swine parasite that is closely related to the human

neg: Idioblast Idioblast An idioblast is an isolated plant cell that differs from neighboring tissues. They have various functions such as storage of reserves, excretory materials, pigments, and minerals. They could contain oil, latex, gum, resin, tannin or pigments etc. Some can contain mineral crystals such as acrid tasting and poisonous calcium oxalate or carbonate or silica. Any of the tissue or tissue systems of plants can contain idioblasts. Idioblasts are divided into three main categories: excretory, tracheoid, and sclerenchymatous. Idioblasts can contain biforine cells that form crystals. The chemicals are excreted by the plant and stored in liquid or crystalline form.

neg: Md. Tofazzal Islam Host-specific plant signal and G-protein activator, mastoparan, triggers differentiation of zoospores of the phytopathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces cochlioides. M. T. Islam, T. Ito, S. Tahara. Plant Soil (2003) 255: 131-142. 14. Zoosporicidal activity of polyflavonoid tannin identified in Lannea coromandelica stem bark against phytopathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces cochlioides. M. T. Islam, T. Ito, M. Sakasai, S. Tahara. J. Agric. Food Chem. (2002) 50: 6697-6703. 15. Dihydroflavonols from Lannea coromandelica. M. T. Islam, S. Tahara. Phytochemistry (2000) 54: 901-907. Md. Tofazzal Islam Md. Tofazzal Islam (born December 20, 1966) is an ecological chemist, educator, and author from Bangladesh. He is now a professor

neg: Herbivore adaptations to plant defense expanding bud that they consume. By rolling the leaves, the insects reduce the amount of light reaching the bud by 95%, and this shading prevents leaf toughness and leaf tannin concentrations in the expanding bud, while maintaining the amount of nutritional gain of nitrogen. Lepidoptera larvae also tie leaves together and feed on the inside of the leaves to decrease the effectiveness of the phototoxin hypericin in St. John's-wort. Herbivores also manipulate their microhabitat by forming galls, plant structures made of plant tissue but controlled by the herbivore. Galls act as both domatia (housing), and food sources for the gall

neg: Chestnut yield in weight, which is compact, firm, flexible, and waterproof. Chestnut-tanned leathers are elastic, lightfast, resistant to traction and abrasion, and have warm color. Chestnut tannin is one of the pyrogallol class of tannins (also known as hydrolysable tannin). As it tends to give a brownish tone to the leather, it is most often used in combination with quebracho, mimosa, tara, myrabolans, and valonia. <br> The wood seems to reach its highest tannin content after the trees reach 30 years old. The southern European chestnut wood usually contains at least 10 to 13% more tannin than chestnut trees in northern

neg: Tannin (monster) Hebrew Bible's of Book of Genesis, Exodus, Deuteronomy, Psalms, Job, Ezekiel, Isaiah, and Jeremiah. They are explicitly listed among the creatures created by God on the fifth day of the Genesis creation narrative, translated in the King James Version as "great whales". The tannin is listed in the apocalypse of Isaiah as among the sea beasts to be slain by Yahweh "on that day", translated in the King James Version as "the dragon". In Jewish mythology, Tannin is sometimes conflated with the related sea monsters Leviathan and Rahab. Along with Rahab, "Tannin" was a name applied to ancient Egypt after

neg: Tannic acid in woods like oak, walnut, and mahogany. Tannic acid can be applied to woods low in tannin so chemical stains that require tannin content will react. The presence of tannins in the bark of redwood ("Sequoia)" is a strong natural defense against wildfire, decomposition and infestation by certain insects such as termites. It is found in the seeds, bark, cones, and heartwood. Tannic acid is a common mordant used in the dyeing process for cellulose fibers such as cotton, often combined with alum and/or iron. The tannin mordant should be done first as metal mordants combine well with the fiber-tannin

neg: Quebracho tree 2-benzyl-2-hydroxycoumaran-3-ones have been isolated from the heartwoods of "Schinopsis balansae", "Schinopsis quebrachocolorado" and from commercial quebracho extract. Quebracho tannin is rich in profisetinidins and prorobinetidins. The expected masses found in mass spectrometry in negative mode in quebracho tannin are 289, 561, 833, 951, 1105, 1377, 1393, 1651 and 1667. In Quebracho colorado, the sugars and the lignins are thought to be covalently linked to the condensed tannins. Quebracho tannin is also sold as an enological tannin. The quabracho tannins structure is very similar to that of grape tannins, making them a desirable alternative to consider comparatively because they are much

neg: Tannin by the methods of Löwenthal-Procter and of Deijs (formalin-hydrochloric acid method). Colorimetric methods have existed such as the Neubauer-Löwenthal method which uses potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent and indigo sulfate as an indicator, originally proposed by Löwenthal in 1877. The difficulty is that the establishing of a titer for tannin is not always convenient since it is extremely difficult to obtain the pure tannin. Neubauer proposed to remove this difficulty by establishing the titer not with regard to the tannin but with regard to crystallised oxalic acid, whereby he found that 83 g oxalic acid correspond to 41.20 g

neg: Winemaking a relatively high tannin content; in addition to tannin they can also give the wine a vegetal aroma (due to extraction of 2-methoxy-3-isopropylpyrazine which has an aroma reminiscent of green bell peppers.) On occasion, the winemaker may decide to leave them in if the grapes themselves contain less tannin than desired. This is more acceptable if the stems have 'ripened' and started to turn brown. If increased skin extraction is desired, a winemaker might choose to crush the grapes after destemming. Removal of stems first means no stem tannin can be extracted. In these cases the grapes pass between two

neg: Hydrolysable tannin 6h at pH 12 - 13. Neutralization to pH = 6.8 - 7 is performed with 62% HSO. Tannins, including gallo and ellagic acid (epigallitannins), are inhibitors of HIV replication. 1,3,4-Tri-O-galloylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-galloyl-shikimic acid, 3,4,5-tri-O-galloylshikimic acid, punicalin, punicalagin inhibited HIV replication in infected H9 lymphocytes with little cytotoxicity. Two compounds, punicalin and punicacortein C, inhibited purified HIV reverse transcriptase. Hydrolysable tannins have shown also potential antibacterial effects against "Helicobacter pylori". In the past few years, hydrolysable tannins have also been studied for their potential effects against cancer through different mechanisms. Hydrolysable tannin A hydrolyzable tannin or pyrogallol-type tannin is a

neg: Quercus infectoria Although both types of tannin have been used to treat diseases in traditional medicine, the hydrolyzable tannins have long been considered official medicinal agents in Europe and North America. They have been included in many pharmacopoeias, in the older editions in particular, and are specifically referred to as tannic acid. These were recommended for treatment of inflammation and ulceration, including topical application for skin diseases and internal use for intestinal ulceration and diarrhea. In China, tannin-containing substances, such as galls, pomegranate rinds, and terminalia fruits, are used in several medicinal preparations. The galls of "Quercus infectoria" have also been pharmacologically

neg: Tannin (monster) Tannin (monster) Tannin () or Tunannu (Ugaritic: 𐎚𐎐𐎐 "tnn", vocalized "tu-un-na-nu") was a sea monster in Canaanite, Phoenician, and Hebrew mythology used as a symbol of chaos and evil. The name may derive from a root meaning "howling" or from coiling in a manner like smoke. In modern Hebrew usage the word Tanin (תנין) means "crocodile." Tannin appears in the Baal Cycle as one of the servants of Yam ( "Sea") defeated by Baʿal ( "Lord") or bound by his sister, ʿAnat. He is usually depicted as serpentine, possibly with a double tail. The "tanninim" () also appear in the

neg: Vantaa incinerator the energy efficiency of the plant. The plant produces 920 Gigawatt hours of district heat per year, which is nearly half of what the city of Vantaa needs, and 600 Gigawatt hours of electricity, which is 30% of what Vantaa needs per year. The use of the plant means that Vantaa will use almost one third less of fossil fuel and its carbon dioxide emissions decrease by 20%. The waste is burned in a temperature of nearly 1000 °C, which eliminates most of the toxic compounds. Around 700 tons of various materials are extracted from the flue gas every year,

neg: Tannin all species tested contain tannin are: Aceraceae, Actinidiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Bixaceae, Burseraceae, Combretaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Ericaceae, Grossulariaceae, Myricaceae for dicot and Najadaceae and Typhaceae in Monocot. To the family of the oak, Fagaceae, 73% of the species tested (N = 22) contain tannin. For those of acacias, Mimosaceae, only 39% of the species tested (N = 28) contain tannin, among Solanaceae rate drops to 6% and 4% for the Asteraceae. Some families like the Boraginaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Papaveraceae contain no tannin-rich species. The most abundant polyphenols are the condensed tannins, found in virtually all families of plants, and comprising up to 50% of

neg: Aztec use of entheogens history of use in Mesoamerica. Its use in northern Mexico among the Huichol has been written about extensively. It is thought that since peyote only grows in certain regions of Mexico, the Aztecs would receive dried buttons through long-distance trade. Peyote was viewed as being a protective plant by the Aztec. Sahagún suggested that the plant is what allowed the Aztec warriors to fight as they did. R. Gordon Wasson has posited that the plant known as "pipiltzintzintli" is in fact "Salvia divinorum". It is not entirely known whether or not this plant was used by the Aztecs as a

neg: Mimosa pudica antibacterial properties. This plant has also been demonstrated to be non-toxic in brine shrimp lethality tests, which suggests that "M. pudica" has low levels of toxicity. Chemical analysis has shown that "Mimosa pudica" contains various compounds, including “alkaloids, flavonoid C-glycosides, sterols, terenoids, tannins, and fatty acids”. The roots of the plant have been shown to contain up to 10% tannin. A substance similar to adrenaline has been found within the plant's leaves. "Mimosa pudica"'s seeds produce mucilage made up of -glucuronic acid and -xylose. Additionally, extracts of "M. pudica" have been shown to contain crocetin-dimethylester, tubulin, and green-yellow fatty oils.

neg: Herbivore adaptations to plant defense red clover (a soft diet). Larval Lepidoptera that feed on plants with high levels of condensed tannins (as in trees) have more alkaline midguts when compared to Lepidoptera that feed on herbs and forbs (pH of 8.67 vs. 8.29 respectively). This morphological difference can be explained by the fact that insoluble tannin-protein complexes can be broken down and absorbed as nutrients at alkaline pH levels. Herbivores generate enzymes that counter and reduce the effectiveness of numerous toxic secondary metabolic products produced by plants. One such enzyme group, mixed function oxidases (MFOs), detoxify harmful plant compounds by catalyzing oxidative reactions. Cytochrome

neg: Gevuina oil is a used as cosmetic ingredient for its moisturizing qualities and because it is a source of omega 7 fatty acids (palmitoleic acid). The tree is a good honey plant for bees and is also cultivated as ornamental. . The seed shells contain tannin that is used for tanning leather. The tree has an acceptable frost resistance (at least −12 °C (10 °F)) when mature. The wood is cream-colored with dark brown streaking and is used in cabinetry and musical instruments. It was introduced to Great Britain in 1826. It grows well there and in New Zealand and California.

neg: Notholithocarpus the leaves of the plant can repel grubs and slugs. Tanoak tannin has been used as an astringent. Tanoak is sometimes used as lumber, but isn't currently harvested commercially. Currently, the largest known tanoak specimen is on private timberland near the town of Ophir, Oregon. It has a circumference of , is about in diameter at breast height, and is tall with an average crown spread of . Notholithocarpus Notholithocarpus densiflorus, commonly known as the tanoak or tanbark-oak, is an evergreen tree in the family Fagaceae, native to the western United States, in California as far south as the Transverse

neg: Plant breeding Plant breeding Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes, to more complex molecular techniques (see cultigen and cultivar). Genes in a plant are what determine what type of qualitative or quantitative traits it will have. Plant breeders strive to create a specific outcome of

neg: Croton eluteria lichen. Tincture from the bark is used as a tonic and stimulant, and a fever reducer. Cascarilla bark is also used to flavour the liqueurs Campari and Vermouth. Cascarilla bark contains anywhere between 1 and 3% volatile oils, a unique series of diterpenoid compounds called Cascarillins, lignins, tannin, and resins. There is also a long list of aromatic terpene and diterpene compounds, including pinene, vanillin, -limonene, and thujene. 1- fumigant 2- bitter stomachic Croton eluteria Croton eluteria, known as cascarilla, is a plant species of the genus "Croton", that is native to the Caribbean. It has been naturalized in other

neg: Lepidobotrys in a family by itself, which he thought to be close to Linaceae. Arthur Cronquist, agreeing with Hallier and Knuth, put it in Oxalidaceae. Adding to the confusion was the lack of any strong basis for placing these and related families into orders. "Lepidobotrys" is derived from Greek, meaning 'scale-cluster'. The name is in reference to the cone-like arrangement of its bracts, which extend under the flowers. Lepidobotrys Lepidobotrys is a flowering plant genus in the family "Lepidobotryaceae". It contains only one species, Lepidobotrys staudtii. "L. staudtii" is a small African tree, ranging from Cameroon eastward to Ethiopia. The tannin

neg: Acacia sieberiana acne, tapeworms, urethral problems, oedema and dropsy." "Vachellia sieberiana" is a legume and like many legumes it hosts "Rhizobium" bacteria in its roots. The bacteria fix nitrogen gas from the air and, without requiring nitrogen fertilizer or soil nitrates, they convert it into nitrogen compounds necessary for plant nutrition. Ultimately, surrounding plants also benefit from the increase in available nitrogen, which means that plants such as "Vachellia" species are of particular ecological importance. Tannin is found in the bark and seed pods. The wood is fairly hard and it is used for furniture, handles for implements and tools for grinding

neg: Bark (botany) the ground to where the main branching starts) of the tree. Bark tissues make up by weight between 10–20% of woody vascular plants and consists of various biopolymers, tannins, lignin, suberin, suberan and polysaccharides. Up to 40% of the bark tissue is made of lignin which forms an important part of a plant providing structural support by crosslinking between different polysaccharides, such as cellulose. Condensed tannin, which are in fairly high concentration in bark tissue, is thought to inhibit decomposition. It could be due to this factor that the degradation of lignin is far less pronounced in bark tissue than

neg: Catechu Catechu Catechu ( or ) is an extract of acacia trees used variously as a food additive, astringent, tannin, and dye. It is extracted from several species of "Acacia", but especially "Senegalia catechu" ("Acacia catechu"), by boiling the wood in water and evaporating the resulting brew. It is also known as cutch, black cutch, cachou, cashoo, khoyer, terra Japonica, or Japan earth, and also katha in Hindi, kaath in Marathi, khoyer in Assamese and Bengali, and kachu in Malay (hence the Latinized "Acacia catechu" chosen as the Linnaean taxonomy name of the type-species Acacia plant which provides the extract). As

neg: Catechu families first derived from it. Catechu Catechu ( or ) is an extract of acacia trees used variously as a food additive, astringent, tannin, and dye. It is extracted from several species of "Acacia", but especially "Senegalia catechu" ("Acacia catechu"), by boiling the wood in water and evaporating the resulting brew. It is also known as cutch, black cutch, cachou, cashoo, khoyer, terra Japonica, or Japan earth, and also katha in Hindi, kaath in Marathi, khoyer in Assamese and Bengali, and kachu in Malay (hence the Latinized "Acacia catechu" chosen as the Linnaean taxonomy name of the type-species Acacia plant

neg: Filipendula rubra to pollinate is difficult than that of regular plants due to its inability to fertilize itself (explained further in the section above about pollination). "F. rubra" is further endangered by habitat loss throughout much of its native distribution. Native Americans have used the root of "F. rubra" in traditional medicine for treating heart problems and as an aphrodisiac. The root has a high tannin content, making it useful as an astringent for treating diarrhea, dysentery, and bleeding. The plant is used in gardens for the aesthetically pleasing and fragrant flowers which smell like lilac. A good number of both native

neg: Cinnamtannin B1 Cinnamtannin B1 Cinnamtannin B1 is a condensed tannin found in "Cinnamomum verum". It is a type A proanthocyanidin. Cinnamon could have some pharmacological effects in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. The plant material used in the study was mostly from Chinese cinnamon (see Chinese cinnamon's medicinal uses). Recent studies in phytochemistry have indicated that cinnamtannin B1 isolated from "C. Verum" bears possible therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetes, with the exception of the postmenopausal patients studied on "Cinnamomum aromaticum". Cinnamtannin B1 possesses several phenolic hydroxyl groups and is reported to exhibit antioxidant property, antimicrobial activities,

neg: Tara spinosa and furniture leathers. This growing industry is developing around their production in Peru. Some producers have their own plantations to guarantee constant quality. Tara tannin derivatives are being proposed as antifouling against marine organisms that can grow on ship hulls. Those tannins are of the hydrolysable type. Gallic acid is the main constituent of tara tannins (53%) and can be easily isolated by alkaline hydrolysis of the plant extract. Quinic acid is also a constituent of the tara tannins. Its tannines are colourless or light making them suitable a premordant in the dyeing of cotton and other cellulose fibres. Tara

neg: Idioblast In bundles they are known as druse and as crystals they can be of raphide [needle] form. When the end of an idioblast is broken the crystals or other substance is ejected by internal water pressure. Idioblasts of calcium oxalate may function as a deterrent to herbivores, as a means of sequestering or storing calcium, or as a means of stiffening tissue structure. Idioblast An idioblast is an isolated plant cell that differs from neighboring tissues. They have various functions such as storage of reserves, excretory materials, pigments, and minerals. They could contain oil, latex, gum, resin, tannin or pigments

neg: Tannin tannin in the sample. 100 mg of sample tannins are dissolved in 10 ml distilled water. 1 ml of 10M HCl and 2 ml of 37% formaldehyde are added and the mixture heated under reflux for 30 min. The reaction mixture is filtered while hot through a sintered glass filter. The precipitate is washed with hot water (5× 10 ml) and dried over CaCl. The yield of tannin is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the starting material. The bark tannins of "Commiphora angolensis" have been revealed by the usual color and precipitation reactions and by quantitative determination

neg: Fraxinus quadrangulata North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels. It is possible that the blue ash's increased resistance to the borer, as compared with other North American varieties, is due to a higher tannin content. If that is the case, the blue ash is less palatable for maturing frogs than those most threatened by the borer. Ash species native to North America also provide important habit and food for