query: what was the focus of the 1978 alma ata declaration

pos: Alma Ata Declaration universal health coverage. Alma Ata Declaration The Declaration of Alma-Ata was adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care (PHC), Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), Kazakhstan (formerly Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic), 6–12 September 1978. It expressed the need for urgent action by all governments, all health and development workers, and the world community to protect and promote the health of all people. It was the first international declaration underlining the importance of primary health care. The primary health care approach has since then been accepted by member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) as the key to achieving the goal

pos: Alma Ata Declaration Alma Ata Declaration The Declaration of Alma-Ata was adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care (PHC), Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), Kazakhstan (formerly Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic), 6–12 September 1978. It expressed the need for urgent action by all governments, all health and development workers, and the world community to protect and promote the health of all people. It was the first international declaration underlining the importance of primary health care. The primary health care approach has since then been accepted by member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) as the key to achieving the goal of "Health For

pos: Primary healthcare health, such as access to health services, environment and lifestyle. Thus, primary healthcare and public health measures, taken together, may be considered as the cornerstones of universal health systems. This ideal model of healthcare was adopted in the declaration of the International Conference on Primary Health Care held in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978 (known as the "Alma Ata Declaration"), and became a core concept of the World Health Organization's goal of "Health for all". The Alma-Ata Conference mobilized a "Primary Health Care movement" of professionals and institutions, governments and civil society organizations, researchers and grassroots organizations that undertook to

pos: Almaty Almaty Almaty ( ; ), formerly known as Alma-Ata () and Verny ( "Vernyy"), is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of 1,797,431 people, about 8% of the country's total population. It served as capital of the Kazakh state in its various forms from 1929 to 1997, under the influence of the then Soviet Union and its appointees. Alma-Ata was the host city for a 1978 international conference on Primary Health Care where the Alma Ata Declaration was adopted, marking a paradigm shift in global public health. In 1997, the government relocated the capital to Astana in the

pos: Alliance for Healthy Cities environments and expanding those community resources which enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life and in developing to their maximum potential". The first international declaration that promoted the concepts underlying healthy cities, the Alma Ata Declaration, was adopted at the International Conference for Primary Health Care, jointly convened by the WHO and UNICEF in Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), presently in Kazakhstan, 6–12 September 1978. The primary health care strategy endorsed and targeted health for all the people of the world by the year 2000. Various discussions have taken place since then. Trevor Hancock and

pos: Alma Ata Declaration All" but only in developing countries at first. This applied to all other countries five years later. The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 emerged as a major milestone of the twentieth century in the field of public health, and it identified primary health care as the key to the attainment of the goal of "Health for All" around the globe. The conference called for urgent and effective national and international action to develop and implement primary health care throughout the world and particularly in developing countries in a spirit of technical cooperation and in keeping with a New International Economic Order.

pos: Healthcare in Kosovo community, including those who have lower income, provide health education, counseling disease prevention, screening and promoting better living environments. Primary health care became a fundamental concept for World Health Organization as a result of the Alma Ata Declaration (1978). Since the Declaration of Alma-Ata, health situation at country level has gone through major changes. There have been many modifications in demographic profiles, socio-economic environment and reducement of risk exposure and common diseases. Primary health care is available for individuals and families, coming from different municipalities, with affordable costs that can be covered by the Government funds as well as community.

pos: Alma Ata Declaration Marcos Cueto claims that the declaration was condemned as being unrealistic, idealistic, and too broad. As a result of these criticisms, the Rockefeller Foundation sponsored the Health and Population Development Conference held in Italy at the Bellagio Conference Center in 1979 (a year after Alma-Ata). The purpose of this conference was to specify the goals of PHC and to achieve more effective strategies. As a result, Selective Primary Health Care (PHC) was introduced. As opposed to PHC of the Alma-Ata Declaration, Selective PHC presented the idea of obtaining low-cost solutions to very specific and common causes of death. The targets

pos: Carl E. Taylor preparing documents in 1978 for the Alma Ata World Conference on Primary Health Care and was a key contributor to the Alma Ata Declaration. From 1957 through 1983, he advised WHO on a wide range of international health matters. In 1972, Taylor became the founding chair of the National Council for International Health, now known as the Global Health Council. He was also the founding chair of the International Health Section of the American Public Health Association. After a long fight with prostate cancer, he died February 4, 2010. He was 93 and still active and he had his last

pos: Almaty scheduled passenger flight of the Tu-144. Alma-Ata was the host city for a 1978 international conference on Primary Health Care. The Alma Ata Declaration was adopted, marking a paradigm shift in global public health. On 16 December 1986, the Jeltoqsan riot took place in response to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunayev. On 7 September 1988, the subway Almaty Metro project started construction; the subway was opened on 1 December 2011 after 23 years. Kazakhstan declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 16 December 1991 (Kazakhstan Independence Day), and two years later the government renamed the city

pos: Alma Ata Declaration oriented toward primary health care produce better outcomes, at lower costs, and with higher user satisfaction. The seventh section lists the components of primary health care. The next two sections called on all governments to incorporate primary health care approach in their health systems and urged international cooperation in better use of the world's resources. The Alma-Ata Declaration generated numerous criticisms and reactions worldwide. Many argued that the slogan "Health for All by 2000" was not possible and that the declaration did not have clear targets. In his article "The Origins of Primary Health Care and Selective Primary Health Care",

pos: Alma Ata Declaration core principles of the original declaration. The main critics are toward selective care as a restrictive approach to health. Therefore, such approach to primary care does not contribute toward integral care (globality) and does not address social determinants as a fundamental aspect of illness and thus essential to health care planning. The World Health Organization, UNICEF and the Government of Kazakhstan co-hosted the Global Conference on Primary Health Care in Astana on 25-26 October, 2018. The conference marked the 40th anniversary of the Alma-Ata Declaration, and united world leaders to affirm that strong primary health care is essential to achieve

pos: Global health 1945, after World War II. In 1948, the member states of the newly formed United Nations gathered to create the World Health Organization. A cholera epidemic that took 20,000 lives in Egypt in 1947 and 1948 helped spur the international community to action. The WHO published its Model List of Essential Medicines, and the 1978 Alma Ata declaration underlined the importance of primary health care. At a United Nations Summit in 2000, member nations declared eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which reflected the major challenges facing human development globally, to be achieved by 2015. The declaration was matched by unprecedented

pos: Essential medicines of settings. The list is important because it forms the basis of national drugs policy in more than 155 countries, both in the developed and developing world. Many governments refer to WHO recommendations when making decisions on health spending. The definition of essential medicines has changed over time. The original 1977 WHO definition was that they were medicines "of utmost importance, basic, indispensable, and necessary for the healthcare needs of the population". The concept was mentioned in one of the ten points of the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration on primary health care. In 2002 definition was changed to: Essential medicines

pos: Primary healthcare reactions worldwide. Many argued the declaration did not have clear targets, was too broad, and was not attainable because of the costs and aid needed. As a result, PHC approaches have evolved in different contexts to account for disparities in resources and local priority health problems; this is alternatively called the Selective Primary Health Care (SPHC) approach. After the year 1978 Alma Ata Conference, the Rockefeller Foundation held a conference in 1979 at its Bellagio conference center in Italy to address several concerns. Here, the idea of Selective Primary Health Care was introduced as a strategy to complement comprehensive PHC.

pos: Healthlink Worldwide programmes throughout the world. In 1978, AHRTAG became the first World Health Organization (WHO) Collborating Centre for Appropriate Technology in Health. One of its initial activities was to promote the outcomes of the WHO/UNICEF International Conference on Primary Health Care, held in Alma Ata in 1978, which launched primary health care as a means of achieving Health for All. This focus on primary health was a fundamental driver of Healthlink's activities throughout its existence. At around the same time, significant breakthroughs were being made in the understanding of diarrhoea and in the development of inexpensive ways to treat this major

pos: Basic Occupational Health Services Basic Occupational Health Services The Basic Occupational Health Services are an application of the primary health care principles in the sector of occupational health. Primary health care definition can be found in the World Health Organization Alma Ata declaration from the year 1978 as the “essential health care based on practical scientifically sound and socially accepted methods, (…) it is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work (…)”. An effort was launched by the International Commission on Occupational

pos: Palace of the Republic, Almaty an urban planning and architecture since January 26, 1982. Built in 1970, previously named as the Lenin Palace of Culture, was opened during the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Lenin. It was renamed to the Palace of the Republic by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR in December 6, 1991 by the proposal of the Kazakh SSR State Committee for Culture. The palace was also place for International Primary Health Care meeting where the Alma-Ata Declaration was adopted in 1978. The "Tent" design of the roof rests on the eight concrete pillars and

pos: Mission Barrio Adentro primary health care (as defined by the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration), of which the "simplified healthcare" adopted in rural Venezuela in the 1960s and 1970s was one form. More recently, in 2006, Barrio Adentro was described by the Director of the PAHO as "the culmination of 25 years of experience in Latin America and the rest of the world in transforming health systems through the primary health care strategy." When Hugo Chávez became President in 1999, he sought to implement LASM principles, beginning with their incorporation into the new 1999 Venezuelan Constitution, in articles 83–85 of Title III. These articles

pos: Leader Stirling the Nursing registry, which was separated between home-trained and foreign-trained (mainly England-trained) nurses. Leader Stirling attended to the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Almaty (former Alma-Ata) from which originated the Alma Ata Declaration. He met with the Minister of Health of the Soviet Union during this event. In 1980, on his last year as a Minister, he chaired the Commonwealth Health Ministers meeting prior to the World Health Assembly in Geneva. In 1979 he idealised and lobbied for a bill that would regulate and nationalise the small private practice in then socialist Tanzania. The bill met some resistance

pos: Basic Occupational Health Services 2005. US Department of Health and Human Services, Federal Occupational Health. Basic Occupational Health Center Services. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20090508223942/http://www.foh.dhhs.gov/library/factsheets/BOHCS.pdf Basic Occupational Health Services The Basic Occupational Health Services are an application of the primary health care principles in the sector of occupational health. Primary health care definition can be found in the World Health Organization Alma Ata declaration from the year 1978 as the “essential health care based on practical scientifically sound and socially accepted methods, (…) it is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close

pos: Primary health centre level. Primary health centre The Primary Health Centre (PHC) is the basic structural and functional unit of the public health services in developing countries. PHCs were established to provide accessible, affordable and available primary health care to people, in accordance with the Alma Ata Declaration of 1978 by the member nations of the World Health Organisation WHO. In South Asia, PHCs are the basic first-line units providing primary health care. Theoretically, there is one PHC for every 30,000 of population. Each PHC has five or six sub-centres staffed by health workers for outreach services such as immunization, basic curative care

pos: Primary health centre Primary health centre The Primary Health Centre (PHC) is the basic structural and functional unit of the public health services in developing countries. PHCs were established to provide accessible, affordable and available primary health care to people, in accordance with the Alma Ata Declaration of 1978 by the member nations of the World Health Organisation WHO. In South Asia, PHCs are the basic first-line units providing primary health care. Theoretically, there is one PHC for every 30,000 of population. Each PHC has five or six sub-centres staffed by health workers for outreach services such as immunization, basic curative care services,

pos: Alma Ata Declaration It urged governments, the WHO, UNICEF, and other international organizations, as well as multilateral and bilateral agencies, non-governmental organizations, funding agencies, all health workers and the world community to support national and international commitment to primary health care and to channel increased technical and financial support to it, particularly in developing countries. The conference called on the aforementioned to collaborate in introducing, developing and maintaining primary health care in accordance with the spirit and content of the declaration. The declaration has 10 points and is non-binding on member states. The first section of the declaration reaffirms the WHO definition of

pos: Alma Ata Declaration productive life. The declaration urged governments, international organizations and the whole world community to take this up as a main social target in the spirit of social justice. This section defined primary health care and urged signatories to incorporate the concept of primary health care in their health systems. Primary health care has since been adopted by many member nations. More recently, Margaret Chan, the Director-General of the WHO has reaffirmed the primary health care approach as the most efficient and cost-effective way to organize a health system. She also pointed out that international evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that health systems

pos: People's Health Movement for All by the Year 2000" and identified primary health care as the mean to achieve it. However, in response to continued and deepened health inequalities, on 8 December 2000, 1453 delegates from 92 countries met at Savar, Bangladesh for the First "People's Health Assembly" which led to the founding of the People's Health Movement and the drafting of the People's Charter for Health The People's Charter for Health echos many of the principles of the Alma Ata Declaration by recognizing health as "..a social, economic and political issue and above all a fundamental human right". It names "inequality, poverty,

pos: Primary Health Centre (India) primary health care outlined in the Alma-Ata declaration. These are listed below: Primary Health Centre (India) Primary Health Centre (PHCs), sometimes referred to as public health centres, are state-owned rural health care facilities in India. They are essentially single-physician clinics usually with facilities for minor surgeries, too. They are part of the government-funded public health system in India and are the most basic units of this system. Presently there are 28,863 PHCs in India. Apart from the regular medical treatments, PHCs in India have some special focuses. The Government of India's initiative to create and expand the presences of Primary

pos: Primary healthcare coordination with other sectors: In sum, PHC recognizes that healthcare is not a short-lived intervention, but an ongoing process of improving people's lives and alleviating the underlying socioeconomic conditions that contribute to poor health. The principles link health and development, advocating political interventions, rather than passive acceptance of economic conditions. The primary health care approach has seen significant gains in health were applied even when adverse economic and political conditions prevail. Although the declaration made at the Alma-Ata conference deemed to be convincing and plausible in specifying goals to PHC and achieving more effective strategies, it generated numerous criticisms and

pos: People's Health Movement People's Health Movement People's Health Movement (PHM) is a global network of grassroots health activists, civil society organizations and academic institutions particularly from developing countries. PHM currently has bases in more than 70 countries that include both individuals and well-established circles with their own governance structures. It has chapters in South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka), Africa (South Africa), Pacific (Australia), South America (Brazil, Ecuador), Central America (El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala), North America (USA, Canada), Europe (Italy, Switzerland, UK, Greece) and several other countries. PHM works towards the revitalisation of Primary Health Care (PHC), as described in the Alma-Ata Declaration

pos: John Harland Bryant Office of International Health and increase its effectiveness in linking the United States with international health activities. As director of the office and deputy assistant secretary for international health in the Department of Health and Human Services from 1978 to 1983, Dr. Bryant represented the U.S. government on the executive board of the World Health Organization (WHO) and participated in a number of joint US-WHO activities, including the development of the WHO Code on Infant Formulas. In 1978 Dr. Bryant served as a member of the U.S. delegation to the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan,

neg: Alma Ata Declaration and effects of Selective PHC were clear, concise, measurable, and easy to observe. This is because Selective PHC had explicit areas of focus that were believed to be the most important. They were known as GOBI (growth monitoring, oral rehydration treatment, breastfeeding, and immunization), and later GOBI-FFF (adding food supplementation, female literacy, and family planning). Unlike the Alma-Ata Declaration, these aspects were very specific and concise, making global health as successful and attainable as possible. Nonetheless, there were still many supporters who preferred the comprehensive PHC introduced at Alma-Ata over Selective PHC, criticizing the latter as a misrepresentation of some

neg: Barefoot doctor heavily on lessons learned from the times of the barefoot doctors, but faces many challenges in providing sufficient, cost-effective care for China’s rural populations. Currently, the rural population in China attempts to migrate to urban areas to seek better healthcare, which is becoming increasingly limited due to growing costs. The system of barefoot doctors was among the most important inspirations for the World Health Organization conference in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978 where the Alma Ata Declaration was signed unanimously. This was hailed as a revolutionary breakthrough in international health ideology - it called for local communities participating in deciding health

neg: Health in All Policies health sector to engage a broader array of partners. The 1978 World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of Alma-Ata was the first formal acknowledgment of the importance of intersectoral action for health. The spirit of Alma-Ata was carried forward in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (adopted in Ottawa in 1986), which discussed "healthy public policies" as a key area for health promotion. HiAP is built on the rationale that health is determined by multiple factors outside the direct control of the health care sector, such as education, income, and the conditions in which people live, work, and play. Decisions made

neg: General practitioner term has become somewhat ambiguous, and is not synonymous with the terms "family doctor" or "primary care physician", as described below. Historically, the role of a GP was once performed by any doctor qualified in a medical school working in the community. However, since the 1950s, general practice has become a specialty in its own right, with specific training requirements tailored to each country. The Alma Ata Declaration in 1978 set the intellectual foundation of what primary care and general practice is nowadays. The basic medical degrees in India and Bangladesh are MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery), BAMS

neg: BC SKA Alma-Ata continued to play in the new formed Kazakhstan basketball leagues. In the 2009-10 season the club won the championship of Kazakhstan's second league, having won 24 games out of 24, had a right to play in the Premier League. BC SKA Alma-Ata BC SKA Alma-Ata () was a former Soviet basketball club from the city of Alma-Ata. In 2013 the club has merged into BC Almaty to serve as the reserve squad in the second division Higher league under the name Almaty Legion KazNU () In 1978 in Alma-Ata (now Almaty) on the basis of the multi-sport society "SKA" (спортивный

neg: BC SKA Alma-Ata BC SKA Alma-Ata BC SKA Alma-Ata () was a former Soviet basketball club from the city of Alma-Ata. In 2013 the club has merged into BC Almaty to serve as the reserve squad in the second division Higher league under the name Almaty Legion KazNU () In 1978 in Alma-Ata (now Almaty) on the basis of the multi-sport society "SKA" (спортивный клуб Армии) created the eponymous basketball club. The team played in the lower leagues, up to 1985, when the team won the first league championship and promoted to the USSR Premier Basketball League. In the seasons 1988-89 and 1989-90

neg: Dynamo Alma-Ata Soviet Water Polo Championships in 1981 and 1982. In the 1982-83 season Dynamo's water polo team reached the European Champions cup final. Dynamo played a double final against Spandau 04 but after a 10:7 win in the first leg, the Soviet team lost the title, defeated by West Germany in the second leg with a 6:10 score. In 1977 and in 1990, the club became Soviet national champions in bandy and in 1978 won the European Cup. The team became Soviet champions eighteen times. Dynamo Alma-Ata Dynamo Alma-Ata () was a multi-sports club from the then capital of Kazakhstan, Almaty

neg: Mona Tyndall The remainder of her missionary life was spent in Zambia, where she worked firstly in Monze Mission Hospital, and later in Lusaka University Teaching Hospital (UTH), after a brief year in the Westminster Pastoral Institute in London. As Consultant Obstetrician/Gynaecologist at Lusaka UTH, she became a national tutor in the sympto-thermal method of family planning. Concerned with hospital overcrowding and high post-natal mortality, she strove to reduce maternal mortality by half in the 1990s, in accordance with the "Health for All" Alma Ata Declaration (1978). In this, she was strongly supported by the Government of Zambia, and attracted funding from

neg: People's Health Movement a Civil Society Report on Social Determinants of Health. In 2011 PHM was involved in the civil society side meeting during the Conference on Social Determinants of Health, taking place in Rio de Janeiro. The PHM is engaged in a major global campaign to promote the Right to Health which involves coordinated national and international level action. PHM uses a consultative process in countries to involve thousands of people in making a demand for Health for All as described in the Alma Ata Declaration of 1978. The first phase of the campaign involves the production of rights-based evaluations of national

neg: Blasio Vincent Ndale Esau Oriedo him to ardently use his skills and influence crusading for the latter, while engaging peripherally in the former. He cognized health care as a basic human right long before the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration proclamation. This cognizance is evident in his intrepid and transformative role in East Africa's healthcare, socioeconomic, and intellectual infrastructures. His precipitously inexplicable death in the springtime of life at age 34, robbed these causes an ardently eloquent advocate and consummate statesman. Apart from Dr. BV Oriedo's venerable contribution to the healthcare system in the East and Central Africa region, "du jour", he was an indubitable patron

neg: Timeline of global health in into eradication, beginning with the complete smallpox eradication in 1979. There is greater dissatisfaction with WHO for its focus on disease/infection control at the expense of trying to improve general living conditions, as well as disappointment at its low budget and staffing. This atmosphere spurs other organizations to provide their own forms of aid. The Alma Ata Declaration and selective primary healthcare are created to express urgent action by all governments and citizens to protect and promote the health of all people equally. More organizations form following these new active attitudes toward global health, including the International Agency for

neg: Windhoek Declaration crucial affirmation of the international community's commitment to freedom of the press. Subsequently several similar documents were drafted in other parts of the developing world: The Alma-Ata Declaration for central Asia, Sana'a Declaration for the Middle East, and the Santiago Declaration for Latin America and the Caribbean. At the tenth anniversary of the Windhoek Declaration, however, the United Nations jubilee statement noted the fragility of press freedom in the face of political violence or authoritarianism. Since it was formally approved by the UNESCO Member States during the 28th Session of the General Conference (November 1995), the Windhoek Declaration has become

neg: Blasio Vincent Ndale Esau Oriedo the "1978 Alma Ata Declaration proclamation". This cognizance is evident in his intrepid and transformative role in East Africa's healthcare, socioeconomic, sociocultural, and intellectual infrastructures. In 1960 he directed a healthcare and hygiene strategy of "tactical, strategic, operational, and performance indexing"; a short-term and long-term planning strategy based on the application of preventative modalities that helped shift the medical science paradigm—in East Africa—away from the undue emphasis on curative means, and more so towards a balanced approach. That which effectually integrated strategic "epidemiological knowledge" with tactical, operational, and situational "curative approaches". In the course of his tenure the region witnessed

neg: Ramazan Yesergepov of expression. Ramazan Yesergepov Ramazan Yesergepov (, "Ramazan Esirgepov", رامازان ەسٸرگەپوۆ; , "Ramazan Takhtarovich Yesergepov") is a jailed Kazakhstani journalist, whose arrest led to international concerns about the freedom of the media in Kazakhstan. Prior to his arrest he was the editor of "Alma-Ata Info". Yesergepov is married to Raushan Yesergepova. Yesergepov founded "Alma-Ata Info" in 2005. In 2006, the newspaper was charged under Administrative Code Article 342 for alleged violations of the law on mass media; namely, the Almaty City Council claimed that the newspaper had changed its thematic focus but failed to register the change with the government.

neg: Ramazan Yesergepov Ramazan Yesergepov Ramazan Yesergepov (, "Ramazan Esirgepov", رامازان ەسٸرگەپوۆ; , "Ramazan Takhtarovich Yesergepov") is a jailed Kazakhstani journalist, whose arrest led to international concerns about the freedom of the media in Kazakhstan. Prior to his arrest he was the editor of "Alma-Ata Info". Yesergepov is married to Raushan Yesergepova. Yesergepov founded "Alma-Ata Info" in 2005. In 2006, the newspaper was charged under Administrative Code Article 342 for alleged violations of the law on mass media; namely, the Almaty City Council claimed that the newspaper had changed its thematic focus but failed to register the change with the government. The newspaper

neg: Alma-Ata Children's Railway Alma-Ata Children's Railway The Alma-Ata Children's Railway () is a narrow-gauge children's railway in Almaty, Kazakhstan, which was called Alma-Ata from 1921 to 1993. The main route of the track had a gauge of and a length of . It was inaugurated on 13 September 1952 as one of many pioneer railways in the Soviet Union and on 20 July 1997 it was temporarily decommissioned. Since 2006 it has operated as a ridable miniature railway for entertainment rather than an educational purpose. In the summer of 1952, the Pioneer Organization and the Komsomol of Alma-Ata built the railway loop, a

neg: Almaty International Airport and then reorganized into "Alma-Ata Airport" in 1991. Since 1993 it has run as an independent business unit. In 1994, it was reorganized into OJSC "Almaty Airport" and later renamed to JSC Almaty International Airport. The supersonic transport (SST) Tupolev Tu-144 began service on 26 December 1975, flying mail and freight between Moscow and Alma-Ata in preparation for passenger services, which commenced in November 1977. The Aeroflot flight on 1 June 1978 was the Tu-144's 55th and last scheduled passenger service. Following a runway reconstruction in 1998, Almaty airport was awarded II category and status of an international airport. On

neg:
Kui (instrumental musical composition) dombyra sound and tuning//Kazakh Culture:researches. Scientific articles brochure, Almaty, 2000.
 3. Alekseeva L. А., Nazhmedenov Zh. Features of Kazakh Dombyra.// My i vselennaya journal. 2001.№ 1(6), p52-54.
 4. Amanov B. Terms of compositions for dombyra Kui. Alma-Ata, 1982.
 5. Aravin P.V. Steppe's stars. — Alma-ata, 1979.
 6. Aravin P.V. Great Kuishi Dauletkerei.-Alma-ata, 1964.
 7. Asafjef B.V. About Kazakh folk music.//Musical culture of Kazakhstan.-Alma-Ata, 1955.
 8. Baramankulov M. Turkic space.-Almaty, 1996.
 9. Vyzgo T. Musical instrumentsof the Central Asia.-Moscow, 1980.
 10. Gizatov B.. Social and esthetic basics of Kazakh folk instrumental music.-Alma-Ata, 1989.
 11. Zhubanov A.K. Dombyra-Kazakh national instrument.//Muzykoznanie journal.-Alma-Ata, 1976.

neg: Patient-centered outcomes to price discriminate based on the health of their patients. With the growth of the American healthcare system after the early 19 century, patient-centered outcomes began to become more of a focus within the healthcare community. In 1978, The Declaration of Alma-Alta was created as the first international declaration of primary healthcare's role in promoting the health of all people. Later, in 2001, the Institute for Healthcare Improvement released its six aims for changing healthcare, citing patient-centered healthcare as its third aim. Following the publishing of the six aims, President Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

neg: Windhoek Declaration seminar: the first for the Asian media (Alma Ata, Kazakhstan; October 1992), the second for countries from Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago, Chile; May 1994), the third for Arab countries (Sana’a, Yemen; January 1966) and the last one for Europe and North America (Sofia, Bulgaria; September 1997). Each seminar ended with the adoption of a declaration in which participants highlighted “their full support and entire adhesion to the fundamental principles of the Windhoek Declaration, recognizing its crucial importance for the promotion of free, independent and pluralistic media, in written and broadcast press, worldwide”. UNESCO’s General Conference endorsed the five

neg: Almaty April 1927, the government decided to transfer the capital of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from Kyzyl-Orda to Alma-Ata, within the RFSFR. This attracted more trade and people working with the government, stimulating intensive development in the city. On 31 January 1928, Leon Trotsky, leader of the 1917 October Revolution, accompanied by his wife Natalia Sedova and his son Lev Sedov, was exiled to Alma Ata by Joseph Stalin, then head of the Bolshevik party in Moscow. Trotsky was expelled from Alma-Ata to Turkey in February 1929, and went into exile in Mexico City. The Alma-Ata airport was opened

neg: FC Alma-Ata legs, whilst finishing 6th in the league and reaching the Last 32 of the Cup. The 2008 season was the clubs last season, as after finishing 8th in the League and as Cup runners-up, Alma-Ata declared themselves bankrupt and ceased operations, with the majority of the clubs staff joining FC Megasport before forming FC Lokomotiv Astana. FC Alma-Ata "Not to be confused with FC Tsesna (now Kairat Academy) founded in 2010" FC Alma-Ata () was a Kazakh association football club based in Almaty between 2000 and 2008. In 2000 the club was formed as "FC Tsesna" in Almaty. Tsesna played

neg: Cinema of Kazakhstan War II, as the main Soviet film studios, Mosfilm and Lenfilm, were both evacuated to Alma-Ata, where they combined with the Alma-Ata Film Studios to produce the Central United Film Studio. As a result, the Central United Film Studio, which continued working in Alma-Ata till 1944, produced 80 percent of all Soviet domestic feature films made during the war. Much of the great Soviet director Sergei Eisenstein's two part epic "Ivan the Terrible" was filmed in the Kazakh SSR. One of the major Soviet film schools, the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography (VGIK), was also temporarily relocated to Alma-Ata during the

neg: Alma-Ata Children's Railway and youths were educated to become future railway workers, to a conventional ridable miniature railway, where children are just customers and do not take responsibility for operating the railway. However, it is the only children's railway in Kazakhstan, and its operation and ridership have been stable since privatization. Alma-Ata Children's Railway The Alma-Ata Children's Railway () is a narrow-gauge children's railway in Almaty, Kazakhstan, which was called Alma-Ata from 1921 to 1993. The main route of the track had a gauge of and a length of . It was inaugurated on 13 September 1952 as one of many pioneer railways

neg: FC Alma-Ata FC Alma-Ata "Not to be confused with FC Tsesna (now Kairat Academy) founded in 2010" FC Alma-Ata () was a Kazakh association football club based in Almaty between 2000 and 2008. In 2000 the club was formed as "FC Tsesna" in Almaty. Tsesna played in the Kazakhstan First Division for the first time in 2003, finishing second and earning themselves promotion to the Kazakhstan Premier League. Following their promotion, the clubs management changed the clubs name to "FC Alma-Ata", finishing their debut season in 18th position under the management of Edgar Gess. The following season, first under Igor Romanov, and

neg: Dynamo Alma-Ata Dynamo Alma-Ata Dynamo Alma-Ata () was a multi-sports club from the then capital of Kazakhstan, Almaty in the Soviet era. The club participated in wrestling, gymnastics, athletics, water polo, bandy and the most successful branch hockey. Several players combined bandy in the winter with hockey in the summer. Well-known members included the competitive artistic gymnast Valeri Liukin, the pole vaulter Grigoriy Yegorov, as well as the wrestlers Anatoly Nazarenko, Shamil Serikov and Anatoly Bykov. The co-founder of FC Spartak Moscow, Nikolai Starostin, coached both the football and hockey teams during his exile in Alma-Ata. The water polo men's team won

neg: Isaac Itkind risk of being accused with helping “an enemy of the people,” Itkind moved to Alma-Ata (now Alma-Aty), the capital of Kazakhstan that time. Not much is known about Itkind's life until 1956. Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, 1956–1969 In 1956 Itkind got a job in the Alma-Ata State Theater as a decorator during the daytime, and at night chiseled sculptures from wood in the basement of the theater. During his time in Alma-Ata Itkind created sculptural portraits of famous and simple Kazakh people “Akyn Dzhambul”, “Amangeldy”, “Abay” . Two years later, in 1958, the new young theater artist decided to examine the basement

neg: Alliance for Healthy Cities the First International Conference on Health Promotion in 1986, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was adopted that presented actions to achieve healthy life for all people by the year 2000 and beyond. Following a second international conference on health promotion at Adelaide in 1988 and a third at Sundsvall in 1991, and twenty years after the Alma Ata Declaration, the Fourth International Conference on Health Promotion held in July 1997 in Jakarta adopted the new Jakarta Declaration: "New Players for a New Era - Leading Health Promotion into the 21st Century". It came at a critical moment in the

neg: Quddus Khojamyarov After demobilization, he returned to Alma-Ata, and in 1951 he graduated from the Alma-Ata Conservatory, under professor Yevgeny Brusilovsky, who cited Kuzhamyarov as a very important Uyghur musician. He finally left Alma-Ata and attended the Moscow Conservatory in the class of Professor V. Shebalin from 1953. He taught in the years 1957–1967 years and became rector of the Alma-Ata State Conservatory in 1968, receiving the title of professor in 1965. He is credited with creating the first Uyghur opera "Nazugum" (1956), "Zolotyegorye" (The Golden Mountains) (1960) and the ballet "Chin Tomur" (1967). The originality of the author's handwriting, is indicated

neg: Alma-Ata Protocol the protocol allowed the Russian Federation (RSFSR) to assume the Soviet Union's UN membership, including its permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. Alma-Ata Protocol The Alma-Ata Protocols are the founding declarations and principles of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had agreed to the Belavezha Accords on 8 December 1991, dissolving the Soviet Union and forming the CIS. On 21 December 1991, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, joining the CIS. The latter agreement included the original three Belavezha signatories,

neg: Alma-Ata Protocol Alma-Ata Protocol The Alma-Ata Protocols are the founding declarations and principles of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had agreed to the Belavezha Accords on 8 December 1991, dissolving the Soviet Union and forming the CIS. On 21 December 1991, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, joining the CIS. The latter agreement included the original three Belavezha signatories, as well as eight additional former Soviet republics. Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Georgia were the only former republics that have not participated. More surprisingly,

neg: Windhoek Declaration The personal commitment of a few African diplomats in Paris (UNESCO), Geneva (ECOSOC) and New York (UN General Assembly) has been crucial to the success of the Windhoek process.They were those who put forward and defended in these intergovernmental fora the suggestion made at Windhoek by journalists to establish World Press Freedom Day annually celebrated on May 3. They were also those who sponsored a draft resolution to the UNESCO General Conference intended to endorse the Windhoek Declaration. This African initiative has opened the path to the four other Declarations of Alma Ata, Santiago, Sana’a and Sofia to be adopted

neg: History of Kazakhstan the possibility of a Turkic confederation of former republics as a counterweight to the Slavic states of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus in whatever federation might succeed the Soviet Union. This move persuaded the three Slavic presidents to include Kazakhstan among the signatories of a recast document of dissolution. Kazakhstan's capital lent its name to the Alma-Ata Protocol, the declaration of principles of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On 16 December 1991, five days before the declaration, Kazakhstan became the last of the republics to proclaim its independence. The republic has followed the same general political pattern as the other four

neg: Alma Ata Declaration health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". The definition seeks to include social and economic sectors within the scope of attaining health and reaffirms health as a human right. The declaration highlighted the inequality of health status between the developed and the developing countries and termed it politically, socially and economically unacceptable. The third section called for economic and social development as a pre-requisite to the attainment of health for all. It also declared positive effects on economic and social development and on world peace through promotion

neg: Yenbek Almaty Yenbek Almaty Yenbek Almaty (, ) was a Soviet and Kazakh ice hockey team in Almaty, Kazakhstan. They were active from 1965 to 1985 and from 1999 to 2009. The club was founded in 1965 as Avtomobilist Alma-Ata () and played at first in the Soviet Hockey League Class B, the third level of Soviet ice hockey. Two years later, they promoted to Class A2. In 1972, club renamed to Yenbek Alma-Ata ("Yenbek" means "Labour" in Kazakh language). In 1970, Yenbek Alma-Ata achieved a semifinal of Soviet Hockey Cup, where lost to Khimik Voskresensk. Yenbek played six seasons in Class

neg: Almaty Region today's Almaty Region, was created from the historical region of Zhetysu on March 10, 1932. Its capital was Alma-Ata (Almaty). Several times during the Soviet period, the north-eastern part of the region, centered on Taldykorgan, was separated from Alma-Ata Region, forming a separate Taldy-Kurgan Region, only to be merged into Alma-Ata Region again several years later. In April 2001 the administrative center of Almaty Region was moved from Almaty to Taldykorgan. Thus Taldykorgan has become a regional capital again - this time without splitting the region. The region is administratively divided into sixteen districts and the cities of Kapchagay, Taldykorgan,

neg: Aeroflot Flight 20 at Alma-Ata airport was less than , which meant that the airport had to close for safety reasons. At 19:30 Moscow time the flight departed from Omsk en route to Alma-Ata and maintained a cruising altitude of . At 20:15 Moscow time the weather at Alma-Ata was reported to have a visibility of , wind was weak, and atmospheric pressure was 710.5 mmHg. At 20:32, a different Il-18, registered CCCP-75689, landed the runway with a 230° bearing after twice failing to land on the runway at a bearing of 50° and having to execute a go-around. After landing while taxiing

neg: Aeroflot Flight 4225 the accident Alma-Ata was experiencing a heat wave. It was around 00:39 and Flight 4225 took off from Alma-Ata Airport in Soviet Kazakhstan. Only a few seconds after take off, the flight reached 500 feet. The weather was not on the flight's side; the plane reached a zone of hot air and then the Soviet aircraft's airspeed dramatically dropped and the plane was caught in a big downdraft. The Tupolev stalled and plummeted, nose down, into a farm near the suburbs of Alma-Ata. It slid into a ravine, caught fire and disintegrated, killing everyone on board. The Soviet aviation board

neg: Almaty 1921 Verniy was renamed Alma-Ata, one of the cities ancient names, by a joint consultation of regional government representatives, professional trade associations, and local faith-based groups. In 1926, the Council of Labor and Defence approved the construction of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway that was a crucial element of the future growth of Kazakhstan, especially in the east and southeast of the region. The Turkestan-Siberia Railway construction also had a decisive economic impact that strongly influenced the destiny of Alma-Ata as the capital of the Kazakh ASSR. In 1930 the construction of the highway and railway to Alma-Ata was completed. On 29

neg: FC Alma-Ata then Antonius Joore, the club improved and finished 13th. The 2006 was the clubs best season, again with Antonius Joore as their manager, the club finished 5th in the league and won the Kazakhstan Cup for the first time. As a result of their Cup win, they qualified for the 2007-08 UEFA Cup for the first time. In July 2007 Alma-Ata appointed Arno Pijpers as a consultant, whilst he continued his Kazakhstan National Team duties, in preparation for their debut UEFA Cup matches against Slovakian side ViOn Zlaté Moravce. Alma-Ata were defeat by ViOn Zlaté Moravce 4-2 over the two

neg: Sos Hayrapetyan players. He started his club career in 1978 with SKA Sverdlovsk. In 1978 and 1979, he placed second at the Soviet championships, and in 1980 won the title. From 1981 to 1987, he played for Dynamo Alma-Ata and from 1988 to 1992 for Hrazdan. From 1978 to 1991, Hayrapetyan was part of the Soviet national team. He won an Olympic bronze medal in 1980, the Intercontinental Cup in 1981, and a silver medal at the 1983 European Championships, losing the final in the penalty shootout. Soviet Union boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics, and Hayrapetyan competed at the Friendship Games instead,

neg: Vladimir Chirkin In December 2015, this sentence was cancelled by a higher court. Vladimir Chirkin Colonel General Vladimir Valentinovich Chirkin (, born 12 October 1955 in Khasavyurt, Dagestan, Russia) is a Russian military officer and a former commander of Russian Ground Forces (26 April 2012 – 2 December 2013). Chirkin studied at the Kazan Suvorov Military School from 1971 to 1974 and the Konev Higher Joint Command School in Alma Ata from 1974–1978. He entered military service in 1978. From 1978 to 1983, he served with Soviet forces in Germany. He also served in the Baltic region, the Russian Far East, and

neg: Hirendranath Mukherjee 1978–82; and Honorary Advisor to the Speaker of Lok Sabha, 1978–82. He was invited to International Teach-In by Toronto University, Canada (1966); invited to lecture at German Academy, Berlin, 1967; invited to take part in International Symposium on Lenin at Alma Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR in 1969; invited to deliver lectures at many Universities in India and overseas. In spite of political preoccupation, he was known as an eminent academic. He received honorary degree of D.Litt. from Andhra University, Calcutta University, Kalyani University, North Bengal University and Rabindra Bharati University. He was awarded Soviet Land Nehru Prize in 1978; and was

neg: Almaty Management University Almaty Management University Almaty Management University (ALMA, , ) is a higher educational institution in Almaty, Kazakhstan, providing preparation of specialists of economic fields under bachelor's degree programs, MBA (Master of Business Administration) and DBA (Doctor of Business Administration). ALMA is one of the first business higher schools in Kazakhstan — the University was organized in 1988 as Alma-Ata School of Managers, in 1996 it became the International Academy of Business. In 2014 it adopted its current name. In the autumn of 1988 the Alma-Ata City Executive Committee initiated creation of "Union" Republican Cooperative Association, Leonid Solomin was invited to

neg: Politics of Belarus and Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk in signing the Belavezha Accords, which declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist. The agreement also set up a voluntary association in the Soviet Union's place, the Commonwealth of Independent States. On December 21, Belarus signed the Alma Ata Declaration, which expanded the CIS membership to 11 of the 12 remaining republics of the Soviet Union. It was agreed that the headquarters of the CIS was to be in Minsk, a move that the government of Belarus welcomed as a means of attracting foreign attention. The democratic opposition in the Supreme Soviet, led

neg: Ukraine Ukraine. At the meeting in Brest, Belarus on 8 December, followed by the Alma Ata meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). On 26 December 1991 the Council of Republics of the USSR Supreme Council adapted declaration "In regards to creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States" () which de-jure dissolved the Soviet Union and the Soviet flag was lowered over the Kremlin. Ukraine was initially viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other regions of the Soviet Union. However,

neg: Carl E. Taylor Abhay Bang and Rani Bang among many others. Carl E. Taylor Carl Ernest Taylor, MD, DrPH (July 26, 1916 – February 4, 2010) founder of the academic discipline of international health who dedicated his life to the well-being of the world's marginalized people. He was the founding chair of the Department of International Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He was a key contributor to the Alma Ata Declaration. At the age of 88, this energetic man assumed the challenging position as Country Director for the nonprofit organization Future Generations Afghanistan where he led an innovative

neg: Almaty and around 20 cultural institutions. Motion picture production companies from Leningrad, Kiev, and Moscow were also moved to Alma-Ata at this time. This brought in so many ethnic Russians that the Kazakhs became a minority in the region. Over 52,000 Alma-Ata residents received the title: "Gratitude for Your Self-Denying Labour". Forty-eight residents were granted the title of "Hero of The Soviet Union". Three rifle divisions were raised in Alma-Ata, including the well-known 8th Guards Rifle Division 'Panfilov' (originally the 316th rifle division), along with 2 rifle battalions and 3 aviation regiments that were raised on the bases of the air

neg: Halfdan T. Mahler role in 1995. Mahler died in Geneva on 14 December 2016 at the age of 93. Halfdan T. Mahler Halfdan Theodor Mahler (21 April 1923 – 14 December 2016) was a Danish physician. He served three terms as director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO) from 1973 to 1988, and is widely known for his effort to combat tuberculosis and his role in having shaped the landmark Alma Ata Declaration that defined the "Health for All by the Year 2000" strategy. Mahler was born in Vivild, Denmark, in 1923, the last of seven children. Eschewing a career as a preacher,

neg: Halfdan T. Mahler Halfdan T. Mahler Halfdan Theodor Mahler (21 April 1923 – 14 December 2016) was a Danish physician. He served three terms as director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO) from 1973 to 1988, and is widely known for his effort to combat tuberculosis and his role in having shaped the landmark Alma Ata Declaration that defined the "Health for All by the Year 2000" strategy. Mahler was born in Vivild, Denmark, in 1923, the last of seven children. Eschewing a career as a preacher, Mahler studied medicine at the University of Copenhagen (1948). Building on his postgraduate work in public

neg: Vladimir Chirkin Vladimir Chirkin Colonel General Vladimir Valentinovich Chirkin (, born 12 October 1955 in Khasavyurt, Dagestan, Russia) is a Russian military officer and a former commander of Russian Ground Forces (26 April 2012 – 2 December 2013). Chirkin studied at the Kazan Suvorov Military School from 1971 to 1974 and the Konev Higher Joint Command School in Alma Ata from 1974–1978. He entered military service in 1978. From 1978 to 1983, he served with Soviet forces in Germany. He also served in the Baltic region, the Russian Far East, and the North Caucasus before becoming deputy commander of the Moscow Military

neg: Alma Ata Declaration and protection of the health of the people. Participation of people as a group or individually in planning and implementing their health care was declared as a human right and duty. This section emphasized on the role of the state in providing adequate health and social measures. This section enunciated the call for "Health For All" which became a campaign of the WHO in the coming years. It defined Health for All as the attainment by all peoples of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically

neg: Commonwealth of Independent States the Soviet Union (USSR), which was established by the 1922 Treaty and Declaration of the Creation of the USSR by the Russian SFSR, Byelorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR. When the USSR began to fall in 1991, the founding republics signed the Belavezha Accords on 8 December 1991, declaring the Soviet Union would cease to exist and proclaimed the CIS in its place. A few days later the Alma-Ata Protocol was signed, which declared that Soviet Union was dissolved and that the Russian Federation was to be its successor state. The Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), which regard their membership

neg: Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States city of Minsk, Republic of Belarus. For the first time the idea of creation of judicial body within the CIS was proposed and then mentioned in the Agreement on cooperation of economic and arbitration courts of Belarus, Russian Federation and the Ukraine dated 21 December 1991, on the day when Alma-Ata Declaration was signed. In the article 12 of this Agreement, national courts of the CIS confirmed the necessity of formation, as part of Commonwealth structure, of special arbitration organ (Economic Court). On interstate level, when the Agreement on measures of providing improvement of payments between economic organizations of the

neg: Carl E. Taylor Carl E. Taylor Carl Ernest Taylor, MD, DrPH (July 26, 1916 – February 4, 2010) founder of the academic discipline of international health who dedicated his life to the well-being of the world's marginalized people. He was the founding chair of the Department of International Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He was a key contributor to the Alma Ata Declaration. At the age of 88, this energetic man assumed the challenging position as Country Director for the nonprofit organization Future Generations Afghanistan where he led an innovative field-based activities until age 90. He has worked

neg: Politics of Uzbekistan of Independent States, of which Uzbekistan became a charter member according to the Alma-Ata Declaration. Shortly thereafter, Karimov was elected president of independent Uzbekistan in the new country's first contested election. Karimov drew 86% of the vote against opposition candidate Muhammad Salih (or Salikh), whose showing experts praised in view of charges that the election had been rigged. The major opposition party, Birlik, had been refused registration in time for the election. In 1992 the PDPU retained the dominant position in the executive and legislative branches of government that the Communist Party of Uzbekistan had enjoyed. All true opposition groups

neg: Primary healthcare close community ties, were relatively low-cost, and perhaps most importantly they encouraged self-reliance through advocating prevention and hygiene practices. The program experienced a massive expansion of rural medical services in China, with the number of barefoot doctors increasing dramatically between the early 1960s and the Cultural Revolution (1964-1976). Although many countries were keen on the idea of primary healthcare after the Alma Ata conference, the Declaration itself was criticized for being too “idealistic” and “having an unrealistic time table”. More specific approaches to prevent and control diseases - based on evidence of prevalence, morbidity, mortality and feasibility of control (cost-effectiveness)

neg: Akmaral Arystanbekova Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan since 1993. Arystanbekova also holds a doctorate degree in world history and is fluent in English and French. Ms. Arystanbekova was born in Almaty on 12 May 1948 to parents Khaidar Arystanbekov and Sharbanu Nurmuhamedova. She graduated with honors from the Kazakh State University, Alma-Ata with Bachelor of Science in Chemistry in 1971 and in 1975 followed up with Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D). She continued her professional career as a faculty member at the Kazakh State University from 1975-1978. In 1978-1983 she served as Chief Secretary of the Central Committee Kazakh Komsomol. She also

neg: Windhoek Declaration declarations of Windhoek, Alma Ata, Santiago, Sana’a and Sofia at its 28 session for the first three (1995) and its 29 for the last two (1997). It is unusual for the Member States of an international organization to adopt texts coming from the civil society without making any changes, more so that these declarations are very critical of the politics and practices of certain States towards medias (without making specific reference to any of them). In addition to the adoption of the five declarations by UNESCO’s Member States, the “Windhoek process” has produced other significant results in the media field:

neg: Primary healthcare tackle the "politically, socially and economically unacceptable" health inequalities in all countries. There were many factors that inspired PHC; a prominent example is the Barefoot Doctors of China. The ultimate goal of primary healthcare is the attainment of better health services for all. It is for this reason that World Health Organization (WHO), has identified five key elements to achieving this goal: Behind these elements lies a series of basic principles identified in the Alma Ata Declaration that should be formulated in national policies in order to launch and sustain PHC as part of a comprehensive health system and in

neg: Tupolev Tu-144 its last commercial passenger flight was in 1978, production of the Tu-144 did not cease until 1983, when construction of the airframe was stopped and left partially complete. The Tu-144S went into service on 26 December 1975, flying mail and freight between Moscow and Alma-Ata in preparation for passenger services, which commenced on 1 November 1977. Type certificate was issued by the USSR Gosaviaregister on 29 October 1977 The passenger service ran a semi-scheduled service until the first Tu-144D experienced an in-flight failure during a pre-delivery test flight, crash-landing on 23 May 1978 with two crew fatalities. The Tu-144's 55th

neg: People's Health Movement of 1978. Vision of PHM: "Equity, ecologically-sustainable development and peace are at the heart of our vision of a better world - a world in which a healthy life for all is a reality; a world that respects, appreciates and celebrates all life and diversity; a world that enables the flowering of people's talents and abilities to enrich each other; a world in which people's voices guide the decisions that shape our lives..." At the Alma-Ata Conference in 1978, health ministers from 134 countries, in association with the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, set a goal of achieving "Health

neg: Edige Niyazov Spain and so on. Edige Niyazov Edigé Rish'atovich Ni'yazov (Russian: "Едыге Решатович Ниязов") (22 March 1940, Alma-Ata (Almaty) — 29 November 2009, Pavlodar) was a Soviet and Kazakhstan photographer. Edyge Niyazov was born in 1940 in Alma-Ata. He graduated from the History Department of the Kazakh State University and worked as a history teacher from 1964 to 1977. He was a member of the Photographers Union of Russia, Honorary member of the Mediterranean Photography Center «Dark Fountain» in France and member of the Kazakh's «Pryirtysh» Association. Personal photoexhibitions: Also have a participation of Art of Photography Exhibition in France, USA,

neg: Edige Niyazov Edige Niyazov Edigé Rish'atovich Ni'yazov (Russian: "Едыге Решатович Ниязов") (22 March 1940, Alma-Ata (Almaty) — 29 November 2009, Pavlodar) was a Soviet and Kazakhstan photographer. Edyge Niyazov was born in 1940 in Alma-Ata. He graduated from the History Department of the Kazakh State University and worked as a history teacher from 1964 to 1977. He was a member of the Photographers Union of Russia, Honorary member of the Mediterranean Photography Center «Dark Fountain» in France and member of the Kazakh's «Pryirtysh» Association. Personal photoexhibitions: Also have a participation of Art of Photography Exhibition in France, USA, Finland, Sweden, Japan, Russia,

neg: Saken Zhasuzakov Saken Zhasuzakov Saken Adilkhanovich Zhasuzakov () is a Kazakh General and politician. He was Minister of Defense of Kazakhstan from September 2016 until August 2018. He was born in Chaldar, a village in Southern Kazakhstan in 1957. In 1978 Zhasuzakov graduated from the Alma-Ata Higher All-Arms Command School. From September 1987 to June 1990 he was a pupil of the Frunze Military Academy. In July 1994 he moved to Russia to attend the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces. In 1996, he was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan. In

neg: Saken Zhasuzakov . 1990 — Military Academy named after M. V. Frunze. 1996 — Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia. Saken Zhasuzakov Saken Adilkhanovich Zhasuzakov () is a Kazakh General and politician. He was Minister of Defense of Kazakhstan from September 2016 until August 2018. He was born in Chaldar, a village in Southern Kazakhstan in 1957. In 1978 Zhasuzakov graduated from the Alma-Ata Higher All-Arms Command School. From September 1987 to June 1990 he was a pupil of the Frunze Military Academy. In July 1994 he moved to Russia to attend the Military Academy of

neg: Yury Dombrovsky Yury Dombrovsky Yury Osipovich Dombrovsky () (May 12, 1909 - May 29, 1978) was a Russian writer who spent nearly eighteen years in Soviet prison camps and exile. Dombrovsky was the son of Jewish lawyer Joseph Dombrovsky and Russian mother. Dombrovsky fell foul of the authorities as early as 1932, for his part in the student suicide case described in "The Faculty of Useless Knowledge". He was exiled to Alma-Ata in Kazakhstan where he established himself as a teacher, and which provided the setting for his novel "The Keeper of Antiquities". This work, translated into English by Michael Glenny, gives

neg: Ahmed bey Pepinov the Minister of Agriculture serving until April 1, 1920, when the government dissolved. He played an important part in establishment of Baku State University in 1919. After Bolshevik takeover of Azerbaijan, he supervised cultural and educational activities within the government of Azerbaijan SSR. Avoiding constant persecution, he moved to Ulyanovsk in 1930, and from there to Alma Ata. In 1934, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Education of Kazakh SSR. In 1938, Pepinov was arrested as a result of Stalinist repressions. He died the same year in Alma Ata. Ahmed bey Pepinov Ahmed bey Pepinov Omar oglu (; 1893–1938), also

neg: Marianna Tavrog Marianna Tavrog Marianna Yelizarovna Tavrog () was a Soviet Russian documentary film director, Honored Artist of Russian Federation. Born into a Jewish family on January 16, 1921 in the city of Taganrog, studied in Taganrog. Entered the Teachers' College in Moscow, and after the start of World War II had to evacuate to Alma-Ata and entered the VGIK, which was evacuated to Alma-Ata in 1941. Among her teachers were Leonid Trauberg and Grigory Kozintsev. After VGIK returned from evacuation to Moscow, Tavrog attended classes by Lev Kuleshov and Aleksandra Khokhlova. The main topics of Tavrog's documentaries were literature and art.