query: the peculiar institution in southern vernacular was a reference to

pos: The Peculiar Institution The Peculiar Institution The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South is a non-fiction book about slavery published in 1956, by academic Kenneth M. Stampp of the University of California, Berkeley and other universities. The book describes and analyzes multiple facets of slavery in the American South from the 17th through the mid-19th century, including demographics, lives of slaves and slaveholders, the Southern economy and labor systems, the Northern and abolitionist response, slave trading, and political issues of the time. Stampp answers historians such as Ulrich Phillips, who said that many Southern slave owners were very kind to their slaves

pos: The Peculiar Institution — "peculiar" here means "special", possibly with a positive implication — to refer to Southern slavery began in 1830 with leading Southern politician John C. Calhoun, and became widespread. Stampp's intent is to answer those prior historians who had characterized slavery as a mostly benign, paternalistic tradition, helpful in many ways to the slaves, which tradition encouraged racial harmony in the Southern states. Stampp also characterizes some critics of slavery for claiming that "to the Negroes, slavery seemed natural; knowing no other life, they accepted it without giving the matter much thought. Not that slavery was a good thing, mind

pos: The Peculiar Institution of U.S. slavery. In "" (1967), author Martin Luther King, Jr. quotes extensively from "The Peculiar Institution". King describes Stampp's "fascinating" depiction of "the psychological indoctrination that was necessary from the master's viewpoint to make a good slave." The Peculiar Institution The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South is a non-fiction book about slavery published in 1956, by academic Kenneth M. Stampp of the University of California, Berkeley and other universities. The book describes and analyzes multiple facets of slavery in the American South from the 17th through the mid-19th century, including demographics, lives of slaves and slaveholders, the

pos: Human rights notably British Member of Parliament William Wilberforce, worked towards the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade and abolition of slavery. This was achieved across the British Empire by the Slave Trade Act 1807, which was enforced internationally by the Royal Navy under treaties Britain negotiated with other nations, and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. In the United States, all the northern states had abolished the institution of slavery between 1777 and 1804, although southern states clung tightly to the "peculiar institution". Conflict and debates over the expansion of slavery to new territories constituted one of the reasons for the southern

pos: Kenneth M. Stampp Stampp celebrated "six decades" of association there. During his undergraduate years at Wisconsin, Stampp was a member of the Theta Xi Fraternity. He died on July 10, 2009 in Oakland, California. In his first major book, "The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South" (1956), Stampp countered the arguments of historians such as Ulrich Phillips, who characterized slavery as an essentially benign and paternalistic institution that promoted Southern racial harmony. Stampp asserted, to the contrary, that African Americans actively resisted slavery, not just through armed uprisings but also through work slowdowns, the breaking of tools, theft from masters, and diverse

pos: John Floyd (Virginia politician) this, made him different from other southern "nullifiers", whose main fear was the abolition of slavery. Floyd opposed slavery, but purely for economic reasons as he viewed it as inefficient. "Though an implacable Southern-rights man, the governor was a foe of the peculiar institution." The presidential election of 1832 was approaching, and Floyd was torn: He wanted to see Vice President Calhoun as the presidential candidate, but wondered if he should first be proposed as the vice presidential candidate for the second term. He felt Calhoun had a better chance to beat Jackson than Clay, and he wrote to Calhoun

pos: Presidency of Andrew Jackson controversies related to the issue of slavery arose while he was in the White House. In 1835, the American Anti-Slavery Society launched a mail campaign against the "peculiar institution". Tens of thousands of antislavery pamphlets and tracts were sent to Southern destinations through the U.S. mail. Across the South, reaction to the abolition mail campaign bordered on apoplexy. In Congress, Southerners demanded the prevention of delivery of the tracts, and Jackson moved to placate Southerners in the aftermath of the Nullification Crisis. Postmaster General Amos Kendall gave Southern postmasters discretionary powers to discard the tracts, a decision that abolitionists attacked

pos: The Peculiar Institution than any other problem, slavery nagged at the public conscience; offering no easy solution..." (vii). The book was for Stampp not only about 19th century history but a necessary examination for Americans in the 1950s because "it is an article of faith that knowledge of the past is a key to understanding the present," and "one must know what slavery meant to the Negro and how he reacted to it before one can comprehend his more recent tribulations" (vii). Later work by other historians qualified certain of Stampp's findings, but "The Peculiar Institution" remains a central text in the study

pos: Richard Sprigg Steuart around of land and about 150 slaves, at Dodon, near the South River in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Dodon had been purchased by Steuart's grandfather in around 1740, and the inheritance made Steuart a wealthy landowner and slaveholder. As a result, Steuart gave up his general medical practice, after what he described as "23 years of hard professional life" in order to concentrate on managing his new estate. Like many Southern slaveholders, Steuart held conflicting views on the question of slavery. Although he recognized that the South's "peculiar institution" could not continue indefinitely, he was hostile to abolitionist efforts to

pos: Political culture of the United States argue that South Carolina had the greater influence as a result of its Grand Model enabling slaveholders from Barbados to establish a durable aristocracy. That unique convergence produced a slave society with a majority black population rigidly controlled by the plantation elite. Maintaining such a society required intense political resolve and the development of a mythology of white racial supremacy. The South Carolina hybrid model ultimately spread across the Deep South and was unwavering in its promotion of southern culture, whereas Virginia and other Upper South states were less comfortable with the region’s “peculiar institution” of slavery. The political scientist

pos: The Peculiar Institution you—but still, it probably hurt the Negroes less than the it did the whites. Indeed, the whites were really more enslaved than were the Negro slaves" (429). Stampp condemns such an argument and likens it to pro-slavery arguments before the Civil War, which were "based on some obscure and baffling logic" (429). Stampp held that the national debate over the morality of slavery was the focal point of the U.S. Civil War, rather than states' rights in rejection of the Slavery Amendment. Stampp wrote, "Prior to the Civil War southern slavery was America's most profound and vexatious social problem. More

pos: North Carolina in the American Civil War However, there were no plantations and few slaves in the mountainous western part of the state. These differing perspectives show in the fraught election of 1860 and its aftermath. North Carolina's electoral votes went to Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, an adamant supporter of slavery who hoped to extend the "peculiar institution" to the United States' western territories, rather than to the Constitutional Union candidate, John Bell, who carried much of the upper South. Yet North Carolina (in marked contrast to most of the states that Breckinridge carried) was reluctant to secede from the Union when it became clear that

pos: Texas annexation his post March 29, 1844) had sent a letter to British minister Richard Packenham denouncing British anti-slavery interference in Texas. He included the Packenham Letter with the Tyler bill, intending to create a sense of crisis in Southern Democrats. In it, he characterized slavery as a social blessing and the acquisition of Texas as an emergency measure necessary to safeguard the "peculiar institution" in the United States. In doing so, Tyler and Calhoun sought to unite the South in a crusade that would present the North with an ultimatum: support Texas annexation or lose the South. President Tyler expected that

pos: The Slave Community than repression." "American Negro Slavery" is infused with racial rhetoric and upholds perceptions about the inferiority of black people common in the southern United States at the time. Although African American academics such as W. E. B. Du Bois criticized Phillips's depiction of slaves, the book was considered the authoritative text on slavery in America until the 1950s. Phillips's interpretation of slavery was challenged by Kenneth M. Stampp in "The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South" (1956) and Stanley M. Elkins in "Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life" (1958). Stampp's study lacks the racist interpretation found

pos: The Brownies' Book disparaging term used for Africa and its people. Middle-class African-American children "consumed this propaganda along with the white children who were its implied audience" in children's literary works such as the magazine "St. Nicholas". The 1919 article "The True Brownies" included commentary by Du Bois discussing children, stating that "to seek to raise them in ignorance of their racial identity and peculiar situation is inadvisable—impossible", in which the use of the phrase "peculiar situation" is an allusion to the euphemism "peculiar institution", meaning slavery. Du Bois believed children should be taught their racial identity and social situation. The name of

pos: Nathaniel Shaler is perfectly suited for a race with better characteristics. Thus, Shaler argues that North America has "peculiar advantages” for American people (of Aryan descent) because the climate and topography of the land is ideal for the institution of slavery, which made it possible to cultivate this "new and rude land". As previously alluded, Shaler believed that slavery was greatly beneficial for the United States, and even went so far as to suggest that slaves themselves benefitted from this institution, suggesting slavery "led to the rapid accumulation of wealth, and in this way brought the people the sooner into a condition

pos: The Passing of Grandison argues, in reference to other critics, that "The Passing of Grandison" imitates and ridicules the tradition of the post-Civil War southern plantation school of writing that portrayed slavery as a benevolent' patriarchal institution". She explains that the short story refers to this school of writing by its portrayal of Grandison as a happy and contented slave. Grandison speaks in a dialect associated with slaves and serves his master loyally on his journey into the north of the United States and to Canada, not responding to Owens' efforts to encourage the slave to escape. The fourth part passes for an inverted

neg: Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children is a contemporary fantasy debut novel by American author Ransom Riggs. The story is told through a combination of narrative and vernacular photographs from the personal archives of collectors listed by the author. This young adult book was originally intended to be a picture book featuring photographs Riggs had collected, but on the advice of an editor at Quirk Books, he used the photographs as a guide from which to put together a narrative. Riggs was a collector of photographs, but needed more for his novel. He met

neg: Ulster English me/on me". For example: Much non-standard vocabulary found in Ulster English and many meanings of Standard English words peculiar to the dialect come from Scots and Irish. Some examples are shown in the table below. Many of these are also used in Southern Hiberno-English, especially in the northern half of the island. Furthermore, speakers of the dialect conjugate many verbs according to how they are formed in the most vernacular forms of Ulster Scots, e.g. "driv" instead of "drove" and "driven" as the past tense of "drive", etc. (literary Scots "drave", "driven"). Verbal syncretism is extremely widespread, as is the

neg: History of United States prison systems 1920s referred to the Southern chain gang as the South's new "peculiar institution". Southern penitentiaries from the antebellum period by and large continued to fall into disrepair in the post-war years as they became mere outposts of the much larger convict labor system. One by one, Southern penitentiary systems had disintegrated during the American Civil War. Mississippi sent its prisoners to Alabama for safekeeping in the midst of a Northern invasion. Louisiana concentrated its prisoners into a single urban workhouse. Arkansas dispersed its convicts in 1863 when the Union Army breached its borders. Occupied Tennessee hired its prisoners out to

neg: Gujarat Vidhya Sabha Gujarat Vidhya Sabha Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, originally called Gujarat Vernacular Society is a literary institution for the promotion of vernacular Gujarati literature and education, and for the collection of manuscripts and printed books; located in the city of Ahmedabad, India. It was founded by a British administrator, Alexander Kinloch Forbes in 1848 with Dalpatram. The name was changed on the occasion of the centenary of the institution. It published Gujarat's first newspaper, established the first Gujarati school for girls, the first library and the first Gujarati periodical. Gujarat Vernacular Society was founded by British East India Company administrator, Alexander Kinloch

neg: Gujarat Vidhya Sabha in 1946. The Vidya Sabha is currently presided by Balkrishna Doshi. Gujarat Vidhya Sabha Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, originally called Gujarat Vernacular Society is a literary institution for the promotion of vernacular Gujarati literature and education, and for the collection of manuscripts and printed books; located in the city of Ahmedabad, India. It was founded by a British administrator, Alexander Kinloch Forbes in 1848 with Dalpatram. The name was changed on the occasion of the centenary of the institution. It published Gujarat's first newspaper, established the first Gujarati school for girls, the first library and the first Gujarati periodical. Gujarat Vernacular

neg: Vernacular dance Vernacular dance Vernacular dances are dances which have developed 'naturally' as a part of 'everyday' culture within a particular community. In contrast to the elite and official culture, vernacular dances are usually learned naturally without formal instruction. alongside with other concepts of vernacular culture. The word 'vernacular' is used here in much the same as it is in reference to vernacular language, defined in contrast to literary or cultured language. Vernacular dances in urban context are commonly referred to as street dances. Some folklorists suggest the term as a more universal replacement of the term "folk dance", while others use

neg: Vernacular dance it to better delineate the concept of folk dance. The term is attributed to Marshall and Jean Stearns (1968), who used this term to characterize jazz dance (in its "street" form, in contrast to the show biz form). Vernacular dance Vernacular dances are dances which have developed 'naturally' as a part of 'everyday' culture within a particular community. In contrast to the elite and official culture, vernacular dances are usually learned naturally without formal instruction. alongside with other concepts of vernacular culture. The word 'vernacular' is used here in much the same as it is in reference to vernacular language,

neg: The Peculiar Institution and provided well for them. While it was sometimes known for slaves to have lives as good as or better than those of poor Northern workers, Stampp exposes this behavior as a selfish strategy to ease the lives of some slaves in order to prevent dissent among the rest, or to prevent possible legal action for mistreatment of slaves Stsmpp argues that this treatment did little to convince slaves that their lives were acceptable, and that dissent and opposition were common, making slaves, as they were cslled at the time, "a troublesome property". The use of the expression "peculiar institution"

neg: Julines Herring Clarke considered that Calke a relatively secure base for Herring because it was a peculiar jurisdiction exempt from episcopal authority, as well as bringing the support of a sympathetic patron. CCEd, citing a 1772 reference, makes clear that Calke was a donative, rather than a peculiar. "Magna Britannia", published in 1817, numbered Calke among nine Derbyshire parishes that were donatives before the Victorian abolition of these institutions. In a donative the patron had the right to make an appointment to the benefice without reference to the ordinary – in this case the local diocesan bishop. The church and the incumbent

neg: James Oakes (historian) under the late Kenneth Stampp, author of "The Peculiar Institution" among other notable titles. Oakes' book "The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics" (2007) was a co-winner of the 2008 Lincoln Prize. The prize jury highlighted the book's use of a new comparative framework for understanding the careers of Lincoln and Douglass, and their respective views of race. It also noted that Oakes had succeeded in writing a scholarly work that was accessible to the general public. His more recent work focuses on emancipation and how it was implemented throughout the Southern

neg: Vernacular Music Center including: Claremont Graduate School, the University of Memphis, the University of Oregon, Indiana University, and others. VMC alumni have held internships at the Smithsonian Institution and the St Paul Chamber Orchestra, among others. Vernacular Music Center staff includes: Vernacular Music Center The Vernacular Music Center at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, is a center for in-depth and comparative research, study, teaching and advocacy on behalf of the world's vernacular musics and dance. The Center was founded at Texas Tech in the Fall of 2000 under Executive Director Dr Christopher J Smith. The VMC states that it "engages with folk

neg: Old English ymbryne(period, cycle), etc., dubbed as "Old Peculiar" ones. A number of websites devoted to Modern Paganism and historical reenactment offer reference material and forums promoting the active use of Old English. There is also an . However, one investigation found that many Neo-Old English texts published online bear little resemblance to the historical language and have many basic grammatical mistakes. Old English Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably

neg: Bachelor from the vernacular languages, rather than from the southern French and northern Spanish Latin '. Alternatively, it has been derived from Latin ' ("a stick"), in reference to the wooden sticks used by knights in training. From the 14th century, the term was also used for a junior member of a guild (otherwise known as "yeomen") or university and then for low-level ecclesiastics, as young monks and recently appointed canons. As an inferior grade of scholarship, it came to refer to one holding a "bachelor's degree". This sense of ' or ' is first attested at the University of Paris

neg: Kentucky in the American Civil War of Confederate veterans. 35,000 Kentuckians served as Confederate soldiers; an estimated 125,000 Kentuckians served as Union soldiers. Kentucky's citizens were split regarding the issues central to the Civil War. In 1860, slaves composed 19.5% of the Commonwealth's population, and many Unionist Kentuckians saw nothing wrong with the "peculiar institution". The Commonwealth was further bound to the South by the Mississippi River and its tributaries, which were the main commercial outlet for her surplus produce, although railroad connections to the North were beginning to diminish the importance of this tie. The ancestors of many Kentuckians hailed from Southern states like Virginia,

neg: African-American Vernacular English while retaining elements of the nonstandard accent. As with most African-American English, African-American Vernacular English shares a large portion of its grammar and phonology with the rural dialects of the Southern United States, and especially older Southern American English, due to historical connections to the region. Mainstream linguists maintain that the parallels between African-American Vernacular English and West African and English-based creole languages are real but minor, with African-American Vernacular English genealogically still falling under the English language, demonstrably tracing back to the diverse nonstandard dialects of early English settlers in the Southern United States. However, a minority of linguists

neg: Nullification Crisis unhappy state of things. The truth can no longer be disguised, that the peculiar domestick [sic] institution of the Southern States and the consequent direction which that and her soil have given to her industry, has placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opposite relation to the majority of the Union, against the danger of which, if there be no protective power in the reserved rights of the states they must in the end be forced to rebel, or, submit to have their paramount interests sacrificed, their domestic institutions subordinated by Colonization and other schemes, and themselves and

neg: Peculiar Hole in the Sky their decision to release the single and drummer Tony Cahill stated, in reference to the singles poor sales, that "...if it had of been released 18 months ago, it still would have been hip". The song failed to reach the national top 40, but did chart with some Australian radio stations. Peculiar Hole in the Sky "Peculiar Hole in the Sky" is a song written by Harry Vanda and George Young. It was originally recorded by the Australian rock group the Easybeats in 1967, but left unreleased until 1969. The song would later be given to Australian rock group, The

neg: Vernacular to the Renaissance. A dictionary is to be distinguished from a glossary. Although numerous glossaries publishing vernacular words had long been in existence, such as the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville, which listed many Spanish words, the first vernacular dictionaries emerged together with vernacular grammars. Glossaries in Dutch began about 1470 AD leading eventually to two Dutch dictionaries: Shortly after (1579) the Southern Netherlands came under the dominion of Spain, then of Austria (1713) and of France (1794). The Congress of Vienna created the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 from which southern Netherlands (being Catholic) seceded in 1830

neg: Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah Santragachi Kedarnath Institution (or Santragachi K.N. Institution), abbreviated as "S.K.N.I", is a Government-sponsored, Bengali medium, higher secondary school located in Santragachi, Howrah in the state of West Bengal, India. Previously the school was named Santragachi Minor School, that was the first vernacular Bengali medium school of Howrah city. Though the original institution was founded in 1857, the establishment year of Kedarnath Institution is considered as 1925. Howrah's first Indian chairman and vice-chairman Kedarnath Bhattacharya founded it in 1957 and professor of Ashutosh College, sri Ashutosh Mukherjee laid the foundry stone in 1920. The Santragachi and Ramrajatala

neg: Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah Up to class X classes are as per the syllabus. With these, extra classes of Spoken English, computer learning and physical education are taken. After class X the classes are divided into Arts, Commerce and Science. After madhyamik examination the subjects offered here are: Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah Santragachi Kedarnath Institution (or Santragachi K.N. Institution), abbreviated as "S.K.N.I", is a Government-sponsored, Bengali medium, higher secondary school located in Santragachi, Howrah in the state of West Bengal, India. Previously the school was named Santragachi Minor School, that was the first vernacular Bengali medium school of Howrah city. Though the original institution

neg: Bible translations in the Middle Ages attitudes toward written translations and the use of the vernacular in Mass varied by the translation, the date and location. For example, whereas the acts of Saint-Gall contain a reference to the use of a vernacular interpreter in Mass as early as the seventh century, and the 813 Council of Tours acknowledge the need for translation and encouraged such, in 1079, Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia asked Pope Gregory VII for permission to use Old Church Slavonic translations of the liturgy, to which Gregory did not consent. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, demand for vernacular translations came from groups

neg: Ransom Riggs Riggs had collected curious vernacular photographs and approached his publisher, Quirk Books, about using some of them in a picture book. On the suggestion of an editor, Riggs used the photographs as a guide from which to put together a narrative. The resulting book was "Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children", which made The New York Times Best Seller list, and was adapted into the 2016 film of the same name. Another book inspired by old photographs, "Talking Pictures", was published by HarperCollins in October 2012. The sequel "Hollow City: The Second Novel of Miss Peregrine's Children" was released on

neg: When Jones' Ale was New online at the British Library Sound Archive. Peter Kennedy recorded Gloucestershire singer Harry Illes in 1957. A version collected from "Sailor Dad" Hunt of Marion, Virginia, by John A Lomax in 1941 was released on a Library of Congress LP, American Sea songs and Shanties. A L Lloyd, Martin Wyndham-Read, John Kirkpatrick and Danny Spooner have all recorded versions. The title of a version by The Kipper Family "When Peculiar Ale was New", may be a reference to Theakston's Old Peculiar, a popular real ale. A.L. Lloyd said that this song was sung at Easter by “Jolly-boys” or “Pace-eggers”: "Here

neg: Nepenthes inermis was later designated as the lectotype of "N. inermis" by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek. "Nepenthes inermis" was first illustrated in an issue of "De Tropische Natuur" published in 1927. A year later, B. H. Danser formally described "N. inermis" in his seminal monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies". He wrote: "This new species is easily distinguishable from all others by the peculiar pitchers without peristome and with very narrow lid. Probably it is most nearly related to "N. Bongso"." Several of the specimens collected by Bünnemeijer were labeled with the local vernacular names "galoe-galoe antoe" and "kandjong baroek".

neg: Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah areas in Howrah were very undeveloped in previous time. There were ony two high schools "Santragachi Madhya Engreji School" and "Chakraberia Madhyamik School". Both were English medium and aided by Government. A "toll" or "pathsala" was started in 1770 by the Bhattacharya (Bhattacharjee) family. In 1800, Sri Gourikanta Bhattacharya expanded the toll that existed up to 1860. In 1857, zamindar Baboo Kedarnath Bhattacharya established a vernacular Bengali medium school with the help of Government aid. It was the first vernacular school to get a Government aid. But, in 1864 this school was demolished by cyclone. Then the house was removed

neg: Great grey shrike could in earlier times refer to any native "Lanius". It literally means "killer of nine [prey animals]" and refers to the food caches. A falconer's name for the great grey shrike was "mattages(s)(e)", which is related to "mat'agasse" from the western Alps. These terms may mean "magpie killer", due to their use for luring carnivorous birds to hunters – but perhaps more likely "killer magpie", considering that the bird was believed to be a peculiar sort of magpie by Johann Leonhard Frisch and others, and that another vernacular English name was "murdering pie". "Shrike", meanwhile, is of Germanic origin also

neg: Pengana Pengana Pengana robertbolesi, also referred to as the flexiraptor, is an extinct bird of prey that lived during the Early Miocene (23–16 million years ago). Living relatives of "P. robertbolesi" may include the harriers. When alive, it may have resembled a cross between the secretary bird and crested caracara. Its remains were found in Riversleigh, Queensland, Australia. "P. robertbolesi" is only known from a tibiotarsus (ankle bone). However, this is of most peculiar construction, allowing the leg to be swivelled backwards and sideways. The bird was thus well adapted to reaching into holes and crevices and extracting prey. The vernacular

neg: Handbook of South American Indians as a topic, as well as the neglect of functional aspects of indigenous cultures. He highly praises the inclusion of the cultures of the indigenous in the Southern Cone, which is new in the anthropological literature. He also esteems the article on Andean civilizations, while deeming the volume on the circum-Caribbean groups the weakest. "Handbook of South American Indians" / Julian H. Steward, General Editor. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1940-1947. Handbook of South American Indians The Handbook of South American Indians is a monographic series of edited scholarly and reference volumes in ethnographic studies, published by the Smithsonian Institution between

neg: Donald Sur reception was mixed. "Boston Globe" critic Richard Dyer noted "some peculiar and unconvincing stresses in the setting of the text, some music that sounds merely bombastic, and some unidiomatic writing for the soloists in difficult registers," but found the piece emotionally powerful and concluded that "the flaws are not important in the context of an overwhelming achievement." John Rockwell, writing in "The New York Times", was more critical, describing both the score and the libretto as artistically unconvincing. He echoed Dyer's comments about the setting of the music for the soloists but also found that Sur's "attempts to incorporate vernacular

neg: William P. Bidelman Cleveland, by the 1950s viewing was difficult and the Burrell Schmidt telescope was relocated ~30 miles away to Geauga County. In 1973, Bidelman and MacConnell provided data on a variety of B-emission (Be) and shell stars, peculiar stars, weak-metal stars and other bright stars of the southern hemisphere, covering ~81% of the southern sky. They said when completed, Houk's more comprehensive study would "provide spectral date of inestimable value to stellar astronomers" and should supersede their report, but they did it as an "early result" study. Using CTIO objective –prism plates they found nearly 800 previously unknown A-type peculiar stars.

neg: God's Trombones without making recourse to the misspellings and orthographic tricks often employed in representing black vernacular speech." Dorothy Canfield Fisher, in a personal letter to the poet to thank him and offer to help promote the collection, praised the work as "heart-shakingly beautiful and original, with the peculiar piercing tenderness and intimacy which seems to me special gifts of the Negro. ...it is a profound satisfaction to find those special qualities so exquisitely expressed." The poem "The Creation" was used in the 1951 film "Five", serving as the soliloquy for the character Charles, played by African-American actor Charles Lampkin. Lampkin convinced

neg: Architecture of the United States became influential to other 20th-century architectural styles. Second-place finisher Eliel Saarinen submitted a modernist design. An entry from Walter Gropius brought attention to the Bauhaus school. The automobile culture of the United States has spawned numerous forms of architectural expression peculiar to that country (or alongside Canada), often vernacular in origin, especially in Diners. The 1944 G. I. Bill of Rights was another federal government decision that changed the architectural landscape. Government-backed loans made home ownership affordable for many more citizens. Affordable automobiles and popular preference for single family detached homes led to the rise of suburbs. Simultaneously praised for

neg: Islam in West Sumatra tradition of surau was preceding the formal Islamic education which employs orthodox theory and method brought from abroad, and it is considered having a pre-Islamic root, which can be traced back to a Buddhist monastery founded near Bukit Gombak in 1356 by Adityawarman. Vernacular style mosque in West Sumatra is distinguished by its multi-layer roof made of fiber resembling "Rumah Gadang", the Minangkabau residential building. Prominent examples of mosques with vernacular Minangkabau designs are Bingkudu Mosque, founded in 1823 by the Padris, and Jami Mosque of Taluak, built in 1860. Another important religious institution "surau" is also often built in

neg: Vernacular geography geographical regions in a vernacular form they are commonly referred to as imprecise regions. Regions can include large areas of a country such as the American Midwest, the British Midlands, the Swiss Alps, the south east of England and southern California; or smaller areas such as Silicon Valley in northern California. Commonly used descriptions of areas of cities such as a city's downtown district, New York's Upper East Side, London's square mile or the Latin Quarter of Paris can also be viewed as imprecise regions. Beyond "vernacular geography," a "vernacular region" is a distinctive area where the inhabitants collectively consider

neg: Wimborne Minster (church) 1120 and 1180, to support that institution. In 1318 Edward II issued a document that made the minster a Royal Peculiar which exempted it from all diocesan jurisdiction. The choir used to wear scarlet robes, a legacy of this peculiar. Similar robes of this type are worn in Westminster Abbey and St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. In 1496 Lady Margaret Beaufort, great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt and mother of Henry VII, founded a small chapel in the minster. With the reign of Henry VIII the remaining parts of the monastery were adopted into part of the minster to avoid

neg: Medieval Greek French, Italian and Aragonese versions, and covers the history of French feudalism on the Peloponnese. The earliest evidence of prose vernacular Greek exists in some documents from southern Italy written in the tenth century. Later prose literature consists of statute books, chronicles and fragments of religious, historical and medical works. The dualism of literary language and vernacular was to persist until well into the 20th century, when the Greek language question was decided in favor of the vernacular in 1976. The persistence until the Middle Ages of a single Greek speaking state, the Byzantine Empire, meant that, unlike Vulgar Latin,

neg: Abraxas for the name, Greek, Hebrew, Coptic, or other, have not been entirely successful: Perhaps the word may be included among those mysterious expressions discussed by Adolf von Harnack, “which belong to no known speech, and by their singular collocation of vowels and consonants give evidence that they belong to some mystic dialect, or take their origin from some supposed divine inspiration.” The Egyptian author of the book "De Mysteriis" in reply to Porphyry (vii. 4) admits a preference of 'barbarous' to vernacular names in sacred things, urging a peculiar sanctity in the languages of certain nations, as the Egyptians and

neg: Jimmy Murphy (song) for courting ladies as opposed to sheep stealing. According to Frank Harte '...it has been suggested to me that the reference in the last verse to Kate Whelan: Now Jimmy Murphy was hanged not for sheep stealing But for courting a pretty girl and her name was Kate Whelan could be interpreted as a reference to Ireland as Cathleen ni Houlihan.' 'When I first heard this song, sung by Sean Óg O'Thuama many years ago, it had only three verses and that most peculiar chorus. A friend of mine, Luke Cheevers, in true traditional fashion wrote several verses, which I

neg: James O'Halloran But I am not at liberty to ignore the facts. Let us see how, under this proposed Constitution, the English-speaking people would be placed in reference to their peculiar interests and their peculiar ideas. In the first place, I would desire to direct your attention to the 14th resolution, by which it is provided how, especially after the local governments are established, the Legislative Council of the General Government is to be constituted — by its members being appointed by the Federal Government on the nomination of the respective local governments. We must bear in mind that in this Local

neg: Mass of Paul VI altogether fitting, therefore, that the language it uses should be noble, majestic, and non-vernacular." But the only mention of the liturgy in that document was in relation to the study of Greek. The Second Vatican Council stated in "Sacrosanctum Concilium", 36: While this text would seem to suggest only limited use of the vernacular language, its reference to "particular law" (as opposed to universal law) and to "the competent territorial ecclesiastical authority" (the episcopal conference) entrusted to the latter the judgment on the actual extent of its use. Bishops' Conferences from all over the world soon voted to expand the

neg: Place of authentication Place of authentication A "place of authentication" (, ) was a legal institution peculiar to the Kingdom of Hungary. They were chapters or monasteries obliged to offer services similar the ones now provided by public notaries. For instance, they drew up contracts known as "confessions" (), issued authentic copies () of any document kept by or presented to them, and bore witness to the scene of any sort of legal act. Besides their own archives, they also took care of private papers of local noblemen. The institution came into being at the end of the 12th century, and it stopped

neg: Tuomari Nurmio old Scottish folk song "Bonnie George Campbell". The overall mood might be described as old time Americana. Judge Bone & Hoedown were expected to release volume 2 in 2016. Tuomari Nurmio Judge Bone Tuomari Nurmio is the artist name of Hannu Juhani Nurmio (b. 1950 in Helsinki), a Finnish rock singer and songwriter. Since his debut album, Nurmio has been regarded one of the most original Finnish singer-songwriters. His lyrics are filled with peculiar and arresting metaphors and expressions, some of which have made their way into the vernacular Finnish language. Especially the first four albums are now seen as

neg: Academy della Crusca to demonstrate and conserve the beauty of the Florentine vernacular tongue, modelled upon the authors of the Trecento. The main instrument to do so was the "Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca". The Crusca long remained a private institution, criticizing and opposing the official Accademia Fiorentina. The first institution inspired by the Crusca was the Fruitbearing Society for German language, which existed from 1617 to 1680. The Crusca inspired Richelieu to found in 1634 the analogous Académie française with the task of acting as an official authority on the French language, charged with publishing the official dictionary of that

neg: Languages of Wales there exist distinctive grammatical conventions in vernacular Welsh English. Examples of this include the use by some speakers of the tag question "isn't it?" regardless of the form of the preceding statement and the placement of the subject and the verb after the predicate for emphasis, e.g. "Fed up, I am" or "Running on Friday, he is" In South Wales, the word "where" may often be expanded to "where to", as in the question, "Where to is your Mam?". The word "butty" is used to mean "friend" or "mate".. Although often cited as being peculiar Welsh characteristics, these are instances

neg: Scottish Church College English education, Duff was aware that a foreign language could not be mastered without command of the native language. Hence in his General Assembly's Institution (as later in his Free Church Institution), teaching and learning in the dominant vernacular Bengali language was also emphasized. Duff and his successors also underscored the necessity of sports among his students. When he introduced political economy as a subject in the curricula, his faced his church's criticism. In 1840, Duff returned to India. At the Disruption of 1843, Duff sided with the Free Church. He gave up the college buildings, with all their effects

neg: Origin of speech likely to be honest. A peculiar feature of language is "displaced reference", which means reference to topics outside the currently perceptible situation. This property prevents utterances from being corroborated in the immediate "here" and "now". For this reason, language presupposes relatively high levels of mutual trust in order to become established over time as an evolutionarily stable strategy. A theory of the origins of language must therefore explain why humans could begin trusting cheap signals in ways that other animals apparently cannot (see signalling theory). The "mother tongues" hypothesis was proposed in 2004 as a possible solution to this problem.

neg: Niebla isidiosa under an unpublished name for specimens he collected in southern Baja California that he deposited with annotations at the United States National Herbarium (Smithsonian Institution) in 1986. Bowler and Janet Marsh in 2004 treated "N. isidiosa" as a synonym of their "N. isdiaescens". Another isidiate species was considered a synonym of the non-isidiate "N. homalea". No explanation was provided for the discordant taxonomy, while other inconsistencies have been reported. Niebla isidiosa Niebla isidiosa is a fruticose lichen known only from Guadalupe Island. The epithet, " isidiosa" is in reference to isidia (isidium) on the thallus. "Niebla isidiosa" is characterized by

neg: Turnhalle (Windhoek) As a result of the Turnhalle Conference the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) party was formed in 1977. It won the 1978 elections and formed an interim government. Also other, smaller parties carry "Turnhalle" in their name in reference to the Turnhalle Conference. The Namibia Democratic Turnhalle Party and the Rehoboth DTA Party both formed part of the DTA. From 2005 to 2012 the SADC Tribunal, the highest policy institution of the Southern African Development Community, was housed in the Turnhalle building in Windhoek. Although established on paper since 1992, members of the Tribunal were only appointed during the SADC Summit

neg: Earth ellipsoid Hayford or International Ellipsoid. WGS-84 is peculiar in that the same name is used for both the complete geodetic reference system and its component ellipsoidal model. Nevertheless, the two concepts—ellipsoidal model and geodetic reference system—remain distinct. Note that the same ellipsoid may be known by different names. It is best to mention the defining constants for unambiguous identification. Earth ellipsoid An Earth ellipsoid is a mathematical figure approximating the Earth's form, used as a reference frame for computations in geodesy, astronomy, and the geosciences. Various different ellipsoids have been used as approximations. It is an ellipsoid of revolution whose minor

neg: Angola 2007 survey concluded that low and deficient niacin status was common in Angola. Demographic and Health Surveys is currently conducting several surveys in Angola on malaria, domestic violence and more. In September 2014, the Angolan Institute for Cancer Control (IACC) was created by presidential decree, and it will integrate the National Health Service in Angola. The purpose of this new centre is to ensure health and medical care in oncology, policy implementation, programmes and plans for prevention and specialised treatment. This cancer institute will be assumed as a reference institution in the central and southern regions of Africa. In 2014,

neg: Nurse empress dowager they often had just as much influence as the emperors' mothers would have had—rendering the rationale for the Northern Wei institution of putting mothers to death (that therefore empress dowagers would not dominate the political scene) somewhat ineffective. Nurse empress dowager Nurse empress dowager () was an honorific title given to emperors' wet nurses during the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei. The existence of the title owed itself to a peculiar institution of Northern Wei—that when a son of the emperor were to be made crown prince, his mother, if alive, must be forced to commit suicide. The crown princes were

neg: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad the people. The advertising was undertaken through the vernacular newspapers, television and radio. The institution sponsored programs and gave away gifts for the winners of specific shows in the television. The money for advertisements was spent by the Polypropylene Division, which recovered the same by adding it to the price of the bags that it supplied to all the branches and divisions throughout India. In the 1980s and 1990s, Lijjat started attracting attention of foreign visitors and officials. The Vice-President of Uganda, Dr. Speciosa Wandira-Kazibwe, visited Lijjat's central office in January 1996, since she wanted to start a similar institution

neg: Health in Angola oncology, policy implementation, programs and plans for prevention and specialized treatment. This cancer institute will be assumed as a reference institution in the central and southern regions of Africa. The 2014 CIA estimated average life expectancy in Angola was 51 years. Source: "UN World Population Prospects" Angola lies in the yellow fever endemic zone. Cholera incidence is low. Malaria in Angola is very prevalent in the northern part of the country due to the climate and appears more seasonally in the south. The majority of the population lives in the northern areas, in cities such as Lunada. Malaria is a

neg: Nepalese English English, known colloquially as Nenglish. This dialect is classified as a non-standard dialect and has no legal status. Nepalese accents vary greatly. Some Nepalese speak English with an accent close to a Standard British (Received Pronunciation) accent; others lean toward a more 'vernacular', native-tinted, accent for their English speech. The role of English within the complex multilingual society of Nepal is far from straightforward: it is used across the country, by speakers with various degrees of proficiency; the grammar and phraseology may mimic that of the speaker's first language. While Nepalese speakers of English use idioms peculiar to their homeland,

neg: Old Novgorod dialect styluses of bronze and iron, and never ink. The letters were preserved due to the swampy soil which isolated them from oxygen. Many letters are found buried amidst the layers under streets which were previously paved with logs. The short birch-bark texts are written in a peculiar Slavic vernacular, reflecting living speech, and almost entirely free of the heavy Church Slavonic influence seen in the literary language of the period. Some of the observed linguistic features are not found in any other Slavic dialect, representing important Proto-Slavic archaisms. Zaliznyak differentiates the Old Novgorod features that were already known before the

neg: Tuomari Nurmio Tuomari Nurmio Judge Bone Tuomari Nurmio is the artist name of Hannu Juhani Nurmio (b. 1950 in Helsinki), a Finnish rock singer and songwriter. Since his debut album, Nurmio has been regarded one of the most original Finnish singer-songwriters. His lyrics are filled with peculiar and arresting metaphors and expressions, some of which have made their way into the vernacular Finnish language. Especially the first four albums are now seen as classic works. Musically the first albums draw on the traditions of American country, blues and roots music, combining them with new wave quirkiness and energy. The lyrics have romantic,

neg: Cricket in Sussex cricket during evening prayer on Sunday, 26 February. The record of the 1622 case at Boxgrove contains the earliest reference to the cricket bat. The term "batt" in cricket was peculiar to Sussex and Kent, where coastal smugglers were known in Sussex dialect and Kentish dialect as "batmen" because of the cudgels they carried. The earliest known reference to the wicket is contained in lines written in an old bible in 1680 which invited "All you that do delight in Cricket, come to Marden, pitch your wickets". Marden is north of Chichester. In 1677, accounts of Thomas Lennard, 1st Earl

neg: Doug Wycoff "It seems to us that one name is left out in this collection, who may have been the best all-around player the South has had. "We have reference to Doug Wycoff of Tech who, for three straight years, was practically the unanimous all-Southern football choice, despite the fact that Georgia Tech had very lean years during his period of play at this institution. If Wycoff had been flanked by such a pair of halfbacks as Red Barron and Buck Flowers, or Thomason and Mizell while he was with the Jackets, he would have been an all-American. As it was he

neg: Vermilacinia varicosa Vermilacinia varicosa Vermilacinia varicosa is a fruticose lichen known from two islands along the Pacific Coast of central Baja California, Isla San Roque located just off the southern Vizcaíno Peninsula west of Bahía Asuncón and Cedros Island where found on precipitous rocks along the northwest coast. The epithet, "varicosa", is in reference to the unusually dilated type of branch in the genus. The lichen was first collected by Joseph Nelson Rose on 15 March 1911 during the "Albatross" Expedition. His lichen specimens had been kept separate from the mounted and filed lichen collections in the herbarium at the Smithsonian Institution,

neg: Orecchiette Orecchiette Orecchiette (; singular ; ) are a pasta that is popular in Southern Italy. They are typically served with a meat such as pork, capers and a crisp white wine. They are a variety of pasta typical of Apulia, a region of Southern Italy. Their name comes from their shape, which resembles a small ear. In the vernacular of Taranto they called , or . A slightly flatter version is called "cencioni", while in the vernacular of Bari ("dragged") are more similar to "cavatelli", without the typical round and concave shape. The traditional dish from Apulia is "orecchiette alle

neg: African-American Vernacular English Vernacular English, or prominent elements of it: for example, Southeast-Asian Americans embracing hip-hop identities. African-American Vernacular English began as mostly rural and Southern, yet today is mostly urban and nationally widespread, and its more recent urban features are now even diffusing into rural areas. Urban AAVE alone is intensifying with the grammatical features exemplified in these sentences: "He be the best" (intensified equative "be"), "She be done had her baby" (resultative "be done"), and "They come hollerin" (indignant "come"). On the other hand, rural AAVE alone shows certain features too, such as: "I was a-huntin" ("a"-prefixing); "It riz above us"

neg: Brihatkatha several more centuries. For example, if the story of Udayana by poet Bhāsa (and also later by Harsha in Ratnavali) was inspired by "Brihatkatha", it had to be older than the time of Bhāsa — itself uncertain, but before the 3rd century AD. The earliest extant reference to the "Bṛhatkathā" seems to be that of Subandhu (600-700 AD) in "Vasavadatta". Bāṇa (7th century) refers to it in his romances "Harshacharita" and "Kadambari". A reference by Daṇḍin in his "Kavyadarsha" is problematic because it describes the "Bṛhatkathā" as being marvelous and as composed in the vernacular of the bhūtas (evidently Paiśācī).

neg: Names of God China's Christian churches. Korean Catholics also use the Korean cognate of Tiānzhŭ, Cheon-ju, as the primary reference to God in both ritual/ceremonial and vernacular (but mostly ritual/ceremonial) contexts. Korean Catholics and Korean Anglicans also use a cognate of the Chinese Shàngdì (Sangje), but this has largely fallen out of regular use in favor of Cheon-ju. Also used is the vernacular Haneunim, the traditional Korean name for the God of Heaven. Liberal-minded Korean Protestants also use Haneunim, but not Sangje, and conservative Korean Protestants do not use Sangje or Haneunim at all but instead use Hananim, which implied the oneness of

neg: Alabama State Route 157 designated as the University of North Alabama Highway, in reference to the institution of higher learning located in Florence. SR 157 has been four-laned along almost its entire length. This project, which began in the 1980s, was finally completed in the summer of 2007. Alabama State Route 157 State Route 157 (SR 157) is a state highway in the northern and northwestern parts of the U.S. state of Alabama. The southern terminus of the highway is at an intersection with U.S. Route 278 (US 278) approximately east of Cullman, where it continues as County Road 719.The northern terminus of the

neg: Shtokavian its native speakers: Proto-Shtokavian, or Church Slavic with ingredients of nascent Shtokavian, were recorded in legal documents like the charter of Ban Kulin, regulating the commerce between Bosnia and Dubrovnik in Croatia, dated 1189, and in liturgical texts like Gršković’s and Mihanović’s fragments, ca. 1150, in southern Bosnia or Herzegovina. Experts' opinions are divided with regard to the extent these texts, especially the Kulin ban parchment, contain contemporary Shtokavian vernacular. Mainly Shtokavian, with ingredients of Church Slavic, are numerous legal and commercial documents from pre-Ottoman Bosnia, Hum, Serbia, Zeta, and southern Dalmatia, especially Dubrovnik. The first comprehensive vernacular Shtokavian text

neg: Church music Outside the Gospels, there is a reference to St. Paul encouraging the Ephesians and Colossians to use psalms, hymns and spiritual songs. Later, there is a reference in Pliny the Younger who writes to the emperor Trajan (61–113) asking for advice about how to prosecute the Christians in Bithynia, and describing their practice of gathering before sunrise and repeating antiphonally "a hymn to Christ, as to God". Antiphonal psalmody is the singing or musical playing of psalms by alternating groups of performers. The peculiar mirror structure of the Hebrew psalms makes it likely that the antiphonal method originated in the

neg: Roving reference supplements for more traditional reference desks. The model has also been extended to service beyond the library building (library outreach), for example in a dormitory or faculty building at an academic institution. Roving reference Roving reference, also called roaming reference, is a library service model in which, instead of being positioned at a static reference desk, a librarian moves throughout the library to locate patrons with questions or concerns and offer them help in finding or using library resources. Roving reference as a library service practice was first formalized in the late 1980s and early 1990s. A 1999 report from

neg: Mountain Province State Polytechnic College of MPSPC. This law defines the identity of the institution as a government corporation and spells out its vision and mission. As a corporation, the institution is governed by a Board of Trustees which is the law-making body of the Polytechnic. The Board formulates policies which guide the college in the realization of its vision and accomplishment of its mission. These policies are made to meet the peculiar needs of the Polytechnic which are not needed in other institutions or agencies. The Governing Board also sees to it that decisions and actions of the president of the Polytechnic are made

neg: Statute of Veneto some peculiar modern features, such as reference to "biodiversity" and to "the minimum vital daily quantity of water, as a right to life". In addition to this, the Statute makes reference to the law system of the European Union. However, it prevents the people from having an advisory referendum on important matters, such as international treaties and laws deriving from European agreements and directives. This means that the people can neither modify such laws, nor even give an advice on them. It is divided into three sections, which in turn are subdivided into further subsections. The first section contains the

neg: Pe̍h-ōe-jī call on fonts, input methods, and extensive online dictionaries. Rival writing systems have evolved, and there is ongoing debate within the Taiwanese mother tongue movement as to which system should be used. Versions of "pe̍h-ōe-jī" have been devised for other Chinese varieties, including Hakka and Teochew Southern Min. The name "pe̍h-ōe-jī" () means "vernacular writing", written characters representing everyday spoken language. The name "vernacular writing" could be applied to many kinds of writing, romanized and character-based, but the term "pe̍h-ōe-jī" is commonly restricted to the Southern Min romanization system developed by Presbyterian missionaries in the 19th century. The missionaries who

neg: Basque civil law rights of a country's people both in the public and private Law areas, but sin 1759 on, the term is used in Spain to name the peculiar Civil Law of the territories that resisted the centralization politic initiated by Phillip the Fifth. 1.2. The Basque Charters: The characteristics of a juridical system: A congress held in Andorra about the Law stated that, prior to the French Revolution the Law in the northern side of the Pyrenees had many points in common with the Law in its southern side. It was deemed as proved that the Pyrenean Law is a peculiar

neg: Poppleton University how Poppleton applied for and was eventually awarded university status with power to award its own degrees. Elsewhere we learn that the university was once called the "Poppleton Institute for Joined-Up Writing" (suggesting a "very" lowly origin) though at other times Poppleton seems to be a collegiate university in the model of Oxbridge. In Taylor's work there is also sometimes reference to a nearby institution of lower status, City University, Poppleton. The University of Uttoxeter is another fictional institution to which reference is made. Regular characters feature in the satirical column. They include: ...and although this is a fictional account

neg: Southern Arkansas University it by the State Legislature, decided to develop the college at a four-year, degree-granting institution. The Board authorized the addition of third-year college level courses to being with the fall semester of 1950. Fourth-year courses were added in the fall semester of 1951. By Act Eleven (January 24, 1951), the State Legislature changed the name of the institution to Southern State College. In 1975, the institution was approved and accredited to offer a Master of Education Degree in selected areas. Following approval of the Board of Trustees, the name of the institution was changed to Southern Arkansas University by the

neg: Anglo-Saxons it is an important element of the Anglo-Saxon society. Firstly, the mustering of armies. For both offensive and defensive war, and whether armies consisted essentially of household bands, as seems to have been characteristic of the earlier period, or were recruited on a territorial basis, soldiers had to be summoned. The mustering of an army, annually at times, occupied an important place in Frankish history, both military and constitutional. The English kingdoms appear to have known no institution similar to this. The earliest reference is Bede's account of the overthrow of the Northumbrian Æthelfrith by Rædwald overlord of the southern

neg: Santa Monica Public Library moved to the Smithsonian Institution. Prior to the opening of the new Main Library building in 2006, the Smithsonian Institution arranged for a long term loan of the murals to the library. The murals are installed throughout the second floor of the Main Library. In 1989, the Reference Department began answering questions via electronic mail as part of the City's innovative Public Electronic Network. The Reference Department later began interacting with the public via electronic mail. In 2000, Santa Monica Public Library became the first public library to offer Internet-based chat reference services as the pilot site of the 24/7

neg: Cosmic time a physical clock with zero peculiar velocity in the absence of matter over-/under-densities (to prevent time dilation due to relativistic effects or confusions caused by expansion of the universe). Unlike other measures of time such as temperature, redshift, particle horizon, or Hubble horizon, the cosmic time (similar and complementary to the comoving coordinates) is blind to the expansion of the universe. There are two main ways for establishing a reference point for the cosmic time. The most trivial way is to take the present time as the cosmic reference point (sometimes referred to as the lookback time) or alternatively, take

neg: Inertial frame of reference stars are not fixed. Those that reside in the Milky Way turn with the galaxy, exhibiting proper motions. Those that are outside our galaxy (such as nebulae once mistaken to be stars) participate in their own motion as well, partly due to expansion of the universe, and partly due to peculiar velocities. The Andromeda galaxy is on collision course with the Milky Way at a speed of 117 km/s. The concept of inertial frames of reference is no longer tied to either the fixed stars or to absolute space. Rather, the identification of an inertial frame is based upon the

neg: Imee Marcos in Quezon City. From 1981 to 1986, she was director general of the Experimental Cinema of the Philippines (ECP). She served as co-producer of the films "The Boatman", "Brutal", and "Scorpio Nights", but was not listed as producer or co-producer of other ECP films. In a 2002 interview with Philippine cinema academician Joel David, Marcos confirmed that she had "half-jokingly" named the “"Experimental Cinema of the Philippines"” as a reference to Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, the institution founded during the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini - a reference to a cinema institution put up under a prior dictatorship which Professor David

neg: Bantayan Southern Institute Bantayan Southern Institute Bantayan Southern Institute is a non sectarian, co-educational institution in the island of Bantayan, Cebu, Philippines. The institution is a part of the University of Southern Philippines Foundation. Bantayan Southern Institute, or BSI, was established in 1945. Upon the evacuation of Escolastico S. Duterte to the island group in northern Cebu, the constituents of Bantayan asked for an academic institution on the island. On July 1945, Engr and Agustin Jereza founded. The Director, Principal (Elementary and Highschool) and Dean, College of Commerce, Education and Information Technology, is Joselyn SJ Dulap. The Dean for Hotel and Restaurant Management

neg: Deva Victrix during the 5th and 6th centuries – approximately from 410 AD when Roman legions withdrew, to 597 AD when St. Augustine of Canterbury arrived – southern Britain preserved a sub-Roman society that was able to survive the attacks from the Anglo-Saxons and even use a vernacular Latin (called British Latin) for an active culture. There is even the possibility that this vernacular Latin lasted to the late 7th century in the area of Chester, where amphorae and archaeological remnants of a local Romano-British culture at Deva Victrix have been found. The Roman fortress of Deva was constructed from local sandstone,

neg: Ukrainian language "Eneyida", a burlesque in Ukrainian, based on Virgil's "Aeneid". His book was published in vernacular Ukrainian in a satirical way to avoid being censored, and is the earliest known Ukrainian published book to survive through Imperial and, later, Soviet policies on the Ukrainian language. Kotlyarevsky's work and that of another early writer using the Ukrainian vernacular language, Petro Artemovsky, used the southeastern dialect spoken in the Poltava, Kharkiv and southern Kieven regions of the Russian Empire. This dialect would serve as the basis of the Ukrainian literary language when it was developed by Taras Shevchenko and Panteleimon Kulish in the

neg: David J. Mays his father's employment stations in Alabama and a suburb of Memphis, Tennessee. While he and his father traveled from Washington D.C. to visit Vanderbilt University, they stopped in Ashland, Virginia, where the elder Mays renewed a friendship and the younger Mays ultimately decided to attend Randolph-Macon Academy. David Mays never received a degree from that institution, although he studied and achieved high grades both from 1914-1916 and 1919-1920. Between these academic terms, he spent a summer selling reference books in southern Delaware, and against his father's wishes enlisted with the First Delaware Infantry for service on the Mexican border against

neg: Management College of Southern Africa Management College of Southern Africa The Management College of Southern Africa (MANCOSA) is a distance education institution located in Durban, South Africa. It is a private higher education institution, established in 1995 as a post-apartheid empowerment institution, offering affordable and accessible management education primarily to persons previously denied access to postgraduate education. MANCOSA offers programs for business administration, commerce, tourism management, functional management and leadership. It confers certifications ranging from certificates to master's degrees. With over 15,000 students currently registered, it is one of the largest providers of management programmes through supported distance learning in Southern Africa. The institution is