query: when did the drc gain independence from belgium

pos: Belgian Congo the regionalist factions—chief among them ABAKO—and the nationalist parties such as the MNC, doing well. A compromise arrangement was forced through, with Kasa-vubu becoming the first president of the Republic of the Congo, and Lumumba its first head of government. As planned scarcely five months earlier, the hand-over ceremony by the Belgians took place on time on 30 June 1960 at the new residence of the Governor-General of the Belgian Congo in Léopoldville. One week later, a rebellion broke out within the "Force Publique" against its officers, who were still predominantly Belgian. This was a catalyst for disturbances arising all

pos: State of Katanga Province. The Katangese secession was made with the support of Union Minière du Haut Katanga, a Belgian mining company, and a large contingent of Belgian military advisers. A paramilitary force designated the Katanga Gendarmerie, raised by the Tshombe government, was initially organised and trained by Belgium and subsequently, mercenaries of various nationalities. When the Belgian Congo received independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960, it was already wracked by ethnic factionalism and political tension. A coalition of CONAKAT politicians and Belgian settlers had made an attempt shortly before that date to issue their own declaration of independence in Katanga, but

neg: Katanga insurgency in the north-eastern portion of Katanga province near the border with South Kivu. The conflict in the region has caused an exodus of around 600,000 refugees to various other parts of the DRC and an unknown number of civilians have died as a result of the conflict. Insurrection and political instability first appeared in Katanga immediately after Democratic Republic of the Congo's independence in 1960. The region attempted to create a breakaway state with the support of Belgium, which aimed to create a puppet state and gain access to the mineral rich region. The State of Katanga however failed to

neg: Belgian Congo of the Port of Antwerp and diamond industry. To this day, Brussels Airlines (successor of the former Sabena) has maintained a strong presence in the DRC. It is estimated that in 2010, more than 4,000 Belgian nationals were resident in the DRC, while the Congolese community in Belgium is at least 16,000 strong. The "Matongé" quarter in Brussels is the traditional focal point of the Congolese community in Belgium. Belgian Congo The Belgian Congo (, ; ) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960. The former colony adopted its present-day name, the Democratic Republic

neg: People’s Republic of Congo Air Force either Soviets or Cubans. Its role was as a Communist bastion in central Africa and to counter the politically unstable, pro-Western regime in Zaire, (the then former name of the DRC). Its role is now one of countering cross-border smuggling operations, intermittent counterinsurgency actions in the northern provinces and successfully containing the crisis in the DRC along its border. Its first batch of aircraft, the MiG-15s and some of the MiG-17s, arrived in the early 1960s just after the Congo's independence from Franceand Zaire's independence from Belgium. It was organised into fighter, counterinsurgency, transport and support wings. France, China and

neg: International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo the DRC formally referred the situation in the Congo to the International Criminal Court, and in June 2004, prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo, formally opened an investigation. To date, arrest warrants have been issued for: Lubanga was imprisoned. Katanga was convicted, Chui was acquitted, and the pre-trial chamber declined to confirm the charges against Mbarushimana, currently a fugitive. Ntaganda turned himself in to the US Embassy in Kigali on 18 March 2013, requesting to be extradited to the ICC. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) was a colony of Belgium between 1885 and 1960. Shortly after independence from Belgium, Mobutu Sese

neg: Leopold II of Belgium wrongdoing during his time as ruler of his private colony. The entire archive of the Congo Free State was burned and he told his aide that even though the Congo had been taken from him, "they have no right to know what I did there". After gaining its independence in the mid-20th century, it was renamed three times: first, as the Republic of the Congo; second as Zaire, the name it retained under Mobutu Sese Seko's dictatorship; and third as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, or DRC. (This is not to be confused with the neighboring Republic of the

neg: DRC Hannover form "SG Schwalbe/DRC Hannover II". A league reform in 2012 allowed the club promotion to the Bundesliga as the league was expanded from ten to 24 teams. The club however did not field a team in the opening game of the new season and instead withdrew from the league altogether. The club was able to gain admittance instead to the tier three Regionalliga, despite the season already being underway. The reasons for the voluntary withdrawal was that "DRC" had, in its more successful days, neglected its youth program and had a number of players fail or were unable to appear

neg: Mwezé Ngangura 2005 film "Les Habits Neuf du Gouverneur" again starred Papa Wemba. The production schedule was disrupted when Wemba was sent to jail in Belgium to await trial on charges of human trafficking. Mwezé Ngangura Mwezé Ngangura (born 7 October 1950) is a film director from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Mwezé Ngangura was born in Bukavu, DRC on 7 October 1950. At the age of twenty he won a scholarship to go to Belgium and study at the Institut des arts de diffusion, graduating in 1975. While a student he made two short films, "Tamtam-Electronique" and "Rhythm and

neg: Monique Mbeka Phoba Monique Mbeka Phoba Monique Mbeka Phoba (born 1962) is a filmmaker whose family comes from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) but who now lives in Benin. Her films have won a number of awards. Monique Mbeka Phoba was born in 1962 in Brussels, the daughter of a DRC diplomat. She visited the DRC during her school holidays, but established herself in Belgium when aged sixteen after her father resigned his office. She studied at the Saint-Louis High Business School, and obtained a degree in International Business in Brussels. Her graduating thesis was on "Cooperation between the European and

neg: Belgian Congo Belgian Congo The Belgian Congo (, ; ) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960. The former colony adopted its present-day name, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), in 1964. Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century. King Leopold II of Belgium attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexplored Congo Basin. Their ambivalence resulted in Leopold's establishing a colony himself. With support from a number of Western countries, Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony, the Congo Free State, in 1885.

neg: Medard Mulangala from politics. Much of Mulangala’s early life was spent away from his parents with much of his informative years spent in Belgium. He did, however, return each summer to his family in DRC to the various provinces where his father was assigned, and later, to Kinshasa after his family’s relocation there in 1970. Mulangala started primary school in 1963 at the Institut Saint Dominique Savio in Mikalayi (Western Kasaï) and completed this stage of his education at Collège Saint Joseph in Mouscron, Belgium. His secondary education was begun and completed at Collège Saint Henri in Comines, a catholic boarding school

neg: Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations Belgium–Congo relations refers to relations between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The relationship started with the exploration of the Congo river by Henry Morton Stanley. Belgium has an embassy in Kinshasa, a consulate-general in Lubumbashi, and two honorary consulates; in Matadi and Goma. The DRC has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate-general in Antwerp. The current Ambassador of the Kingdom of Belgium in Kinshasa is Bertrand de Crombrugghe de Picquendaele, while the Chargé d'affaires of the DRC in Brussels is Paul Crispin Kakhozi Bin Bulongo. Following Stanley's expedition

neg: Monsieur R Monsieur R Monsieur R, (Richard Makela), is a French rap artist whose work focuses on the political rap genre. His music features hard driven rhythms with thumping base lines, known as "old school", which conveys the hard reality of his environment. There is a rich legacy of 'reality rap' going back to 1982 with artists such as Run DMC and continuing with KRS-One, Public Enemy, Ice-T and Dead Prez. Monsieur R is originally from Belgium. His parents were from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, (DRC) formerly known as Zaire before its independence. Monsieur R was born in 1975, in

neg: Rhoma Irama religion, race) characteristics is justified when defending pribumi's interest, Joko Widodo is just a step for Basuki and Chinese to assume power. In his closing words he alleged "ethnic Malay would face subjugation by Chinese in Jakarta as they did in Singapore when it gained independence from Malaysia should Basuki be allowed to govern" (it should be noted that Singapore did not gain independence from Malaysia but was expelled from Federation of Malaysia). In Indonesia, attacking a person's race or religion in a political campaign is punishable by fine and prison time. Further added to the controversy was the fact

neg: Jean Schramme Jean Schramme Jean Schramme (March 25, 1929, Bruges, Belgium – December 14, 1988, Rondonópolis, Brazil) was a Belgian mercenary and planter. He managed a vast estate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo until 1967. When the Belgian Congo gained its independence in 1960, the country quickly descended into civil war. Several hundred white people were held hostage, and Belgium sent troops to Congo to free them and to protect its interests. Patrice Lumumba, the first Prime Minister of the Congo, was murdered. The rich province of Katanga, soon followed by the eastern part of Kasai, were trying to gain

neg: Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) originated with educational and propaganda films during the colonial era of the Belgian Congo. Development of a local film industry after the Democratic Republic of the Congo became independent in 1960 was handicapped by constant civil war. During the colonial era, before the DRC gained independence as Zaire, the Belgian Congo administration did not let Africans watch foreign films, officially because the locals could not understand the difference between fact and fiction. In reality, authorities were afraid that the films would cause subversive

neg: Aalst, Belgium of St. Marten. Aalst suffered considerably under the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648). It was later taken by the French Marshal Turenne in the War of Devolution of 1667, then occupied by France until 1706, when it became independent once more following the Battle of Ramillies, along with Southern Flanders in general. The textile-based economy flourished under the French. In the 18th century, the Austrians controlled the region. 1830 saw Belgium gain independence and Aalst became part of the country, this ended a long period, starting in 1056, of foreign control, by such as the Spanish, German, French, and the Dutch.

neg: Parti Communautaire Européen Parti Communautaire Européen The Parti Communautaire Européen (PCE) was a pan-European nationalist political party based in Belgium that had a platform similar to National Bolshevism. The party was initially formed in 1965 by Jean-François Thiriart as a political group to work alongside his Europe-wide movement "Jeune Europe". However the PCE did not gain much attention until the 1970s, when, with the aid of Luc Jouret (later founder of the Order of the Solar Temple) and Joseph di Mambro, Thiriart managed to engineer a split in the Communist Party of Belgium (PCB) gain a new core of membership for the CPE.

neg: Neema Namadamu she did not have crutches, so her mother, Polline Nyirambarato, carried her on her back to school when road conditions were poor. Namadamu started promoting awareness for people with disabilities when she was in high school and had her own radio show. Later, when she went to college, she became the first woman with disability from her tribe to graduate from university in DRC. After she graduated, she was chosen as a Deputy to represent her province in Parliament. After serving in Parliament, she became the Technical Advisor for the DRC Minister of Gender and Family. When Namadamu's daughter was

neg: Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations I will note that every time a Belgian delegation is led by the minister of foreign affairs; it is with a lot of arrogance, as if our visitors are coming here to lecture us. This is unacceptable. The Congo will never accept this, definitely not me." In December 2016, when President Kabila announced the postponement of elections and that he will not be stepping down despite the end of his constitutional mandate, the Belgian government announced it will "re-examine" its relations with the DRC. The Belgian government also advised its citizens to not visit the DRC due to the political

neg: Roger Kwami Zinga Roger Kwami Zinga Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga (1943 – 22 February 2004) was a filmmaker in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Kwami Mambu Zinga studied film at the Institut des Arts de Diffusion (IAD) at Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, graduating in 1971. The next year he was the author of the first Congolese film to win an award in an international festival. His "Moseka" won the prize for short film at FESPACO 1972. This movie shows the return of the native son to the DRC after studying in Belgium and adjusting to his new life back in Zaire. He co-directed

neg: Chris Houser to play for the Vogelsinger team as it toured Belgium. He gained a trial with a local club but his finances did not allow him to stay in Belgium. He returned to South Dakota, where he earned enough to return to Belgium but did not gain a contract. However, the coach of the Southern Connecticut State University had seen him play at with the Vogelsinger team and offered him a scholarship. He played soccer for the Owls from 1994 to 1997. In 1995, Houser and his teammates won the NCAA Men's Division II Soccer Championship. In 1997, he played for

neg: Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo the films produced by these two companies. , founded in 1950 in Brussels by George Fannoy, made documentaries and news items in the DRC. Following independence in 1960 the country experienced a series of civil wars that largely destroyed the nascent film industry. Foreign support has allowed some directors to create movies in the DRC, notably from the French ministry of foreign affairs. The government has shown little sign of assisting development of a local film industry. Almost all DRC filmmakers live and work abroad. Mwezé Ngangura is the best known Congolese director, making his first short film "Tamtam électronique"

neg: Flanders even on 4 October 1830, when the Belgian independence was eventually declared, Flemish authorities refused to take orders from the new Belgian government in Brussels. Only after Flanders was subdued with the aid of a large French military force one month later, under the leadership of the Count de Pontécoulant, did Flanders become a true part of Belgium. The French-speaking bourgeoisie showed very little respect for the Dutch-speaking part of the population. French became the only official language in Belgium and all secondary and higher education in the Dutch language was abolished. In 1834, all people even remotely suspected of

neg: Rwandan Revolution prevent bloodshed, leading to Gitera's escape. Although Kigeli and UNAR remained more powerful and better equipped than the Hutu parties, they knew that the Belgians now strongly supported the latter; given enough time, the Hutu would gain the upper hand. Therefore, UNAR sought to ostracise Belgium from power and gain independence as soon as possible. The November 1959 uprising and the subsequent fighting between Hutu and Tutsi began the revolution, but according to Carney it was the Belgian response which ensured that it would result in a permanent reversal in the role of the two groups, with the Hutu emerging

neg: Denis Kalume Numbi heads of state of the Southern African Development Community in resolving the ongoing fighting in the eastern DRC. In March 2010 Kalume was Commissioner-General in charge of the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of independence of the Democratic Republic if the Congo. Denis Kalume Numbi Denis Kalume Numbi is a general and a politician in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He was part of the Antoine Gizenga government as Minister of State for the Interior, Decentralization and Security. He was replaced in this position on 26 October 2008 by Celestin Mbuyu Kabango when the government headed by Adolphe

neg: Second Congo War restore order, and began an attempt at reorganisation of the nation. When Kabila gained control of the capital in May 1997, he faced substantial obstacles to governing the country, which he renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) from Zaïre. Beyond political jostling among various groups to gain power and an enormous external debt, his foreign backers proved unwilling to leave when asked. The conspicuous Rwandan presence in the capital rankled many Congolese, who began to see Kabila as a pawn of foreign powers. Tensions reached new heights on 14 July 1998, when Kabila dismissed his Rwandan chief of staff

neg: Independence Day (Hawaii) Hawaiian independence and then met Simpson in Europe to secure formal recognition by the United Kingdom and France. Their first meeting with British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen on February 22, 1843 was unsuccessful. Traveling to Brussels and then Paris, the Hawaiian delegation gained the support of King Leopold I of Belgium who was sympathetic and promise to use his influence to help them gain recognition. On March 17, 1843, French foreign minister François Guizot, on behalf of King Louis Philippe I, assured them that the French government would recognize Hawaiian independence. After

neg: Orgaman Group Orgaman Group The Orgaman Group (French: "Groupe Orgaman") is a food production and distribution company based in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Orgaman Group is owned by the Damseaux family of Belgium. Its chief executive officer is Jean-Claude Damseaux. The Orgaman Group was founded in 1931 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, then known as the Belgian Congo. It grew during World War II, as the DRC was cut off from Europe. By 1961, the company was passed on to the founder's son, William Damseaux. It was the main meat-processing and distribution company in the DRC in

neg: Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo armed groups in the eastern region of the DRC. The DRC is said to be the main regional source, from which women and children are trafficked in large numbers to sex industries in Angola, South Africa, Republic of Congo, and western Europe, particularly Belgium. Prostitution and forced prostitution occurs often in refugee camps in the country. In addition to forced prostitution in refugee camps, many girls are forced into prostitution in tent- or hut-based brothels, markets, and mining areas. The main perpetrators are the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), Patriotes Resistants Congolais (PARECO), various local militia (such

neg: Mwezé Ngangura Mwezé Ngangura Mwezé Ngangura (born 7 October 1950) is a film director from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Mwezé Ngangura was born in Bukavu, DRC on 7 October 1950. At the age of twenty he won a scholarship to go to Belgium and study at the Institut des arts de diffusion, graduating in 1975. While a student he made two short films, "Tamtam-Electronique" and "Rhythm and blood". Returning to Zaire in 1976 he became a lecturer at three colleges in Kinshasa: the National Institute of Arts (INA), Institute of Science and Information Technologies (ISTI) and Studio-School of the

neg: Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations unrest. In April 2017 it was announced that the Congolese government informed the Belgian military attaché in Kinshasa that DR Congo will suspend military cooperation with Belgium, after foreign minister Didier Reynders criticized President Kabila's choice of the new Prime Minister, Bruno Tshibala. Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations Belgium–Congo relations refers to relations between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The relationship started with the exploration of the Congo river by Henry Morton Stanley. Belgium has an embassy in Kinshasa, a consulate-general in Lubumbashi, and two honorary consulates; in Matadi and Goma. The DRC has

neg: Danish Refugee Council Danish Refugee Council Danish Refugee Council (DRC) () is a private Danish humanitarian organisation, founded in 1956. It serves as an umbrella organization for 33 member organizations. Formed after the Second World War in response to the European refugee crises caused by the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956, DRC has been active in large scale humanitarian projects around the world. Through convoy operations DRC was responsible for delivering half of the international humanitarian aid in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the wars of independence in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Today the Danish Refugee Council works in more than

neg: Persian Constitutional Revolution committee of mujtahids was introduced to confirm new laws abide by the shari'ah. Despite the ulama's best efforts towards independence from external dominance, in 1907 Britain and Russia capitalized on Iran's weak government and signed the entente which divided Iran among the two leaving a neutral zone in the center of the country. The end of this constitutional period came when members of the Majlis in the remaining neutral zone of Tehran dissolved under the issue of equal rights for non-Muslims, Russia then invaded Tehran and captured the city. While Iran did gain a constitution, the goal of Iranian independence

neg: DRC Hannover DRC Hannover The DRC Hannover is a German rugby union from Hannover, currently playing in the Rugby-Regionalliga. The club should not be confused with the "DRC 1884 Hannover", a rowing club and a separate entity. The club was formed in 1905 in the Hannover suburb of Ricklingen. The club did not really make an impact on the German rugby scene for the first 80 years of its history, facing strong opposition within Hannover, one of the two centres of German rugby. A German rugby union cup finals appearance in 1981 was the first time it reached a national final. In

neg: History of Belgium Also, the government limited the possibility of Congolese settling inside Belgium. Political rights were not granted to the Africans until 1956 when the growing middle class (the so-called "Évolué") received the franchise, and the economy remained relatively undeveloped despite the mineral wealth of Katanga. At the Round Table Talks on independence, Belgium requested a process of gradual independence over 4 years, but following a series of riots in 1959, the decision was made to bring forward independence in matter of months. The chaos in which Belgium departed the Congo caused the secession of rich Western-backed province Katanga and the prolonged

neg: Politics of Belgium a major political issue. In the 19th and early 20th century, Flemings did not enjoy the same rights as French-speakers, both de facto and de jure. When the country was founded in 1830 under a census voting system, only around 1% of the adult population could vote: nobility, haute-bourgeoisie and higher clerics, all of them French-speaking. A Flemish movement fought peacefully to gain equal rights, obtaining most of these. Minor issues exist also between German- and French-speakers. In the 3rd century AD, Germanic Franks migrated into what is now Belgium. The less populated northern areas became Germanic, while in the

neg: Simon-Pierre Mpadi etc.) and some were conscripted to fight in World War II beside Belgian troops, Mpadi was later sent to serve his sentence at the Central Prison of the then Elizabethville, known today as Lubumbashi of the Katanga province of the DRC. Mpadi and his followers, along with all Kimbangu's imprisoned followers (e.g. Emmanuel Bamba), were set free by an official decree around the DRC national independence day. In 1960, returning where he started he re-established his messianic movement across the south-western part of the DRC, the northern region of Angola and part of Congo-Brazzaville. Mpadi argued that his movement could

neg: 2012 Huntingdonshire District Council election the westward expansion of St Ives. The Conservatives lost 3 seats and were run close in Godmanchester and The Hemingfords as well, but they kept a strong majority on the council. Labour, the UK Independence Party and an independent each took a seat from the Conservatives, but the Conservatives did gain a seat in Warboys and Bury from the Liberal Democrats. The Labour gain came in Huntingdon North, where Patrick Kadewere defeated the chairman of the council Jeff Dutton. This gave Labour their first seat on the council since the 1999 election. Meanwhile, the UK Independence Party took a seat

neg: Ignace Gata Mavita wa Lufuta public administration from Charleroi University Center in Belgium. From 1997 to 2001 he was a member of the tripartite commission between DR Congo, Republic of the Congo, and Angola. He later worked in various other ministries in different capacities from 2002 until 2007, when he became minister of regional integration. Later that year Gava Mavita was appointed vice foreign minister, which he held for several years. Since 2012 he has been the Permanent Representative of the DRC to the United Nations. Ignace Gata Mavita wa Lufuta Igance Gata Mavita wa Lufuta (born 7 January 1949, Popokabaka, Belgian Congo) is a

neg: Northern white rhinoceros animals. Since mid-2003, poaching has intensified and further reduced the wild population. The last known surviving population of wild northern white rhinos was in Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In January 2005, the government of the DRC approved a two-part plan for five northern white rhinos to be moved from Garamba National Park to a wildlife sanctuary in Kenya. The second part commits the government and its international partners to increase conservation efforts in Garamba, so the northern white rhinos can be returned when it is safe again. However, the translocation did not occur. In August

neg: America's Backyard to gain their independence from Spain. However, during the early 1820s, Spain was on the verge of restoration. The United States and Great Britain did not want Spain to gain any power back in Latin America because they wanted those colonies to become independent. Simon Bolivar was a leader in the fight for independence. He greatly admired the USA and in turn was supported by the USA . With those colonies independent, they could trade in a mutually beneficial way with the United States and Great Britain and not be restricted by mercantilistic Spain which wanted to benefit its home

neg: SSC Yugal the Former Yugoslav States began to gain independence in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and unsuccessful mergers were attempted with Auburn and Liverpool before ultimately disbanding in 1992. Yugal, formerly called Dalmatinac, came into being in 1956 when several young Yugoslav immigrants, mainly coming from Dalmatia, got together to kick a ball around a park in Liverpool. Martin (Marin) Batistic first thought of forming a club and as a player and an organiser he did much to help put the club on its feet. Martin tragically died in 1959 and did not live to see the fulfillment of his

neg: Anti-Secession Law move the island toward de jure independence. Many Taiwanese independence supporters, including former President Lee Teng-Hui, argued that Taiwan should declare independence before 2008 on the theory that international pressure over the Beijing Olympics would prevent the PRC from using force against Taiwan. These events in late 2004 caused a great deal of alarm in Beijing. Observers indicated that many in Beijing believed that its policies toward Taiwan had failed both because it did not have sufficient incentives to gain Taiwanese public support for reunification and at the same time, it seemed that many in Taiwan did not take Beijing's

neg: All India Football Federation Association, the Bihar Football Association, and Delhi. After the launch of the national football federation, the idea of a India national football team did not gain much momentum until after India gain independence in 1947. Select Indian teams did participate in tours of Australia, Burma, Afghanistan, and South Africa but none were officially part of the national team. In 1948, one year after independence and 11 since forming as a football association, the AIFF gained affiliation with FIFA, the governing body for football around the world. Later that year, the national team was officially formed and participated in their first

neg: Cohydro Cohydro Cohydro (French: "Congolaise des hydrocarbures") is a company in the Democratic Republic of the Congo that is involved in the import, export and distribution of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil, for commercial and industrial uses. The company was created on 9 August 1999 by governmental decree (Décret-loi 245) in the interest of creating petroleum independence for the DRC. The head office is located in Kinshasa. The administrator director general of the company is Mr Hilaire Bomesi wa Bomesi. Cohydro's products include: As of 2007 Cohydro operates service stations in seven cities in the DRC, including six service stations in

neg: Mfulupinga Nlando Victor later was elected president of the Angolan students in college DRC. Organized and directed the first congress of Angolan students in exile, which hosted about 500 participants from various continents, held in Kinshasa (DRC). He returned to Angola after independence (1975 ), and belonged to the Interim Board of the Association . Mfulupinga Victor created a focus group that came to culmination, on March 17, 1991, with the constitution of the PDP - ANA, where he served as president of the party. He was a professor of Agostinho Neto University, where he taught mathematics and also held the positions of

neg: Brecht Abbey Revolution, when the French Revolutionary Army occupied the Austrian Netherlands. The abbey did not recover from the closure even after the Belgian Revolution in 1830, when Belgium gained independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In the early 20th century several attempts were made to re-establish the abbey at different locations. During World War II in 1943, Henri van Ostayen was in favor of locating the new abbey in Brecht, of which he was burgomaster, but was killed in Antwerp by a V-1 flying bomb before the end of the war. His proposal was however taken up by Dom

neg: Athletic–Barcelona clásico role as the club of the independence movement. Were Catalonia to gain independence, the consequence for its clubs could be expulsion from the Spanish system, as stated on more than one occasion by the league's president Javier Tebas, potentially leading to Barcelona and Espanyol competing in a 'Catalan League' alongside very small clubs from the current third and fourth Spanish tiers. FIFA did not comment on the "potential future scenario". Similarly, Basque independence is an issue which continues to occupy the political scene in that region, with nationalist parties consistently receiving high percentages in elections. As with Barcelona, independence is

neg: Tintin in the Congo Tondu", which was serialised in "Spirou" from 1939 to 1940 and in which the Congolese aid the Belgians against their American antagonists. Farr and McCarthy stated that "Tintin in the Congo" was the most popular Tintin adventure in Francophone Africa. According to Thompson, the book remained hugely popular in the Congo even after the country achieved independence in 1960. Nevertheless, government figures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have criticised the book. In 2004, after the Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs Karel De Gucht described President Joseph Kabila's provisional DRC government as incompetent, Congolese Information Minister Henri Mova

neg: TEXAF as UTEXAFRICA, and a medical hospital, the Hospital Center UTEXAFRICA in Kinshasa. All its arms operate in the DRC, while the company is based in Brussels. TEXAF is best known as a brand name of DRC produced consumer textiles, along with UTEX, UTEXAFRICA, ONAFITEX, UTEXELEO, UTEXCO and IMMOTEX. From independence consumer textiles were among the most high profile domestic industries in Congo/Zaire. Based in Kinshasa, the company traces its lineage back to a 1925 Franco-Belgian company, founded in the then Belgian Congo, called TEXAF. In the 1930s—1950s the original TEXAF concession sold off its cotton plantation and shipping elements and

neg: Democratic Republic of the Congo and refining capability for metal ore. The DRC is the second-largest diamond-producing nation in the world, and artisanal and small-scale miners account for most of its production. At independence in 1960, DRC was the second-most industrialized country in Africa after South Africa; it boasted a thriving mining sector and a relatively productive agriculture sector. The First and Second Congo Wars began in 1996. These conflicts have dramatically reduced national output and government revenue, increased external debt, and resulted in deaths of more than five million people from war and associated famine and disease. Malnutrition affects approximately two thirds of the

neg: Ignace Gata Mavita wa Lufuta Ignace Gata Mavita wa Lufuta Igance Gata Mavita wa Lufuta (born 7 January 1949, Popokabaka, Belgian Congo) is a Congolese diplomat who serves as the current Permanent Representative of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the United Nations (since 2012). He is the former Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs (2007–2012), and Minister for Regional Integration (2007). He was born in 1949, when the country was still a colony of Belgium, in what is now the Kwango province of the DRC. Gava Mavita holds degrees in politics, law and philosophy from the National University of Zaire and a degree in

neg: Luiswishi Mine was largely lower than the European standards. DRC government officials and United Nations personnel had visited the mine and found no problems. Luiswishi Mine The Luiswishi mine is an open cut copper and cobalt mine in Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Luiswishi was one of the first copper and cobalt mines to be exploited in Katanga by Belgium, opened around 1900. Production came to an end in 1962. In 1980 the state-controlled Gécamines started fresh prospecting, but abandoned the project due to budgetary problems. In 1998 Gécamines signed a contract with a subsidiary of Groupe

neg: Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle regarding NATO. When Soviet control of Eastern Europe collapsed in 1989, the United States led the effort to reunite Germany, despite serious French doubts. Secondly, France did establish its independence of the Anglo-Saxon powers – especially the United States, and also Great Britain. De Gaulle's anti-American rhetoric did indeed rub Americans the wrong way, and give some encouragement to intellectuals hostile to Americanism. His pulling the French military out of NATO was basically a symbolic action, with few practical results. It did mean that NATO headquarters was relocated to Belgium, with the result that French generals gave up their voice

neg: Roger Kwami Zinga was the Regional Secretary for Central Africa. He died on 22 February 2004 in Kinshasa. Roger Kwami Zinga Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga (1943 – 22 February 2004) was a filmmaker in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Kwami Mambu Zinga studied film at the Institut des Arts de Diffusion (IAD) at Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, graduating in 1971. The next year he was the author of the first Congolese film to win an award in an international festival. His "Moseka" won the prize for short film at FESPACO 1972. This movie shows the return of the native son to the DRC

neg: Idris of Libya no different than it had been before the war. Delegates from both the Cyrenaicans and Tripolitanians agreed that Idris should conclude agreements with the British that they would gain independence in return for support during the war. Privately, Idris did not promote the idea of Libyan independence to the British, instead suggesting that it become a British protectorate akin to Transjordan. A Libyan Arab Force, consisting of five infantry battalions made up of volunteers, was established to aid the British war effort. With the exception of one military engagement near to Benghazi, this force's role did not extend beyond support

neg: Hush (character) so far as severing the brake line of his parents' car to gain independence from them and inherit the Elliot family fortune. When Bruce Wayne's parents died and he inherited the Wayne family fortune, as well as independence, from them - the very two things Tommy sought to gain from his parents' death - Tommy developed an irrational hatred for his childhood friend, spawned from the fact Bruce's father Thomas Wayne was the one who operated on and saved his mother, foiling the young Elliot's plan of parricide, and that via the death of his parents', Bruce had gained everything

neg: Frédéric Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi 2007, aged 76. He was buried in Kinshasa. Frédéric Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi Frédéric Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi, C.I.C.M. (; 3 December 1930, Belgian Congo – 6 January 2007, Leuven, Belgium) was Cardinal and Archbishop of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He was the DRC's foremost Roman Catholic prelate from 1991 until his death in 2007. Educated by Roman Catholic missionaries, Frédéric Etsou joined the CICM missionaries in 1959. He was ordained as a priest on 13 July 1958, and assigned to the city of Leopoldville. He later studied sociology and theology in France and Belgium before returning to Congo in the late 1960s.

neg: Frédéric Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi Frédéric Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi Frédéric Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi, C.I.C.M. (; 3 December 1930, Belgian Congo – 6 January 2007, Leuven, Belgium) was Cardinal and Archbishop of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He was the DRC's foremost Roman Catholic prelate from 1991 until his death in 2007. Educated by Roman Catholic missionaries, Frédéric Etsou joined the CICM missionaries in 1959. He was ordained as a priest on 13 July 1958, and assigned to the city of Leopoldville. He later studied sociology and theology in France and Belgium before returning to Congo in the late 1960s. Etsou became Archbishop of Mbandaka-Bikoro on 11 November

neg: Inky Mark the Canadian Alliance, and Mark ran as a candidate of the new party in the federal election which followed. On September 12, 2001, Mark left the Canadian Alliance caucus to sit as a member of the Democratic Representative Caucus, in alliance with the Progressive Conservative Party. The DRC came to an end on April 10, 2002, when Stephen Harper replaced Day as Canadian Alliance leader. Every other member of the DRC requested to be re-admitted to the Alliance; Mark did not join them, but instead decided to sit as an "Independent Conservative", with the intention of rejoining the Progressive Conservatives

neg: Jef van de Wiele the position of Gauleiter. Under the occupation he did enjoy some influence, although the complicated nature of Belgian politics meant that he did not gain the full influence he sought. He enjoyed a good relationship with Walloon leader Léon Degrelle and accompanied him on various public engagements. At home however he had struggled to gain influence from the far-right but pro-independence Flemish National Union and clashed repeatedly with its leaders Staf De Clercq and Hendrik Elias, who maintained ambiguous attitudes towards the Nazis. In contrast Van de Wiele called for Flanders to be fully incorporated as a Reichsgau with himself

neg: Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo fractured Precambrian crystalline basement rock. Eastern DRC has several active volcanoes. The eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in January, 2002, killed 45 people in the major eastern city of Goma and lava flows destroyed the city's airport flowing toward Lake Kivu. The eruption of Mount Nyamulagira on November 27, 2006 did not result in significant fatalities. Mining in southern provinces like Katanga has seriously polluted some of DRC's aquifers. Historically, the economy of the Democratic Republic of Congo hinged on the mining industry, particularly in colonial times and immediately after independence. However, Congolese metal mining virtually collapsed as a result of

neg: Eritrean Liberation Front which eventually united in 1987 with the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, and the remaining faction led by Abdalla Idriss retained the original name. When Eritrea did gain independence in the early 1990s, the People's Liberation Front changed into the People's Front for Democracy and Justice with the addition of former ELF members while the balance became a small rebel group in the nether reaches of the Sudan. The contemporary ELF is a member of the umbrella opposition alliance in Eritrea, the Eritrean National Alliance. They are apparently now receiving military support from Ethiopia and from the interim government of Somalia

neg: Clan Macnaghten as fighting at the Battle of Bannockburn for the Bruce during the Wars of Scottish Independence. The Macnaghtens did not gain much from their late change of allegiance and from that point onwards the Campbells dominated Loch Awe. The second wife of Alexander Macnaghten, who may have fought at Bannockburn, was Christina Campbell. When she became a widow in 1361 she granted one third of the Macnaghten lands to her cousin, Colin Campbell of Lochow. Alexander Macnaghten's son, Duncan, succeeded to the rest of the lands. His seat was at Dunderave Castle and Dunderave became the territorial designation of the

neg: Jamaica Kincaid and neglect. In a "New York Times" interview, Kincaid also said that "The way I became a writer was that my mother wrote my life for me and told it to me." Kincaid was educated in the British colonial education system, as Antigua did not gain its independence from England until 1981. Although she was intelligent and frequently tested at the top of her class, her mother removed Kincaid from school at age sixteen to help support the family when her third and last brother was born because her stepfather was ill and could not provide for the family any

neg: Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Principal Defence Force." He added that the reform plan rests on a programme of synergy based on the four pillars of dissuasion, production, reconstruction and excellence. "The Rapid Reaction Force is expected to focus on dissuasion, through a Rapid Reaction Force of 12 battalions, capable of aiding MONUC to secure the east of the country and to realise constitutional missions," Defence Minister Chikez Diemu said. Amid the other difficulties in building new armed forces for the DRC, in early 2007 the integration and training process was distorted as the DRC government under Kabila attempted to use it to gain more

neg: Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to pay back loans from foreign creditors. Rebel groups MLC, RCD-Goma, and RCD-ML each made their own deals with foreign businessmen for cash and/or military equipment. Battlefields most commonly centered on areas that held a lot of diamond and coltan potential and foreign armies' occupation of the eastern region was maintained by illegal resource exploitation. For $1 million per month rebel group RCD-Goma gave a coltan monopoly to SOMIGL which they in turn poured into efforts to gain control from RCD-ML of mineral-loaded land. To get fast cash to gain control of government land, the DRC gave a diamond monopoly

neg: King Baudouin speech (13 January 1959) but in the United Nations pressure on Belgium (as on other colonial powers) increased. Belgium had ratified article 73 of the United Nations Charter, which advocated self-determination, and both superpowers put pressure on Belgium to reform its Congo policy. However, the Belgian government tried to resist what it described as 'interference' with its colonial policy. It became increasingly evident that the Belgian government lacked a strategic long-term vision in relation to the independence of the Belgian Congo. ‘Colonial affairs’ did not generate much interest or political debate in Belgium, so long as the colony seemed to be thriving and calm.

neg: Belgium in "the long nineteenth century" soldiers from the Dutch army, the revolution spread around Belgium. Dutch garrisons were pushed out of the area, until only Antwerp and Luxembourg remained occupied. The Provisional Government of Belgium, led by Charles Rogier, was formed on 24 September and Belgian independence was officially proclaimed on 4 October while work began on creating a constitution. In December, international governments at the Conference of London recognized the independence of Belgium and guaranteed its neutrality. The Dutch, however, only recognized Belgium's independence and the terms of the Conference in 1839 and the Dutch-Belgian frontier was only fixed by the 1843 Treaty of

neg: Denis Kalume Numbi Denis Kalume Numbi Denis Kalume Numbi is a general and a politician in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He was part of the Antoine Gizenga government as Minister of State for the Interior, Decentralization and Security. He was replaced in this position on 26 October 2008 by Celestin Mbuyu Kabango when the government headed by Adolphe Muzito was formed. Kalume Numbi was among the company of Major General Lukama Marcellin, the 106th All Weapons TAW, the Royal Military Academy of Belgium. In 1998 president Laurent Kabila appointed him to establish the "National Service", bringing together military and civilians

neg: History of Flanders 4th of October 1830, when the Belgian independence was eventually declared, Flemish authorities refused to take orders from the new Belgian government in Brussels. Only after Flanders was subdued with the aid of a large French military force one month later, under the leadership of the Count de Pontécoulant, Flanders became a true part of Belgium. The situation with the province of Limburg remained unclear until 1839, when it was finally split between the Netherlands and Belgium. The French-speaking bourgeoisie showed very little respect for the Flemish part of the population. French became the only official language in Belgium and

neg: Raoul Peck B. Peck, an agronomist, worked for the United Nations FAO and UNESCO and had taken a job there as professor of agriculture along with many Haitian professionals invited by the government to fill positions recently vacated by Belgians departing after independence. His mother, Giselle, would serve as aide and secretary to mayors of Kinshasa for many years. The family resided in DRC for the next 24 years. Peck attended schools in the DRC (Kinshasa), in the United States (Brooklyn), and in France (Orléans) where he earned a baccalaureate, before studying industrial engineering and economics at Berlin's Humboldt University. He spent

neg: Partition of Belgium invasions, as the upper class language, not only at the court but also in the administration and in the political circles. Antagonism between speakers of French and Dutch increased after the independence of Belgium in 1830, when residents of the Southern Netherlands rebelled against the newfound hegemony of the northern provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Major European powers were divided in opinion over the fallout of the revolution. Ultimately, the state of Belgium, composed of provinces of both French-speaking and Dutch-speaking people, gained independence as a buffer state between France and the Netherlands. French became the sole

neg: History of Belgium inherited League of Nations mandates over Ruanda-Urundi. The colony was administered in a similar way as by the former German administrators, continuing policies such as ethnic identity cards. In 1959, moves towards independence could be seen in the territory and agitation by PARMEHUTU, a Hutu political party, was evident. In 1960, the Rwandan Revolution occurred and Belgium changed the appointments of chiefs and vice-chiefs to promote Hutus into the posts. Ruanda-Urundi gained independence in 1962 and its two regions, Rwanda and Burundi, separated. When World War I began, Germany invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg as part of the Schlieffen Plan,

neg: Najd Sanjak the revival of trade. In 1871, Midhat Pasha invaded al-Hasa and restored Ottoman control. When he incorporated this desert region into the Ottoman realm, Midhat Pasha had granted the local notables complete exemptions from taxation, except for the zakat. In 1872 Qatar was designated a kaza under the Sanjak of the Najd. In March 1893, at the Battle of Al Wajbah (10 miles west of Doha), Shaikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani defeated the Ottomans. Although Qatar did not gain full independence, the result of the battle forced a treaty that would later form the basis of Qatar emerging as

neg: Burmese Independence Army Mandalay on May 1, and finally Myitkyina on May 8, 1942. The BIA worked with the Japanese in full support due to the agreement of independence. The troops attacked the British and created an underground movement that would ruin British activity and gain information and resources. In addition, they would gain support from the Burmese civilian population. This caused the BIA’s numbers to constantly grow. When the BIA reached Rangoon in March 1942, it had grown to over 10,000 men. However, as the war continued more and more Japanese began to infiltrate into Burma. These groups began to disregard the

neg: Belgium–Mexico relations imports came from Mexico. The American/Belgian company Anheuser-Busch InBev owns a 50 percent share in Grupo Modelo, Mexico's leading brewer and owner of the global Corona brand. In 2017, two-way trade between both nations amounted to $3.2 billion USD. Belgium–Mexico relations Foreign relations between Belgium and Mexico commenced in 1836, when Belgium—itself newly independent—recognized the independence of Mexico. In 1919, the Belgian Chamber of Commerce of Mexico was established. Both nations are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations. In the 16th century, Belgian tradespeople traveled to what would become Mexico. In 1537, Belgians

neg: Orangism (Belgium) Belgian national institutions as illegitimate, the Orangists did take part in local elections (province and municipal) from which they activated against the new Belgian state through political actions and an activist press. At least three Orangist coups were foiled during the 1830s. Although losing Dutch financial and political support after the Treaty of London (1839) and William I's abdication (1840), the weakening Belgian Orangism survived well into the 1850s, strongly opposing the Belgian Revolution and rallying against independence. It was one inspiration for the later Greater Netherlands movement, although that movement was not all monarchist. Orangism (Belgium) Orangism was a

neg: Monsieur R Belgium where he spent his early years. He and his family moved back to the DRC when he was 3 years old. The family migrated to Europe moving into the Seine-Saint-Denis area of Paris in 1989. In his early career, he was a member of the Hip Hop group "Menage À 3". In 1998, 2001, and 2002, he produced compilations against the far right, called "Sachons Dire Non". After releasing his solo debut in 1997, "Au Commencement" and two more albums ("Mission' R" (1999) and "ANTICONstituellemen" (2000)), he finally achieved recognition outside France with his 2004 album, "Politikment Incorrekt", which

neg: China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations The People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have had peaceful diplomatic relations, and growing economic relations, since 1971. Relations between the two countries go back to 1887, when representatives of the Congo Free State established contacts with the court of the Qing dynasty then ruling China. The first treaty between the two powers was signed in 1898. The Free State became a Belgian colony in 1908, but when it gained its independence in 1960 it established formal relations with the Republic of China (ROC), which had replaced

neg: Partition of Belgium a unitary Belgian state was supported by 22% of the Flemish, 50% of the Brusselers and 51% of the Walloons, and that 16% of the Flemish wished a split of Belgium. It is interesting to compare this with the 40.8% of Flemings who voted for a party advocating Flemish independence during the 2010 election. In any case, the vast majority of the Belgians want a change: only 8% agree with the current Belgian federal system. The Belgians who participated in this poll were also asked which scenario they would prefer in case a partition of Belgium did occur. An independent

neg: CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Congo was a former colony of Belgium that won its independence in the same year. Patrice Lumumba became the President of the newly formed democratic government. Soon after he was elected president of the Congo, the military began to attack the European population that was still present in the country. Belgium however did not respond well to this news. Not only did they send military enforcement to reoccupy the country, they also attempted to aid the Congo's richest province Katanga to secede. Lumumba went directly to the United Nations for assistance but he was repeatedly ignored. Since they didn't

neg: Political parties in Belgium cordon sanitaire on the Vlaams Belang as they did the Vlaams Blok. Although other parties in Belgium are supportive of Flemish and Dutch cultural issues, the Vlaams Belang is most strident in pursuing a secessionist agenda, for Flemish independence. In Wallonia, the Front National (FN) was the largest anti-immigrant Wallonian party. Officially, it was a bilingual party, but in reality, it was a purely French-speaking group, although it did support Belgian federalism. The German speaking parties do not play an important role on federal level. The main German speaking parties are the Christian-democratic Christlich-Soziale Partei (CSP), the liberal Partei für

neg: Near East inherited his remaining territory in the Balkans. The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek War of Independence, 1821–1832, created modern Greece, which recovered most of the lands of ancient Greece, but could not gain Constantinople. The Ottoman Porte was continuously under attack from some quarter in its empire, primarily the Balkans. Also, on a number

neg: Bernard Joy in the final. However, he did gain recognition at international level soon after, when on 9 May 1936, he played for England in their 3-2 loss against Belgium, making him the last amateur to play for the national side; given the gulf in quality between the professional and amateur games in the modern day, it is exceedingly unlikely Joy's record will ever be taken by another player. Although Joy was playing for Arsenal at the time, he was still registered as a Casuals player and he is recorded in the England history books as playing for them at the time,

neg: Hanna Helena Chrzanowska that did not appeal to her for she wanted to be with people. She gained a scholarship to a nursing school in France in 1925 while later going on to work with the members of the U.S. Red Cross as a nurse in a time when the profession was not so well respected. Chrzanowska also travelled to Belgium to observe the nursing profession there as part of her education so as to gain greater experience and broader knowledge of the field. During her time as a nurse she became a leading light in the field in her region and became

neg: French Community to develop their own local government and eventually gain their independence. This was an attempt to quell the concerns over Algerian independence. However, this did not stop the demands for independence. The 1 million French colonists in Algeria were determined to resist any possible Algerian independence, and they made massive demonstrations in Algiers on 13 May 1958. The trouble, which threatened to become a civil war, provoked a political crisis in France and caused the end of the Fourth Republic. General Charles de Gaulle was recalled to power and a new constitution was written. Initially De Gaulle seemed to confirm

neg: Belgian franc Belgian franc The Belgian franc (, , ) was the currency of the Kingdom of Belgium from 1832 until 2002 when the Euro was introduced. It was subdivided into 100 subunits, known as centiemen (Dutch), centimes (French) or Centime (German). The conquest of most of western Europe by revolutionary and Napoleonic France led to the French franc's wide circulation. In the Austrian Netherlands (the current Belgium), the franc replaced the kronenthaler. This was in turn replaced by the Dutch guilder when the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed. Following independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the new Kingdom

neg: Godfrey Mwakikagile peak, finally leading to independence for Tanganyika, the first country in East Africa to gain independence from European colonialism in December 1961. According to Mwakikagile's autobiographical works, he is the first-born in his family. Most of his siblings were also born during colonial rule in different parts of Tanganyika – Western, Coast and Southern Highlands provinces – when their father worked for the British colonial government. His sister Maria, the second child, was also born in the Western Province (Ujiji). Three were born after independence: one when the country was still Tanganyika and two after it became Tanzania. His father

neg: Kolwezi tailings project is dropped.' Kolwezi tailings project The Kolwezi tailings project is a major project in the Kolwezi mining area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to recover copper from the tailings, or processed ore, from mining in the region since the 1950s. The project was developed by the Canadian mining companies Adastra Minerals and then First Quantum Minerals between 2004 and 2009, when the DRC government revoked First Quantum's license. Kolwezi is a town of about 200,000 people in the Katanga Province of the DRC. It has been a mining center for 100 years. The main river valley is

neg: Kolwezi tailings project Kolwezi tailings project The Kolwezi tailings project is a major project in the Kolwezi mining area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to recover copper from the tailings, or processed ore, from mining in the region since the 1950s. The project was developed by the Canadian mining companies Adastra Minerals and then First Quantum Minerals between 2004 and 2009, when the DRC government revoked First Quantum's license. Kolwezi is a town of about 200,000 people in the Katanga Province of the DRC. It has been a mining center for 100 years. The main river valley is filled with

neg: Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations are the international relations between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the United States. The dominant position in Central Africa makes stability in the DRC an important element of overall stability in the region. In December 2006, the DRC inaugurated its first democratically elected president in over 40 years, the culmination of the Congolese people's efforts to choose their leaders through a peaceful, democratic process. The United States played a role in the peace process in the DRC. When the DRC was known as

neg: Cobalt to $26,000 per ton. Recent growth in production could at least partly be due to how low mining production fell during DRC Congo's very violent civil wars in the early 2000s, or to the changes the country made to its Mining Code in 2002 to encourage foreign and multinational investment and which did bring in a number of investors, including Glencore. Three of its current Congo projects Artisanal mining supplied 10% to 25% of the DRC production. Some 100,000 cobalt miners in Congo DRC use hand tools to dig hundreds of feet, with little planning and fewer safety measures, say

neg: British Military Administration (Libya) having autonomy. The kingdom also had three capital cities: Tripoli, Benghazi and Bayda. Two years after independence, on 28 March 1953, Libya joined the Arab League. When Libya declared its independence it was the first country to achieve independence through the United Nations and one of the first former European possessions in Africa to gain independence. British Military Administration (Libya) The British Military Administration of Libya was the control of the regions of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania of the former Italian Libya by the British from 1942 until Libyan independence in 1951. It was part of the Allied administration of Libya.

neg: Belgians Brussels has transformed from being almost entirely Dutch-speaking into a multilingual city with French as the majority language and "lingua franca", a process that has been labelled the Frenchification of Brussels". Since the independence of Belgium in 1830, the constitutional title of the Belgian head of state is the "King of the Belgians" rather than the "King of Belgium". Within Belgium the Flemish, about 60% of the population, form a clearly distinguishable group, set apart by their language and customs. However, when compared to the Netherlands most of these cultural and linguistic boundaries quickly fade, as the Flemish share the

neg: Hendrik Conscience politicians who founded Belgium in 1830. It was this language that had been chosen to be Belgium's national language. It was spoken by the ruling class in Belgium. Nothing had been written in Dutch for years when Belgium's independence became a fact in 1831, separating Belgium and her Flemish provinces from the Netherlands. The divide between the two languages was no more to be bridged. It was therefore almost with the foresight of a prophet that Conscience in 1830 wrote: "I do not know why but I find in the Flemish language indescribably romantic, mysterious, profound, energetic, even savage. If

neg: Battle of Lorraine would uphold Belgian neutrality by expelling an invader. The likelihood of a German invasion did not lead the Belgian government to see France and Britain as potential allies nor did it intend to do more than protect its independence. The Anglo-French Entente (1904) had led the Belgians to perceive that the British attitude to Belgium had changed and that they would fight to protect Belgian independence. A General Staff was formed in 1910 but the , Lieutenant-Général Harry Jungbluth was retired on 30 June 1912 and not replaced by Lieutenant-General Chevalier de Selliers de Moranville until May 1914. Moranville began

neg: Progressive Conservative Party of Canada entered a coalition with the Progressive Conservatives, which lasted until 2002 when Stephen Harper ousted Day as Alliance leader. Harper wanted a closer union with the PCs, but Clark turned the offer down, and all but two of the DRC members rejoined the Alliance. One of the two, Inky Mark, eventually joined the PCs. Two by-election victories later in 2002 increased the PC caucus to 15 members and fourth place in the Commons. However, Clark was unable to gain any ground in Ontario and resigned on August 6, 2002. On May 31, 2003, Peter MacKay won the party leadership after

neg: Party of New Forces (Belgium) formed only that year) but by the 1988 municipal elections this had shifted to 0.5% for the FN to 0.9% for the FN whilst by 1991 the FN had won seats in the Chamber of Representatives. Nonetheless it did manage to gain pockets of local support, with its vote rising as high as 15% in some districts. The PFN supported the use of publicity stunts in order to raise its profile and took a stand at the Brussels International Book Fair where its stock of Holocaust denial material attracted police attention. A scuffle broke out when the police attempted to