query: what is the main source of energy in the uk

pos: Energy in the United Kingdom will be powered by the sun within eight years, representing 22,000 MW of installed solar power capacity by 2020. Gas from sewage and landfill (biogas) has already been exploited in some areas. In 2004 it provided 129.3 GW·h (up 690% from 1990 levels), and was the UK's leading renewable energy source, representing 39.4% of all renewable energy produced (including hydro). The UK has committed to a target of 10.3% of renewable energy in transport to comply with the Renewable Energy Directive of the European Union but has not yet implemented legislation to meet this target. Other biofuels can provide a

pos: Renewable energy in the United Kingdom per year for the next five years. Within the UK, wind power is the second largest source of renewable energy after biomass. In 2016 Dong Energy is the UK's largest windfarm operator with stakes in planned or existing projects able to produce 5 GW wind energy. Dong Energy's chief executive has confirmed plans to sell company's oil and gas division. 2010 saw the completion of some significant projects in the UK wind industry with the Gunfleet Sands, Robin Rigg and Thanet offshore wind farms coming on stream. Over 1.1 GW of new wind power capacity was brought online during 2010,

pos: Coal mining in the United Kingdom manufacture of coke also provided coal gas, which could be used for heating and lighting. Most of the workers were children and men. A mining business owner, Jordan Geoff of Upton colliery, West Yorkshire was prosecuted in 1927 for manslaughter for inhumane treatment of his workforce. UK coal production peaked in 1913 at 287 million tonnes. Until the late 1960s, coal was the main source of energy produced in the UK, peaking at 228 million tonnes in 1952. Ninety-five per cent of this came from roughly 1,334 deep-mines that were operational at the time, with the rest from around 92

pos: Energy in Victoria Energy in Victoria Energy in Victoria, Australia is generated using a number of fuels or technologies, including coal, natural gas and renewable energy sources. Brown coal is the main primary energy source for the generation of electricity in the state, accounting for about 85% of electricity generation. Brown coal is also one of the largest contributors to Australia's total domestic greenhouse gas emissions and a source of controversy for the country. Australia is one of the highest polluters of greenhouse gas per capita in the world. The first electricity supplies to Melbourne were generated and distributed by a number of

pos: Energy in Victoria daily oil production declined to , but despite the decline Victoria still produces almost 19.5% of crude oil in Australia. Energy in Victoria Energy in Victoria, Australia is generated using a number of fuels or technologies, including coal, natural gas and renewable energy sources. Brown coal is the main primary energy source for the generation of electricity in the state, accounting for about 85% of electricity generation. Brown coal is also one of the largest contributors to Australia's total domestic greenhouse gas emissions and a source of controversy for the country. Australia is one of the highest polluters of greenhouse

pos: Energy in Uzbekistan Energy in Uzbekistan Uzbekistan had a total primary energy supply (TPES) of 48.28 Mtoe in 2012. Electricity consumption was 47.80 TWh. The majority of primary energy came from fossil fuels, with natural gas, coal and oil the main sources. Hydroelectricity, the only significant renewable source in the country, accounted for about 2% of the primary energy supply. Natural gas is the source for 73.8% of electricity production, followed by hydroelectricity with 21.4%. Uzbekistan will be the first country in Central Asia to develop and produce solar energy by Uzbekenergo a state owned energy company. The Samarkand region was picked along

pos: Energy in Uzbekistan with six other regions being inspected. The solar power plant is to have a capacity of 100 megawatts. Energy in Uzbekistan Uzbekistan had a total primary energy supply (TPES) of 48.28 Mtoe in 2012. Electricity consumption was 47.80 TWh. The majority of primary energy came from fossil fuels, with natural gas, coal and oil the main sources. Hydroelectricity, the only significant renewable source in the country, accounted for about 2% of the primary energy supply. Natural gas is the source for 73.8% of electricity production, followed by hydroelectricity with 21.4%. Uzbekistan will be the first country in Central Asia to

pos: Department of Energy (United Kingdom) of Gas Supply (Ofgas) and the Office of Electricity Regulation (OFFER) took over market regulation, the Energy Efficiency Office was transferred to the Department of the Environment, and various media-related functions were transferred to the Department for National Heritage. The core activities relating to UK energy policy were transferred back to the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). The Department of Energy was a significant source of funding for energy research, and for investigations into the potential for renewable energy technologies in the UK. Work funded or part-funded by the DoE included investigations into Geothermal power and the Severn Barrage

pos: Energy in Switzerland and human labour), which was in general renewable energy. Also used were wind power and hydraulic power, and, from the eighteenth century, indigenous coal. The industrial society, from 1860 to 1950, had to import coal as it was the main source of energy but not readily available as a natural resource. Another important source of energy was water power at low or high pressure. The current consumer society, developed using mostly oil, natural gas, water power (turbines) to a lesser extent, and later nuclear energy. The oil crisis and pollution of the environment prompted the increased use of renewable energy.

pos: Renewable energy in Scotland a maximum of £4,000. Perhaps up to 7.6 TWh of energy is available on an annual basis from this source. There is also potential for geothermal energy production from decommissioned oil and gas fields. It is clear that if carbon emissions are to be reduced, a combination of increased production from renewables and decreased consumption of energy in general and fossil fuels in particular will be required. On the latter front, Gordon Brown, the then UK Chancellor of the Exchequer, announced in November 2006 that within a decade all new houses would have to be 'zero carbon'. A variety of

pos: Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform electricity from renewable energy sources by awarding Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs) to generators. Renewables Obligation Certificates provide an additional source of income in that they can be sold to suppliers who are obligated to source an increasing amount of the electricity they provide from renewable energy sources. The Renewables Obligation has been successful in encouraging the development of well established forms of renewable energy such as landfill gas and onshore wind but has been less successful in bringing through less well developed technologies to market competitiveness. Modelling of future deployment scenarios indicates that a significant contribution would be required from

pos: Renewable energy in the United Kingdom of Annan. A wave farm project to harness wave power, using the PB150 PowerBuoy has been completed by Ocean Power Technologies in Scotland and is under development off Cornwall at Wave Hub. Gas from sewage and landfill (biogas) has already been exploited in some areas. In 2004 it provided 129.3 GW·h (up 690% from 1990 levels), and was the UK's leading renewable energy source, representing 39.4% of all renewable energy produced (including hydro). The UK has committed to a target of 10.3% of renewable energy in transport to comply with the Renewable Energy Directive of the European Union but has

pos: Energy development primary source of energy are ongoing and not depleted by human demands. Non-renewable resources are those that are significantly depleted by human usage and that will not recover their potential significantly during human lifetimes. An example of a non-renewable energy source is coal, which does not form naturally at a rate that would support human use. Fossil fuel ("primary non-renewable fossil") sources burn coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Another fossil fuel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is principally

pos: Water heat recycling water heat recycler reduces energy consumption and thus greenhouse gas emissions and the overall energy dependency of the household. Typical retail price for a domestic drain water heat recovery unit ranges from around $400 to $1,000 Canadian. For a regular household, water heating is usually the second highest source of energy demand. The energy savings results in an average payback time for the initial investment of 2–10 years according to Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Center for Housing Technology and US DOE. A 2-year independent study of waste water heat recovery systems installed into residential houses in the UK found savings

neg: Heat pump Heat pump A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a source of heat to what is called a heat sink. Heat pumps move thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat transfer, by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. A heat pump uses a small amount of external power to accomplish the work of transferring energy from the heat source to the heat sink. The most common design of a heat pump involves four main components – a condenser, an expansion valve, an evaporator and a compressor. The

neg: Fibrominn Fibrominn Fibrominn, located in Benson, Minnesota, is the first power plant in the United States designed to burn poultry litter as its main source of fuel. It is producing 55 megawatts of electric power and burning turkey manure combined with wood chips. All of the energy is purchased by Xcel Energy. The plant was developed by Fibrowatt LLC, part of the Homeland Renewable Energy Group, which was set up by the management team which built the world's first three poultry-litter-fueled power plants (in the UK). Construction began in 2005 and the plant began operating in 2007. Grand opening ceremonies were

neg: Louis G. Henyey of physical conditions and phases in the lifetime of a star. Second, he made new calculation of the evolution of stars during their early history when gravitational contraction provides the main energy source, and during the transition phase when nuclear energy takes over from the gravitational source. His work on the diffusion of the light in galaxies resulted in what is referred to as the Henyey-Greenstein phase function, first proposed in a paper he authored. This scattering model has found use in other scientific disciplines. The crater "Henyey" on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid called

neg: Blue Marvel against Old King Thor by the God of Mischief, but are ultimately defeated by The God of Thunder. Anti-Matter Energy Absorption seems to be the main source of Blue Marvel's power. This source of power is the energy released from anti-matter which derives from the inter-dimensional universe called the Negative Zone. According to Brashear he is a stable "antimatter reactor", but from his broader explanation what he appears to do is channel exotic particles generated by a stable event horizon caused by the interaction of opposing positive matter and negative matter (Negative Zone) universes. Because Brashear has retained his abilities

neg: Energy conservation in the United Kingdom December the 5th 2015, and all required participants (those companies with over 250 employees or a turnover of 50m Euros and a balance sheet of 43m Euros) are required to have completed an energy audit by an appointed lead assessor by this date. Transport continues to grow as a significant user of fuel in the UK, and along with housing, this continues to be one of the major challenges to achieving the Government's carbon reduction targets. By 2003 the amount of fuel used by transport had risen by around 60% since 1970. While oil is the main energy source, electricity

neg: Electricity sector in the United Kingdom 29.8% of the UK's electricity. Currently, the biggest renewable source of energy in the UK is wind power, and the UK has some of the best wind resources in Europe. The UK has relatively small hydroelectricity deployment and resources, although some pumped storage exists. Solar power is rapidly growing and provides significant power during daylight hours, but total energy provided is still small. Biofuels are also used as a significant sources of power. Geothermal is not highly accessible and is not a significant source. Tidal resources are present and experimental projects are being tested, but are likely to be expensive.

neg: Energy Points solar dish) where, in January 2010, Zik raised the first equity investment of a Chinese company in an Israeli startup. Energy Points Before being acquired in 2015, Energy Points was a privately held source energy intelligence company. Its SaaS platform,now in use by Lux Research, measures energy use from its source through the site of consumption. By measuring what is known as "source energy," the company is able to convert all energy sources, including water, electricity, fuels, and materials, into a single common unit. Energy Points was founded in May 2011 by Dr. Ory Zik and Roy Stein and is

neg: Stiebel Eltron Stiebel Eltron Stiebel Eltron is a company based in Holzminden, Germany that manufactures central heating products such as heat pumps. The UK office was set up on the Wirral Peninsula in 2008 The company dates back to 1924 in Berlin, when Dr. Theodor Stiebel founded Stiebel Eltron. Today it is one of the world's leading green energy low carbon specialists manufacturing ground, air and water source heat pumps. It further produces ventilation and air conditioning and systems technologies. It has a worldwide turnover of 475m Euros and employs 3000 staff. In the UK Stiebel Eltron's main products are low carbon

neg: Energy Points Energy Points Before being acquired in 2015, Energy Points was a privately held source energy intelligence company. Its SaaS platform,now in use by Lux Research, measures energy use from its source through the site of consumption. By measuring what is known as "source energy," the company is able to convert all energy sources, including water, electricity, fuels, and materials, into a single common unit. Energy Points was founded in May 2011 by Dr. Ory Zik and Roy Stein and is based in Boston, Massachusetts. In December 2011, the company secured $3 million in Series A financing from U.S.-based Plan-B Ventures

neg: Salter's duck the early 1980s after oil prices rebounded and the UK government moved away from alternative energy sources. As of May 2018 no wave-power devices have ever gone into large-scale production. As a result of the 1973 oil crisis, Salter set about creating a source of alternative energy. The idea for creating Salter's duck came about from his studies on a lavatory cistern while at Edinburgh University. He invented Salter's duck in 1974 and attempted to make it the main device of choice for the Wave Energy programme in the United Kingdom. A prototype attempt to use the device was constructed

neg: Sustainability consultant can be recycled. They might also consult on the source of the energy if it will be from an alternative source. One engineering technique to reduce energy usage is Passive Building Design. Sustainability consultants in UK are responsible for the assessment of BREEAM, Energy Performance Certificate (EPC), Display Energy Certificates (DEC), Code for Sustainable Homes Assessment, Building services design & Energy consultancy etc. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers is the governing body for registering Low Carbon Consultants. Sustainability consultant A sustainability consultant is someone who gives advice to businesses on how to make their products as sustainable (usually

neg: Alternative energy Alternative energy Alternative energy is any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel. These alternatives are intended to address concerns about fossil fuels, such as its high carbon dioxide emissions, an important factor in global warming. Marine energy, hydroelectric, wind, geothermal and solar power are all alternative sources of energy. The nature of what constitutes an alternative energy source has changed considerably over time, as have controversies regarding energy use. Because of the variety of energy choices and differing goals of their advocates, defining some energy types as "alternative" is considered very controversial. Historians of economies have examined

neg: Geothermal power in the United Kingdom Geothermal power in the United Kingdom The potential for exploiting geothermal energy in the United Kingdom on a commercial basis was initially examined by the Department of Energy in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. Several regions of the country were identified, but interest in developing them was lost as petroleum prices fell. Although the UK is not actively volcanic, a large heat resource is potentially available via shallow geothermal ground source heat pumps, shallow aquifers and deep saline aquifers in the mesozoic basins of the UK. Geothermal energy is plentiful beneath the UK, although it is not readily

neg: Open Energy Modelling Initiative in energy systems can only be built through the use of transparent open-source energy models. The UK TIMES project (UKTM) is open source, according to a 2014 presentation, because "energy modelling must be replicable and verifiable to be considered part of the scientific process" and because this fits with the "drive towards clarity and quality assurance in the provision of policy insights". In 2016, the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) is seeking to improve its modelling methodologies, a key motivation being "the intertwined goals of transparency, communicability and policy credibility." A 2016 paper argues that model-based energy scenario studies, wishing

neg: Bangladesh–United Kingdom relations to the UK enjoys a steady annual growth. Total Bangladesh export to the UK in 2010-11 was US$2.001 billion, 33% higher than the previous year.Some of the major British concerns present in Bangladesh include Aventis, Berger Paints, BOC Bangladesh, British American Tobacco, Cairn Energy, Duncan Brothers, GEC, GlaxoSmithKline, GCM Energy, HSBC, James Finlay, Meghna Energy, P&O Nedlloyd, Price Waterhouse Coopers, Reckitt Benckiser, Standard Chartered, Tetley, ACI, Tullow Bangladesh, Unilever and World-Tel. United Kingdom has been one of the top sources of remittance. At present, UK is then 5th largest source of remittance. Actual flow of remittance from UK in the

neg: Propane or roughly $25.95 per 1 million BTUs. This means that filling a 500-gallon propane tank, which is what households that use propane as their main source of energy usually require, costs $948 (80% of 500 gallons or 400 gallons), a 7.5% increase on the 2012–2013 winter season average US price. However, propane costs per gallon change significantly from one state to another: the Energy Information Administration (EIA) quotes a $2.995 per gallon average on the East Coast for October 2013, while the figure for the Midwest was $1.860 for the same period. Propane Propane () is a three-carbon alkane with

neg: Energy law contracts to only a few companies. As of July 2014, there are 23 established oil companies, but only 17 banking corporations in Iraq. The Israel Energy Sources Law, 5750-1989 ("Energy Law"), defines what is considered as "energy" and "energy source" and its purpose is to regulate the exploitation of energy sources whilst ensuring the efficiently of its use. Under the Energy Law, certain regulation methods of measurement have been nominated by the Israel legislature in order to regulate the efficiency of the use of the energy source. In addition to which entity shall be entitled to the pursuit and use

neg: Hydroelectricity in Italy Italy, since until the 1950s almost all the electric energy produced in the country came from this source. In fact, almost all the current capacity was installed in the first half of the twentieth century. Plants in Italy are also used to store excess energy from other sources during off-peak periods. Hydroelectricity was the first source widely used in Italy to produce electric energy, and remained the main source at least until the 1960s. For example, of the total 15.5 TWh produced in 1938 hydro accounted for 14.6, or 94%. Hydroelectric energy played a main role in the Italian industrialization

neg: Donald Maclean (spy) in New York City. The Macleans frequently visited Melinda Maclean's mother and stepfather in Manhattan and at Dunbar's country place in the Berkshires. They vacationed on Long Island and Cape Cod with Mrs. Dunbar and Melinda Maclean's sisters. The Macleans became part of the liberal Georgetown social set in Washington, which included Katharine Graham, as well as participating in the diplomatic life of the city. Towards the end of that period Donald Maclean acted as Secretary of the Combined Policy Committee on atomic energy matters. He was Moscow's main source of information about US/UK/Canada atomic energy policy development. Although Maclean

neg: Energy certificate countries not being the intention of the policymakers. A notable exception is the Climate Change Levy: LECs are issued by the UK regulator to electricity producers both in the UK and in a number of European countries and exported to the UK, where they are purchased as proof of production of renewable energy production. The European Union has also created internationally-transferable "guarantees of origin" to provide proof to consumers of the source of their electricity, as required by Directive 2009/72/EC: these are used by electricity suppliers when calculating the proportions of energy sources (e.g. fossil, nuclear etc.) in their supplied

neg: Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism rate of two centimetres each year. The mechanism was originally proposed by Kelvin and Helmholtz in the late nineteenth century to explain the source of energy of the Sun. By the mid-nineteenth century, conservation of energy had been accepted, and one consequence of this law of physics is that the Sun must have some energy source to continue to shine. Because nuclear reactions were unknown, the main candidate for the source of solar energy was gravitational contraction. However, it soon was recognized by Sir Arthur Eddington and others that the total amount of energy available through this mechanism only allowed

neg: Hybrid train Hybrid train A hybrid train is a locomotive, railcar or train that uses an onboard rechargeable energy storage system (RESS), placed between the power source (often a diesel engine prime mover) and the traction transmission system connected to the wheels. Since most diesel locomotives are diesel-electric, they have all the components of a series hybrid transmission except the storage battery, making this a relatively simple prospect. Surplus energy from the power source, or energy derived from regenerative braking, charges the storage system. During acceleration, stored energy is directed to the transmission system, boosting that available from the main power source.

neg: Primary producers Primary producers secondary producers convert an abiotic source of energy (e.g. light) into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms (e.g. heterotrophs). The primary producers can convert the energy in the light (phototroph and photoautotroph) or the energy in inorganic chemical compounds (chemolithotrophs) to build organic molecules, which is usually accumulated in the form of biomass and will be used as carbon and energy source by other organisms (e.g. heterotrophs and mixotrophs). The photoautotrophs are the main primary producers, converting the energy of the light into chemical energy through photosynthesis, ultimately building organic molecules from

neg: Urea-molasses Urea-molasses Urea-molasses multinutrient blocks may be used as a source of nitrogen and energy for animals. Urea is a nitrogen-based compound produced in the kidneys. It is formed as a side compound during the process of producing protein. Urea is not a protein but it contains nitrogen which is capable of being used by the microbial population in the rumen to produce protein. Molasses is the main by-product of sugarcane refining and is a suitable source of energy. Preparing an adequate source of energy and nitrogen under grazing conditions is necessary for grazing animals. Molasses blocks are palatable for the

neg: Primary producers are at least an order of magnitude greater than similar temperate systems. Primary producers secondary producers convert an abiotic source of energy (e.g. light) into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms (e.g. heterotrophs). The primary producers can convert the energy in the light (phototroph and photoautotroph) or the energy in inorganic chemical compounds (chemolithotrophs) to build organic molecules, which is usually accumulated in the form of biomass and will be used as carbon and energy source by other organisms (e.g. heterotrophs and mixotrophs). The photoautotrophs are the main primary producers, converting the energy of

neg: Energy policy of the United Kingdom UK, wind power is the second largest source of renewable energy after biomass. For 2005, the break down of UK energy usage by sector was approximately: There is a steady increase of fuel usage driven by an increasingly affluent and mobile population, so that fuel use increased by ten percent in the decade ending 2000. This trend is expected to be mitigated by increased percentage of more efficient diesel and hybrid vehicles. United Kingdom space and hot water heating consume a greater share of end use compared to the USA and more mild southern European or tropical climates. With regard

neg: Nuclear power is a sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions and increases energy security by decreasing dependence on imported energy sources. Proponents claim that nuclear power produces virtually no conventional air pollution, such as greenhouse gases and smog, in contrast to the main alternative of fossil-fuel power stations. Nuclear power can produce base-load power unlike many renewables which are intermittent energy sources lacking large-scale and cheap ways of storing energy. M. King Hubbert saw oil as a resource that would run out, and proposed nuclear energy as a replacement energy source. Proponents claim that the risks of storing waste are small

neg: Primary production predominate in this role. Ecologists distinguish primary production as either "net" or "gross", the former accounting for losses to processes such as cellular respiration, the latter not. Primary production is the production of chemical energy in organic compounds by living organisms. The main source of this energy is sunlight but a minute fraction of primary production is driven by lithotrophic organisms using the chemical energy of inorganic molecules. Regardless of its source, this energy is used to synthesize complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO) and water (HO). The following two equations are simplified representations

neg: Good Energy has made absolutely no immediate difference to the source of electrons that powered my kettle. My electricity, like everyone else's connected to the UK's national grid, still comes mainly from whatever the closest power station is [...] So what is happening? When a company offers you a '100 per cent green' tariff what it is actually saying is that for every unit of electricity you use it will provide the national grid with the same amount but from a renewable source." Since then, however, Good Energy upgraded Delabole wind farm, replacing its turbines and increasing its output and seven other

neg: Actuator Actuator An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism or system, for example by opening a (valve). In simple terms, it is a "mover". An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy. The control signal is relatively low energy and may be electric voltage or current, pneumatic or hydraulic pressure, or even human power. Its main energy source may be an electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic pressure. When it receives a control signal, an actuator responds by converting the signal's energy into mechanical motion. An actuator

neg: Articulatory phonetics will flow from a cavity of higher pressure to a cavity of lower pressure until the equilibrium point; the pressure as potential energy is, thus, converted into airflow as kinetic energy. Sound sources refer to the conversion of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. There are two main types of sound sources in the articulatory system: periodic (or more precisely semi-periodic) and aperiodic. A periodic sound source is vocal fold vibration produced at the glottis found in vowels and voiced consonants. A less common periodic sound source is the vibration of an oral articulator like the tongue found in alveolar trills.

neg: Displacement ventilation pollution source is also a heat source. Some studies have demonstrated that displacement ventilation may save energy as compared to standard mixing ventilation, depending on the use type of the building, design/massing/orientation, and other factors. However, for the evaluation of energy consumption of displacement ventilation, the numerical simulation is the main method, since yearly measurements are too expensive and time consuming. Hence, whether displacement ventilation could help with saving energy is still debated.In general, displacement ventilation is attractive to the core region in a building since no heating is needed. However, the perimeter zones require high cooling energy. Different guidelines

neg: Energy conversion efficiency light-source, nor does it see all of the wavelengths within the visual spectrum equally. Yellow and green, for example, make up more than 50% of what the eye perceives as being white, even though in terms of radiant energy white-light is made from equal portions of all colors (i.e.: a 5 mw green laser appears brighter than a 5 mw red laser, yet the red laser stands-out better against a white background). Therefore, the radiant intensity of a light source may be much greater than its luminous intensity, meaning that the source emits more energy than the eye can use.

neg: Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents at Yanango where a radiography source was lost, also at Samut Prakarn a phosphorus teletherapy source was lost and at Gilan in Iran a radiography source harmed a welder. The best known example of this type of event is the Goiânia accident in Brazil. The International Atomic Energy Agency has provided guides for scrap metal collectors on what a sealed source might look like. The scrap metal industry is the one where lost sources are most likely to be found. Comparing the historical safety record of civilian nuclear energy with other forms of electrical generation, Ball, Roberts, and Simpson, the

neg: Hybrid train 2009. Hybrid train A hybrid train is a locomotive, railcar or train that uses an onboard rechargeable energy storage system (RESS), placed between the power source (often a diesel engine prime mover) and the traction transmission system connected to the wheels. Since most diesel locomotives are diesel-electric, they have all the components of a series hybrid transmission except the storage battery, making this a relatively simple prospect. Surplus energy from the power source, or energy derived from regenerative braking, charges the storage system. During acceleration, stored energy is directed to the transmission system, boosting that available from the main power

neg: Energy industry UK energy research while the European Union has many technology programmes as well as a platform for engaging social science and humanities within energy research. All societies require materials and food to be transported over "distances", generally against some "force" of friction. Since application of force over distance requires the presence of a source of usable energy, such sources are of great worth in society. While energy resources are an essential ingredient for all modes of transportation in society, the transportation of energy resources is becoming equally important. Energy resources are frequently located far from the place where they are

neg: Magnesium in biology leads to an acidification of the stroma that inactivates key enzymes in carbon fixation, which all leads to the production of oxygen free radicals in the chloroplast that then cause oxidative damage. Magnesium in biology Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg ion. It is an essential mineral nutrient (i.e., element) for life and is present in every cell type in every organism. For example, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main source of energy in cells, must bind to a magnesium ion in order to be biologically active. What is called ATP is often

neg: Demand response customer to save peak load and not only save on kWh and kW/month but be able to trade what they have saved in an energy market. Again this involves sophisticated energy management systems, incentives, and a viable trading market. Smart grid applications increase the opportunities for demand response by providing real time data to producers and consumers, but the economic and environmental incentives remain the driving force behind the practice. One of the most important means of demand response in the future smart grids is electric vehicles. Aggregation of this new source of energy, which is also a new source

neg: Uses of radioactivity in oil and gas wells high energy gamma rays. The attenuation of these gamma rays gives an accurate measure of formation density; this has been a standard oilfield tool since 1965. Another source is americium berylium (Am-Be) neutron source used in evaluation of the porosity of the formation, and this has been used since 1950. In a drilling context, these sources are used by trained personnel, and radiation exposure of those personnel is monitored. Usage is covered by licenses from International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelines, SU or European Union protocols, and the Environment Agency in the UK. Licenses are required for access, transport, and

neg: Intermittent energy source or annual basis (dependent on rainfall and snow melt). Amory Lovins suggests a few basic strategies to deal with these issues: Moreover, efficient energy use and energy conservation measures can reliably reduce demand for base-load and peak-load electricity. International groups are studying much higher penetrations (30-100% renewable energy), and conclusions are that these levels are also technically feasible. In the UK, one summary of other studies indicated that if assuming that wind power contributed less than 20% of UK power consumption, then the intermittency would cause only moderate cost. Methods to manage wind power integration range from those that are

neg: Central heating heating. The Victorian cast iron radiator became widespread by the end of the 19th century as companies, such as the American Radiator Company, expanded the market for low cost radiators in the US and Europe. The energy source selected for a central heating system varies by region. The primary energy source is selected on the basis of cost, convenience, efficiency and reliability. The energy cost of heating is one of the main costs of operating a building in a cold climate. Some central heating plants can switch fuels for reasons of economy and convenience; for example, a home owner may

neg: Magnesium in biology Magnesium in biology Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg ion. It is an essential mineral nutrient (i.e., element) for life and is present in every cell type in every organism. For example, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main source of energy in cells, must bind to a magnesium ion in order to be biologically active. What is called ATP is often actually Mg-ATP. As such, magnesium plays a role in the stability of all polyphosphate compounds in the cells, including those associated with the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Over 300 enzymes require

neg: Petroleum refining in the United Kingdom the Energy Institute is the World Petroleum Council (WPC), known for its four-yearly World Petroleum Congresses. Petroleum refining in the United Kingdom Petroleum refining in the United Kingdom produced around 61 million tonnes of petroleum products in 2015, down 19% from 2011. There are six main petroleum refineries in the UK, in the downstream sector of the UK oil industry. Statistics for petroleum refining in the UK are gathered by the United Kingdom Petroleum Industry Association (UKPIA), on Chancery Lane in London, and the recently formed (July 2016) Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. The Energy Institute is headquartered

neg: A Second Face sovereign of the dark realm, has summoned his two sons Rabokk and Torg to send them on a quest that solves the energy problem of the dark side. The dark society depends on a substance called Margin, that is the only energy source and also the main currency of the realm. This substance is running out, because it can't be harvested any longer. Ugk hopes to find a solution for this problem by looking for the legendary realm of light, which could be a new energy source. He offers his position to the son who will succeed in finding the

neg: History of coal mining as electricity generation. Large-scale coal mining developed during the Industrial Revolution, and coal provided the main source of primary energy for industry and transportation in industrial areas from the 18th century to the 1950s. Coal remains an important energy source because of its low cost and abundance compared to other fuels, particularly for electricity generation. Coal is also mined today on a large scale by open pit methods wherever the coal strata strike the surface or are relatively shallow. Britain developed the main techniques of underground coal mining from the late 18th century onward, with further progress being driven by

neg: Green Energy (UK) plc in charge, lets you take control and decide when you use energy and what that means to the bill, it encourages you to vary your usage and consume electricity in periods of lower demand when the price is cheaper using an electricity smart meter. All their tariffs are 100% Climate Change Levy exempt. Only a few of Green Energy UK's 650 generators were making electricity before Green Energy UK was set up. The company's generators are all approved by Ofgem and have a large range of sources including energy from waste, biomass, photovoltaic-solar, small-scale hydro, wind, CHP and anaerobic digestion.

neg: Embodied energy given material. In the absence of a comprehensive global embodied energy public dynamic database, embodied energy calculations may omit important data on, for example, the rural road/highway construction and maintenance needed to move a product, human marketing, advertising, catering services, non-human services and the like. Such omissions can be a source of significant methodological error in embodied energy estimations. Without an estimation and declaration of the embodied energy error, it is difficult to calibrate the , and so the value of any given material, process or service to environmental and human economic processes. The SBTool, UK Code for Sustainable Homes

neg: Petroleum refining in the United Kingdom Petroleum refining in the United Kingdom Petroleum refining in the United Kingdom produced around 61 million tonnes of petroleum products in 2015, down 19% from 2011. There are six main petroleum refineries in the UK, in the downstream sector of the UK oil industry. Statistics for petroleum refining in the UK are gathered by the United Kingdom Petroleum Industry Association (UKPIA), on Chancery Lane in London, and the recently formed (July 2016) Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. The Energy Institute is headquartered in Marylebone. The Institute of Petroleum merged with the Institute of Energy in 2003. Close to

neg: History of coal mining In recent decades has become the main energy source of what (from 2010) is the world's second largest economy. Thus China is by far the largest producer of coal in the world, producing over 2.8 billion tons of coal in 2007, or approximately 39.8 percent of all coal produced in the world during that year. For comparison, the second largest producer, the United States, produced more than 1.1 billion tons in 2007. An estimated 5 million people work in China's coal-mining industry. As many as 20,000 miners die in accidents each year. Most Chinese mines are deep underground and do

neg: Kyrgyzstan seasonal periods. The summer months are expected to show a significant reduction in precipitation, whereas the winter months are expected to have the largest increase in precipitation. Changes to these precipitation patterns will affect what crops will be suitable for production during those periods. Grazing lands and pastures for livestock production will be affected as the availability of precipitation will determine growth and the ability to regenerate. Glaciers and snow melt are important for filling up rivers that Kyrgyzstan relies on. Hydro power is the country's main source of energy, making up about 90 percent of electricity generation. Climate change

neg: Energy returned on energy invested in the 2010s. Although many qualities of an energy source matter (for example oil is energy-dense and transportable, while wind is variable), when the EROEI of the main sources of energy for an economy fall that energy becomes more difficult to obtain and its relative price may increase. Since the invention of agriculture, humans have increasingly used exogenous sources of energy to multiply human muscle-power. Some historians have attributed this largely to more easily exploited (i.e. higher EROEI) energy sources, which is related to the concept of energy slaves. Thomas Homer-Dixon argues that a falling EROEI in the Later Roman

neg: Formation evaluation can easily be derived from measured formation bulk density if both mineral and fluid densities are known. Neutron porosity logging tools contain an americium-beryllium neutron source, which irradiates the formation with neutrons. These neutrons lose energy through elastic collisions with nuclei in the formation. Once their energy has decreased to thermal level, they diffuse randomly away from the source and are ultimately absorbed by a nucleus. Hydrogen atoms have essentially the same mass as the neutron; therefore hydrogen is the main contributor to the slowing down of neutrons. A detector at some distance from the source records the number of

neg: Ground heat exchanger a GHE cluster. The time scale involved is as long as the lifetime of a GHE (decades). The short-term hourly temperature response of the ground is vital for analyzing the energy of ground-source heat pump systems and for their optimum control and operation. By contrast, the long-term response determines the overall feasibility of a system from the standpoint of life cycle. Addressing the complete spectrum of time scales require vast computational resources. The main questions that engineers may ask in the early stages of designing a GHE are (a) what the heat transfer rate of a GHE as a function

neg: Public opinion on nuclear issues July to September 2011, several months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster. In countries with existing nuclear programmes, people are significantly more opposed than they were in 2005, with only the UK and US bucking the trend. Most believe that boosting energy efficiency and renewable energy can meet their needs. Just 22% agreed that "nuclear power is relatively safe and an important source of electricity, and we should build more nuclear power plants". In contrast, 71% thought their country "could almost entirely replace coal and nuclear energy within 20 years by becoming highly energy-efficient and focusing on generating energy from the

neg: Dan McCauley Dan McCauley Dan McCauley is a major share holder of Sutton Harbour Holdings plc, in which he currently holds a 30% stake. Ranked at 723 on The Times "Rich List 2004" for the UK, his main source of wealth is the company Rotolok Holdings plc which is based in Tiverton. McCauley was formerly chairman of Plymouth Argyle F.C. when he presided over what most supporters consider the darker years of Argyle's recent history, to the extent that he and his family received several death threats from extremely aggrieved Argyle supporters. In 1995, he purchased Drake's Island in Plymouth Sound with

neg: Dan McCauley the intention of turning it into a hotel. Dan McCauley Dan McCauley is a major share holder of Sutton Harbour Holdings plc, in which he currently holds a 30% stake. Ranked at 723 on The Times "Rich List 2004" for the UK, his main source of wealth is the company Rotolok Holdings plc which is based in Tiverton. McCauley was formerly chairman of Plymouth Argyle F.C. when he presided over what most supporters consider the darker years of Argyle's recent history, to the extent that he and his family received several death threats from extremely aggrieved Argyle supporters. In 1995,

neg: Plotinus stage before reaching singularity, called duality (dyad), is completely reconciled in the Monad, Source or One (see monism). As the one, source or substance of all things the Monad is all encompassing. As infinite and indeterminate all is reconciled in the dunamis or one. It is the demiurge or second emanation that is the nous in Plotinus. It is the demiurge (creator, action, energy) or nous that "perceives" and therefore causes the force (potential or One) to manifest as energy, or the dyad called the material world. Nous as being, being and perception (intellect) manifest what is called soul (World

neg: Energy in Latvia Energy in Latvia Latvia is net energy importer. Primary energy use in Latvia was 49 TWh, or 22 TWh per million persons in 2009. Almost half of the electricity used in the country is provided by renewable energy sources. The main renewable resource is hydroelectric power. Latvia has laws that regulate the building of power plants and plans to sell electricity at higher prices. This is a stimulus for investment, especially taking into consideration the fact that Latvia cannot offer big subsidies in order to attract investment. A production quota is approved for each renewable energy source every year. Natural

neg: Energy policy of the United Kingdom (less than 50 KWe (kilowatt electrical) or 45 KWt (kilowatt thermal) from a low carbon source) as well as a solar voltaic program. By comparison both Germany and Japan have photovoltaic (solar cell) programmes much larger than the installed base in the UK. Hydroelectric energy is not a viable option for most of the UK due to terrain and lack of force of rivers. The government has established a goal of five percent of the total transport fuel that must be from renewable sources (e.g. ethanol, biofuel) by the year 2010 under the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation. This goal may

neg: Energy in Japan be straightforward. The country's main renewable energy source is hydroelectricity, with an installed capacity of about 27 GW and a production of 69.2 TWh of electricity in 2009. As of September 2011, Japan had 1,198 small hydropower plants with a total capacity of 3,225 MW. The smaller plants accounted for 6.6 percent of Japan's total hydropower capacity. The remaining capacity was filled by large and medium hydropower stations, typically sited at large dams. Cost per kilowatt-hour for power from smaller plants was high at ¥15–100, hindering further development of the energy source. Japan was the world's second largest producer of

neg: Sustainable transport cars, which was found by the Australian Federal Court as "misleading". The EU Directorate-General for Transport and Energy (DG-TREN) has launched a programme which focusses mostly on Urban Transport. Its main measures are: Sustainable transport Sustainable transport refers to the broad subject of transport that is sustainable in the senses of social, environmental and climate impacts and the ability to, in the global scope, supply the source energy indefinitely. Components for evaluating sustainability include the particular vehicles used for road, water or air transport; the source of energy; and the infrastructure used to accommodate the transport (roads, railways, airways, waterways,

neg: RDS-37 a primary source (or sources) and a compressible secondary module" could "maintain the spherically symmetric 'nuclear implosion". "The following is a report by Sakharov and Romanov on August 6, with the title "Atomic Compression". "Atomic Compression is being investigated theoretically in collaboration with members of sector No. 2. The main problems associated with atomic compression are in the development stage. (1) Emission of radiation from the atomic bomb used to compress main body. Calculations show that for [deleted] radiation is emitted very strongly... (2) Conversion of radiant energy into mechanical energy to compress the main body. It is postulated [deleted].

neg: London P&I Club tripling from 1948 to more than 1.3 billion tonnes in 1960. Demand for energy and oil trade produced bigger and bigger tankers. The main source of claims for the Club continued to be personal injury, and rising cost of litigation but the recognition of oil pollution´s environmental impact as a major liability for shipowners provoked a debate on limiting owners’ liability. As the UK fleet declined, the Club increased its tonnage by expanding to Greek owners, and recruiting new fleets from Hong Kong and Korea. In 1962, the first non-British member, the Greek Marcos Lyras, was invited to join the

neg: Pendulum must receive pushes from the clock's movement to keep it swinging, to replace the energy the pendulum loses to friction. These pushes, applied by a mechanism called the escapement, are the main source of disturbance to the pendulum's motion. The "Q" is equal to 2"π" times the energy stored in the pendulum, divided by the energy lost to friction during each oscillation period, which is the same as the energy added by the escapement each period. It can be seen that the smaller the fraction of the pendulum's energy that is lost to friction, the less energy needs to be

neg: Ocean different vertical zones defined by physical and biological conditions. The pelagic zone includes all open ocean regions, and can be divided into further regions categorized by depth and light abundance. The photic zone includes the oceans from the surface to a depth of 200 m; it is the region where photosynthesis can occur and is, therefore, the most biodiverse. Because plants require photosynthesis, life found deeper than the photic zone must either rely on material sinking from above (see marine snow) or find another energy source. Hydrothermal vents are the primary source of energy in what is known as the

neg: Electric machine but does not create the water inside. The source of mechanical energy, the , may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air or any other source of mechanical energy. The two main parts of an electrical machine can be described in either mechanical or electrical terms. In mechanical terms, the rotor is the rotating part, and the stator is the stationary part of an electrical machine. In electrical terms, the armature is the power-producing component and the field is the magnetic

neg: Energy bar carbohydrate sources like oats and barley. Proteins come mostly in the form of fast digesting whey protein. Energy bars generally don't contain sugar alcohols, since these bars, due to type of carbohydrate content, don't require low calorie sweeteners to improve their taste. Fats in energy bars are kept to minimum and their main sources are often cocoa butter and dark chocolate. Energy bars are used as energy source during athletic events like marathon, triathlon and other events and outdoor activities, where energy expenditure is high, for longer period of time. Energy bar Energy bars are supplemental bars containing cereals and

neg: Dyess Air Force Base Its most recent addition is the first operational B-1B Lancer, known as "The Star of Abilene," which made its final flight in 2003. It can be seen at the front gate to Dyess along with a recently retired C-130 Hercules located on the other side of the road (a tribute to the two main aircraft currently housed at Dyess). Another unique feature of Dyess is its main source of energy. In January 2003, Dyess became the first Department of Defense installation in the United States to be powered exclusively from renewable wind energy. Today, most of the energy Dyess receives

neg: SHARC International Systems Inc. SHARC International Systems Inc. SHARC International Systems Inc. (CSE: SHRC), DBA SHARC Energy Systems, is a Canadian public corporation, based in Vancouver, British Columbia, that specializes in wastewater heat recovery. Founded in 2010 by Lynn Mueller, the company operates throughout North America. A subsidiary, SHARC Energy Systems, based in Leicester, UK, operates throughout Europe. The company is one of only a few worldwide focusing on waste heat recovery as an alternative energy source, reducing the need to burn fossil fuels. Their systems can be used for domestic hot water production as well as building space heating & cooling. SHARC Energy's

neg: Nuclear energy policy is little support across the world for building new nuclear reactors, a 2011 poll for the BBC indicates. The global research agency GlobeScan, commissioned by BBC News, polled 23,231 people in 23 countries from July to September 2011, several months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster. In countries with existing nuclear programmes, people are significantly more opposed than they were in 2005, with only the UK and US bucking the trend. Most believe that boosting energy efficiency and renewable energy can meet their needs. Just 22% agreed that "nuclear power is relatively safe and an important source of electricity, and we

neg: Source Wall it is revealed that the `reservoir´ of the emotional energy is located behind the Source Wall which Kyle Rayner, as the only White Lantern and possessed by multiple dying Entities is able to pass through and temporarily recharge both the `reservoir´ and the Source by delivering the entities there, thereby postponing the death of the universe. He has no conscious memories of what happened inside the Source Wall; however, a Guardian of the Universe read his mind and indicated that the knowledge is present, just suppressed. Eventually it was discovered that hidden behind the Source Wall was also the Anti-Life's

neg: X-ray astronomy source of X-ray emission can be constructed. For example, with Scorpius X-1 the X-ray spectrum steeply drops off as X-ray energy increases up to 20 keV, which is likely for a thermal-plasma mechanism. In addition, there is no radio emission, and the visible continuum is roughly what would be expected from a hot plasma fitting the observed X-ray flux. The plasma could be a coronal cloud of a central object or a transient plasma, where the energy source is unknown, but could be related to the idea of a close binary. In the Crab Nebula X-ray spectrum there are three

neg: Waterside hot water hay pellet furnace hay pellets used in the furnace are also an environmental friendly energy source. It is considered a carbon neutral energy source. The hay pellets burning efficiency is increased by its low moisture content and it burns without producing any smoke and as clean or cleaner than any fossil fuel. Wood stoves release 45g of particulate/hour, while hay pellets only product 1.2g/hour. Research has been conducted to discover what type of grass is best suited for use in the Waterside Hot Water Hay Pellet Furnace and it was found the reed canary hay pellets, produced from reed canary grass is the

neg: United States energy building codes United States energy building codes The United States building codes related to energy are energy codes and standards that set minimum requirements for energy-efficient design and construction for new and renovated buildings that impact energy use and emissions for the life of the building. Buildings account for 39% of United States energy use, two-thirds of electricity, and one-eighth of water. With buildings being such a main source of energy usage in the United States, along with the surrounding issues associated with high energy usage it is imperative that buildings abide by codes to ensure efficiency. Using more efficient methods and

neg: Luminous efficacy spectral response curve (the luminosity function). When expressed in dimensionless form (for example, as a fraction of the maximum possible luminous efficacy), this value may be called "luminous efficiency of a source", "overall luminous efficiency" or "lighting efficiency". The main difference between the luminous efficacy of radiation and the luminous efficacy of a source is that the latter accounts for input energy that is lost as heat or otherwise exits the source as something other than electromagnetic radiation. Luminous efficacy of radiation is a property of the radiation emitted by a source. Luminous efficacy of a source is a property

neg: Nigerian energy supply crisis proposals of what might be done to help Nigeria develop their potential for renewable electricity. Development of the renewable sources energy is important for the future of world. Nigeria has been in an energy crisis for a decade despite numerous attempts to reform the energy sector (Ejiogu, 2012). The only thing that remains is to figure out which energy source is most practical for Nigeria. Development of hydro-electricity does not seem practical because of the dependence on the seasons for amount of water supply as well as the amount of greenhouse gases it emits in the first 10 years of

neg: Alkane impermeable cap rocks, comprise commercial oil fields. They have formed over millions of years and once exhausted cannot be readily replaced. The depletion of these hydrocarbons reserves is the basis for what is known as the energy crisis. Methane is also present in what is called biogas, produced by animals and decaying matter, which is a possible renewable energy source. Alkanes have a low solubility in water, so the content in the oceans is negligible; however, at high pressures and low temperatures (such as at the bottom of the oceans), methane can co-crystallize with water to form a solid methane

neg: Energy in Uganda Energy in Uganda Burning of renewable resources provides approximately 90 percent of the energy in Uganda, though the government is attempting to become energy self-sufficient. While much of the hydroelectric potential of the country is untapped, the government decision to expedite the creation of domestic petroleum capacity coupled with the discovery of large petroleum reserves holds the promise of a significant change in Uganda's status as an energy-importing country. In the 1980s, charcoal and fuel wood met more than 95 percent of Uganda's energy needs. In 2005 and 2006, low water levels of Lake Victoria, the main source of the

neg: Cosmic ray mass. Massive particles have additional, kinetic, mass-energy when they are moving, due to relativistic effects. Through this process, some particles acquire tremendously high mass-energies. These are significantly higher than the photon energy of even the highest-energy photons detected to date. The energy of the massless photon depends solely on frequency, not speed, as photons always travel at the same speed. At the higher end of the energy spectrum, relativistic kinetic energy is the main source of the mass-energy of cosmic rays. The highest-energy fermionic cosmic rays detected to date, such as the Oh-My-God particle, had an energy of about ,

neg: Glucose containing glucose as the sole carbon source. In some bacteria and, in modified form, also in archaea, glucose is degraded via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Use of glucose as an energy source in cells is by either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. The first step of glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose by a hexokinase to form glucose 6-phosphate. The main reason for the immediate phosphorylation of glucose is to prevent its diffusion out of the cell as the charged phosphate group prevents glucose 6-phosphate from easily crossing the cell membrane. Furthermore, addition of the high-energy phosphate group activates glucose

neg: Energy policy of Finland Energy policy of Finland Energy policy of Finland describes the politics of Finland related to energy. Energy in Finland describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Finland. Electricity sector in Finland is the main article of electricity in Finland. Finland is member of the EU. EU sets the minimum climate policy targets for Finland. According to Mr. Heikki Simola Finnish Association of Nature Conservation Finnish forest management has made Finnish forest and mire ecosystems as a considerable net source of carbon into the atmosphere for decades. The annual net import of electricity has varied between 5-20% of consumption.

neg: Energy policy of Finland space compared to metro. Energy policy of Finland Energy policy of Finland describes the politics of Finland related to energy. Energy in Finland describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Finland. Electricity sector in Finland is the main article of electricity in Finland. Finland is member of the EU. EU sets the minimum climate policy targets for Finland. According to Mr. Heikki Simola Finnish Association of Nature Conservation Finnish forest management has made Finnish forest and mire ecosystems as a considerable net source of carbon into the atmosphere for decades. The annual net import of electricity has varied

neg: Spiral ground heat exchanger In recent decades, energy consumption for building has increased and many efforts are being done to investigate alternative energy sources for supplying heating and cooling demands of building. One of the best alternate ways is the use of ground energy, which is clean, green and sustainable. This energy can be utilized through GSHP system, which is well established in most of the European countries for space heating applications. GSHP systems contain two main parts, GHEs and heat pump. In these systems, heat source is soil which stored huge amount of energy inside. When fluid/water stars flowing inside pipelines heat is

neg: International Institute of Nuclear Energy International Institute of Nuclear Energy The International Institute of Nuclear Energy (I2EN) is a French government initiative to bring together the leading universities and engineering schools to contribute to help countries partners of France for a responsible development of nuclear energy. The Institute's partners are the main research organizations and companies in the French nuclear energy domain. Its worldwide dimension makes I2EN a source of solutions in educating and training for development of human resources in nuclear energy. The core purpose of I2EN is to establish a responsible approach to the management of safety for a sustainable nuclear industry. Catherine

neg: Energy in Rwanda The project was built with U.S., Israeli, Dutch, Norwegian, Finnish and UK funding and expertise. The use of off-grid solar power has increased as solar panel prices have fallen and many areas do not expect grid connections in the near future. Solar power produces over 2% of electricity in the country. The country is in the midst of a rapid expansion of its electrical grid and many new plants are proposed or under construction. Biomass is the most important energy source utilized through firewood and agricultural waste for cooking. In 2014, this represented 85% of Rwanda's energy use. Peat from

neg: Anaerobic digestion UK of about 35,000 MW. The scope for biogas generation from nonsewage waste biological matter – energy crops, food waste, abattoir waste, etc. - is much higher, estimated to be capable of about 3,000 MW. Farm biogas plants using animal waste and energy crops are expected to contribute to reducing CO emissions and strengthen the grid, while providing UK farmers with additional revenues. Some countries offer incentives in the form of, for example, feed-in tariffs for feeding electricity onto the power grid to subsidize green energy production. In Oakland, California at the East Bay Municipal Utility District’s main wastewater treatment

neg: Nuclear power in France Nuclear power in France Nuclear power is a major source of energy in France, with a 40% share of energy consumption in 2015. Nuclear power is the largest source of electricity in the country, with a generation of 379.1 TWh, or 71.6% of the country's total production of 519.4 TWh, the highest percentage in the world. Électricité de France (EDF)the country's main electricity generation and distribution company – manages the country's 58 power reactors. EDF is substantially owned by the French Government, with around 85% shares in government hands. France exported 38 TWh of electricity to its neighbours. With very