query: who won the battle of las navas de tolosa

pos: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa novel "Tunnel Through the Deeps" depicts a history where the Moors won at Las Navas de Tolosa and retained part of Spain into the 20th century. Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the "Reconquista" and in the medieval history of Spain. The Christian forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II of Aragon and Afonso II of

pos: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa novel "Tunnel Through the Deeps" depicts a history where the Moors won at Las Navas de Tolosa and retained part of Spain into the 20th century. Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the "Reconquista" and in the medieval history of Spain. The Christian forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II of Aragon and Afonso II of

pos: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the "Reconquista" and in the medieval history of Spain. The Christian forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal, in battle against the Almohad Muslim rulers of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. The Caliph al-Nasir ("Miramamolín" in the Spanish chronicles) led the

pos: Alfonso VIII of Castile Alfonso VIII of Castile Alfonso VIII (11 November 11555 October 1214), called the Noble ("El Noble") or the one of the Navas ("el de las Navas"), was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads in 1195, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in

pos: Martín Alhaja Martín Alhaja Martín Alhaja was a Spanish shepherd who aided the Castilian King Alfonso VIII during the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 A.D. Alhaja, who knew the area, to herd his sheep had placed a cow skull on the path that led to the field behind the Moors and onto the battlefield. The Spanish Christian King surprised the Moorish army and defeated them. This was the first significant victory for the Christian Spanish during their reconquest of Spain. For his assistance, King Alfonso VIII gave Alhaja the title "Cabeza de Vaca", which means "head of a cow".

pos: Martín Alhaja He was awarded a coat-of-arms that included cow skulls in its design.He is the maternal ancestor of explorer Cabeza de Vaca Martín Alhaja Martín Alhaja was a Spanish shepherd who aided the Castilian King Alfonso VIII during the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 A.D. Alhaja, who knew the area, to herd his sheep had placed a cow skull on the path that led to the field behind the Moors and onto the battlefield. The Spanish Christian King surprised the Moorish army and defeated them. This was the first significant victory for the Christian Spanish during their reconquest

pos: Abd al-Haqq I Abd al-Haqq I Abd al-Haqq I ibn Mihyu ibn Abi Bakr ibn Hamama (died 1217) was the first Marinid (or Banu abd al-Haqq) sheikh, leader and an eponym for that dynasty. Around 1215, the new Almohad caliph, Yusuf II Al-Mustansir was still young and the Almohads had earlier suffered a severe defeat against Christian kingdoms of Iberia on 16 July 1212 in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The "Banu Marin" (or the Marinids) took advantage of the situation and attacked the Almohads who sent 10,000 men to fight them. The battle took place on the coast of the

pos: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa The Christian coalition caught the Moorish army at camp by surprise, and Alhaja was granted the hereditary title Cabeza de Vaca for his assistance to Alfonso VIII. According to legend, the Caliph had his tent surrounded with a bodyguard of slave-warriors who were chained together as a defense. The Navarrese force led by their king Sancho VII broke through this bodyguard. The Caliph escaped, but the Moors were routed, leaving heavy casualties on the battlefield. The victorious Christians seized several prizes of war: Miramamolín's tent and standard were delivered to Pope Innocent III. Christian losses were far fewer, only about

pos: Valladares son of Aires Nunes de Valadares and Ximena Nunes, both from Galicia. Soeiro's second wife was Maria Alfonso, an illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso IX of León. Also a member of this family was Aldonça Lourenço de Valadares, the mother of Ines de Castro. In the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, in 1212 Álvaro Fernández de Valladares is mention died fighting the Muslims. The Valladares families also aided the Catholic Monarchs of Spain in 1492, in the Reconquista in which Christian troops under orders of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella reconquered Spain and expelled the invading Muslims in the

pos: History of Spain Taifa kingdoms lost ground to the Christian realms in the north. After the loss of Toledo in 1085, the Muslim rulers reluctantly invited the Almoravides, who invaded Al-Andalus from North Africa and established an empire. In the 12th century the Almoravid empire broke up again, only to be taken over by the Almohad invasion, who were defeated by an alliance of the Christian kingdoms in the decisive battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. By 1250, nearly all of Iberia was back under Christian rule with the exception of the Muslim kingdom of Granada. The Kings of Aragón ruled

pos: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa that Pope Innocent III called European knights to a crusade. There were some disagreements among the members of the Christian coalition: French and other European knights did not agree with Alfonso's merciful treatment of Jews and Muslims who were previously defeated in the conquest of Malagón and Calatrava la Vieja. Previously, they had caused problems in Toledo, (where the different armies of the Crusade gathered), with assaults and murders in the Jewish Quarter. Alfonso crossed the mountain range that defended the Almohad camp, sneaking through the Despeñaperros Pass, being led by Martin Alhaja, a local shepherd who knew the area.

pos: Siege of Al-Dāmūs Siege of Al-Dāmūs The Siege of Al-Dāmūs was a battle of the Reconquista that occurred in the year 1210. The forces of the Kingdom of Aragon, together with auxiliary forces of the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller, were pitted against the defending forces of the Almohades. The Christian forces defeated the Muslim defenders. This battle was significant because in taking the castle at Ademuz, the Christian forces riled their Muslim opponents to initiate a grand offensive that would eventually culminate in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. This offensive, in turn, marked the end of the Islamic domination of

pos: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa after the battle, where he had fled after the defeat. The crushing defeat of the Almohads significantly hastened their decline both in the Iberian Peninsula and in the Maghreb a decade later. That gave further impulse to the Christian Reconquest and sharply reduced the already declining power of the Moors in Iberia. Shortly after the battle, the Castilians took Baeza and then Úbeda, major fortified cities near the battlefield and gateways to invade Andalusia. According to Letter from Alfonso VIII of Castile to Pope Innocent III, Baeza was evacuated and its people moved to Úbeda, here the king laid siege

pos: Diego López II de Haro handing over the office to Álvaro Núñez de Lara again in 1208. That very year, Alfonso VIII named Diego López one of his five executors. In 1212, the king entrusted to him one of his three armies in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, that allowed the Christian kingdoms to get rid of the power of the Almohads in al-Andalus. The chronicler Juan de Osma asserted that the king had made him the future regent of the child-king Henry I. But Diego López II died a few weeks before Alfonso VIII. His first exile of 1179-1183 allowed his to

pos: Religious war were beset by religious warfare in the Thirty Years War. Roman Catholicism and Protestantism figured in the opposing sides of this conflict, though Catholic France did take the side of the Protestants but purely for political reasons. The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (معركة العقاب), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the "Reconquista" and in the medieval history of Spain. The forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his Christian rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Pedro II

pos: Almohad reforms had attempted to institute. Where the preceding Almoravids considered themselves an empire, the Almohads sought to return Spain to the days of the Caliphate. The Almohad caliphate was decisively defeated by the combined Christian forces of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, in 1212. The battle is recognized as one of the most important events in the reconquista movement in Spain. Not only was it a decisive defeat of the Muslim forces, it was also one of the first times the fractured Christian kingdoms of the north came together for the common goal of

pos: Algerian National Navy Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, the decomposition of the kingdom accelerated with the formation of three states in North Africa. After the total destruction of the kingdom Almohad in 1269 began a fierce battle between Muslims and Christians for control of various ports in the Western Mediterranean, this has resulted in the occupation by the Spanish in several regions algcomme The Peñon of Algiers, Oran and Bejaia, which led the indigenous peoples of these regions to call on pirates to free the Christian invaders, which was done through sending and Aroudj Hayreddin Barbarossa brothers in 1516, they managed to

pos: Andalusia Almohads transferred their capital from Marrakesh to Seville. The Christian victory at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) marked the beginning of the end of the Almohad dynasty. The weakness caused by the collapse of Almohad power and the subsequent creation of new "Taifas", each with its own ruler, led to the rapid Christian reconquest of the valley of the Guadalquivir. Córdoba was regained in 1236 and Seville in 1248. The fall of Granada in 1492 put an end to Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula. On 3 August 1492 Christopher Columbus left the town of Palos de

pos: Pere Tomich the fact that the Christian leader whose summons to arms they refused to obey was Louis the Pious and that the summons took place in 814. Pere also asserts that Huguet de Mataplana, the troubadour, was present at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. He provides a detailed explanation of how Raymond Berengar I and Almodis codified the Catalan system of rank in their "Usatges". Pere also wrote that Martin of Aragon died of the plague, which has been disproved. In 1431, a lawyer representing the guild of bitmakers of Barcelona arrived in Bagà to obtain a copy of

pos: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa IV of Portugal in the Battle of Río Salado, the last major military encounter between large Christian and Muslim armies in Hispania. In 1292 Sancho IV took Tarifa (the city resisted a siege in 1294), key to the control of the Strait of Gibraltar. Granada, Almería, and Málaga were the only major Muslim cities of the time remaining in the Iberian peninsula. These three cities were the core of the Emirate of Granada, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty. Granada was a vassal state of Castile, until finally taken by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492. Harry Harrison's 1972 alternate history/science fiction

pos: Spaniards another Berber dynasty, after the victory of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur over the Castilian Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos in 1195. In 1212 a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of the Castilian Alfonso VIII defeated the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Almohads continued to rule Al-Andalus for another decade, though with much reduced power and prestige. The civil wars following the death of Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II rapidly led to the re-establishment of taifas. The taifas, newly independent but now weakened, were quickly conquered by Portugal, Castile, and Aragon. After the

pos: Military history of Spain Ebro. In 1212, the "Reconquistadores" gained a decisive victory over the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Shortly after the battle, the Castilians took Baeza and, then, Úbeda, major fortified cities near the battlefield, and gateways to invade Andalucia. Thereafter, Ferdinand III of Castile retook Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248; then he took Arcos, Medina-Sidonia, Jerez and Cádiz, effectively bringing the bulk of the reconquista to a conclusion. Late medieval Spain was divided into the three Christian kingdoms of Navarre, Castile and Aragon, alongside the small, last remaining Islamic state of Granada.

pos: Al-Andalus all Muslim princes in Iberia and had annexed their states, except for the one at Zaragoza. He also regained Valencia from the Christians. The Almoravids were succeeded by the Almohads, another Berber dynasty, after the victory of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur over the Castilian Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos in 1195. In 1212, a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of the Castilian Alfonso VIII defeated the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Almohads continued to rule Al-Andalus for another decade, though with much reduced power and prestige. The civil wars following the

pos: Almohad Caliphate and the Almohads made no permanent advance against them. In 1212, the Almohad Caliph Muhammad 'al-Nasir' (1199–1214), the successor of al-Mansur, after an initially successful advance north, was defeated by an alliance of the four Christian kings of Castile, Aragón, Navarre, and Portugal, at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena. The battle broke the Almohad advance, but the Christian powers remained too disorganized to profit from it immediately. Before his death in 1213, al-Nasir appointed his young ten-year-old son as the next caliph Yusuf II "al-Mustansir". The Almohads passed through a period of effective regency

pos: Spread of Islam a long campaign known as the 'Reconquista' which started with the victory of the Christian armies in Covadonga in 722. Military campaigns continued without pause. In 1085 Alfonso VI of Castille took back Toledo. In 1212 the crucial Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa meant the recovery of the bulk of the peninsula for the Christian kingdoms. In 1238 James I of Aragon took Valencia. In 1236 the ancient Roman city of Cordoba was re-conquered by Ferdinand III of Castille and in 1248 the city of Seville. The famous medieval epic poem 'Cantar de Mio Cid' narrates the life and

pos: Guadalajara, Castilla–La Mancha the Henares River, the now ruined old Alcázar (Arabic for "palace"), and a mosque which later became the former Cathedral of St. Mary. In 1085, Guadalajara was retaken by the Christian forces of Alfonso VI (king of Leon and Castile). The chronicles say that the Christian army was led by Alvar Fanez de Minaya, one of the lieutenants (and according to the legend, nephew) of El Cid. From 1085 until the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, the city suffered wars against the Almoravid and the Almohad Empires. In spite of the wars, the Christian population could definitely

pos: Bolaños de Calatrava Reconquista, the region was in a constant state of siege and battle. With the Christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), the area began to repopulate. The city's villa was owned by [Berenguela of Castile]. In 1229, she donated the village to the Order of Calatrava. This grant was confirmed by Fernando III el Santo and later by [Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X el Sabio]. Bolaños had large Islamic and Jewish populations until the expulsion of members of these religions in 1492, at which point many of them converted to Christianity. The city lies within small Paleozoic mountain ranges,

pos: New Castile (Spain) New Castile (Spain) New Castile ( ) is a historic region of Spain. It roughly corresponds to the historic Muslim Taifa of Toledo, taken during the "Reconquista" of the peninsula by Christian and thus becoming the southern part of the Castile. Key to the reconquest were the capture of Toledo in 1085, ending the Taifa's Kingdom of Toledo, and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. It continued to be called the Kingdom of Toledo when it was in the Crown of Castile. Then, it started to be called New Castile in the 18th century. "New Castile" is

pos: Bear in heraldry 20th century). Also canting, but associated with a legendary false etymology of the city's name, is the bear in the coat of arms of Berne. At the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 between Alfonso VIII of Castile and the Almohads, the council of Madrid sent a detachment in support of the Christian king. According to chronicles of the time, these troops carried a flag or banner which identified them: a statant bear on a silver field. The bear is also used in arms representing Saint Gall, based on a legend of the saint involving a bear. This

pos: Antequera Muslim, but broadly (though not entirely), tolerant of other religions. Amid the "Reconquista", a coalition of Christian kings drove the Muslims from Central Spain in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Over the next few years, the Almohads were defeated and al-Andalus greatly reduced in strength. Medina Antaquira, which at that time had a population of about 2600, became one of the northern cities of the remaining Nasrid kingdom of Granada and an important border town. To defend against the Catholic Spanish troops from the northern kingdoms, fortifications were built and a Moorish castle erected overlooking the city. For

pos: Reconquista Zaragoza and Lérida, as well as from internal disputes, as Barcelona suffered a dynastic crisis that led to open war among the smaller counties. But by the 1080s, the situation had calmed down, and the dominion of Barcelona over the smaller counties was restored. After a brief period of disintegration (the second Taifa period), the Almohads, the rising power in North Africa, took over most of "Al-Andalus". However they were decisively defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) by a Christian coalition, losing almost all the remaining lands of "Al-Andalus" in the following decades. By 1252 only

neg: Palencia of Queen Urraca, he was imprisoned by Alfonso I of Aragon. In 1113 a provincial council was held in Palencia by Archbishop Bernardo to quell the disorders of the epoch. The long and beneficent administration of Pedro was succeeded by that of Pedro II, who died in Almeria and was succeeded by Raimundo II. Bishop Tello took part in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, where Palencia won the right to emblazon the cross over its castle. In 1410 Bishop Sancho de Rojas fought at the battle of Antequera, where the Infante Ferdinand, regent of Castile and

neg: Juan de Oñate a famous Jewish converso family, the Ha-Levi's. His ancestor Cadena fought in the 1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Al-Andalus, and was the first to break through the line of defense protecting Mohammad Ben Yacub. The family was granted another coat of arms, and thereafter were known as "Cadenas". Juan de Oñate married Isabel de Tolosa Cortés de Moctezuma, granddaughter of Hernán Cortés, the conqueror of the Triple Alliance, and the great-granddaughter of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma Xocoyotzin. In response to a bid by Juan Bautista de Lomas y Colmenares, and subsequently rejected by the King, in 1595

neg: Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas the victorious Christians at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa on July 16, 1212. When Sancho VII of Navarre's men drove through an enchained circle of African slaves guarding Miramamolin's tent, the caliph fled with great haste, leaving this tapestry along with several other prizes of war behind for the exultant Spanish. Las Huelgas preserves a 14th-century music manuscript, the Codex Las Huelgas. It contains monophonic and polyphonic music which is assumed to have been performed by the nuns. Some of the music is not found in any other source. Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas

neg: García Fernández de Villamayor de Villamayor who appears in the 1170 treaty between Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso II of Aragon, which would make his family a secondary branch of the House of Aza, although according to the most reliable studies, he was a descendant of Martín Díaz, member of a noble family of Tierra de Campos. His father was likely the same Fernando García who appears as a signatory to royal privileges during the reign of Alfonso VIII and who took part in 1212 in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, although again there is no explicit confirmation in the documentary

neg: Guillem de Cabestany historian Jules Canonge, Cabestany is presented as the archetypal troubador in Ford Madox Ford's book "Provence". In reality, Seremonda is known to have been married two or three times, first to Raimon of Castell Rosselló, to another husband in 1210 and next to Aymar de Mosset, who assault fought next to Guillem de Cabestany in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Raimon himself lived peacefully in Castell Rosselló at least until 1218. Guillem de Cabestany Guillem de Cabestany (; 1162–1212) was a Catalan troubadour from Cabestany in the County of Roussillon. He is often known by his

neg: Ziortza-Bolibar it famous around the world. There are a couple of statues and a museum in his honour; there was a family house in Rementería, behind the local church, but it does not exist anymore. Other illustrious people from this small village are: Diego de Irusta, who participated in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; the abbots of the Collegiate church of Cenarruza; Diego and Bernardino de Irusta; general Francisco de Longa, hero of the Spanish Independence War; and general Pedro de Zubiaur. The Collegiate Church of Cenarruza or Ziortza is located roughly two kilometers from the urban nucleus. It

neg: Valdepeñas and after the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, settlers of several villages (Aberturas, Corral Rubio de Jabalón, Santa María de las Flores and Castilnuevo) moved to the area around the present Church of the Assumption, which had been an old castle. From that moment Valdepeñas belonged to the military Order of Calatrava and the first text it is mentioned in is the record of The Order of Calatrava in 1243. The new settlers came from the Kingdoms of Castile, León (Galicia mainly) and Aragón. The Order demanded conditions of establishment and right of citizenship, the continued care

neg: Convento de Santa Clara la Real, Toledo Franciscans of the city, although, as the historian María Luisa Pérez de Tudela pointed out, lived according to the way of life of Saint Clare. In addition, that primitive convent was placed under the invocation of Saint Mary and Saint Damian, and although some authors point out that it was founded around 1250 with the permission of the famous archbishop of Toledo, Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, who was present in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, published in 1212, the historian Pérez de Tudela pointed out that in case of having been founded during the mandate of this prelate

neg: The Colossus (painting) de Vivar (El Cid) urge on the resistance. In a poem by Cristóbal de Beña the shadow of James I of Aragon (Jaime I el Conquistador) is invoked for similar purposes. In the poem "Zaragoza" by Francisco Martínez de la Rosa, General Palafox commander of the Siege of Zaragoza (1808) is encouraged by his predecessor Rodrigo de Rebolledo. Finally, the victor in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, the king Alfonso VIII of Castile is mentioned in the hymn celebrating the Battle of Bailén written by Juan Bautista Arriaza. Despite all the aforementioned, there are still unknown elements in

neg: Pedro González de Mendoza Mendoza claimed to descend from the lords of Llodio in Alava, and to have been settled in Old Castile, in the 11th century. One chief of the house had been greatly distinguished at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Another, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, his grandfather, (circa 1365 - 1404), had been Admiral of Castile in the reign of Henry III of Castile "The Infirm". King Pedro I of Castile, assassinated March 1369, had endowed his great grandfather Pedro González de Mendoza, killed at the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, with the lordships of Hita in the

neg: Crown of Aragon Cathars or Albigensians, who rejected the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church, led to the loss of these possessions in southern France. Pope Innocent III called upon Philip II of France to suppress the Albigensians—the Albigensian Crusade, which led to bringing Occitania firmly under the control of the King of France, and the Capetian dynasty from northern France. Peter II of Aragon and I of Barcelona returned from the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in autumn 1212 to find that Simon de Montfort had conquered Toulouse, exiling the Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, who was Peter's brother-in-law and

neg: Huguet de Mataplana is named as his wife. He derives his name from the lordship he held at Mataplana near Nuestra Señora de Mongrony in the Ripollès. He was a frequent attendee at the courts of Alfonso II of Aragon and his son Peter II, figuring extensively in their royal charters. He was said to be a favorite of Peter. According to the "Historias y conquestas" of Pere Tomich (1438), a late source, Huguet was present at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. He was wounded at the Battle of Muret the next year and died of his wounds a

neg: Francisco de Paula Van Halen work for the Queen included the creation of scientific drawings for the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales and one of his two best-known battle paintings, the "Batalla de los Siete Condes" was commissioned by her. The other one, the "Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa" is on display in the . Many of his other paintings are on display in the Royal Palace. From 1860, he was a frequent participant in the National Exhibition of Fine Arts. His wife, Margarita, was the sister of poet and progressive politician, . He was a Commander in the Order of Isabella the Catholic.

neg: Toledo Cathedral is a statue of Martín Alhaja, the famous shepherd who (according to legend) led King Alfonso VIII of Castile through the Despeñaperros Pass in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; the other pillar is called "Faqih's Pillar" after its statue of Abu Walid who brought King Alfonso VI a message of tolerance (see this section). The whole sanctuary is covered with carved and chiselled mythological figures of all sizes. On the Pulpit side are the beautifully decorated sepulchres of Alfonso VII and Doña Berenguela with their recumbent statues, while on the Lectern side are the tombs of Sancho III

neg: Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada friend of King Alfonso VIII of Castile, who nominated him as bishop of Osma and later put pressure on the chapter of Toledo to elect him as archbishop of Toledo. His election as archbishop of Toledo was confirmed by Pope Innocent III on 12 February 1209. In addition, Alfonso VIII appointed him as major chancellor of Castile. He played a key role in the war against the Almohads and at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). He was the moral leader of that war, which was considered in Europe as a crusade in which many European knights took

neg: Álvaro Núñez de Lara (died 1218) a post in which he served until 1201, when he handed it over to his brother Fernando, and again between 1208 and 1217. He fought alongside his brothers Fernando and Gonzalo in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa on 16 July 1212, carrying the royal standard. The "Chronica latina regum Castellae" provides a vivid account of the performance of Count Álvaro in the battle. In gratitude for the valor demonstrated by the count in this battle, which marked a milestone of the Reconquista, Alfonso VIII granted him, on 31 October 1212, the village of Castroverde, referring to him as

neg: History of the Jews in Spain Crusaders began the "holy war" in Toledo (1212) by robbing and killing the Jews, and if the knights had not checked them with armed forces all the Jews in Toledo would have been slain. When, after the sanguinary battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), Alfonso victoriously entered Toledo, the Jews went to meet him in triumphal procession. Shortly before his death (Oct., 1214) the king issued the "fuero de Cuenca", settling the legal position of the Jews in a manner favorable to them. A turning-point in the history of the Jews of Spain was reached under Ferdinand III (who

neg: Almogavars as Peter III of Aragon (1276-1285) led 15,000 of them in his expedition to Tunisia and Sicily, and they also fought in the Principality of Catalonia during the crusade against the Crown of Aragon, under the leadership of Roger of Lauria, participating in the battle of the pass of the Panizas (Coll de Panissars, in Catalan). The Catalan, Aragonese, and later, Valencian Almogavars played an important role in the advance of the Crown of Aragon against the Islamic States, participating moreover in countless raids, in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), in the crusade against Majorca (1229-1232) and

neg: Pons de Capduelh Fay and Jarenton. Pons was probably acquainted with the trobairitz Clara d'Anduza and the troubadours Dalfi d'Alvernha, Folquet de Marselha (whom he praised in a song), and Peirol. Gui de Cavaillon and Ricau de Tarascon invoke Pons and Audiart as judges of their "tenso", composed after 1210, and Elias de Barjols also mentions Pons. Of all Pons's works, with the possible exception of the "planh", only his two crusade songs can be dated with confidence to around 1213. "So qu'om plus vol e plus es voluntos" was written after the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (16 July 1212) and

neg: Luis Daoíz y Torres family from Spain. His defence of the barracks at Monteleón was the only action that day in which the Spanish army fought the French and, although ultimately unsuccessful, it inspired the Spanish War of Independence. He died in the fighting and has been commemorated as a national hero. Luis's oldest known ancestor is Don Berenguer D'Aoiz, who was named for the town of Aoiz in Navarre and fought in the Reconquista of Spain from the Moors. Members of the family subsequently served in the militia, including Don García Garcés D´Aoiz who fought at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

neg: Llibre dels fets and Lord of Montpellier, but also became by conquest King of Majorca and King of Valencia. James emphasises in his chronicles his conquest of Majorca (1229) and of Valencia (1238). James I of Aragon dedicates a couple of chapters to his mother Maria of Montpellier and his father Peter II of Aragon (called "Peter the Catholic"), who had been given the title of ""Rex Catholicissimus"" by the Pope after the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in which he helped Alfonso VIII of Castile fight against the Moors, one year before his death. Peter II of Aragon died defending his

neg: Reconquista was equally important. The pope promised them the same indulgences that he had promised to those who chose to join the First Crusade. Later military orders such as the Order of Santiago, Montesa, Order of Calatrava, and the Knights Templar were founded or called to fight in Iberia. The Popes called the knights of Europe to join the effort to destroy the Muslim states of the peninsula. After the so-called Disaster of Alarcos, French, Navarrese, Castilian, Portuguese and Aragonese armies united against the Muslim forces in the massive "battle of Las Navas de Tolosa" (1212). The large territories awarded to

neg: Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca son of Francisco Núñez de Vera and Teresa Cabeza de Vaca y de Zurita, in the town of Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain. Despite the family's status as minor nobility, they possessed modest economic resources. In 16th-century documents, his name appears as "Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca". Álvar Núñez's maternal surname, Cabeza de Vaca (meaning “head of cow”) was said to be associated with a maternal ancestor, Martín Alhaja. He had shown the Spanish king a secret mountain pass, marked by a cow’s skull, enabling the king to win the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa against the Muslim

neg: Elias Cairel in his youth. She is also the addressee of two other poems. Elias also addressed one poem to Ruiz Díaz de Coneros ("Roiz Dies"), a Spanish patron, and another to Conon de Béthune ("Coino"), a trouvère. Elias may have been present at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. In his "Toz m'era de chantar gequiz", the Bolognese troubadour Rambertino Buvalelli asks Elias to bring the poem to Beatrice d'Este when he travels to the court of Azzo VII at Este. Elias Cairel Elias Cairel (or Cayrel; fl. 1204–1222) was a troubadour of international fame. Born in Sarlat

neg: Sancho, Count of Provence opposing encroaching French and Papal influence. For their base in Provence, Peter granted Sancho and Nuño the ports of Agazi, Boch and Monaco. In 1212, Sancho fought at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa on the side of Peter II. That same year Roussillon was transferred from Sancho to his son Nuño, to be held by the latter along with Cerdanya and Conflent for life. Peter II died fighting the anti-Catharist crusaders at the Battle of Muret in 1213. His heir and successor, James I, a minor, was taken captive by Simon IV de Montfort, the Earl of Leicester.

neg: Alfonso Téllez de Meneses el Viejo Alfonso Téllez de Meneses el Viejo Alfonso Téllez de Meneses ( 1161–1230), known as el Viejo ("the Old"), was a nobleman of Castile and a participant in the key "Reconquista" battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. He was the second Lord of Meneses, Lord of Cea, Grajal, Montalbán, and, through his second wife, first Lord of Alburquerque. His father was Tello Pérez de Meneses, a powerful noble in Tierra de Campos and Cea, founder, with his wife Gontrodo, of the Monastery of Santa María de Matallana, and three hospitals for lepers and pilgrims in Cuenca, Villamartín, and in San Nicolás

neg: Battle of Alarcos Iberian Peninsula; he was in poor health, his objective of retaining a hold over al-Andalus appeared to be a complete success, and in 1198 he returned to Africa. He died in February 1199. However, the success of the battle proved to be short-lived. When the Almohad caliph Muhammad an-Nasir attempted to build on it 16 years later with a new Iberian offensive, he was crushingly defeated in the more decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. This battle was to mark a turning-point that led to the end of Moorish rule in the Iberian Peninsula. The Almohad Empire itself collapsed

neg: Castilla–La Mancha of Toledo, one of the "taifas" of Al Andalus. Alfonso VI conquered the region from the Muslims, taking Toledo in 1085. The "Reconquista" ("Reconquest") took Cuenca in 1177. Other provinces to the south—the Campo de Calatrava, the Valle de Alcudia, and the Alfoz de Alcaraz (Campo de Montiel and Sierra de Alcaraz)—were consolidated during the reign of Alfonso VIII (reigned 1158–1214), whose conquests were completed by the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). That victory assured Castilian domination of the region and hastened the decline of the Almohad Dynasty. From the time of the "Reconquista", Castilla–La Mancha formed part

neg: Alfonso Téllez de Meneses el Viejo de Meneses also governed Portillo on behalf of his relative Ermengol VIII, Count of Urgell. He fought at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, which took place on 16 July 1212, along with his brothers-in-law Gonzalo, Rodrigo, Pedro, Nuño, and Álvaro Rodríguez Girón, and his three brothers. In February 1216, during the uprising of Álvaro Núñez de Lara, he took part in an extraordinary parliament along with other Castilian nobles including Lope Díaz de Haro, Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, Álvaro Díaz de Cameros, and others, where they agreed, with the support of Berengaria (sister of the young king Henry I),

neg: Carrizosa Carrizosa Carrizosa is a village in Spain. Iron age funerary vessels were found with painted horizontal stripes. Following the Battle of Alarcos, Muslims reconquered Castile again . Year 1212. - The victory of Las Navas de Tolosa, leads the Order of Santiago to take over the Campo de Montiel, ending conquest in 1229 to seize the castle of Montiel. Year 1215. - King Henry I of Castile, gives Carrizosa, among other places, the Count Don Alvaro Nunez de Lara, so that they are repopulated, specifying the assignment in another document dated 1217. Year 1243. - The Order of Santiago and

neg: Lope Díaz II de Haro Lope Díaz II de Haro Lope Díaz II de Haro ""Cabeza Brava"" (b. 1170 – d. November 15, 1236) was a Spanish noble of the House of Haro, the sixth Lord of Biscay, founder of the municipality of Plentzia, and lord of Álava from 1252–1274. He was the eldest son of Diego López II de Haro and his wife, María Manrique. Lope was also a member of the Order of Santiago. Lope Díaz fought alongside his father at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa where he distinguished himself. That action expelled the Almohads from the region and brought it

neg: Fernando Núñez de Lara Fernando Núñez de Lara Fernando Núñez de Lara ("fl." 1173–1219) was a count of the House of Lara. He spent most of career in the service of the Kingdom of Castile, but at times served the neighbouring Kingdom of León as well. He was a courtier, almost permanently present at court late in the reign of Alfonso VIII (1158–1214), whom he twice served as "alférez", the highest military post in the kingdom, also fighting, with his brothers Álvaro and Gonzalo in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Fernando was the son of Nuño Pérez de Lara and

neg: Rodrigo Díaz de los Cameros Rodrigo Díaz de los Cameros Rodrigo Díaz de los Cameros (fl. 1212–1221) was a Castilian magnate and one of the earliest Galician-Portuguese troubadours. He was the son of Diego Ximénez of La Rioja, the lord of Cameros, and Guiomar Rodríguez. He attained the highest noble rank (count), like his maternal grandparents, Rodrigo Pérez de Traba ("el Velloso") and Fronilde Fernández. Rodrigo led a column of men at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. He commanded in the centre, among the forces of Alfonso VIII of Castile, either immediately aft of or flanking the main vanguard under Diego

neg: Rodrigo Díaz de los Cameros Aldonza. He was the father of at least one son, Simón Royz, active in the reign of Alfonso X from at least 1246 to 1277. Rodrigo Díaz de los Cameros Rodrigo Díaz de los Cameros (fl. 1212–1221) was a Castilian magnate and one of the earliest Galician-Portuguese troubadours. He was the son of Diego Ximénez of La Rioja, the lord of Cameros, and Guiomar Rodríguez. He attained the highest noble rank (count), like his maternal grandparents, Rodrigo Pérez de Traba ("el Velloso") and Fronilde Fernández. Rodrigo led a column of men at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in

neg: Berenguer de Palou II Berenguer de Palou II Berenguer de Palou II (died 1241) was bishop of Barcelona from 1212 to 1241. He was a major supporter of James I of Aragon. He began his career as a canon priest in Barcelona Cathedral during the episcopate of his uncle Berenguer de Palou I. Shortly after being elected bishop in 1212, he marched with Peter II of Aragon on the latter’s crusade against the Almohads in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Later Palou served as royal councilor and chancellor of the Crown of Catalonia-Aragon. In 1219, he participated in the Fifth Crusade against

neg: Navas (Barcelona Metro) the railtrack. Navas (Barcelona Metro) Navas is a Barcelona Metro station located in the Sant Andreu district of Barcelona, served by L1. It opened in 1953. The name refers to carrer Navas de Tolosa, and the station was originally called "Navas de Tolosa" until it adopted its current name in 1982. Like the rest of stations in this section of L1, Navas is located under Avinguda Meridiana, and can be accessed from the street of the same name and from carrer de Biscaia. On February 21, 2007 a deaf ONCE lottery seller was murdered in the station by being pushed

neg: Navas (Barcelona Metro) Navas (Barcelona Metro) Navas is a Barcelona Metro station located in the Sant Andreu district of Barcelona, served by L1. It opened in 1953. The name refers to carrer Navas de Tolosa, and the station was originally called "Navas de Tolosa" until it adopted its current name in 1982. Like the rest of stations in this section of L1, Navas is located under Avinguda Meridiana, and can be accessed from the street of the same name and from carrer de Biscaia. On February 21, 2007 a deaf ONCE lottery seller was murdered in the station by being pushed on to

neg: Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarazona He governed for thirty-three years (1118–1151), and established the chapters of Tarazona, Calatayud, and Tudela, under the Rule of St. Augustine. In his time also were founded the Monasteries of Fitero and Veruela. Three bishops of the name of Frontin succeeded him: Juan (1173–1194); Garcia, who was present at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), and Garcia II, the counsellor of James the Conqueror ("el Conquistador"). In a species of national council held at Tarazona, the marriage of James to Leonor of Castile was declared null on account of the relationship existing between them. The Franciscans, Mercedarians, Dominicans,

neg: Albaicín so it is assumed that the city was abandoned after the fall of the Roman Empire until the founding of the Zirid kingdom in 1013, when its defensive walls were built. According to some linguists it owes its present name to the inhabitants of the city of Baeza, called "Beatia" by the Romans, who were banished after the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa and settled here outside the walls. Other linguists assert that the name derives from the Arabic "al-bayyāzīn" (pronounced "al-bayyīzīn" with the imāla vowel-shift), meaning "suburb of falconers". However, the fact that in Andalusia there are many

neg: Nasrid dynasty never reigned. During times of rival claims to the throne, the family tree generally recognizes the sultan who controlled the city of Granada itself and the Alhambra palace. First dynasty ("al-dawla al-ghalibiyya"): Second dynasty ("al-dawla al-isma'iliyya al-nasriyya"): Nasrid dynasty The Nasrid dynasty ( "banū Naṣr" or "banū al-Aḥmar", Spanish: "Nazarí") was the last Moorish Muslim dynasty in the Iberian Peninsula, ruling the Emirate of Granada from 1230 until 1492. The Nasrid dynasty rose to power after the defeat of the Almohad Caliphate in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Twenty-three emirs ruled Granada from the founding of

neg: Portugal in the Middle Ages homens") were summoned by royal writ. The king (1211–1223), was no warrior, but in 1212 a Portuguese contingent aided the Castilians to defeat the Moors in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa , and in 1217 the ministers, bishops and captains of the realm, reinforced by foreign crusaders, retook Alcácer do Sal. Afonso II repudiated the will of his father, refused to surrender the estates left to his brothers, who went into exile, and only gave up the property bequeathed to his sisters after a prolonged civil war in which Alfonso IX of León took part against them. Even

neg: Conquest of Majorca period, incorporating Majorca into their domain. It was then ruled by different wālis who were appointed from Marrakech, until when Abu Yahya was appointed as its governor in 1208. He created a semi-independent principality with only a formal submission to the Almohad emir. Having pacified their territories and having normalized economic recovery following the drought that began in 1212, the Crown of Aragon began to develop an expansionary policy. Also in 1212, the Muslims were defeated at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, an event that resulted in subsequent Almohad decline and allowed the Aragonese kingdom to reassert its

neg: Diego López II de Haro the territorial basis of the Haro during the whole 13th century. He added Durando in 1212, a gift of the king no long after the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. He took a decisive step towards the patrimonialization of many of those governments, sharing them with his elder son, Lope Díaz II de Haro. Lope thus received the governments of Old Castile in 1210, Asturias de Santillana in 1211, and Álava en 1213. Diego López II strengthened the part of the head of family among his clan, permitting the shift from the "horizontal" conception of kinship to the "vertical"

neg: Tello Téllez de Meneses itinerant preacher Pedro González Telmo and offered to admit him to the university. In 1212, he joined his secular brothers, Alfonso Téllez, Suero Téllez and García Téllez, at the head of a body of troops in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, a major victory for Castile and its allies over the Almohads. In 1215–16, he attended the Fourth Lateran Council, a general synod of the Roman Catholic church. During his episcopate, the fortified church and palace of Villamuriel de Cerrato were built. He died at Jaén after an episcopate of 38 years. Tello Téllez de Meneses Tello Téllez

neg: Calatrava la Vieja the support of Juan II of Toledo, the Archbishop of Toledo, that successfully prevented the Moors from attacking this place in 1158. As a result of this success, Raymond decided to found the Order of Calatrava, organized along Cistercian lines. The city was reconquered by the Almohads in 1195, after their victory against Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos. They held it for 17 years, until 1212, when it was recovered as part of the campaign that resulted in the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: after conquering Calatrava, there were some disagreements among the members of the

neg: Order of Calatrava years, of Knights of Salvatierra (1198). But Salvatierra itself fell to the Almohad Caliphate in 1209. Summoned by Pope Innocent III, foreign crusaders joined Iberian Christians. An early battle was the reconquest of Calatrava (1212), which was returned to its former masters. In the same year the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa turned the tide of Muslim domination in Spain. Having recovered its stronghold, and resumed the title of Calatrava (1216), the order nevertheless removed to more secure quarters of Calatrava la Nueva, eight miles from old Calatrava (1218). In 1221 the Order of Monfragüe was merged into that

neg: Gavaudan an "invocation to the whole of Christendom" to take up the Reconquista in Spain. It was definitely written after the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187, since it refers to that event. If it was written in 1195, it was probably before the Battle of Alarcos on 19 July, where Alfonso VIII of Castile was defeated by the Almohad sultan of Morocco, Abu Jusuf. Gavaudan mentions Alfonso VIII in another song, "Lo vers dech far en tal rima". The later date (1210–1212) places the songs on the eve of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (16 July 1212).

neg: Santiago! Santiago! ¡Santiago! (or ¡Santiago y cierra, España!), is an alleged battle cry of Iberian troops during the Reconquista, and of the Spanish Empire. In English, it is often incorrectly translated as "Santiago and close, Spain!" or "Santiago and at them, Spain!" The vocative "cierra" in this case was used in the military to mean "engage with the enemy", and it can be found in any comprehensive Spanish dictionary. Supposedly, its first usage was during the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 and was then utilized on each occasion that Spanish troops fought Muslims. The meaning of the phrase

neg: Castle of Alarcón it lordship over extensive neighboring territories. Spanish historian Andrés Marcos Burriel writes that its domain comprised 63 villages, including Albacete, La Roda, Villarrobledo, Castillo de Garcimuñoz, Belmonte and many others. All of this was placed under the protection of the Military Order of Santiago by Alfonso VIII. In 1212, the town council of Alarcón sent troops to support the king’s army in the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. At the start of the 14th century, Ferdinand IV of Castile gave lordship of Alarcón and its castle to Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena. Only a provisional measure in 1297,

neg: Order of Alcántara battle of Las Navas de Tolosa against the Almohades. Alonzo of León wished to found at Alcántara a special branch of this celebrated order for his realm. However, four years later the Order decided that the post was too far from its Castilian headquarters. They gave up the scheme and transferred the castle, with the permission of the king, to a peculiar Leonese order still in a formative stage, known as Knights of St. Julian de Pereiro. The Knights of Alcántara, under their new name, acquired many castles and estates, for the most part at the expense of the Muslims.

neg: Alférez In the kingdoms of Castile and León in the eleventh and twelfth centuries the office was generally bestowed on young noble members of the court, often as a prelude to promotion to the rank of count. It is known that Alfonso VIII of Castile rewarded his "alférez" Álvaro Núñez de Lara with the grant of a village for carrying his standard in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Alférez In medieval Iberia, an alférez (, ) or alferes (, ) was a high-ranking official in the household of a king or magnate. The term is derived from the Arabic

neg: Guillem de Cabestany Peter II of Aragon at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa against the Almohads in 1212. According to his legendary "vida", he was the lover of Margarida or Seremonda (or Soremonda), wife of Raimon of Castell Rosselló. On discovering this, Raimon fed Cabestany's heart to Seremonda. When he told her what she had eaten, she threw herself from the window to her death. This legend appears later in Giovanni Boccaccio's "Decameron" and in the "Cantos" of Ezra Pound. It also inspired the opera "Written on Skin" by George Benjamin and Martin Crimp, created in 2012. With reference to regional

neg: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 2,000 men (though not as few as legend had it). The losses were particularly heavy among the Orders. Those killed included Pedro Gómez de Acevedo (bannerman of the "Order of Calatrava"), Alvaro Fernández de Valladares ("comendator" of the "Order of Santiago"), Pedro Arias (master of the "Order of Santiago", died of wounds on 3 August) and Gomes Ramires (Portuguese master of the "Knights Templar" and simultaneously master of Leon, Castile and Portugal). Ruy Díaz (master of the "Order of Calatrava") was so grievously wounded that he had to resign his command. The Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir himself died in Marrakech shortly

neg: García Fernández de Villamayor his life García Fernández pursued an active policy of land acquisition. In the first stage, coinciding with the period of his marriage to Teresa Muñoz from 1203 to 1212, these acquisitions centered on the area around Villaldemiro. Between 1212 and 1216 the purchases halted, probably due to the repercussions of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, in which he may have taken part, the death of Alfonso VIII, and the consequent political agitation. In 1216 acquisitions are recorded in Vilviestre de Muñó, near Villaldemiro, possibly related to his marriage to Mayor Arias. The period of greatest expansion of his

neg: Santa Cruz de Mudela which accompanied the Christians in their triumphant 1212 battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. More reliable sources suggest that the "Santa Cruz" in actuality refers to the crossroads located in the Meadow of Mudela (so called for its proximity to the pass of Muradal, one of the entrances to the Central Meseta through the Andalusian Plain). On January 30, 1538, Don Álvaro the Elder bought off from Carlos I the towns of Santa Cruz de Mudela and Viso del Puerto (Muradal), under his own terms and along with civil and criminal jurisdiction, for 26,208,626 maravedíes (for comparison, Ferdinand Magellan's epic

neg: Siege of Córdoba (1236) Siege of Córdoba (1236) During the reconquista, the siege of Córdoba (1236) was a successful investment by the forces of Ferdinand III, king of Castile and León, marking the end of the Islamic rule over the city that had begun in 711. In capturing the city, Ferdinand certainly benefited from the rivalry between the two main competing taifa rulers following the dissolution of the Almohad authority, itself triggered by the battle of Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The siege however began in unusual circumstances, with little preparation. Upon receiving information that part of the inhabitants of the eastern quarter

neg: Siege of Al-Dāmūs Muhammad al-Nasir for reinforcements. This was one of the motivating factors that led to the launch of the Muslim expedition that would culminate in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. This would in turn end the supremacy of Al-Andalus in the Iberian Peninsula. The fortress fell into Almohad hands later in 1210 in an offensive that also recaptured Castielfabib, but failed to reach Moya. Siege of Al-Dāmūs The Siege of Al-Dāmūs was a battle of the Reconquista that occurred in the year 1210. The forces of the Kingdom of Aragon, together with auxiliary forces of the Knights

neg: Battle of the Puig of Valencia by the crown of Aragon. The Almohades had successfully integrated the Emirates of the Iberian Peninsula together with those in North Africa into a somewhat unstable political entity. The Almohad governors of Balansiya, Zayd Abu Abd Allah Muhammad and Zayd Abu Zayd were able to act with complete autonomy, including giving titles of kingship. They never exercised this right by coined money or renouncing their fealty to the Almohad Caliphate or to its emperor. After the Almohad defeat at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, the empire disintegrated and fractured in smaller kingdoms called taifas. The most

neg: Ferdinand of Castile (died 1211) to expel all the Jews from Spain. Ferdinand was returning through the San Vicente mountains from a campaign against the Muslims when he contracted a fever at Madrid and died. His body was accompanied by his sister, Berengaria, to Burgos for burial in the monastery of Las Huelgas. Alfonso VIII was preparing for the great crusade against Las Navas de Tolosa when he learned of his son's death. According to "De rebus Hispaniae" by Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, the Archbishop of Toledo, who was an eyewitness, Alfonso wept with "inconsolable grief, for he saw himself in him [Fernando] as if

neg: Aimery III of Narbonne supplies and castles. Aimery was present at Béziers when Agnes, widow of the last viscount, Raymond Roger Trencavel, handed the viscounty of Béziers over to Simon de Montfort IV. The next year (1210), Aimery assisted Simon in the siege of Minerve, but he refused, on account of the wishes of his subjects, to participate in the siege of Castelnaudary. Aimery may have taken part in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, where the united armies of Spain, led by Alfonso VIII of Castile, Aimery's homeland, routed the Almohads. It is known that Arnaud Amalric, the Archbishop of

neg: Islam in Spain to succeed in defeating and conquering the Muslim states of the Iberian Peninsula. The first major city to fall to Catholic powers was Toledo in 1085, which prompted the intervention of Almoravids. After the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, most of Al-Andalus fell under control of the Catholic kingdoms, the only exception being the Nasrid dynasty Emirate of Granada. The Granada War ("Guerra de Granada") of the Reconquista began in 1482 against the Emirate of Granada. It was not until 1492 that the Emirate of Granada with city of Granada and the Alhambra and Generalife Palaces, the

neg: Centule I of Astarac the Iberian Peninsula and was present at the great Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Centule I of Astarac Centule I (Occitan: "Centolh d'Astaragues") (died 1230 or 1233) was the Count of Astarac from 1174 or 1175 until his death. He is recorded in a "sirventes" of Bertran de Born as having joined the alliance against Richard the Lion-Hearted in 1183. Bertran calls him "E.n Centols". Centule raised a company of Gascon "routiers" along with Gaston VI of Béarn and sent them north under one Brunus (or Brenus) to aid Adhemar V of Limoges in besieging a church

neg: Heraldry of León was forced to create a new one. In the beginning the Castilians used a simple cross until the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) when Eleanor of England, wife of Alfonso VIII, designed the canting arms of the Kingdom of Castile: gules, a three towered castle or, masoned sable and ajouré azure. The choice of colors was not randomly: Eleanor based on the Royal Arms of England. In addition, these colors contrasted with the of the Leonese ones in the battlefield. The blazon of the arms of the province of León is: "Argent a lion rampant Gules crowned, langued

neg: Castile (historical region) century. The capture of Toledo in 1085 added New Castile to the crown's territories, and the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) heralded the Muslim loss of most of southern Spain. León was finally reunited with Castile in 1230, and the following decades saw the capture of Córdoba (1236), Murcia (1243) and Seville (1248). By the Treaty of Alcaçovas with Portugal on March 6, 1460, the ownership of the Canary Islands was transferred to Castile. The dynastic union of Castile and Aragon in 1469, when Ferdinand II of Aragon wed Isabella I of Castile, would eventually lead to the

neg: Moros y cristianos of the Crown of Aragon (Catalonia, Aragon and formerly also of the Valencian Community). According to legend, after James I of Aragon reconquered the city of Alcoi, the Moors, in turn, tried to recover it. As fighting was about to resume, Saint George miraculously appeared, and the frightened Moors scattered in defeat. Other traditions ascribe a miraculous saintly appearance to Saint James ("Santiago"), the patron saint of Spain, particularly at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (in what today is the municipality of La Carolina, Province of Jaén, Andalusia), sometimes guiding the Christians to surprise the Moors; else rallying

neg: Peire Cardenal Muret, where Peter died. In this "sirventes" Peire alludes first perhaps to the accusations of adultery that Peter had leveled against Peter's wife Maria of Montpellier but also perhaps to the various changes in law governing women. In the second stanza Peire mentions Peter's success in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; in the third he alludes to the sacking of Béziers (whose count Raymond Roger Trencavel was supposed to have been Peter's vassal): at Béziers the poorer soldiers of the Inquisition were flogged by the wealthier, and this is the theme of the stanza. Peire's mention of the

neg: Nasrid dynasty Nasrid dynasty The Nasrid dynasty ( "banū Naṣr" or "banū al-Aḥmar", Spanish: "Nazarí") was the last Moorish Muslim dynasty in the Iberian Peninsula, ruling the Emirate of Granada from 1230 until 1492. The Nasrid dynasty rose to power after the defeat of the Almohad Caliphate in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Twenty-three emirs ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1230 by Muhammad I until 2 January 1492, when Muhammad XII surrendered all lands to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castille. Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrid

neg: Almohad Caliphate citadels (e.g. Murcia, Jaen, Niebla) were reorganized as tributary vassals for a few more years, but most were annexed by the 1260s. Granada alone would remain independent for an additional 250 years, flourishing as the new center of al-Andalus. In their African holdings, the Almohads encouraged the establishment of Christians even in Fez, and after the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa they occasionally entered into alliances with the kings of Castile. They were successful in expelling the garrisons placed in some of the coast towns by the Norman kings of Sicily. The history of their decline differs from that

neg: Chronicon Burgense period from the Nativity of Jesus to the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. It uses the dating system of the Spanish era and not the "Anno domini". It is a unique source for several details relating to early Castilian history. The following is an excerpt: Chronicon Burgense The Chronicon Burgense is a collection of Latin annals that, together with the "Annales Compostellani" and the "Chronicon Ambrosianum", may form a group of related histories sometimes called the "Efemérides riojanas" because they may have been compiled in La Rioja. The "Chronicon Burgenes" is named after the Cathedral of Burgos,

neg: Navarre south of the Pyrenees, and even a short overlordship of Gascony (in the early 11th century). When Sancho III died in 1035, the kingdom was divided between his sons. It never fully recovered its political power, while its commercial importance increased as traders and pilgrims (the "Francs") poured into the kingdom via the Way of Saint James. In 1200, Navarre lost the key western Basque districts to Alphonse VIII of Castile, leaving the kingdom landlocked. Navarre then contributed with a small but symbolic force of 200 knights to the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 against the