query: when did the british raj begin and end

pos: British Raj British Raj The British Raj (; from "rāj", literally, "rule" in Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India. The region under British control was commonly called British India or simply India in contemporaneous usage, and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and those ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British tutelage or paramountcy, and called the princely states. The whole was also informally called the Indian Empire. As India,

pos: History of the British Raj History of the British Raj The history of the British Raj refers to the period of British rule on the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The system of governance was instituted in 1858 when the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who in 1876 was proclaimed Empress of India). It lasted until 1947, when the British provinces of India were partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the "Dominion of India" and the "Dominion of Pakistan", leaving the princely states to choose between them. The two new dominions later

pos: History of the British Raj into being, with Muhammad Ali Jinnah sworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi. The following day, 15 August 1947, India, now a smaller "Union of India", became an independent country with official ceremonies taking place in New Delhi, and with Jawaharlal Nehru assuming the office of the prime minister, and the viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, staying on as its first Governor General. History of the British Raj The history of the British Raj refers to the period of British rule on the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The system of governance was instituted in 1858 when the rule

neg: Raj Koothrappali Raj Koothrappali Rajesh Ramayan "Raj" Koothrappali, Ph.D. is a fictional character on the CBS television series "The Big Bang Theory", portrayed by British Indian actor Kunal Nayyar. Raj is based on a computer programmer that the show's co-creator, Bill Prady, knew back when he himself was a programmer. Raj is Howard Wolowitz's (Simon Helberg) best friend, with whom Raj shares what Nayyar calls a "bromance", although the relationship is frequently made awkward by Raj's metrosexuality. Raj works as an astrophysicist in the Physics Department at Caltech. He had selective mutism, which did not allow him to talk to women outside

neg: Uday Chand Mahtab Uday Chand Mahtab Sir Uday Chand Mahtab KCIE the Maharajadhiraja Bahadur of Bardhaman Raj, K.C.I.E., (14 July 1905 – 10 October 1984) was the last ruler of Burdwan Raj, who ruled from 1941 till 1955, when the zamindari system was abolished in India. He was eldest son of Bijoy Chand Mahtab born in 1905. He did his graduation from Presidency College, Calcutta and Calcutta University. During regency of his father he served as Dewan-i-Raj for several years and succeeded to the throne of Burdwan Raj after death of his father. During British Raj, he headed and was member of several

neg: Raj Bhushan Raj Bhushan Raj Bhushan / Raj Bhooshan / Rajyabhushan (literally "Ornament of the Raj"), was a second highest title of honor or civilian award, which was prevalent in Princely India during British Raj. "Raj Bhushan" awards were given by rulers of mostly Hindu Princely States of India to distinguished citizens of their kingdom. The title was bestowed upon with a Silver coin medallion. The next higher award was Raj Ratna, which was the highest award of Princely India. The title and awards of "Raj Ratna" & "Raj Bhushan" came to an end mostly by the end of year 1949 with

neg: Battle of the Chesapeake the French fleet might engage, but Bougainville, fully engaged with the British van at musket range, did not want to risk "severe handling had the French presented the stern." When he did finally begin pulling away, British leaders interpreted it as a retreat: "the French van suffered most, because it was obliged to bear away." Rather than follow, the British hung back, continuing to fire at long range; this prompted one French officer to write that the British "only engaged from far off and simply in order to be able to say that they had fought." Sunset brought an end

neg: Raj Darbhanga Mithila/Tirhut region from the time of the Mughal emperor Akbar until the 1960s. They became known as the Raj Darbhanga. The extent of their lands, which were not contiguous, varied over time, and their area of ownership was smaller than the area that they were granted under sanad arrangements. A particularly significant reduction occurred when the influence of the British Raj caused them to lose control of the territories that were in Nepal but, nonetheless, their holdings were considerable. One estimate suggests that when their rule came to an end, the territories comprised around , with around 4500 villages. Akbar

neg: British Raj the establishment of schools and hospitals by British Christian missionaries became "a pivotal feature of missionary work and the principal vehicles for conversion". Christ Church College (1866) and St. Stephen's College (1881) are two examples of prominent church-affiliated educational institutions founded during the British Raj. Within educational institutions established during the British Raj, Christian texts, especially the Bible, were a part of the curricula. During the British Raj, Christian missionaries developed writing systems for Indian languages that previously did not have one. Christian missionaries in India also worked to increase literacy and also engaged in social activism, such as fighting

neg: Postcolonial literature as its subject the relationship between East and West, seen through the lens of India in the later days of the British Raj. Forster connects personal relationships with the politics of colonialism through the story of the Englishwoman Adela Quested, the Indian Dr. Aziz, and the question of what did or did not happen between them in the Marabar Caves. The Raj Quartet a four-volume novel sequence, written by Paul Scott, also deals with the subject of the British in India, in this case the concluding years of the British Raj in India. The series was written during the period

neg: Dighapatia Raj Dighapatia Raj Dighapatia Raj (sometimes called "Dighapatia Raj Paribar" literally "Dighapatia Royal Family") was a zamindari in present-day Rajshahi, which was ruled by this dynasty of 7 generations of Rajas from early 18th century till the mid-20th century; when the democratic government took power after the end of the British Monarchy's rule in India, in 1950, the East Pakistan government abolished aristocracies and the zamindari system in present-day Bangladesh. The family was seated at the Dighapatia Palace. The family contributed largely to the development in education, infrastructure and culture of Rajshahi and North Bengal. They were especially famous for their

neg: Gouthu Latchanna of kisans, backward classes, weaker sections and one of the most prominent leaders of his time. He was arrested at a very young age of 21 when he participated in the Salt Satyagraha at Palasa. Latchanna also participated in the Quit India Movement. He was conferred the title of sardar for his fearless fight against the British Raj. He was the born leader of masses, freedom fighter and social reformer. Till Independence, he fought against British. After the end of British Raj, it was on political and social fronts for the sake of farmers, labourers, and the working class. He

neg: Raj Ratna came to an end mostly by the end of year 1949 with the amalgamation of almost all Princely States into India and formation of the Republic of India However, the legacy, spirit and essence of these awards are being carried forward in independent India, by similar other prestigious awards like Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri awarded by Government of India. Raj Ratna Raj Ratna / Raj Ratan / Rajya Ratna (literally "Gem of the Raj"), was a highest title of honor or civilian award, which was prevalent in Princely India during British Raj. "Raj Ratna" awards

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New Zealand at the 1938 British Empire Games gold. New Zealand has competed in every games, starting with the British Empire Games in 1930 at Hamilton, Ontario. The following table lists the number of New Zealand competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.

 Percival Stowers and Cliff Johnson accompanied the team as emergencies, but did not compete.

 New Zealand at the 1938 British Empire Games New Zealand at the 1938 British Empire Games was represented by a team of 69 competitors and 13 officials, including 18 athletes, 15 rowers, eight swimmers and divers, and seven each

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Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's team squads in the women's field hockey tournament of the 2018 Asian Games. Head coach: Dharma Raj Abdullah

The following is the Hong Kong roster in the women's field hockey tournament of the 2018 Asian Games. Head coach: Arif Ali

The following is the Chinese Taipei roster in the women's field hockey tournament of the 2018 Asian Games. Head coach: Su Chih-hua

The following is the South Korea roster in the women's field hockey tournament of the 2018 Asian Games. Head coach:

neg: S/O Satyamurthy The death of Sampath Raj was an accident because Srinivas did not believe in killing his antagonists directly, but to have them die as a result of their mistakes. Srinivas added that his death was planned so the film would have a good ending. In early December 2013 it was announced that filming would begin the following February, after Arjun finished "Race Gurram". At the end of March 2014, shooting was postponed to the following month and it was later announced that filming would start during the third week of April. In June, filming was again postponed to the following

neg: Indian independence movement ethnic Indian population of over 1.6 million. In 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron described Indian – British relations as a "New Special Relationship". Indian independence movement The Indian independence movement was a series of activities whose ultimate aim was to end the British Raj and encompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule (1757–1857) and the British Raj (1857–1947) in the Indian subcontinent. The movement spanned a total of 90 years (1857–1947) considering movement against British Indian Empire. The Indian Independence movement includes both protest (peaceful and non-violent) and militant (violent) mechanisms to root out British

neg: Indian independence movement Indian independence movement The Indian independence movement was a series of activities whose ultimate aim was to end the British Raj and encompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule (1757–1857) and the British Raj (1857–1947) in the Indian subcontinent. The movement spanned a total of 90 years (1857–1947) considering movement against British Indian Empire. The Indian Independence movement includes both protest (peaceful and non-violent) and militant (violent) mechanisms to root out British Administration from India. The first organised militant movements were in Bengal, but they later took root in the newly formed Indian National Congress

neg: Bahá'í Faith in Bangladesh Bahá'í Faith in Bangladesh The origins of the Bahá'í Faith in Bangladesh begin previous to its independence, when it was part of British Raj. The roots of the Bahá'í Faith in the region go back to the first days of the Bábí religion in 1844. During Bahá'u'lláh's lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to India. It may have been Jamál Effendi who was first sent and stopped in Dhaka more than once. The first Bahá'ís in the area that would later become Bangladesh was when a Bengali group from Chittagong accepted the

neg: Raj Mistry British records of British India contain mentions of a tribe or caste named Raj Mistry, recorded in the census of 1891, but there are no mention of them in the later censuses of India or Pakistan. The term Raj Mistri was also used in the Muslim community. Raj Mistry Raj Mistry or Raj Mistri is a term used in the Indian sub-continent which refers to those who are master craftsmen, expert masons, foremen, and construction supervisors or a person who has mastered his skill in field of construction and also has a knowledge of "Vastu" and hence a "vastukar". When

neg: Katie Rowley Jones 2017. Katie Rowley Jones Katie Rowley Jones (born c. 1978) is a British musical theatre actress best known for her portrayal of Nessarose in the West End production of "Wicked" and Sister Mary Robert in the West End production of "Sister Act". Rowley Jones was born in Cambridge and is one of four sisters. She received a B.A. (Hons) degree in law from the University of Nottingham. She showed a keen interest in performing but did not begin her professional training until the age of 22, when she went on to study musical theatre at the Guildford School of Acting

neg: Katie Rowley Jones Katie Rowley Jones Katie Rowley Jones (born c. 1978) is a British musical theatre actress best known for her portrayal of Nessarose in the West End production of "Wicked" and Sister Mary Robert in the West End production of "Sister Act". Rowley Jones was born in Cambridge and is one of four sisters. She received a B.A. (Hons) degree in law from the University of Nottingham. She showed a keen interest in performing but did not begin her professional training until the age of 22, when she went on to study musical theatre at the Guildford School of Acting (GSA).

neg: British Raj of the state hindered success because railway expenses had to go through the same time-consuming and political budgeting process as did all other state expenses. Railway costs could therefore not be tailored to the timely needs of the railways or their passengers. The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways, telegraphy, roads and ports. The Ganges Canal reached from Haridwar to Cawnpore (now Kanpur), and supplied thousands of miles of distribution canals. By 1900 the Raj had the largest irrigation system in the world. One success story was Assam, a jungle in

neg: Raj Koothrappali American born to Indian parents. This was changed when Nayyar won the role, because he was "so Indian". When doing scenes in which Raj must consume alcohol in order to speak, Nayyar would drink non-alcoholic substitutes. When scenes called for Raj to drink grasshoppers, the substitute was a concoction of water, cream and a heavy amount of green food coloring. Raj Koothrappali Rajesh Ramayan "Raj" Koothrappali, Ph.D. is a fictional character on the CBS television series "The Big Bang Theory", portrayed by British Indian actor Kunal Nayyar. Raj is based on a computer programmer that the show's co-creator, Bill Prady,

neg: Navraj Hans his first ever concert where Daler Mehndi performed and he claims to have realised his purpose. He admires Daler Mehndi as an "all-around entertainer" and Hans Raj Hans, who he said "inspired me to get up there and do what he did". He credits father Hans Raj Hans's singing and his song "Haal Ve Rabba- lutti heer ve fakir di" as influencing him to begin practicing vocal runs as a young child. His other musical influences include Michael Jackson and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. Navraj Hans is a player of the "Punjab De Sher" cricket team in the Celebrity Cricket

neg: Clement Attlee election Manifesto in 1945 called for "the advancement of India to responsible self-government," but did not mention independence. In 1942 the British Raj tried to enlist all major political factors parties in support of the war effort. Congress, led by Nehru and Gandhi, demanded immediate independence and full control by Congress of all of India. That demand was rejected by the British, and Congress opposed the war effort with its "Quit India campaign". The Raj immediately responded in 1942 by imprisoning the major national, regional and local Congress leaders for the duration. Attlee did not object. By contrast, the Muslim

neg: Baghban (film) end. Payal and Rahul (Master Yash Pathak) (Sanjay's son), though, realize their true motives and refuse to come with their parents. Raj is honored for his work, and the four sons attend with their wives. But when they ask Raj and Pooja to forgive them, they instead refuse and disown them for the pain their sons have put them through. According to film expert Rajesh Subramanian, B. R. Chopra had planned to make this movie in the mid-eighties, with Dilip Kumar and Raakhee in the lead roles. Mohnish Behl was offered Aman Verma's role; he did not accept it because

neg: Torchwood Institute Victoria to find alien technology in the British Raj. It was led by Eleanor, Duchess of Melrose, who maintained the branch's cover as a gentlemen's club named the Royal Connaught Club. It was closed down by Captain Jack in 1924, when Torchwood realised the Raj was coming to an end, and all their alien equipment was taken to Britain. In 2009 Jack and Torchwood Three trace an alien energy field to the site of Torchwood India, and discover Eleanor and the other Torchwood India agents are using a time store to prevent time passing in the Royal Connaught Club. The

neg: E. M. Forster libretto "Howards End, America" was created in 2016 by Claudia Stevens. Forster achieved his greatest success with "A Passage to India" (1924). The novel takes as its subject the relationship between East and West, seen through the lens of India in the later days of the British Raj. Forster connects personal relationships with the politics of colonialism through the story of the Englishwoman Adela Quested, the Indian Dr. Aziz, and the question of what did or did not happen between them in the Marabar Caves. Forster makes special mention of the author Ahmed Ali and his "Twilight in Delhi" in

neg: Liberation War Museum the ground floor begin with covering the early history of Bangladesh and the Indian independence movement against British Raj in Bengal. A major section records the events of the Language Movement for the recognition of the Bengali language in Pakistan, which is regarded as the beginning of the movement for Bangladesh's independence. Several galleries highlight the building sectional conflict between West Pakistan and Bangladesh (then East Pakistan), the rise of Bengali nationalist leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the events of 1971, when the postponement by Pakistan's military ruler Gen. Yahya Khan of the convening of the National Assembly of Pakistan,

neg: History of Polish intelligence services dissolution, it had 170 officers and 3,500 agents, excluding headquarters staff. Very likely at least some of the Polish agents continued working directly for Britain during the Cold War. The Polish intelligence contribution to Britain's war effort was kept secret due to Cold War exigencies. In later years, as official British histories were released, the Polish intelligence role barely rated a mention. Only when British wartime decryption of Enigma ciphers was made public in the 1970s, did a Polish contribution begin to become known; even then, however, the early versions published in Britain (and some versions even to the end

neg: British Raj ruler, subject to a subsidiary alliance. There were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of British India (i.e. the presidencies and provinces), as they were not directly under British rule. The larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had; in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control. The British also exercised a general influence over the states' internal politics, in part through the granting

neg: British Raj Casualty estimates vary widely, with the Government of India reporting 379dead, with 1,100wounded. The Indian National Congress estimated three times the number of dead. Dyer was removed from duty but he became a celebrated hero in Britain among people with connections to the Raj. Historians consider the episode was a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India. In 1920, after the British government refused to back down, Gandhi began his campaign of non-cooperation, prompting many Indians to return British awards and honours, to resign from the civil services, and to again boycott British goods. In addition, Gandhi

neg: Economy of India under the British Raj economy of early 20th-century British India (11.2%). In terms of urbanization, Mughal India also had a higher percentage of its population (15%) living in urban centers in 1600 than British India did in the 19th century. A number of modern economic historians have blamed the colonial rule for the dismal state of India's economy, with investment in Indian industries limited since it was a colony. Under British rule, India experienced deindustrialization: the decline of India's native manufacturing industries. The economic policies of the British Raj caused a severe decline in the handicrafts and handloom sectors, with reduced demand and dipping

neg: Raj-Ranpur, Odisha Raj-Ranpur, Odisha Raj-Ranpur is a small town in the district of Nayagarh in the eastern Indian state of Odisha. The town is also known as "Ranpurgarh" or simply "Ranpur" as per the modern usage. The town is historically significant especially during the British Raj when it was the capital of the princely state of Ranpur. The martyrs "Shaheed Raghu-Dibakar" (Raghunath Mohanty and Dibakar Parida) who were hanged for their resistance to British rule belong to this place. The Raj-Ranpur town is situated at the foothills of Maninag Hills which is a hill-system covering the whole of Ranpur and much of

neg: 1954 Geneva Conference negotiations to that end should resume at an appropriate time. The Belgian and British delegations said that while they were not going to accept "the Soviet and Chinese proposals, that did not mean a rejection of the ideas they contained". In the end, however, the conference participants did not agree on any declaration. While the delegates began to assemble in Geneva from late April, the discussions on Indochina did not begin until May 8, 1954. The Viet Minh had achieved their decisive victory over the French Union forces at Dien Bien Phu the previous day. The Western allies did not

neg: Orientalism (book) as the British Raj of India (1858–1947) and Russia's dominions in Asia (1721–1917), but he did not, because, as a public intellectual, Edward Said was more interested in making political points about the politics of the Middle East, in general, and of Palestine, in particular. Moreover, that by unduly concentrating on British and French Orientalism, Said ignored the domination of 19th century Oriental studies by German and Hungarian academics and intellectuals, whose countries did not possess an Eastern empire. Irwin's book was later criticized by Amir Taheri, writing in Asharq Al-Awsat, when he listed a number of factual and editing

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Torchwood (audio drama series) with other Big Finish releases.

 Marketed and released as the fifth series of "Torchwood".

 Marketed and released as the sixth series of "Torchwood".

 Torchwood (audio drama series) Torchwood is a series of audio dramas produced by Big Finish Productions based on the British television programme of the same name. Like

neg: British Raj India) and the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the eastern part of which, still later, became the People's Republic of Bangladesh). At the inception of the Raj in 1858, Lower Burma was already a part of British India; Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting union, Burma, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948. The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, except for small holdings by other European nations such as Goa and Pondicherry. This

neg: Raj Koothrappali to lose bladder control. He had no problem speaking to his mother, sisters, or other female relatives. Until the end of the sixth season, Raj remained silent when Penny was present. Penny occasionally taunted him about this, saying such things as "Yo, Raj, talk to me". Raj sometimes whispered what he wanted to say to Howard or Leonard, who then repeated his words or responded to his question out loud. However, Howard sometimes used the situation to amuse himself—for example, when he "confessed" on Raj's behalf that Raj had stalked Penny with binoculars, or when Sheldon called Penny over to

neg: Bahá'í Faith in Bangladesh others, were present. It is not known how many organised communities of Bahá'ís there are in Bangladesh. In 2005 the World Christian Encyclopedia estimated the Bahá'í population of Bangladesh at about 10600. There are reports of many conversions from November 1988 to September 1989 including many Munda and Arakan people. Bahá'í Faith in Bangladesh The origins of the Bahá'í Faith in Bangladesh begin previous to its independence, when it was part of British Raj. The roots of the Bahá'í Faith in the region go back to the first days of the Bábí religion in 1844. During Bahá'u'lláh's lifetime, as founder

neg: British Raj when the British felt very strongly about the issue (as in the instance of the remarriage of Hindu child widows). This was exemplified further in Queen Victoria's Proclamation released immediately after the rebellion. The proclamation stated that 'We disclaim alike our Right and Desire to impose Our Convictions on any of Our Subjects'; demonstrating official British commitment to abstaining from social intervention in India. The population of the territory that became the British Raj was 100million by 1600 and remained nearly stationary until the 19th century. The population of the Raj reached 255million according to the first census taken in

neg: Kurseong Central Bangladesh) by the British Raj for the Bengal Presidency. In 1908, they were transferred to the Bhagalpur Division in the same Presidency. Before Independence from the British, there were 12 ward commissioners. Four of them were appointed by the British Raj and it also appointed its own man, the Sub-Divisional Officer (S.D.O.), as their Chairman. In 1939, when Bengal became a province of British India, Kurseong was allowed to elect its own member to be the chairman, but the Raj continued to send ward commissioners until India gained independence. Nevertheless, between 1939 and 1942, Kurseong grew rapidly. As of

neg: Raj Darbhanga by Akbar. The supporters of the theory that Raj Darbhanga was a kingdom argue that it was held by privy council, that the rulership was a hereditary one with succession governed by primogeniture. The supporters argue that by the end of the 18th century, the Sarkar of Tirhut was practically an independent kingdom until the conquest of Bengal and Bihar by the British. The opponents of the theory argue that Raj Darbhanga was never a kingdom but rather a zamindari with all the trappings of princely state. The rulers of Raj Darbhanga were the largest landowners in India, and thus

neg: British Raj in 1945. TISCO became India's proud symbol of technical skill, managerial competence, entrepreneurial flair, and high pay for industrial workers. The Tata family, like most of India's big businessmen, were Indian nationalists but did not trust the Congress because it seemed too aggressively hostile to the Raj, too socialist, and too supportive of trade unions. British India built a modern railway system in the late nineteenth century which was the fourth largest in the world. The railways at first were privately owned and operated. It was run by British administrators, engineers and craftsmen. At first, only the unskilled workers were

neg: British Raj India; however, its debates created a new Indian outlook that held Great Britain responsible for draining India of its wealth. Britain did this, the nationalists claimed, by unfair trade, by the restraint on indigenous Indian industry, and by the use of Indian taxes to pay the high salaries of the British civil servants in India. Thomas Baring served as Viceroy of India 1872–1876. Baring's major accomplishments came as an energetic reformer who was dedicated to upgrading the quality of government in the British Raj. He began large scale famine relief, reduced taxes, and overcame bureaucratic obstacles in an effort to

neg: Darjeeling British Raj, the Darjeeling area was initially a "Non-Regulation District", a scheme of administration applicable to economically less advanced districts in the British India; acts and regulations of the British Raj did not automatically apply to the district in line with rest of the country. In 1919, the area was declared a "backward tract". During the Indian independence movement, the Non-cooperation movement spread through the tea estates of Darjeeling. There was also a failed assassination attempt by revolutionaries on Sir John Anderson, the Governor of Bengal in 1934. Subsequently, during the 1940s, Communist activists continued the nationalist movement against the

neg: Agartala river Haora/Saidra and was named 'Haveli'. Due to frequent invasion of the Kukis and also to keep easy communication with the British Bengal, the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya started the process of shifting the capital from Old Haveli to New Haveli (present Agartala) in 1849. During the British Raj, Agartala was the capital of the erstwhile 'Hill Tippera' state, it became a municipality in 1874–75, and in 1901 had the population of 9,513. The princely state always remained as cake piece to the British and many other invaders, such happened when the Arakhan soldiers did really attacked in the old

neg: Lala Lajpat Rai Doctors thought that Scott's blows had hastened his death. However, when the matter was raised in the British Parliament, the British Government denied any role in Rai's death. Although Bhagat Singh did not witness the event, he vowed to take revenge as it was a murder of a very tall leader in the freedom movement, and joined other revolutionaries, Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar and Chandrashekhar Azad, in a plot to kill Scott to send a message to British Raj. However, in a case of mistaken identity, Bhagat Singh was signalled to shoot on the appearance of John P. Saunders, an

neg: Great Depression in India acted both as a supplier as well as a sprawling market for finished British goods in order to sustain Britain's wartime economy. When the war came to an end, the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms were enacted in order to provide certain concessions to Indians in return for their loyalty to the Empire during the war. In 1923, the British Raj offered government protection to nine industries posing them as a sincere bid to industrialize the economy. However, the measures appeared symbolic and were intended to finance and protect British enterprise as was evident from the fact that all the benefactors were British-run

neg: Chalte Chalte (2003 film) money. When Raj asks her about the source of money, she lies. But when he throws a celebration party, he learns the truth. Angry at Priya, he becomes destructive, and Priya, heartbroken, runs away to her parents. Raj, realizing his error, goes after Priya, only to be insulted by her family. Priya decides to leave for Greece because she can't stay with Raj but can't stay without him. When Raj is informed of this, he races to the airport to stop Priya, just as he did the year before. He says he will change and that he has a dream

neg: Joan Falkiner ceremony. Though married in the eyes of Taley, she was denied the title of Begum by laws enforced by the British Raj which restricted marriages between Anglo women and Indian rulers; Joan was also restricted from appearing alongside her husband during public functions. Regardless of restrictions, Joan lived as Taley's wife. In 1947, the Indian Independence movement successfully resulted in India becoming independent from the shrinking British Empire; this development meant the end British Raj. On the night of 14 August 1947 the last Viceroy of India, Lord Louis Mountbatten, decided to confer a title of nobility on Joan, allowing

neg: Rajnandgaon adoption. Its foundation is traced to a religious celibate who came from the Punjab towards the end of the 18th century. From the founder it passed through a succession of chosen disciples until 1879, when the British government recognized the ruler as an hereditary chief and it came to be known as princely state of Raj Nandgaon. Afterwards conferred upon his son the title of Raja Bahadur. The first ruler Ghasi Das Mahant, was recognized as a feudal chief by the British government in 1865 and was granted a sanad of adoption. Later the British conferred the title of raja

neg: Bachna Ae Haseeno He offers to help her reach the airport through a different route in time for her return flight. On the way, Mahi develops a crush on Raj and they share a kiss after Raj reads her a poem he wrote about her. At the airport, Mahi meets her friends and tells them about Raj. When she opens the paper on which Raj had written the poem, she finds it blank. She overhears Raj boasting to his friends about the "stuff" the pair did, and is shocked and heartbroken. Raj realises she has overheard and shamefacedly leaves the airport. In 2002,

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New Zealand at the 1950 British Empire Games and sport.

;Men's 4000 m individual pursuit
 Charles Brown, Jim Cameron, Terry Harris, Bob Hatchwell, Barrie Hutchinson, Tom Logan (c), Edward Raven, Jim Walsh, Neil Williams, Wally Williams New Zealand at the 1950 British Empire Games New Zealand at the 1950 British Empire Games was represented by a team of 175 competitors and 24 officials. Selection of the team for the Games in Auckland, New Zealand, was the responsibility of the New Zealand Olympic and British Empire Games Association. New Zealand's flagbearer at

neg: Loharu State in the minting of coins for the erstwhile Jaipur State. The princely state of Loharu was founded by Ahmad Baksh Khan in 1803 when he received the town of Loharu from the British East India Company as a reward for his services against the Jat rulers of Bharatpur (along with the "pargana" of 'Firozepur Jirka' (now in Gurgaon district) from Lord Lake). Ahmad Baksh Khan was succeeded by his eldest son, Sams-ud-din Khan, in 1827; his reign did not last long: in 1835 he was executed by the British Raj for being involved in the conspiracy to kill the British

neg: Benjamin Creme take place simultaneously." On 14 January 2010 Creme announced that Maitreya had given his first interview on American television. Soon afterwards several people in the United States, working from Creme's predictions, concluded that the British-American economist and author Raj Patel was Maitreya. After newspaper articles spread this story around the world Creme responded that Raj Patel was not the coming World Teacher in an article in "The Guardian" under the headline "Raj Patel is Not Maitreya, But the World Teacher is Here — and Needed." Creme, who claimed that the time was now very near for Maitreya's emergence, apparently did

neg: Insular Celts almost wholly replace the Gaulish language with Vulgar Latin, this was nowhere near the case in Roman Britain. Although a British Latin dialect was presumably spoken in the population centres of Roman Britain, it did not become influential enough to displace British dialects spoken throughout the country. There did presumably remain pockets of Romance-speaking populations in Britain as late as the 8th century. Northern Britain (north of the Antonine Wall) and Ireland would essentially remain in the prehistoric period until after the end of the Roman period. The "protohistoric" period of Ireland can be argued to begin around 400 AD,

neg: British Raj with imports from Britain. In the 1890s, he launched plans to move into heavy industry using Indian funding. The Raj did not provide capital, but, aware of Britain's declining position against the US and Germany in the steel industry, it wanted steel mills in India. It promised to purchase any surplus steel Tata could not otherwise sell. The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), now headed by his son Dorabji Tata (1859–1932), opened its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908. It used American technology, not British, and became the leading iron and steel producer in India, with 120,000 employees

neg: The Great Game intelligence service, nor an Ethnographical Department; there was only a governmental task force called 'Survey of India' that was entrusted with the task of charting all India in response to a typically English anxiety of control." Two authors have proposed that The Great Game was a legend and that the British Raj did not have the capacity to conduct such an undertaking. An examination of the archives of the various departments of the Raj showed no evidence of a British intelligence network in Central Asia. At best, efforts to obtain information on Russian moves in Central Asia were rare, "ad

neg: Menachem Begin would be forced to choose between continued repression or withdrawal, and Begin was certain that in the end, the British would leave. Furthermore, so as not to disturb the war effort against Germany, only British government and police targets would be attacked at first, while military targets would only be attacked once Germany had been defeated. On February 1, 1944, the Irgun proclaimed a revolt. Twelve days later, it put its plan into action when Irgun teams bombed the empty offices of the British Mandate's Immigration Department in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, and Haifa. The Irgun next bombed the Income Tax

neg: Robert William Escourt Ashe Robert William Escourt Ashe Robert William d'Escourt Ashe (23 November 1872 – 17 June 1911) (Collector Ashe) was the acting Collector and District magistrate of Tirunelveli district during the British Raj. Collector Ashe recognised the social evils prevalent in India and did whatever he could to put an end to the oppressive measures against the untouchables. Apart from the Britons, upper caste members were alone allowed to take bath in the Courtallam waterfalls and the idols of deities alone were washed in the waterfalls while all other castes were not permitted. Ashe, who ensured equality in his office, put an

neg: Mahatma Gandhi but negotiations ensued, with the Congress taking a role in provincial government in the late 1930s. Gandhi and the Congress withdrew their support of the Raj when the Viceroy declared war on Germany in September 1939 without consultation. Tensions escalated until Gandhi demanded immediate independence in 1942 and the British responded by imprisoning him and tens of thousands of Congress leaders. Meanwhile, the Muslim League did co-operate with Britain and moved, against Gandhi's strong opposition, to demands for a totally separate Muslim state of Pakistan. In August 1947 the British partitioned the land with India and Pakistan each achieving independence

neg: War of the Austrian Succession end and proportionate means to achieve it, succeeded. Less was to be expected when the armies were composed of allied contingents, sent to the war each for a different object. The allied national armies of 1813 (at the Battle of Leipzig) co-operated loyally, for they had much at stake and worked for a common object. Those of 1741 represented the divergent private interests of the several dynasties, and achieved nothing. The war was also conducted in North America and India. In North America the conflict was known in the British colonies as King George's War, and did not begin until

neg: 2009 British Grand Prix his final lap and leaving him nineteenth with Giancarlo Fisichella, Sébastien Bourdais, Sutil and Sébastien Buemi also eliminated. Sutil's accident was later found to have been a result of brake failure. The second session did not begin until the remains of Sutil's car were removed from the circuit, with track conditions remaining constant and Red Bull continuing their pace, with Mark Webber remaining unchallenged for most of the session with teammate Sebastian Vettel only out-pacing him on his final run. Championship leader Jenson Button only narrowly missed elimination, setting the eight-fastest time at the end of the session when he

neg: Awaara the street, not knowing the man was the Judge. At Rita's birthday, when Raj gives her a necklace without a case and the Judge gives her a case without a necklace (he did not realise it had been stolen until then), she discovers that Raj is indeed a thief. Rita goes to Raj's mother and learns his whole life story. She decides that Raj is not bad, but was forced into committing crimes by bad influence and the desperation of living in poverty. Raj is ashamed, still believing he is no good for her, but she forgives him. Raj goes

neg: Mick Manning Book prizes; and The English Association Non-Fiction Award (2000, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014). The 2014 Royal Society Junior Science Book prizewinner book, "Charlie's War Illustrated" addressed some of the World War I experiences of Manning's grandfather. His book "Tail End Charlie" also addressed wartime adventures, this time featuring Manning's father. The duo's book "How Did I Begin" was part of a controversy in 2011 when some segments of English society objected to literature aimed at pre-school children which included explicit explanations of how human conception occurs. Mick Manning Mick Manning (born 1959) is a British artist and creator of children's

neg: Sikh they form 13.11% of the population, Haryana (more than 1.2 million), Rajasthan, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Assam and Jammu and Kashmir. Sikh migration from British India began in earnest during the second half of the 19th century, when the British completed their annexation of the Punjab. The British Raj recruited Sikhs for the Indian Civil Service (particularly the British Indian Army), which led to Sikh migration throughout India and the British Empire. During the Raj, semiskilled Sikh artisans were transported from the Punjab to British East Africa to help build railroads. Sikhs emigrated from India

neg: Raj Koothrappali remain good friends, end up in bed together. The next morning, both agree to pretend it never happened, but they are caught by Leonard, Sheldon, and Howard as they try to leave, causing Penny to think about moving back to Nebraska. In the opening episode of season 5, Raj reveals to Penny that they did not have intercourse; instead he ejaculated prematurely and they fell asleep. Penny promised not to tell the guys, although subsequently she sometimes calls him "Quick Draw". In season 5, Raj buys a new iPhone and quickly develops feelings for the computerized personal assistant, Siri. Later

neg: Erie County, New York known as the Southtowns. When counties were established by the English colonial government in the Province of New York in 1683, present-day Erie County was part of Indian territory occupied by Iroquoian-speaking peoples. It was administered as part of New York colony. Significant European-American settlement did not begin until after the United States had gained independence with the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783. They forced the Iroquois to cede most of their lands, as many had been allies of the British. About 1800 the Holland Land Company, formed by Americans and Dutch associates, extinguished Indian claims by

neg: Hulla no-one really sympathizes with his problem - not Abha, not Dev (Vrajesh Hirjee) - his friend at work, not any of the neighbours. It annoys Raj immensely, because he genuinely believes that this nightly noise-making is an illogical, uncivilized act.He did a drastic act. At the end, Raj due to lack of sleep by mistake sells a share in bulk in which the secretary had invested and both incur heavy losses. It was shown that Raj was supposed to move to a new apartment with Abha but Abha was sad that she left the old apartment and she went to

neg: Raj Bhavan, Bengaluru and has an artificial waterfall. Raj Bhavan, Bengaluru The Raj Bhavan, formerly known during British India as the Bangalore Residency, the Mysore State Residency, or, simply, the Residency, is the official residence of the Governor of Karnataka. It is located in the capital city of Bangalore, Karnataka. During Mysore Kingdom, the building was home to the Resident of the British Agency that was in subsidiary alliance with the Kingdom of Mysore. Situated at the highest point in Bangalore, High Grounds (3031 feet above sea level), it was built by Sir Mark Cubbon between 1840 and 1842 when he was the

neg: Saroj Raj Choudhury by way of several papers published in journals and his autobiographical book, "Khairi, The Beloved Tigress". Choudhury had close ties with other conservationists such as Salim Ali, who supported the initiative to establish Khairi Wildlife Institute, which did not materialise, allegedly due to disinterestedness shown by the authorities. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of Padma Shri in 1983. Choudhury, did not survive Khairi for long, after the tigress was euthanised by an overdose of tranquilizers when she contracted rabies from a dog bite. Saroj Raj Choudhury Saroj Raj Choudhury was an Indian environmentalist, wildlife conservationist, writer

neg: Raj Bhavan, Bengaluru Raj Bhavan, Bengaluru The Raj Bhavan, formerly known during British India as the Bangalore Residency, the Mysore State Residency, or, simply, the Residency, is the official residence of the Governor of Karnataka. It is located in the capital city of Bangalore, Karnataka. During Mysore Kingdom, the building was home to the Resident of the British Agency that was in subsidiary alliance with the Kingdom of Mysore. Situated at the highest point in Bangalore, High Grounds (3031 feet above sea level), it was built by Sir Mark Cubbon between 1840 and 1842 when he was the Commissioner of Mysore territories of

neg: Ghezo became regular. In 1849-50, British naval officer Frederick E. Forbes went on two missions to the court of King Ghezo "in an unsuccessful attempt to convince him to end involvement in the slave trade." In 1851, Ghezo organized a direct attack on the city of Abeokuta, but it did not succeed. Ghezo suspended large-scale military operations when he ended the slave trade (1852). However, by 1858 a conservative faction pressured Ghezo to begin large-scale military operations again with an assault on Abeokuta to follow. It is possible that this renewed warfare between the two states led to Ghezo's death, with

neg: Dharamshala Until the British Raj, Dharamshala and its surrounding area was ruled by the Katoch Dynasty of Kangra, a royal family that ruled the region for two millennia. The royal family still keeps a residence in Dharamsala, known as 'Clouds End Villa'. Under the British Raj, the regions were part of undivided province of Punjab, and was ruled by the governors of Punjab from Lahore. The Katoch dynasty, although highly regarded culturally, had been reduced to status of jagirdars (of Kangra-Lambagraon) under the Treaty of Jawalamukhi, signed in 1810 between Sansar Chand Katoch and Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Sikh Empire. The

neg: Raj Bhavan, Mahabaleshwar 1932, the earlier residence of the Governor, the "Bella Vista" was discontinued in favor of "The Terraces". It, however, seems that both houses were intermittently used, depending on the choice of every individual Governor. That is the reason why "The Terraces" had to undergo major renovation when the Governor chose to reside at "the Terraces". Raj Bhavan, Mahabaleshwar Raj Bhavan (translation: "Government House") of Mahabaleshwar is the Summer residence of the Governor of Maharashtra, It is located in the city of Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra. Raj Bhavan used to be known as The Terraces in the British Raj era. It served as

neg: Koi... Mil Gaya accepted by most of his peers and other students at the school. Due to Jadoo, Rohit also becomes good at dance and sport, due to his physical strength and agility being increased to superhuman levels. Raj and his friends attempt to embarrass Rohit and his little friends by challenging them to a basketball match, although are surprised when Rohit uses his new physique to score several baskets at the beginning of the match. Raj and his gang become desperate and begin to play dirty; this causes the game to turn to their favor. After the sun comes out, Jadoo uses

neg: Ichhi word (derived from Sanskrit) In common Hindi usage, the word "इगेतेश्वर" refers to god Shiv. Until the British Raj, Dharamshala and its surrounding area was ruled by the Katoch Dynasty of Kangra, a royal family that ruled the region for two millennia. The royal family still keeps a residence in Dharamsala, known as 'Clouds End Villa'. Under the British Raj, the regions were part of undivided province of Punjab, and was ruled by the governors of Punjab from Lahore. The Katoch dynasty, although highly regarded culturally, had been reduced to status of jargidars (of Kangra-Lambagraon) under the Treaty of Jawalamukhi,

neg: Leonard Hofstadter planned to make the donation anyway, after which they engage in a one-night stand. Leonard arrives home the next morning, whereupon Penny recognizes his "walk of shame" and Sheldon thinks Leonard has a future in becoming a gigolo to rich ladies in exchange for donations. Leonard also has an affair with Raj's younger sister Priya (apparently every time she comes to town), despite a pinky swear with Howard that neither of them would attempt to make a move on her, and Raj giving his strong disapproval. When Priya returns, she and Leonard begin a relationship. Raj strongly opposes this, and

neg: Economy of India under the British Raj in the steel industry, it wanted steel mills in India so it did promise to purchase any surplus steel Tata could not otherwise sell. The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), now headed by his son Dorabji Tata (1859–1932), opened its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908. It became the leading iron and steel producer in India, with 120,000 employees in 1945. TISCO became India's proud symbol of technical skill, managerial competence, entrepreneurial flair, and high pay for industrial workers. The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways, telegraphy, roads and

neg: Raj Koothrappali throughout the series, including the divorced HR representative Mrs. Davis, and a veterinarian named Yvette. Eventually, he begins dating Emily Sweeney (Laura Spencer), an attractive but rather sinister young dermatologist he met on the Internet. Their initial interaction does not go well, when she finds Raj's shyness and passivity off-putting, but she eventually agrees to go on a date with him: it goes well and the two begin dating properly for the rest of the season, becoming exclusive in the final two episodes. In "The Valentino Submergence", episode 15 of season 9, Raj breaks up with Emily right before Valentine's

neg: Economy of India under the British Raj Tata did much better by importing expensive longer-stapled cotton from Egypt and buying more complex ring-spindle machinery from the United States to spin finer yarn that could compete with imports from Britain. The effect of industry was a combination of two distinct processes: a robust growth of modern factories and a slow growth in artisanal industry, which achieved higher growth by changing from traditional household-based production to wage-based production. In the 1890s, Tata launched plans to expand into heavy industry using Indian funding. The Raj did not provide capital, but aware of Britain's declining position against the U.S. and Germany

neg: Wankaner State protectorate when Maharana Raj Sahib Chandrasinhji II Kesarisinhji signed a treaty with the British. In 1862 the ruler of the state received a sanad giving the monarch authorization to adopt an heir. The last ruler acceded to the Indian Union on 15 February 1948. The rulers of Wankaner were titled 'Maharana Raj Sahib'. Wankaner State Wankaner State was one of the princely states of India in the historical Halar region of Kathiawar during the period of the British Raj. It was an eleven gun salute state belonging to the Kathiawar Agency of the Bombay Presidency. Its capital was in Wankaner,

neg: The Skank Reflex Analysis for pinworms, Leonard tells him that Penny and Raj did have sex, and that Penny was lying when she said it wasn't what it looked like. Raj and Howard then arrive. Howard and Leonard are both annoyed that Raj had sex with Penny, and Raj tries to defend himself by saying that they are in love. Leonard reveals to Howard that Raj used to like Bernadette, infuriating Howard further. Sheldon, sensing that Leonard is upset, calls Leonard's mother and the two converse through video chat. Leonard explains that while he doesn't want to get back with Penny, he cannot deal

neg: Law of Pakistan 1947, 1957. Law of Pakistan The Law of Pakistan is the law and legal system existing in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistani law is based upon the legal system of British India; thus ultimately on the common law of England and Wales. Upon the list of the Dominion of Pakistan in 1947 the laws of the erstwhile British Raj remained in force. At no point in Pakistan's legal history was there an intention to begin the statute book afresh. The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah had a vision regarding the law of Pakistan, to implement a system in

neg: Law of Pakistan Law of Pakistan The Law of Pakistan is the law and legal system existing in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistani law is based upon the legal system of British India; thus ultimately on the common law of England and Wales. Upon the list of the Dominion of Pakistan in 1947 the laws of the erstwhile British Raj remained in force. At no point in Pakistan's legal history was there an intention to begin the statute book afresh. The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah had a vision regarding the law of Pakistan, to implement a system in accordance to

neg: United States Fifth Fleet of command and the British ships, like the rest of the Fifth Fleet, were resubordinated to the Third Fleet, in which the British Pacific Fleet operated as Task Force 37 through the end of the war in August 1945. The Fifth Fleet's next major combat operation would have been Operation Olympic, the invasion of Kyushu in the Japanese Home Islands, scheduled to begin on 1 November 1945, during which it would have operated simultaneously with the Third Fleet for the first time. The end of the war made this operation unnecessary, and the Fifth Fleet did not return to combat

neg: Telanga Kharia the end of 1850 the British rule was established in Chota Nagpur region. From ages tribals have their own traditional autonomous self-governance rule of "Parha System" and they were almost free from any outside interference. But this autonomous self - governance rule was disturbed and destroyed by the regulations imposed by British Raj. Now tribals had to pay revenue(malgujari) on their own land which they had been prepared and cultivated for centuries. They were alienated from their land in the hands of zamindars and Britishers, when they failed to pay land revenue. In their own land they were forced to

neg: Raj Anand intelligence from University of Sussex. Raj was one of six entrepreneurs chosen by the panel and won Government funding to take a short Master of Business Administration course at Cranfield University. Things snowballed quickly when Raj found a Brighton-based business angel, David Hill, prepared to invest into setting up a business. Raj built Kwiqq at the age of 23, building majority of the software himself. Anand is a major supporter of entrepreneurship/young entrepreneur speaking at British Library, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, MakeYourMark campaigns etc. Raj now works as a consultant developing creative use of Social network/media and is involved in

neg: Mahlog its rulers were ruling near Kalka (in Haryana) when Mohamad Gauri attacked and they shifted to Mahlog area. The state began with 193 villages and forest land, but at the end over 300 villages were included in it. It was one of the biggest princely states of Simla Hill States under the British Raj. It was subject to Bilaspur State during the late 18th century. From 1803 to 1815 it was occupied by the Gurkhas of Nepal. Thereafter it became a British protectorate. Mahlog State was ruled by Rajputs of the Suryavanshi dynasty. The rulers of the state bore the

neg: Belgaum the venue of the 39th session of the Indian National Congress in December 1924 under the presidency of Mahatma Gandhiji. The city served as a major military installation for the British Raj, primarily due to its proximity to Goa, which was then a Portuguese territory. Once the British left India, the Indian government continued and still continues to have armed forces installations in Belgaum. In 1961, the Indian government, under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, used forces from Belgaum to end Portuguese rule of Goa. When India became independent in 1947, Belgaum and its district were part of Bombay State. In

neg: British Raj services for the first time. The Indian Civil Service was prestigious and paid well, but it remained politically neutral. Imports of British cotton covered 55% of the Indian market by 1875. Industrial production as it developed in European factories was unknown until the 1850s when the first cotton mills were opened in Bombay, posing a challenge to the cottage-based home production system based on family labour. Taxes in India decreased during the colonial period for most of India's population; with the land tax revenue claiming 15% of India's national income during Mughal times compared with 1% at the end of

neg: Mail purposes thereby acquiring knowledge related to matters that took place at great distances. By the end of the 18th century, the postal system in India had reached impressive levels of efficiency. According to British national Thomas Broughton, the Maharaja of Jodhpur sent daily offerings of fresh flowers from his capital to Nathadvara (a distance of 320 km), and they arrived in time for the first religious Darshan at sunrise. Later this system underwent complete modernization when the British Raj established its full control over India. The Post Office Act XVII of 1837 provided that the Governor-General of India in Council

neg: Kharagpur, Munger of the central points of administration during and pre-British Raj. It was a coveted place for the kings who built Mansion (and hence the name 'Haveli'). According to the Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers Haveli Kharagpur was surrounded by Mahalat Kharagpur (an extensive estate on the revenue roll of Bhagalpur). When Raja Rahmat Ali Khan fell into arrears of revenue in 1840, he sold Haveli Kharagpur along with Mahalat Kharagpur to Raja Bidyanand Singh. Raja Bidyanand Singh was the grandfather of the contemporary proprietors of Raj Darbhanga. Modern History During the British Raj, many brave-hearts from this area participated in

neg: Secularism in India fuse ideas, professed equality between Islam and other religions of India, forbade forced conversions to Islam, abolished religion-based discriminatory jizya taxes, and welcomed building of Hindu temples. However, the descendants of Akbar, particularly Aurangzeb, reverted to treating Islam as the primary state religion, destruction of temples, and reimposed religion-based discriminatory jizya taxes. After Aurangzeb, India came into control of East India Company and the British Raj. The colonial administrators did not separate religion from state, but marked the end of unequal hierarchy between Islam and Hinduism, and reintroduced the notion of equality before the law for Hindus, Christians and Muslims.

neg: Census of India prior to independence Bombay worshipped both Hindu idols and the Christian Holy Trinity; Kunbis in Gujarat were known to follow both Hindu and Muslim rituals, causing the census to classify them as socially Hindus but Muslim by faith. The Raj had also introduced constitutional changes that gave certain groups political representation. This led to events such as that in the 1931 census when, according to Shirras: As with caste, recording age in the census amounted to a problematic attempt to impose Western values on the population. Most people in British India did not know their age anyway and the few who did—mostly Brahmins—were

neg: Muhammad Ali Jinnah accepted as the sole spokesman for the Muslim community. The well documented influence of Iqbal on Jinnah, with regard to taking the lead in creating Pakistan, has been described as "significant", "powerful" and even "unquestionable" by scholars. Iqbal has also been cited as an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London and re-enter the politics of India. Initially, however, Iqbal and Jinnah were opponents, as Iqbal believed Jinnah did not care about the crises confronting the Muslim community during the British Raj. According to Akbar S. Ahmed, this began to change during Iqbal's final years

neg: Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha critic of the Congress and its policy of wooing Muslim support. The Mahasabha suffered a setback when in 1925, its former member Keshav Baliram Hedgewar left to form the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a Hindu volunteer organisation that abstained from active politics. Although ideologically similar to the Mahasabha, the RSS grew faster across the nation and became a competitor for the core constituency of the Mahasabha. While not exactly loyal to the British Raj, the Hindu Mahasabha did not actively support the Indian freedom movement against British rule in India. Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress led several nationwide

neg: Rise of Dravidian parties to power in Tamil Nadu This renaissance, coupled with the new-found awareness of its uniqueness when compared to the Northern Indian languages, led to suspicion of anything that was Northern. Anti-Brahminism sentiments that had arisen further complicated the antipathy to the North, since it was seen by leaders like Periyar as an import from the North. Periyar and his DK, as did the DK’s predecessor Justice Party, saw the British Raj as the only alternative to Brahmin dominance. The resultant Tamil nationalism had until then not been expressed as violence. Both under the British and in independent India the Tamils have had a somewhat privileged

neg: Khwaja Khurshid Anwar Tawakkal Hussain agreed to take him as his disciple and train him in 1934. Khurshid Anwar was also a brilliant student at Government College, Lahore, the renowned seat of learning at that time. Having topped in the master's degree in Philosophy in (1935), he appeared in the examination for Indian Civil Service (ICS) but due to his political and anti-British Raj activities, the British colonial masters did not like his activities. He was also absent from the prize-distribution ceremony of the Punjab University held to honour the students with distinctions. When his name was called to receive the Gold Medal