query: who described the worldwide triumph of liberal democracy as the end of history

pos: The End of History and the Last Man The End of History and the Last Man The End of History and the Last Man is a 1992 book by Francis Fukuyama, expanding on his 1989 essay "The End of History?", published in the international affairs journal "The National Interest". In the book, Fukuyama argues that the advent of Western liberal democracy may signal the endpoint of humanity's sociocultural evolution and the final form of human government. What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: that

pos: March to Modernity actually see a rise in their economies as well due to the laws of comparative advantage. Scenario 3: The Triumph of the West The Triumph of the West is the last scenario presented by Muhbani. The West, having positioned itself as a superpower after the Cold War, westernization will increase thus causing all other nations to adopt Western values and become "cultural clones of the West.". This argument was elaborated by Francis Fukuyama in his book "The End of History" arguing for the "end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalisation of Western liberal democracy as the final form

pos: United States Factor twentieth century." The 20th century did appear to witness what many theorists have seen as the end of the battles of political ideology, with the political model of liberal democracy coming out on top. Indeed, political scientists, including Francis Fukuyama, hailed the fall of the Soviet Union as the "end of history" in which the ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy [becomes] the final form of human government." (See End of History and the Last Man) In the view of the United States Factor, this "end of history" is made possible only because the USA was in

pos: The End of History and the Last Man The End of History and the Last Man The End of History and the Last Man is a 1992 book by Francis Fukuyama, expanding on his 1989 essay "The End of History?", published in the international affairs journal "The National Interest". In the book, Fukuyama argues that the advent of Western liberal democracy may signal the endpoint of humanity's sociocultural evolution and the final form of human government. What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: that

pos: The End of History and the Last Man infecting the world order to the point where it "could be as big as the Soviet collapse". Fukuyama has also stated that his thesis was incomplete, but for a different reason: "there can be no end of history without an end of modern natural science and technology" (quoted from "Our Posthuman Future"). Fukuyama predicts that humanity's control of its own evolution will have a great and possibly terrible effect on liberal democracy. The End of History and the Last Man The End of History and the Last Man is a 1992 book by Francis Fukuyama, expanding on his 1989 essay

pos: Historicity (philosophy) time, and nothing past is outside of history. Ingo Farin agues that Heidegger appropriated the concept from Wilhelm Dilthey and from Paul Yorck von Wartenburg and further clarifies Heidegger's meaning: Francis Fukuyama, in "The End of History and the Last Man", famously argued that the collapse of Soviet communism brought humanity to the "end of history" whereby the world's global dialectical machinations had been resolved with the triumph of liberal capitalism. Before Fukuyama, Jean Baudrillard argued for a different concept of the "end of history". Baudrillard's most in-depth writings on the notion of historicity are found in the books "Fatal

pos: Alexandre Kojève and idiosyncratic interpreter of Hegel, reading him through the lens of both Marx and Heidegger. The well-known "End of History" thesis advanced the idea that ideological history in a limited sense had ended with the French Revolution and the regime of Napoleon and that there was no longer a need for violent struggle to establish the "rational supremacy of the regime of rights and equal recognition." Kojeve's "End of History" is different from Francis Fukuyama's later thesis of the same name in that it points as much to a socialist-capitalist synthesis as to a triumph of liberal capitalism. Mark Lilla

pos: William H. McNeill (historian) important early contribution to the impact of disease on human history. In 1982, he published "The Pursuit of Power", which examined the role of military forces, military technology, and war in human history. In 1989 he published a biography of his mentor Arnold J. Toynbee. In 1992 review, he disagreed with Francis Fukuyama's argument in "The End of History and the Last Man" that the end of the Cold War meant that the American model of a capitalist liberal democracy had become the "final form of human government", as Fukuyama put it. In 1997 he disagreed with the central thesis

pos: Democratization increase GDP/capita. There was no direct relationship either way between economic freedom and political freedom if keeping GDP/capita constant. Francis Fukuyama wrote another classic in democratization studies entitled "The End of History and the Last Man" which spoke of the rise of liberal democracy as the final form of human government. However it has been argued that the expansion of liberal economic reforms has had mixed effects on democratization. In many ways, it is argued, democratic institutions have been constrained or "disciplined" in order to satisfy international capital markets or to facilitate the global flow of trade. Samuel P. Huntington

pos: Nation response to Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book, "The End of History and the Last Man". Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order". Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that human rights, liberal democracy and capitalist free market economics had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama, in "The End of History and the Last Man", argued that the world had reached

pos: Nation state of Civilizations?", in response to Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book, "The End of History and the Last Man". Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order". Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that human rights, liberal democracy and capitalist free market economics had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama, in "The End of History and the Last Man", argued that the

pos: Our Posthuman Future Our Posthuman Future Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution is a 2002 book by Francis Fukuyama. In it, he discusses the potential threat to liberal democracy that use of new and emerging biotechnologies for transhumanist ends poses. From the back cover of the paperback edition: A decade after his now-famous pronouncement of "the end of history", Francis Fukuyama argues that as a result of biomedical advances, we are facing the possibility of a future in which our humanity itself will be altered beyond recognition. Fukuyama sketches a brief history of man's changing understanding of human nature: from Plato

neg: Francis Fukuyama "The End of History and the Last Man", in which he argued that the progression of human history as a struggle between ideologies is largely at an end, with the world settling on liberal democracy after the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Fukuyama predicted the eventual global triumph of political and economic liberalism: Authors like Ralf Dahrendorf argued in 1990 that the essay gave Fukuyama his 15 minutes of fame, which will be followed by a slide into obscurity. He continued to remain a relevant and cited public intellectual leading American

neg: The End of History and the Last Man identify with the founding fathers while espousing the same form of government to avoid petty debates. Various Western commentators have described the thesis of "The End of History" as flawed because it does not sufficiently take into account the power of ethnic loyalties and religious fundamentalism as a counter-force to the spread of liberal democracy, with the specific example of Islamic fundamentalism, or radical Islam, as the most powerful of these. Benjamin Barber wrote a 1992 article and a 1995 book, "Jihad vs. McWorld", that addressed this theme. Barber described "McWorld" as a secular, liberal, corporate-friendly transformation of the world

neg: The End of History and the Last Man a sudden and dramatic decline in total warfare, interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars, and the number of refugees and displaced persons. Some have argued against the book due to an ideological disagreement with the concept of liberal democracy. Jacques Derrida criticized Fukuyama in "Specters of Marx" (1993) as a "come-lately reader" of Alexandre Kojève "in the tradition of Leo Strauss", who already described US society in the 1950s as the "realization of communism". According to Derrida, Fukuyama—and the quick celebrity of his book—is but one symptom of the anxiety to ensure the "death of Marx". Fukuyama's celebration of liberal

neg: History of liberalism in any other liberal democracy – has prompted many political commentators over time to identify them as the nation's "natural governing party". In the United States, modern liberalism traces its history to the popular presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who initiated the New Deal in response to the Great Depression and won an unprecedented four elections. The New Deal coalition established by Franklin Roosevelt left a decisive legacy and influenced many future American presidents, including John F. Kennedy, a self-described liberal who defined a liberal as "someone who looks ahead and not behind, someone who welcomes new ideas without rigid

neg: The End of History and the Last Man is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government. Fukuyama's position contradicts that of Karl Marx, who predicted that communism would displace capitalism. Fukuyama himself identifies on some level with Marx, but more strongly with the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, by way of Alexandre Kojève. Kojève argued that the progress of history must lead toward the establishment of a "universal and homogenous" state, most likely incorporating elements of liberal or social democracy; but Kojève's emphasis on the necessarily "post-political" character of such a state (and

neg: The End of History and the Last Man Kagan in his 2008 book, "The Return of History and the End of Dreams", whose title was a deliberate rejoinder to "The End of History". In his 2008 "Washington Post" opinion piece, Fukuyama also addressed this point. He wrote, "Despite recent authoritarian advances, liberal democracy remains the strongest, most broadly appealing idea out there. Most autocrats, including Putin and Chávez, still feel that they have to conform to the outward rituals of democracy even as they gut its substance. Even China's Hu Jintao felt compelled to talk about democracy in the run-up to Beijing's Olympic Games." In 2014, on the

neg: The End of History and the Last Man with arguments largely resting on conflicting definitions of "war" and "mature democracy". Part of the difficulty in assessing the theory is that democracy as a widespread global phenomenon emerged only very recently in human history, which makes generalizing about it difficult. (See also list of wars between democracies.) Other major empirical evidence includes the elimination of interstate warfare in South America, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe among countries that moved from military dictatorships to liberal democracies. According to several studies, the end of the Cold War and the subsequent increase in the number of liberal democratic states were accompanied by

neg: Your Movement received only 7.6% of the vote, below the 8% threshold, leaving TR without parliamentary representation. Sources described Palikot Movement as liberal, anti-clerical, and pro-European. Media variously described Palikot Movement as libertarian, liberal, anti-clerical, populist and left-wing. The British Financial Times newspaper described the economic views of the Palikot Movement membership as heterogenous, ranging from libertarianism to social democracy. Palikot Movement wanted to end religious education in state schools, end state subsidies of churches, legalize abortion on demand, lower the voting age to 16, give out free condoms, allow same-sex marriages, switch to the mixed-member proportional representation system, reform the Social

neg: Liberal democracy such as oil). Vladimir Lenin once argued that liberal democracy had simply been used to give an illusion of democracy while maintaining the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. The cost of political campaigning in representative democracies favors the rich, a form of plutocracy where only a very small number of individuals can actually affect government policy. In Athenian democracy, some public offices were randomly allocated to citizens, in order to inhibit the effects of plutocracy. Aristotle described the law courts in Athens which were selected by lot as democratic and described elections as oligarchic. Liberal democracy has also been attacked by

neg: The End of History and the Last Man occasion of the 25th anniversary of the publication of the original essay, "The End of History?", Fukuyama wrote a column in "The Wall Street Journal" again updating his hypothesis. He wrote that, while liberal democracy still had no real competition from more authoritarian systems of government "in the realm of ideas", nevertheless he was less idealistic than he had been "during the heady days of 1989." Fukuyama noted the Orange Revolution in Ukraine and the Arab Spring, both of which seemed to have failed in their pro-democracy goals, as well as the "backsliding" of democracy in countries including Thailand, Turkey

neg: Great Depression democracy, events such as those surrounding Ivar Kreuger (who eventually committed suicide) remain infamous in Swedish history. The Social Democrats under Per Albin Hansson formed their first long-lived government in 1932 based on strong interventionist and welfare state policies, monopolizing the office of Prime Minister until 1976 with the sole and short-lived exception of Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp's "summer cabinet" in 1936. During forty years of hegemony, it was the most successful political party in the history of Western liberal democracy. In Thailand, then known as the Kingdom of Siam, the Great Depression contributed to the end of the absolute monarchy of

neg: Francis Fukuyama communitarian Amitai Etzioni to declare him "one of the few enduring public intellectuals. They are often media stars who are eaten up and spat out after their 15 minutes. But he has lasted." According to Fukuyama, one of the main reasons for the massive criticism against "The End of History" was the aggressive stance that it took towards postmodernism. Postmodern philosophy had, in Fukuyama's opinion, undermined the ideology behind liberal democracy, leaving the western world in a potentially weaker position. The fact that Marxism and fascism had been proven untenable for practical use while liberal democracy still thrived was reason

neg: Constitutional liberalism are not constitutionally liberal and can be described as illiberal democracies. Constitutional liberalism Constitutional liberalism describes a form of government that upholds the principles of classical liberalism and the rule of law. It differs from liberal democracy in that it is not about the method of selecting government. The journalist and scholar Fareed Zakaria explains that constitutional liberalism "is about government's goals. It refers to the tradition, deep in Western history, that seeks to protect an individual's autonomy and dignity against coercion, whatever the source—state, church, or society." Democracy is becoming more common around the world. Freedom House reported that

neg: Rudolph Rummel that there have been no famines in democracies, deliberate or not. He also argued that democracy is an important factor for economic growth and for raising living standards. He has noted research showing that average happiness in a nation increases with more democracy. According to Rummel, the continuing increase in the number of democracies worldwide will lead to an end to wars and democide. He believed that goal might be achieved by the mid-21st century. Rummel was a strong supporter of spreading liberal democracy, although he did not support invading another country solely to replace a dictatorship. Rummel talked about

neg: Ali Shariati He believed that liberal democracy is the enemy of humankind. He also referred to the fact that the ruling economic system of liberal democracy is unjust and contrary to the rights of people. He maintained that in such a society, someone who is weak is already subjected to defeat and annihilation. There are basic foundations in Shariati’s thoughts and his criticism of liberal democracy. The first foundation is related to the contrast between the religious worldview and the non-religious one. He explained history, society and humanity according to a monistic worldview. He explained liberalism as something with inequality and discrimination.

neg: The End of History and the Last Man its citizens) makes such comparisons inadequate, and is irreducible to any mere "triumph" of capitalism. According to Fukuyama, since the French Revolution, democracy has repeatedly proven to be a fundamentally better system (ethically, politically, economically) than any of the alternatives. The most basic (and prevalent) error in discussing Fukuyama's work is to confuse "history" with "events". Fukuyama claims not that events will stop occurring in the future, but rather that all that will happen in the future (even if totalitarianism returns) is that democracy will become more and more prevalent in the "long" term, although it may suffer "temporary" setbacks

neg: History of Poland (1945–1989) to consolidate it". In the end the liberals, misguided in their belief that "liberal democracy could be grounded solely in private property", ignored in the post-1989 discourse not only the material but also the symbolic and emotional levels. They adopted a hostile attitude toward their labor base and had thus "squandered their moral and political authority", making it possible for the politically illiberal populist Right to fill the resulting societal vacuum. The illiberal Right had been able to flourish by proffering only fictitious enemies and symbolic appeasement. "q."David Ost described the situation as follows: "As democratic reform became a real

neg: Per Ahlmark of the Swedish Liberal People's Party and served as Ahlmark's deputy chairman in the Liberal Youth of Sweden). In an article in "The Washington Times", Ahlmark described Blix as politically "weak and easily fooled" and a "wimp". On account of Ahlmark's 70th birthday in 2009, a new foundation called "The Per Ahlmark Foundation" was established in October 2008 by the Jewish assembly in Stockholm. The stated purpose of the foundation is to "promote scientific research and education in political science, the history of ideas and Jewish history, as well as in economics, all with particular focus on issues concerning democracy

neg: History of socialism Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.". Some parties reacted to these changes by engaging in a new round of revisionist re-assessment of socialist ideology, and adopting a neo-liberal outlook. Some critics argue that in practice the Social Democratic parties, and the Labour Party in particular, can no longer be described as socialist. On Prime Minister Tony Blair's departure in June 2007, left wing trade union leader Bob Crow, general secretary of the Rail, Maritime and Transport workers union (RMT), argued that Blair will be remembered for "seamlessly continuing the neo-liberal economic and social policies of Margaret

neg: Fredrik Malm Fredrik Malm Carl Fredrik Malm (born 2 May 1977 in Stockholm) is a Swedish politician and Member of Parliament for the Liberal People's Party. He was chairperson of the Liberal Youth of Sweden from 2002 to 2006. Malm is married to Gulan Avci, Member of Parliament for the Liberal People's Party. Avci was chairperson of the Kurdish Youth of Sweden between 1998–2000 and is linked to Kurdish recognition of the Armenian genocide. Malm is known among his proponents as a champion of freedom, democracy and human rights worldwide, especially his support for an independent Kurdistan and for the democracy movements

neg: Liberal democracy By the end of the 19th century, liberal democracy was no longer only a "liberal" idea, but an idea supported by many different ideologies. After World War I and especially after World War II, liberal democracy achieved a dominant position among theories of government and is now endorsed by the vast majority of the political spectrum. Although liberal democracy was originally put forward by Enlightenment liberals, the relationship between democracy and liberalism has been controversial since the beginning and was problematized in the 20th century. In his book "Freedom and Equality in a Liberal Democratic State", Jasper Doomen posited that

neg: Party for Democracy (Chile) party of socialist ideology, radicals, social democrats, liberal progressive, left-wing Christian, mapucist, communist, and young people up to the national student movement of the eighties opponents of Augusto Pinochet, among them was the movement G-80. The PPD work actively to achieve the triumph of the "No" option in the 1988 plebiscite that he brought back the free elections to the country. Participated in the formation of the "Concertación", political alliance that has dominated the Chilean government since the end of the military government until 2010, when Sebastián Piñera representing the Coalition for change came to power. Due to its membership

neg: Liberal democracy worldwide and not only to the Middle East. Dictators who have this form of wealth can spend more on their security apparatus and provide benefits which lessen public unrest. Also, such wealth is not followed by the social and cultural changes that may transform societies with ordinary economic growth. A 2006 meta-analysis found that democracy has no direct effect on economic growth. However, it has strong and significant indirect effects which contribute to growth. Democracy is associated with higher human capital accumulation, lower inflation, lower political instability and higher economic freedom. There is also some evidence that it is associated

neg: Media democracy functions of media in the way that it exists is described in a review of Victor Pickard's book, "America's Battle for Media Democracy: The Triumph of Corporate Libertarianism and the Future of Media Reform," where Josh Shepperd wrote, “If one approaches the historical question of media ownership from a public service model, the private emphasis of the system requires praise for its innovations and self-sustainability, but deserves deep interrogation for its largely uncontested claim that the system, as is, provides the best opportunity for social recognition”. Media democracy Media democracy is a democratic approach to media studies that advocates for

neg: History of Mexico war in the US and the triumph of the Union forces, the US actively aided Mexican liberals against Maximilian's regime. France withdrew its support of Maximilian in 1867 and his monarchist rule collapsed in 1867 and Maximilian was executed. With the end of the Second Mexican Empire, the period often called the Restored Republic (1867–76) brought back Benito Juárez as president. Following his death from a heart attack, Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada succeed him. He was overthrown by liberal military man Porfirio Díaz, who after consolidating power ushered in a period of stability and economic growth. The half-century of economic

neg: Martin Lee of the Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg and attended a Foreign Affairs Select Committee hearing, speaking out that they were "concerned that neither of the two signatories to the Joint Declaration – that is, China and Britain – is adequately fulfilling their respective responsibilities on the terms of this internationally binding treaty." Liu Xiaoming, Chinese ambassador to Britain, described Martin Lee and Anson Chan as "bent on undermining the stability of Hong Kong". In the massive pro-democracy Occupy protests from October to December 2014, he was among one of the pro-democracy activists staging a final sit-in and arrested, putting an end

neg: Ari Shavit Putin. Shavit is also critical of Miri Regev, describing her as 'anti-culture', and of Ayelet Shaked, describing her as 'anti-democracy'. He has for many years been a critic of Benjamin Netanyahu. Although admitting that Netanyahu is highly intelligent, Shavit argues that Netanyahu "scorns [US] Democrat politicians and liberal intellectuals... as weaklings." Shavit also castigates Netanyahu for not being "a civil leader who truly cares for the welfare of his citizens. He [Netanyahu] is unconcerned by social justice." In 2013, Shavit released "My Promised Land: The Triumph and Tragedy of Israel". It was a "New York Times" Best Seller and received

neg: Foreign policy of the Angela Merkel government and politicians inside Germany at the request of the NSA. A German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal was set up in 2013. U.S. President Barack Obama described her at the end of 2016 as his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as President. Obama also said he would vote for Merkel if he could. Obama's farewell visit to Berlin in November 2016 was widely interpreted as the passing of the torch of global liberal leadership to Merkel as Merkel was seen by many as the new standard bearer of liberal democracy since the election of Donald Trump as

neg: Democracy in Pakistan a 5-year term for the first time in its political history. As of current status, Pakistan is also the 5th largest and is also the largest Majoritarian democracy and (non-liberal) in the world and perhaps considered as the world's largest Islamic democracy within the Muslim world as opposed to a modern liberal democracy, such as modern Republic of Turkey, with its western orientated values. The Original Concept of Democracy in the World And Also in the Asian Continent has historical root in the Indus Valley Civilisation, which thrived in modern-day Pakistan. It was one of the earliest and largest ancient

neg: Illiberal democracy liberal democracy, but does not adopt it as a central element of state organisation. Orbán listed Singapore, Russia, Turkey, and China as examples of “successful” nations, “none of which is liberal and some of which aren’t even democracies.” The Russian Federation under Vladimir Putin has also been described as an illiberal democracy. Elections take place regularly, but many foreign observers (e.g. from the OSCE) do not consider them free or fair. The rate at which journalists have been murdered in Russia shows the limits of freedom of speech; most major television networks and newspapers are state-owned or influenced by the

neg: Herman Vandenburg Ames American settlers as "barbarous" compared to contemporary standards, and credited the growth of democracy with the development of more liberal social norms. At the same time, however, he cautioned about passing moral judgments on leaders of the past based on modern expectations. As an instructor of history, Ames was described by contemporary historian Wayne Journell as "unabashedly" supportive of its use to invigorate support for the government's policies during World War I, quoting him that "it is the duty of the teacher of history and civics to seize the wonderful opportunity afforded by the war to aid in promoting an

neg: Democracy (journal) Democracy (journal) Democracy is a quarterly journal of progressive and liberal politics, as well as culture, founded by Kenneth Baer and Andrei Cherny in 2006. "Democracy" is intended to be the progressive/liberal answer to such prominent and influential conservative journals as "The Public Interest", "Policy Review", "Commentary", and "The National Interest". Baer and Cherny state in a message to readers in the first issue that they intend to "regenerate the strength of the progressive movement" with "big ideas." Contrasting themselves with "National Review's" William F. Buckley, Baer and Cherny proclaim their journal will "stand athwart history and yell, Forward!" The

neg: National liberalism Europe, along with conservative and Eurosceptic parties. SaS leader Richard Sulík described himself both as a liberal and as a nationalist, but later corrected himself by saying that he was a liberal and a patriot while condemning chauvinism, racism and religious fanaticism and opposing the withdrawal of Slovakia from the European Union. However, the party has never been classified as national-liberal by third-party sources. In Austria-Hungary the Young Czech Party, emerged in 1874 after a split from the Old Czech Party, was a national-liberal force. During Czechoslovakia's era (1918–1992), a few parties were described as national-liberal: Czechoslovak National Democracy, the

neg: History of socialism turning towards liberal socialism. Sopade member Curt Geyer was a prominent proponent of liberal socialism within the Sopade, and declared that Sopade represented the tradition of Weimar Republic social democracy—liberal democratic socialism, and declared that Sopade's held true to its mandate of traditional liberal principles combined with the political realism of socialism. After the restoration of democracy in West Germany, The SPD's Godesberg Program in 1959 eliminated the party's remaining Marxist-aligned policies. The SPD then became officially based upon "freiheitlicher Sozialismus" (liberal socialism). West German Chancellor Willy Brandt has been identified as a liberal socialist. In 1945, the world's three

neg: History of the Egyptian parliament occupation and Egyptian subordination to the Ottoman Empire. The February 1922 Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence and the issuance of the 1923 Constitution led to the establishment a royal constitutional rule based on party pluralism and the principles of liberal democracy. After the end of World War I, the 1919 Egyptian Revolution broke out calling for liberty, independence and democracy. This revolution resulted in the 28 February 1922 declaration which recognized Egypt as an independent state (with some reservations) and terminated Egypt as a British protectorate. Based on this new status, a new Egyptian Constitution was promulgated in April 1923

neg: Revisionism (Spain) end, they allegedly attempt to stigmatize all these who do not comply as pseudo-scientists, busy with dirty political agenda and not deserving a place in academic discourse. The anti-revisionist authors are presented as driven by their own prejudice, ideologically motivated, "politically committed" and named "small group of historians determined to defend at all costs the vision of a sacred and ‘heroic’ republican democracy". Their supposed political sympathies are clearly described as Left-wing, with references to "historiografía ‘progresista’", "nueva [progressist] religión civil", "anti-Fascist historiography", "political correctness", "post-Marxist ideology", "militant history" and "anti-Francoist, progressive historians". Their principal objective is described as further

neg: Socialist state of a state capitalist economy with state-directed capital accumulation with the long-term goal of building up the country's productive forces while simultaneously promoting worldwide socialist revolution. A socialist state is to be distinguished from a multi-party liberal democracy governed by a self-described socialist party, where the state is not constitutionally bound to the construction of socialism. In such cases, the political system and machinery of government is not specifically structured to pursue the development of socialism. The term "Socialist state" is widely used by Marxist-Leninist parties, theorists, and governments to mean a state under the control of a vanguard party

neg: Economic history of Portugal originally a mostly pro-democracy movement, intended to replace the previous regime with an Western-style liberal democracy and to develop and modernize the economy in order to achieve Western European standards of living, along with finding a solution for the African colonies to end the 13-year-long Colonial War. However, by late 1974 to early 1975, moderate factions (led by personalities such as António de Spínola and Mário Soares) lost power to Marxist-oriented and far-left ones (led by personalities such as Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho and Álvaro Cunhal). Communists gained increasing influence in the provisorial cabinets led by Vasco Gonçalves and after

neg: New Triumph Party he described as 'a small part of the great worldwide socialist movement'. This group has attempted to build links between the country's various extreme right groups. The party was re-launched as the New Triumph Party in November 1997, identifying itself as 'the political, militant and electoral expression of Argentine national socialism'. At a time when use of the internet by fringe political groups was limited but growing in popularity the New Triumph Party's online publication "Libertad de Opinión" broke new ground in Argentina by providing a regular forum for Argentine neo-Nazism and anti-Semitism. Ricardo Brinzoni was briefly associated with the

neg: Liberal democracy given a regular chance to change those who are in power, or change policies with which they disagree. This is preferable to a system where political change takes place through violence. Some think that political stability may be considered as excessive when the group in power remains the same for an extended period of time. On the other hand, this is more common in nondemocracies. One notable feature of liberal democracies is that their opponents (those groups who wish to abolish liberal democracy) rarely win elections. Advocates use this as an argument to support their view that liberal democracy is

neg: National Coalition Party replaced by Petteri Orpo at the leadership election of June 2016. According to its 2006-adopted platform, the National Coalition Party's policy is based on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equality of opportunity, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring". The party is described by literature as a liberal and conservative as well as a liberal-conservative party in the centre-right with catch-all party characteristics. The non-profit Democratic Society described it as "the heir to both liberal and conservative strains of right-of-centre thought" that is becoming increasingly liberal compared to its official stance of conservatism. Specifically, it contains elements of cultural and economic liberalism and

neg: Liberalism context of the times, the Constitution was a republican and liberal document. It remains the oldest liberal governing document in effect worldwide. In Europe, liberalism has a long tradition dating back to the 17th century. The French Revolution began in 1789. The two key events that marked the triumph of liberalism were the abolition of feudalism in France on the night of 4 August 1789, which marked the collapse of feudal and old traditional rights and privileges and restrictions as well as the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August. During the

neg: Liberalism with liberals in their support of private property rights and a market economy. Scholars have praised the influence of liberal internationalism, claiming that the rise of globalisation "constitutes a triumph of the liberal vision that first appeared in the eighteenth century" while also writing that liberalism is "the only comprehensive and hopeful vision of world affairs". Liberalism Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but they generally support civil rights, democracy, secularism, gender equality, racial equality, internationalism, freedom of speech, freedom

neg: Environmental politics this by pointing to the past successes of environmental reform movements to improve water and air quality in liberal societies. In practice, environmentalism can improve democracy rather than necessitate its end, by expanding democratic participation and promoting political innovations. The tensions between liberal democracy and environmental goals raise questions about the possible limitations of democracy (or at least democracy as we know it): in its responsiveness to subtle but large-scale problems, its ability to work from a holistic societal perspective, its aptness in coping with environmental crisis relative to other forms of government. Democracies do not have the provisions to

neg: 1889 Pembrokeshire County Council election 1889 Pembrokeshire County Council election The first election to Pembrokeshire County Council was held in January 1889. It was followed by the 1892 election. The county was divided into numerous single member wards with two or more councillors elected to represent Tenby and Pembroke Dock. 1889 was a landmark year in the history of Welsh Liberalism, a coming of age symbolized by the triumph across Wales of Liberal candidates in the inaugural county council elections. The Liberal triumph in Pembrokeshire was not as complete as in other Welsh counties but was nevertheless significant. In the north of the county a

neg: Democracy Alliance Democracy Alliance The Democracy Alliance is a network of progressive donors who coordinate their political donations to groups that the Alliance has endorsed. As of 2015, the organization has approximately 110 partners who are required to contribute at least $200,000 a year to groups the Democracy Alliance vets and recommends. The Alliance has helped distribute approximately $500 million to liberal organizations since its founding in 2005. Members of the Democracy Alliance include billionaires George Soros and Tom Steyer. The Democracy Alliance planned to spend $374 million during the 2014 midterm election cycle to boost liberal candidates and causes. According to

neg: Procedural democracy Procedural democracy Procedural democracy is a democracy in which the people or citizens of the state have less influence than in traditional liberal democracies. This type of democracy is characterized by voters choosing to elect representatives in free elections. Procedural democracy assumes that the electoral process is at the core of the authority placed in elected officials and ensures that all procedures of elections are duly complied with (or at least appear so). It could be described as a republic (i.e., people voting for representatives) wherein only the basic structures and institutions are in place. Commonly, the previously elected representatives

neg: Liberal democracy groups. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the partial democratisation of Soviet bloc states was followed by wars in the former Yugoslavia, in the Caucasus and in Moldova. Nevertheless, some people believe that the fall of communism and the increase in the number of democratic states were accompanied by a sudden and dramatic decline in total warfare, interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars and the number of refugees and displaced people (worldwide, not in the countries of the former sovietic bloc). However, this trend can be attributed to the end of Cold War and the natural exhaustion of said

neg: The Life and Death of Democracy as far afield as Pitcairn Island and Papua New Guinea. At the core of Keane's book is the author's belief that history is a necessary key for understanding democracy in the present time. Keane's worldwide perspective is an important corrective to the (mainly Western) idea that democracy has one and only distinctive form; one type of model that can be brought as a gift to peoples with different attitudes and histories. There is no such a thing as a singular form of democracy. Following the line of thinking that history is the only way we can make sense of what

neg: Comedy Central (India) the appellant. It will also put an end to the popularity and the viability, commercially or otherwise, of the channel. The right to operate and broadcast television channel is protected under Article 19 of the Constitution. In this view of the matter, the appellants submit that they are entitled to fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution. The manner in which respondent [the Centre] has interpreted the policies and imposed penalty in complete violation of the fundamental rights of the appellant is not only anachronistic to the constitutional value of liberal democracy but also inconsistent with prevailing practices worldwide". However, on

neg: Liberal democracy were still restricted to a minority of the population and slavery remained a legal institution) and the French attempt turned out to be short-lived, but they were the prototypes from which liberal democracy later grew. Since the supporters of these forms of government were known as liberals, the governments themselves came to be known as liberal democracies. When the first prototypical liberal democracies were founded, the liberals themselves were viewed as an extreme and rather dangerous fringe group that threatened international peace and stability. The conservative monarchists who opposed liberalism and democracy saw themselves as defenders of traditional values and

neg: Thomas d'Aquino on platforms in Canada, the United States, Europe, Asia and Latin America. Mr. d’Aquino has addressed audiences in forty countries and in over one hundred cities worldwide. In 2001, he authored, together with David Stewart-Patterson, an influential book titled Northern Edge: How Canadians Can Triumph in the Global Economy, Stoddart 2001. He is also the co-author of the book Parliamentary Democracy in Canada: Issues for Reform, Methuen 1983. Mr. d’Aquino has addressed audiences in forty countries and in our 100 cities worldwide. Mr. d’Aquino is the recipient of numerous national and international honours and awards including The Queen Elizabeth II

neg: Juan Perón "Apuntes de historia militar" ("Notes about military history"), that social democracy could be a viable alternative to liberal democracy (which he viewed as a veiled plutocracy) or totalitarian regimes (which he viewed as oppressive). He returned to Argentina in 1941, and served as an Army skiing instructor in Mendoza Province. In 1943 a coup d'état was led by General Arturo Rawson against conservative President Ramón Castillo, who had been fraudulently elected to office. The military was opposed to Governor Robustiano Patrón Costas, Castillo's hand-picked successor, who was the principal landowner in Salta Province, as well as a main stockholder in

neg: A Hollow Triumph After All A Hollow Triumph After All A Hollow Triumph After All is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Radiator King. It was independently released on April 28, 2017. A Hollow Triumph After All is a concept album, described as “a telling of situations that mark the passing of time.” Sole member Adam Silvestri explains, “It’s this character walking through scenes in his life, experiences he’s had...In the end, he’s sort of depleted, exhausted, recollecting back on life and recognizing that the end destination he sought the whole time wasn’t as important as he thought.” The album has been met with

neg: Democratic peace theory (1995) argue that interventions between democracies are more likely to happen than projected by an expected model. They further argue (1996) that democracies are more likely to intervene in other liberal states than against countries that are non-democracies. Finally, they argue that these interventions between democracies have been increasing over time and that the world can expect more of these interventions in the future. The methodology used has been criticized and more recent studies have found opposing results (Gleditsch, Christiansen & Hegre 2004). Rummel argues that the continuing increase in democracy worldwide will soon lead to an end to wars

neg: Democratization essentially correct with his assertion regarding the end of history – that Western liberal democracy represents the endpoint of mankind's ideological evolution. It represents a mechanism whereby our free market system efficiently allocates resources in our economy while co-existing in a symbiotic relationship with our democratic system of government. Our governments are incentivized to protect the economy while the foundations for that economy create the conditions for democracy. According to a study by political scientist Daniel Treisman, influential theories of democratization posit that autocrats "deliberately choose to share or surrender power. They do so to prevent revolution, motivate citizens to

neg: German Freedom Party German Freedom Party Freedom – Civil Rights Party for More Freedom and Democracy ("Die Freiheit – Bürgerrechtspartei für mehr Freiheit und Demokratie"), also known as The Freedom (), is a political party in Germany which identified as conservative-liberal or classical liberal party; while the party was described by German mainstream media as right-wing populist, and was known for its criticism of Islam. It was founded in October 2010 by Berlin city parliamentarian René Stadtkewitz who had been expelled from the conservative CDU for inviting the Dutch politician and Islam critic Geert Wilders to Berlin. The party seeks the implementation of

neg: Social fascism parties, anti-Comintern and progressive socialist parties and dissenters within Comintern affiliates throughout the interwar period. At the Sixth Congress of the Comintern in 1928, the end of capitalist stability and the beginning of the "Third Period" was proclaimed. The end of capitalism, accompanied with a working class revolution, was expected and social democracy was identified as the main enemy of the communists. This Comintern's theory had roots in Grigory Zinoviev's argument that international social democracy is a wing of fascism. This view was accepted by Joseph Stalin who described fascism and social democracy as "twin brothers", arguing that fascism depends

neg: Fredrik Malm been criticized for by Hans Linde, a member of the Left Party Fredrik Malm Carl Fredrik Malm (born 2 May 1977 in Stockholm) is a Swedish politician and Member of Parliament for the Liberal People's Party. He was chairperson of the Liberal Youth of Sweden from 2002 to 2006. Malm is married to Gulan Avci, Member of Parliament for the Liberal People's Party. Avci was chairperson of the Kurdish Youth of Sweden between 1998–2000 and is linked to Kurdish recognition of the Armenian genocide. Malm is known among his proponents as a champion of freedom, democracy and human rights worldwide,

neg: History of Ecuador (1895–1925) peonage that lingered in the sierra came under government regulations, albeit weak ones, and imprisonment for debts was finally outlawed in 1918. These and other limited social benefits gained by the Native Ecuadorians and the mixedblood montuvio (coastal mestizo) working class were overshadowed by the ruinous economic decline worldwide and the severe repression of the nascent labor movement at the hands of the Liberals during the early 1920s. Furthermore, Liberal rule did little to foster the development of stable democracy. On the contrary, the first half of the period saw even more illegal seizures of power and military-led governments than

neg: Kevin Taft broken state of Alberta's democracy. The book "provides plenty of examples of pettiness and arrogance" from Ralph Klein's government, and criticized the government's record on dealing with whistle blowers. Taft described the situation as "a widespread breakdown of accountability [... that's] become part of the political culture". Taft also suggested 35 ways to fix the problem. "Democracy Derailed" topped local bestseller lists. In the 2008 election, the Liberal Party won only nine seats in an election marked for its record low voter turnout. On June 26, 2008, Taft announced that he would step down as leader of the Alberta Liberal

neg: History of liberalism 1870s he then reversed positions, and began collaborating with Catholics. He's best known for a foreign-policy that balanced multiple competing interests to produce a peaceful era. In the United Kingdom, the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was a watershed moment and encapsulated the triumph of free trade and liberal economics. The Anti-Corn Law League brought together a coalition of liberal and radical groups in support of free trade under the leadership of Richard Cobden and John Bright, who opposed militarism and public expenditure. Their policies of low public expenditure and low taxation were later adopted by the liberal

neg: George Charles Dyhern 49. The Battle of Bergen made his reputation worldwide. The legendary Saxon general was even mentioned by Goethe in his literature -always as “a brave general of liberal spirit”. General Dyhern's great personality and career was also mentioned in works of John Entick (in "General History of the Late War"), David Hume (in "The History of England") and described in other scientific literature and newspapers all over Europe and America through the 18th and 19th century. General Dyhern was buried in Frankfurt, Hesse. At his funeral great generals as Count Rutowsky and Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony, with whom he

neg: Liberal Independent Group forcibly dissolve the council, an unprecedented movement in the history of recent Spanish democracy. GIL also established a strong presence in Estepona, Ceuta and Melilla. "Gilismo" ("gilism") has been identified as an "italianized" populism and as example of the "berlusconization" of Spanish politics, and along the political experiences of José María Ruiz Mateos and Mario Conde, as an example of protestary populism in Spain. Liberal Independent Group The Liberal Independent Group (, GIL) was a far-right-wing Spanish political party, founded in 1991 by the businessman Jesús Gil y Gil who was mayor of Marbella in the Costa del Sol, and

neg: Cold War liberal totalitarianism in general, and Communism in particular. Scoop Jackson and his legacy are acknowledged as having significant influence on Neoconservatism. Cold War liberal Cold War liberal is a term that was used most commonly in the United States during the Cold War, which began at the end of World War II. The term was used to describe liberal politicians and labor union leaders who supported democracy and equality. They supported the growth of labor unions, the civil rights movement, and the War on Poverty, while simultaneously opposing totalitarianism and Communist Party rule. Cold-War liberals therefore supported efforts to contain Soviet

neg: Slavic Native Faith's identity and political philosophy finds that it proves to be useful in what she terms as Rodnvery's "democratic criticism of democracy" (of liberal democracy). According to her, the "veche" as interpreted by Rodnovers represents a vernacular form of governance similar to ancient Greek democracy. According to the view shared by many Rodnovers, while liberal democracy ends up in chaos because it is driven by the decisions of the masses, who are not wise; the "veche" represents a form of "consensual decision-making" of assemblies of wise elders, and power is exercised by wise rulers. Ynglists call this model "samoderzhavie", "people ruling themselves". Western liberal ideas

neg: Historikerstreit the political basis of the Federal Republic founded in 1949 was in the Western tradition of liberal democracy and without mentioning Stürmer by name declared that the search for some basis in German national identity in the Imperial period to provide a "unified an understanding of history as possible" was "dubious" because there was "so little to be found there" and "because every attempt to provide political meaning via our predemocratic national history threatens to end the consensus of the postwar era". Sonthemier wrote that the great achievements of German historians since 1945 was seeking to understand why the Weimar

neg: Ramón Carrillo initial scientífic articles. After graduation he obtained a travel grant in order to further his studies in Europe, where he worked in the best neuroscience laboratories, Cornelius Ariëns Kappers's and Carl Vogt's among them. He returned to Buenos Aires in the mid 1930s. Known in Argentina as the "Infamous Decade," Carrillo described this period in Argentine history as the "systematic sacking and destruction of his fatherland, a period characterized by the leaders' deep moral decadence, in which self-imposed corruption, economic felonies, the selling out of the national patrimony, and the impoverishment of the population's majority" (Ordóñez). Disillusioned with liberal democracy,

neg: Liberal Party (Japan, 1881) Liberal Party (Japan, 1881) The is the name of several liberal political parties in the history of Japan, two of which existed in the Empire of Japan prior to 1945. The first Liberal Party of Japan was formed on October 18, 1881, by Itagaki Taisuke and other members of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement (League for the Establishment of a National Assembly) to agitate for the establishment of a national assembly, with a membership based on the ideals of liberal democracy under a constitutional monarchy. It attracted a wide following of former "samurai" who were discontent because they were

neg: Grand coalition the social-democratic Labour Party (PvdA) at its core and several smaller parties as backup (Drees–Van Schaik). The Purple coalitions in the 1990s under Prime Minister Wim Kok were between the Labour Party (PvdA), the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and the social-liberal Democrats 66 (D66) party (First Kok cabinet). The Second Rutte cabinet a grand coalition cabinet which also can be described as a purple coalition was composed of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and the Labour Party (PvdA). A more traditional grand coalition cabinet was the Third Lubbers cabinet, comprising the christian-democratic

neg: Enrique Oltuski Batista and establishment of a liberal democracy. After the triumph of the revolution, As Minister of Communications, Oltuski became one of three ministers members of the "July 26 Movement” to join the first cabinet of the president Manuel Urrutia Lleó. Oltuski would later be appointed vice president of the Central Planning Board, post he held for five years under the command of Ernesto Guevara. At the time of his death in 2012, Oltuski was serving as Deputy Minister of the Fishing Industry. From the year 2000 has begun to publish some books: Enrique Oltuski Enrique Oltuski Osacki (18 October 1930

neg: Alliance for Italy Calabria. The party was officially disbanded by the end of 2016. Alliance for Italy Alliance for Italy (, ApI) was a centrist political party in Italy. The party, which was described in its manifesto as "democratic, liberal, popular" as opposed both to "right-wing populism" and the "social-democratic left", an experience with high and memorable value, yet by now run out", was launched on 11 November 2009 by Francesco Rutelli, senator for the Democratic Party (PD) and former leader of Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL). The core of the party was composed by the Free Democrats, the faction Rutelli

neg: Industrial Democracy (book) and concludes that "Trade Unions are democracies; that is to say their internal constitutions are all based on the principle 'government of the people by the people for the people.'" Part II focuses on the function of trade unions and specifically the method of collective bargaining. The third part delves into the theory of trade unions. The imbalance of behaviour between employers and employees was described by the Webbs as follows. "Industrial Democracy" had a profound impact on the British labour movement, and socialism worldwide. It was translated into multiple languages. Industrial Democracy (book) Industrial Democracy (1st edn 1897; 9th

neg: History of Ecuador (1860–1895) and the beginning of three stormy decades of rule by the Radical Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Radical--PLR), commonly referred to as the Liberal Party (Partido Liberal). History of Ecuador (1860–1895) This is a summary of the history of Ecuador from 1860-1895. Gabriel García Moreno is the father of Ecuadorian conservatism and no doubt the most controversial figure in the nation's history, condemned by Liberal historians as Ecuador's worst tyrant but exalted by Conservatives as the nation's greatest nation-builder. In the end, both appraisals may be accurate; the man who possibly saved Ecuador from disintegration in 1859 and then ruled the

neg: History of democracy modern democratic rights, universal suffrage for all citizens was implemented constitutionally in Finland as well as a proportional representation, open list system. Likewise, the February Revolution in Russia in 1917 inaugurated a few months of liberal democracy under Alexander Kerensky until Lenin took over in October. The terrible economic impact of the Great Depression hurt democratic forces in many countries. The 1930s became a decade of dictators in Europe and Latin America. In 1918 the United Kingdom granted the right to vote to women over 30 who met a property qualification the right to vote, a second one was later

neg: Australian League of Rights promoting The Protocols, describing the Holocaust as a 'hoax', the invention of Zionist propagandists, identifying prominent Jewish individuals in public life and declaring that modern Christianity was 'little more than a form of Liberal Judaism'. The Jewish plot was also described using various code words, notably the 'one world conspiracy' hatched by 'international elites', international bureaucracies, international bankers, members of the Fabian Society, or the United Nations.". The league supported David Irving and assisted his visits to Australia; Veritas published Irving's work in Australia. The league is opposed to liberal democracy, the party system and the processes of parliamentary democracy.

neg: Herbert Croly book "Progressive Democracy", Croly rejected the thesis that the liberal tradition in the United States was inhospitable to anti-capitalist alternatives. He drew from the American past a history of resistance to capitalist wage relations that was fundamentally liberal, and he reclaimed an idea that progressives had allowed to lapse—that working for wages was a lesser form of liberty. Increasingly skeptical of the capacity of social welfare legislation to remedy social ills, Croly argued that America's liberal promise could be redeemed only by syndicalist reforms involving workplace democracy. His liberal goals were part of his commitment to American republicanism. Herbert Croly

neg: French Left also established the principle of the "right to work" ("droit au travail" – or "right to have a work"), and decided to establish "National Workshops" for the unemployed. At the same time, a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc, with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labour. These tensions between right-wing, liberal Orléanists, and left-wing, Radical Republicans and Socialists caused the second, June Revolution. In December, presidential elections were held, for the first time in France. Democracy seemed at first to triumph, as universal suffrage was

neg: Domitian purpose, a new legion was founded, Legio I Minervia, which constructed some 75 kilometres (46 mi) of roads through Chattan territory to uncover the enemy's hiding places. Although little information survives of the battles fought, enough early victories were apparently achieved for Domitian to be back in Rome by the end of 83, where he celebrated an elaborate triumph and conferred upon himself the title of "Germanicus". Domitian's supposed victory was much scorned by ancient authors, who described the campaign as "uncalled for", and a "mock triumph". The evidence lends some credence to these claims, as the Chatti would later

neg: Liberal Democracy (France) the New UDF). 50% of DL voters had high school diplomas, compared to 40% of New UDF voters. Throughout its existence, Alain Madelin was Liberal Democracy's only President, with Jean-Pierre Raffarin as his Vice-President. Liberal Democracy (France) Liberal Democracy (, DL) was a conservative-liberal political party in France existing between 1997 and 2002. Headed by Alain Madelin, the party replaced the Republican Party, which was the classical liberal component of the Union for French Democracy (UDF). After Madelin won the leadership of the Republican Party on 24 June 1997 with 59.9% of the vote, he renamed the organisation 'Liberal Democracy',

neg: Liberal socialism that Sopade's held true to its mandate of traditional liberal principles combined with the political realism of socialism. After the restoration of democracy in West Germany, the SPD's Godesberg Program in 1959 eliminated the party's remaining Marxist policies. The SPD then became officially based upon "freiheitlicher Sozialismus" (liberal socialism). West German Chancellor Willy Brandt has been identified as a liberal socialist. Italian socialist Carlo Rosselli was inspired by the definition of socialism by the founder of social democracy, Eduard Bernstein, who defined socialism as "organized liberalism". Rosselli expanded on Bernstein's arguments by developing his notion of liberal socialism (). In

neg: Rod Liddle language. On 21 May 2007, he presented an hour-long documentary, "Battle for the Holy Land: Love Thy Neighbour", about the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. He visited Bethlehem, Hebron and the Israeli settlement of Tekoa. Liddle sought to examine whether Israel was a true liberal democracy in light of its treatment of the Palestinians. He also appeared in Channel 4's alternative election night episode of "Come Dine With Me" along with Edwina Currie, Derek Hatton and Brian Paddick. With Kate Silverton, he presented the short-lived BBC2 political show "Weekend"—described by "The Independent on Sunday" as "The worst programme anywhere, ever, in the history

neg: Cold War liberal Cold War liberal Cold War liberal is a term that was used most commonly in the United States during the Cold War, which began at the end of World War II. The term was used to describe liberal politicians and labor union leaders who supported democracy and equality. They supported the growth of labor unions, the civil rights movement, and the War on Poverty, while simultaneously opposing totalitarianism and Communist Party rule. Cold-War liberals therefore supported efforts to contain Soviet communism. U.S. liberalism of the Cold War era was the immediate heir to Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and the

neg: Freedom House people who are most involved in US foreign policy, and that liberal democracy was the main form of democracy that was considered. The FITW index focuses primarily on individual freedoms, as US politicians do, but little on egalitarian concerns. The claim that American politics play a role is supported by the relatively low FITW scores given to Russia and other post-Soviet states since the end of the Cold War, as well as to Sandinistan-led Nicaragua, but relatively high scores to the El Salvador military junta. At the same time, Bush found that the House's archive showed that they never debated

neg: Freedom House aspects of democracy while failing to capture the informal but real power relations and pathways of influence ... and frequently lead to de facto deviations from democracy." States can therefore "look formally liberal-democratic but might be rather illiberal in their actual workings". From the 1970s until 1990, Raymond D. Gastil practically produced the reports on his own, though sometimes with help from his wife. Gastil himself described it in 1990 as "a loose, intuitive rating system for levels of freedom or democracy, as defined by the traditional political rights and civil liberties of the Western democracies." Regarding criticisms of his

neg: The End of History and the Last Man in these pages last week, Sunni radicalism has been remarkably ineffective in actually taking control of a nation-state, due to its propensity to devour its own potential supporters. Some disenfranchised Muslims thrill to the rantings of Osama bin Laden or Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, but the appeal of this kind of medieval Islamism is strictly limited. Another challenge to the "end of history" thesis is the growth in the economic and political power of two countries, Russia and China; China has a one-party state government, while Russia, though formally a democracy, has been described by some as "de facto" authoritarian.

neg: Democracy contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the associated end of the Cold War, and the democratisation and liberalisation of the former Eastern bloc countries. The most successful of the new democracies were those geographically and culturally closest to western Europe, and they are now members or candidate members of the European Union. In 1986, after the toppling of the most prominent Asian dictatorship, the only democratic state of its kind at the time emerged in the Philippines with the rise of Corazon Aquino, who would later be known as the Mother of Asian Democracy. The liberal trend spread

neg: Independent Republican and Liberal Pole UDF, structured as a single party. Some of them (Jean-Pierre Fourcade, Alain Lamassoure, Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres) joined the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) in 2002, while others, including Gilles de Robien, represented the most pro-UMP and pro-Sarkozy faction within UDF, being also strong opponents of François Bayrou. Independent Republican and Liberal Pole The Independent Republican and Liberal Pole (, PRIL) was a liberal-centrist political party in France. The PRIL was founded in 1998 by members of Liberal Democracy (DL) who refused to leave the Union for French Democracy (UDF), as proposed by Alain Madelin. They included François Léotard,

neg: Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong) generally support the Chinese democracy movement, in which it can trace back to their support of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. The pro-democrats have been calling for the end of one party rule of the Communist Party of China therefore are seen as threat to the Beijing authorities. Since the camp's idea of western-style liberal democracy would not be accepted easily by the Chinese government run by the Communist Party. In some cases, pan-democracy activists have been accused of high treason and as "traitors to Han Chinese". The pro-democrats also divide themselves with different approaches of achieving democracy: the