query: what kinds of treaties can the president make

pos: Treaty Clause law. U.S. law distinguishes what it calls "treaties" from "congressional-executive agreements" and "executive agreements". All three classes are considered treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal United States law. Distinctions among the three concern their method of ratification: by two-thirds of the Senate, by normal legislative process, or by the President alone, respectively. The Treaty Clause empowers the President to make or enter into treaties with the "advice and consent" of two-thirds of the Senate. In contrast, normal legislation becomes law after approval by simple majorities in both the Senate "and" the House of

pos: Limitations and exceptions to copyright by global treaties. These treaties have harmonized the exclusive rights which must be provided by copyright laws, and the Berne three-step test operates to constrain the kinds of copyright exceptions and limitations which individual nations can enact. On the other hand, there are very few requirements in international copyright treaties placed on national governments to provide any exemptions from exclusive rights. One such case is Article 10(1) of the Berne Convention, which guarantees a limited right to make quotations from copyrighted works. Because of the lack of balance in international treaties in October 2004, WIPO agreed to adopt a significant

pos: Treaty For subjects on the concurrent list, both governments can make laws. However, to implement international treaties, Parliament can legislate on any subject and even override the general division of subject lists. In the United States, the term "treaty" has a different, more restricted legal sense than in international law. US law distinguishes what it calls "treaties" from "executive agreements", which are either "congressional-executive agreements" or "sole executive agreements". The classes are all equally treaties under international law; they are distinct only in internal US law. The distinctions are primarily concerning their method of approval. Treaties require advice and consent by

pos: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution and federal courts can hear appeals form lower state courts. The executive branch also has powers of its own that they use to make laws and establish regulations. The powers that are used in this branch are express, implied, and inherent. The President uses express powers to approve and veto bills and to make treaties as well. The President is constitutionally obligated to make sure that laws are faithfully executed and uses their powers to do just this. He uses implied powers to issue executive orders and enter into treaties with foreign nations. The executive branch uses inherent powers to

pos: Powers of the President of the United States execution by directing and removing executive officers. The president may make treaties, which need to be ratified by two-thirds of the Senate, and is accorded those foreign-affairs functions not otherwise granted to Congress or shared with the Senate. Thus, the President can control the formation and communication of foreign policy and can direct the nation's diplomatic corps. The president may also appoint Article III judges and some officers with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate. In the condition of a Senate recess, the president may make a temporary appointment. Article II of the Constitution expressly designates the president

pos: Judicial review in Austria facto" statutes because their disappearance will require a new statute to deal with. On the other hand, the court can also make its decision retroactive. The court's broad discretion forces the court to "legislate from the bench" whether it wants to or not: it does not simply announce a finding it notionally cannot avoid; it is officially choosing policy. Judicial review of legislation includes judicial review of international treaties. Since treaties are concluded by the president, they originate with the executive branch. This makes them equivalent to ordinances, meaning they cannot be incompatible with any statutes. Certain treaties can be

pos: Article Two of the United States Constitution such armed forces in the course of bringing about a prompt removal of such forces." Second, specific constitutional provisions may check customary executive authority. Notwithstanding their executive power, the President cannot make treaties or appointments without the advice and consent of the Senate. Likewise, the President's pardon power is limited to offenses against the United States (federal crimes) and does not extend to impeachments or violations of state law. As treaties are by U.S. law official agreements with foreign governments recognized as such only after Senate ratification, the President obviously cannot make treaties unilaterally. However, the President does determine and

pos: Federalist No. 64 the country. Getting two-thirds of the Senate's approval became a hard process and it seemed more effective for the pres to bad and to make executive agreements. The President can act alone and make an executive agreement in relation to foreign policy without the approval of Congress. Over time, there is a significant increase in executive agreements and a decrease in treaty making. 1937 was the last year that there were more treaties made than executive agreements. Between 1789 and 1839, the US State Department reported 60 treaties and 27 executive agreements, but by the 20th century, presidents including McKinley,

pos: President of Indonesia to grant pardons. The Amended 1945 Constitution: The president has constitutional authority over the government and has the power to name and remove ministers. He or she has the right to propose bills to DPR, to discuss bills with the DPR to reach an agreement, make government regulations in accordance with laws, and in the case of emergencies has the power to make Government regulations in lieu of law. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Diplomatically, the president can only sign treaties, appoint ambassadors, accept ambassadors from other countries, rehabillitate prisoners, and appoint Judicial

pos: Political agenda initiative model. The political agenda is essentially defined as what governmental officials find important to discuss. Those closest to the policy process have the biggest control on what issues reach the political agenda. They are the ones with the most power to decide which ideas or issues have the most importance, and which ideas or issues are unimportant. For example, the President of the United States, has the power to make treaties, appoint ambassadors, appoint judges of the supreme court etc. These types of powers ultimately shape what voices are present in parliament and subsequently what issues reach the political

pos: Minister (Austria) however. Appointments of members of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Administrative Court have to be made by the president personally, but appointments of the benches of general courts, for example, can be delegated to the minister of justice. Presidents make liberal use of their ability to delegate personnel decisions. With the exception of members of top courts, principals of public secondary schools, and a few handfuls of top-level ministry bureaucrats, prosecutors, and army brass, are appointed by ministers. Another power the president can and does delegate to ministers is the right to conclude international treaties. While every minister is

pos: Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign presidential nominee, said Trump would "make a good candidate," but argued that Buchanan could challenge Trump "on the merits" and that Trump and the media were misrepresenting Buchanan's views through "hate politics." Other party members expressed reservations about Trump's comments and personal life. Verney wondered "what the compelling reason is for him to seek the presidency." Trump acknowledged himself as "certainly controversial" but labeled himself as "a great businessman," who would "make the greatest treaties that this country's seen in a long time." On "Fox News Sunday", he criticized U.S. Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky and said that as president he

pos: Criminal jurisdiction will be determined by international law. The majority of states are dualist, i.e. they will only accept international obligations through the process of incorporation, say by signing and adopting treaties and conventions. Hence, whether a supranational court or tribunal will have jurisdiction and, if so, over what subject matter and over what period of time, will be decided by the sovereign government of the day. Because each government is supreme, it can enact whatever statutes it wishes. Thus, State A would have the power to make a law which, for example, made it an offence to smoke in the streets

pos: WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act no benefit. Some proponents of the law claim it was necessary to implement several WIPO treaties. Opponents respond that the law was not necessary, even if it was it went far beyond what the treaties require, and the treaties were written and passed by the same industry lobbyists people who wanted to pass this law. They also note that the severe ambiguities in the law, its difficulty in enforcement, and its numerous exceptions make it ineffective in achieving its stated goal of protecting copyright holders. Others claim that the law is necessary to prevent online copyright infringement, using perfect digital

pos: United States Senate the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the president's government appointments; also the Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments; it tries all impeachments, and it elects the vice president in the event no person gets a majority of the electoral votes. The president can make certain appointments only with the advice and consent of the Senate. Officials whose appointments require the Senate's approval include members of the Cabinet, heads of most federal executive agencies, ambassadors, Justices of the Supreme Court, and other federal judges. Under Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution, a large

pos: Federalist No. 70 the president's power is more limited than the power of a king. He points out that the decisive president will be balanced and checked by a slow and deliberate legislative branch and that the president and the legislative branch will share responsibilities. For example, the president will make appointments and negotiate treaties, while the Congress will possess legislative powers and fund and set rules for the military. The Senate serves as a final check by providing (or not providing) its consent for appointments and treaties. Hamilton similarly anticipates and refutes the counterargument that more opinions in government lead to better

pos: Missouri v. Holland any prohibitory words to be found in the Constitution. The only question is whether [252 U.S. 416, 434] it is forbidden by some invisible radiation from the general terms of the Tenth Amendment. We must consider what this country has become in deciding what that amendment has reserved. Many legal analysts have argued that the decision implies that Congress and the President can essentially amend the Constitution by means of treaties with other countries. These concerns came to a head in the 1950s with the Bricker Amendment, a series of proposed amendments that would have placed restrictions on the scope

pos: Bricker Amendment they also make domestic law. Under our Constitution, treaties become the Supreme Law of the Land. They are indeed more supreme than ordinary laws, for Congressional laws are invalid if they do not conform to the Constitution, whereas treaty laws can override the Constitution." Dulles said the power to make treaties "is an extraordinary power liable to abuse." Senator Everett Dirksen, a Republican of Illinois, declared, "we are in a new era of international organizations. They are grinding out treaties like so many eager beavers which will have effects on the rights of American citizens." Eisenhower's Attorney General Herbert Brownell

pos: Indian Peace Commission Redondo, the Navajo became unique as the only people to use a treaty to return to their homeland, a rare instance of indigenous Americans returning to their homeland at all. There they remained, and even expanded their holdings to become the largest such reservation in the nation. From that point forward, despite what historian Robert M. Utley described as "ample cause", the Navajo would never again make war against whites. The Senate was slow to act on many treaties, rejected others, and others were withdrawn by the president prior to Senate approval. For those ratified, such as that at Bosque

pos: Reservation (law) make objections, not many have taken the position that the treaty is not in force between them and the reserving state, in the hope that they can influence the reserving states into eventually accepting all the provisions in the treaty. Another source of difficulty is that human rights treaties do not create relations, per-se, between the states but create a system of protecting human rights. It is harder to find an objection to that which does not fail the legality test. With some human rights treaties there are monitoring bodies like tribunals who can make binding decisions; e.g. the European

pos: Federalist No. 75 treaty making power, rather they both would work together as a powerhouse to arrive at the best possible outcome with the country's best interests in mind. The official statement produced by Hamilton being, "The president is to have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur." After gathering thoughts, comments, and feedback from the people of the United States, Alexander Hamilton finalized and submitted what eventually became a key piece of the foundation of the United States Constitution. Federalist No. 75 Federalist No. 75 is an essay

pos: Union of South American Nations make the organization less ideological, but did not reflect negatively on Bolivia's leadership. Bolivian Foreign Minister Fernando Huanacuni called an emergency meeting for May 2018 to attempt to resolve the crisis. On 28 August 2018, Colombian president Iván Duque announced that foreign minister Carlos Holmes had officially notified Unasur of their intention to leave the bloc within the next 6 months, denouncing it as an institution created by Hugo Chávez to sideline existing international treaties and referring to it as an accomplice to what they referred to as the dictatorship in Venezuela. The presidents of each member nation will have

pos: Ratification and do not require ratification of two thirds of the Senate. Congressional-executive agreements are passed by a majority of both houses of Congress as a regular law. If the agreement is completely within the President's constitutional powers, it can be made by the President alone without Congressional approval, but it will have the force of an executive order and can be unilaterally revoked by a future President. All types of agreements are treated internationally as "treaties". See Foreign policy of the United States#Law. In Australia, power to enter into treaties is an executive power within Section 51 of the Australian

pos: Law of Australia "The general position under Australian law is that treaties which Australia has joined, apart from those terminating a state of war, are not directly and automatically incorporated into Australian law. Signature and ratification do not, of themselves, make treaties operate domestically. In the absence of legislation, treaties cannot impose obligations on individuals nor create rights in domestic law. Nevertheless, international law, including treaty law, is a legitimate and important influence on the development of the common law and may be used in the interpretation of statutes." Treaties can be implemented through executive action, and often existing laws are sufficient to

pos: Federalist No. 64 Taft, and Theodore Roosevelt began using more executive agreements on important foreign situations. Between the Presidencies of Roosevelt(1901-1909) and Bush(2001-2005) the use of executive agreements significantly increased indicating that presidents would rather avoid political differences with the Senate and make foreign policy decisions without discussing a possible treaty with the Senate. One-third of the treaties that were discussed during the presidencies of Roosevelt and Bush were in the Senate's power. During President Obama's first three years of office, he used many more executive agreements than treaties. In order to avoid controversy due to politics, President Obama made many executive decisions

pos: Federalist No. 64 defends the provision in the Constitution that grants to the president the power to make treaties with consent of two thirds of the Senate. The reason the Senate has this ability is to check presidential power and ensure the states are each given an equal vote in the treaty-making process. He interpreted the Constitution as giving more power to the president through the use of treaties, unlike his other fellow founding fathers. They, however, believe that by doing this, the Senate will gain too much power. "While the "advise and consent" clause was typically understood to give the Senate power

pos: United States Senate an equal vote in the process. However, not all international agreements are considered treaties under US domestic law, even if they are considered treaties under international law. Congress has passed laws authorizing the president to conclude executive agreements without action by the Senate. Similarly, the president may make congressional-executive agreements with the approval of a simple majority in each House of Congress, rather than a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Neither executive agreements nor congressional-executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution, leading some scholars such as Laurence Tribe and John Yoo to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty-ratification process.

pos: Treaty legislation, treaties cannot impose obligations on individuals nor create rights in domestic law. Nevertheless, international law, including treaty law, is a legitimate and important influence on the development of the common law and may be used in the interpretation of statutes." Treaties can be implemented by executive action, and often, existing laws are sufficient to ensure a treaty is honoured. Australian treaties generally fall under the following categories: extradition, postal agreements and money orders, trade and international conventions. The federal constitution of Brazil states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president of Brazil and that

pos: Article Two of the United States Constitution to possess power. It is a part of the Constitutional scheme. When granted it is the determination of the ultimate authority that the public welfare will be better served by inflicting less than what the judgment fixed." The President exercises the powers in the Advice and Consent Clause with the advice and consent of the Senate. The President may enter the United States into treaties, but they are not effective until ratified by a two-thirds vote in the Senate. In Article II however, the Constitution is not very explicit about the termination of treaties. The first abrogation of a treaty

pos: Referendums by country having been many bills fitting these criteria, article 27 has never been used. The constitution of Italy provides for two kinds of binding referendums. A legislative referendum can be called in order to abrogate a law totally or partially, if requested by 500,000 electors or five regional councils. This kind of referendum is valid only if at least a majority of electors goes to the polling station. It is forbidden to call a referendum regarding financial laws or laws relating to pardons or the ratification of international treaties. A constitutional referendum can be called in order to approve a constitutional

pos: Jus gentium an envoy of King Antiochus: There were three kinds of treaties ("foedera", singular "foedus"), he said, by which states and kings concluded friendships ("amicitiae"): one, when in time of war terms ("leges") were imposed upon the conquered; for when everything was surrendered to him who was the more powerful in arms, it is the victor's right and privilege to decide what of the conquered's property he wishes to confiscate; the second, when states that are equally matched in war conclude peace and friendship on terms of equality; under these conditions demands for restitution are made and granted by mutual agreement,

pos: Jus tractatuum treaties. Whether or not federal entities have treaty-making power is based on the federal constitution. For example, the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution explicitly forbids U.S. states to conclude treaties. The constitution of Mexico also prohibits its states to make treaties. On the other hand, Belgium for example grants its communities and regions the power to make treaties. The "Länder" of Germany and Austria and the cantons of Switzerland are also allowed to make treaties in their respective competencies. Jus tractatuum Jus tractatuum (or sometimes jus tractandi) is a Legal Latin term commonly used in public international law

pos: Federalist No. 75 Alexander Hamilton, is "The Treaty Making Power of the Executive" which discusses why the treaty making power should not be solely entrusted in a single branch of the government. In the opening statements, the main point of the essay is immediately stated which allows the reader of the document to have a short summary of the expected results of the presented arguments. Hamilton proclaims, "The president is to have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur." From this statement, the reader can see a foreshadowing of

pos: Numbered Treaties at the negotiations for Treaty 6, leading to miscommunication between the two groups. Evidence can also be found amongst the few written documents of the time by First Nations chiefs; during Treaty 3, Chief Powasson took detailed notes during the negotiations, which shows the differences in understanding of what was being offered during the talks because of the language barrier. The use of specific wording during the negotiations and within the treaties are also points of contention. The language used by the commissioners during the numbered treaties negotiations addressed First Nations tradition by giving them entitlement of children and the

pos: Oklahoma Organic Act Civil War Several members of the Five Civilized Tribes owned slaves and had sympathies with the Confederacy. All of the Five Civilized Tribes signed treaties placing themselves "under the protection of the Confederate States of America" During the Civil War, Congress passed a statute concerning the Abrogation of treaties with Indian Tribes, (codified at 25 USC Sec. 72) which states: Whenever the tribal organization of any Indian tribe is in actual hostility to the United States, the President is authorized, by proclamation, to declare all treaties with such tribe abrogated by such tribe if in his opinion the same can

pos: Nullification (U.S. Constitution) Court held that "according to the settled principles of our Constitution," authority over Indian affairs is "committed exclusively to the government of the Union." The Court held that under the federal treaties with the Cherokees, "the laws of Georgia can have no force" on Cherokee land. The Court held that Georgia's laws regulating Cherokee land were "void, as being repugnant to the constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States." The Supreme Court thus asserted final authority to interpret the Constitution and federal treaties, rejecting Georgia's nullification attempt. Georgia refused to accept the Supreme Court's decision. President Andrew Jackson did

pos: Ponsonby Rule by the legislature before they can formally enter into force and bind the country in question. This is particularly the case in states where international treaties become part of domestic law directly, without the need for special implementation as required in the case of the United Kingdom. In countries with a strong separation of powers, this may lead to treaties being signed by the executive, but not coming into force because of legislative opposition. In the United States, the president must submit treaties to the Senate for its advice and consent to ratification, which requires a two-thirds vote. A famous

pos: Member states of the Union of South American Nations created by Hugo Chávez to sideline existing international treaties and referring to it as an accomplice to what they referred to as the dictatorship in Venezuela. Member states of the Union of South American Nations There are currently twelve member states of the Union of South American Nations, though six member states suspended their participation in the organization in April 2018. Of these, two belong to CARICOM, four belong to the Andean Community of Nations (CAN), and four to Mercosur. Six member states suspended their participation in the organization in April 2018. On 28 August 2018, Colombian president Iván Duque

pos: John Buchanan (settler) Highlands. Two expeditions, one under Antonio Cardosa, a former governor of Quelimane, the second led by Alexandre de Serpa Pinto, the governor of Mozambique set off at the end of 1888. Between them, these two expeditions made over twenty treaties with chiefs in what is now Malawi. To prevent effective Portuguese occupation of the Shire Highlands, the British government appointed Henry Hamilton Johnston as British consul to Mozambique and the Interior in early 1889, and instructed him to report on the extent of Portuguese rule in the Zambezi and Shire valleys and to make conditional treaties with local rulers beyond

pos: Quashquame under the supervision of William Henry Harrison. This treaty was disputed, as the Sauk argued the delegation was not authorized to sign treaties and the delegates did not understand what they were signing. Black Hawk, a frequent visitor to Quashquame's village, lamented this treaty in his autobiography. The Sauk and Meskwaki delegation had been sent to surrender a murder suspect and make amends for the killing, not to conduct land treaties. The treaty was a primary cause of Sauk displeasure with the U.S. government and caused many Sauk, including Black Hawk, to side with the British during the War of

pos: Harry Johnston and early 1889, the Portuguese government sent two expeditions to make treaties of protection with local chiefs, one under Antonio Cardoso set off toward Lake Malawi, the other under Alexandre de Serpa Pinto moved up the Shire valley. Between them, they made over twenty treaties with chiefs in what is now Malawi Johnston met Serpa Pinto in August 1889 east of the Ruo and advised him not to cross the river, but Serpa Pinto disregarded this and crossed the river to Chiromo, now in Malawi. In September, following minor clashes between Serpa Pinto's force and local Africans, Johnston's deputy declared

pos: Treaties of the European Union passerelle clause does involve amending the treaties, as such, it does allow for a change of legislative procedure in certain circumstances. The ordinary revision procedure for amending treaties requires proposals from an institution to be lodged with the European Council. The President of the European Council can then either call a European Convention (composed of national governments, national parliamentarians, MEPs and representatives from the Commission) to draft the changes or draft the proposals in the European Council itself if the change is minor. They then proceed with an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) which agrees the treaty which is then signed by

pos: Federal Indian Policy "discovery also gave the discoverer the exclusive right to extinguish Indian title either by 'purchase or by conquest'." Natives were recognized only as occupants of the land, and not owners. The federal government was in charge of relations with the Indians, and the procedure was to use the treaty making power of the president and the Senate to make formal arrangements. Over 200 treaties were agreed upon by 1840. Gatlin argues that treaties established a procedure that benefited both parties. The federal government was primarily interested in guaranteeing that Indian lands did not fall into private hands, and that it

pos: Supreme Court of Poland effectively retires 40% of the Supreme Court bench including the First President of the Supreme Court, Malgorzata Gersdorf. Opposition groups, the EU, the Supreme Court and the National Council of the Judiciary (2017) have claimed the law is unconstitutional because it violates the principles of the independence of the judiciary. In August 2018 the Supreme Court sent questions to the European Court of Justice regarding the reforms. Under European Union treaties the court can prevent the law from coming into force if it undermines EU treaties regarding judicial independence. On Dec. 17, 2018 the President of Poland signed a law

pos: Louisiana Purchase historians counter the above arguments regarding Jefferson's alleged hypocrisy by asserting that countries change their borders in two ways: (1) conquest, or (2) an agreement between nations, otherwise known as a treaty. The Louisiana Purchase was the latter, a treaty. The Constitution specifically grants the president the power to negotiate treaties (Art. II, Sec. 2), which is just what Jefferson did. Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison (the "Father of the Constitution"), assured Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution. Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin added that since the power to negotiate treaties

pos: Politics of Estonia NATO, and forming strong relations with countries that share its values, especially its close Baltic and Nordic neighbours. Baltic and Nordic cooperation is coordinated through such formats as: Baltic Council of Ministers, Baltic Assembly, Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB8), Council of the Baltic Sea States and Nordic Council of Ministers. Estonia is also a member of the UN, OECD, OSCE and WTO, among others. Treaties can be initiated or concluded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Other ministries and the State Chancellery can make proposals on treaties to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which then reviews the proposals. If the submission meets

pos: Bricker Amendment that "Holland" meant "the protection of an international duck takes precedence over the constitutional protections of American citizens". In response, legal scholars such as Professor Edward Samuel Corwin of Princeton University said the language of the Constitution regarding treaties—"under the authority of the United States"—was misunderstood by Holmes, and was written to protect the 1783 peace treaty with Britain; this became "in part the source of Senator Bricker's agitation". Professor Zechariah Chafee of Harvard Law School wrote, "the Framers never talked about having treaties on the same level as the Constitution. What they did want was to make sure a

pos: The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada and a ring of Aboriginal make and Louise said in response that, when she returned to the United Kingdom, she would show these items to the Queen. Once the Dominion Crown purchased what remained of Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company and colonial settlement expanded westwards, more treaties were signed between 1871 and 1921, wherein the Crown brokered land exchanges that granted the Aboriginal societies reserves and other compensation, such as livestock, ammunition, education, health care, and certain rights to hunt and fish. The treaties did not ensure peace: as evidenced by the North-West Rebellion of 1885, sparked by

pos: British Central Africa Protectorate rejected. In 1888, the Portuguese government instructed its representatives in Portuguese East Africa to attempt to make treaties of protection with the Yao chiefs southeast of Lake Malawi and in the Shire Highlands, and an expedition organised under Antonio Cardoso, a former governor of Quelimane, set off in November 1888 for the lake. Rather later, in early 1889, a second expedition led by Alexandre de Serpa Pinto moved up the Shire valley. Between them, these two expeditions made over twenty treaties with chiefs in what is now Malawi. Serpa Pinto met Johnston in August 1889 east of the Ruo River,

pos: Sources of law a democratic mandate to pass bye-laws,the legislative power they wield has been delegated by parliament; and what parliament gives, parliament make later take away. In England, the archetypal common law country, there is a hierarchy of sources, as follows: International Treaties Governments may sign International Conventions and Treaties; but these normally become binding only when they are ratified. Most conventions come into force only when a stated number of signatories have ratified the final text. An international convention may be incorporated into a statute (e.g. Hague-Visby Rules in Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971; e.g. the Salvage Convention in

pos: Constitution of Chad to the ratification of peace treaties, commercial treaties and those concerning the well-being of persons. This section concerns the revision of the constitution (223 - 226 articles). This competes to the President jointly with the Cabinet and the Parliament. To be taken in consideration, an amendment must be approved by both chambers of Parliament by a 2/3 majority of its members. Following the Parliament's vote, a referendum must ensue to make the revision valid. Parts of the constitution can't be revised: these concern the republican form of State, political pluralism, the fundamental human rights and the division among State and

pos: Black Hawk War (1865–1872) that treaties made between the Utes and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day-Saints were never ratified by the US government, they were only agreements. Only the United States Government had the authority to make Treaties with the Native Peoples. The weeks following the Spanish Fork Treaty grew more tense each day as a string of isolated killings of white settlers and livestock thefts cost Sanpete Valley towns hundreds of cattle and horses. Orson Hyde, the local stake president in Sanpete Valley ordered up the militia to put an end to the raids. He ordered his militia to 'use the

pos: United States Senate the nominee. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court held in "Myers v. United States", although the Senate's advice and consent is required for the appointment of certain executive branch officials, it is not necessary for their removal. Recess appointments have faced a significant amount of resistance and in 1960, the U.S. Senate passed a legally non-binding resolution against recess appointments. The Senate also has a role in ratifying treaties. The Constitution provides that the president may only "make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur" in order to benefit from the Senate's advice and consent and give each state

pos: Robert C. Schenck floor of the house. He opposed the Mexican–American War as a war of aggression to further slavery. He declined re-election in 1851, and, in March 1851, was appointed by President Millard Fillmore, Minister to Brazil and also accredited to Uruguay, Argentine Confederation, and Paraguay. He was directed by the Government to visit Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Asunción, and make treaties with the republics around the Río de la Plata and its tributaries. Several treaties were concluded with these governments by which the United States gained advantages never accorded to any European nation. The Democratic victory in 1852 caused the treaty

pos: United States Intelligence Community Oversight the Soviets compliance was only within the intelligence community. The senate select committee was given the task of examining whether the intelligence community could accurately monitor treaty compliance. Sometimes they can hold decisions on treaties until provisions are met such as the buying of new satellites before ratifying the 1988 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty Hostages are one way that Congress can try to force the Executive branch into doing what Congress wants. Congress withholds making decisions or taking action on important things (such as approving nominations or ratifying treaties) to the executive branch in order to force the preferred action.

pos: Treaty Clause Representatives and the signature of the President. Throughout American history, presidents have also made international agreements through congressional-executive agreements, that are ratified with only a majority from both houses of Congress, or executive agreements, made by the President—in the exercise of his Constitutional executive powers—alone. Though the Constitution does not expressly provide for any alternative to the Article II treaty procedure, of the Constitution does distinguish between treaties (which states are forbidden to make) and agreements (which states may make with the consent of Congress). The Supreme Court has considered congressional-executive and executive agreements to be valid, and they have

pos: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress

pos: Constitutional Convention (United States) were to succeed a president unable to complete a term of office, to preside over the Senate, and to cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate. The committee transferred important powers from the Senate to the president, for example the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors. One controversial issue throughout much of the Convention had been the length of the president's term, and whether the president was to be term limited. The problem had resulted from the understanding that the president would be chosen by Congress; the decision to have the president be chosen instead by an electoral college reduced

pos: David Brearley president, whose only role was to succeed the president and preside over the senate. This also transferred important powers from the Senate to the president, who was given the power (which had been given to the senate by Rutledge's committee) to make treaties and appoint ambassadors. After signing the Constitution in 1787, he headed up the New Jersey committee that approved the Constitution. In 1789, he was a Presidential elector and on September 25, 1789, he was nominated by President George Washington to be the first federal district judge for the United States District Court for the District of New

pos: President of Armenia the highest military ranks. In the case of an armed attack on the Republic of Armenia, in the presence of his immediate threat or a declaration of war declares martial law, the president decides on the use of the armed forces and can declare general or partial mobilization. Besides he can appoint and dismiss Commander of the Armed Forces during the war. The president decides the participation of Armed Forces in peacekeeping or military operations outside the territory of the Republic of Armenia in accordance with international treaties of the Republic of Armenia. President publishes a decree on compulsory military

pos: Chitto Harjo any more. It was not because a man had to stand on the outside of what was right that brought the troubles. What was to be done was all set out yonder in the light and all men knew what the law and the agreement was. It was a treaty—a solemn treaty—but what difference did that make? I want to say this to you today, because I don't want these ancient agreements between the Indian and the white man violated and I went as far as Washington and had them sustained and made treaties about it. We made terms of

neg: The Happiness Hypothesis merit. There are many kinds of love, but, Haidt asserts, they all begin to make sense when you see where love comes from, and what it does. To do this he examines John Bowlby's World Health Organization-sponsored study and report, "Maternal Care and Mental Health" in 1950, and the subsequent work with monkeys by Harry Harlow. Understanding the different kinds of love, he writes, can help explain why people make so many mistakes with love, and why philosophers hate love and give us bad advice about it. Nietzsche wrote, "What doesn't kill me makes me stronger", but this is not

neg: Pyrogeography layer allows us to graph this out and see when fires occurred and with what intensity. The highest peaks are where the most charcoal was found and therefor had a more intense fire. Different ecosystems are more susceptible to fire due to climactic factors and what kinds of vegetation is present. Using this relationship between fire and vegetation present we can make inferences about the climate at that time. These inferences are based on the amount and kinds of charcoal found. As you can imagine different types of vegetation leave different charcoal. A Paleoecologists job is to count and figure

neg: Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action to the bomb," said the Prime Minister. Netanyahu also urged the leaders of the world "not to repeat the mistakes of the past" and expressed his commitment that "if Israel has to stand alone, Israel will stand." In an April 2015 interview with Thomas Friedman, President Obama stated that he is "absolutely committed to making sure that they (Israel) maintain their qualitative military edge, and that they can deter any potential future attacks, but what I'm willing to do is to make the kinds of commitments that would give everybody in the neighborhood, including Iran, a clarity that if Israel

neg: Catholic Church sex abuse cases in the United States to anything sexual, and an incomprehension of the Catholic Church. What that means is that Vatican officials are slower to make the kinds of public statements that most American Catholics want, and when they do make them they are tentative and halfhearted. It's not that they don't feel bad for the victims, but they think the clamor for them to apologize is fed by other factors that they don't want to capitulate to." In April 2002, Pope John Paul II called to Rome the U.S. cardinals, plus the president and vice president of the USCCB. The pope asserted that "there

neg: Archival research a separate building or facility, it make take days or weeks to retrieve materials, requiring a user to submit their requests in advance of an on-site consultation. A reading room is a space, usually within or near the archive, where users can consult archival materials under staff supervision. The unique, fragile, or sensitive nature of some materials sometimes requires the certain kinds of restrictions on their use, handling, and/or duplication. Many archives restrict what kinds of items can be brought into a reading room from outside, such as pencils, notepads, bags, and even clothing, to guard against theft or risk

neg: The United States of America (band) can run six, eight, twelve of them in a row, and make all kinds of wonderful waves, shapes, and it can be very complicated. But at that time, it was not possible. It had one oscillator, one ring modulator, one voltage control filter – that's it. It looked funny. It was like aluminum boxes, little knobs sticking out, and patch cords. And it was very exciting to me, because it was a marriage of a lot of what was happening in what people called classical music at the time. When people think about what Steve Reich was doing then, and

neg: Politeness Politeness Politeness is the practical application of good manners or etiquette. It is a culturally defined phenomenon, and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can sometimes be quite rude or simply eccentric in another cultural context. While the goal of politeness is to make all of the parties relaxed and comfortable with one another, these culturally defined standards at times may be manipulated to inflict shame on a designated party. Anthropologists Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson identified two kinds of politeness, deriving from Erving Goffman's concept of face: Some cultures seem to prefer one of these kinds of

neg: Criticism the criticism. That can cause the ordinary consideration which people have for others to be abandoned. What is legitimate and illegitimate criticism is not always easy to establish, and there may be "grey areas" in the law. It is rarely possible to make rules for every detail of what people may or may not do. The law itself can also be contested with criticism, if it is perceived as unfair. Nevertheless, the courts usually draw the line somewhere. The ability to criticize is something which rarely occurs naturally; it must be learnt. Good critics exhibit several kinds of qualities: These

neg: Beach Life game, the player manages an Ibiza-style holiday resort, complete with themed clubs, bars, and surf shops. Through learning what their guests want from their stay, different kinds of attractions and food and drink establishments can be built to satisfy their needs and make more money. Staff can be hired to help facilitate this, such as cleaners, mechanics, and security guards. Gameplay options themselves come in two forms: the Scenario mode and the Sandbox mode. In Scenario mode, the player works their way through island after island, completing a number of set objectives in each. Their progress on a resort can

neg: Sociological Images closer to what we see?" Data display posts visualize complex data so that readers can understand difficult issues in new ways; they also link readers to sites with interactive mapping tools and other kinds of software that enable them to make their own projects. McCormack points to one particularly good example of this kind of post, a video of Hans Rosling explaining the relationship between wealth and life expectancy throughout the world over the past 200 years. Some of the posts explain specific scholarly theories for the general reader. For example, in Hand Sapolio Soap Will Make You “Welcome Among

neg: Natural kind inductively from a few samples to all members of a kind. "What tends to confirm an induction?" Second, it assumed that colors are inductively-identified natural kinds, despite some logical puzzles that can be solved: non-black ravens and green-blue emeralds. Finally, it suggested that human psychological structure can explain the illogical success of induction: "an innate flair that we have for natural kinds. Quine believed the ancient method of induction can identify kinds. It groups experiences into kinds by recognizing qualities shared by observed similar objects: "... each [observed] black raven tends to confirm the law [universal proposition] that all ravens

neg: Nicomachean Ethics of in terms of external goods, but he observes that the greatest of these must be honor, because this is what we assign to gods, and this is what people of the highest standing aim at. But he qualifies this by saying that actually great souled people will hold themselves moderately toward every type of good or bad fortune, even honor. It is being good, and being worthy of honor that is more important. (The disdain of a great souled person towards all kinds of non-human good things can make great souled people seem arrogant, like an un-deserving vain person.)

neg: Consignment store even monthly contracts can be set. This allows people, who first start the business, to adapt to the market’s needs and can quit more easily if they fail to make profits. Moreover, some shops offer a comprehensive online system for renters to check the quantity of products sold and profits every day. The convenience helps pave the way for distant monitoring of the sales of their own boxes.; From the perspective of the owners of consignment stores, they have no worries about purchasing what type of products as the renters would consign different kinds of goods to the stores. Regarding

neg: B-television new, all it does it helps resurfacing a known entity inside of a social connection. ... How do you use it? If identity can be expressed with content, what kinds of identities you can come up with? ... And then you make a crapload of content ... Our studio makes almost a 100 pieces of short form videos a week. ... [In broadcast television] you have to capture as large audience as possible and program for this audience, because the number of attention slots is finite. This means that 'niche' becomes a pejorative, and many people are left out of

neg: Paideia concomitant of what it meant to be a hero and a component of warfare that was necessary in order to succeed. It is the ability to ""make his hands keep his head" against enemies, monsters, and dangers of all kinds, and to come out victorious." This mentality can also be seen in the Greeks' tendency to reproduce and copy only literature that was deemed the "best", in the Olympic games, and in literature, with competitions in poetry, tragedy, and comedy. "Arete" was infused in everything the Greeks did. The mentality of arete can be stretched even further to the competing

neg: Scandinavian folklore in one story, the human escapes after betting the devil he cannot fit inside an empty nutshell (which the devil does just to prove he can). Many of the terms in Nordic beliefs are used for different kinds of creatures, and to really know what is meant, one usually needs to put them into context. That characteristics are sometimes flowing into each other does not make it easier. Vættir, Underjordiske (the hidden ones/they below ground) and "småfolk" (little people) can be used loosely as terms for nearly all of the small beings in the old beliefs. The "myling" is the

neg: Asura's Wrath that on to an actual script writer." In a different interview with Eurogamer, he stated that he was pleased by the site's impression of the game as "completely deraged" and went further into the game's core theme: "In Japanese entertainment and comics, and in games as well, there are many interesting depictions of wrath already – things like Dragonball and Naruto – and we love those kinds of comics and games. So we thought, what can we do if we really, really focus on that? How interesting can we make it? That was our challenge to ourselves." The hotspring scene,

neg: Trusted computing base able to make sound assumptions about what it can, and more importantly, cannot do; however, barring any reason to believe otherwise, a computer is able to do everything that a general Von Neumann machine can. This obviously includes operations that would be deemed contrary to all but the simplest security policies, such as divulging an email or password that should be kept secret; however, barring special provisions in the architecture of the system, there is no denying that the computer "could be programmed" to perform these undesirable tasks. These special provisions that aim at preventing certain kinds of actions from

neg: Free Radicals (film) black film leader, which you can get from DuPont. I took a graver, various kinds of needles. (My range included arrowheads for romanticism.) You stick down the sides with scotch tape and you get to work with scratching the stuff out. … … You hold your hand at the right height and act is if you were making your signature. It goes on forever. You can carry a pictographic design in your head and make a little design. You can't see what you're doing because your hand is in the way. That's why those things have that kind of spastic

neg: Consciousness of information are integrated in a conscious manner and which kinds can be integrated without consciousness. Nor is it explained what specific causal role conscious integration plays, nor why the same functionality cannot be achieved without consciousness. Obviously not all kinds of information are capable of being disseminated consciously (e.g., neural activity related to vegetative functions, reflexes, unconscious motor programs, low-level perceptual analyses, etc.) and many kinds of information can be disseminated and combined with other kinds without consciousness, as in intersensory interactions such as the ventriloquism effect. Hence it remains unclear why any of it is conscious. For a

neg: Dixie Chicks McEntire]] and [[Toby Keith]]. We don't want those kinds of fans. They limit what you can do." Maines also retracted her earlier apology to President Bush, stating, "I apologized for disrespecting the office of the President, but I don't feel that way anymore. I don't feel he is owed any respect whatsoever." "Taking the Long Way" debuted at number one on both the [[Billboard 200|U.S. pop albums chart]] and the [[Top Country Albums|U.S. country albums chart]], selling 526,000 copies in the first week (the year's second-best such total for any country act) and making it a [[gold record]] within its

neg: Malakonda husband, that is outstanding for my life, but now there are fewer Divya Kshetras on earth so the devotees can not go there because of expenses. The Devotees are facing problems without God's Darshan, so please make one Divya Kshetra for our devotees". The God accepted the Mahalakshmi request. The God said to Vanamala to make a wonderful Parvata (Hill) on earth, so that hill Vanamala has changed into Malyadri (Malakonda). There are different kinds of trees, different kinds of birds, and different kinds of animals there. This Malyadri has different shapes of big stones and hills. There are three

neg: Sophist (dialogue) is a kind of merchant. After many successive collections and divisions he finally arrives at the definition of the model (fisherman). Throughout this process the Eleatic Stranger classifies many kinds of activities (hunting, aquatic-hunting, fishing, strike-hunting). After the verbal explanation of the model (definition), he tries to find out what the model and the target kind share in common (sameness) and what differentiates them (difference). Through this comparison, and after having been aware of the different kinds and sub-kinds, he can classify sophistry also among the other branches of the ‘tree’ of division of expertise as follows: "1. production, hunting

neg: Design methods Design methods Design methods are procedures, techniques, aids, or tools for designing. They offer a number of different kinds of activities that a designer might use within an overall design process. Conventional procedures of design, such as drawing, can be regarded as design methods, but since the 1950s new procedures have been developed that are more usually grouped together under the name of "design methods". What design methods have in common is that they "are attempts to make public the hitherto private thinking of designers; to "externalise" the design process". "Design methodology" is the broader study of method in design:

neg: Narabedla Ltd. the glands in the throat swell and it can make a man's testes swell, rendering him impotent. The main character notices some of his clients disappearing. Their disappearances follow a similar pattern. They are talented, but bad reviews or other kinds of bad luck have prevented them achieving full success. They experience a period of no gigs. They confide in the main character that they have signed mysterious contracts for a long, lucrative tour of private gigs. Then they disappear. What his clients are not aware of is that their tour will be for aliens, on alien planets. The main

neg: Pastry kinds of pastries are made by utilizing the natural characteristics of wheat flour and certain fats. When wheat flour is mixed with water and kneaded into plain dough, it develops strands of gluten, which are what make bread tough and elastic. In a typical pastry, however, this toughness is unwanted, so fat or oil is added to slow down the development of gluten. Pastry flour can also be used, since it typically has a lower level of protein than all-purpose or bread flours. Lard or suet work well because they have a coarse, crystalline structure that is very effective. Using

neg: Operator grammar only in certain kinds of reductions. However, in each case, the reduced material can be reconstructed from knowledge of what is likely in the given operator/argument combination. The reductions in which each word participates are observable and therefore learnable, just as one learns a word’s dependency and likelihood properties. The importance of reductions in operator grammar is that they separate sentences that contain reduced forms from those that don’t (base sentences). All reductions are paraphrases, since they do not remove any information, just make sentences more compact. Thus, the base sentences contain all the information of the language and the

neg: Edentulism of their face. The bone loss also results in a significant decrease in chewing force, prompting many denture and partial wearers to avoid certain kinds of food. Food collecting under the appliance takes their enjoyment out of eating so they make their grocery and restaurant choices by what they can eat. There are several reports that correlate the quality and length of peoples lives with their ability to chew. Dental implant studies from 1977 by Branemark and countless others show dental implants stop this progressive loss and stabilize the bone over the long term. Implanted teeth provide a stable, effective

neg: Jihad authorities." He used a very "broad definition" of what constituted aggression or rebellion against Muslims, which would make jihad "not only permissible but necessary." Ibn Taymiyya also paid careful and lengthy attention to the questions of martyrdom and the benefits of jihad: 'It is in jihad that one can live and die in ultimate happiness, both in this world and in the Hereafter. Abandoning it means losing entirely or partially both kinds of happiness.` The highly influential Muslim Brotherhood leader, Sayyid Qutb, preached in his book "Milestones" that jihad, `is not a temporary phase but a permanent war ... Jihad

neg: Composition studies survey what they would like to have learned or learned better in their writing classes, they found that the largest percentages expressed specific needs in vocabulary and grammar (17). Many kinds of grammar make ESL students confused, especially because there are many exceptions. Because writing styles are different in different languages, ESL students need time to master them. Therefore, ESL teachers should find an effective way to teach ESL students vocabulary, grammar and style because the writing of English requires them. The cognitive approach can meet these needs because it emphasizes the steps, organization and process of writing. Another approach

neg: Segugio Cravin examples are the Cravin. General appearance: It is a medium or small sized dog of robust constitution with a thick coat, but a slender build with good muscles and strong bones. It has a shy and reserved temperament, and does not make a fuss. Working habits Dynamic, enthusiastic and tireless, the Cravin can work in all kinds of ground. Its gait of choice is the trot, while searching, which is light, energetic, easy, alternating with some galloping. It follows scents scrupulously, and does not waste time on dubious ones. The dog shows initiative, and conclusive action. It announces what it

neg: Glory (EP) I had other people sing hooks, because I can’t sing. I wanted to see if I can make these kinds of records well." She also defended her decision of wanting to release the project for free: "I just think that when you're doing albums and stuff like that, you have to be more considerate of the other people that you're working with or your label or A&R, and you have to appease these other people and for something like "Glory". When it's free, I get a pass to do whatever I like, and this is what I wanted to do,

neg: Advice (opinion) Advice (opinion) Advice (also called exhortation) is a form of relating personal or institutional opinions, belief systems, values, recommendations or guidance about certain situations relayed in some context to another person, group or party often offered as a guide to action and/or conduct. Put a little more simply, an advice message is a recommendation about what might be thought, said, or otherwise done to address a problem, make a decision, or manage a situation. Advice is believed to be theoretical, and is often considered taboo as well as helpful. The kinds of advice can range from systems of instructional and

neg: Brody Dalle a divorce process. I went back to do those Desert Sessions, and you can tell what I was going through because I was writing stuff like 'Dead In Love' and 'I Wanna Make It Wit Chu'. I was so in love, I was totally revelling in it so much, I was a little paralysed." Dalle leaving Armstrong and beginning a relationship with Homme led to a backlash from Armstrong and his fans. Homme claims he received multiple death threats from Armstrong to stay away from Dalle: "I got all kinds of threats. They were saying, 'We're gonna kill you.' And

neg: Platinum Tour in Town" and closes with "Gunpowder & Lead". During "Famous in a Small Town" the video screen shows "clips of Lambert as a child and as a young country star starting her career." On March 6, 2015, in Oklahoma City and on March, 7, in Wichita, Kansas, Lambert surprised the audience by bringing her husband, Blake Shelton up on stage to sing "God Gave Me You". Inspired by Lambert's song and video, "All Kinds of Kinds", Lambert wants to know what "kinds of kinds" the fans are. Concert goers can uploaded photos of themselves online for a chance for their

neg: Varieties of criticism a toolkit of criteria they can use in their commentary. These criteria include such things as: Using these kinds of criteria, which usually assume extensive relevant knowledge, aesthetic critics can inform their audience about the achievements and limitations of the object of aesthetic criticism. In this way, they can draw attention to aesthetic issues most people might have overlooked, educate people in their aesthetic appreciation, and stimulate debate about what kinds of aesthetic expressions are preferable. In part, aesthetic criticism can genuinely "prove" aesthetic propositions;– if they concern matters of factual or logical evidence. For example, either an artist had

neg: Louis François Perrin de Précy of the royalist forces. He was chosen because the city officials knew him in 1787-1789, when his regiment was garrisoned in Lyon. Précy agreed, quite lucidly from the account of the members of the group who came to him and to whom he answered: ""Have you thought well about the consequences of a war against the Convention? They who can dispose of so many resources against you? Have you thought of the sacrifices of all kinds that you will have to make to support an unequal struggle? What do you know of civil war?"" Précy himself said of the difficulties

neg: Computer-supported collaborative learning on. A unique benefit of CSCL is that, given proper teacher facilitation, students can use technology to build learning foundations with their peers. This allows instructors to gauge the difficulty of the tasks presented and make informed decisions about the extent of the scaffolding needed. According to Salomon (1995), the possibility of intellectual partnerships with both peers and advanced information technology has changed the criteria for what is counted to be the effects of technology. Instead of only concentrating on the amount and quality of learning outcomes, we need to distinguish between two kinds of effects: that is, "effects with

neg: Glossary of comics terminology history. Others believe the term has become too general, a catch-all for all kinds of content, and thus meaningless. Towards the close of the 20th century, the three major comics-producing traditions—American, western European (especially the Franco-Belgian), and Japanese—converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comic album in Europe, the in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. Webcomics, comics published via the Internet on the World Wide Web, have emerged since the beginning of the 21st century. As they are not limited by the size and shape of a physical page, they can make use of what