query: when did chaucer begin writing the canterbury tales and when did he stop

pos: The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales () is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400. In 1386, Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and, in 1389, Clerk of the King's work. It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text, "The Canterbury Tales". The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together from London to Canterbury to visit

pos: The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales () is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400. In 1386, Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and, in 1389, Clerk of the King's work. It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text, "The Canterbury Tales". The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together from London to Canterbury to visit

neg: Geoffrey Chaucer hundred and fifty years to consult any manuscripts and is the first since that of William Thynne in 1534 to seek systematically to assemble a substantial number of manuscripts to establish his text. It is also the first edition to offer descriptions of the manuscripts of Chaucer's works, and the first to print texts of 'Gamelyn' and 'The Tale of Beryn', works ascribed to, but not by, Chaucer." Although Chaucer's works had long been admired, serious scholarly work on his legacy did not begin until the late 18th century, when Thomas Tyrwhitt edited "The Canterbury Tales", and it did not

neg: The Canterbury Tales (film) this possession is located beneath his buttocks. When the friar reaches down to retrieve the item, the bedridden man farts into his hands. That night, an angel visits the friar and brings him to hell, where Satan expels hundreds of corrupt friars from his rectum. The film ends with the pilgrims arriving at the Canterbury Cathedral, and Chaucer at home writing the words "Qui finiscono i racconti di Canterbury, narrati solo per il piacere di raccontarli. Amen," meaning "Here ends the Canterbury Tales, told only for the pleasure of telling them. Amen:" a phrase that appears nowhere in the original

neg: The Canterbury Tales the text is even more difficult, since the audience is part of the story. This makes it difficult to tell when Chaucer is writing to the fictional pilgrim audience or the actual reader. Chaucer's works may have been distributed in some form during his lifetime in part or in whole. Scholars speculate that manuscripts were circulated among his friends, but likely remained unknown to most people until after his death. However, the speed with which copyists strove to write complete versions of his tale in manuscript form shows that Chaucer was a famous and respected poet in his own day.

neg: The Romaunt of the Rose end in "y". Finally, Skeat discovered that where Chaucer did not employ assonant rhymes, fragment B depended upon them. These discoveries led nineteenth-century scholars to conclude that fragment B was not written by Chaucer. Skeat found that Fragment C departs from Chaucer's usage, beginning again with words ending in "y" that the author rhymed with words ending in "ye". Where Chaucer rhymed the words "wors" and "curs" in "The Canterbury Tales", the author of fragment C rhymed "hors" and "wors". In what Skeat said would be a "libellous" attribution to Chaucer, the author of fragment C rhymed "paci-ence" with "venge-aunce"

neg: Margaret Frazer here, the "everyday" is of the 15th century, carefully researched. Some of the later novels are primarily historical novels, in which Frevisse serves as an observer of the well-documented events and characters which brought on the Wars of the Roses, though there is always a murder for her to solve. Dame Frevisse is related to Geoffrey Chaucer, author of the "Canterbury Tales", by her aunt's marriage to Thomas Chaucer. Titles of the Frevisse novels follow the format of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, e.g., "The Novice's Tale," "The Prioress's Tale." There is no relation between Frazer’s title characters and Chaucer’s, even when

neg: The Canterbury Tales Introducing a competition among the tales encourages the reader to compare the tales in all their variety, and allows Chaucer to showcase the breadth of his skill in different genres and literary forms. While the structure of the "Tales" is largely linear, with one story following another, it is also much more than that. In the "General Prologue", Chaucer describes not the tales to be told, but the people who will tell them, making it clear that structure will depend on the characters rather than a general theme or moral. This idea is reinforced when the Miller interrupts to tell

neg: The Canterbury Tales reveal the complex turmoil surrounding Chaucer in the time of the "Tales"' writing. Many of his close friends were executed and he himself moved to Kent to get away from events in London. While some readers look to interpret the characters of "The Canterbury Tales" as historical figures, other readers choose to interpret its significance in less literal terms. After analysis of Chaucer's diction and historical context, his work appears to develop a critique of society during his lifetime. Within a number of his descriptions, his comments can appear complimentary in nature, but through clever language, the statements are ultimately

neg: Order of The Canterbury Tales Order of The Canterbury Tales "The Canterbury Tales" is a collection of stories, mostly in verse, written by Geoffrey Chaucer chiefly from 1387 to 1400. They are held together in a frame story of a pilgrimage on which each member of the group is to tell two tales on the way to Canterbury, and two on the way back. Fewer than a quarter of the projected tales were completed before Chaucer's death. It is uncertain in what order Chaucer intended the tales to appear; moreover it is very possible that, as a work-in-progress, no final authorial order of tales ever

neg: Ellesmere Chaucer "Tales", and had access to draft materials. The Ellesmere manuscript is conventionally referred to as El in studies of the "Tales" and their textual history. A facsimile edition is available. Ellesmere Chaucer The Ellesmere Chaucer, or Ellesmere Manuscript of the Canterbury Tales, is an early 15th-century illuminated manuscript of Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales", owned by the Huntington Library, in San Marino, California (EL 26 C 9). It is considered one of the most significant copies of the "Tales". Written most likely in the first or second decade of the fifteenth century, the early history of the manuscript is uncertain, but

neg: William Lipscomb (writer) of Chaucer completed in a Modern Version" (1795). Following a preliminary trial with The Pardoner’s Tale (1792), he had turned to re-editing George Ogle’s unfinished compilation of "The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer modernised by several hands" (1741) with twelve versions of his own. But Lipscomb confessed in his preface to purging the work of “the grossness and indelicacy of the times in which Chaucer lived"; he omitted the bawdy "The Miller's Tale" and “The Reeves Tale” altogether, even writing out those characters from the Prologue. Not all readers appreciated this, however. “The delicacy which the translator affects is ridiculous,” accused

neg: A Knight's Tale period in which Chaucer had apparently gone missing and show what he might have done during this time, which Helgeland says later on in the commentary inspired Chaucer to write "The Canterbury Tales". (The first "Canterbury Tale" is "The Knight's Tale". There is some oversight in that a scene showing Count Adhemar in a war camp features a caption declaring it to be the Battle of Poitiers, which took place in 1356. Chaucer also threatens two men he meets in the film with undying humiliation through fiction; these characters seem to have inspired the vitriolic descriptions of the "Tales" Pardoner

neg: Geoffrey Chaucer Good Women", and "Troilus and Criseyde". He is best known today for "The Canterbury Tales". His work was crucial in legitimising the literary use of the Middle English vernacular at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin. Chaucer was born in London sometime around 1343, though the precise date and location remain unknown. His father and grandfather were both London vintners, and several previous generations had been merchants in Ipswich. His family name is derived from the French "chausseur", meaning "shoemaker". In 1324, his father John Chaucer was kidnapped by an aunt in the

neg: The Canterbury Tales Modern English, because the Great Vowel Shift had not yet happened. For instance, the long "e" in "wepyng" "weeping" was pronounced as , as in modern German or Italian, not as . Below is an IPA transcription of the opening lines of "The Merchant's Prologue": Although no manuscript exists in Chaucer's own hand, two were copied around the time of his death by Adam Pinkhurst, a scribe with whom he may have worked closely before, giving a high degree of confidence that Chaucer himself wrote the "Tales". Because the final "-e" sound was lost soon after Chaucer's time, scribes did

neg: Geoffrey Chaucer in Milan. It has been speculated that it was Hawkwood on whom Chaucer based his character the Knight in the "Canterbury Tales", for a description matches that of a 14th-century condottiere. A possible indication that his career as a writer was appreciated came when Edward III granted Chaucer "a gallon of wine daily for the rest of his life" for some unspecified task. This was an unusual grant, but given on a day of celebration, St George's Day, 1374, when artistic endeavours were traditionally rewarded, it is assumed to have been another early poetic work. It is not known which,

neg: The Legend of Good Women The Legend of Good Women The Legend of Good Women is a poem in the form of a dream vision by Geoffrey Chaucer. The poem is the third longest of Chaucer's works, after "The Canterbury Tales" and "Troilus and Criseyde", and is possibly the first significant work in English to use the iambic pentameter or decasyllabic couplets which he later used throughout "The Canterbury Tales". This form of the heroic couplet would become a significant part of English literature no doubt inspired by Chaucer. The prologue describes how Chaucer is reprimanded by the god of love and his queen, Alceste,

neg: British literature the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. Chaucer is best known today for "The Canterbury Tales", a collection of stories written in Middle English (mostly written in verse although some are in prose), that are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from Southwark to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. Chaucer is a crucial figure in developing the legitimacy of the vernacular, Middle English, at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin.

neg: Geoffrey Chaucer pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate. While still working as comptroller, Chaucer appears to have moved to Kent, being appointed as one of the commissioners of peace for Kent, at a time when French invasion was a possibility. He is thought to have started work on "The Canterbury Tales" in the early 1380s. He also became a member of parliament for Kent in 1386, and attended the 'Wonderful Parliament' that year. He appears to have been present at most of the 71 days it sat, for which he was paid £24 9s. On 15 October that year,

neg: An Eton Poetry Book Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales" and continues with works or parts of works from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries, ending with two anonymous parodies, possibly written by one or both of the editors. In addition to works by the famous names of English poetry, there are verses by lesser known writers such as Thomas Tickell, and by an American, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. For the second section, the editors chose to begin with less well-known verses by Chaucer than "The Canterbury Tales": "The Hous of Fame" and "The Book of the Duchesse". They include a short example of eupheuism by

neg: Ellesmere Chaucer Ellesmere Chaucer The Ellesmere Chaucer, or Ellesmere Manuscript of the Canterbury Tales, is an early 15th-century illuminated manuscript of Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales", owned by the Huntington Library, in San Marino, California (EL 26 C 9). It is considered one of the most significant copies of the "Tales". Written most likely in the first or second decade of the fifteenth century, the early history of the manuscript is uncertain, but it seems to have been owned by John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (1408–1462). The manuscript takes its popular name from the fact that it later belonged to Sir

neg: Boughton under Blean Canterbury. As well as this, having passed through the village and climbed Boughton Hill, it is the first place from which the towers of Canterbury Cathedral can be seen when travelling from the direction of London. This gains a mention in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales", in 'The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue'. Boughton under Blean is also mentioned in the context of Chaucer in Frank Herbert's "Children of Dune": "For a time he amused himself by reviewing Chaucer's route from London to Canterbury, listing the places from Southwark: two miles to the watering-place of St Thomas, five miles to Deptford, six miles to

neg: Sir Thopas who first suggested (at least in print) that Chaucer was not serious, that the whole tale is a parody and that the character of Geoffrey Chaucer must not be confused with Geoffrey Chaucer the author. Sir Thopas Sir Thopas is one of "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer, published in 1387. The tale is one of two—together with The Tale of Melibee—told by the fictive Geoffrey Chaucer as he travels with the pilgrims on the journey to Canterbury Cathedral. The tale concerns the adventures of the knight "Sir Thopas" and his quest to win the elf-queen. The tale is one

neg: Pandosto Loue of Cassander, a Grecian Knight," 1595. and "Flora's Fortune. The second part and finishing of the Fisher-mans Tale". Pandosto Pandosto: The Triumph of Time is a prose romance written by the English author Robert Greene, first published in 1588. A later edition of 1607 was re-titled "Dorastus and Fawnia". Popular during the time of William Shakespeare, the work's plot was an inspiration for that of Shakespeare's play "The Winter's Tale". Greene, in turn, may have based the work on "The Clerk's Tale", one of "The Canterbury Tales" of Chaucer. Edward Chaney suggested that Robert Greene when writing "Pandosto" may

neg: Pandosto Pandosto Pandosto: The Triumph of Time is a prose romance written by the English author Robert Greene, first published in 1588. A later edition of 1607 was re-titled "Dorastus and Fawnia". Popular during the time of William Shakespeare, the work's plot was an inspiration for that of Shakespeare's play "The Winter's Tale". Greene, in turn, may have based the work on "The Clerk's Tale", one of "The Canterbury Tales" of Chaucer. Edward Chaney suggested that Robert Greene when writing "Pandosto" may have had in mind the Earl of Oxford's suspicions about the paternity of his daughter (granddaughter of Lord Burghley)

neg: Islam in England at the time. Offa's coin looked enough like the original that it would be readily accepted in southern Europe, while at the same time his own name was clearly visible. References to Britain are also found in early Islamic geographical literature, such as the 9th century work of Ahmad ibn Rustah, which describes the islands of "Bratiniya". Muslim scholarship, especially early Islamic philosophy and Islamic science, was well known through Latin translation among the learned in England by 1386, when Geoffrey Chaucer was writing. In the Prologue to the "Canterbury Tales", there is among the pilgrims wending their way to

neg: The Canterbury Tales that the greatest contribution of "The Canterbury Tales" to English literature was the popularisation of the English vernacular in mainstream literature, as opposed to French, Italian or Latin. English had, however, been used as a literary language centuries before Chaucer's time, and several of Chaucer's contemporaries—John Gower, William Langland, the Pearl Poet, and Julian of Norwich—also wrote major literary works in English. It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was seminal in this evolution of literary preference. While Chaucer clearly states the addressees of many of his poems, the intended audience of "The Canterbury Tales" is more difficult to determine.

neg: General Prologue in sundry lands, and especially they wend their way to Canterbury from every shire of England to seek the holy blessed martyr, who helped them when they were ill. General Prologue The General Prologue is the first part of Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales". The frame story of the poem, as set out in the 858 lines of Middle English which make up the General Prologue, is of a religious pilgrimage. The narrator, Geoffrey Chaucer, is in The Tabard Inn in Southwark, where he meets a group of "sundry folk" who are all on the way to Canterbury, the site of

neg: The Canterbury Tales (film) "Canterbury Tales". The following locations were used as settings for the tales: The Canterbury Tales (film) The Canterbury Tales () is a 1972 Italian film directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini and based on the medieval narrative poem "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer. It is the second film in Pasolini's "Trilogy of Life", the others being "The Decameron" and "Arabian Nights". It won the Golden Bear at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival. The adaptation covers eight of the 24 tales and contains abundant nudity, sex and slapstick humour. Many of these scenes are present or at least alluded to

neg: Sir Thopas Sir Thopas Sir Thopas is one of "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer, published in 1387. The tale is one of two—together with The Tale of Melibee—told by the fictive Geoffrey Chaucer as he travels with the pilgrims on the journey to Canterbury Cathedral. The tale concerns the adventures of the knight "Sir Thopas" and his quest to win the elf-queen. The tale is one of two told by the fictive Chaucer, along with the Tale of Melibee, who figures as one of the pilgrims who are on a journey to the shrine of Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. The

neg: The Tale of Melibee The Tale of Melibee The Tale of Melibee (also called The Tale of Melibeus) is one of "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer. This is the second tale told by Chaucer himself as a character within the tales. It has long been regarded as a joke on the part of Chaucer that, after being interrupted by the host Harry Bailly, Chaucer launches into one of the longest and some would say most boring of all the tales. The idea that Melibee is simply told by Chaucer to bore the listeners in revenge for having his first story, Sir Thopas, interrupted

neg: The Legend of Good Women of bringing up a subject merely to say you will not mention it. Whether the poem's state is due to Chaucer becoming bored with it is uncertain, but it is not now regarded among his best work, despite being popular when first written. One early fan is Chaucer's own character, the Man of Law, who praises Chaucer and the poem which he calls "Seintes Legende of Cupide". The work is rather inconsistent in tone, with tragedy mixed uncomfortably with comedy, and the legends are all somewhat similar with little of the characterisation which is key to "The Canterbury Tales". Some

neg: The Canterbury Tales (film) The Canterbury Tales (film) The Canterbury Tales () is a 1972 Italian film directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini and based on the medieval narrative poem "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer. It is the second film in Pasolini's "Trilogy of Life", the others being "The Decameron" and "Arabian Nights". It won the Golden Bear at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival. The adaptation covers eight of the 24 tales and contains abundant nudity, sex and slapstick humour. Many of these scenes are present or at least alluded to in the original as well, but some are Pasolini's own additions. The

neg: The Squire (Canterbury Tales) a page and squire, is a natural source, this identification may be extended by considering the Squire as a personification of Chaucer. He is indeed, the only poet in the group, and his protestations of his own limited poetical powers, mirror and indeed self-parody Chaucer's own. The Squire (Canterbury Tales) The Squire is a fictional character in the framing narrative of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. He is squire to (and son of) the Knight and is the narrator of The Squire's Tale or "Cambuscan". The Squire is one of the secular pilgrims, of the military group (The Squire, The Knight

neg: Order of The Canterbury Tales significant anomalous arrangements (Hg, Ha). All manuscript orders (except Hg*) were collated by Furnivall. "(+G = Manuscript includes the non-Chaucerian Tale of Gamelyn after the Cook's initial abortive attempt to tell a tale.)" Order of The Canterbury Tales "The Canterbury Tales" is a collection of stories, mostly in verse, written by Geoffrey Chaucer chiefly from 1387 to 1400. They are held together in a frame story of a pilgrimage on which each member of the group is to tell two tales on the way to Canterbury, and two on the way back. Fewer than a quarter of the projected tales

neg: The Canterbury Tales Chaucer was a courtier, leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for nobility. "The Canterbury Tales" is generally thought to have been incomplete at the end of Chaucer's life. In the General Prologue, some 30 pilgrims are introduced. According to the Prologue, Chaucer's intention was to write four stories from the perspective of each pilgrim, two each on the way to and from their ultimate destination, St. Thomas Becket's shrine (making for a total of about 120 stories). Although perhaps incomplete, "The Canterbury Tales" is revered as one of the most important works

neg: The Personal Heresy Did to "Il Filostrato."" The title of the essay explains the content, i.e. that when Chaucer (1343–1400) revised the love poem "Il Filostrato" by Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375) in his "Troilus and Criseyde" he medievalized it, using a medieval rhetoric and didactic style. For example, Chaucer made Troilus less of a “lady-killer,” to use Lewis’ phrase. That shows up both in Chaucer's writing of the story and in his telling of the erotic nature of the story. An aspect of what was becoming Lewis’ contribution to "The Personal Heresy" showed up near the end of the essay, when Lewis mentioned Lascelles

neg: The Canterbury Tales is difficult to determine), and the works of Petrarch and Dante. Chaucer was the first author to use the work of these last two, both Italians. Boethius' "Consolation of Philosophy" appears in several tales, as the works of John Gower do. Gower was a known friend to Chaucer. A full list is impossible to outline in little space, but Chaucer also, lastly, seems to have borrowed from numerous religious encyclopaedias and liturgical writings, such as John Bromyard's "Summa praedicantium", a preacher's handbook, and Jerome's "Adversus Jovinianum". Many scholars say there is a good possibility Chaucer met Petrarch or Boccaccio. "The

neg: Jill Mann England, especially Chaucer, and medieval beast literature in Latin, French, and English. Her books include "Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire" (1973), "Feminizing Chaucer" (2002), and "The Cambridge Companion to Chaucer" (edited with Piero Boitani); she also edited the "Canterbury Tales" for Penguin Classics. She produced an edition and translation of the Latin beast epic "Ysengrimus", with a lengthy account of the poem’s relation to its historical context in twelfth-century Flanders; she is currently working on an edition and translation of the "Speculum Stultorum", another twelfth-century Latin beast epic, written by a monk of Christ Church, Canterbury. She has published some

neg: Hengwrt Chaucer the editor Frederick Furnivall and W. W. Skeat, was used as the base text for more modern editions of the "Canterbury Tales", is now thought to have been written by the same scribe, though the arrangement of the individual tales in the two manuscripts varies widely. Linne Mooney, a literary scholar at the University of York, has claimed to have identified this scribe as Adam Pinkhurst, the same Adam to whom Chaucer wrote a poem, admonishing him for his occasionally inaccurate copying skills. Since the work of John M. Manly and Edith Rickert in compiling their "Text of the Canterbury

neg: The Tale of Melibee their points. Dame Prudence is a woman discussing the role of the wife within marriage in a similar way to the Wife of Bath and the wife in The Shipman's Tale. The Tale of Melibee The Tale of Melibee (also called The Tale of Melibeus) is one of "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer. This is the second tale told by Chaucer himself as a character within the tales. It has long been regarded as a joke on the part of Chaucer that, after being interrupted by the host Harry Bailly, Chaucer launches into one of the longest and some

neg: English literature the work of the same author, including an intricate elegiac poem, "Pearl". The English dialect of these poems from the Midlands is markedly different from that of the London-based Chaucer and, though influenced by French in the scenes at court in "Sir Gawain", there are in the poems also many dialect words, often of Scandinavian origin, that belonged to northwest England. Middle English lasted until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard, a London-based form of English, became widespread and the printing press started to standardise the language. Chaucer is best known today for "The Canterbury Tales". This is a collection

neg: The Canterbury Tales in "The Canterbury Tales" parallel a tale in the "Decameron", although most of them have closer parallels in other stories. Some scholars thus find it unlikely that Chaucer had a copy of the work on hand, surmising instead that he may have merely read the "Decameron" at some point. Each of the tales has its own set of sources that have been suggested by scholars, but a few sources are used frequently over several tales. They include poetry by Ovid, the Bible in one of the many vulgate versions in which it was available at the time (the exact one

neg: The Canterbury Tales and the Prioress, on the other hand, while not as corrupt as the Summoner or Pardoner, fall far short of the ideal for their orders. Both are expensively dressed, show signs of lives of luxury and flirtatiousness and show a lack of spiritual depth. The Prioress's Tale is an account of Jews murdering a deeply pious and innocent Christian boy, a blood libel against Jews that became a part of English literary tradition. The story did not originate in the works of Chaucer and was well known in the 14th century. Pilgrimage was a very prominent feature of medieval society.

neg: Peter of Castile had killed only men who would not submit themselves to the law or respect the rights of others. Peter did have his supporters. Even Ayala confessed that the king's fall was regretted by many, among them the peasants and burghers subjected to the nobles by late feudal gifts and by the merchants, who enjoyed security under his rule. The English, who backed Peter, also remembered the king positively. Geoffrey Chaucer visited Castile during Peter's reign and lamented the monarch's death in "The Monk's Tale", part of "The Canterbury Tales". (Chaucer's patron, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, had fought

neg: Entertainment Stories remain a common way of entertaining a group that is on a journey. Showing how stories are used to pass the time and entertain an audience of travellers, Chaucer used pilgrims in his literary work "The Canterbury Tales" in the 14th century, as did Wu Cheng'en in the 16th century in "Journey to the West". Even though journeys can now be completed much faster, stories are still told to passengers en route in cars and aeroplanes either orally or delivered by some form of technology. The power of stories to entertain is evident in one of the most famous

neg: The Canon's Yeoman's Tale Chaucer has also described him as wearing green at all times. The Canon's Yeoman's Tale The Canon's Yeoman's Tale is one of "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer. The Canon and his Yeoman are not mentioned in the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, where most of the other pilgrims are described, but they arrive later after riding fast to catch up with the group. The tale the Canon's Yeoman tells is in two parts. The first part is an exposé of the shady business of his master the Canon as an alchemist. The second part is about another canon

neg: Canterbury Tales (musical) came to an end. • Chaucer • Clerk of Oxford • Host • The Miller • Nun • Prioress • Squire • Steward • Sweetheart • The Wife of Bath • Alisoun • Cook • Friar • Knight • May • Merchant • Molly • Pardoner • Priest • Robin • Summoner Canterbury Tales (musical) Canterbury Tales is a musical originally presented at the Oxford Playhouse in 1964, conceived and directed by Martin Starkie and written by Nevill Coghill and Martin Starkie. It was expanded into a full length musical and presented at the Phoenix Theatre, London on 21 March

neg: Geoffrey Chaucer who may well have been inclined to read Chaucer as one of their own, particularly in his satirical writings about friars, priests, and other church officials. In 1464, John Baron, a tenant farmer in Agmondesham, was brought before John Chadworth, the Bishop of Lincoln, on charges he was a Lollard heretic; he confessed to owning a "boke of the Tales of Caunterburie" among other suspect volumes. William Caxton, the first English printer, was responsible for the first two folio editions of "The Canterbury Tales" which were published in 1478 and 1483. Caxton's second printing, by his own account, came about

neg: Bernhard Egidius Konrad ten Brink guaranteed him a place of honor as recently as 1987, in the General Bibliography of the "Riverside Chaucer", the most widely used edition of Chaucer in the world. He also published critical editions of the "General Prologue" of the "Canterbury Tales" and the "Compleynte unto Pity". Ten Brink's work stimulated a revival of Chaucer study in the United Kingdom as well as in Germany, and to him was indirectly due the foundation of the English Chaucer Society. In addition, he made important contributions to the study of Shakespeare and "Beowulf" and authored one of the first scholarly histories of English

neg: Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer cannot be proven). Chaucer produced works with much Italian influence after his Italian trip of 1372, whereas works written before his travel demonstrate French influence. Chaucer's stories imitate, among others, his Italian contemporaries Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. For example, Boccaccio first put out his stories of "The Decameron"; then Chaucer imitated many of these stories for his "Canterbury Tales". Boccaccio wrote the story of "Griselda", which was later translated by Petrarch. Biographers say Chaucer heard it from Petrarch first by word of mouth at Padua. Later he received a Latin copy of it that he used to develop "The Clerk's

neg: Religion in England Chaucer was writing. In the Prologue to the "Canterbury Tales", there is among the pilgrims wending their way to Canterbury, a 'Doctour of Phisyk' whose learning included Razi, Avicenna (Ibn Sina, Arabic ابن سينا) and Averroes (Ibn Rushd, Arabic ابن رشد). Ibn Sina's canon of medicine was a standard text for medical students well into the 17th century. Today Islam is the second largest religion in England. About 38% of English Muslims live in London, where they make up 12.4% of the population. There are also large numbers of Muslims in Birmingham, Manchester, Bradford, Luton, Slough, Leicester and the mill

neg: Berkhamsted 1377 and gave it to his favourites, Robert de Vere and John Holland. In 1400, Henry IV lived in the castle after he deposed Richard, and he used the castle to imprison others attempting to obtain the throne. During this time, Geoffrey Chaucer, later famous for writing "The Canterbury Tales", oversaw renovation work on the castle in his role as Clerk of the Works at Berkhamsted Castle and other royal properties. It is unknown how much time he spent at Berkhamsted, but he knew John of Gaddesden, who lived in nearby Little Gaddesden and who was the model for the

neg: The Canterbury Tales any single medieval theory to uncover. With this, Chaucer avoids targeting any specific audience or social class of readers, focusing instead on the characters of the story and writing their tales with a skill proportional to their social status and learning. However, even the lowest characters, such as the Miller, show surprising rhetorical ability, although their subject matter is more lowbrow. Vocabulary also plays an important part, as those of the higher classes refer to a woman as a "lady", while the lower classes use the word "wenche", with no exceptions. At times the same word will mean entirely different

neg: The Plowman's Tale Canterbury tale. John Bale similarly included "Arator Narratio" (Plowman's Tale) in his list of the "Canterbury Tales" in his "Scriptorum Illustrium Maioris Brytanniae . . . Catalogus" (Basle, 1557, 1559). Corroborating Francis Thynne, Leland's remarks on "The Plowman's Tale" are as follows: "But the tale of Piers Plowman, which by the common consent of the learned is attributed to Chaucer as its true author, has been suppressed in each edition, because it vigorously inveighed against the bad morals of the priests" ("Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis" ed. Anthony Hall. Like Bale's Chaucer, Leland's Chaucer is a reformer and follower of Wycliffe.

neg: Unfinished creative work 1980, Christopher Tolkien published another posthumous collection of his father's unfinished work, appropriately entitled "Unfinished Tales". Between 1982 and 1996, he published twelve volumes of "The History of Middle-earth", a substantial portion of which is unfinished and incomplete drafts. In 2007, Christopher Tolkien published another novel from his father entitled "The Children of Húrin". Like "The Silmarillion", Christopher assembled the novel from various incomplete drafts. The size of a project can be such that a piece of literature is never finished. Geoffrey Chaucer never completed "The Canterbury Tales" to the extensive length that he originally intended. Chaucer had, however, already

neg: The Man of Law's Tale not fixed his overall plan. There are also hints, with his claim he will talk in prose despite rhyming throughout, that the Man of Law originally told the Tale of Melibee before he was assigned Custance's tale late in the composition of the tales. The Man of Law's Tale The Man of Law's Tale is the fifth of the "Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer, written around 1387. John Gower's "Tale of Constance" in "Confessio Amantis" tells the same story and may have been a source for Chaucer. Nicholas Trivet's "Les chronicles" was a source for both authors. Constance (Custance in

neg: Berkhamsted Castle was taken prisoner at the Battle of Poitiers. When the Black Prince fell ill following his campaigning in France, he retired to Berkhamsted and died there in 1376. Richard II inherited Berkamsted Castle in 1377; initially the use of it was given to his favourite, Robert de Vere and, after de Vere's fall from power and exile in 1388, to John Holland. Henry IV lived in the castle after he deposed Richard in 1400, and he used the property to detain rival applicants to the throne. During this period Geoffrey Chaucer, later famous for his "Canterbury Tales", oversaw renovation work

neg: Geoffrey Chaucer He writes in "Canterbury Tales", "now I beg all those that listen to this little treatise, or read it, that if there be anything in it that pleases them, they thank our Lord Jesus Christ for it, from whom proceeds all understanding and goodness." Chaucer's first major work was "The Book of the Duchess", an elegy for Blanche of Lancaster who died in 1368. Two other early works were "Anelida and Arcite" and "The House of Fame". He wrote many of his major works in a prolific period when he held the job of customs comptroller for London (1374 to

neg: The Man of Law's Tale mentions of "The Book of the Duchess" and "The Legend of Good Women"; in the Introduction to the Man of Law's Tale he seems to spare most of his opprobrium for John Gower. Two of the tales which he dislikes, Canace and Apollonius of Tyre, involve incest, as did the some versions of the story. Chaucer based this tale on the Nicholas Trivet story from his "Chronicle". Gower though had recorded all these stories. Chaucer is, perhaps, with friendly banter, trying to goad his friend and fellow writer into a storytelling challenge. The various manuscripts of the Tales differ in

neg: Catholic Church in England and Wales attracting international pilgrimage and inspired the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. An Englishman, Nicholas Breakspear, became Pope Adrian IV, ruling from 1154 to 1159. Fifty-six years later, Cardinal Stephen Langton, the first of English cardinals and later Archbishop of Canterbury (1208–28), became a pivotal figure in the dispute between King John and Pope Innocent III. This critical situation led to the signing and later promulgation of the Magna Charta in 1215. England remained a Catholic country until 1534, when it first officially separated from Rome during the reign of King Henry VIII. In response to the Pope's refusal to annul

neg: Adisham Adisham Adisham (formerly Adesham) is a village and civil parish in the English county of Kent. It is twinned with Campagne-lès-Hesdin in France. The village centre, six miles south-east of Canterbury is on the B2046 road between Wingham and Barham. It was known as "Edesham" in the Domesday Book. A clustered village, the cluster is within from the central cluster of Aylesham. The village lies on one of the routes that formed part of the Pilgrims' Way immortalised by Geoffrey Chaucer in his book "The Canterbury Tales", and in 2010 was the subject of a villagers' protest when local landowner

neg: Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer Men"). Many of the famous people that are in "The Monk's Tale" are also in Boccaccio's "De Casibus Virorum Illustrium": Adam, Samson, Hercules, Cenobia, Nero, Alexander the Great, Croesus. Some of these people also appear in Petrarch's "De Viris Illustribus". Chaucer, however, credits only Petrarch for this work: Some of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales are based on Boccaccio's works. For example, Chaucer's first of these tales, "The Knight's Tale," is a condensed version of Boccaccio's "Teseida". Chaucer tightens the structure of Boccaccio's "Teseida," changes some scenes in the general plot, and deepens the philosophy of the original. In "The Knight's Tale",

neg: The Pardoner's Tale The Pardoner's Tale "The Pardoner's Tale" is one of "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer. In the order of the Tales, it comes after The Physician's Tale and before The Shipman's Tale; it is prompted by the Host's desire to hear something positive after that depressing tale. The Pardoner initiates his Prologue—briefly accounting his methods of conning people—and then proceeds to tell a moral tale. The tale itself is an extended exemplum. Setting out to kill Death, three young men encounter an Old Man who says they will find him under a nearby tree. When they arrive they discover a

neg: Bernard Cribbins mascot for the then Post Office. He also appeared reduced to OO gauge scale in adverts for Hornby model trains. In 1978 he was one of two voiceovers in the electricity safety public information film Play Safe. The other voiceover was Brian Wilde; Wilde voiced the owl and Cribbins voiced the robin. Cribbins is also the voice of Harry Bailey, the landlord of the Tabard Inn described by Geoffrey Chaucer in "The Canterbury Tales", at the Canterbury Tales Attraction in Kent, which he recorded in 1987. Cribbins also had a short stint doing voiceovers for the Mark and Lard Show

neg: Savoy Palace of Lancaster. He was the nation's power broker and in his time was the richest man in the kingdom second to the king. The Savoy was the most magnificent nobleman's house in England. It was famous for its owner's magnificent collection of tapestries, jewels, and other ornaments. Geoffrey Chaucer began writing "The Canterbury Tales" while working at the Savoy Palace as a clerk. During the Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler in 1381, the rioters, who blamed John of Gaunt for the introduction of the poll tax that had precipitated the revolt, systematically demolished the Savoy and everything in it.

neg: Middle English explains the background to the Nativity: An epitaph from a monumental brass in an Oxfordshire parish church: From the Wycliffe's Bible, (1384): The following is the very beginning of the General Prologue from "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer. The text was written in a dialect associated with London and spellings associated with the then-emergent Chancery Standard. Translation into Modern English prose: When April with its sweet showers has pierced March's drought to the root, bathing every vein in such liquid by whose virtue the flower is engendered, and when Zephyrus with his sweet breath has also enlivened the tender

neg: Thebaid (Latin poem) his "Decameron", also borrowed heavily from the "Thebaid" when composing his "Teseida" (which, in turn, was used heavily by Chaucer when composing "The Knight’s Tale" for the "Canterbury Tales"). Of particular importance is a scene in which Mercury is sent to the realm of Mars. All three of these works (as well as Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene) contain large tracts of allegorical figures that are housed in War’s realm and which represent the various futilities of war and violence. Finally, one of the chief reasons that Statius is remembered today is because of the poet Dante Alighieri. Like Virgil, who

neg: Geoffrey Chaucer 1386). His "Parlement of Foules", "The Legend of Good Women", and "Troilus and Criseyde" all date from this time. It is believed that he started "The Canterbury Tales" in the 1380s. Chaucer also translated Boethius' "Consolation of Philosophy" and "The Romance of the Rose" by Guillaume de Lorris (extended by Jean de Meun). Eustache Deschamps called himself a "nettle in Chaucer's garden of poetry". In 1385, Thomas Usk made glowing mention of Chaucer, and John Gower also lauded him. Chaucer's "Treatise on the Astrolabe" describes the form and use of the Astrolabe in detail and is sometimes cited as the

neg: Adam Pinkhurst errors he introduces and the amount of work Chaucer has to do correcting them. On the basis of his first name, Pinkhurst was suggested as a possible candidate for "Adam scrivener" as early as the late 1920s. More recently, Pinkhurst has been proposed as the scribe of two important manuscripts of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales". The manuscripts in question, the Ellesmere Chaucer and Hengwrt Chaucer, are generally agreed to be by the same scrivener and are thought to be closely derived from Chaucer's holograph. In 2004, Linne Mooney identified the scribe in question, hitherto known to scholars as Scribe B, as

neg: Free indirect speech the minds of her characters. Another modernist, D. H. Lawrence, also makes frequent use of a free indirect style in "transcribing unspoken or even incompletely verbalized thoughts", in both "The Rainbow" and "Women in Love". According to Charles Rzepka of Boston University, Elmore Leonard's mastery of free indirect discourse "is unsurpassed in our time, and among the surest of all time, even if we include Jane Austen, Gustave Flaubert, and Hemingway in the mix." Some argue that free indirect discourse was also used by Chaucer in "The Canterbury Tales". When the narrator says in "The General Prologue" that he agrees

neg: Damocles a precarious situation, especially one in which the onset of tragedy is restrained only by a delicate trigger or chance. Shakespeare's "Henry IV" expands on this theme: "Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown"; compare the Hellenistic and Roman imagery connected with the insecurity offered by Tyche and Fortuna. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer refers to the sword of Damocles, which the knight describes to hang over Conquest. When the knight describes the three temples, he also pays special attention to the paintings, noticing one on the walls of the temple of Mars, "Above, where seated in his tower,

neg: Trotula and told her their natures." Geoffrey Chaucer is echoing this attitude when he includes "Trotula's" name in his "Book of Wicked Wives," a collection of anti-matrimonial and misogynous tracts owned by the Wife of Bath's fifth husband, Jankyn, as told in The Wife of Bath's Tale (Prologue, (D), 669–85) of The Canterbury Tales. The "Trotula" texts first appeared in print in 1544, quite late in the trend toward printing, which for medical texts had begun in the 1470s. The "Trotula" was published not because it was still of immediate clinical use to learned physicians (it had been superseded in that

neg: Berkhamsted in 1969. The Roman Catholic tradition from the 17th to 20th century appears to be limited, General de Gaulle worshiped at their original Church of the Sacred Heart in Park View Road, they moved to a larger modern church in 1980 on Park Street. Geoffrey Chaucer was clerk of works at Berkhamsted Castle from 1389 and based his Doctor of Phisick in "The Canterbury Tales" on John of Gaddesden, who lived in nearby Little Gaddesden. William Cowper was born in Berkhamsted Rectory in 1731. Although he moved away when still a boy, there are frequent references to the town in

neg: Patience Agbabi She has cited among her influences Janis Joplin, Carol Ann Duffy, Chaucer, and various aspects of contemporary music and culture. Her childhood love of cake is apparent in her poem "Eat Me". Her latest book, "Telling Tales", was published by Canongate in 2014. It revisits Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales" and mines the Middle-English masterwork to offer a 21st-century take on the characters, its poetry and its performance elements. The book met with praise from poets who include Simon Armitage, who described it as "the liveliest versions of Chaucer you're likely to read." Agbabi continues to tour "Telling Tales" as

neg:
Serjeant-at-law Serjeants-at-Law as directly descending from Norman "conteurs"; indeed, they were sometimes known as Serjeant-Conteurs. The members of the Order initially used St Paul's Cathedral as their meeting place, standing near the "parvis" where they would give counsel to those who sought advice. Geoffrey Chaucer makes reference to the Serjeants in the "Canterbury Tales", General Prologue, writing: A serjeant of the law, ware and wise,
 That often hadde ben at the parvis,
 Ther was also, full rich of excellence.
 Discreet he was and of great reverence,
 He sened swiche; his wordes were so wise,
 Justice he was ful often in assise,

neg: Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer Chaucer gives much praise to Petrarch and his writings. The "Originals and Analogues of some of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales", reprinted and published for the Chaucer Society in 1875, assert that Chaucer personally met Petrarch. Many quotations are properly marked in the margins of the pages of the versions in the Ellesmere and Hengwrt manuscripts with each in the correct places. Scholars conclude that it is quite clear that Petrarch personally gave Chaucer a version of "Griselda" at Padua in 1373 (though this idea was proposed in the late 19th century, and more recent scholars are more sceptical of propositions that

neg: Hengwrt Chaucer giving variant readings. Hengwrt Chaucer The Hengwrt Chaucer manuscript is an early-15th-century manuscript of the "Canterbury Tales", held in the National Library of Wales, in Aberystwyth. It is an important source for Chaucer's text, and was possibly written by someone with access to original authorial holograph, now lost. The "Hengwrt Chaucer" is part of a collection called the Peniarth Manuscripts which is included by UNESCO in its UK Memory of the World Register, a list of documentary heritage which holds cultural significance specific to the UK. It is catalogued as MS Peniarth 392D. The Hengwrt Chaucer has been in Wales

neg: Hengwrt Chaucer Hengwrt Chaucer The Hengwrt Chaucer manuscript is an early-15th-century manuscript of the "Canterbury Tales", held in the National Library of Wales, in Aberystwyth. It is an important source for Chaucer's text, and was possibly written by someone with access to original authorial holograph, now lost. The "Hengwrt Chaucer" is part of a collection called the Peniarth Manuscripts which is included by UNESCO in its UK Memory of the World Register, a list of documentary heritage which holds cultural significance specific to the UK. It is catalogued as MS Peniarth 392D. The Hengwrt Chaucer has been in Wales for at least

neg: The Canterbury Tales Folger Shakespeare Library. In 2004, Linne Mooney claimed that she was able to identify the scrivener who worked for Chaucer as an Adam Pinkhurst. Mooney, then a professor at the University of Maine and a visiting fellow at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, said she could match Pinkhurst's signature, on an oath he signed, to his handwriting on a copy of "The Canterbury Tales" that might have been transcribed from Chaucer's working copy. That identification has been questioned and doubted by others and is being debated. In the absence of consensus as to whether or not a complete version of the

neg: English words first attested in Chaucer the "root" word definition. Some of these words are now dated or obsolete. These manuscript words first found written in Chaucer's work, from "The Canterbury Tales" and other of his publications as shown below, were published in the 14th century. "The Canterbury Tales" is a collection of tales written sometime after 1373, with 'sondry folk' that resemble Boccaccio's stories of "The Decameron" of fleeing nobles. The "General Prologue" introduces the tellers of the tales, with much wry and subtle social commentary. " acate, affile, alight, ambler, army, arrive, bagpipe, begster, borax, bourdon, bracer, bream, cape, ceruse, chape, clasp, cordial, dagger,

neg: Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer be speculation). Since both knew Italian and French, they might have communicated in either language or a combination of both these languages. It is evident that Chaucer obtained a copy of Petrarch's version written in Latin shortly after the meeting in Padua. Petrarch died 19 July 1374. Chaucer translates the story of Griselda into English where it became part of The Canterbury Tales as "The Clerk's Tale". Scholars speculate that he wrote the main part of the "Clerk's Tale" in the later part of 1373 or the early part of 1374, shortly after his first trip to Italy in 1372–73.

neg: The Wife of Bath's Tale plainer tale—perhaps the one told by the Shipman—she received her present tale as her significance increased. She calls herself both Alyson and Alys in the prologue, but to confuse matters these are also the names of her 'gossib' (a close friend or gossip), whom she mentions several times, as well as many female characters throughout "The Canterbury Tales". Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The 'Prologue of the Wife of Bath's Tale' during the fourteenth century at a time when the social structure was rapidly evolving while Richard II was in reign; it was not until the late 1380s – mid 1390s when

neg: Work of William Burges at Cardiff Castle the tower. In the main tower is the Chaucer Room, designed as a sitting room for Lady Bute. A double-height room, decorated with scenes from The Canterbury Tales, Newman suggests Burges used a library at the Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome as a source, which he had visited in 1877. Its elaborately carved ceiling is cited by Mark Girouard as "a superb ... example of Burges's genius in the construction of roofs." Lady Bute involved herself closely in the designs for the room, William Frame writing to one of the stained glass manufacturers; "the whole must be most carefully done as

neg: Sir Peter Buckton of England, who knighted Buckton in 1383 for gallantry. Buckton became closely associated with Henry Bolingbroke helping to organise his crusades to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Jerusalem, becoming one of Henry's most senior knights. Buckton was elected knight of the shire (MP) for Yorkshire in 1395, 1397 and 1404. A friend of Buckton was the author and poet Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote "The Canterbury Tales". Chaucer immortalised him in the short poem, "Lenvoy de Chaucer a Bukton" written before October 1396; in which Chaucer humorously warns Buckton against marriage. Buckton assisted Henry Bolingbroke's landing at Ravenspur in Yorkshire

neg: The Canterbury Tales the oldest existing manuscripts of the tales include new or modified tales, showing that even early on, such additions were being created. These emendations included various expansions of the "Cook's Tale", which Chaucer never finished, "The Plowman's Tale", "The Tale of Gamelyn", the "Siege of Thebes", and the "Tale of Beryn". The "Tale of Beryn", written by an anonymous author in the 15th century, is preceded by a lengthy prologue in which the pilgrims arrive at Canterbury and their activities there are described. While the rest of the pilgrims disperse throughout the town, the Pardoner seeks the affections of Kate

neg: The Canterbury Pilgrims The Canterbury Pilgrims The Canterbury Pilgrims is an opera by the American composer Reginald De Koven. It premiered at the Metropolitan Opera House on March 8, 1917. The libretto, written by Percy MacKaye, is loosely based on Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales". Place: England. Time: April, 1387. The story has to do with the merry schemes of the Wife of Bath, who has fallen in love with Chaucer who in his turn loves the Prioress, and of her winning of a bet to gain possession of a certain brooch which carries with it Chaucer's promise of marriage. He is finally

neg: The Canterbury Tales not accurately copy it, and this gave scholars the impression that Chaucer himself was inconsistent in using it. It has now been established, however, that "-e" was an important part of Chaucer's grammar, and helped to distinguish singular adjectives from plural and subjunctive verbs from indicative. No other work prior to Chaucer's is known to have set a collection of tales within the framework of pilgrims on a pilgrimage. It is obvious, however, that Chaucer borrowed portions, sometimes very large portions, of his stories from earlier stories, and that his work was influenced by the general state of the literary

neg: The Canterbury Tales fragmentary that it is difficult to ascertain whether they were copied individually or as part of a set. The "Tales" vary in both minor and major ways from manuscript to manuscript; many of the minor variations are due to copyists' errors, while it is suggested that in other cases Chaucer both added to his work and revised it as it was being copied and possibly as it was being distributed. Determining the text of the work is complicated by the question of the narrator's voice which Chaucer made part of his literary structure. Even the oldest surviving manuscripts of the

neg: The Physician's Tale but Chaucer was far more concerned with the daughter as the central figure. Although difficult to date like most of Chaucer's tales, the Physician's tale is usually regarded as an early work of Chaucer probably written before much of the rest of the "Canterbury Tales" was begun. The long, and rather distracting, digression on governesses possibly alludes to a historical event and may serve to date it. In 1386 Elizabeth, the daughter of John of Gaunt, eloped to France with John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke. The governess of Elizabeth was Katherine Swynford who was also Gaunt's mistress and later

neg: When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You "When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You" is a 1978 song recorded by singer Marvin Gaye for his "Here, My Dear" album, following his 1976 divorce when he was ordered to give half the takings of his next album to ex-wife Anna Gaye. In the album, he "poured his emotions into songs agonisingly documenting their relationship's rise and fall." The song was a six-minute-long opus that has been considered the centerpiece of the "Here, My Dear" album. As if offering confessional testimony to

neg: The Canterbury Tales critical of the pilgrim's actions. It is unclear whether Chaucer would intend for the reader to link his characters with actual persons. Instead, it appears that Chaucer creates fictional characters to be general representations of people in such fields of work. With an understanding of medieval society, one can detect subtle satire at work. The "Tales" reflect diverse views of the Church in Chaucer's England. After the Black Death, many Europeans began to question the authority of the established Church. Some turned to lollardy, while others chose less extreme paths, starting new monastic orders or smaller movements exposing church corruption

neg: The Canterbury Tales (TV series) work on individual episodes. Bartlett said of the productions that: I wanted to be as faithful to the stories and spirit of the Tales as possible and we have tried to achieve that. ... They had to appeal to those more familiar with Chaucer but also work in their own right as single films, to an audience unfamiliar with Chaucer, and this was important to all of us. The production filmed in Kent at Rochester which is the setting for The Pardoner’s Tale and features the castle, Cathedral, Chertsey Gate, the High Street, Esplanade and various streets, pubs and restaurants.

neg: George Lyman Kittredge to Harvard's English 2. Kittredge's edition of Shakespeare was the standard well beyond his death and continues to be cited occasionally. He was also arguably the leading critic of Geoffrey Chaucer of his time and is considered largely responsible for introducing Chaucer into the canon of college English. His essay on "Chaucer's Discussion of Marriage" (1912) has traditionally been credited with introducing the idea of the "marriage group" in the Canterbury Tales, though he was not the originator of this phrase. Through his historical researches Kittredge also identified Thomas Malory, author of Le Morte d'Arthur (1485), and hitherto an obscure

neg: The Canterbury Tales Chaucer was a courtier, leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for the nobility. He is referred to as a noble translator and poet by Eustache Deschamps and by his contemporary John Gower. It has been suggested that the poem was intended to be read aloud, which is probable as this was a common activity at the time. However, it also seems to have been intended for private reading as well, since Chaucer frequently refers to himself as the writer, rather than the speaker, of the work. Determining the intended audience directly from

neg: John of Gaunt at Richard's behest. It may be that he felt he had to maintain this posture of loyalty to protect his son Henry Bolingbroke (the future Henry IV), who had also been one of the Lords Appellant, from Richard's wrath; but in 1398 Richard had Bolingbroke exiled, and on John of Gaunt's death the next year he disinherited Bolingbroke completely, seizing John's vast estates for the Crown. John of Gaunt was a patron and close friend of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, most famously known for his work "The Canterbury Tales". Near the end of their lives, Lancaster and Chaucer became brothers-in-law.

neg: English bagpipes as early as "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer, written between the 1380s and 1390s. Writing in the Prologue about the Miller, the lines read: Stone and wood carvings of bagpipes of many different types began to appear in English cathedrals and churches beginning in the 14th century; examples of such carvings may be found in Cornwall, Dorset, Devon, Herefordshire, Yorkshire, Cambridgeshire, Manchester, Norfolk, and Shropshire. Bagpipes are mentioned in Ancient Greece and then Rome, but disappear from history until reappearing in Medieval Spain and quickly spreading across parts of Medieval Europe, with one exception. Currently the only known Dark

neg: Middle English began to undergo the Great Vowel Shift. Little survives of early Middle English literature, due in part to Norman domination and the prestige that came with writing in French rather than English. During the 14th century, a new style of literature emerged with the works of writers including John Wycliffe and Geoffrey Chaucer, whose "Canterbury Tales" remains the one of most studied and read works of the period. Transition from Late Old English to Early Middle English occurred in the latter part of the 11th century. The influence of Old Norse aided the development of English from a synthetic language

neg: Heroic verse Latin poet Ennius, as reported by Cicero, called the heroic metre of one line "versum longum", to distinguish it from the brevity of lyrical measures. The current form of English heroic verse appears to be the invention of Chaucer, who used it in his "Legend of Good Women" and afterwards, with still greater freedom, in the "Canterbury Tales". Here is an example of it in its earliest development: This way of writing was misunderstood and neglected by Chaucer's English disciples, but was followed nearly a century later by the Scottish poet, called Blind Harry (c. 1475), whose "The Actes and

neg: University of Oxford Mecca and journeyed with John Hanning Speke as the first European explorers to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile; mountaineer Tom Bourdillon, member of the expedition to make the first ascent of Mount Everest; and Peter Fleming, adventurer and travel writer and elder brother of Ian Fleming, creator of James Bond. The University of Oxford is the setting for numerous works of fiction. Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when Chaucer in his "Canterbury Tales" referred to a "Clerk [student] of Oxenford". By 1989, 533 novels based in Oxford

neg: Satire and the birth of modern vernacular literature in the 12th century, it began to be used again, most notably by Chaucer. The disrespectful manner was considered "unchristian" and ignored, except for the moral satire, which mocked misbehaviour in Christian terms. Examples are "Livre des Manières" by (~1178), and some of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales". Sometimes epic poetry (epos) was mocked, and even feudal society, but there was hardly a general interest in the genre. Direct social commentary via satire returned with a vengeance in the 16th century, when farcical texts such as the works of François Rabelais tackled more serious issues