query: which animal acts as a reservoir for japanese encephalitis

pos: Japanese encephalitis Japanese encephalitis Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion, and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection. JEV is generally spread by mosquitoes, specifically those of the "Culex" type. Pigs and wild birds serve as a reservoir for the virus. The disease mostly occurs outside of cities. Diagnosis is based on blood or cerebrospinal fluid testing. Prevention is generally with the Japanese encephalitis

neg: Neurotropic virus animal bite) to become neuroinvasive. Using these definitions, herpes simplex virus is highly neuroinvasive for the peripheral nervous system and rarely neuroinvasive for the central nervous system, but in the latter case may cause herpesviral encephalitis and is therefore considered highly neurovirulent. Many arthropod-borne neurotropic viruses, like West Nile virus, spread to the brain primarily via the blood system by crossing the blood-brain barrier in what is called hematogenous dissemination. Neurotropic viruses that cause infection include Japanese Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, and California encephalitis viruses; polio, coxsackie, echo, mumps, measles, influenza and rabies, as well as diseases caused by members

neg: Culex Nile pathogens to that human. Nonanal has been identified as a compound that attracts "Culex" mosquitoes, perhaps pheromonally. Nonanal acts synergistically with carbon dioxide. "Culex" is a diverse genus. It comprises over 20 subgenera that include a total of well over 1000 species. Descriptions of newly described species are frequent. Culex Culex is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis, but also filariasis and avian malaria.

neg: Japanese encephalitis vaccine known as ChimeriVax-JE (marketed as IMOJEV) was licensed for use in Australia in August 2010 and in Thailand in December 2012. In September 2012 the Indian firm Biological E. Limited has launched an inactivated cell culture derived vaccine based on SA 14-14-2 strain which was developed in a technology transfer agreement with Intercell and is a thiomersal-free vaccine. Japanese encephalitis vaccine Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis. The vaccines are more than 90% effective. The duration of protection with the vaccine is not clear but its effectiveness appears to decrease over time. Doses are given

neg: Longhorned tick dogs, and humans. It is believed to migrate by parasitizing birds, which carry it to new areas. The longhorned tick can transmit an animal disease called theileriosis to cattle, which can cause considerable blood loss and occasional death of calves, but mainly is important to dairy farmers because of decreased milk production and sheep farmers because of decreased wool quantity and quality. Human diseases such as Lyme spirochetes, spotted fever group rickettsiae, "Ehrlichia chaffeensis", and "Anaplasma bovis" have been detected in "H. longicornis". It has been associated with Russian spring-summer encephalitis, Powassan virus, Khasan virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Japanese spotted

neg: Anirban Basu such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile Virus (WNV) and Chandipura virus (CHPV) and how they cause neuronal damage in hosts. In 2011, his group identified minocycline, a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic generally used for treating skin infections, as having properties in fighting the disease of Japanese encephalitis, which they discovered through their experiments on mice. The findings were put on clinical trial at the King George's Medical University where it was found to have beneficial effect on Japanese encephalitis and Acute encephalitis syndrome patients who survive the initial attack of the diseases and this has led to a wider

neg: Tom Solomon (neurologist) as a cause of neurological disease. He works on the origins, evolution and spread of Japanese encephalitis. He has played a major role in the global campaign to control Japanese encephalitis through vaccination. This included developing the Liverpool Outcome Score for quantifying the disability caused by Japanese encephalitis, and helping produce the WHO Surveillance Standards for detecting the disease. He is also an expert on enterovirus 71, which causes hand foot and mouth disease and encephalitis. He works on improving the diagnosis, better understanding the disease mechanisms, and strengthening clinical management. In Africa he has shown the importance of rabies

neg: Japanese encephalitis as fatal encephalitis. Pigs act as an amplifying host and have a very important role in the epidemiology of the disease. Infection in swine is asymptomatic, except in pregnant sows, when abortion and fetal abnormalities are common sequelae. The most important vector is "Culex tritaeniorhynchus", which feeds on cattle in preference to humans. The natural hosts of the Japanese encephalitis virus are birds, not humans, and many believe the virus will therefore never be completely eliminated. In November 2011, the Japanese encephalitis virus was reported in "Culex bitaeniorhynchus" in South Korea. Recently whole genome microarray research of neurons infected with

neg: Japanese encephalitis seizure control as required. Raised intracranial pressure may be managed with mannitol. There is no transmission from person to person and therefore patients do not need to be isolated. A breakthrough in the field of Japanese encephalitis therapeutics is the identification of macrophage receptor involvement in the disease severity. A recent report of an Indian group demonstrates the involvement of monocyte and macrophage receptor CLEC5A in severe inflammatory response in Japanese Encephalitis infection of the brain. This transcriptomic study provides a hypothesis of neuroinflammation and a new lead in development of appropriate therapeutic against Japanese encephalitis. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is

neg: Japanese encephalitis by the mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV is a virus from the family Flaviviridae, part of the "Japanese encephalitis serocomplex" of 9 genetically and antigenically related viruses, some which are particularly severe in horses, and four known to infect humans including West Nile virus. The enveloped virus is closely related to the West Nile virus and the St. Louis encephalitis virus. The positive sense single-stranded RNA genome is packaged in the capsid which is formed by the capsid protein. The outer envelope is formed by envelope protein and is the protective antigen. It aids in entry of the virus

neg: Veterinary virology in this family that are of veterinary importance include Japanese encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Israel turkey meningoencephalomyelitis virus, Sitiawan virus, Wesselsbron virus, yellow fever virus and the tick-borne flaviviruses e.g. louping ill virus. Paramyxoviruses are a diverse family of non-segmented negative strand RNA viruses that include many highly pathogenic viruses affecting humans, animals, and birds. These include canine distemper virus (dogs), phocine distemper virus (seals), cetacean morbillivirus (dolphins and porpoises) Newcastle disease virus (birds) and rinderpest virus (cattle). Some paramyxoviruses such as the henipaviruses are zoonotic pathogens, occurring primarility in an animal hosts, but also

neg: Japanese encephalitis the Japanese Encephalitis virus has shown that neurons play an important role in their own defense against Japanese Encephalitis infection. Although this challenges the long-held belief that neurons are immunologically quiescent, an improved understanding of the proinflammatory effects responsible for immune-mediated control of viral infection and neuronal injury during Japanese Encephalitis infection is an essential step for developing strategies for limiting the severity of CNS disease. A number of drugs have been investigated to either reduce viral replication or provide neuroprotection in cell lines or studies upon mice. None are currently advocated in treating human patients. The virus appears to

neg: La Crosse encephalitis include: Western and Eastern equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile virus. La Crosse encephalitis La Crosse encephalitis is an encephalitis caused by an arbovirus (the La Crosse virus) which has a mosquito vector ("Ochlerotatus triseriatus" synonym "Aedes" "triseriatus"). La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV) is one of a group of mosquito-transmitted viruses that can cause encephalitis, or inflammation of the brain. LAC encephalitis is rare; in the United States, about 80–100 LACV disease cases are reported each year, although it is believed to be under-reported due to minimal symptoms experienced by many of those affected. It takes

neg: Japanese encephalitis vaccine Japanese encephalitis vaccine Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis. The vaccines are more than 90% effective. The duration of protection with the vaccine is not clear but its effectiveness appears to decrease over time. Doses are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin. It is recommended as part of routine immunizations in countries where the disease is a problem. One or two doses are given depending on the version of the vaccine. Extra doses are not typically needed in areas where the disease is common. In those with HIV/AIDS or

neg: Baba Raghav Das Medical College Adityanath. In the past, the encephalitis epidemics in the Gorakhpur region have been attributed to the typical viruses, such as the Japanese encephalitis virus. Since the epidemic first broke out in 1978, several organizations including the National Institute of Virology and the National Centre for Disease Control visited the BRD Medical College to determine the cause of the encephalitis outbreaks. They ran lab tests for the malaria parasite, and the various viruses that are known to cause encephalitis, including enteroviruses, the Chikungunya virus, the Herpes simplex virus, and the dengue virus. In 2007, the Government of India started a Japanese

neg: Tom Solomon (neurologist) Royal College of Physicians’ Linacre Lectureship in 2006, and in 2015 its Moxon Medal; this is awarded every three years for "outstanding observation and research in clinical medicine". Solomon’s research is on emerging brain infections, especially encephalitis (inflammation and swelling of the brain, usually caused by a virus). He is an expert on Japanese encephalitis, an emerging infectious disease that is a zoonosis spread from animals to humans by mosquitoes. He showed that Japanese encephalitis virus can cause an illness with leg paralysis which could be confused for polio. He also highlighted the importance of dengue, a related mosquito-borne virus,

neg: Indian Immunologicals Limited work areas for research & development. On the human vaccines side, the R&D group has developed technology for Pentavalent vaccine (DPT + Hepatitis B + Hib), Chikungunya vaccine and Japanese Encephalitis which are under clinical trials. The availability of these vaccines in combination forms is expected to reduce the disease burden in children and adults. Apart from this, work is on to develop the Human Papilloma Virus vaccine and Pneumococal vaccine. Recent Developments The company has also acquired 50 acres of land in Biotech Park – Phase III near Karkapatla to locate its new manufacturing facilities for animal vaccines (Brucella

neg: Tambun Autumn Festival. However, some enterprising farmers have managed to have a third crop squeezed to increase their yield. In the early years of the 20th century and the emergency period after the Second World War, most Tambun planters also increased yield by rearing pigs and chickens within their pomelo farms. This practiced continued until the turn of the century when Japanese encephalitis struck the district. In Tambun, animal droppings are used as fertilisers. Within the district were Sikh cow farm which supplement their income by selling cow-dungs - a favoured source of fertilisers the pomelo orchards. Tambun Tambun (Chinese: 打扪

neg: Japanese encephalitis the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with up to 70,000 cases reported annually. Case-fatality rates range from 0.3% to 60% and depend on the population and age. Rare outbreaks in U.S. territories in the Western Pacific have also occurred. Residents of rural areas in endemic locations are at highest risk; Japanese encephalitis does not usually occur in urban areas. Countries which have had major epidemics in the past, but which have controlled the disease primarily by vaccination, include China, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Thailand. Other countries that still have periodic epidemics include Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, India, Nepal,

neg: Japanese encephalitis have originated from its ancestral virus in the mid-1500s in the Indonesia-Malaysia region and evolved there into five different genotypes and spread across Asia. The mean evolutionary rate has been estimated to be 4.35 (range: 3.4906 to 5.303) nucleotide substitutions per site per year. Japanese encephalitis Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion, and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection. JEV is

neg: Sunil Pradhan variables of contraction enhanced H‑reflex called R‑1 response and its utility in nerve root lesions where H-reflex is not electable. This was ratified by many researchers. Pradhan found out that the Japanese‑B encephalitis (JE) sometimes produced selective lesions on the substrata nigra and this observation has assisted in eliciting a clue in explaining the early onset of Parkinson's disease. This was ratified by Japanese scientists with the help of an animal model of the disease using rats. His findings led to a new clinical entity called "Parainfectious conus myelitis", thus drawing an explanation for the unexplained urinary symptoms in young

neg: Encephalitis physical response, and lethargy. Individuals can exhibit upper body weakness, muscular pains, and tremors, though the cause of encephalitis lethargica is not currently known. From 1917 to 1928, an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica occurred worldwide. People should only be diagnosed with encephalitis if they have a decreased or altered level of consciousness, lethargy, or personality change for at least twenty-four hours without any other explainable cause. Diagnosing encephalitis is done via a variety of tests: Vaccination is available against tick-borne and Japanese encephalitis and should be considered for at-risk individuals. Post-infectious encephalomyelitis complicating smallpox vaccination is avoidable, for all intents

neg: Flavivirus into clade C, D and E 230 years ago. Clade C and E appear to have originated in the Novosibirsk and Omsk Provinces respectively. The muskrat "Ondatra zibethicus" which is highly susceptible to this virus was introduced into this area in the 1930s. Mammalian tick-borne virus group Seabird tick-borne virus group The very successful yellow fever 17D vaccine, introduced in 1937, produced dramatic reductions in epidemic activity. Effective inactivated Japanese encephalitis and Tick-borne encephalitis vaccines were introduced in the middle of the 20th century. Unacceptable adverse events have prompted change from a mouse-brain inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine to safer and

neg: Mosquito-borne disease Mosquito-borne disease Mosquito-borne diseases or mosquito-borne illnesses are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. They can transmit disease without being affected themselves. Nearly 700 million people get a mosquito-borne illness each year resulting in over one million deaths. Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include: malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, chikungunya, yellow fever, filariasis, tularemia, dirofilariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ross River fever, Barmah Forest fever, La Crosse encephalitis, and Zika fever. as well as newly detected Keystone virus. The female mosquito of the genus "Anopheles" carry the

neg: Powassan encephalitis disease is a zoonosis, an animal disease, usually found in rodents and ticks, with spillover transmission to humans. The virus is antigenically related to the Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis viruses. Symptoms manifest within 7–10 days and include fever, headache, partial paralysis, confusion, nausea and even coma. There is currently no established treatment. Half of all cases results in permanent neurological damage and 10-15% result in death. Powassan encephalitis Powassan encephalitis, caused by the Powassan virus (POWV), a flavivirus also known as the deer tick virus, is a form of arbovirus infection that results from tick bites. It can occur as

neg: Dengue fever the same genus include yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus. Most are transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes or ticks), and are therefore also referred to as arboviruses ("ar"thropod-"bo"rne viruses). The dengue virus genome (genetic material) contains about 11,000 nucleotide bases, which code for the three different types of protein molecules (C, prM and E) that form the virus particle and seven other non-structural protein molecules (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5) that are found in infected host cells only

neg: Rocio viral encephalitis highlights the potential for arboviruses to cause severe problems far from their source enzootic foci. The causative Rocio virus belongs to the genus "Flavivirus" (the same genus as the Zika virus) in family Flaviviridae and is closely related serologically to Ilhéus, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses. During 1975 and 1976, Rocio virus was responsible for several epidemics of meningoencephalitis in coastal communities in southern São Paulo, Brazil. The outbreaks affected over 1,000 people and killed about 10% of those infected, but apparently responded well to treatment for viral encephalitides. The disease progresses rapidly after onset,

neg: Mosquito-borne disease mostly by "Aedes aegypti" mosquitoes. Other viral diseases like epidemic polyarthritis, Rift Valley fever, Ross River fever, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis, La Crosse encephalitis and several other encephalitic diseases are carried by several different mosquitoes. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and Western equine encephalitis (WEE) occurs in the United States where it causes disease in humans, horses, and some bird species. Because of the high mortality rate, EEE and WEE are regarded as two of the most serious mosquito-borne diseases in the United States. Symptoms range from mild flu-like illness to encephalitis, coma and death. Viruses carried

neg: Japanese encephalitis of protection is unknown, but because there is no firm evidence for protection beyond three years, boosters are recommended every three years for people who remain at risk. Furthermore, there is also no data available regarding the interchangeability of other JE vaccines and IXIARO. In September 2012 the Indian firm Biological E. Limited has launched an inactivated cell culture derived vaccine based on SA 14-14-2 strain which was developed in a technology transfer agreement with Intercell and is a thiomersal-free vaccine. There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis and treatment is supportive, with assistance given for feeding, breathing or

neg: Gamasoidosis used as ear drops and for infected wax to removed by a professional. Ineffective and often prolonged attempts to eradicate infestations commonly result in economic issues, due to a significant financial outlay when patients relocate and/or attempt to control these infestations. "D. gallinae" poses a significant threat to public health as the mite may be vector/reservoir of zoonotic pathogens, such as "Chlamydia psittaci", "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae", "Salmonella spp"., "Lyme disease", "Mycobacterium spp"., "Coxiella burnetii", "Bartonella spp"., "Borrelia burgdorferi", "Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus", "Eastern equine encephalitis virus", and "Fowlpox virus". Gamasoidosis Gamasoidosis (also known as acariasis, avian-mite dermatitis or bird-mite dermatitis) is

neg: Japanese encephalitis lability and hemiparesis may occur in those who have had central nervous system involvement. In known cases, some effects also include nausea, headache, fever, vomiting and sometimes swelling of the testicles. Increased microglial activation following Japanese Encephalitis infection has been found to influence the outcome of viral pathogenesis. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and have a critical role in host defense against invading microorganisms. Activated microglia secrete cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which can cause toxic effects in the brain. Additionally, other soluble factors such as neurotoxins,

neg: Saint Louis encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis is a disease caused by the mosquito borne Saint Louis encephalitis virus. Saint Louis encephalitis virus is related to Japanese encephalitis virus and is a member of the Flaviviridae subgroup. This disease mainly affects the United States. Occasional cases have been reported from Canada and Mexico. The majority of infections result in mild illness, including fever and headache. When infection is more severe the person may experience headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions and spastic paralysis. Fatality ranges from . Aged people are more likely to have a fatal

neg: Tom Solomon (neurologist) Tom Solomon (neurologist) Tom Solomon FRCP is Professor of Neurology, Director of the Institute of Infection and Global Health at the University of Liverpool, and Director of the National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections. He is a specialist in the study of emerging viruses, especially those which infect the brain. He heads the Liverpool Brain Infections Group, which studies encephalitis (inflammation and swelling of the brain), particularly Japanese encephalitis, enterovirus 71 and other brain infections such as meningitis. His science communication work as the "Running Mad Professor" raises awareness of emerging brain

neg: Saint Louis encephalitis then in white mice. Saint Louis encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis is a disease caused by the mosquito borne Saint Louis encephalitis virus. Saint Louis encephalitis virus is related to Japanese encephalitis virus and is a member of the Flaviviridae subgroup. This disease mainly affects the United States. Occasional cases have been reported from Canada and Mexico. The majority of infections result in mild illness, including fever and headache. When infection is more severe the person may experience headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions and spastic paralysis. Fatality ranges from . Aged people are more likely

neg: Culex Culex Culex is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis, but also filariasis and avian malaria. They occur worldwide except for the extreme northern parts of the temperate zone, and are the most common form of mosquito encountered in some major US cities such as Los Angeles. In naming this genus, Carl Linnaeus appropriated the nonspecific Latin term for a midge or gnat: "". Depending on

neg: Herpesviral encephalitis encephalitis should be treated with acyclovir immediately while waiting for test results. HSE is thought to be caused by the transmission of virus from a peripheral site on the face following HSV-1 reactivation, along a nerve axon, to the brain. The virus lies dormant in the ganglion of the trigeminal cranial nerve, but the reason for reactivation, and its pathway to gain access to the brain, remains unclear, though changes in the immune system caused by stress clearly play a role in animal models of the disease. The olfactory nerve may also be involved in HSE, which may explain its

neg: Japanese encephalitis 26 days. The vast majority of infections are asymptomatic: only 1 in 250 infections develop into encephalitis. Severe rigors may mark the onset of this disease in humans. Fever, headache and malaise are other non-specific symptoms of this disease which may last for a period of between 1 and 6 days. Signs which develop during the acute encephalitic stage include neck rigidity, cachexia, hemiparesis, convulsions and a raised body temperature between . Mental retardation is usually developed. Mortality of this disease varies but is generally higher in children. Transplacental spread has been noted. Lifelong neurological defects such as deafness, emotional

neg: Natural reservoir Natural reservoir In infectious disease ecology and epidemiology, a natural reservoir, also known as a disease reservoir or a reservoir of infection, is the population of organisms or the specific environment in which an infectious pathogen naturally lives and reproduces, or upon which the pathogen primarily depends for its survival. A reservoir is usually a living host of a certain species, such as an animal or a plant, inside of which a pathogen survives, often (though not always) without causing disease for the reservoir itself. By some definitions a reservoir may also be an environment external to an organism, such

neg: Action for Dolphins the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) in Switzerland. The legal action argued WAZA should stop endorsing members involved in dolphin hunting and other acts of animal cruelty, as this endorsement contradicted the association's code of ethics. Within a month of the campaign launch, AFD's petition mobilised tens of thousands of people worldwide. As a result, WAZA suspended the membership of its Japanese member, the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA), which allowed member aquariums to purchase dolphins from the Taiji drive hunts. A few weeks later, all Japanese aquariums in the WAZA network agreed to stop purchasing

neg: Mission Indradhanush Mission Indradhanush Mission Indradhanush is a health mission of the government of India. It was launched by Union Health Minister J. P. Nadda on 25 December 2014. It aims to immunize all children under the age of 2 years, as well as all pregnant women, against seven vaccine preventable diseases. The diseases being targeted are diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, measles and Hepatitis B. In addition to these, vaccines for Japanese encephalitis and Haemophilus influenzae type B are also being provided in selected states. In 2016, four new additions have been made namely Rubella, Japanese Encephalitis, Injectable Polio Vaccine

neg: Japanese encephalitis vaccine, which is both safe and effective. Other measures include avoiding mosquito bites. Once infected there is no specific treatment, with care being supportive. This is generally carried out in hospital. Permanent problems occur in up to half of people who recover from JE. The disease occurs in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. About 3 billion people live in areas where the disease occurs. About 68,000 symptomatic cases occur a year with about 17,000 deaths. Often cases occur in outbreaks. The disease was first described in 1871. The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has an incubation period of 2 to

neg: Myelitis is acute, but the retroviruses (such as HIV and HTLV) can cause chronic myelitis. Poliomyelitis, or gray matter myelitis, is usually caused by infection of anterior horn of the spinal cord by the enteroviruses (polioviruses, enteroviruses (EV) 70 and 71, echoviruses, coxsackieviruses A and B) and the flaviviruses (West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis). On the other hand, transverse myelitis or leukomyelitis, or white matter myelitis, are often caused by the herpesviruses and influenza virus. It can be due to direct viral invasion or via immune mediated mechanisms. Bacterial myelitis includes "Mycoplasma Pneumoniae", which is a common agent for respiratory

neg: Japanese encephalitis vaccine States it costs between 100 and 200 USD for a course of immunizations. Randomised control trials on JE-VAX have shown that a two-dose schedule provides significant protection for one year. Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s. One of them was an inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine (the Nakayama and/or Beijing-1 strain), made by BIKEN and marketed by Sanofi Pasteur as JE-VAX, until production ceased in 2005. The other was an inactivated vaccine cultivated on primary hamster kidney cells (the Beijing-3 strain). The Beijing-3 strain was the main variant of the vaccine used in the People's Republic of China

neg: Natural reservoir for a broad spectrum of RNA viruses, the viral group that most often jumps from animals to humans." Natural reservoir In infectious disease ecology and epidemiology, a natural reservoir, also known as a disease reservoir or a reservoir of infection, is the population of organisms or the specific environment in which an infectious pathogen naturally lives and reproduces, or upon which the pathogen primarily depends for its survival. A reservoir is usually a living host of a certain species, such as an animal or a plant, inside of which a pathogen survives, often (though not always) without causing disease for

neg: Japanese encephalitis vaccine from 1968 until 2005. Three second-generation vaccines have entered markets since then: SA14-14-2, IC51 and ChimeriVax-JE. The live-attenuated SA14-14-2 strain was introduced in China in 1988. It is much cheaper than alternative vaccines, and is administered to 20 million Chinese children each year. A purified, formalin-inactivated, wholevirus vaccine known as IC51 (marketed in Australia and New Zealand as JESPECT and elsewhere as IXIARO) was licensed for use in the United States, Australia, and Europe during the spring of 2009. It is based on a SA14-14-2 strain and cultivated in Vero cells. Another vaccine, a live-attenuated yellow fever-Japanese encephalitis chimeric vaccine

neg: Liao ning virus disease in humans, but it has been investigated as a cause of encephalitis in regions of China that experience seasonal encephalitis but are not affected by Japanese encephalitis. In mice, reinfection, or being infected again shortly after recovering from an initial infection, causes lethal hemorrhaging. The exact reason for this is unknown, but it does not appear to be related to any antibody-facilitating effect. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the VP10 of both serotypes and a real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based on genome segments 10 and 12 have been developed to identify and conduct

neg: Léon Rostan was different from encephalitis and apoplexy. His findings were harshly criticised by followers of Broussais' teachings on physiological medicine, who claimed that brain softenings were the result of an inflammation process, and therefore should be depicted as encephalitis. He also did extensive research of animal magnetism and somnambulism, and wrote a treatise on charlatanism for his graduate thesis. Rostan performed early studies on the classification of body types, using descriptive terms such as respiratory-cerebral, muscular and digestive in his analysis. In 1845, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Léon Rostan Léon Louis Rostan

neg: Tom Solomon (neurologist) Great Lives he discussed the children’s author Roald Dahl, whose fascination with medical science impacted both on his life and his writing. Tom Solomon (neurologist) Tom Solomon FRCP is Professor of Neurology, Director of the Institute of Infection and Global Health at the University of Liverpool, and Director of the National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections. He is a specialist in the study of emerging viruses, especially those which infect the brain. He heads the Liverpool Brain Infections Group, which studies encephalitis (inflammation and swelling of the brain), particularly Japanese encephalitis, enterovirus

neg: Hematophagy sweat components, CO, heat, light, movement, etc. The phlebotomic action opens a channel for contamination of the host species with bacteria, viruses and blood-borne parasites contained in the hematophagous organism. Thus, many animal and human infectious diseases are transmitted by hematophagous species, such as the bubonic plague, Chagas disease, dengue fever, eastern equine encephalitis, filariasis, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, malaria, rabies, sleeping sickness, St. Louis encephalitis, tularemia, typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, West Nile fever, Zika fever, and many others. Insects and arachnids of medical importance for being hematophagous, at least in some species, include the sandfly, blackfly, tsetse fly, bedbug,

neg: Western equine encephalitis virus that had been dead for some time and needed samples from an animal in the earlier stages of disease. When the team heard of a horse that appeared to have encephalitis, its owner threatened to shoot the scientists. However Meyer was able to convince the farmer's wife that the horse was dying anyway, and to secretly signal him when the farmer was asleep in exchange for $20 (as this was during the Great Depression, this was a substantial amount of money). Meyer and his colleagues hid in the bushes until the signal, euthanized the horse and stole its head. They

neg: Japanese encephalitis into the inside of the cell. The genome also encodes several nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, N4a, NS4b, NS5). NS1 is produced as secretory form also. NS3 is a putative helicase, and NS5 is the viral polymerase. It has been noted that Japanese encephalitis infects the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and rapidly accumulates substantial amounts of viral proteins. Based on the envelope gene, there are five genotypes (I–V). The Muar strain, isolated from a patient in Malaya in 1952, is the prototype strain of genotype V. Genotype IV appears to be the ancestral strain, and the virus

neg: Culex vishnui Culex vishnui Culex vishnui is a mosquito belonging to the Culicidae family. It is the most common vector (carrier) of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Sarawak. The "Culex vishnui Theobald" mosquito species belongs to a sub-type that also includes two other carriers of the Japanese encephalitis virus - "Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles" and "Culex pseudovishnui Colless". Since the females of these different species are difficult to morphologically distinguish from one another, an rDNA based diagnostic PCR is used for identification. Morphological identification of multiple JEV carrier mosquitoes including Cx. vishnui are based on identifying specific

neg: Japanese encephalitis and Malaysia. Japanese encephalitis has been reported in the Torres Strait Islands and two fatal cases were reported in mainland northern Australia in 1998. There were reported cases in Kachin State, Myanmar in 2013. The spread of the virus in Australia is of particular concern to Australian health officials due to the unplanned introduction of "Culex gelidus", a potential vector of the virus, from Asia. However, the current presence on mainland Australia is minimal. There had been 116 deaths reported in Odisha's backward Malkangiri district of India in 2016. Human, cattle, and horses are dead-end hosts as the disease manifests

neg: Japanese encephalitis vaccine those who are pregnant an inactivated vaccine should be used. Immunization of travellers who plan to spend time outdoors in areas where the disease is common is recommended. The vaccines are relatively safe. Pain and redness may occur at the site of injection. As of 2015, 15 different vaccines are available: some are based on recombinant DNA techniques, others weakened virus, and others inactivated virus. The Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. In the United

neg: Acute HME syndrome state government to investigate into the death of approximately 100 children in Malkangiri district that occurred since September 2015. The deaths were suspected to have occurred due to Japanese encephalitis. In its interim report, the panel indicated that anthraquinone, a toxin found in the ‘bada chakunda’ (Cassia occidentalis) plant was identified in the urine sample of 5 deceased children thus indicating that some of the children may have died of Encephalopathy, which is caused due to consumption of the plant. At the end of four years, it was concluded that the disease was not encephalitis as so far believed but

neg: Seadornavirus routes are zoonosis and bite. Seadornavirus Seadornavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Reoviridae, in the subfamily Sedoreovirinae. Human, cattle, pig, and mosquitoes serve as natural hosts. There are three species of viruses in this genus: type species: "Banna virus" (BAV), "Kadipiro virus" and "Liao ning virus". Each of these viruses has been isolated from "Aedes", "Anopheles" and "Culex" mosquito populations, but only BAV has been shown to cause infection in humans, in which the symptoms are similar to Japanese encephalitis—fever, malaise and encephalitis. The word "seadornavirus" is an acronym, meaning Southeast Asian dodeca RNA virus. Group: dsRNA

neg: Seadornavirus Seadornavirus Seadornavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Reoviridae, in the subfamily Sedoreovirinae. Human, cattle, pig, and mosquitoes serve as natural hosts. There are three species of viruses in this genus: type species: "Banna virus" (BAV), "Kadipiro virus" and "Liao ning virus". Each of these viruses has been isolated from "Aedes", "Anopheles" and "Culex" mosquito populations, but only BAV has been shown to cause infection in humans, in which the symptoms are similar to Japanese encephalitis—fever, malaise and encephalitis. The word "seadornavirus" is an acronym, meaning Southeast Asian dodeca RNA virus. Group: dsRNA Viruses in Seadornavirus are non-enveloped,

neg: Japanese encephalitis appears to have evolved in the Indonesian–Malaysian region. The first clinical reports date from 1870, but the virus appears to have evolved in the mid-16th century. Over sixty complete genomes of this virus had been sequenced by 2010. Japanese encephalitis is diagnosed by commercially available tests detecting JE virus-specific IgM antibodies in serum and /or cerebrospinal fluid, for example by IgM capture ELISA. JE virus IgM antibodies are usually detectable 3 to 8 days after onset of illness and persist for 30 to 90 days, but longer persistence has been documented. Therefore, positive IgM antibodies occasionally may reflect a past

neg: Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center 9066, which authorized the eviction and confinement of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast during World War II. 3,676 people of Japanese descent were confined in the hastily converted animal corrals for a period of five months, while they awaited transfer to more permanent camps in California, Idaho and Wyoming. "Torii Gate", an installation piece by Portland artist Valerie Otani, acts as a memorial honoring the people held at the Portland Assembly Center in 1942. For three months in the summer of 1959, the Oregon Centennial Exposition was held at the site. Among various attractions, the centennial exposition featured

neg: Poondi reservoir Poondi reservoir Poondi Lake or Sathyamoorthy reservoir is the reservoir across Kotralai River in Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu State. It acts as the important water source for Chennai city which is 60 km away. Poondi Reservoir (later named as Sathyamoorthy Sagar) was constructed in 1944 across the Kosathalaiyar River or Kotralai River in Thiruvallur district with a capacity of 2573 Mcft and placed in service for intercepting and storing Kosathalaiyar River water. Surplus water flows down the river which is again intercepted by Tamaraipakkam Anicut and diverted to Sholavaram Lake and Puzhal lake. (A lined canal known as Poondi

neg: Japanese encephalitis infection or vaccination. Serum collected within 10 days of illness onset may not have detectable IgM, and the test should be repeated on a convalescent sample. For patients with JE virus IgM antibodies, confirmatory neutralizing antibody testing should be performed. Confirmatory testing in the US is only available at CDC and a few specialized reference laboratories. In fatal cases, nucleic acid amplification, and virus culture of autopsy tissues can be useful. Viral antigen can be shown in tissues by indirect fluorescent antibody staining. Infection with Japanese encephalitis confers lifelong immunity. There are currently three vaccines available: SA14-14-2, IC51 (marketed in

neg: Poondi reservoir and outflow of water ever seen before on 3 December 2015. Poondi reservoir Poondi Lake or Sathyamoorthy reservoir is the reservoir across Kotralai River in Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu State. It acts as the important water source for Chennai city which is 60 km away. Poondi Reservoir (later named as Sathyamoorthy Sagar) was constructed in 1944 across the Kosathalaiyar River or Kotralai River in Thiruvallur district with a capacity of 2573 Mcft and placed in service for intercepting and storing Kosathalaiyar River water. Surplus water flows down the river which is again intercepted by Tamaraipakkam Anicut and diverted to

neg: Natural reservoir particular serve as the reservoir host for Nipah virus (NiV). Rats are known to be the reservoir hosts for a number of zoonotic diseases. Norway rats were found to be infested with the lyme disease spirochetes. In Mexico, rats are known carriers of "Trypanosoma cruzi", which causes Chagas disease. White footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) are one of the most important animal reservoirs for the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi). Deer mice serve as reservoir hosts for Sin Nombre virus, which causes Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS). The Zika virus originated from monkeys in AfricaIn São José do Rio Preto and Belo

neg: Culex annulirostris and birds. Only the female feeds on blood as it needs to consume protein to help in reproducing. The male drinks nectar. It is an important vector for a number of arboviruses, including Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, Kunjin virus and Japanese encephalitis, as well as dog heartworm and the roundworm "Wuchereria bancrofti" in New Guinea. There is evidence it carries myxomatosis. Culex annulirostris Culex annulirostris, commonly known as the common banded mosquito, is an insect native to Australia, Fiji, Micronesia, the Philippines and Indonesia. It is regarded as a serious pest species throughout its

neg: Highlands J virus and one cotton rat with antibodies to HJ, both asymptomatic. The sole mammalian fatality attributed to HJ was a Florida horse originally diagnosed with Western equine encephalitis in 1964, which was later redetermined in 1989 to have been caused by HJ. Despite its negligible virulence in humans, it is often tested for in US domestic mosquito control programs as an indicator of fruitful conditions for other mosquito-borne zoonoses to multiply. Highlands J virus The Highlands J (HJ) virus is a zoonotic alphavirus native to North and South America. It maintains a natural reservoir in the songbird population of freshwater swamps

neg: World Encephalitis Day Daisy Solomon, the daughter of Professor Tom Solomon, the director of the institute and chair of The Society's Professional Advisory Committee. This day also acted as the launch date for the charity The Eden Dora Trust for Children with Encephalitis The focus of World Encephalitis Day 2015 was to improve early diagnosis and treatment of encephalitis. Webinars hosted by leading experts in encephalitis were live streamed across five continents – each of which focused on a different form of encephalitis. Support came from Olympic swimmer Rebecca Adlington who shared her sister's story and ended with a concert featuring Britain’s Got

neg: Encephalitis of encephalitis. It can be caused by a bacterial infection, such as bacterial meningitis, or may be a complication of a current infectious disease syphilis (secondary encephalitis). Certain parasitic or protozoal infestations, such as toxoplasmosis, malaria, or primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, can also cause encephalitis in people with compromised immune systems. Lyme disease or "Bartonella henselae" may also cause encephalitis. Other bacterial pathogens, like "Mycoplasma" and those causing rickettsial disease, cause inflammation of the meninges and consequently encephalitis. A non-infectious cause includes acute disseminated encephalitis which is demyelinated. Limbic encephalitis refers to inflammatory disease confined to the limbic system of the

neg: Tom Solomon (neurologist) and other viral brain infections, which can sometimes cause dual infection with malaria. In the UK he works on the causes of encephalitis, and other brain infections, and improving patient care. He led the development of National Guidelines for Managing Patients with Encephalitis, and coordinates the Brain Infections UK portfolio of research studies on different central nervous system infections including meningitis, encephalitis and HIV. As the "Running Mad Professor" he has increased awareness of encephalitis, whilst also helping to raise hundreds of thousands of pounds for the Encephalitis Society, for which he Chairs the Professional Advisory Panel. At the 2010

neg: The Encephalitis Society The Encephalitis Society Encephalitis Society is a UK registered charity with worldwide reach which provides support and information for those affected and collaborates on research into encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain. The charity's vision is a world aware of encephalitis, its consequences and the support available. The Encephalitis Society provides support to individuals and families whose lives have been touched by encephalitis. The Society offers comprehensive and accredited information about the signs, symptoms and causes of encephalitis in children and adults and the outcomes of this devastating condition. The Encephalitis Society promotes and collaborates research into all aspects of

neg: Japanese encephalitis excitatory neurotransmitters, prostaglandin, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species are secreted by activated microglia. In a murine model of JE, it was found that in the hippocampus and the striatum, the number of activated microglia was more than anywhere else in the brain closely followed by that in the thalamus. In the cortex, the number of activated microglia was significantly less when compared with other regions of the mouse brain. An overall induction of differential expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from different brain regions during a progressive Japanese Encephalitis infection was also observed. Although the net effect of the proinflammatory

neg: Culex vishnui features of the legs, abdomen, palpi, wings, proboscises, and tarsi. The identification of "Cx. vishnui" is confirmed by verifying that the "anterior surface of hindfemur with pale stripe does not contrast with dark scaled area". Culex vishnui Culex vishnui is a mosquito belonging to the Culicidae family. It is the most common vector (carrier) of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Sarawak. The "Culex vishnui Theobald" mosquito species belongs to a sub-type that also includes two other carriers of the Japanese encephalitis virus - "Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles" and "Culex pseudovishnui Colless". Since the females of

neg: Flit gun which acts as a reservoir for liquid insecticide, this reservoir being set at 90 degrees to the pneumatic tube. In early versions, the reservoir is permanently secured to the pump and equipped with a removable, gasketed screw cap for filling. In later, improved versions, the insecticide reservoir is secured to the pump with a coarse screw fitting and a seal of cork composite or gasket paper, so that it can readily be unscrewed for filling. A siphon tube extends from the pump cylinder downward into the reservoir and the upper end of the siphon is positioned in front of a

neg: The Encephalitis Society global volunteer scheme called Team Encephalitis. The Society has a comprehensive resource of evidence-based, peer reviewed, award-winning and accredited information comprising factsheets, books, booklets, leaflets, DVDs and newsletters, available in both hard copy and electronically. Awareness of encephalitis is raised through events such as World Encephalitis Day which was founded by the Society in 2014 and through fundraising events. The Society collaborates and funds research into encephalitis and its consequences and holds an annual conference on the condition as well as annual competitions and travel bursaries for medical students and junior physicians. The charity works in partnership with other neurological

neg: Coronavirus colonies of laboratory mice. A HKU2-related bat corona virus called SADS-CoV causes diarrhea in pigs. Prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV, MHV had been the best-studied coronavirus both "in vivo" and "in vitro" as well as at the molecular level. Some strains of MHV cause a progressive demyelinating encephalitis in mice which has been used as a murine model for multiple sclerosis. Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the viral pathogenesis of these animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic diseases. Replication of Coronavirus begins with entry to the cell which takes place in the

neg: Flavivirus New World dengue strains diverged between 150 and 450 years ago. The European and Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis strains diverged about 1087 (1610–649) years ago. European tick-borne encephalitis and louping ill viruses diverged about 572 (844–328) years ago. This latter estimate is consistent with historical records. Kunjin virus diverged from West Nile virus approximately 277 (475–137) years ago. This time corresponds to the settlement of Australia from Europe. The Japanese encephalitis group appears to have evolved in Africa 2000–3000 years ago and then spread initially to South East Asia before migrating to the rest of Asia. Phylogenetic studies of the

neg: Battle of Chosin Reservoir November, with the 20th Corps of the 9th Army relieving the 42nd Corps near Yudami-ni. Chosin Reservoir is a man-made lake located in the northeast of the Korean peninsula. The name Chosin is the Japanese pronunciation of the Korean place name Changjin, and the name stuck due to the outdated Japanese maps used by UN forces. The battle's main focus was around the long road that connects Hungnam and Chosin Reservoir, which served as the only retreat route for the UN forces. Through these roads, Yudami-ni and Sinhung-ni, located at the west and east side of the reservoir respectively, are

neg: Cherry X Disease for vectors. For Cherry X disease there are two types of hosts for the phytoplasma, reservoir and non-reservoir hosts. Reservoir hosts can survive for long periods while being infected with the disease. This allows them to be a constant food source for the leafhoppers which act to vector the phytoplasma from these hosts to other hosts in the area. Choke cherry is the most common reservoir host and a favorite food for the cherry leafhoppers. Other reservoir hosts include clovers and dandelions. Sweet/sour cherries, as well as almonds and Japanese plums are all fruit tree reservoir hosts for the Cherry

neg: Universal Immunization Programme in UIP through the way are inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), rotavirus vaccine (RVV) ,Measles-Rubella vaccine (MR). Four new vaccines have been introduced into the country’s Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP), including injectable polio vaccine, an adult vaccine against Japanese Encephalitis and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Vaccines against rotavirus, rubella and polio (injectable) will help the country meet its Millennium Development Goals 4 targets that include reducing child mortality by two-thirds by 2015, besides meeting meet global polio eradication targets. An adult vaccine against Japanese encephalitis will also be introduced in districts with high levels of the disease. The recommendations to introduce these

neg: Natural reservoir divided into three main types: human, animal (non-human), and environmental. "Human reservoirs" are human beings infected by pathogens that exist on or within the human body. Poliomyelitis and smallpox exist exclusively within a human reservoir. Humans can act as reservoirs for sexually transmitted diseases, measles, mumps, streptococcal infection, various respiratory pathogens, and the smallpox virus. Animal (non-human) reservoirs consist of domesticated and wild animals infected by pathogens. For example, the bacterium "Vibrio cholerae", which causes cholera in humans, has natural reservoirs in copepods, zooplankton, and shellfish. Parasitic blood-flukes of the genus "Schistosoma", responsible for schistosomiasis, spend part of their lives

neg: Jeedipalli Reservoir Jeedipalli Reservoir Jeedipalli reservoir is an irrigation project located in Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh, India. It receives water from Handri-Neeva canal which draws water from Srisailam reservoir. It is located in Jeedipalli village of Beluguppa mandal. The project was started as a part of the Jalayagnam program. It was inaugurated on 29 November 2012 by Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Kiran Kumar Reddy. It is located near Jeedipalli village of Beluguppa mandal. The reservoir with gross storage capacity of 1.7 tmcft is located in Penna River basin. This reservoir acts as balancing reservoir to supply Krishna river water in

neg: MK-608 MK-608 MK-608 (7-deaza-2’-C-methyladenosine, 7DMA) is an antiviral drug, an adenosine analog (a type of nucleoside analog). It was originally developed by Merck & Co. as a treatment for hepatitis C, but despite promising results in animal studies, it was ultimately unsuccessful in clinical trials. Subsequently it has been widely used in antiviral research and has shown activity against a range of viruses, including Dengue fever, tick-borne encephalitis virus, poliovirus, and most recently Zika virus, in both "in vitro" and animal models. Since it has already failed in human clinical trials previously, it is unlikely MK-608 itself will be developed as

neg: Rabies virus has been shown. P also acts as an interferon antagonist, thus decreasing the immune response of the host. From the CNS, the virus further spreads to other organs. The salivary glands located in the tissues of the mouth and cheeks receive high concentrations of the virus, thus allowing it to be further transmitted due to projectile salivation. Fatality can occur from two days to five years from the time of initial infection. This however depends largely on the species of animal acting as a reservoir. Most infected mammals die within weeks, while strains of a species such as the African

neg: Yellow-necked mouse tail is readily detachable and slides off if grasped by a predator. It has been found that the yellow-necked mouse can transmit the virus causing tick-borne encephalitis while being immune to the virus itself. It has also been found that the yellow-necked mouse together with the striped field mouse ("Apodemus agrarius") are the natural reservoir for a Orthohantavirus, the Dobrava virus, which causes a severe form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. The yellow-necked mouse has a very wide range and is common in suitable habitat within that range. In Eastern Europe, densities of up to a hundred

neg: Highlands J virus Highlands J virus The Highlands J (HJ) virus is a zoonotic alphavirus native to North and South America. It maintains a natural reservoir in the songbird population of freshwater swamps (generally scrub jays and blue jays) and is transmitted by the bite of the female "Culiseta melanura" mosquito. Though nearly identical in structure and natural cycle to the Eastern equine encephalitis virus, it is considerably less virulent than its cousin, causing relatively mild symptoms in its primary avian reservoir and only nominally capable of transmission to mammals. A 1995 study conducted in Florida swampland found that 15% of swamp-dwelling jays

neg: California encephalitis virus California encephalitis virus California encephalitis virus was discovered in Kern County, California and causes encephalitis in humans. Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that can cause minor symptoms, such as headaches, to more severe symptoms such as seizures. Mosquitoes serve as its carrier and for this reason this virus is known as an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus). California encephalitis virus belongs to the "Bunyaviridae" family of viruses. The La Crosse Virus from the same genus is also a common cause of encephalitis in the United States. Other viruses with similar disease symptoms but genetically unrelated include: St. Louis Encephalitis

neg: Karl Friedrich Meyer to a group of viruses carried by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes belong to the ‘animal family’ (technically a ‘phylum’) called arthropods; hence the viruses carried by them are "ar"thropod-"bo"rne. Different arboviruses may cause diverse diseases. Here, we summarize examples of Meyer’s outstanding discoveries in this area. In the early 1930s, thousands of horses in California suffered and died from a paralytic disease, later called western equine encephalitis. Meyer proved that it was of viral origin. Later it became clear that the virus can also infect humans causing encephalitis, sometimes with deadly complications. – Meyer and his colleagues at the Hooper later demonstrated

neg: Barker Reservoir Barker Reservoir Barker Reservoir is a flood control structure in Houston, Texas which prevents downstream flooding of Buffalo Bayou, the city's principal river. The reservoir operates in conjunction with Addicks Reservoir to the northeast, which impounds Mayde and Bear Creeks, two tributaries of the Buffalo. Both reservoirs were authorized under the Rivers and Harbors Act of June 20, 1938, which were modified by the Flood Control Acts of August 11, 1938; September 3, 1954; and October 27, 1965. George Bush Park, operated by Harris County, is located entirely within the reservoir. Houston annexed the Addicks area in 1972. Barker Reservoir

neg: California encephalitis virus viruses that are now categorized as the "California serogroup". From 1996 to 1998, approximately three times as many reported human cases of arboviral encephalitis were caused by California serogroup viruses than were reported for western equine encephalomyelitis viruses, St. Louis encephalitis, and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses combined. California encephalitis virus California encephalitis virus was discovered in Kern County, California and causes encephalitis in humans. Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that can cause minor symptoms, such as headaches, to more severe symptoms such as seizures. Mosquitoes serve as its carrier and for this reason this virus is known

neg: Balantidiasis Philippines, where it is the most common, was reported in 1904. Currently, "Balantidium coli" is distributed worldwide but less than 1% of the human population is infected. Pigs are a major reservoir of the parasite, and infection of humans occurs more frequently in areas where pigs comingle with people. This includes places like the Philippines, as previously mentioned, but also includes countries such as Bolivia and Papua New Guinea. But pigs are not the only animal where the parasite is found. For example, Balantidium coli also has a high rate of incidence in rats. In a Japanese study that analyzed

neg: Mouse hepatitis virus animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic diseases. Mouse hepatitis virus Mouse hepatitis virus is a virus of the family "Coronaviridae", genus "Betacoronavirus". The "Murine coronavirus", Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), is a coronavirus that causes an epidemic murine illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory mice. Prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV, MHV had been the best-studied coronavirus both "in vivo" and "in vitro" as well as at the molecular level. Some strains of MHV cause a progressive demyelinating encephalitis in mice which has been used as a murine model for multiple sclerosis. Significant research

neg: Horace Hodes from measles encephalitis. While stationed in Guam with the U.S. Navy in World War II, he discovered that the Japanese encephalitis virus was spread by mosquitoes. Hodes continued working in Baltimore after World War II, and started teaching at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and School of Hygiene, as well as the University of Maryland School of Medicine. In 1949, Hodes moved to New York City to become the chief of pediatrics at Mount Sinai Hospital. There, he studied poliovirus and was involved in the development of the polio vaccine. He established the Jack Martin Polio Respirator Center at

neg: Encephalitis lethargica a 1990 film starring Robin Williams and Robert De Niro which is the dramatization of real-life neurologist Oliver Sacks' work with encephalitis lethargica patients. The plot of "Cemetery of Splendour", a 2015 film by Apichatpong Weerasethakul, revolves around soldiers stricken with an epidemic of sleeping sickness. In 1987, US noise rock band Big Black recorded a song about the 1920s encephalitis lethargica epidemic called "L Dopa" on their album Songs About Fucking. Encephalitis lethargica Encephalitis lethargica is an atypical form of encephalitis. Also known as "sleeping sickness" or "sleepy sickness" (distinct from tsetse fly-transmitted sleeping sickness), it was first described

neg: Reservoir fluids phase and free gases will be different. Reservoir fluids In petroleum science, reservoir fluids are the fluids mixture contained within the petroleum reservoir which technically are placed in the reservoir rock. Reservoir fluids normally include liquid hydrocarbon (mainly Crude oil), aqueous solutions with dissolved salt, hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases such as methane and hydrogen sulfide respectively. Hydrocarbon liquids such as Crude oil found in oil reservoirs formed in the Earth's crust from the left-over of once-living creatures. Evidence indicates that millions of years of heat and pressure changed the remains of microscopic plant and animal into oil and natural gas.

neg: Reservoir fluids Reservoir fluids In petroleum science, reservoir fluids are the fluids mixture contained within the petroleum reservoir which technically are placed in the reservoir rock. Reservoir fluids normally include liquid hydrocarbon (mainly Crude oil), aqueous solutions with dissolved salt, hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases such as methane and hydrogen sulfide respectively. Hydrocarbon liquids such as Crude oil found in oil reservoirs formed in the Earth's crust from the left-over of once-living creatures. Evidence indicates that millions of years of heat and pressure changed the remains of microscopic plant and animal into oil and natural gas. Accumulations of hydrocarbons are invariably associated with

neg: Upper Peirce Reservoir Park Upper Peirce Reservoir Park Upper Peirce Reservoir Park is a serene and tranquil 5 hectares park nestled just next to the Upper Peirce Reservoir. The reservoir, together with the MacRitchie Reservoir, the Lower Peirce Reservoir and the Upper Seletar Reservoir, bound the Central Catchment Nature Reserve. The nature reserve acts as a water catchment for the reservoirs in the area. Due to increasing demand for water in the 1960s and to increase the capacity of Peirce Reservoir, a higher dam was constructed upstream of the existing dam at Peirce Reservoir in 1970. In 1975, Upper Peirce Reservoir was completed and

neg: Paleru Paleru Paleru is a tributary of the Krishna river which joins the main river near Mukteswarapuram in Jaggayyapeta mandal of Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh. During the Nizam rule, a reservoir was constructed on the river at Paleru town, Kusumanchi. Hundreds of acres are irrigated with the help of this reservoir. Paleru reservoir acts as a balancing reservoir to the Nagarjunasagar left canal. Paleru town is located on the Khammam to Suryapet road in Kusumanchi, under sub division of Khammam district. The Palair village has population of 5143 of which 2625 are males while 2518 are females as per Population

neg: Reservoir, Victoria Reservoir were Italian 17.1%, Australian 14.8%, English 13.9%, Greek 6.3% and Irish 5.1%. 55.9% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were Italy 8.2%, India 4.4%, China (excludes SARs and Taiwan) 3.2%, Greece 3.0% and Vietnam 1.8%. The area is serviced by four railway stations on the Mernda railway line: Reservoir, Regent, Keon Park, and Ruthven. The Victorian Labor Government has announced that it will build a suburban rail loop, which will include a station at Reservoir. Reservoir station acts a bus hub for many of the Reservoir bus routes. Two tram lines service the

neg: Oryzomys couesi rat, a common cause of hantavirus infections in the United States. No hantavirus infections in humans have been linked to "O. couesi" hantaviruses, however. Chiapas "O. couesi" easily survive experimental infection with several arboviruses, including the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, suggesting that the species may serve as a reservoir for that virus. The IUCN lists "Oryzomys couesi" as "Least Concern", because it is a widely distributed, common species with broad habitat tolerance that occurs in many protected areas. Habitat destruction, such as drainage of wetlands, may threaten some populations. In many areas, it is so common that it is considered

neg: Romidepsin (PTCLs) in June 2011. In 2014, PLOS Pathogens published a study involving romidepsin in a trial designed to reactivate latent HIV virus in order to deplete the HIV reservoir. Latently infected T-cells were exposed in vitro and ex vivo to romidepsin, leading to an increase in detectable levels of cell-associated HIV RNA. The trial also compared the effect of romidepsin to another histone deacetylase inhibitor, Vorinostat A study involving romidepsin in an animal study that showed that a brief treatment with low amounts of romidepsin could reverse social deficits in a mouse model of autism. Romidepsin acts as a prodrug

neg: Galesville Reservoir Galesville Reservoir Galesville Reservoir is a water storage reservoir in Klamath Mountains of Douglas County, Oregon. The dam was completed in October 1986. This reservoir is the outlet of the Upper Cow Creek Watershed, which contains of land. The dam was proposed in a 1966 research document as a water storage dam, with a targeted completion date of 1975. The dam does not include a fish ladder, so it acts as a complete fish passage barrier. 67% of the watershed is owned by the US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management, with 7% owned by the state and county.