query: what is a conscientious objector in the vietnam war

pos: Conscientious objector distinguish between "bona fide" "conscientious objection" and "draft dodging", which they view as evasion of military service without a valid excuse. Conservative Mennonites do not object to serving their country in peaceful alternatives (alternative service) such as hospital work, farming, forestry, road construction and similar occupations. Their objection is in being part in any military capacity whether noncombatant or regular service. During World War II and the Korean, Vietnam war eras they served in many such capacities in alternative I-W service programs initially through the Mennonite Central Committee and now through their own alternatives. Despite the fact that international institutions

neg: William White (conscientious objector) However, he also had objections to the war itself and conscription. It was these words that contributed to the memorable Moratorium Marches of 1970. William White (conscientious objector) William "Bill" White was a Sydney school teacher during the Vietnam War. In July 1966, White defied a notice to report for duty at an army induction centre. White was the first Australian to be a public conscientious objector to the Vietnam War. Both this initial application for total exemption and subsequent appeals were rejected. White was removed from his classroom and ordered to report to Army quarters at Watsons Bay. He

neg: William White (conscientious objector) William White (conscientious objector) William "Bill" White was a Sydney school teacher during the Vietnam War. In July 1966, White defied a notice to report for duty at an army induction centre. White was the first Australian to be a public conscientious objector to the Vietnam War. Both this initial application for total exemption and subsequent appeals were rejected. White was removed from his classroom and ordered to report to Army quarters at Watsons Bay. He refused to comply and waited at home for the authorities to make the next move. This standoff lasted for several days and gained wide

neg: Thomas W. Bennett (conscientious objector) Virginia Birth: Morgantown, West Virginia Born: 7 April 1947 Thomas W. Bennett (conscientious objector) Thomas William Bennett (April 7, 1947 – February 11, 1969) was a U.S. Army medic and the second conscientious objector to receive the Medal of Honor (Desmond Doss, a medic in World War II, was the first). Bennett was killed in action during the Vietnam War and posthumously received the Medal of Honor. Born in Morgantown, West Virginia, Thomas W. Bennett was sociable and deeply religious. He was raised Southern Baptist, but while a student at West Virginia University, he formed the Campus Ecumenical Council during

neg: Thomas W. Bennett (conscientious objector) Thomas W. Bennett (conscientious objector) Thomas William Bennett (April 7, 1947 – February 11, 1969) was a U.S. Army medic and the second conscientious objector to receive the Medal of Honor (Desmond Doss, a medic in World War II, was the first). Bennett was killed in action during the Vietnam War and posthumously received the Medal of Honor. Born in Morgantown, West Virginia, Thomas W. Bennett was sociable and deeply religious. He was raised Southern Baptist, but while a student at West Virginia University, he formed the Campus Ecumenical Council during his freshman year. When he was placed on academic

neg: Conscientious objector Conscription Campaign, an anti-war movement banned in 1988, while others fled into exile and joined the Committee on South African War Resistance. Most lived in a state of internal exile, forced to go underground within the borders of the country until a moratorium on conscription was declared in 1993. Opposition to the Angolan War, "South Africa's Vietnam," was rife in English-speaking campuses, and later the war in the townships became the focus of these groupings. The terminology conscientious objector technically has not existed in Korean dictionary until recently. In fact, significant majority of Korean citizens simply associate conscientious objectors with

neg: Thomas W. Bennett (conscientious objector) probation after the Fall 1967 semester, he considered his options should he lose his academic deferment. Deeply patriotic, but opposed to killing on religious grounds, he opted to enlist as a conscientious objector who was willing to serve. This classification is different from a conscientious objector who will not assist the military in any way. He was trained as a field medic. Bennett arrived in South Vietnam on January 1, 1969, and was assigned to Bravo Company, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. The unit began a series of strenuous patrols in the dense, mountainous terrain.

neg: Simon Townsend Simon Townsend Simon Townsend (born 27 November 1945) is an Australian journalist who became a popular television host during the 1980s. He is now retired. In the mid-1960s whilst living in Woy Woy and working as a columnist for a community paper he became a conscientious objector against the Vietnam War. He gained national prominence on his anti-conscription stance, he said, "I suddenly decided to be a . . . objector to the Vietnam War. I then went to Sydney, I met people, I joined the groups and I read. And suddenly I had an intellectual basis for my objection

neg: Frances Crowe and Amnesty International. In 1967, during the Vietnam War, she worked as a draft counselor, providing counseling to over 2,000 people about applying for conscientious objector status by the war's end. She continues to be an advocate for conscientious objectors. Stating that she cannot pay for killing, she has become a war tax refuser since the beginning of the Iraq War. She is also one of the core members of the Northampton Committee to Stop the War in Iraq and the newly formed Alliance for Peace and Justice, which is a Western MA coalition consisting of individuals and organizations. The

neg: The Conscientious Objector includes: The Conscientious Objector The Conscientious Objector is a 2004 documentary film about the life of Desmond Doss, a conscientious objector who received a Medal of Honor for his service in World War Two. His faith, Seventh-day Adventism, did not permit him to carry a weapon. He initially faced opposition, persecution, and ridicule from his fellow soldiers but ultimately won their admiration by demonstrating courage and saving lives as a combat medic. The Oscar-nominated movie, "Hacksaw Ridge", was released in 2016 and is a dramatized account of Doss' life. The film has been reviewed. The film has won multiple awards

neg: The Conscientious Objector The Conscientious Objector The Conscientious Objector is a 2004 documentary film about the life of Desmond Doss, a conscientious objector who received a Medal of Honor for his service in World War Two. His faith, Seventh-day Adventism, did not permit him to carry a weapon. He initially faced opposition, persecution, and ridicule from his fellow soldiers but ultimately won their admiration by demonstrating courage and saving lives as a combat medic. The Oscar-nominated movie, "Hacksaw Ridge", was released in 2016 and is a dramatized account of Doss' life. The film has been reviewed. The film has won multiple awards which

neg: Randy Kehler Randy Kehler Randy Kehler (born 1944 in Bronxville, New York) is an American pacifist activist and advocate for social justice. Kehler objected to America's involvement in the Vietnam war and refused to cooperate with the draft. He was involved in several anti-war organizations in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1969, during the Vietnam War, Kehler returned his draft card to the Selective Service System. He refused to seek exemption as a conscientious objector, because he felt that was simply a form of cooperation with the US government's actions in Vietnam. After being called for induction and refusing to submit, he

neg: John Maxton John Maxton John Alston Maxton, Baron Maxton (born 5 May 1936) is a Scottish Labour Party politician. From 1979 to 2001 he was a backbencher Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons. He is a nephew of the former Independent Labour Party leader and World War I conscientious objector, James Maxton. His father, also named John Maxton, was also a conscientious objector in World War I, and the younger John Maxton was himself a conscientious objector 1955-57, working on building sites and in farming. He subsequently attended University College, Oxford. He joined the Labour Party in 1970 and

neg: James Otsuka James Otsuka Katsuki James Otsuka (January 22, 1921 – May 25, 1984) was a Nisei Japanese American Quaker who was jailed as a conscientious objector during World War II, and later became a war tax resister. During World War II, Otsuka was interned at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center. Otsuka was classified by the draft board as a conscientious objector subject to "noncombatant service in the armed forces", but he was unwilling to participate in the armed forces in any capacity and argued, unsuccessfully, that he should have been classified as a conscientious objector subject to "civilian work of

neg: Conscientious objector objection was considered subversion of military strength, a crime normally punished with death. On September 15, 1939 August Dickmann, a Jehovah's Witness, and the first conscientious objector of the war to be executed, died by a firing squad at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Among others, Franz Jägerstätter was executed after his conscientious objection, on the grounds that he could not fight in the forces of the evil side. He is now somewhat the patron saint of conscientious objectors. After World War II, there was no official right to conscientious objection in the German Democratic Republic. Nevertheless, and uniquely among the

neg: Arthur Gish Arthur Gish Arthur G. Gish (August 15, 1939 – July 28, 2010) was an American peace activist, preacher, writer and public speaker. He was known for his opposition to a number of conflicts, ranging from the Vietnam War to the Iraq War. Gish was born in 1939 and raised in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He left his family's farm as a teenager and declared himself a conscientious objector. Gish joined the Brethren Volunteer Service, which is part of the Church of the Brethren, and worked in Europe from 1958 until 1960. During the 1960s, Gish protested the Vietnam War and supported

neg: I'm Your Captain (Closer to Home) the song "became a subtle anti-war anthem". Lee Andresen, author of "Battle Notes: Music of the Vietnam War", sees it as portraying President Richard Nixon as "captain" of the United States, losing popular support for continuing the war. Fellow Flint native Michael Moore remembers hearing it on the radio the day he went to his draft board (where he would file as a conscientious objector), and hoping the "I'm getting closer to my home" refrains would never end, as he felt America was his home and not Vietnam. The song also found a following among American personnel in Vietnam, in

neg: David Malament Award. Malament's work focuses the conceptual foundations of the special and general theories of relativity. Regarding whether simultaneity in special relativity, the Einstein synchronisation is conventional, Malament argues against conventionalism and is regarded by some as having refuted Adolf Grünbaum's argument for conventionalism. Grünbaum, as well as Sahotra Sarkar and John Stachel, don't agree, whereas Robert Rynasiewicz sides with Malament. During the Vietnam War Malament was a conscientious objector to the draft, spending time in jail for refusing induction into the military. He published an article on the subject of selective conscientious objection in an early issue of the journal

neg: George R. R. Martin a total of $502,549. Growing up, Martin avoided the draft to the Vietnam War by being a conscientious objector and did two years of alternative service. He generally opposes war and thought the Vietnam War was a "terrible mistake for America". He also opposes the idea of the glory of war and tries to realistically describe war in his books. In 2014, Martin endorsed Senator Tom Udall. In the midst of pressure to pull the 2014 feature film "The Interview" from theatres, the Jean Cocteau Theatre in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which has been owned by Martin since 2013, decided

neg: John Zarb John Zarb John Zarb was an Australian Conscientious objector to military service (Conscription) during the Vietnam War. Objecting to the principle of forced drafting for military purposes under the National Service Act (1964), Zarb refused to nominate for conscription. John is of Maltese heritage. On 14 October 1968, John Zarb, 21, was the first person to be found guilty of having failed to comply with his call up notice during the Vietnam War. Zarb was convicted in Melbourne and sentenced to two years jail. He lost his appeal to the full High Court on 25 November 1968. He was released

neg: Conscientious Objector Support Group Conscientious Objector Support Group The Conscientious Objector Support Group (COSG), a support group to conscientious objectors (COs) in South Africa, was formed in 1978. The organisation grew in the context of South African resistance to war, at the time of Apartheid. COs at the time included those who openly refused to report to the Military, once conscripted, those who were sometimes referred to as draft dodgers, and in due course those who were doing statutory community service. A 1993 amendment to the South African Defence Act provided for substitute service outside the armed forces for COs complying with certain requirements.

neg: Conscientious Objector Support Group by the Board as COs were placed in community service under the administration by the then Department of Manpower. Typical places for service were hospitals and the civil service generally. The decision was made by the authorities, though the CO was permitted to express his preferences. (Military service only applied to white males.) Conscientious Objector Support Group The Conscientious Objector Support Group (COSG), a support group to conscientious objectors (COs) in South Africa, was formed in 1978. The organisation grew in the context of South African resistance to war, at the time of Apartheid. COs at the time included those

neg: Selective Service System be added into the system. In the current registration system, a man cannot indicate that he is a conscientious objector (CO) to war when registering, but he can make such a claim when being drafted. Some men choose to write on the registration card "I am a conscientious objector to war" to document their conviction, even though the government will not have such a classification until there is a draft. A number of private organizations have programs for conscientious objectors to file a written record stating their beliefs. In 1987, Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place

neg: Conscientious objector for objection. A notable example of a conscientious objector was the Austrian devout Roman Catholic Christian Franz Jägerstätter, who was executed on August 9, 1943 for openly refusing to serve in the Nazi Wehrmacht, consciously accepting the penalty of death. He was declared Blessed by Pope Benedict XVI in 2007 for dying for his beliefs, and is viewed as a symbol of self-sacrificing resistance. Some conscientious objectors are unwilling to serve the military in any capacity, while others accept noncombatant roles. While conscientious objection is usually the refusal to collaborate with military organizations, as a combatant in war or in

neg: Conscientious objection in the United States not in effect, only those who have enlisted themselves can apply for or receive formal conscientious objector status. Such a person is only eligible for classification as a conscientious objector only if their beliefs are determined to have "crystallized" after receipt of an induction notice. The Selective Service System does not accept requests for classification as a conscientious objector when the draft is not in effect. If the draft is reinstated, a draftee will have a short period of time after enlistment to request classification as a conscientious objector. A person who is already enlisted can file for classification as

neg: Ted Studebaker from cassette tape recordings Ted Stedebaker sent from Vietnam to his family, relatives and friends...This project was conceived by Ted's brother, Gary, and Steve Engle." Ted Studebaker Ted Studebaker (born September 1945 outside of Dayton, Ohio) was a pacifist and conscientious objector who served as an agricultural worker during the Vietnam War and was executed by North Vietnam in 1971. Studebaker was the 7th child of eight born on a farm in the small town of West Milton, Ohio. He was a devout member of the Church of the Brethren, and also excelled in sports and played football in high

neg: Stephen Funk to justify war because you're paying with human lives." Just before being taken into custody. Funk had attempted to obtain conscientious objector status and a discharge. His conscientious objector application was never reviewed, instead he was court-martialed. At the same time he applied for conscientious objector status, Funk also came out publicly as a gay man. In 2003, while imprisoned, he was named as one of OUT Magazine's "Out 100". Of the two charges Funk was brought up on, a military jury acquitted him on September 6, 2003, of desertion, but convicted him of the lesser charge of unauthorized absence.

neg: Andy Barrie Connecticut, WAYE in Baltimore and WASH-FM, then a Metromedia station in Washington, DC. Given Conscientious Objector status by his local draft board during the Vietnam War, Barrie trained as a combat medic. In 1969, he received orders to be shipped to Vietnam. A conversation with his brother, a career officer who had just returned from two years there, confirmed Barrie's decision to desert and leave the U.S. for Canada. He later received a general discharge from the United States Army, became a Canadian citizen, and is free to travel to the U.S. Barrie was introduced to CJAD in Montreal, and

neg: Conscientious objector War, Pekurinen and other conscientious objectors were imprisoned, and Pekurinen was eventually executed at the front in 1941, during the Continuation War. After the war, a conscientious objector's civilian service lasted 16 months, whereas military service was 8 months at its shortest. To qualify for civilian service, an objector had to explain his conviction before a board of inspection that included military officers and clergymen. In 1987, the duration of the service was shortened to 13 months and the board of inspection was abolished. In 2008, the term was further shortened to 12 months to match the duration of the

neg: Jeff Sharlet (activist) by the end of the Fall term decided to withdraw to resume his anti-war work full-time. Using his Woodrow Wilson Fellowship funds, Sharlet launched the first GI-run anti-war paper addressed to GIs, calling it "Vietnam GI" ("VGI"). The first issue was dated January, 1968. His associate editor was David Komatsu, and the editorial board of ex-Vietnam GIs included Jan Barry, [Joseph Carey], William Harris, Peter Martinsen, Dink McCarter, James Pidgeon, Gary Rader, Francis Rocks, David Tuck, and James Zaleski. A civilian conscientious objector, Thomas Barton, served as VGI's East Coast distributor and was responsible for unobtrusively shipping bundles of the

neg: Muhammad Ali now eligible for the draft and induction into the U.S. Army at a time when the U.S. was involved in the Vietnam War, a war which put him further at odds with the white establishment. When notified of this status, Ali declared that he would refuse to serve in the army and publicly considered himself a conscientious objector. Ali stated: "War is against the teachings of the Qur'an. I'm not trying to dodge the draft. We are not supposed to take part in no wars unless declared by Allah or The Messenger. We don't take part in Christian wars or

neg: Conscientious objector Ben Salmon was a Catholic conscientious objector during World War I and outspoken critic of Just War theology. The Catholic Church denounced him and "The New York Times" described him as a "spy suspect." The US military (in which he was never inducted) charged him with desertion and spreading propaganda, then sentenced him to death (this was later revised to 25 years hard labor). On June 5, 1917, Salmon wrote in a letter to President Wilson: Because of their conscientious objection to participation in military service, whether armed or unarmed, Jehovah's Witnesses have often faced imprisonment or other penalties. In

neg: Conscientious objector Since 2004, Italian males no longer need to object because military service has been turned into volunteer for both males and females. In the Republic of the Marshall Islands no person can be conscripted if, after being afforded a reasonable opportunity to do so, he has established that he is a conscientious objector to participation in war (Marshall Islands Constitution Article II Section 11). In Romania, as of 23 October 2006 conscription was suspended, therefore, the status of conscience objector does not apply. This came about due to a 2003 constitutional amendment which allowed the parliament to make military service

neg: Edward Arnett Professor of Chemistry, and retired in 1992. His memoir, "A Different Kind of War Story: A Conscientious Objector in World War II", was self-published in 2012. Edward Arnett Edward Arnett (born 1922) is an American chemist. Born in Philadelphia, he was a Quaker and conscientious objector who served in the Civilian Public Service during World War II. Arnett completed his undergraduate degree at the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1949, earned a Ph.D from the same institution. He began teaching at the University of Pittsburgh in 1957. In 1968, Arnett was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. He joined the faculty of

neg: Mora v. McNamara Stewart and Douglas. Mora v. McNamara Mora v. McNamara, 389 U.S. 934 (1967), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court was asked to rule on the case of a conscientious objector (a member of the Fort Hood Three) who claimed that the U.S. war against Vietnam was an illegal war of aggression. In this case, the court cited only the Kellogg-Briand Pact, Article 39 of the United Nations Charter and the Treaty of London (which established the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal) as the relevant body of international law regarding cases of war. Certiorari was denied over the

neg: Mora v. McNamara Mora v. McNamara Mora v. McNamara, 389 U.S. 934 (1967), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court was asked to rule on the case of a conscientious objector (a member of the Fort Hood Three) who claimed that the U.S. war against Vietnam was an illegal war of aggression. In this case, the court cited only the Kellogg-Briand Pact, Article 39 of the United Nations Charter and the Treaty of London (which established the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal) as the relevant body of international law regarding cases of war. Certiorari was denied over the dissents of Justices

neg: Rowan Cahill Rowan Cahill Rowan Cahill (born 1945) is an Australian radical historian and journalist, with a background as a teacher and farmhand, who variously worked for the trade union movement as a rank and file activist, delegate and publicist. Rowan Cahill was educated in state schools, his secondary schooling taking place at Normanhurst Boys' High School (NSW). He is a graduate of Sydney University, the University of New England, and Wollongong University. During the Vietnam War he was a conscientious objector, and was prominent in the anti-war, student protest, and New Left movements of the period, primarily as a publicist and

neg: Arthur Gish min documentary is also titled "Old Radicals." Arthur Gish Arthur G. Gish (August 15, 1939 – July 28, 2010) was an American peace activist, preacher, writer and public speaker. He was known for his opposition to a number of conflicts, ranging from the Vietnam War to the Iraq War. Gish was born in 1939 and raised in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He left his family's farm as a teenager and declared himself a conscientious objector. Gish joined the Brethren Volunteer Service, which is part of the Church of the Brethren, and worked in Europe from 1958 until 1960. During the 1960s,

neg: John Balaban the age of sixteen, while searching for alternatives to the violence in his neighborhood. He obtained a B.A. with highest honors in English from Pennsylvania State University in 1966. A Woodrow Wilson Fellowship that he received in his senior year at the university allowed him to study English literature at Harvard University, where he received his A.M. During the Vietnam War, Balaban was a conscientious objector; He went to Vietnam with the International Volunteer Services where he taught at a university until it was bombed in the Tet Offensive. He was wounded in the shoulder by shrapnel and evacuated; after

neg: Roger Christie school", but became disenchanted by the military and political missions in Vietnam and elsewhere. Christie refused his orders to serve in the Vietnam War and received an honorable discharge as a conscientious objector. His success in this process inspired him to pursue legal options to overturn United States drug policy, a fight which has led him to numerous court battles and arrests. In 1986, he became a resident of Big Island, Hawaii. He was a co-founder of the Hawai'i Hemp Council in 1990 and, with Aaron Anderson (Ernest Allan Anderson), and Dwight Kondo, founded the Hawaiian Hemp Company. By 1991,

neg: Conscientious objector merely some wars, indicate sociological, philosophical, or political objections, which are not accepted alone. The following are questions often asked of conscientious objectors in Swiss hearings. Conscientious objector A conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative civilian service as a substitute for conscription or military service. Some conscientious objectors consider themselves pacifist, non-interventionist, non-resistant, non-aggressionist, anti-imperialist or antimilitarist. On March 8, 1995, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/83

neg: Conscientious objector Conscientious objector A conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative civilian service as a substitute for conscription or military service. Some conscientious objectors consider themselves pacifist, non-interventionist, non-resistant, non-aggressionist, anti-imperialist or antimilitarist. On March 8, 1995, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/83 stated that "persons performing military service should not be excluded from the right to have conscientious objections to military service." This was re-affirmed in 1998, when

neg: Ted Studebaker Ted Studebaker Ted Studebaker (born September 1945 outside of Dayton, Ohio) was a pacifist and conscientious objector who served as an agricultural worker during the Vietnam War and was executed by North Vietnam in 1971. Studebaker was the 7th child of eight born on a farm in the small town of West Milton, Ohio. He was a devout member of the Church of the Brethren, and also excelled in sports and played football in high school as well as in college where he attended the small liberal arts school Manchester University in North Manchester, Indiana. He then attended Florida State

neg: Ralph DiGia example as a conscientious objector and for over forty years of dedicated service at the War Resisters League." In 2005, WRL gave the 40th annual War Resisters League Peace Award to DiGia and his longtime colleague, former photographer Karl Bissinger. He continued his war opposition, including opposing the Iraq War. In the winter of 2007-2008, after a fall and hip fracture, he developed pneumonia and died February 1. Ralph DiGia Ralph DiGia (December 13, 1914 – February 1, 2008) was a World War II conscientious objector, lifelong pacifist and social justice activist, and staffer for 52 years at the War

neg: Conscientious objection in the United States by an orthodox belief in God." Any mixture of sincere religious, moral, or ethical beliefs can qualify as conscientious objection. The term "religious training and belief" does not include essentially political, sociological, or philosophical views, or a merely personal moral code. A conscientious objector may have political, sociological, and philosophical views, but such views are not a replacement for religious and/or moral beliefs. A conscientious objector may still be willing to use force to defend themselves or others, and may even support a state's right to go to war, as long as the individual objects to personal participation in such

neg: Radegund (film) Radegund (film) Radegund is an upcoming historical drama film written and directed by Terrence Malick, starring August Diehl, Valerie Pachner and Michael Nyqvist, in one of his final roles. The Austrian Franz Jägerstätter, a conscientious objector, refuses to fight for the Third Reich in World War II and is executed by them in 1943. On June 23, 2016, reports emerged about "Radegund", which would depict the life of Austria’s Franz Jägerstätter, a conscientious objector during World War II who was put to death at the age of 36 for undermining military actions, and was later declared a martyr and beatified

neg: Conscientious objection in the United States enlisting with the intention of becoming a combat medic, Doss tried to claim noncombatant status but was told that the military did not recognize the designation. He was informed that he should register as a conscientious objector. Doss personally preferred to be called a "conscientious cooperator" because he would willingly serve his country, wear a uniform, salute the flag, and help with the war effort. Nevertheless, Doss accepted the designation "conscientious objector" in order to join the army and avoid a Section 8 discharge on account of his religious convictions. On October 12, 1945, Desmond Doss received the Medal of

neg: John Hoagland Diego in 1965. Hoagland studied under a world renowned scholar and author, Herbert Marcuse, who wrote "Eros and Civilization" along with "One Dimensional Man". Marcuse, alongside another classmate of Hoagland's, Angela Davis, influenced Hoagland to become a journalist. During the Vietnam War, he applied for and received conscientious objector status. In 1970, Hoagland was at a massive anti-war movement in downtown Los Angeles, when the journalist Ruben Salazar was shot and killed by police. Hoagland was arrested along with his friends and his video equipment confiscated. He divorced and took his son Eros with him. Hoagland's son, Eros Hoagland, is

neg: James Otsuka military preparation and for fighting the "Cold War." James Otsuka Katsuki James Otsuka (January 22, 1921 – May 25, 1984) was a Nisei Japanese American Quaker who was jailed as a conscientious objector during World War II, and later became a war tax resister. During World War II, Otsuka was interned at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center. Otsuka was classified by the draft board as a conscientious objector subject to "noncombatant service in the armed forces", but he was unwilling to participate in the armed forces in any capacity and argued, unsuccessfully, that he should have been classified as

neg: Eric Nagler Eric Nagler Eric Nagler (born June 1, 1942 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American-born musician and television personality known primarily for his work on Canadian children's television series such as "The Elephant Show". Initially, Nagler was a folk musician in the United States, and in 1966 he marched through Mississippi with Martin Luther King Jr., encouraging people to register to vote. He married fellow musician Martha Beers in 1966 and due to their opposition to the Vietnam War they moved to Toronto in 1968, Nagler as a conscientious objector to the war. In 1972, Nagler returned to the United

neg: Kenneth Michael Kays Kenneth Michael Kays Kenneth Michael Kays (September 22, 1949 – November 29, 1991) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Denied status as a conscientious objector, Kays fled to Canada to avoid getting drafted for military service in Vietnam until the US Army guaranteed he would be able to serve as a medic. Kays joined the Army from Fairfield, Illinois in 1969, and by May 7, 1970 was serving as a private in the Headquarters Company of 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment,

neg: Dale Noyd England. While serving in England, Noyd received a medal for landing a badly damaged F-100 Super Sabre fighter that was armed with a nuclear weapon. Noyd later became an instructor at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Noyd began to regard the U.S. role in the Vietnam War as immoral and illegal. In 1966 he wrote an eight-page, single-spaced letter to Air Force supervisors asking to be allowed to resign or to be classed as a conscientious objector. Noyd refused an order to train a pilot who would likely be sent to Vietnam, although he had

neg: Jon Monday As the Vietnam war escalated, Monday turned his attention to becoming a Conscientious Objector, feeling that the war did not reflect the high ideals of America and America's democracy. He refused to participate in the war and eventually he was given a court martial, at which he pointed out that the Nuremberg Trials had established the right and duty of soldiers to object to wars they felt to be illegal and immoral. Monday spent a year in jail and was given a Bad Conduct Discharge. In 1975 Monday was given a full pardon by President Ford, his discharge was changed

neg: Hacksaw Ridge Direction and Production Design at the Satellite Awards. Hacksaw Ridge Hacksaw Ridge is a 2016 biographical war drama film directed by Mel Gibson and written by Andrew Knight and Robert Schenkkan, based on the 2004 documentary "The Conscientious Objector". The film focuses on the World War II experiences of Desmond Doss, an American pacifist combat medic who, as a Seventh-day Adventist Christian, refused to carry or use a weapon or firearm of any kind. Doss became the first conscientious objector to be awarded the Medal of Honor, for service above and beyond the call of duty during the Battle of

neg: Hacksaw Ridge Hacksaw Ridge Hacksaw Ridge is a 2016 biographical war drama film directed by Mel Gibson and written by Andrew Knight and Robert Schenkkan, based on the 2004 documentary "The Conscientious Objector". The film focuses on the World War II experiences of Desmond Doss, an American pacifist combat medic who, as a Seventh-day Adventist Christian, refused to carry or use a weapon or firearm of any kind. Doss became the first conscientious objector to be awarded the Medal of Honor, for service above and beyond the call of duty during the Battle of Okinawa. Andrew Garfield stars as Doss, with Sam

neg: Phillip Davidson throughout the Korean War, Davidson was chief, Plans and Estimates Branch, in General Douglas MacArthur's intelligence office. It was during this time that occurred one of the US Army's greatest intelligence failures in history - not predicting Chinese intervention in the Korean War. In 1969, while assigned as commanding General of the Army training center at Fort Ord, California, Davidson was the respondent in the United States Supreme Court decision "Parisi v. Davidson". In that case, the court granted habeas relief to a soldier seeking an honorable discharge as a conscientious objector. During the Vietnam War, 1967 until 1969, Davidson

neg: Conscientious objector conscription was suspended in 1994 and military service is voluntary, the status of conscience objector can not be granted anymore in Belgium. Mennonites and other similar peace churches in Canada were automatically exempt from any type of service during Canada's involvement in World War I by provisions of the Order in Council of 1873 yet initially, many were imprisoned until the matter was again resettled. With pressure of public opinion, the Canadian government barred entry of additional Mennonite and Hutterite immigrants, rescinding the privileges of the Order in Council. During Canada's involvement in World War II, Canadian conscientious objectors were

neg: Religious Freedom Peace Tax Fund Act seq." defines a designated conscientious objector as one: …who, by reason of religious training and belief, is conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form. As used in this subsection, the term "religious training and belief" does not include essentially political, sociological, or philosophical views, or a merely personal moral code However, the U.S. Supreme Court, in "Seeger v. U.S." (1965) and "Welsh v. U.S." (1970), ruled that sincere and deep objections to war did not have to come from formal religious training or even from a belief that the conscientious objector himself considers to be "religious" in order

neg: Kenneth Rowntree Kenneth Rowntree Kenneth Rowntree (14 March 1915 – 21 February 1997) was a British artist. He was educated at Bootham School, York. A Quaker and son of Howard Doncaster Rowntree (1879-1974), a First World War conscientious objector, he was also a conscientious objector in the Second World War. He worked for the War Artists' Advisory Committee. He was one of the Great Bardfield Artists and taught at the Royal College of Art. In 1939 Rowntree married architect Diana Rowntree née Buckley. Rowntree worked with the architecht Erno Goldfinger to produce coloured glass panels in Goldfinger's Alexander Fleming House (now Metro

neg: Conscientious objectors in Wales Conscientious objectors in Wales A Conscientious Objector is an "individual who has refused to take part in the Great War". There were different meanings for this, for example, religious meanings (not believing in violence and/or killing), freedom of thought, conscience, and disability. In many countries Conscientious Objectors are forced to do other services as a substitute for military service. Conscientious Objectors were often seen as cowards. Many people from across the United Kingdom were considered to be Conscientious Objectors during the First World War, and the movement was as pronounced in Wales as in any other part of the county.

neg: Michael Heck Michael Heck Captain Michael John Heck (born July 12, 1942) was an American B-52 Stratofortress pilot in the Vietnam War best known for becoming a conscientious objector and refusing to continue flying bombing missions over North Vietnamese targets in late 1972. Heck attended Whittier College, which is also then-President of the United States Richard Nixon's alma mater. Though there were four other American pilots before Heck who had refused to fly combat missions over Indochina during the buildup to the war, Heck's case was the first to come to public attention and highlighted the moral issues of the raids. During

neg: Conscientious objection in the United States were killed in combat within four months of each other in 1969 and were awarded their medals posthumously. "The individual's objections must be to all wars rather than a specific war." Objection to participation in a specific war is called selective conscientious objection, which the United States does not recognize. A conscientious objector may still be willing to participate "in a theocratic or spiritual war between the powers of good and evil." During a draft, the Selective Service System assigns classifications to draftees. A person classified as 1-A is considered available for military service. Conscientious objectors available for noncombatant military

neg: Two by Twos this name outside the British Isles, and exemption was refused in many other areas. In New Zealand during World War I, members of the church could not prove their conscientious objector status, and formed the largest segment of those imprisoned for refusal to serve. Members and ministers also had difficulty establishing their conscientious objector status in the United States during the First World War. With the start of the Second World War, formal names were adopted and used in registering the church with various national governments. These names continued to be used for official business, and stationery bearing those names

neg: Jim Cooperman publication on the Shuswap region, entitled "Everything Shuswap". It is the first installment of a series of three "geographical handbooks" on the topic. Jim Cooperman Jim Cooperman is an American Canadian author and conservationist. A resident of Shuswap Lake in the British Columbia interior region, Cooperman writes on local area history, natural history, and conservation issues. Cooperman left California in the late 1960s as a conscientious objector to the Vietnam war. Cooperman built a log home in Lee Creek on the north shore of Shuswap Lake, and worked as a teacher, log-cabin builder, editor, and consultant before turning to documenting

neg: Walter Beach be inducted into the United States Army, as a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War. Beach is the CEO of Amer-I-Can of New York, a life skills management program founded by his friend and teammate, Jim Brown. In 2014, Beach authored the book, "Consider This" (). Walter Beach Walter Beach, III (born January 31, 1933) is a former American football player. As a safety, he played college football at the Central Michigan University, where he was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1986. He also played professionally in the American Football League for the Boston Patriots in 1960 and

neg: Maximilian of Tebessa immediate beheading by sword. He is noted as the earliest recorded conscientious objector, although it is believed that other Christians at the time also refused military service and were executed. Maximilianus, born about AD 274, was a native of Theveste (today Tebessa) in eastern Numidia (corresponding to the eastern part of modern Algeria) already annexed by Rome for four centuries. His father, a Christian named Fabius Victor was a former soldier enlisted in the Roman army. The Order of Maximilian, a group of American clergypeople opposed to the Vietnam War in the 1970s, took their name from him. Maximilian's name

neg: Alfred Hassler journal called "Fellowship" published by FOR USA. He was imprisoned for his stance as a conscientious objector during World War II. While imprisoned, he wrote a book, "Diary of a Self-Made Convict". He authored several anti-war books and articles (and co-authored the 1957 advocacy comic book "Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story", published by FOR USA). In 1958, Hassler became executive secretary of FOR USA. Hassler led FOR USA delegations to Vietnam in 1965 and 1967, which let to his collaboration and friendship of Thích Nhất Hạnh. In 1969, Hassler founded the Dai Dong Project, which linked war, environmental

neg: Kenneth Rowntree Central Heights in the Elephant and Castle. In 2009 his studio was sold at auction in Newcastle-on-Tyne. The catalogue, written and researched by Steven Moore, included an introduction by Rowntree's friend and colleague John Milner. Rowntree died on 21 February 1997. Kenneth Rowntree Kenneth Rowntree (14 March 1915 – 21 February 1997) was a British artist. He was educated at Bootham School, York. A Quaker and son of Howard Doncaster Rowntree (1879-1974), a First World War conscientious objector, he was also a conscientious objector in the Second World War. He worked for the War Artists' Advisory Committee. He was one

neg: Red Smith (sportswriter) champion Muhammad Ali until late in Ali's career. This was because when Ali refused to serve during the Vietnam War, claiming his case as a conscientious objector, Smith, who had never served in uniform himself, wrote: "Squealing over the possibility that the military may call him up, Cassius makes himself as sorry a spectacle as those unwashed punks who picket and demonstrate against the war", and berated Ali for being a "draft dodger" and a "slacker". Later Smith famously commented on Ali's first professional defeat in 32 bouts, against Joe Frazier: "If they fought a dozen times, Joe Frazier would

neg: Harvey Ovshinsky he was a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. Harvey Ovshinsky’s life and work is documented in the Harvey K. Ovshinsky Collection housed at the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan. Harvey Ovshinsky Harvey Kurek Ovshinsky (born April 9, 1948) is an American writer, story consultant, media producer, and teacher, and has been described as "one of this country’s finest storytellers" by the Detroit News. The Metro Times called Ovshinsky's career chronicling life in Detroit during the 1960s, 70s, 80s, and 90s "a colorful and fantastic voyage, at times brave and visionary," spanning the universe of print, broadcast

neg: Bob McMullan Bob McMullan Robert Francis McMullan (born 10 December 1947) is an Australian former politician who represented the Australian Labor Party in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. He is the only person to have represented the Australian Capital Territory in both houses of federal parliament He was born in Perth, Western Australia, and educated at the University of Western Australia, studying economics and arts. Active in the movement against the Vietnam War, McMullan was conscripted for military service in 1968 but successfully argued in court that he was a conscientious objector. McMullan became an industrial advocate for the

neg: Jeremy Hinzman in August 2002. Amnesty International notes that Hinzman "took reasonable steps to register his conscientious objection through seeking non-combatant status in [August] 2002, an application which was rejected [April 2003]." This means that he tried for eight months, unsuccessfully, to be officially and "legally" referred to as a "conscientious objector". His unit was deployed to take part in the war in Afghanistan later in 2002. Hinzman fulfilled a non-combat role there while his conscientious objector application was being processed. It was ultimately denied, and he then returned to his regular unit, serving as its armorer. When his unit received orders

neg: Terry Benedict hand-in-hand with manufacturers: Terry Benedict Terry Benedict is an American film producer. He is the founder and CEO of The Shae Foundation. Terry is most well-known for co-producing "Hacksaw Ridge", nominated for six Academy Awards. "Hacksaw Ridge" is based on Benedict’s documentary, "The Conscientious Objector"; a film about Medal of Honor winner Desmond Doss, who refused to carry a weapon in World War Two. Doss is the only conscientious objector to ever receive a Medal of Honor. Benedict is a graduate of Pepperdine University, where he received a full scholarship. He is a member of the WGAw. Benedict is a

neg: Draft evasion "The Atlantic", it was reported that, after graduating from the University of Chicago in 1964, and moving back to New York City, the future candidate for the Democratic Presidential nomination applied for conscientious objector status – even though as Sanders acknowledged to the reporter, he was not religious. (Sanders was opposed to the Vietnam War. At the time, however, CO status was granted entirely on the basis of religious opposition to all war.) Sanders's CO status was denied. Nevertheless, a "lengthy series of hearings, an FBI investigation and numerous postponements and delays" took him to age 26 at which point

neg: Terry Benedict Terry Benedict Terry Benedict is an American film producer. He is the founder and CEO of The Shae Foundation. Terry is most well-known for co-producing "Hacksaw Ridge", nominated for six Academy Awards. "Hacksaw Ridge" is based on Benedict’s documentary, "The Conscientious Objector"; a film about Medal of Honor winner Desmond Doss, who refused to carry a weapon in World War Two. Doss is the only conscientious objector to ever receive a Medal of Honor. Benedict is a graduate of Pepperdine University, where he received a full scholarship. He is a member of the WGAw. Benedict is a Seventh-day Adventist. Benedict

neg: Bernie Sanders of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Student Peace Union while attending the University of Chicago. Sanders applied for conscientious objector status during the Vietnam War; his application was eventually turned down, by which point he was too old to be drafted. Although he opposed the war, Sanders never criticized those who fought and has been a strong supporter of veterans' benefits. Sanders also worked on the reelection campaign of Leon Despres, a prominent Chicago alderman who was opposed to mayor Richard J. Daley's Democratic Party machine. During his student years he also read a variety of American and

neg: Stephen Winsten including one of St. Joan in the garden of Shaw’s house in Ayot St Lawrence in Hertfordshire, where Shaw and the Winstens were neighbours. Stephen's and Clara's daughter Ruth Harrison, a conscientious objector in WW2, was known as a campaigner for animal rights. Stephen Winsten Stephen Winsten (1893–1991) was the name adopted by Samuel Weinstein, one of the 'Whitechapel Boys' group of young Jewish men and future writers in London's East End in the years before World War I (the others included Isaac Rosenberg, John Rodker and Joseph Leftwich). In the First World War he was a conscientious objector, and

neg: Brian McNaught Brian McNaught Brian McNaught (born January 28, 1948) is a corporate diversity and sensitivity coach and author who specializes in LGBT issues in the workplace. McNaught graduated from Marquette University with a B.A in Journalism. A conscientious objector to the war in Vietnam, McNaught did his alternative service at "The Michigan Catholic", weekly newspaper of the Archdiocese of Detroit, where he worked as a writer and columnist from 1970 to 1974. In 1974, McNaught founded the Detroit chapter of Dignity, the national gay Catholic organization. When he came out in an article on Dignity in "The Detroit News", the diocesan

neg: Brian McNaught a consultant to companies and discussion moderator. McNaught has written four books, which offer advice for LGBT individuals and employers on dealing with the challenges faced by the LGBT community. Recommendations from his book "Gay Issues in the Workplace" are included in many corporate diversity policies. In 2011 he won the Selisse Berry Leadership Award. Brian McNaught Brian McNaught (born January 28, 1948) is a corporate diversity and sensitivity coach and author who specializes in LGBT issues in the workplace. McNaught graduated from Marquette University with a B.A in Journalism. A conscientious objector to the war in Vietnam, McNaught did

neg: Norman Whitehead the PPU about registering as a conscientious objector in the likely event of war. While there, he met Mrs Jan Gordon, art critic of "The Observer", who illustrated her article in the newspaper with his paintings, describing his work as 'touched by genius'. Whitehead's pacifism was now confirmed, and in World War II he was registered by the Local Tribunal as a conscientious objector, conditional upon driving an ambulance in Derbyshire. He later regretted his decision not to "stand up to Fascism". This perceived lack of action and the rift with his mother, during which a number of his paintings

neg: Jim Cooperman Jim Cooperman Jim Cooperman is an American Canadian author and conservationist. A resident of Shuswap Lake in the British Columbia interior region, Cooperman writes on local area history, natural history, and conservation issues. Cooperman left California in the late 1960s as a conscientious objector to the Vietnam war. Cooperman built a log home in Lee Creek on the north shore of Shuswap Lake, and worked as a teacher, log-cabin builder, editor, and consultant before turning to documenting local history, geography, and biology. In 1989, Cooperman and six others formed the Shuswap Environmental Action Society (SEAS). The group has lobbied for

neg: Desmond Doss Desmond Doss Desmond Thomas Doss (February 7, 1919 – March 23, 2006) was a United States Army corporal who served as a combat medic with an infantry company in World War II. He was twice awarded the Bronze Star Medal for actions in Guam and the Philippines. Doss further distinguished himself in the Battle of Okinawa by saving 75 men, becoming the only conscientious objector to receive the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Second World War. His life has been the subject of books, the documentary "The Conscientious Objector", and the 2016 film "Hacksaw Ridge". Desmond Doss

neg: Kilgore Trout the US Marine Corps and defect to Sweden, where he receives political asylum as a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War. Vonnegut revised Trout's biography on several occasions. In "Breakfast of Champions", he is born in 1907 and dies in 1981. In "Timequake", he lives from 1917 to 2001. Both death dates are set in the future as of the time the novels were written. More recently, in an article for "In These Times" Vonnegut "reports" that Kilgore Trout commits suicide by drinking Drāno. Trout "dies" at midnight on October 15, 2004, in Cohoes following his consultation with a psychic,

neg: Gordon Zahn aided Hitler by telling Germans it was their religious duty to fight. He later wrote "", about the Austrian conscientious objector who refused to fight in Hitler's army. He was also the co-founder of Pax Christi USA. In 1968, he signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War. In 1982 he received the Pax Christi award from St John's. Gordon Zahn Gordon Zahn (born Gordon Charles Paul Roach; 7 August 1918 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin – 9 December 2007 in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin) was an American sociologist, pacifist, professor, and

neg: I Am Ali Tom Jones talks about his admiration for Ali's boxing skills and persona. Former business manager Gene Kilroy weighs in on several topics. Also interviewed is photographer Carl Fischer, who took photos of Ali for the cover of "Esquire". Another topic touched on is Ali's conversion to Islam, including why he changed his name from Cassius Clay to Muhammad Ali. That line of exploration also includes Ali's conscientious objector status to the Vietnam War, and his refusal to join the military based on his religious beliefs. "Ebony" described the film as follows: "I Am Ali" shows the rarely seen personal side

neg: Mark Vonnegut that provided the security for Boston State Hospital. During the Vietnam War, he filed an application with the draft board to be considered a conscientious objector, which was denied. After taking the psychological examination, he was given a psychiatric 4F classification and avoided conscription into the U.S. military. During his undergraduate years, he set out to become a Unitarian minister. He eventually abandoned that goal. He is the author of "The Eden Express" (1975), which describes his trip to British Columbia to set up a commune with his friends and his personal experiences with schizophrenia, which at that time he

neg: I sing of Olaf I sing of Olaf "i sing of Olaf" (sometimes referred to as "i sing of Olaf glad and big") is a poem by e.e. cummings. It first appeared in cummings' 1931 collection "ViVa". It depicts the life of Olaf, a conscientious objector and pacifist during the First World War who is tortured by the United States Army but nonetheless "will not kiss your fucking flag", and subsequently dies in prison. The poem is based on the true story of a conscientious objector who cummings briefly knew while stationed at Camp Devens in 1918. Critics have noted the similarity of the

neg: Jeremy Hinzman have made statements to the effect that he would consider participating in certain types of defensive actions. Conscientious objector status is only granted to those in the US military who object to all warfare, not to military personnel who object to a specific war or conflict. Hinzman enlisted voluntarily in the Army, volunteered for infantry duty, and further volunteered for airborne training, a series of deliberate and conscious decisions on Hinzman's part which would practically guarantee combat duty. These circumstances cause critics to be skeptical as to the sincerity of Hinzman's claims to being a conscientious objector. Such critics have

neg: Arthur Eddington exemption as a conscientious objector. Cambridge University authorities instead requested and were granted an exemption on the ground of Eddington's work being of national interest. In 1918, this was appealed against by the Ministry of National Service. Before the appeal tribunal in June, Eddington claimed conscientious objector status, which was not recognized and would have ended his exemption in August 1918. A further two hearings took place in June and July, respectively. Eddington's personal statement at the June hearing about his objection to war based on religious grounds is on record. Astronomer Royal, Sir Frank Dyson, supported Eddington at the

neg: Gary Jeshel Forrester Cherokee Indians from Georgia, also helped to operate the Jersey County safe house. After graduating from Tuscola High School in 1964, Forrester worked his way through university by farming, life-guarding, and stacking bottles at a Kraft Food plant. He became a conscientious objector and anti-war activist during the Vietnam War, and performed alternative service in the Peace Corps teaching mathematics in Guyana, South America. Following a B.Sc. degree in Mathematics, Forrester was awarded a Master of Arts degree in English Literature with a thesis on "Applications of the Halle-Keyser Theories of Metrical Stress to Beowulf and Chaucer." He then obtained

neg: Draft-card burning Draft-card burning Draft-card burning was a symbol of protest performed by thousands of young men in the US and Australia in the 1960s and early 1970s. The first draft-card burners were American men taking part in the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The first well-publicized protest was in December 1963, with a 22-year old conscientious objector, Eugene Keyes, setting fire to his card on Christmas Day in Champaign, Illinois. In May 1964, a larger demonstration, with about 50 people in Union Square, New York, was organized by the War Resisters League chaired by David McReynolds. By

neg: Clay v. United States refuse to serve in the U.S. Army and publicly considered himself a conscientious objector. Ali stated that "War is against the teachings of the Holy Qur'an. I'm not trying to dodge the draft. We are not supposed to take part in no wars unless declared by Allah or The Messenger. We don't take part in Christian wars or wars of any unbelievers." Ali also famously said in 1966: "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong ... They never called me nigger." Ali appealed his local (Louisville, Kentucky) draft board's rejection of his application for conscientious objector classification. The

neg: Alvin York of 29, Alvin York registered for the draft as all men between 21 and 31 years of age were required to do on that day. When he registered for the draft, he answered the question "Do you claim exemption from draft (specify grounds)?" by writing "Yes. Don't Want To Fight." When his initial claim for conscientious objector status was denied, he appealed. During World War I, conscientious objector status did not exempt one from military duty. Such individuals could still be drafted and were given assignments that did not conflict with their anti-war principles. In November 1917, while York's application

neg: Jay Nelson Tuck two years, he was able to return and graduate from Columbia in 1938. He married Margaret Cox in New York and later had two sons, Travis Tuck and Jay Tuck. Throughout his life, Jay Nelson Tuck was a strong-willed man guided by his moral convictions. During World War II, he took a pacifist position. Refusing military service he became a conscientious objector and organized rallies for the pacifist movement. He was an outspoken leader of the War Resisters League and edited a monthly newspaper, The Conscientious Objector. Jay Nelson Tuck held reporting and editing posts at the World-Telegram and Sun

neg: Morgan Jones (British politician) chairman of the council in 1921-22. In the First World War he was imprisoned as a conscientious objector. He was also a member of the No Conscription Fellowship's national committee and chairman of the South Wales Anti-Conscription Council. After the War he was elected to Glamorgan County Council. Morgan Jones was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Caerphilly at a by-election in 1921, following the death of Labour MP Alfred Onions. He clinched the Labour nomination despite not being the preferred candidate of the South Wales Miners' Federation. He was the first conscientious objector to be elected to Parliament after

neg: Refusal to serve in the IDF of War Resisters' International in London about the social pressure they faced. A Palestine branch of War Resisters' International was founded in 1946 by one such conscientious objector, David Engel, who in 1943 had been expelled from Kfar Ruppin for refusing to enlist in the British Army. He reported that his group initially had about 40 members. In 1948, the year of Israel's declaration of independence, another member of the group, Joseph Abileah, was the first conscientious objector to be put on trial before a military court for refusing to serve in the IDF. He was excused from service in

neg: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War 1968. By the late 1960s, one quarter of all court cases dealt with the draft, including men accused of draft-dodging and men petitioning for the status of conscientious objector. Over 210,000 men were accused of draft-related offenses, 25,000 of whom were indicted. The charges of unfairness led to the institution of a draft lottery for the year 1970 in which a young man's birthday determined his relative risk of being drafted (September 14 was the birthday at the top of the draft list for 1970; the following year July 9 held this distinction). The first draft lottery since World War

neg: Ed Bacon (Episcopal priest) a twentieth-century Catholic priest and monk who wrote about the true self versus the false self. Merton’s writings resonated with Bacon and helped him realize that a career in law was not his calling. Since dropping out of law school would invalidate his protected delay status for the Vietnam War draft, Bacon, who was morally opposed to the war, applied for conscientious objector status and was discharged after serving alternative service teaching children with learning delays. After leaving law school, Bacon returned to Mercer and became the school’s Campus Minister and Dean of Students. During his seven years in that

neg: William Robert Eshelman William Robert Eshelman William Robert Eshelman (1921–2004) was an American pacifist, editor, and librarian. He was active in causes such as preventing censorship, ending racial segregation and stopping the Vietnam war, while gaining distinction in his professional career. As a conscientious objector during World War II, he was conscripted into the Civilian Public Service at Camp 56 (Camp Angel) in Oregon. He co-founded the Untide Press in 1943 with poet William Everson, architect and printer Kemper Nomland and actor Kermit Sheets. The press had the aim of bringing poetry to the public in an inexpensive but attractive format. The name

neg: John T. Noonan Jr. Hall, the law school of the University of California, Berkeley, where he became Robbins Professor of Law Emeritus. While at Berkeley, Noonan represented John Negre, a Catholic conscientious objector who insisted that the Church's just war theory forbade participation in the Vietnam War. Although Justice William O. Douglas initially ordered the Army not to ship out Negre, that stay was removed by the full U.S. Supreme Court on April 21, 1969. Noonan continued to file briefs, but, after hearing argument, the Supreme Court ruled against Negre in "Gillette v. United States" (1971). Noonan was the 1984 recipient of the Laetare