query: what are the different sectors of indian economy

pos: Economy of India to protecting minority investors or getting credit. The strong efforts taken by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) to boost ease of doing business rankings at the state level is said to impact the overall rankings of India. The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017. Inflation under 5% is in green. Historically, India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors: agriculture, industry and services. Agriculture includes crops, horticulture, milk and animal husbandry, aquaculture, fishing, sericulture, aviculture, forestry and related activities. Industry includes various manufacturing sub-sectors. India's definition of services sector includes

pos: Dual economy agriculture. The authors argued that for maximum economic growth, policymakers should have focused on agriculture and services as well as industrial development. Dual economy A dual economy is the existence of two separate economic sectors within one country, divided by different levels of development, technology, and different patterns of demand. The concept was originally created by Julius Herman Boeke to describe the coexistence of modern and traditional economic sectors in a colonial economy. Dual economies are common in less developed countries, where one sector is geared to local needs and another to the global export market. Dual economies may exist

pos: Economy of the United States by sector censuses using the older 1997 NAICS basis. Thus, (*) the 1997 data are based on a slightly different classification than the 2007 and 2002 data. Economy of the United States by sector The economy of the United States has been divided into economic sectors in different ways by different organizations. The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) was developed in 1997 and is used by the United States Census Bureau, while the and Exchange Commission]] (SEC). The United States Census Bureau currently conducts a comprehensive Economic Census every five years. The results of this survey are tabulated according to the

pos: Beyond Zero Emissions is a research project to develop a comprehensive blueprint for the transition to a decarbonised Australian economy which the group argues is fully costed and achievable within a decade. The project consists of six research plans, with each plan using existing technology to find a costed solution for different high-emitting sectors of the Australian economy. The sectors are presented below in approximate decreasing order of contribution to climate-damaging emissions associated with the Australian national economy i.e. : Energy Exports, Land Use: Agriculture and Forestry, Stationary Energy, Buildings, Transport, and Industry (processes and energy) The RESP report is Beyond Zero Emissions'

pos: Economy of the United States by sector Economy of the United States by sector The economy of the United States has been divided into economic sectors in different ways by different organizations. The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) was developed in 1997 and is used by the United States Census Bureau, while the and Exchange Commission]] (SEC). The United States Census Bureau currently conducts a comprehensive Economic Census every five years. The results of this survey are tabulated according to the NAICS and provide statistics about the U.S. economy. The most recent data are from 2007. The 2012 Economic Census is underway with the initial results

pos: Socialist market economy social services and benefits to their workers in what was known as the "Iron Rice Bowl" system. The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) was formed in 2003 to oversee the management of the large centrally owned state enterprises. Modern SOEs are operationally very different from those in the 1990s. SOEs are much larger in size and fewer in number, with central government-owned SOEs clustered in "strategic sectors" including banking, finance, mining, energy, transportation, telecommunications and public utilities. By comparison, provincial and municipal level SOEs number in the thousands and are involved in almost every industry including information technology

pos: Economy of Russia has become a business. In the 1990s, businessmen had to pay different criminal groups to provide a ""krysha"" (literally, a "roof", i.e., protection). Nowadays, this "protective" function is performed by officials. Corrupt hierarchies characterize different sectors of the economy, including education. In the end, the Russian population pays for this corruption. For example, some experts believe that rapid increases in monthly bills significantly outpacing the rate of inflation are a direct result of high volumes of corruption at the highest levels. In Russia, services are the biggest sector of the economy and account for 58% of GDP. Within services the

pos: Information technology in India United States and the European Union. However, the recent global financial crises have deeply impacted Indian IT companies as well as global companies. As a result, hiring has dropped sharply, and employees are looking at different sectors like financial services, telecommunications, and manufacturing, which have been growing phenomenally over the last few years. With fundamental structural changes visible everywhere in the IT services due to Cloud computing, proliferation of Social media, Big data, Analytics all leading to digital services and digital economy, many of the leading companies in India's IT sector reported lower headcounts in their financial results. Information technology

pos: Agriculture in Georgia (country) has gone out of production. Recently Indian farmers (mostly from Punjab) have also shown interest and invested in agriculture of Georgia. Punjabi farmers are known for their hard work and Punjab is called the food basket of India, it remains to be seen what difference do these farmers make in agriculture and economy of Georgia. Unfortunately most of them had returned to India as they faced numerous problems in marketing their harvests and being repeatedly refused residence permit appeals. Agriculture in Georgia (country) Georgia’s climate and soil have made agriculture one of its most productive economic sectors; the 18 percent

pos: Bureau of Indian Standards the formulation, recognition and promotion of the Indian Standards. As on 31 August 2016, 26552 Standards formulated by BIS, are in force. These cover important segments of economy, which help the industry in upgrading the quality of their products and services. BIS has identified 14 sectors which are important to Indian Industry. For formulation of Indian Standard, it has separate Division Council to oversee and supervise the work. The Standards are regularly reviewed and formulated in line with the technological development to maintain harmony with the International Standards. Product Certifications are to be obtained voluntarily. For, some of the products

pos: Indian economic census the Central Statistical Office. Indian economic census Indian economic census is the census of the Indian economy through counting all entrepreneurial units in the country which involved in any economic activities of either agricultural or non-agricultural sector which engaged in production and/or distribution of goods and/or services not for the sole purpose of own consumption. The economic census provides detailed information on operational and other characteristics such as number of establishments, number of persons employed, source of finance, type of ownership etc. These information used for micro level/ decentralized planning and to assess contribution of various sectors of the economy

pos: Indian economic census Indian economic census Indian economic census is the census of the Indian economy through counting all entrepreneurial units in the country which involved in any economic activities of either agricultural or non-agricultural sector which engaged in production and/or distribution of goods and/or services not for the sole purpose of own consumption. The economic census provides detailed information on operational and other characteristics such as number of establishments, number of persons employed, source of finance, type of ownership etc. These information used for micro level/ decentralized planning and to assess contribution of various sectors of the economy in the gross domestic

pos: Quezon, Isabela of commerce and education. Most residents are multi-lingual with Tagalog and English as their secondary and tertiary mode of communication. An estimated 61.22 percent of the municipal population were Roman Catholics. This was followed by the Philippine Episcopal Church, Philippine Independent Church and Iglesia ni Cristo. Other religious sects in the municipality were Lutherans, Methodist, Baptist, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Crusados. Small portion belong to the indigenous tribal religions. The economy of Quezon is made up of agriculture (primary), industry (secondary) and services (tertiary) sector. These sectors represent the different groups of economic activity. In most cases, these sectors are interlinked.

pos: Modern social statistics of Native Americans For example, the Mississippi Choctaw Indians have incorporated industry into their economy. Automobile subassembly and plastic manufacturing are only two of the sectors in which the tribe is involved. Factories seem to contradict Indian culture, but ironically, industry helps culture thrive. By embracing industry, the Choctaw have been able to build a stable enough economy to prevent people from leaving the reservation and encourage people to come back, according to Chief Phillip Martin. Life on the tribe is more appealing because it is more secure. Jobs are readily available, and the tribe has revitalized public health, housing, and education. Past

pos: Economy of Asia agriculture makes up a large part of the Indian economy. As the Indian economy has grown, agriculture’s contribution to GDP has steadily declined, but it still makes up a large portion of the workforce and socio-economic development. India’s industrial manufacturing GDP output was the 6th largest in the world in 2015, largely due to petroleum products and chemicals. India’s pharmaceutical industry has also grown at a compound annual growth rate of 17.5% over the last 11 years, and is one of India’s fastest-growing sub-sectors today. However, the engineering industry in India is still the largest sub-sector by GDP. Perhaps the

pos: Indian Institute of Information Technology, Vadodara Dumad, Vadodara by the Government of Gujarat. The institute's activities will be moved to Vadodara after the campus development. Till such time the institute will keep functioning from the temporary location in Gandhinagar. In the year 2011, the Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development. had announced the scheme to set-up twenty new Indian Institutes of Technology (IIITs) under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. The scheme envisages establishment of autonomous, not for profit, self-sustaining, research-led educational institutes which will contribute significantly to the global competitiveness in the key sectors of Indian economy and industry. These institutes are expected to

pos: Kakinada urban agglomeration constituents include the areas of Kakinada Municipal Corporation, census towns of Chidiga, Ramanayyapeta, Suryaraopeta and the out growths of Ganganapalle, Sarpavaram, Vakalapudi and Turangi. The economy of the city depends mainly on agriculture, fishing and industrial sectors. paddy, coconut are agro products from the city. The majority of the industrial sector is covered edible oil refineries, fertilizers and natural gas. During the late 1940s (around the time of Indian independence) there was little industry in or around Kakinada; the local economy was based on agriculture and fishing. Until the early 1980s (before the fertilizer companies began operation), the

pos: Horizontal market Horizontal market A horizontal market is a market in which a product or service meets a need of a wide range of buyers across different sectors of an economy. Compare with vertical market. The market for computer security services may be regarded as a horizontal market, because a broad range of industries and government sectors purchase services and software to protect their computers. The markets for legal services and accounting services are other examples of horizontal markets. The market for legal research software, by contrast, is vertical. The software is directed at the specialized requirements of the legal services industry.

pos: Horizontal market Horizontal market A horizontal market is a market in which a product or service meets a need of a wide range of buyers across different sectors of an economy. Compare with vertical market. The market for computer security services may be regarded as a horizontal market, because a broad range of industries and government sectors purchase services and software to protect their computers. The markets for legal services and accounting services are other examples of horizontal markets. The market for legal research software, by contrast, is vertical. The software is directed at the specialized requirements of the legal services industry.

pos: Banking in Karnataka was created as an offshoot of the swadeshi movement of 1905. These banks were earlier created to address the main sector in the economy i.e. agriculture but later they diversified to address other economical sectors as well. The Indian Government's notification of nationalisation of banks in 1969 and 1980, resulted in lot of these banks being nationalised with the Indian Government now owning some amount of control over these banks. As of today, State Bank of Mysore, Canara Bank, Vijaya Bank and Vysya Bank have their headquarters in Bangalore, Corporation Bank and Karnataka Bank are headquartered in Mangalore while Syndicate

pos: Economy of Slovakia of heavy industry, declined. In 2010, industry (including construction) accounted for 35.6% of GDP, compared with 49% in 1990. Nowadays, building on a long-standing tradition and a highly skilled labor force, main industries with potential of growth are following sectors: Automotive, Electronics, Mechanical engineering, Chemical engineering, Information technology. The automotive sector is among the fastest growing sectors in Slovakia due to the recent large investments of Volkswagen (Bratislava), Peugeot (Trnava), Kia Motors (Žilina) and since 2018 also Jaguar Land Rover in Nitra. Passenger car production was 1,040,000 units in 2016, what makes Slovakia the largest automobile producer in produced cars

pos: Tendency of the rate of profit to fall on, a great variety of measures need to be collated and compared (which is also what business analysts do). The traditional hurdles in interpreting the statistical rate of profit were mainly that: The additional problem today is that, because the structure of modern capitalism is now different from half a century ago, a macroeconomics based on the traditional national accounting concepts can no longer credibly represent economic activity. Although the financial industry now "dominates" capital flows in the world economy, US government statisticians admit frankly that "Unfortunately, the finance sector is one of the more poorly measured sectors in national

pos: Ghana–India relations and cement. The Government of India has extended $228 million in lines of credit to Ghana which has been used for projects in sectors like agro-processing, fish processing, waste management, rural electrification and the expansion of Ghana's railways. India has also offered to set up an India-Africa Institute of Information Technology (IAIIT) and a Food Processing Business Incubation Centre in Ghana under the India-Africa Forum Summit. India is among the largest foreign investors in Ghana's economy. At the end of 2011, Indian investments in Ghana amounted to $550 million covering some 548 projects. Indian investments are primarily in the agriculture

pos: Economy of India the workforce also in the secondary and tertiary sectors, higher than in Europe, where 65–90% of its workforce were in agriculture in 1700 and 65–75% were in agriculture in 1750. Agricultural production increased under Mughal agrarian reforms, with Indian agriculture being advanced compared to Europe at the time, such as the widespread use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture, and higher per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption. The Mughal Empire had a thriving industrial manufacturing economy, with India producing about 25% of the world's industrial output up until 1750, making it the

pos: Gross domestic income should be equal, since they are calculated in different ways, in practice, the listed figures are different. This difference is known as the statistical discrepancy. Gross domestic income The Gross Domestic Income (GDI) is the total income received by all sectors of an economy within a state. It includes the sum of all wages, profits, and taxes, minus subsidies. Since all income is derived from production (including the production of services), the gross domestic income of a country should exactly equal its gross domestic product (GDP). The GDP is a very commonly cited statistic measuring the economic activity of countries,

pos: Luton the town still has a white majority when non-British whites such as the Irish and Eastern Europeans are included. Of note, 81% of the population of Luton still define themselves as British, despite the majority of its residents being from a foreign ethnic background. Luton's economy has, traditionally been focused on several different areas of industry including Car Manufacture, engineering and millinery. However, today, Luton is moving towards a service based economy mainly in the retail and the airport sectors, although there is still a focus on light industry in the town. Notable firms with headquarters in Luton include: Notable

pos: Digital economy of the impact on traditional sectors have been made. The Boston Consulting Group discussed “four waves of change sweeping over consumer goods and retail”, for instance. In 2012, Deloitte ranked six industry sectors as having a “short fuse” and to experience a "big bang” as a result of the digital economy. Telstra, a leading Australian telecommunications provider, describes how competition will become more global and more intense as a result of the digital economy. Given its expected broad impact, traditional firms are actively assessing how to respond to the changes brought about by the digital economy. For corporations, the timing

pos: Palestinian workers in Israel an important part of the Israeli economy, mainly as workers in jobs such as agriculture, construction and cleaning. Soon the Palestinian workers started replacing unskilled Israelis from these sectors who were employed before 1967. The abundant number of low wage Palestinian workers in different sectors caused a general drop in the average wage in these specific sectors and a drop in workforce productivity due to the wide supply of cheap manual labor. Initially, the Palestinian workers were employed illegally, and since the summer of 1968, in an official permission, the number of workers gradually increased (several thousands before 1970, around

pos: Wage reform in China, 1949–1976 technical principles. The CCP also identified other shortcomings in the old wage system. One was that the hierarchy in wage across the sectors did not reflect the importance of those sectors in the whole economy. In the KMT period, the wage in the light industry was higher than the heavy industry. This was seen by the CCP as reversing the importance of different sectors or misunderstanding it. Taking the 1950 data before the wage reform, which reflects the old wage system, as an example: if the steel industry's average wage is set as 100, the telecom's was 163, the post's

pos: Economy of Thrissur the local people of the city. The main strength of Thrissur's economy is its financial capabilities. The banking system in Thrissur have been accredited for the effective disbursement of credit to the various sectors of the Kerala society. It had played a big role in Kerala's economy from the earlier part of 1800's. It was started by Christian traders in the form of Chit fund. Gradually, Chit fund contributed much to the development of the banking industry in Thrissur. Now, Thrissur boast the headquarters of three scheduled banks in Kerala, South Indian Bank Ltd, Catholic Syrian Bank, and Dhanalakshmi Bank.

pos: Trucking industry in the United States vitally important to U.S. industry, however, measuring the impact of trucking on the economy is more difficult, because trucking services are so intertwined with all sectors of the economy. According to the measurable share of the economy that trucking represents, the industry directly contributes about 5 percent to the gross domestic product annually. In addition, the industry plays a critical support role for other transportation modes and for other sectors of the economy such as the resource, manufacturing, construction, and wholesale and retail trade industries. Within the energy industry, approximately 4 percent of crude oil and petroleum products were shipped

neg: Perumbavoor etc. are traded every day in the local market. Most of these commodities are supplied to mainstream exporters in Kochi or to local retailers. Rest of the economy is shared by government and private sectors and small industries. Perumbavoor is an important city for timber trade in Kerala. Industries/Manufactures The economy of Perumbavoor town is highly dependent on more than one lakh migrant workers from different Indian states. Perumbavoor provides all facilities to them, like labour camps, social awareness programs, entertainment programs, and health and educational care, including a special school for children of migrant workers. KL-40 is the RTO

neg: Dual economy Dual economy A dual economy is the existence of two separate economic sectors within one country, divided by different levels of development, technology, and different patterns of demand. The concept was originally created by Julius Herman Boeke to describe the coexistence of modern and traditional economic sectors in a colonial economy. Dual economies are common in less developed countries, where one sector is geared to local needs and another to the global export market. Dual economies may exist within the same sector, for example a modern plantation or other commercial agricultural entity operating in the midst of traditional cropping systems.

neg: Net output and certain income-generating activities of households. In input-output analysis, disaggregated data on gross and net outputs of different economic sectors and sub-sectors is used to study the transactions between them. Thus, for example, a sector purchases inputs from several other sectors and sells outputs to several other sectors. By identifying the quantities of inputs and outputs involved, we can estimate what the effect will be of fluctuations in business activity within one sector, or group of sectors on the economy as a whole. As mentioned, the calculation of net output requires a value theory, a way of grossing and netting,

neg: Economy of Thiruvananthapuram Economy of Thiruvananthapuram The economy of Thiruvananthapuram, capital of the Indian state of Kerala, mostly consists of tourism and leisure, information technology, rubber plantations, coffee production, tea production, and education. There are many manufacturers, such as Travancore Titanium Products Ltd and English Indian Clays (The Thaper Group); but there is less industrialisation than in other major south Indian cities like Chennai, Hyderabad or Bangalore. In Thiruvananthapuram there are many medium and large scale industries which fall under central sector, state sector, co-operative sector, joint sector and private sectors. The Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC) is a public sector establishment

neg: Economic geography geographers to study social and spatial divisions caused by the rising New Economy, including the emerging digital divide. The new economic geographies consist of primarily service-based sectors of the economy that use innovative technology, such as industries where people rely on computers and the internet. Within these is a switch from manufacturing-based economies to the digital economy. In these sectors, competition makes technological changes robust. These high technology sectors rely heavily on interpersonal relationships and trust, as developing things like software is very different from other kinds of industrial manufacturing—it requires intense levels of cooperation between many different people, as

neg: Republic of the Congo–India relations transportation and food quality control projects, as well as in sectors like cement and pharmaceuticals in the Congo. He urged Indian firms to "partner the Republic of Congo government in converting the country's comparative advantage in different sectors into competitive strengths" and help the country become an emerging economy by 2025. The Congolese Government signed a Line of Credit (LOC) agreement worth US$70 million on 19 December 2011, to fund a rural electrification project. India extended an LOC of $89.9 million in 2014 to develop transportation systems in Brazzaville and Pointe Noire. India extended another LOC worth $55 million in

neg: Indian black money hide black money. When one can not obtain a licence to undertake a legitimate activity, the transaction costs approach infinity, and create insurmountable incentives for unreported and unaccounted activities that will inevitably generate black money. The successive waves of economic liberalisation in India since the 1990s have encouraged compliance and taxes collected by the government of India have dramatically increased over this period. The process of economic liberalisation must be relentlessly continued to further remove underground economy and black money, suggests the report. Certain vulnerable sectors of Indian economy are more prone to underground economy and black money than others.

neg: Vibrant Gujarat its role as the Growth Engine of Indian Economy. This was the third such Summit organized by the state government with the first Summit held in 2003 and the second held in 2005. In all the Summits, Gujarat was showcased as an ideal investment destination, both for Indian and Foreign investors. Prospective investors were extended two significant messages: 1. In Gujarat there is only Red Carpet and no Red Tape. 2. It is where Investors can sow a rupee and reap a dollar as returns. Detailed investment opportunities in different segments of focus sectors were prepared and supplemented by individual

neg: Mumbai Consensus 21st century, India's new, more powerful position in the world economy asks for India to assume a more expansionist role, especially as a potential regional hegemon. India must seek to extend its influence in the Central Asian, South East Asian and East Asian republics. However, its prior non-expansionist model of geopolitical strategy is a useful model for developing countries to follow during a time when they are still sorely under-developed. Gurcharan Das comments that there are still sectors of the Indian economy, and thus the Indian development, that need a lot of work. A legacy of the Gandhian peasant farmer

neg: Indian Century sectors. Indian Century The Indian Century (or India's Century) is the possibility that the 21st century will be dominated by India, similarly to how the 20th century is often called the American Century, and the 19th century as Pax Britannica (British Peace). The phrase is used particularly in the assertion that the economy of India could overtake the economy of the United States and economy of China as the largest national economy in the world, a position it held from 1 to 1500 A.D. and in 1700 A.D. India has created North–South Transport Corridor as an alternative to One Belt,

neg: Say's law insufficient demand for specialized labour—that is, the supply of viable labour exceeds demand in some segments of the economy. When more goods are produced by firms than are demanded in certain sectors, the suppliers in those sectors lose revenue as result. This loss of revenue, which would in turn have been used to purchase other goods from other firms, lowers demand for the products of firms in other sectors, causing an overall general reduction in output and thus lowering the demand for labour. This results in what contemporary macroeconomics call structural unemployment, the presumed mismatch between the overall demand for

neg: Market mechanism individuals); in a planned economy, all the resources are owned by the public sector (local and central government); and, in a mixed economy, some resources are owned by both sectors, private and public. In reality the first two are mostly theoretical and the third is common. Resources are allocated according to the forces of supply and demand. Government's interference in the market mechanism leads to economic inefficiency when it is applied to private goods. Prices convey a lot of information. They not only tell producers what to produce but also inform the producers to produce what people want. The more

neg: India–Uganda relations work in Uganda. Ethnic tensions between Indians and Ugandans have been a recurring issue in bilateral relations given the role of Indians in the Ugandan economy. Indians and persons of Indian origin play a key role in the Ugandan economy in the manufacturing, trade and service sectors. Indian businesses employ thousands of Ugandans and are among the largest taxpayers in Uganda. Traditionally, Indians in Uganda were traders of Gujarati descent. Immigrants from Punjab and healthcare workers from Kerala have also arrived in Uganda in recent years. Since the 1980s, India has emerged as one of the largest investors and trading

neg: Social economy Social economy The social economy is formed by a rich diversity of enterprises and organisations, such as cooperatives, mutuals, associations, foundations, social enterprises and paritarian institutions, sharing common values and features: Social economy enterprises and organisations have different sizes, ranging from SMEs to large companies and groups that are leaders in their markets, and operate in all the economic sectors. Social economy studies the relationship between economy and social behavior. It analyzes how consumer behavior is influenced by social morals, ethics and other humanitarian philosophies. The social economy examines activity that is related to economics amongst the community and exposes

neg: Socialist market economy substituted material balance planning and play a substantial role in guiding the market economy for both the state and private sectors. The planning system consists of three layers, with each layer using a different planning mechanism. Compulsory planning is limited to state-owned enterprises operating in strategic sectors, including research, education and infrastructure development plans. Compulsory planning outlines targeted outcomes and the supply of raw materials and financial resources needed. Contractual planning sets objectives and the overall means of achieving these goals and then negotiates with enterprises and local governments to establish detailed objectives and how resources are to be allocated

neg: Labour in India 5-14 age group). Article 24 of India's constitution prohibits child labour, but only in factories, mines or hazardous employment. The Indian Penal Code, the Juvenile Justice (care and protection) of Children Act-2000, and the Child Labour (Prohibition and Abolition) Act-1986 provide a basis in law to identify, prosecute and stop child labour in India. Nevertheless, child labour is observed in almost all unorganised, small scale, informal sectors of the Indian economy. Scholars suggest inflexibility and structure of India's labour market, size of informal economy, legal hurdles preventing industries from scaling up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic

neg: Economy of Sri Lanka affairs Ranil Wickremesinghe, Sri Lanka plans to create a knowledge-based social market economy and an export-oriented economy as well as the Western Region Megapolis a Megapolis in the western province to promote economic growth. The creation of several business and technology development areas island-wide specialised in various sectors, as well as tourism zones are also being planned. Since becoming independent from Britain in February 1948, the economy of the country has been affected by natural disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and a number of insurrections, such as the 1971, the 1987–89 and the 1983–2009 civil war. Between

neg: Public sector undertakings in Kerala Public sector undertakings in Kerala Public sector undertakings in Kerala are of two types, public sector units in which majority shares are owned by Union Government and public sector units in which majority shares are owned by State Government. Public sector undertakings in Kerala, i.e. enterprises in which majority shareholder is Government of Kerala are generally divided into "Manufacturing" & "Non-Manufacturing". Some of the PSUs such as Kinfra, KSIDC, SIDCO etc. are "promotional agencies". As of 2004 there were 104 enterprises spread over 14 different sectors of Kerala economy. These sectors are as varied as engineering, electronics to wood products

neg: Nominal rigidity period covered by the plan. This is at odds with the empirical evidence on prices. There are now many studies of price rigidity in different countries: the US, the Eurozone, the UK and others. These studies all show that whilst there are some sectors where prices change frequently, there are also other sectors where prices remain fixed over time. The lack of sticky prices in the sticky information model is inconsistent with the behavior of prices in most of the economy. This has led to attempts to formulate a "dual stickiness" model that combines sticky information with sticky prices. The

neg: Green infrastructure institutional capacities and capabilities that fragile states may not possess. Potential poverty reduction includes improved agricultural yields and higher rural electrification rates, benefits that can be transmitted to other sectors of the economy not directly linked to the GI investment. Whilst there are examples of GI investments creating new jobs in a number of sectors, it is unclear what the employment opportunities advantages are in respect to traditional infrastructure investments. The correct market conditions (i.e. labour regulations or energy demand) are also required in order to maximise employment creation opportunities. Such factors that may not be fully exploited by fragile

neg: Aggregate demand to consume their incomes. People with lower incomes are inclined to spend their earnings immediately to buy housing, food, transport and so forth, while people with much higher incomes cannot consume everything. They save instead, which means that the velocity of money, meaning the circulation of income through different hands in the economy, is decreased. This lowered the rate of growth. Spending should therefore target public works programmes on a large enough scale to speed up growth to its previous levels. An aggregate demand curve is the sum of individual demand curves for different sectors of the economy. The aggregate

neg: Hhohho Region mining activity still continues in this mine under the Indian mining company Salgaocar. The other mines in the region are no longer operational. The Bulembu mining town which was the main centre for asbestos mining, has now diversified to other sectors, and is privately owned. Tourism is one of the largest sectors of the Hhohho economy. The Ezulwini valley is Eswatini's most famous tourist area with many hotels and restaurants. In Lobamba, the royal and legislative capital of Eswatini, various tourist attractions exist. These include the National Museum, the King Sobhuza II Memorial, and the Eswatini National Archives. The umhlanga

neg: Indian Airlines sent to Boeing in Seattle to repaint all the new fleet coming into the new Air India. Most of the old fleets of Air India and Indian Airlines have also been painted in the new livery. Indian operated short-haul Airbus A320 family aircraft. It offered 2 classes on most sectors - Economy Class and Executive class. Economy class had a typical 3-3 seating on the Airbus aircraft. Passengers were offered complimentary meals. The Executive class seat configuration was 2-2 with a generous recline. Meals served were more lavish. Given below is a chart of trend of profitability of Indian Airlines

neg: Economy of Sweden or TCO) and the Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations ("Sveriges Akademikers Centralorganisation" or SACO). They are both independent from Sweden's political parties and never endorse candidates for office in political elections. There is no minimum wage that is required by legislation. Instead, minimum wage standards in different sectors are normally set by collective bargaining. About 90% of all workers are covered by collective agreements, in the private sector about 85% (2016). The high coverage of collective agreements is achieved despite the absence of state mechanisms extending collective agreements to whole industries or sectors. This reflects the dominance of self-regulation (regulation

neg: Knowledge regime the state-firm relationship rather than the state-citizen relationship. The two political economies that nations will operate in are either liberal market economies (LMEs) or coordinated market economies (CMEs). There are five sectors that firms address when developing relationships with the state, including industrial relations, vocational training and education, corporate governance, inter-firm relations, and employees. Firms use the five sectors to design different policies that are best suited for their political economy. Liberal market economies operate in capitalist nations that use a system of hierarchy and competitive markets to determine relationships between firms and the state. LMEs operate in highly commodified

neg: Indian Trade Service It aims to help various sectors of Indian economy to gain global competitiveness. Indian Trade Service officers are involved in formulation and drafting of the policy. They also provide key inputs from the field offices regarding international trade matters which is subsequently taken up for review while making of the policy. Apart from making the trade policy for the country, ITS officers also involve themselves in coordinating with various other ministries for taking stands on trade matters at international forums such as World Trade Organisation. For this purpose, there is a WTO cell at the Directorate General of foreign Trade.

neg: Economy of Kolkata and tool casting. Since the late 1990s, Kolkata has managed to board the all-India bandwagon of buzzing economic sectors like information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing (BPO), along with a good pace of development matching all India average with the liberalization of the Indian economy. In 2009, Kolkata was ranked the hardest of 17 Indian cities in which to do business by the World Bank. According to recent estimates of Kolkata's economy have ranged from $60 to $150 billion (GDP adjusted for purchasing power parity) making it third most-productive metropolitan area in India, after Mumbai and Delhi. According to

neg: Itasca County, Minnesota forests are made up of trees such as pines, spruces, hardwoods, cedar, and tamarack. The many large forests in the area make forestry and logging major sectors in the economy. Major forests in the county include the Chippewa National Forest, the Big Fork State Forest, George Washington State Forest, Golden Anniversary State Forest, and the Marcell Experimental Forest. In Itasca County there are many different bodies of water from big lakes, to small creeks, to major rivers. Over 1400 lakes are located within the county. These bodies of water help support many different wildlife species such as different birds and

neg: Child labour in India labour is observed in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy. Companies including Gap, Primark, Monsanto have been criticised for child labour in their products. The companies claim they have strict policies against selling products made by underage children, but there are many links in a supply chain making it difficult to oversee them all. In 2011, after three years of Primark's effort, BBC acknowledged that its award-winning investigative journalism report of Indian child labour use by Primark was a fake. The BBC apologised to Primark, to Indian suppliers and all its viewers. Another company that has come under

neg: Mesoeconomics of stock market crashes. Instead of price, the focus of mesoeconomic reasoning is on other variables, including volatility and skedasticity of price and volume movement. In Wealth of Nations Adam Smith observed that different industries would have different rates of expected profit. One area claimed to be mesoeconomic is the distribution of incentives between sectors in an economy, and between different groups of economic actors. For example, are there permanent structural advantages to produce cars instead of trucks, or are some ethnic or racial groups systematically excluded. In this sense mesoeconomics is said to focus on economies at the level

neg: Economy of the United States by sector to be available in December 2013. The Census Bureau releases sector-by-sector statistics on the number of establishments, total business activity, annual payroll, and number of paid employees. A standardized classification of the economy into sectors makes it possible to compare census results over time. However, to reflect the evolving nature of the economy, the NAICS is updated every five years. Therefore, when comparing different censuses, a particular NAICS basis is usually specified. The following data are based on a comparison of the 2007 and 2002 censuses using the 2002 NAICS basis and an older comparison of the 1997 and 2002

neg: Economy of Ethiopia Economy of Ethiopia The economy of Ethiopia is a mixed and transition economy with a large public sector. The Ethiopian government is in the process of privatizing many of the state-owned businesses and moving toward a market economy. However, the banking, telecommunication and transportation sectors of the economy are dominated by government-owned companies. Ethiopia has one of the fastest-growing economies in the world and is Africa’s second most populous country. Many properties owned by the government during the previous regime have now been privatized and are in the process of privatization. However, certain sectors such as telecommunications, financial and insurance

neg: Economy of Tangier It also wins part of the strong growth market of container transshipment and has become the leading hub for cereal transshipment, a facility which is non-existent in the north-west African region at present. The complex is implemented, coordinated and managed by TMSA, a private company with public prerogatives, operating under an agreement with the State and interacting with the different ministries involved. Economy of Tangier Tangier's economy is the third biggest of all Moroccan cities, after the economic capital Casablanca and the political capital Rabat. Tangier is Morocco's second most important industrial center after Casablanca. The industrial sectors are diversified:

neg: Small and medium enterprises in Mexico Small and medium enterprises in Mexico Small and medium enterprises in Mexico generally called PYMEs (), are an important segment of the Mexican economy. They are classified in two types of small and medium enterprises: family businesses and non-family businesses. The Mexican Government supports PyMEs since 2004. The Mexican Chamber of Economy with the help of the Mexican government creates different types of programs for the PyMEs that need to improve their participation in the national market and also for the international market. The PyMEs' size is classified by the number of employees they have. The main sectors are manufacturing,

neg: Green economy policies in Canada or more of CO2. The goal of the policy is to reduce GHG emissions in the highest emitting sectors by promoting energy efficiency as well as the use of energy from renewable sources. There are a variety of countries that a part of the OECD that are transitioning their economies towards one that is green and sustainable. Depending on the type of economy one’s country has, various policies are quite different. Germany has adopted a transition policy currently known as Energiewende. It is an ambitious industrial and societal transformation towards a low carbon energy system based on developing renewable energy.

neg: Economy for a global information society as understanding of a new type of "all-connected" society is created. In the late 2000s, the new type of economies and economic expansions of countries like China, Brazil, and India bring attention and interest to different from the usually dominating Western type economies and economic models. The economy may be considered as having developed through the following Phases or Degrees of Precedence. In modern economies, these phase precedences are somewhat differently expressed by the three-sector theory. Other sectors of the developed community include : There are a number of ways to measure economic activity of

neg: Copperbelt University national development. These include, but not limited to, the following: mining, banking, construction, environmental, agricultural, educational, medical, engineering and manufacturing sectors. The University has a rich culture of research and consultancy and through this has been and continues to be instrumental in providing expertise that has had positive impact in different critical sectors of the Zambian economy. As you reflect on attainment of higher education and engagement in research, we invite you to choose this dynamic and progressive University as a destination for achieving your dream. We are more than ready to partner with you on your scholarly and research

neg: Dutch disease up the value of the currency. This is what leads to the lack of competition in the other sectors of the economy. The extraction of natural resources is also extremely capital intensive, resulting in few new jobs being created. There are two basic ways to reduce the threat of Dutch disease: by slowing the appreciation of the real exchange rate and by boosting the competitiveness of the adversely affected sectors. One approach is to sterilize the boom revenues, that is, not to bring all the revenues into the country all at once, and to save some of the revenues abroad

neg: Economic planning of new agencies to direct important economic sectors: notably, the Food Administration, Fuel Administration, Railroad Administration and War Industries Board. During the Second World War, the economy experienced staggering growth under a similar system of planning. In the postwar period, U.S. governments utilized such measures as the Economic Stabilization Program to directly intervene in the economy to control prices, wages, "et cetera" in different economic sectors. Since the start of the Cold War, the federal government has directed a significant amount of investment and funding into research and development (R&D), often initially through the US Department of Defense. The government

neg: Structuralist economics argument that there had become a broad consensus on what amounted to the neostructuralist approach. This included the recognition of: More recent contributions to structuralist economics have highlighted the importance of institutions and distribution across both productive sectors and social groups. These institutions and sectors may be incorporated macroeconomic or multisectoral models. At the macroeconomic level modern structuralists would trace the origins of their approach to Kalecki's "Problems of Financing Economic Development in a Mixed Economy". FitzGerald’s version of this model of an industrializing economy has three commodity markets (food, manufactures and capital goods), foreign trade and income distribution which

neg: Mainstream economics actual mechanics of modern fiat monetary economies. Chartalism focuses on a detailed understanding of the way money actually flows through the different sectors of an economy. Specifically, Chartalism focuses on the interaction between central banks, treasury and the private banking system. Chartalism rejects critical mainstream theories such as the loanable funds market, the money multiplier, and the utility of fiscal austerity. Some economists, in the vein of ecological economics, believe that the neoclassical "holy trinity" of rationality, greed, and equilibrium, is being replaced by the holy trinity of purposeful behavior, enlightened self-interest, and sustainability, considerably broadening the scope of what

neg: Telecommunications in India people in the country. GSMA estimates that the Indian telecom sector will contribute to the economy and support 3 million direct jobs and 2 million indirect jobs by 2020. Telecommunications in India began with the introduction of the telegraph. The Indian postal and telecom sectors are one of the worlds oldest. In 1850, the first experimental electric telegraph line was started between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour. In 1851, it was opened for the use of the British East India Company. The Posts and Telegraphs department occupied a small corner of the Public Works Department, at that time. The construction of

neg: Economy of Naples of Naples according to registrations in the Chamber of Commerce Public Register. More than half of these are small enterprises with fewer than 20 workers; 70 companies are medium-sized with more than 200 workers; and 15 have more than 500 workers. Employment in the province of Naples in different sectors breaks down as follows: Economy of Naples Naples is Italy's fourth largest city in terms of economic size, coming after Milan, Rome and Turin. It is the world's 91st richest city by purchasing power, with a GDP of $43 billion. Were Naples a country, it would be the world's 68th

neg: Strängnäs Municipality shores of Lake Mälaren has made Strängnäs an important trading centre and meeting place through the ages. Mariefred acquired its name from the monastery Pax Mariae ("Mary's Peace") which was founded some 500 years ago by Sten Sture the Elder. There are no remains above ground of the monastery, which was the location where Mariefred's church, built in 1624, now stands. Strängnäs has a multifaceted and dynamic economy, being home to businesses of different sizes and in many different sectors. The prominent industries are biotech, pharmaceuticals, logistics, education, engineering and tourism. These are the results of the Riksdag elections of

neg: Economy of North Korea such as chemical fertilizers, carbides, and sulfuric acid, whose recovery took longer. Having basically completed the task of reconstruction, the state planned to lay a solid foundation for industrialization while completing the socialization process and solving the basic problems of food and shelter during the Five-Year Plan of 1957–1960. The socialization process was completed by 1958 in all sectors of the economy, and the Ch'ŏllima Movement was introduced. Although growth rates reportedly were high, there were serious imbalances among the different economic sectors. Because rewards were given to individuals and enterprises that met production quotas, frantic efforts to fulfill plan

neg: Lawrence Gonzi importance to attract high-value added sectors of the economy, particularly information technology, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. His negotiating skills were crucial in Malta obtaining €2.4 billion in EU funds from 2007 onwards, and achieving a voluntary EU burden-sharing agreement on illegal migration. The first priority of Gonzi's government was to move the country forward, reforming different sectors of the economy such as the restructuring of Air Malta, the Malta shipyards, the "Gozo Channel" shipping line, public transport and others. These became a priority following Malta's accession to the EU, economic reform became crucial to the country’s development. Even if unpopular, Gonzi

neg: Types of socialism democrats) or to totally overthrow the capitalist system (all Marxists). Some schools advocate centralized state control of the socialized sectors of the economy (e.g. Leninism), whilst others argue for control of those sectors by workers' councils (e.g. syndicalism, left and council communism, Marxism, anarcho-communism). This question is usually referred to by socialists in terms of "ownership of the means of production". None of the social democratic parties of Europe advocate total state ownership of the means of production in their contemporary demands and popular press. Another issue socialists are divided on is what legal and political apparatus the workers would

neg: 2018 China–United States trade war $225–600 billion a year. China requires technology transfer through foreign direct investment (FDI) regime and required joint ventures: In many cases, technology transfers are effectively required by China's Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) regime, which closes off important sectors of the economy to foreign firms. In order to gain access to these sectors, China forces foreign firms to enter into joint ventures with Chinese entities they do not have any connection. A number of experts have focused on what they consider China's "theft" of intellectual property, and that it forces U.S. firms that want to do business there into transferring its

neg: Gunter Pauli the book "The Blue Economy 2.0" and in 2017 "The Blue Economy 3.0" was released showing what has been realized worldwide. In the fall of 2017 Gunter published "The Third Dimension" in cooperation with Jurriaan Kamp. describing the trends that shape "The Blue Economy". The French edition was launched under a new title "Let us be as intelligent as Nature". . In the Spring of 2018 Gunter published "Plan A: The Transformation of the Argentinian Economy" presenting 10 innovative sectors in the Argentinian economy applying "The Blue Economy" Gunter Pauli is a best selling Belgian non-fiction author. Gunter Pauli Gunter

neg: Principal–agent problem used in the context of different types of employment: salesmen often receive some or all of their remuneration as commission, production workers are usually paid an hourly wage, while office workers are typically paid monthly or semimonthly (and if paid overtime, typically at a higher rate than the hourly rate implied by the salary). The way in which these mechanisms are used is different in the two parts of the economy which Doeringer and Piore called the "primary" and "secondary" sectors (see also dual labour market). The secondary sector is characterised by short-term employment relationships, little or no prospect of

neg: Reproduction (economics) equilibrium economics, because economic reproduction is concerned not with statics or with how economic development gravitates towards an equilibrium, but rather with "dynamics"—that is, the motion of an economy. It is not concerned with the conditions of a perfect match between supply and demand under ideal conditions but rather with the quantitative proportions between different economic activities or sectors that are necessary in any real economy so that economic activity can continue and grow. It is concerned with "all" the conditions for that, including the social and technical conditions necessary for the economic process. Reproduction economics does not assume that

neg: Nonfarm payrolls in prices may mean that workers demand higher wages (especially as the economy reaches full employment) causing further inflation. In macroeconomics, this is known as the price/wage spiral. 2. Which sectors the increase or decrease in jobs came from. This can give traders a heads up on which sectors of the economy may be primed for growth as companies in those sectors such as housing add jobs. 3. Average hourly earnings. This is an important component because if the same number of people are employed but are earning more or less money for that work, this has basically the same

neg: Economy of the Isle of Man Economy of the Isle of Man The Isle of Man, one of the Crown dependencies, is a low-tax economy and offshore financial centre. Located in the Irish Sea, it is within the British Isles but does not form part of the United Kingdom or the European Communities. Insurance, online gambling operators and developers, ICT, and Offshore banking form key sectors of the island's economy. As of 2016, the World Bank assessed the island's Gross National Income (GNI) per capita at US$89,970. The Isle of Man Government's own National Income Report shows the largest sectors of the economy are insurance and

neg: Israel's Anti-Concentration Law committee concludes that the Israeli economy is concentrated, both in the real and financial sectors; that a few holding groups, that have a pyramidal holding structure, control disproportionally large portions of the Israeli economy; that these groups are typically active both in real and financial sectors; and that this structure creates a situation where they are competitors, suppliers and customers of each other. The interim report concludes that the Israeli economy as concentrated: “a clear majority (88%) of Israeli publicly-traded companies are characterized by a concentrated holding structure, meaning they have at least one controlling shareholder. In more than a

neg: Transformation processes (media systems) are always linked to the political and socioeconomic development, transformation research is not solely focused on the transformation of the media systems, but also on sectors like politics, economy, society, or culture. Transformation research is a comparative approach, since processes in different stages of the political or media system are compared. The approach is highly complex, because it combines comparison with the dimension of space and time, for instance by analyzing similar change processes of media systems in different world regions and times in history. This causes problems, because the changing systems can exhibit considerable differences between one another. Although

neg: São José dos Campos ranked as the 5th largest exporter, by value, of all Brazilian municipalities exporting $4.6B (USD) worth of materials. In that year, between aircraft and aircraft parts categories, São José Dos Campos exported $3.57B (USD) or 81.9% of the total exports of the municipality. Since the 1990s, the local economy has been evolving in a different direction. The manufacturing economy has been downsized or replaced by tertiary and quaternary sectors of industries. For instance, the Entrepreneurial District of Chacaras Reunidas concentrates companies of micro, small and medium size, which are mainly the result of downsizing from old large local industries. Yet

neg: National Insurance Company range of coverage policies targeting different sectors: National Insurance Company National Insurance Company Limited (NICL) is a state-owned general insurance company in India. Its catchline is ""Trusted Since 1906"" in italic. The company headquartered at Kolkata was established in 1906 and nationalised in 1972. Its portfolio consists of a multitude of general insurance policies, offered to a wide arena of clients encompassing different sectors of the economy. Apart from being a leading insurance provider in India, NICL also serves Nepal. After nationalisation in 1972, NICL operated as a subsidiary of General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC). National Insurance Company Limited

neg: Greenhouse gas emissions accounting of its emissions-producing activities. Consumption-based emissions accounting has an equally established methodology using Input-Output Tables. These “display the interconnection between different sectors of production and allow for a tracing of the production and consumption in an economy” and were originally created for national economies. However, as production has become increasingly international and the import/export market between nations has flourished, Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) models have been developed. The unique feature of MRIO is allowing a product to be traced across its production cycle, “quantifying the contributions to the value of the product from different economic sectors in various countries represented in

neg: Economy of India sectors, due to reduced demand and dipping employment. After the removal of international restrictions by the Charter of 1813, Indian trade expanded substantially with steady growth. The result was a significant transfer of capital from India to England, which, due to the colonial policies of the British, led to a massive drain of revenue rather than any systematic effort at modernisation of the domestic economy. Under British rule, India's share of the world economy declined from 24.4% in 1700 down to 4.2% in 1950. India's GDP (PPP) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior

neg: Transformation in economics service economy in the U.S. However, in the early 1980s, the service sector had started slowing down its employment absorption and growth potential, ultimately leading to the jobless economy of 2011. No such comparisons with the 1930s are useful: one can compare recessions but not transformations. Industrial economy of 1930s and the post-service economy of 2000s are two different “animals” in two different contexts. It is still not clear what kind of transformation is emerging and eventually replaces the service and public sector economy. The unrecognized confluence of crisis and transformation, and the inability to separate them, lies at the

neg: Economy of Iceland is illiquid in comparison with larger markets. A variety of firms across all sectors of the Icelandic economy are listed on the ICEX. The most important stock market index was the ICEX 15; however, this index was discontinued in the wake of the financial crisis following a decade in which it had been the worst-performing stock market index in the entire world. Historically, investors tended to be reluctant to hold Icelandic bonds because of the persistence of high inflation and the volatility of the Króna. What did exist was largely limited to bonds offered by the central government. The bond

neg: Big push model savings needs to be increased following the rise in incomes due to higher investment. Consider a country whose economy is characterized by a large number sectors which are so small that any increase in the productivity of one sector has no impact on the economy as a whole. Each sector can either rely on traditional methods or switch to modern methods of production which would increase its efficiency. Let us assume that there are formula_1 workers in the economy and formula_2 sectors. Each sector therefore has formula_3 workers. "Using traditional technology", a sector would produce formula_3 amount of output, with

neg: Nominal rigidity is unemployment. Huw Dixon and Claus Hansen showed that even if only part of the economy has sticky prices, this can influence prices in other sectors and lead to prices in the rest of the economy becoming less responsive to changes in demand. Thus price and wage stickiness in one sector can "spill over" and lead to the economy behaving in a more Keynesian way. To see how a small sector with a fixed price can affect the way rest of the flexible prices behave, suppose that there are two sectors in the economy: a proportion a with flexible prices

neg: New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme obligation from 1 January 2019 for all sectors in the NZ ETS. This phased approach was intended to allow businesses time to plan and adjust, and therefore to support a more stable market. Individual sectors of the economy have different entry dates when their obligations to report emissions and surrender emission units took effect. Forestry, which contributed net removals of 17.5 Mts of COe in 2010 (19% of NZ's 2008 emissions,) entered the NZ ETS on 1 January 2008. The stationary energy, industrial processes and liquid fossil fuel sectors entered the NZ ETS on 1 July 2010. The waste sector

neg: Vijayawada biodiesel, CNG in auto rickshaws and electric 'E-rickshaws' were introduced. The Vijayawada City Police has its own Police Commissionerate, which is responsible for an area of 1211.16 sq.km., is headed by a Police Commissioner, who is an Indian Police Service officer of Additional Director General of Police rank along with one joint commissioner of police and four Deputy Commissioners of Police who are also IPS officers. The present Police commissioner is Goutham Savangh. Vijayawada is one of the rapidly growing urban markets of the country. The sectors that contribute to the city economy are construction, education, entertainment, food processing, hospitality,

neg: Economy of India under the British Raj economy of early 20th-century British India (11.2%). In terms of urbanization, Mughal India also had a higher percentage of its population (15%) living in urban centers in 1600 than British India did in the 19th century. A number of modern economic historians have blamed the colonial rule for the dismal state of India's economy, with investment in Indian industries limited since it was a colony. Under British rule, India experienced deindustrialization: the decline of India's native manufacturing industries. The economic policies of the British Raj caused a severe decline in the handicrafts and handloom sectors, with reduced demand and dipping

neg: Labour in India employers on retrenchment and layoffs, requirement of paperwork, bureaucratic process and government approval for change in labour in companies even if these are because of economic conditions. Indian labour laws are considered to be very highly regulated and rigid as compared to those of other countries in the world. The intensity of these laws have been criticised as the cause of low employment growth, large unorganised sectors, underground economy and low per capita income. These have led many to demand reforms for Labour market flexibility in India. India has over 50 major Acts and numerous laws that regulate employers in

neg: Corruption in Russia recent years corruption in Russia has become a business. In the 1990s, businessmen had to pay different criminal groups to provide a ""krysha"" (literally, a "roof", i.e., protection). Nowadays, this "protective" function is performed by officials. Corrupt hierarchies characterize different sectors of the economy, including education. In the end, the Russian population pays for this corruption. For example, some experts believe that the rapid increases in tariffs for housing, water, gas and electricity, which significantly outpace the rate of inflation, are a direct result of high volumes of corruption at the highest levels. In the recent years the reaction to

neg: Solow–Swan model attributed entirely to technological progress, but it also includes any permanent improvement in the efficiency with which factors of production are combined over time. Implicitly TFP growth includes any permanent productivity improvements that result from improved management practices in the private or public sectors of the economy. Paradoxically, even though TFP growth is exogenous in the model, it cannot be observed, so it can only be estimated in conjunction with the simultaneous estimate of the effect of capital accumulation on growth during a particular time period. The model can be reformulated in slightly different ways using different productivity assumptions, or

neg: Economy of India migration, and in particular the large port cities of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras grew rapidly. Despite this, only one-sixth of India's population lived in cities by 1951. The impact of British rule on India's economy is a controversial topic. Leaders of the Indian independence movement and economic historians have blamed colonial rule for the dismal state of India's economy in its aftermath and argued that financial strength required for industrial development in Britain was derived from the wealth taken from India. At the same time, right-wing historians have countered that India's low economic performance was due to various sectors being