query: name 3 human made features that are shown on a topographic map

pos: Topographic map moderately skilled end users to view or print maps with arbitrary contents, coverage and scale. For example, the Federal government of the United States' "TIGER" initiative compiled interlinked databases of federal, state and local political borders and census enumeration areas, and of roadways, railroads, and water features with support for locating street addresses within street segments. TIGER was developed in the 1980s and used in the 1990 and subsequent decennial censuses. Digital elevation models ("DEM") were also compiled, initially from topographic maps and stereographic interpretation of aerial photographs and then from satellite photography and radar data. Since all these were

pos: Topographic map 1:1,584,000 to 1:12,000,000. Recent USGS digital "National Map" omits several important geographic details that were featured in the original USGS topographic map series (1945-1992). Examples of omitted details and features include power transmission lines, telephone lines, railroads, recreational trails, pipelines, survey marks, and buildings. For many of these feature classes, the USGS is working with other agencies to develop data or adapt existing data on missing details that will be included in The National Map. In other areas USGS digital map revisions may omit geographic features such as ruins, mine locations, springs, wells, and even trails in an effort to

pos: Orienteering map Orienteering map An orienteering map is a map specially prepared for use in orienteering competitions. It is a topographic map with extra details to help the competitor navigate through the competition area. These maps are much more detailed than general-purpose topographic maps, and incorporate a standard symbology that is designed to be useful to anyone, regardless of native language. In addition to indicating the topography of the terrain with contour lines, orienteering maps also show forest density, water features, clearings, trails and roads, earthen banks and rock walls, ditches, wells and pits, fences and power lines, buildings, boulders, and other

pos: Place name origins Some of the main problems are: The names of natural or man-made features in the landscape tend to be older than those of settlements since the former are often more widely known. Names are given to water features, hills and valleys, islands and marshes, as well as woods and districts. Man-made landscape features that have been given names include roads and trackways as well as burial mounds, etc. Many topographic elements become incorporated into settlement names, together with plant, creature names or personal names. Many topographical words convey not just an image of the place but also a wealth of

pos: Map user to toggle decluttering between ON, OFF and AUTO as needed. In AUTO the degree of decluttering is adjusted as the user changes the scale being displayed. Maps of the world or large areas are often either 'political' or 'physical'. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the physical is to show features of geography such as mountains, soil type or land use including infrastructure such as roads, railroads and buildings. Topographic maps show elevations and relief with contour lines or shading. Geological maps show not only the physical surface, but

neg: Topographic map protect natural resources and the public at large, or because such features are not present in any public domain database. Topographic map In modern mapping, a topographic map is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines, but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made features. A topographic survey is typically published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line is a line connecting places of

neg: Geologic map Geologic map A geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose map made to show geological features. Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface. Bedding planes and structural features such as faults, folds, foliations, and lineations are shown with strike and dip or trend and plunge symbols which give these features' three-dimensional orientations. Stratigraphic contour lines may be used to illustrate the surface of a selected stratum illustrating the subsurface topographic trends of the strata. Isopach maps detail the variations in thickness of stratigraphic units. It is

neg: Topographic map Topographic map In modern mapping, a topographic map is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines, but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made features. A topographic survey is typically published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line is a line connecting places of equal elevation. Natural Resources Canada provides this description of topographic maps: Other authors define topographic maps by contrasting them with

neg: Topographic map of 2011, the future of standardized, centrally printed topographical maps is left somewhat in doubt. Topographic maps have multiple uses in the present day: any type of geographic planning or large-scale architecture; earth sciences and many other geographic disciplines; mining and other earth-based endeavours; civil engineering and recreational uses such as hiking and orienteering. The various features shown on the map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. These signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet. Topographic maps

neg: Map symbolization intervals of 10 feet or less. Areas that contain mountain or other high slope can use an interval of 100 feet. Apart from showing just contour lines, topographic maps also use a lot of map symbols to represent its features. Features are represented by using point, line, and area symbols. Individual features, such as houses, are shown as point symbols like a small dot or square. However, a cluster of houses or neighborhood can be shown as a shaded area or polygon. Areas of importance or landmarks may receive special symbols that represent what they are. For instance, a church

neg: Topographic map another type of map; they are distinguished from smaller-scale "chorographic maps" that cover large regions, "planimetric maps" that do not show elevations, and "thematic maps" that focus on specific topics. However, in the vernacular and day to day world, the representation of relief (contours) is popularly held to define the genre, such that even small-scale maps showing relief are commonly (and erroneously, in the technical sense) called "topographic". The study or discipline of topography is a much broader field of study, which takes into account all natural and man-made features of terrain. Topographic maps are based on topographical surveys. Performed

neg: Nautical chart their safety. Tidal races and other strong currents have special chart symbols. Tidal flow information may be shown on charts using tidal diamonds, indicating the speed and bearing of the tidal flow during each hour of the tidal cycle. Nautical chart A nautical chart is a graphic representation of a maritime area and adjacent coastal regions. Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water and heights of land (topographic map), natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and human-made aids to navigation, information on tides and currents, local

neg: Orienteering map of draughting film, and drawn with pencils. The final map needs to be drawn with sufficient accuracy so that a feature shown on the map can be identified clearly on the ground by the competitor, thus, field-workers need to locate features with a high level of accuracy, to ensure consistency between map and terrain. Where the map and terrain are inconsistent, the feature becomes unusable: no control point can be placed there. Periodic corrections to the map may be necessary, typically vegetation changes in forested areas. The earliest orienteering maps used existing topographic maps e.g. United Kingdom Ordnance Survey 1:25

neg: Nautical chart Nautical chart A nautical chart is a graphic representation of a maritime area and adjacent coastal regions. Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water and heights of land (topographic map), natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and human-made aids to navigation, information on tides and currents, local details of the Earth's magnetic field, and human-made structures such as harbours, buildings and bridges. Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation; many countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them. Nautical charting may take the form

neg: Sea level mountains on a topographic map, variations in elevation are shown by contour lines. The elevation of a mountain denotes the highest point or summit and is typically illustrated as a small circle on a topographic map with the AMSL height shown in metres, feet or both. In the rare case that a location is below sea level, the elevation AMSL is negative. For one such case, see Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. To extend this definition far from the sea means comparing the local height of the mean sea surface with a "level" reference surface, or geodetic datum, called the geoid. In

neg: Vicmap Topographic Map Series Vicmap Topographic Map Series Vicmap Topographic Map Series is a series of topographic maps covering the State of Victoria, Australia. Created and maintained by the State of Victoria, the map series is currently in a transition phase, with traditional Vicmap Topographic maps being gradually replaced with a new map series. The traditional set of Vicmap Topographic maps consist of approximately 850 1:25000 and 1:50000 hardcopy topographic map sheets printed and made available for sale to the general public. These map sheets cover 80% of Victoria. Most of the mapsheets are single format at a scale of 1:25000. Less inhabited areas

neg: Contour line the reader to decipher the background information in the map itself. If there is little or no content on the base map, the contour lines may be drawn with relatively heavy thickness. Also, for many forms of contours such as topographic maps, it is common to vary the line weight and/or color, so that a different line characteristic occurs for certain numerical values. For example, in the topographic map above, the even hundred foot elevations are shown in a different weight from the twenty foot intervals. Line color is the choice of any number of pigments that suit the display.

neg: Vicmap Topographic Map Series 2008. A4 and A3 size maps covering the entire state of Victoria are currently available to the public online. See link below. Vicmap Topographic Map Series Vicmap Topographic Map Series is a series of topographic maps covering the State of Victoria, Australia. Created and maintained by the State of Victoria, the map series is currently in a transition phase, with traditional Vicmap Topographic maps being gradually replaced with a new map series. The traditional set of Vicmap Topographic maps consist of approximately 850 1:25000 and 1:50000 hardcopy topographic map sheets printed and made available for sale to the general public.

neg: Map symbolization may be symbolized as a picture of a little church or cross or the town hall may have a special color or symbol. Many of the symbol feature on maps of the earth will be shown by straight, curved, dashed, or solid lines. They may also be colored to represent different classes of information. The typical color standard for topographic maps depicts contours in brown, bodies of water in blue, boundaries in black, and grids and roads in red. Topographic maps may use different colors to represent area features. Most topographic maps will use green for vegetation or national parks

neg: Cartography in order to design a map with a specific audience in mind. Oftentimes, the type of audience an orienteering map is made for is in a particular industry or occupation. An example of this kind of map would be a municipal utility map. A topographic map is primarily concerned with the topographic description of a place, including (especially in the 20th and 21st centuries) the use of contour lines showing elevation. Terrain or relief can be shown in a variety of ways (see Cartographic relief depiction). In the present era, one of the most widespread and advanced methods used to

neg: Map regression shown on another do not necessarily indicate an actual difference, due to purpose, detail, or accuracy; for example, comparing cadastral and topographic maps. Map format can reduce confidence in a regression. 'Strip' maps, or traverse surveys, which record features in a linear path can complicate the spatial interpolation required to match a planar format. Historical research can involve early maps of uncertain accuracy or datum. They are often small scale which leads to the magnification of any position errors in enlarging to match large scale maps. Georeferencing is not always straightforward; topography such as river courses and coastlines change over

neg: Cerebral cortex of sensory maps in the cortex reflects that of the corresponding sensing organ, in what is known as a topographic map. Neighboring points in the primary visual cortex, for example, correspond to neighboring points in the retina. This topographic map is called a retinotopic map. In the same way, there exists a tonotopic map in the primary auditory cortex and a somatotopic map in the primary sensory cortex. This last topographic map of the body onto the posterior central gyrus has been illustrated as a deformed human representation, the somatosensory homunculus, where the size of different body parts reflects the

neg: Vicmap Topographic Map Series natural features, such as watercourses, contours, cliffs and tree cover, and constructed features, such as drains, gates, roads and shipwrecks. The traditional 1:25,000 printed topographic maps have been used as a benchmark for the new Vicmap Topographic products. Hence the new series replicates the features and associated symbology as depicted on the old maps. The new series of Vicmap Topographic maps consists of 1:25000 and 1:50000 double format hardcopy maps, along with 1:30000 A4 and A3 online mapsheets. The new hardcopy maps are gradually replacing the old stock, with the entire state anticipated to be available at 1:50000 by December

neg: Magothy River in 2008 for dissolved oxygen; 55% of measurements exceeded its goal of 5 milligrams per liter, down from 69% in 2007. Almost all of the creeks and tidal coves on the Magothy are named, partly as the result of a project started in 2001 by the Magothy River Association. They are shown on a map produced as part of that project, and the major ones are shown on the USGS topographic map. There are nine non-tidal streams listed below along the Upper Magothy River. None of them are navigable except for short portions near the Magothy of those below Lake

neg: Topographic map areas or individual buildings (depending on scale), and other features and points of interest. Today, topographic maps are prepared using photogrammetric interpretation of aerial photography, lidar and other Remote sensing techniques. Older topographic maps were prepared using traditional surveying instruments. The cartographic style (content and appearance) of topographic maps is highly variable between national mapping organizations and aesthetic traditions and conventions persist, particularly amongst European countries at medium map scales. Although virtually the entire terrestrial surface of Earth has been mapped at scale 1:1,000,000, medium and large-scale mapping has been accomplished intensively in some countries and much less in others.

neg: Mawangdui can see heavenly messengers sent to bring Lady Dai to heaven. Underneath this are Lady Dai's family offering sacrifices to help her journey to heaven. Beneath them is the underworld - two giant sea serpents intertwined. The contents of Tomb 2 had been destroyed or removed by robbers. An excavation report has been published within the last 5 years in Chinese; there has not been an English printing yet. Tomb 3 contained a silk name banner (similar to that of tomb 1) and three maps drawn on silk: a topographic map, a military map and a prefecture map. The maps

neg: Devil's Den-Ewing Mountain is located in the Appalachian Mountains of Southwestern Virginia about 3 miles east of Cripple Creek, Virginia, between Va 602 on the west and south, and Va 94 on the east and Va 642 on the north. Trails and roads into the area include: Decommissioned Trails: The boundary of the wildland as determined by the Wilderness Society is shown in the adjacent map. Additional roads and trails are given on National Geographic Map 786. A great variety of information, including topographic maps, aerial views, satellite data and weather information, is obtained by selecting the link with the wild land's coordinates

neg: Swisstopo de Genève". Topographic surveys also started in the alpine regions of Switzerland. These had their first results in 1845, a year later than planned, when a map scaled 1:100.000 was published. This was the start of what are termed "Dufourkarten" ("Dufour's Maps"). The topographic survey finished in 1862. To honour Dufour, the Swiss government decided to rename the highest peak on the "Dufourkarten" from "Höchste Spitze" to Dufourspitze: it still carries that name today. In 1863, the SAC published a 1:50.000 map of the region Tödi, based on unpublished survey material. A year later, the last map of the "Dufourkarten"

neg: Aeronautical chart conventions (United States) the legend, scales, and tables of airport and airspace information. Terrain is color-coded for its elevation and major roads, cities, and bodies of water are shown for visual reference, as well as other identifiable structures (e.g., stadiums and water towers). However, most of the layers of data on the charts include specific information about obstacles, airspace designations, and facility information (locations, radio frequencies, etc.). The legend divides these into several types of information, namely: airports, radio aids, traffic and airspace services, obstructions, topographic, and miscellaneous. Other unusual features may be designated on the map with symbols that do not appear

neg: Cove Mountain (conservation area) different maps of the area. Trails and roads into the area include: The Cove Mountain Shelter is on the AT about 3 miles from the trail's crossing of Jennings Creek. The boundary of the wildland as determined by the Wilderness Society is shown in the adjacent map. Additional roads and trails are given on National Geographic Map 789. A great variety of information, including topographic maps, aerial views, satellite data and weather information, is obtained by selecting the link with the wildland’s coordinates in the upper right of this page. Beyond maintained trails, old logging roads can be used to

neg: Antarctic Place-names Commission considers for possible naming features that are nameless, well identified and provided with detailed standardized descriptions. The work of the Commission is supported by geographical information and mapping resulting from topographic surveys in Antarctica, such as the 1995/96 survey in Livingston Island, and the topographic survey Tangra 2004/05. Field work carried out during the latter survey has been noted by Discovery Channel as a timeline event in Antarctic exploration. The Commission published the first Bulgarian topographic map of Livingston Island and Greenwich Island in 2005, and jointly with the Military Topographic Service of the Bulgarian Army, the first detailed topographic

neg: Geologic map and geology, a sheet of cross section and a locality map. The difference found between the 1976 Geology of Singapore report include numerous formations found in literature between 1976 and 2009. These include the Fort Canning Boulder Beds and stretches of limestone. Geologic map A geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose map made to show geological features. Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface. Bedding planes and structural features such as faults, folds, foliations, and lineations are shown with strike and dip or trend and

neg: Topographic Map of Switzerland editions of the Dufour Map give a reliable overview of demographic trends in Switzerland, the extension of settlements and significant changes in the territory, such as the damming of rivers, the construction of roads, and railway development. From 1870, a map series in the 1:25,000 scale of the original Dufour Map images was published under the official name Topographic Atlas of Switzerland (German: "Topographischer Atlas der Schweiz"), and also known as the "Siegfried Atlas" or Siegfried Map (German: "Siegfriedkarte"; French: "Carte Siegfried"). Topographic Map of Switzerland The Topographic Map of Switzerland (German: "Topographische Karte der Schweiz"), also known as the

neg: Topography national surveys of other nations share many of the same features, and so they are often called "topographic maps." Existing topographic survey maps, because of their comprehensive and encyclopedic coverage, form the basis for much derived topographic work. Digital Elevation Models, for example, have often been created not from new remote sensing data but from existing paper topographic maps. Many government and private publishers use the artwork (especially the contour lines) from existing topographic map sheets as the basis for their own specialized or updated topographic maps. Topographic mapping should not be confused with geologic mapping. The latter is concerned

neg: Geologic map of Georgia (U.S. state) Geologic map of Georgia (U.S. state) The geologic map of Georgia (a state within the United States) is a special-purpose map made to show geological features. Rock units or geologic strata are shown by colors or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface. Structural features such as faults and shear zones are also shown. Since the first national geological map, in 1809, there have been numerous maps which included the geology of Georgia. The first Georgia specific geologic map was created in 1825. The most recent state-produced geologic map of Georgia, by the Georgia Department of Natural

neg: Topographic map that year was commissioned to create a large map, known as "Map of Krayenhoff". Around 1836 they began printing the topographic map on a scale of 1: 50,000, followed in 1865 by the topographic map on a scale of 1: 25,000. In 1951 began the start of production of the topographic map on a scale of 1: 10,000. From various reorganizations arose in 1932 the "Topografische Dienst" as national mapping agency of the Netherlands, since January 2004 housed within the Land Registry "Kadaster". Land Information New Zealand is the government agency responsible for providing up-to-date topographic mapping. LINZ topographic maps

neg: Topographic map (neuroanatomy) acuity and details in signals. A more detailed map has more neurons that would take up more area than a more global map, which would require fewer connections. A variety of techniques have been used to establish the topographic maps in the brain. The existence of topographical maps was shown early by electrical stimulation of the cortex, tracing patterns of epileptic seizures, stimulation sequences, and impairments due to lesions. Details in the maps came later through microelectrode stimulation and recording techniques became commonly used in demonstrating somatotopic maps and later in the auditory and visual systems, both cortically and in

neg: Orienteering map description of terrain features. For example, large rocks above the soil surface do not normally appear on topographic maps but can be important features on many orienteering maps. New features such as fence lines can be important navigational aids and may also affect route choice. Orienteering maps include these new features. Cartographer Jan Martin Larsen was a pioneer in the development of the specialized orienteering map. The map scale depends on the purpose of the competition and also the standard used, for example, a map used in a foot orienteering long distance event has scale of 1:15000. The map is

neg: Map symbolization Map symbolization Map symbolization is the characters, letters, or similar graphic representations used on a map to indicate an object or characteristic in the real world. In cartography, the principles of cognition are important since they explain why certain map symbols work. In the past, mapmakers did not care why they worked. This behaviorist view treats the human brain like a black box. Modern cartographers are curious why certain symbols are the most effective. This should help develop a theoretical basis for how brains recognize symbols and, in turn, provide a platform for creating new symbols. Topographic maps show the

neg: National Maps of Switzerland were made in smaller scales. In each scale, the whole of Switzerland was covered. In 1979, with the issuance of the last 1:25,000 scale sheet, the work was completed. The map sheets have been produced in several different versions: topographic maps, tourist maps, special maps (for aerospace, geology, etc.). They are now also available on electronic media. The topographic maps have been published in the following scale series: The normal map sheets are arranged in a grid pattern. In addition, there are composition maps (i.e. extending over sheet borders) covering urban agglomerations, or tourist areas. Many of 1:50,000 scale map

neg: Feathercamp Rd. (Rt. 835), Sturgill Rd (Rt. 615), and Cuckoo Rd (Rt. 4038). The forest service vehicle use map shows that the Cuckoo Rd. may be closed. The boundary of the wildland as determined by the Wilderness Society is shown in the adjacent map. Additional roads and trails are given on National Geographic Maps 786 (Mount Rogers). and Map 318 (Mount Rogers High Country) A great variety of information, including topographic maps, aerial views, satellite data and weather information, is obtained by selecting the link with the wild land’s coordinates in the upper right of this page. Beyond maintained trails, old

neg: United States Board on Geographic Names a few exceptions. For example, in rare cases where a locally used name is very offensive, the BGN may decide against adoption of the local name for federal use. In federal mapping and names collection efforts, there is often a phase lag where a delay occurs in adoption of a locally used name. Sometimes the delay is several decades. Volunteers in the Earth Science Corps are used to assist the US Geological Survey in collecting names of geographic features. The Geographic Names Information System, developed by the BGN in cooperation with the US Geological Survey, includes topographic map names and

neg: Topographic profile A series of parallel profiles, taken at regular intervals on a map, can be combined to provide a more complete three-dimensional view of the area that appears on the topographic map. It is evident that, thanks to computer science, more sophisticated three-dimensional models of the landscape can be made from digital terrain data. The line of the plane defined by the points that limit the profile is called the guideline and the horizontal line of comparison on which the profile is constructed is called base. One of the most important applications of the topographic profiles is in the construction of

neg: London Bridge Branch The boundary of the wildland as determined by the Wilderness Society is shown in the adjacent map. Additional roads and trails are given on National Geographic Maps 783 (Mount Rogers). and Map 783 (South Holston and Watauga Lakes) A great variety of information, including topographic maps, aerial views, satellite data and weather information, is obtained by selecting the link with the wild land’s coordinates in the upper right of this page. Beyond maintained trails, old logging roads can be used to explore the area. The Appalachian Mountains were extensively timbered in the early twentieth century leaving logging roads that are

neg: Rogers Ridge of the wildland as determined by the Wilderness Society is shown in the adjacent map. Additional roads and trails are given on National Geographic Maps 783 (Mount Rogers). and Map 783 (South Holston and Watauga Lakes) A great variety of information, including topographic maps, aerial views, satellite data and weather information, is obtained by selecting the link with the wild land’s coordinates in the upper right of this page. Beyond maintained trails, old logging roads can be used to explore the area. The Appalachian Mountains were extensively timbered in the early twentieth century leaving logging roads that are becoming overgrown

neg: Wilson Mountain as determined by the Wilderness Society is shown in the adjacent map. Additional roads and trails are given on National Geographic Map 789. A great variety of information, including topographic maps, aerial views, satellite data and weather information, is obtained by selecting the link with the wildland's coordinates in the upper right of this page. Beyond maintained trails, old logging roads can be used to explore the area. The Appalachian Mountains were extensively timbered in the early twentieth century leaving logging roads that are becoming overgrown but still passable., Old logging roads and railroad grades can be located by consulting

neg: Traprock mountain Traprock mountain Traprock (or basalt) mountains, ridges, (or just traps) are elevated landscape features made of trap rock, most often basalt. Basalt, due to its high quantity of iron, is a characteristically dark-colored rock that weathers to shades of red and purplish-red when exposed to the air. Basalt is the substance of many elevated topographic features worldwide (hills, mountains, ridges, rock formations, etc.). Landscape features composed of basalt may include: Because basalt has a tendency to fracture at abrupt angles, topographic features made of basalt often have a "postpile" appearance. Basalt ridges make up hundreds of square miles of topographic

neg: Generative topographic map Generative topographic map Generative topographic map (GTM) is a machine learning method that is a probabilistic counterpart of the self-organizing map (SOM), is probably convergent and does not require a shrinking neighborhood or a decreasing step size. It is a generative model: the data is assumed to arise by first probabilistically picking a point in a low-dimensional space, mapping the point to the observed high-dimensional input space (via a smooth function), then adding noise in that space. The parameters of the low-dimensional probability distribution, the smooth map and the noise are all learned from the training data using the expectation-maximization

neg: Geologic map new geologic units may be defined). However, in areas where the bedrock is overlain by a significantly thick unconsolidated burden of till, terrace sediments, loess deposits, or other important feature, these are shown instead. Stratigraphic contour lines, fault lines, strike and dip symbols, are represented with various symbols as indicated by the map key. Whereas topographic maps are produced by the United States Geological Survey in conjunction with the states, geologic maps are usually produced by the individual states. There are almost no geologic map resources for some states, while a few states, such as Kentucky and Georgia, are extensively

neg: Total station from a total station onto a computer, application software can be used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area. The newest generation of total stations can also show the map on the touch-screen of the instrument immediately after measuring the points. Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers, either to record features as in topographic surveying or to set out features (such as roads, houses or boundaries). They are also used by archaeologists to record excavations and by police, crime scene investigators, private accident reconstructionists and insurance companies to take measurements of

neg: North Creek (conservation area) area include The boundary of the wildland as determined by the Wilderness Society is shown in the adjacent map. Additional roads and trails are given on National Geographic Map 789. A great variety of information, including topographic maps, aerial views, satellite data and weather information, is obtained by selecting the link with the wildland’s coordinates in the upper right of this page. Beyond maintained trails, old logging roads can be used to explore the area. The Appalachian Mountains were extensively timbered in the early twentieth century leaving logging roads that are becoming overgrown but still passable., Old logging roads and

neg: Classical albedo features on Mars topographic features on Mars are still based on the classical nomenclature for the feature's location; for instance, the albedo feature 'Ascraeus Lacus' provides the basis of the name of the volcano "Ascraeus Mons" in roughly the same position. In addition, since most Earth-based amateur telescopes are not powerful enough to resolve the topographic surface features of Mars, amateur astronomers still use many of the old feature-names to orient themselves and record their observations. Several Latin words involved here are common nouns. These are generally, but not always, second in the name, but are usually ignored in alphabetizing below: Not listed

neg: Blauen (Badenweiler) Blauen" ("Posterior Blauen"), a sub-peak, north-northeast of the main summit. As the "Blauen M[ons]" the mountain is shown on the Black Forest map owned by St. Blaise Abbey dating to the year 1788. And in 1845 in the "Topographischen Atlas ueber das Grossherzogtum Baden" ("Topographic Atlas of the Grand Duchy of Baden") it is called the "Blauen", as in other geographical publications of the 19th century. In addition in 19th century travel literature the name "Hochblauen" occurs frequently, sometimes with the explanation that this is to distinguish it from the Zeller Blauen, away. In fact, the name "Hochblauen" was normal

neg: Geographic Names Information System Geographic Names Information System The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) is a database that contains name and locative information about more than two million physical and cultural features located throughout the United States of America and its territories. It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) to promote the standardization of feature names. The database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name

neg: Stream gradient the hard layer. Human dams, glaciation, changes in sea level, and many other factors can also change the "normal" or "natural" gradient pattern. On topographic maps, stream gradient can be easily approximated if the scale of the map and the contour intervals are known. Contour lines form a V-shape on the map, pointing upstream. By counting the number of lines that cross a certain segment of a stream, multiplying this by the contour interval, and dividing that quantity by the length of the stream segment, one obtains an approximation to the stream gradient. Because stream gradient is customarily given in

neg: August Heinrich Petermann later, more generalised works. They were taught more to draft and engrave middle-scale geographic maps of states, continents etc., or their parts (e.g. the map of upper- and middle-Italy in 1847 for "Stielers Handatlas", which was based on 's 1844 topographic map in nearly 100 sheets), small-scale generalised school maps, and especially applied geography and cartography as shown in their collaboration on the "Physikalischer Atlas" and the maritime atlas. During their study lithography, though not cutting as fine a portrayal as copper engraving, was on the rise because it was much cheaper. Though some experiments were made by Berghaus, e.g.

neg: Ethiopia – United States Mapping Mission features to be depicted on the maps. Interpreters were used to interview local officials and residents to determine proper names, spelling and usage of features. The Ethiopia-U.S. Mapping Mission was activated in July 1963 and during its lifespan involved about a thousand U.S. military and civilian personnel. It was closed out in July 1970 after its topographic surveying mission in Ethiopia was complete. Photogrammetric and cartographic map finishing operations based on these surveys were subsequently completed by Army Map Service/TOPOCOM in Bethesda, Maryland. The primary 1:250,000-scale map series and 1:50,000-scale maps of special interest areas that were created as a

neg: Typometry (printing) name of the method being "ingénieurie d'estampes" (sic.) ("engraving's engineering", in French in the original). After some rudimentary tests by Preuschen, the 1776 map of the Canton of Basel (in "cuarto" format) was the first map created by this technique. Some others would follow, such as the 1777 map of Sicily, which features toponyms printed with moveable type as well as roads, coasts, divisions and rivers printed with folding metal filaments. Special moveable topographic symbols mark the mountain ranges of the island, its fortifications, and other landmarks. The printer Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf, based in Leipzig (Germany) was at first

neg: Hydrography for placement on the nautical chart are selected for safe navigation and are biased to show predominately the shallowest depths that relate to safe navigation. For instance, if there is a deep area that can not be reached because it is surrounded by shallow water, the deep area may not be shown. The color filled areas that show different ranges of shallow water are not the equivalent of contours on a topographic map since they are often drawn seaward of the actual shallowest depth portrayed. A bathymetric chart does show marine topology accurately. Details covering the above limitations can be

neg: White Oak Ridge-Terrapin Mountain and gives the type of vehicle allowed on each route with possible seasonal restrictions. The map covering the White Oak Ridge-Terrapin Mountain area is included in the gallery below. Trails into the area include The boundary of the wildland as determined by the Wilderness Society is shown in the adjacent map. Additional roads and trails are given on National Geographic Map 789. A great variety of information, including topographic maps, aerial views, satellite data and weather information, is obtained by selecting the link with the wildland’s coordinates in the upper right of this page. Beyond maintained trails, old logging roads

neg: Topographic map one hundred miles distant. Topographic surveys were prepared by the military to assist in planning for battle and for defensive emplacements (thus the name and history of the United Kingdom's Ordnance Survey). As such, elevation information was of vital importance. As they evolved, topographic map series became a national resource in modern nations in planning infrastructure and resource exploitation. In the United States, the national map-making function which had been shared by both the Army Corps of Engineers and the Department of the Interior migrated to the newly created United States Geological Survey in 1879, where it has remained since.

neg: Topographic map Nevertheless, national mapping programs listed below are only a partial selection. Several commercial vendors supply international topographic map series. The NMIG (National Mapping Information Group) of Geoscience Australia is the Australian Government's national mapping agency. It provides topographic maps and data to meet the needs of the sustainable development of the nation. The Office of Spatial Data Management provides an online free map service MapConnect. These topographic maps of scales 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 are available in printed form from the Sales Centre. 1:50,000 and 1:25,000 maps are produced in conjunction with the Department of Defence. "Austrian Maps" () is the

neg: Whitetop Mountain (conservation area) while passing through Elk Garden, the point where the Appalachian Trail crosses the road. Forest Road 89 begins on VA 600 and reaches the summit of Whitetop Mountain. Forest Roads 89A, 89B, and 89C are short spur roads off FR 89 . The boundary of the wildland as determined by the Wilderness Society is shown in the adjacent map. Additional roads and trails are given on National Geographic Maps 786 (Mount Rogers). and Map 318 (Mount Rogers High Country) A great variety of information, including topographic maps, aerial views, satellite data and weather information, is obtained by selecting the link

neg: Army Map Service and technologically sophisticated areas, its name was changed to the Army Geospatial Center in 2009. It continues to support both military and civil works activities. AMS was redesignated the U.S. Army Topographic Command (USATC) on September 1, 1968, and continued as an independent organization until 1972, when it was merged into the new Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) and redesignated as the DMA Topographic Center (DMATC). Army Map Service The Army Map Service of the US Army Corps of Engineers, was the premier map making agency of the US Department of Defense from 1941–68. The major task of the Army Map

neg: Diacria quadrangle 190° E on Mars. The feature was named by Greek astronomer E. M. Antoniadi in 1930 after Diacria, the highlands around Marathon in north-west Attica, Greece. The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1958. The Diacria quadrangle is located at the northwestern edge of the Tharsis volcanic plateau. Topographic, volcanic, and tectonic features associated with the large volcanoes Olympus Mons (south of map area) and Alba Mons (east of map area) characterize the southeastern and east central portions of the quadrangle. The northern and western areas of the quadrangle lie in the northern lowland plains of

neg: Topographic map (neuroanatomy) damaged that individual would then have a blind spot in the real world, they would not be able to see the bit of the world that corresponded to the retina damage. Orientation maps are also topographic. In these maps there are cells which have a preference to a certain orientation, the maximum firing rate of the cell will be achieved at that preference. As the orientation is moved away from the firing rate will drop. An orientation map is topographic because neighboring neural tissues have similar orientation preferences. The term "retinotopic" refers to the maintenance of the particular order of

neg: Topographic map all topographic control, surveys and mapping of India. The Survey of Israel is responsible for the civilian mapping of Israel. Standard map scales are 1:50,000 and 1:100,000. The 1:50,000 map is available online. Israel is the country where many high elevation places are there. The Military Intelligence Directorate of the Israeli defense forces has its own mapping unit, which is a sub-unit of Unit 9900. The Geographical Survey Institute of Japan is responsible for base mapping of Japan. Standard map scales are 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:200,000 and 1:500,000. From 1992 to 2002 a definitive series of large scale topographic maps were

neg: Copperplate map of London – from a probable total of 15 – were identified. Although only a fragmentary portion of the map is known, the three plates cover the greater part of the built-up heart of the City of London. The map takes the form of a "bird's-flight view": that is to say, the street layout and other ground features are shown in plan, as if viewed directly from above; while buildings, people and other standing features are shown as if viewed from a great height to the south of the City, but without the foreshortening of more distant features that would be necessary

neg: Topographic map most common scale is the first one, which utilizes the UTM system. The (CD:NGI) produces three topographic map series, each covering the whole country, at scales 1:50 000, 1:250 000, and 1:500 000. Swisstopo (the Federal Office of Topography) produces topographic maps of Switzerland at seven different scales. Topographic maps for Taiwan had long been kept as confidential information due to security concerns. It has only been recently made available to public from the National Land Surveying and Mapping Center, the government agency responsible for surveying and publishing various maps. Topographic maps of up to 1:25,000 is now available in

neg: Ibn Firnas (crater) the northern edge of this crater have been assigned names by the IAU. These are listed in the table below. The crater Melissa lies across the north-northwestern outer rim of Ibn Firnas. It is a roughly bowl-shaped, although it has a very uneven appearance due to the irregular terrain in which it was formed. Melissa was previously designated Ibn Firnas Y before it was assigned a name by the IAU. The locations of these craters are shown on the following L&PI topographic maps: By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of

neg: Tel Kabri and its surrounding fields, are shown as belonging to the ruler of Akko. In addition to al-Kabri which is located east of the site, during the Ottoman Period, two additional Arab villages were founded on the actual site – en-Nahr and et-Tell – in the southern and western portions of the tel, respectively. All three villages were close to the major springs, but during most of their existence, they were sparsely populated – in the low hundreds. Al-Kabri appears as "Kabli" and En-Nahr appears as "el-Qahweh" in the first topographic map of the region made in 1799 by Napoleon's cartographer,

neg: Topographic map (neuroanatomy) the receptor sheet (the olfactory epithelium) depending on their chemical preferences. Locations on the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb are correlated so, as with other sensory systems, the topographic map in the brain is linked to the structure of the peripheral organ. This principle is called rhinotopy. Individual olfactory sensory neurons express only one of the thousand receptor genes, such that neurons are functionally distinct. Cells expressing a given receptor in the olfactory epithelium are randomly dispersed within 1 of 4 broad zones. Sensory neurons extend a single unbranched axon to the olfactory bulb such that the projections from

neg: Topographic map (neuroanatomy) the topography in the olfactory system is not dependent on spatial properties of the stimuli. Relieved of the requirement to map the position of an olfactory stimulus in space, the olfactory system employs spatial segregation of sensory input to encode the quality of an odorant. The topographic map revealed in the olfactory system differs in quality from the orderly representation inherent in the retinotopic, tonotopic, or somatotopic sensory maps. Olfactory neurons differ from one another by the nature of the receptor that they possess. However, the olfactory sensory neurons to which olfactory bulb neurons are connected are also distributed across

neg: Loch Leven (California) Loch Leven (California) Loch Leven is the name of several lakes in California, United States, in the Sierra Nevada. Loch Leven in Inyo County, California, was named after Loch Leven in Scotland. The USGS lists Loch Leven at on the "Mount Darwin" topographic map. The Loch Leven Lakes are located in Placer County, California. Three larger lakes and several smaller ones are centered at and can be found on the "Cisco Grove" and "Soda Springs" USGS topographic maps. The Loch Leven Lakes are a popular day hike, with the U.S. Forest Service rating the trail's use level as "heavy" and

neg: Bürgenstock year 1850, the Director of the Lucerne Teacher's Training College Niklaus Rietschi published a private map, in which the terms "Bürgenstock" together with the term "Hammetschwand" are recorded for the summit. In 1872, the company Bucher & Durrer laid the foundation for the hotel complex on the Alp Tritt. For this purpose, it chose the already existing geographical name of "Bürgenstock", also documented in 1836 by Aloys Businger in his book “Der Kanton Unterwalden”. The first official map to use the geographical name "Bürgenstock" was the so-called “Siegfriedkarte” Siegfried Map, whose publication, started by the Federal Topographic Bureau under Hermann

neg: Topographic profile Topographic profile A topographic profile or topographic cut is a representation of the relief of the terrain that is obtained by cutting transversely the lines of a topographic map. Each contour line can be defined as a closed line joining relief points at equal height above sea level. It is usually drawn on the same horizontal scale as the map, but the use of an exaggerated vertical scale is advisable to underline the elements of the relief. This can vary according to the slope and amplitude of the terrestrial relief, but is usually three to five times the horizontal scale.

neg: Nonlinear dimensionality reduction human articulated body and silhouette extraction. Sammon's mapping is one of the first and most popular NLDR techniques. The self-organizing map (SOM, also called "Kohonen map") and its probabilistic variant generative topographic mapping (GTM) use a point representation in the embedded space to form a latent variable model based on a non-linear mapping from the embedded space to the high-dimensional space. These techniques are related to work on density networks, which also are based around the same probabilistic model. Principal curves and manifolds give the natural geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction and extend the geometric interpretation of PCA by

neg: Kloppstert of the same name lie in the Harz near Lerbach and near Badenhausen as well as in the Solling hills southwest of Dassel. Kloppstert The Kloppstert is a hill, roughly 553 metres high, in the southwestern Harz in Lower Saxony, Germany. In the topographical map printed in 1978 it can only be made out with difficulty that the third letter is an "o" and the penultimate one an "r". Unfortunately a contour line runs over the letter "r" so that it looks like a "p". In the digitalised 1:25,000 topographic map, the hill is wrongly named as the "Klappstept". The

neg: Choropleth map produce in print. A Qualitative progression is often used when working with nominal or qualitative data. The colors shown on the map seem unrelated to one another or are arbitrarily chosen. For example, a choropleth map of "most prevalent religion" would be best shown with this type of scheme. When using any of these methods, there are two important principles: first is that darker colors are perceived as being higher in magnitude; second is that, while there are millions of color variations, the human eye is limited as to how many colors it can easily distinguish. Generally, five to seven

neg: Cadastral surveying is reached, the chosen property corners (those that best fit all the data) are coordinated, and ties by direction and distance are computed from the nearest traverse point. Once this has been established the features on the lot can be drawn, dimensions can be shown from these features to the boundary line, and a map or plat is prepared for the client. Monuments are categorized into two groups which are known as natural and artificial. Natural monuments are things such as trees, large stones, and other substantial, naturally occurring objects that were in place before the survey was made. An

neg: Royal Australian Survey Corps maps and charts, plans, overprints, battle maps, air photo mosaics and photomaps, rapid map and chart revision; map holding and map distribution; production, maintenance and distribution of digital topographic information and products. The operational doctrine was that the combat force deployed into the area of operations with topographic products adequate for planning, force insertion and initial conduct of tactical operations, that new products and broad area updates of the topographic base would be provided by the support area and communication zone survey forces, and that the combat support survey force in the area of operations would update the topographic base,

neg: Mount Crescent south, via Randolph Hill Road. Mount Crescent Mount Crescent is a mountain located in the Crescent Range of the White Mountains in Randolph, New Hampshire. It is 3,251 ft (991 m) high, and its summit is the second highest mountain summit in Randolph, after Black Crescent Mountain (3,264 feet, 995 m). Both mountains are in Randolph's Ice Gulch Town Forest. On the 1896 topographic map, Mount Crescent is shown as "Randolph Mtn." with an elevation of 3,280 ft, and Black Crescent is shown as "Mt. Crescent" with an elevation of 3,322 ft. The southeast side of Mount Crescent drains into

neg: Mount Crescent Mount Crescent Mount Crescent is a mountain located in the Crescent Range of the White Mountains in Randolph, New Hampshire. It is 3,251 ft (991 m) high, and its summit is the second highest mountain summit in Randolph, after Black Crescent Mountain (3,264 feet, 995 m). Both mountains are in Randolph's Ice Gulch Town Forest. On the 1896 topographic map, Mount Crescent is shown as "Randolph Mtn." with an elevation of 3,280 ft, and Black Crescent is shown as "Mt. Crescent" with an elevation of 3,322 ft. The southeast side of Mount Crescent drains into Moose Brook, thence into the

neg: Topographic Map of Switzerland Topographic Map of Switzerland The Topographic Map of Switzerland (German: "Topographische Karte der Schweiz"), also known as the Dufour Map (German: "Dufourkarte"; French: "Carte Dufour") is a 1:100 000 scale map series depicting Switzerland for the first time based on accurate geometric measurements. It is also the oldest official map series of Switzerland. From 1796 to 1802, the "Atlas Suisse" was published in Aarau by Johann Heinrich Weiss, Johann Rudolf Meyer and Joachim Eugen Müller. The "Atlas Suisse" map series consisted of 16 sheets, was produced by a copperplate or intaglio printing process, and depicted the whole of Switzerland at

neg: Salyan District, Nepal its confluence with the Babai. The western half of Salyan's hill region is drained by the Bheri. The district consists of ten municipalities, out of which three are urban municipalities and sevenare rural municipalities. These are as follows: Prior to the restructuring of the district, Saylan District consisted of the following municipalities and Village development committees: Besides the United Nations/Nepal map of districts and VDCs shown above, their "Map Centre" has a downloadable PDF version adding municipalities, roads and water detail: From 1992 to 2002 a definitive series of large scale topographic maps were surveyed and published through a joint

neg: Topographic map (neuroanatomy) Topographic map (neuroanatomy) A topographic map is the ordered projection of a sensory surface, like the retina or the skin, or an effector system, like the musculature, to one or more structures of the central nervous system. Topographic maps can be found in all sensory systems and in many motor systems. The visual system refers to the part of the central nervous system that allows an organism to see. It interprets information from visible light to build a representation of the world. The ganglion cells of the retina project in an orderly fashion to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the

neg: Bathymetric chart Bathymetric chart A bathymetric chart is the submerged equivalent of an above-water topographic map. Bathymetric charts are designed to present accurate, measurable description and visual presentation of the submerged terrain. In an ideal case, the joining of a bathymetric chart and topographic map of the same scale and projection of the same geographic area would be seamless. The only difference would be that the values begin increasing after crossing the zero at the designated sea level datum. Thus the topographic map's mountains have the greatest values while the bathymetric chart's greatest depths have the greatest values. Simply put, the bathymetric

neg: Tangra 2004/05 sea shoreline and ice-free zones configuration, as well as a detailed photographic documentation of previously unexplored and remote areas in the interior of Livingston Island and Greenwich Island. Based on the survey, 146 geographical features were mapped for the first time, and the coordinates of other 8 features were updated. A new 1:100000 scale topographic map of the islands of Livingston and Greenwich was published in August 2005 in 1802 hard copies, and also made available in electronic version both in the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, and in the Wikimedia Commons. Data from the Tangra

neg: Cartographic generalization smaller ridges and peaks with intermittent forest in the natural environment, but shown as a continuous chain on the map, as determined by scale. The map reader has to, again remember, that because of scale limitations combined elements are not concise depictions of natural or manmade features. Smoothing is also a process that the map maker can employ to reduce the angularity of line work. Smoothing is yet another way of simplifying the map features, but involves several other characteristics of generalization that lead into feature displacement and locational shifting. The purpose of smoothing is to exhibit linework in a

neg: Graveyard Seamounts Headstone, Morgue and Graveyard (ordered roughly by increasing size). While the official name for these features refers to knolls, researchers in different disciplines see these features in different terms. These features are often referred to as seamounts where a seamount is described as any geographic isolated topographic feature on the seafloor taller than , including ones whose summit regions may temporarily emerge above sea level, but not including features that are located on continental shelves or that are part of other major landmasses. The seamounts are the site of volcanism from the late Cenozoic era. The knolls are high, stand

neg: Orienteering map the coating affect the usability of the final map. Map accuracy refers to the work of the surveyor (field-worker) and relates not so much to the positional accuracy of the survey but rather to its utility for the competitor. Map quality refers to the quality of the artwork. Many national bodies have a competition in which awards are made to cartographers after assessment by a national panel. Orienteering map An orienteering map is a map specially prepared for use in orienteering competitions. It is a topographic map with extra details to help the competitor navigate through the competition area. These

neg: Lake Norman North and South Carolina, in which the Catawba River and other natural features are detailed in full. For comparison, Figure 2 depicts a map of North Carolina from 1958, only a few years before the creation of Lake Norman. When placed together, one can visualize the importance of this location over the last few centuries. The 18th century map's cartographer took painstaking effort in accurately portraying the topographic facets of the landscape, while maintaining an overarching emphasis on the counties, towns, and indigenous frontiers throughout. The 20th century map shows similar details, with slight changes in the Catawba River's course—much

neg: Buddhist rock carving in Manglawar boulder: 210 x 350 cm H. 115 x W. 255 x D. 09 cm Material: Quartz felsphetete Reference: Published Orientation: Facing East Map ref. Topographic sheet. 43 B/5 (8645) Kalkata-iv is situated above half a km east of Kalkata-iii on the right side of the road leading to Banjot village. The rock reveals fifteen (thirteen human & two animal) figures all are in situ, but covered by trees and wild bushes. Most of the artistic details are faded and defaced. The extant remains shows two animals and thirteen human figures. Four are "dhyani Buddhas" of different sizes and five are

neg: Perception of infrasound fibers analogous to fibers connecting to the outer hair cells in mammals, except that mammalian outer hair cells are known to have efferent fibers only and no afferents. These observations suggest that the infrasound sensitive fibers are in a class separate from ordinary acoustic fibers. Perception of infrasound Infrasound is sound at frequencies lower than the low frequency end of human hearing threshold at 20 Hz. It is known, however, that humans can perceive sounds below this frequency at very high pressure levels. Infrasound can come from many natural as well as man-made sources, including weather patterns, topographic features, ocean

neg: Cartography of Switzerland the alpine regions of Switzerland. This has its first results in 1845, a year later than planned, when a map scaled 1:100.000 is published. This is the start of the so-called "Dufour Map". The topographic surveys finish in 1862. To honour Dufour, the Swiss government decides to rename the highest peak on the "Dufour Map" from "Höchste Spitze" to Dufourspitze: it still carries that name today. In 1863, the SAC published a 1:50.000 map of the region Tödi, based on unpublished survey material. A year later, the last page of the "Dufour Map" is published, and one year later still,

neg: National Topographic System National Topographic System The National Topographic System or NTS () is the system used by Natural Resources Canada for providing general purpose topographic maps of the country. NTS maps are available in a variety of scales, the standard being 1/50,000 and 1/250,000 scales. The maps provide details on landforms and terrain, lakes and rivers, forested areas, administrative zones, populated areas, roads and railways, as well as other man-made features. These maps are currently used by all levels of government and industry for forest fire and flood control (as well as other environmental issues), depiction of crop areas, right-of-way, real estate

neg: Bathymetric chart chart is intended to show the land if overlying waters were removed in exactly the same manner as the topographic map. A bathymetric chart differs from a hydrographic chart in that accurate presentation of the underwater features is the goal while safe navigation is the requirement for the hydrographic chart. A hydrographic chart will obscure the actual features to present a simplified version to aid mariners in avoiding underwater hazards. Bathymetric surveys are a subset of the science of hydrography. They differ slightly from the surveys required to produce the product of hydrography in its more limited application and as

neg: The National Map of volunteers who devote some of their time to provide cartographic information on structures. "The National Map" is the official replacement for the USGS topographic map program. The National Map The National Map is a collaborative effort of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and other federal, state, and local agencies to improve and deliver topographic information for the United States. The purpose of the effort is to provide "...a seamless, continuously maintained set of public domain geographic base information that will serve as a foundation for integrating, sharing, and using other data easily and consistently". "The National Map" is

neg: Need for Speed Rivals play style. "Rivals" features eleven upgradeable gadgets such as EMPs, shockwaves, spike strips, and the ability to call in roadblocks. The game takes place in a fictional location known as Redview County. The open world environment features a similar set-up to "Most Wanted", with several jumps, speed traps, and unlockable cars, as well as shortcuts that are not shown on the map. "Rivals" features a career progression system for both Cop and Racer. Progression is made by means of Speedlists for Racer and Assignments for Cop, which are sets of objectives which involve dangerous driving, maneuvers, and race standings. When

neg: Topographic Atlas of Switzerland Topographic Atlas of Switzerland The Topographic Atlas of Switzerland (German: "Topographischer Atlas der Schweiz"), also known as the "Siegfried Atlas" or Siegfried Map (German: "Siegfriedkarte"; French: "Carte Siegfried") is an official map series of Switzerland. Its publication was begun by the Federal Topographic Bureau under Hermann Siegfried, and continued from 1870 to 1922. During this period the individual maps were drawn by different lithographers, including Walter Hauenstein, Georg Christian von Hoven and Rudolf Leuzinger. Since it is, in today's parlance, not strictly an atlas but a map series, map historians now describe it only by the expression "Siegfried Map". The