query: how many kanji characters are there in japanese

pos: Kanji stands for "gaiji") There is no definitive count of kanji characters, just as there is none of Chinese characters generally. The "Dai Kan-Wa Jiten", which is considered to be comprehensive in Japan, contains about 50,000 characters. The "Zhonghua Zihai", published in 1994 in China contains about 85,000 characters; however, the majority of these are not in common use in any country, and many are obscure variants or archaic forms. Approximately 2,000 to 3,000 characters are commonly used in Japan, a few thousand more find occasional use, and a total of 13,108 characters can be encoded in various Japanese Industrial Standards

neg: Japanese name of kanji in computers, as many kanji databases on computers only include common and regularly used kanji, and many archaic or mostly unused characters are not included. An odd problem occurs when an elderly person forgets how to write their name in old Kanji that is no longer used. An example of such a name is Saitō. There are two common kanji for "sai" here. The two "sai" characters have different meanings: means "together" or "parallel", but means "to purify". These names can also exist written in archaic forms, as and respectively. Family names are sometimes written with periphrastic readings,

neg: Character amnesia many have blamed the use of input methods for difficulty remembering how to write the characters by hand, widespread use of input methods may be responsible for a reversal in the decline of kanji use in Japan. Anecdotal evidence of character amnesia is plentiful, but there has been insufficient scientific study of the phenomenon. There are however a few surveys which reinforce the claim that reliance on input methods has caused those who communicate in written Chinese and Japanese to forget how to write many characters in general use which they previously were able to write from memory. An April

neg: Chinese characters designated by the Japanese Ministry of Education; these are taught during primary and secondary school. The list is a recommendation, not a restriction, and many characters missing from it are still in common use. One area where character usage is officially restricted is in names, which may contain only government-approved characters. Since the "jōyō kanji" list excludes many characters that have been used in personal and place names for generations, an additional list, referred to as the "jinmeiyō kanji" (, lit. "kanji for use in personal names"), is published. It currently contains 983 characters. Today, a well-educated Japanese person may

neg: Kanji "Remembering the Kanji". Other textbooks use methods based on the etymology of the characters, such as Mathias and Habein's "The Complete Guide to Everyday Kanji" and Henshall's "A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters". Pictorial mnemonics, as in the text "Kanji Pict-o-graphix", are also seen. The Japanese government provides the "Kanji kentei" ( "Nihon kanji nōryoku kentei shiken"; "Test of Japanese Kanji Aptitude"), which tests the ability to read and write kanji. The highest level of the "Kanji kentei" tests about six thousand kanji. Kanji Kanji (; ] ) are the adopted logographic Chinese characters that are used in the Japanese

neg: Chinese characters in Hong Kong even for certain formal documents, due to the former British colonial administration's recognition of Cantonese for use for official purposes. In Taiwan, there is also a body of characters used to represent Taiwanese Hokkien. Many varieties have specific characters for words exclusive to them. For example, the vernacular character , pronounced "cii" in Hakka, means "to kill". Furthermore, Shanghainese and Sichuanese also have their own series of characters, but these are not widely used in actual texts, Mandarin being the preference for all mainland regions. In Japanese there are 2,136 "jōyō kanji" (, lit. "frequently used kanji")

neg: Remembering the Kanji and Remembering the Hanzi A Complete Course on How Not To Forget the Meaning and Writing of Japanese Characters (usually simplified to "Remembering the Kanji 1" and abbreviated as "RTK1") is the first in the "Remembering the Kanji" book series by James Heisig. It was first published in 1977, with the sixth edition of the book released in 2011. In the book, Heisig presents a method for learning how to associate the meaning and writing of 2200 kanji, including most of the jōyō kanji. There is no attention given to the readings of the kanji as Heisig believes that one should learn the writing

neg: Kanji , , , , , , , , , , and many other characters and kanji combinations not listed, Satoshi can be written as , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , etc., and Haruka can be written as , , , , , , , , and several other possibilities. Common patterns do exist, however, allowing experienced readers to make a good guess for most names. To alleviate any confusion on how to pronounce the names of other Japanese people, most official Japanese documents require Japanese to write their

neg: Kyūjitai traditional characters (for example, is the simplified form of ). Note that the kanji is used to simplify three different traditional kanji (, , and ). Some of the traditional kanji are not included in the Japanese font of Windows XP/2000, and only rectangles are shown. Downloading the Meiryo font from the Microsoft website (VistaFont_JPN.EXE) and installing it will solve this problem. Note that within the jōyō kanji there are 62 characters the old forms of which may cause problems displaying: Kyōiku kanji (26): Secondary-school kanji (36): These characters are Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs for which the old form (kyūjitai)

neg: Shinjitai Kanji List also includes 631 kanjis that are not elements of the Jōyō Kanji List; 18 of them have a variant. For a list of traditional and modern forms of Jōyō Kanji and Jinmeiyō Kanji, see Kyūjitai. Some of the traditional kanji are not included in the Japanese font of Windows XP/2000, and only rectangles are shown. Downloading the Meiryo font from the Microsoft website (VistaFont_JPN.EXE) and installing it will solve this problem. Note that within the Jōyō Kanji there are 62 characters whose old forms may cause problems displaying: Kyōiku Kanji (26): Secondary-School Kanji (36): These characters are Unicode

neg: Kanji . Since September 27, 2004, the consist of 3,119 characters, containing the "jōyō kanji" plus an additional 983 kanji found in people's names. There were only 92 kanji in the original list published in 1952, but new additions have been made frequently. Sometimes the term "jinmeiyō kanji" refers to all 3,119, and sometimes it only refers to the 983 that are only used for names. are any kanji not contained in the "jōyō kanji" and "jinmeiyō kanji" lists. These are generally written using traditional characters, but extended shinjitai forms exist. The Japanese Industrial Standards for kanji and kana define character

neg: Natsuhiko Kyogoku reading must turn over the page. I sense that is contemptible, because not interest to the story but physical factor force readers to read." Second, many kanji characters in his writing are invariably given kana characters alongside. Kyogoku can use DTP software perfectly, so he freely writes old-fashioned characters and ateji characters with the purpose of capturing old Japanese atmosphere in his novels. However, such characters are difficult even for Japanese people to read. Therefore, giving kana characters alongside kanji characters in his writing is essential for readers to be able to understand those characters' meaning. Third, sentences are marked

neg: Japanese language somewhat complicated. "Jōyō kanji" and "jinmeiyō kanji" (an appendix of additional characters for names) are approved for registering personal names. Names containing unapproved characters are denied registration. However, as with the list of "jōyō kanji", criteria for inclusion were often arbitrary and led to many common and popular characters being disapproved for use. Under popular pressure and following a court decision holding the exclusion of common characters unlawful, the list of "jinmeiyō kanji" was substantially extended from 92 in 1951 (the year it was first decreed) to 983 in 2004. Furthermore, families whose names are not on these lists were

neg: Kyōiku kanji (Grade 3). There are also 8 kokuji within the secondary-school kanji and 16 within the jinmeiyō kanji. The character 働 and some others are also used in Chinese now, but most kokuji are unknown outside Japan. Kokkun are characters and combinations of characters that have different meanings in Japanese and Chinese. For example, the character combination 手紙 means ""letter"" in Japanese, but ""toilet paper"" in Chinese. However, the isolated characters have the same meaning in both languages: 手 (Grade 1) means ""hand"," and 紙 (Grade 2) means ""paper"." "See also" shinjitai "and" kyūjitai"." China and Japan simplified their writing systems

neg: Japanese language and computers have however been designed by a committee composed of representatives from all four countries/areas. Unicode is slowly growing because it is better supported by software from outside Japan, but still (as of 2011) most web pages in Japanese use Shift-JIS. The Japanese Wikipedia uses Unicode. Written Japanese uses several different scripts: kanji (Chinese characters), 2 sets of "kana" (phonetic syllabaries) and roman letters. While kana and roman letters can be typed directly into a computer, entering kanji is a more complicated process as there are far more kanji than there are keys on most keyboards. To input kanji on modern

neg: Japanese name a Japanese name from a Chinese name by looking at it. Akie Tomozawa, author of "Japan's Hidden Bilinguals: The Languages of 'War Orphans' and Their Families After Repatriation From China," said that this was equivalent to how "Europeans can easily tell that the name 'Smith' is English and 'Schmidt' is German or 'Victor' is English or French and 'Vittorio' is Italian". Japanese names are usually written in kanji (Chinese characters), although some names use hiragana or even katakana, or a mixture of kanji and kana. While most "traditional" names use kun'yomi (native Japanese) kanji readings, a large number of given

neg: Japanese name Kanji names in Japan are governed by the Japanese Ministry of Justice's rules on kanji use in names. , only the 843 "name kanji" (jinmeiyō kanji) and 2,136 "commonly used characters" (jōyō kanji) are permitted for use in personal names. This is intended to ensure that names can be readily written and read by those literate in Japanese. Rules also govern names considered to be inappropriate; for example, in 1993 two parents who tried to name their child Akuma (, which literally means "devil") were prohibited from doing so after a massive public outcry. Though there are regulations on the

neg: Gushiken Gushiken Gushiken or Gusicin (具志堅) is a Okinawan surname of Okinawan (Ryukyuan) origin. Often taken to mean "strong willed" or "of firm determination", a meaning taken from the combination of the three kanji characters in the name. Gu (具) means roughly ingredients/utensil/means, Shi (志) means will/motive/bear in mind, and Ken (堅) means hard/resolute/unyielding. This surname is unique among Japanese surnames in that it is one of the few that are composed of three kanji characters, where most Japanese surnames are either composed of one or two kanji characters. The Gushiken surname is one of many family names of the Okinawan

neg: Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters of the traditional Kanji are not included in the Japanese font of Windows XP/2000, and only rectangles are shown. Downloading the Meiryo font from the Microsoft website (VistaFont_JPN.EXE) and installing it will solve this problem. Note that within the Jōyō Kanji there are 62 characters the old forms of which may cause problems displaying: Kyōiku Kanji (26): Grade 2 (2 Kanji): 海 社 Grade 3 (8 Kanji): 勉 暑 漢 神 福 練 者 都 Grade 4 (6 Kanji): 器 殺 祝 節 梅 類 Grade 5 (1 Kanji): 祖 Grade 6 (9 Kanji): 勤 穀 視 署 層 著

neg: Kanji Kanji Kanji (; ] ) are the adopted logographic Chinese characters that are used in the Japanese writing system. They are used alongside the Japanese syllabic scripts "hiragana" and "katakana". The Japanese term "kanji" for the Chinese characters literally means "Han characters". It is written with the same characters in the Chinese language to refer to the character writing system, "hanzi" (). Chinese characters first came to Japan on official seals, letters, swords, coins, mirrors, and other decorative items imported from China. The earliest known instance of such an import was the King of Na gold seal given by Emperor

neg: Hyōgai kanji works for stylistic purposes in character names, place names and other phrases, typically accompanied by furigana gloss to aid with their reading.<br> Modern Mandarin Chinese borrowings into Japanese are typically rendered with katakana as per any gairaigo, however they may be sometimes stylistically spelled with their original Chinese characters and given a non-standard borrowed pronunciation, many of these characters are technically classified as Hyōgaiji due to the difference in common character use between the languages. Hyōgai kanji , also and , are Japanese kanji outside the two major lists of Jōyō, which are taught in primary and secondary school, and

neg: Chinese family of scripts characters were coined in Korea, such as 畓; these are known as "gukja" (國字). Chinese characters adapted to write Japanese words are known as kanji. Chinese words borrowed into Japanese could be written with the Chinese character, while Japanese words could be written using the character for a Chinese word of similar meaning. Because there have been multiple layers of borrowing into Japanese, a single kanji may have several readings in Japanese. Other systems, known as kana, used Chinese characters phonetically to transcribe the sounds of Japanese syllables. An early system of this type was Man'yōgana, as used in the

neg: Kanji the "on'yomi" "tō", from Middle Chinese "". However, Japanese already had two words for "east": "higashi" and "azuma". Thus the kanji had the latter readings added as "kun'yomi". In contrast, the kanji , denoting a Chinese unit of measurement (about 30 mm or 1.2 inch), has no native Japanese equivalent; it only has an "on'yomi", "sun", with no native "kun'yomi". Most "kokuji", Japanese-created Chinese characters, only have "kun'yomi", although some have back-formed a pseudo-"on'yomi" by analogy with similar characters, such as "dō", from "dō", and there are even some, such as "sen" "gland", that have only an "on'yomi". "Kun'yomi" are

neg: Japanese name Japanese name Japanese names are usually written in "kanji", which are characters usually Chinese in origin but Japanese in pronunciation. The "kanji" for a name may have a variety of possible Japanese pronunciations, hence parents might use hiragana or katakana when giving a birth name to their newborn child. Names written in hiragana or katakana are phonetic renderings, and so lack the visual meaning of names expressed in the logographic kanji. Japanese family names are extremely varied: according to estimates, there are over 100,000 different surnames in use today in Japan. The three most common family names in Japan are

neg: Japanese name not the main language spoken. Japanese name Japanese names are usually written in "kanji", which are characters usually Chinese in origin but Japanese in pronunciation. The "kanji" for a name may have a variety of possible Japanese pronunciations, hence parents might use hiragana or katakana when giving a birth name to their newborn child. Names written in hiragana or katakana are phonetic renderings, and so lack the visual meaning of names expressed in the logographic kanji. Japanese family names are extremely varied: according to estimates, there are over 100,000 different surnames in use today in Japan. The three most common

neg: Hentaigana kanji that represent the same sound. "Hentaigana" are adapted from the reduced and cursive forms of the following "man’yōgana" (kanji) characters. Source characters for the kana are not repeated below for hentaigana even when there are alternative glyphs; some uncertain. Hentaigana In the Japanese writing system, are obsolete or nonstandard hiragana. They include both stylistic variants of current hiragana and distinct alternative hiragana characters. Today, with a few exceptions, there is only one hiragana for each of the fifty consonant–vowel sequences (moras) in Japanese. However, traditionally there were generally several more-or-less interchangeable hiragana for each. A 1900 script reform ordained

neg: Tōyō kanji Tōyō kanji The tōyō kanji, also known as the "Tōyō kanjihyō" (当用漢字表, "list of kanji for general use") are the result of a reform of the "Kanji" characters of Chinese origin in the Japanese written language. They were the kanji declared "official" by the Japanese on November 16, 1946. They were replaced in 1981 by the Jōyō kanji. Thousands of kanji characters were in use in various writing systems, leading to great difficulties for those learning written Japanese. Additionally, several characters had identical meanings but were written differently from each other, further increasing complexity. Prior to World War II, language

neg: Kanji be learned during each grade of school were established. Some characters were given simplified glyphs, called . Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged. These are simply guidelines, so many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used; these are known as . The are 1,006 characters that Japanese children learn in elementary school. Originally the list only contained 881 characters. This was expanded to 996 characters in 1977. It was not until 1982 the list was expanded to its current size. The grade-level breakdown of these kanji is known

neg: Japanese language a compromise solution. Japanese students begin to learn kanji from their first year at elementary school. A guideline created by the Japanese Ministry of Education, the list of "kyōiku kanji" ("education kanji", a subset of "jōyō kanji"), specifies the 1,006 simple characters a child is to learn by the end of sixth grade. Children continue to study another 1,130 characters in junior high school, covering in total 2,136 "jōyō kanji". The official list of "jōyō kanji" was revised several times, but the total number of officially sanctioned characters remained largely unchanged. As for kanji for personal names, the circumstances are

neg: Chinese characters Chinese characters is Japanese. Vietnam abandoned their use in the early 20th century in favour of a Latin-based script, and Korea in the late 20th century in favour of its homegrown hangul script, although as Korea switched much more recently, many Koreans still learn them to read texts written before then, or in some cases to disambiguate homophones. Chinese characters adapted to write Japanese words are known as kanji. Chinese words borrowed into Japanese could be written with Chinese characters, while native Japanese words could also be written using the character(s) for a Chinese word of similar meaning. Most kanji

neg: Kanji readings are not native Japanese, but rather borrowed, so the "kun'yomi" label can be misleading. The readings are also written in katakana, unlike the usual hiragana for native "kun'yomi". Note that most of these characters are for units, particularly SI units, in many cases using new characters (kokuji) coined during the Meiji period, such as . Some kanji also have lesser-known readings called "nanori" (), which are mostly used for names (often given names) and in general, are closely related to the "kun'yomi". Place names sometimes also use "nanori" or, occasionally, unique readings not found elsewhere. For example, there is

neg: Furigana sufficiently advanced reading skills to recognize the kanji, but can understand the word when written phonetically in hiragana. Because children learn hiragana before katakana, in books for very young children, there are hiragana furigana next to the katakana characters. It is common to use furigana on all kanji characters in works for young children. This is called in Japanese. Numeric characters used for counting (e.g. "ni-hon" "two long things"; "futatsume" "second"; "dai-ni maki" "chapter 2"; "ni-pēji" "page 2"; etc.) are usually not tagged with furigana. Numeric words in established compounds (e.g. "ippo" "step"), however, may be. Many children's, shōnen and

neg: Hyōgai kanji Hyōgai kanji , also and , are Japanese kanji outside the two major lists of Jōyō, which are taught in primary and secondary school, and Jinmeiyō, which are additional kanji that officially are allowed for use in personal names. Because hyōgaiji is a catch-all category for "all unlisted kanji", there is no comprehensive list, nor is there a definitive count of the hyōgaiji. The highest level of the Kanji kentei (test of kanji aptitude) tests approximately 6,000 characters, of which 3,000 are hyōgaiji, while in principle any traditional Chinese character or newly coined variant may be used as hyōgaiji; the

neg: Half-width kana Half-width kana Half-width kana were used in the early days of Japanese computing, to allow Japanese characters to be displayed on the same grid as monospaced fonts of Latin characters. Half-width kanji were not used. Half-width kana characters are not generally used today, but find some use in specific settings, such as cash register displays, on shop receipts, Japanese digital television and DVD subtitles, and mailing address labels. Their usage is sometimes also a stylistic choice, particularly frequent in certain Internet slang. The term "half-width kana", which strictly refers only to how kana are "displayed", not how they are "stored"

neg: Kyōiku kanji the writing systems of both languages must sometimes learn at least three different variations of one character: traditional Chinese, simplified Chinese, and modern Japanese (for example 兩 - 两 - 両), some others have more variations, such as (斗 - 鬥 - 鬭 - 鬬 - 鬪 - 鬦 - 闘 - 閗), where are considered the older forms of Chinese characters and variations of different Chinese regions, and the older forms of Japanese characters (kyūjitai). Note that within the kyōiku kanji, there are 26 characters; the old forms of which may cause problems displaying: These characters are Unicode CJK

neg: Japanese name names and surnames use on'yomi (Chinese-based) kanji readings as well. Many others use readings which are only used in names (nanori), such as the female name Nozomi (). The majority of surnames comprise one, two or three kanji characters. There are also a small number of four or five kanji surnames, such as Teshigawara (), Kutaragi () and Kadenokōji (), but these are extremely rare. The sound "no," indicating possession (like the apostrophe in English), and corresponding to the character , is often included in names but not written as a separate character, as in the common name ("i-no-ue," well-(possessive)-top/above,

neg: Jinmeiyō kanji government added 196 characters to the jōyō kanji list. The list now includes 129 characters previously classified as jinmeiyō kanji, 11 of which are currently used in Japanese prefectures or nearby countries: At the same time, 5 characters deleted from the jōyō kanji list were added to the jinmeiyō kanji list, making the total number of jinmeiyō kanji 861: 1 kanji was added, for a total of 862 characters. 1 kanji was added, for a total of 863 characters. The list is split into two parts: Variants are given in brackets. The 18 characters which have a variant included in

neg: Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters in the Japanese and Chinese languages exist. The old and new forms of the Kyōiku Kanji and their Hànzì equivalents are listed below. In the following lists, the characters are sorted by the radicals of the Japanese kanji. The two Kokuji 働 and 畑 in the Kyōiku-Kanji List, which have no Chinese equivalents, are not listed here. Note that 弁 is used to simplify three different Traditional characters (辨, 瓣, and 辯) in Japan. (The following characters were simplified neither in Japanese nor in Chinese.) 一 丁 下

neg: Kanji kanji" Hyōgaiji: Some of these characters (for example, , "gland") have been introduced to China. In some cases the Chinese reading is the inferred Chinese reading, interpreting the character as a phono-semantic compound (as in how "on" readings are sometimes assigned to these characters in Chinese), while in other cases (such as ), the Japanese "on" reading is borrowed (in general this differs from the modern Chinese pronunciation of this phonetic). Similar coinages occurred to a more limited extent in Korea and Vietnam. Historically, some kokuji date back to very early Japanese writing, being found in the "Man'yōshū", for example—

neg: Written Chinese this was pronounced "kanji". In modern written Japanese, kanji are used for most nouns, verb stems, and adjective stems, while hiragana are used for grammatical elements and miscellaneous words that have no common kanji rendition; katakana are used for transliteration of loanwords from other languages, the names of plants, animals and certain scientific or technical words, onomatopoeia and emphasis. The Jōyō kanji, a list of kanji for common use standardized by the Japanese government, contains 2,136 characters—about half the number of characters commanded by literate Chinese. The role of Chinese characters in Korean and Vietnamese is much more limited. At

neg: Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters in Chinese, but the second stroke in Japanese. Taiwan and Hong Kong use Traditional characters, though with an altered stroke order. "See also" Stroke order. Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters in the Japanese and Chinese languages exist. The old and new forms of the Kyōiku Kanji and their Hànzì equivalents are listed below. In the following lists, the characters are sorted by the radicals of the Japanese kanji. The two Kokuji 働 and 畑 in the Kyōiku-Kanji List, which have no Chinese equivalents, are not listed here. Note that 弁 is used to

neg: Japanese orthographic issues Japanese orthographic issues Japanese orthography issues are language policy issues dating back to the Meiji Era when there were changes made aimed at writing the Japanese language (standard dialect) as the national language of Japan using a phonemic orthography. This article deals with both the acquisition and application of rare Chinese characters with only limited usage in the contemporary Japanese language of today (Hyōgaiji) and Han characters in everyday use (Jōyō kanji and Jinmeiyō kanji) as well as government policies (and official decisions) pertaining to either or both. The modern syllabary system and general-use character list are often discredited as

neg: Okurigana polite adjective form. If there is additional non-inflectional okurigana, then these are change, and this is sufficient to show the sound change in the spelling. This occurs for adjectives ending in "-shii," like , hence . A basic example other than "-shii" of such okurigana use is , from . There is a risk of confusion of okurigana with compounds: some Japanese words are traditionally written with kanji, but today some of these kanji are hyōgaiji (uncommon characters), and hence are often written as a mixture of kanji and kana, the uncommon characters being replaced by kana; this is known

neg: Ateji out of this. On one front, scholars and monks used "kanji" characters as translation aids between the lines of Chinese texts. On the other, poets simply used "kanji" phonetically to write in Japanese. Many different characters were used with the same sound values. This system of characters is called 万葉仮名 "man'yōgana" (alphabet of myriad leaves). The "kana" of modern Japanese ("hiragana" and "katakana") developed as organic simplifications of "man'yōgana" that were eventually codified. "Ateji" are primarily used today for historical terms – in historical order, these are primarily Sanskrit terms dating from the introduction of Buddhism to Japan, Portuguese terms

neg: Yojijukugo great many of the former are adopted from the latter and have the same or similar meaning as in Chinese. Many other "yojijukugo", however, are Japanese in origin. Some examples of these indigenous Japanese four-character idioms are: Yojijukugo The definition of "yojijukugo" is somewhat murky since the Japanese word can linguistically mean "compound", "idiom", or "phrase". "Yojijukugo" in the broad sense simply means any Japanese compound words consisting of four kanji characters. In the narrow or strict sense, however, the term refers only to four-kanji compounds that have a particular (idiomatic) meaning that cannot be inferred from the meanings of

neg: Orthographies and dyslexia mirror letter reversal (e.g. confusing "b" and "d"), which can manifest in any language regardless of orthographic depth. Logographic writing systems (such as Chinese characters and Cuneiform) are significantly different from alphabetic ones. The primary difference is that their basic graphemes are logograms, a representation based on meaning (morphemes), rather than sounds (phonemes). Chinese and Japanese Kanji, two languages with logographic orthographies, use sets of one or more characters to represent morphemes. In kanji, there are usually two ways to read a symbol, one that is similar to the original Chinese and one that is for the Japanese word. There

neg: Phonetic complement these "kanji" do not work when they are pronounced in Japanese, and there is not a one-to-one relationship between them and the Japanese words they represent. For example, the kanji 生, pronounced "shō" or "sei" in borrowed Chinese vocabulary, stands for several native Japanese words as well. When these words have inflectional endings (verbs/adjectives and adverbs), the end of the stem is written phonetically: as well as the hybrid Chinese-Japanese word Note that some of these verbs share a kanji reading ("i," "u," and "ha"), and okurigana are conventionally picked to maximize these sharings. These phonetic characters are called "okurigana."

neg: Kyōiku kanji Kyōiku kanji , also known as is a list of 1,006 kanji and associated readings developed and maintained by the Japanese Ministry of Education that prescribes which kanji, and which readings of kanji, Japanese schoolchildren should learn for each year of primary school. Although the list is designed for Japanese children, it can also be used as a sequence of learning characters by non-native speakers as a means of focusing on the most commonly used kanji. () Kyōiku kanji is a subset of Jōyō kanji. Note 1: Many kanji have complex meanings and nuances, or express concepts not directly translatable

neg: Setsuyōshū Despite much speculation about the dictionary's anonymous author, Bailey (1960:47) concludes "a nameless fifteenth-century Zen priest is the likeliest candidate". Unlike many early Japanese dictionaries of Chinese characters that were intended for literati, the "Setsuyōshū" was a true Japanese language dictionary and entered vocabulary current in Muromachi times. Each main entry gives the word in "kanji" (Chinese characters), notes Japanese pronunciation in "katakana" on the right, and occasionally adds etymologies and comments on the bottom. There are numerous "Setsuyōshū" editions (over 180 from the Edo period) and many vary in content and format. Most versions collate words according to their

neg: Kanji convention governs which is used for collation. Other kanji sorting methods, such as the SKIP system, have been devised by various authors. Modern general-purpose Japanese dictionaries (as opposed to specifically character dictionaries) generally collate all entries, including words written using kanji, according to their kana representations (reflecting the way they are pronounced). The gojūon ordering of kana is normally used for this purpose. Japanese school children are expected to learn 1006 basic kanji characters, the "kyōiku kanji", before finishing the sixth grade. The order in which these characters are learned is fixed. The "kyōiku kanji" list is a subset of

neg: Japanese name , , , , , , , , , , , , or . This many-to-many correspondence between names and the ways they are written is much more common with male given names than with surnames or female given names, but can be observed in all these categories. The permutations of potential characters and sounds can become enormous, as some very overloaded sounds may be produced by over 500 distinct Kanji and some Kanji characters can stand for several dozen sounds. This can and does make the collation, pronunciation, and romanization of a Japanese name a very difficult problem. For

neg: Kanji contrast, readings for individual characters are conventionally written in katakana for "on" readings, and hiragana for "kun" readings. Kun readings may further have a separator to indicate which characters are okurigana, and which are considered readings of the character itself. For example, in the entry for , the reading corresponding to the basic verb may be written as ("ta.beru"), to indicate that "ta" is the reading of the character itself. Further, kanji dictionaries often list compounds including irregular readings of a kanji. Since kanji are essentially Chinese "hanzi" used to write Japanese, the majority of characters used in modern Japanese

neg: Japanese dragon Emperor of China. Dragons in later Japanese folklore were influenced by Chinese and Indian myths. Chinese dragon mythology is central to Japanese dragons. Japanese words for "dragon" are written with "kanji" ("Chinese characters"), either simplified "shinjitai" 竜 or traditional "kyūjitai" 龍 from Chinese "long" 龍. These "kanji" can be read "tatsu" in native Japanese "kun'yomi" and "ryū" or "ryō" in Sino-Japanese "on'yomi". Many Japanese dragon names are loanwords from Chinese. For instance, the Japanese counterparts of the astrological Four Symbols are: Japanese "Shiryū" 四竜 "4 dragon [kings]" are the legendary Chinese "Longwang" 龍王 "Dragon Kings" who rule the four seas.

neg: Orthographies and dyslexia are also a greater number of characters for logographic systems like kanji than for alphabetic and syllabic systems (generally): "The Japanese educational system explicitly teaches a set of 1,945 Joyo Kanji (kanji for daily use). However...most Japanese know many more than these and that 3,000 or more kanji are required to read a daily newspaper." Development of reading and writing skills in logographic systems depends more heavily on visual memorization than for alphabetic systems. Thus dyslexics, who often rely on grapheme memorization to cope with phonological awareness deficits, may show reduced difficulty in logographic language acquisition. Literacy/readability studies (done on

neg: Jinmeiyō kanji the list are: The modern form ("shinjitai"), which appears in the Jōyō Kanji List, is given in brackets. Usage of the Jinmeiyō Kanji in Japanese names varies widely. For example, 之, is used in over 6000 names, and the 53 kanji used most commonly in names are all in over 500 names each. Jinmeiyō kanji The are a set of 863 Chinese characters known as "name kanji" in English. They are a supplementary list of characters that can legally be used in registered personal names in Japan, despite not being in the official list of "commonly used characters" (jōyō kanji).

neg: Chinese characters learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. These are simply guidelines, hence many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, especially those used for personal and place names (for the latter, see jinmeiyō kanji), as well as for some common words such as in which both old and new forms of the kanji are both acceptable and widely known amongst native Japanese speakers. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification. These resulted in some simplifications that differed from those used in mainland China. It ultimately adopted the reforms of the People's

neg: Chinese characters on'yomi had the same pronunciation as the loanword itself, words like "Amerika" (kanji: , katakana: , meaning: America), "karuta" (kanji: , , katakana: , meaning: card, letter), and "tempura" (kanji: , , katakana: , meaning: tempura), although the meanings of the kanji used often had no relation to the words themselves. Kanji that are used to only represent the sounds of a word are called ateji. While foreign loanwords in Japanese words are usually written only in kana, there are some words that normally use ateji to this day, like "kurabu" (ateji: , katakana: , meaning: club) and "sushi" (ateji:

neg: Half-width kana and has room for 128 characters. However, since this standard was designed for the United States, it does not contain characters and symbols, such as the yen (¥) symbol needed to represent Japanese currency, nor did it include space for characters from other alphabets, such as kana or kanji – thus Japanese characters could not be "encoded". Further, Japanese characters, both kana and kanji, are drawn on a square grid, while Latin characters are generally written more narrowly – thus Japanese characters could not be "displayed" either. JIS X 0201 was developed in 1969, a time when computers were generally

neg: Thumb-shift keyboard sharing cooperative of interested companies, in 1989. It is referred to as an example of keyboard layout in Japanese Industrial Standards. When word processors for the Japanese language developed in the late 1970s, one of the most difficult tasks was how to input Japanese sentences. Since the Japanese writing system uses three character-sets (hiragana, katakana and kanji), with a large number of individual characters (about 80 for hiragana and katakana, and thousands for kanji), it is not possible to accommodate all these on standard keyboards. Kanji posed the greatest challenge, and developers tried various methods, such as handwriting recognition, large

neg: Kanji Tatsumi he was designed. Atlus senior project manager Masaru Nanba remarked on how popular the interpretation of Kanji and his Shadow were in the west in an interview with "Famitsu" in 2013. CVG Online's Matthew Pellett called the examination of his sexuality a "first" for Japanese role-playing games. Game Career Guide's Patrick Hayes stated that Shadow Kanji represents his "confusion over manhood and sexuality." Larry Hester of Complex ranked him the sixth best LGBT character in video games. IGN's Keza MacDonald cited Kanji as one of the few playable gay characters in a Japanese video game. Kotaku's Jason Schreier suggested that

neg: Kyūjitai traditional forms and the publisher agrees. Unlike in the People's Republic of China, where all personal names were simplified as part of the character simplification reform carried out in the 1950s, the Japanese reform only applied to a subset of the characters in use (the Toyo Kanji) and excluded characters used in proper names. Therefore, "kyūjitai" are still used in personal names in Japan today (see Jinmeiyo kanji). In modern Japanese, "kyūjitai" that appear in the official spelling of proper names are sometimes replaced with the modern "shinjitai" form. In the 2,136 , there are 364 pairs of simplified and

neg: Kanji Chinese characters made outside of China. Specifically, kanji made in Japan are referred to as . They are primarily formed in the usual way of Chinese characters, namely by combining existing components, though using a combination that is not used in China. The corresponding phenomenon in Korea is called "gukja" (), a cognate name; there are however far fewer Korean-coined characters than Japanese-coined ones. Other languages using the Chinese family of scripts sometimes have far more extensive systems of native characters, most significantly Vietnamese chữ Nôm, which comprises over 20,000 characters used throughout traditional Vietnamese writing, and Zhuang sawndip, which

neg: Kanji a larger list, originally of 1945 kanji characters, in 2010 extended to 2136, known as the "jōyō kanji"—characters required for the level of fluency necessary to read newspapers and literature in Japanese. This larger list of characters is to be mastered by the end of the ninth grade. Schoolchildren learn the characters by repetition and radical. Students studying Japanese as a foreign language are often required by a curriculum to acquire kanji without having first learned the vocabulary associated with them. Strategies for these learners vary from copying-based methods to mnemonic-based methods such as those used in James Heisig's series

neg: Kanji still retain their Chinese meaning, physical resemblance with some of their modern traditional Chinese characters counterparts, and a degree of similarity with Classical Chinese pronunciation imported to Japan from 5th to 9th century. Nevertheless, after centuries of development, there is a notable number of kanji used in modern Japanese which have different meaning from "hanzi" used in modern Chinese. Such differences are the result of: Likewise, the process of character simplification in mainland China since the 1950s has resulted in the fact that Japanese speakers who have not studied Chinese may not recognize some simplified characters. In Japanese, refers to

neg: Transcription into Japanese a one-to-one correspondence between sounds and characters. Therefore, once the "Japanese sound" of a word is established, there is no ambiguity in its katakana spelling (unlike spelling in English, for example). A much less common form of transcription, not covered in this article, uses kanji characters for their phonetic values. For information on this method see Ateji. Because Japanese is written with kanji, the relative complexity of its characters means Japanese generally needs to be written larger than in English for legibility. Since Japanese characters encode one syllable at a time rather than one phoneme the amount of space taken

neg: Japanese writing system anywhere in the world. Several thousand kanji characters are in regular use. Each has an intrinsic meaning (or range of meanings), and most have more than one pronunciation, the choice of which depends on context. Japanese primary and secondary school students are required to learn 2,136 "jōyō kanji" as of 2010. The total number of kanji is well over 50,000, though few if any native speakers know anywhere near this number. In modern Japanese, the hiragana and katakana syllabaries each contain 46 basic characters, or 71 including diacritics. With one or two minor exceptions, each different sound in the Japanese

neg: Japanese writing system ("rōmaji"): The same headline, translated to English: Below are further examples of words written in Japanese, all of which are viable ways of writing the sample words. Although rare, there are some words that use all three scripts in the same word. An example of this is the term くノ一 ("Rōmaji": "kunoichi"), which uses a hiragana, a katakana, and a kanji character, in that order. It is said that if all three characters are put in the same kanji "square", they all combine to create the kanji 女 (woman/female). Another example is 消しゴム (Rōmaji: "keshigomu") which means "eraser", and uses

neg: Japanese writing system Japanese writing system The modern Japanese writing system uses a combination of logographic kanji, which are adopted Chinese characters, and syllabic kana. Kana itself consists of a pair of syllabaries: hiragana, used primarily for native or naturalised Japanese words and grammatical elements, and katakana, used primarily for foreign words and names, loanwords, onomatopoeia, scientific names, and sometimes for emphasis. Almost all written Japanese sentences contain a mixture of kanji and kana. Because of this mixture of scripts, in addition to a large inventory of kanji characters, the Japanese writing system is often considered to be the most complicated in use

neg: Japanese script reform time, eight characters from the original "jinmeiyō kanji" list were added to the "jōyō kanji" (daily use) list, and were removed from the group of "jinmeiyō kanji". On 27 September 2004, another 488 kanji were approved for use in names, partly as a result of the ruling by the Sapporo High Court that it was unacceptable for so many common characters to be excluded from use in names simply because they were not part of the official list. 578 characters were initially added, though some characters unsuitable for names such as 怨 (grudge, resent), 痔 (haemorrhoids) and 屍 (corpse) were

neg: Jōyō kanji Jōyō kanji The is the guide to kanji characters and their readings, announced officially by the Japanese Ministry of Education. Current "jōyō kanji" are those on a list of 2,136 characters issued in 2010. It is a slightly modified version of the "tōyō kanji", which was the initial list of secondary school-level kanji standardized after World War II. The list is not a comprehensive list of all characters and readings in regular use; rather, it is intended as a literacy baseline for those who have completed compulsory education, as well as a list of permitted characters and readings for use

neg: Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters there may be many instances of foreign readings replacing native readings, forming many sets of literary and colloquial readings. A newer literary reading may replace an older literary reading, and the older literary reading may become disused or become a new colloquial reading. Sometimes literary and colloquial readings of the same character have different meanings. The analogous phenomenon exists to a much more significant degree in Japanese, where individual characters (kanji) generally have two common readings – the newer borrowed, more formal on'yomi, and the older native, more colloquial kun'yomi. Unlike in Chinese varieties, which are genetically related, in Japanese

neg: Scriptio continua Chinese characters, called kanji in Japanese. However, due to the radical differences between the Chinese and Japanese languages, writing Japanese exclusively in kanji would make it extremely difficult to read. This can be seen in texts that predate the modern kana system, in which Japanese was written entirely in kanji and man'yōgana, the latter of which are characters written solely to indicate a word's pronunciation as opposed to its meaning. For that reason, different syllabary systems called kana were developed to differentiate phonetic graphemes from ideographic ones. Modern Japanese is typically written using three different types of graphemes, the first

neg: Extended shinjitai Extended shinjitai When the 1,850 character-long "tōyō kanji" list was produced in 1949, many characters were simplified from their original forms, and the new simpler forms became the standard kanji used in Japanese writing. For instance, the characters , , and became , , and , respectively. The "jōyō kanji" list, issued in 1981, contained additional simplifications such as , , and becoming , , and . In addition, the character , which had already been included during the formation of the "tōyō kanji" list, became . A total of 357 characters were reformed from kyūjitai (old character form) to

neg: Chinese characters to get municipal governments to implement more simplified character signage due to recent immigration from mainland China. Most community newspapers printed in North America are also printed in traditional characters. The following is a comparison of Chinese characters in the "Standard Form of National Characters", a common traditional Chinese standard used in Taiwan, the "Table of General Standard Chinese Characters", the standard for Mainland Chinese simplified Chinese characters, and the "jōyō kanji", the standard for Japanese kanji. Generally, the "jōyō kanji" are more similar to traditional Chinese characters than simplified Chinese characters are to traditional Chinese characters. "Simplified" refers to

neg: Ruiju Myōgishō lists over 32,000 characters and compounds. The entries give both "on'yomi" Sino-Japanese borrowings and "kun'yomi" native Japanese readings for "kanji", using Chinese "fanqie" spellings (from the "Qieyun"), "Man'yōgana", and "katakana". Meanings are often illustrated by quotations from over 130 Chinese classic texts and classical Japanese literature. These quotes have two types of "Kanbun" ("Chinese writing") annotations, "shōten" (声点 "tone marks") for Chinese tones and Japanese accents, and occasional "kunten" (訓点 "reading marks") for Japanese pronunciations. "Many passages contain no Japanese readings at all," says Bailey (1960:6), "but there are a total of approximately 10,000 Japanese readings given in the whole

neg: Kanbun deal in', a literary character which neither Kyōiku kanji nor Jōyō kanji includes. However, in kanbun texts it is relatively common to use a large amount of furigana -- often there is an interest in "recovering" the readings used by people of the Heian or Nara periods, and since many kanji can be read either with on- or kun-yomi pronunciations in a kanbun text, the furigana can show at least one editor's opinion of how it may have been read. The completed "kundoku" translation with "kun'yomi" reads as a well-formed Japanese sentence: Coming full circle, this annotated Japanese "kanbun" example

neg: Japanese script reform use of kana to kanji conversion on word processors and computers during the mid-1980s brought drastic changes to the amount of Japanese written by hand. As a result, the use of kanji outside the "jōyō kanji" increased, reversing the prior trend of using fewer kanji. These characters were called "gaiji" (lit. "outside characters") The preface to the Japanese Language Council internal report on the "jōyō kanji" states that the council's decision on the forms of characters not on the approved list is pending, and will await research from each field. The new JIS character set extends kanji simplification to "gaiji",

neg: Half-width kana problems for many computer programs today. In the JIS X 0201 specification (1969), katakana are encoded in A0–DF (hexadecimal) block – how they are displayed is not specified, and there is no separate encoding of full-width and half-width kana. In JIS X 0208, katakana, hiragana, and kanji are all encoded (and displayed as full-width characters; there are no half-width characters), though the ordering of the kana is different – see JIS X 0208#Hiragana and katakana. In Shift JIS, which combines JIS X 0201 and JIS X 0208, these encodings (both of which can encode Latin characters and katakana) are stored

neg: Furigana Furigana commonly appear alongside kanji names and their romanizations on signs for railway stations, even if the pronunciation of the kanji is commonly known. Furigana also appear often on maps to show the pronunciation of unusual place names. Before the war, youths might arguably have been almost illiterate if not for furigana. Japanese names are usually written in kanji. Because there are many possible readings for kanji names, including special name-only readings called nanori, furigana are often used to give the readings of names. On Japanese official forms, where the name is to be written, there is always an adjacent

neg: Japanese writing system restrictions have been relaxed. The replacement of the "tōyō kanji" in 1981 with the 1,945 —a modification of the "tōyō kanji"—was accompanied by a change from "restriction" to "recommendation", and in general the educational authorities have become less active in further script reform. In 2004, the , maintained by the Ministry of Justice for use in personal names, was significantly enlarged. The "jōyō kanji" list was extended to 2,136 characters in 2010. There are a number of methods of rendering Japanese in Roman letters. The Hepburn method of romanization, designed for English speakers, is a de facto standard widely used

neg: Ondō Ondō The literal translation of "ondo" is "sound head." Kanji, or the Chinese characters used in the Japanese language, often have literal and abstract meanings, here the kanji for "sound" (音-on) having a more abstract meaning of "melody" or "music," and the kanji for "head," (頭) having a more abstract meaning of "beat," "base pattern." Hence "ondo" probably refers to a kind of "sound" or "beat pattern." There are other names used to describe older Japanese genres of music. For example, "fushi" or "bushi" (節), with its literal meaning of "node," "knuckle," or "joint," refers to the nodes found in

neg: Furigana centered over that kanji; or by word or phrase, in which case the entire furigana word is centered over several kanji characters, even if the kanji do not represent equal shares of the kana needed to write them. The latter method is more common, especially since some words in Japanese have unique pronunciations ("jukujikun") that are not related to readings of any of the characters the word is written with. Furigana fonts are generally sized so that two kana characters fit naturally over one kanji; when more kana are required, this is resolved either by adjusting the furigana by using

neg: Learning to read have to be learned and memorised as there is no way to tell from each character. Ruby characters are used in textbooks to help children learn the sounds that each logogram makes. These are written in a smaller size, using an alphabetic or syllabic script. For example, hiragana is typically used in Japanese, and the pinyin romanization into Latin alphabet characters is used in Chinese. The examples above spell the word "kanji", which is made up of two kanji characters: 漢 ("kan", written in hiragana as かん), and 字 ("ji", written in hiragana as じ). Textbooks are sometimes edited as

neg: Extended shinjitai unsimplified characters have been added to the jōyō table with this reform, except for three previous kan'ikanyōjitai (, and ), and some extended shinjitai like in favor of . Nevertheless, the 2010 guidelines by the Japanese government also explicitly allow simplification in handwriting and do not object to use of alternate characters in electronic text, likely in recognition of established technical standards. Extended shinjitai When the 1,850 character-long "tōyō kanji" list was produced in 1949, many characters were simplified from their original forms, and the new simpler forms became the standard kanji used in Japanese writing. For instance, the characters

neg: Tōyō kanji the Tōyō kanji, and the other character missing. In this case, the recommendation was to write the included part in kanji and the excluded part in kana, e.g. ふ頭 for 埠頭 and 危ぐ for 危惧. These words were called . Bold in 1981 and 2010 year added kanji Tōyō kanji The tōyō kanji, also known as the "Tōyō kanjihyō" (当用漢字表, "list of kanji for general use") are the result of a reform of the "Kanji" characters of Chinese origin in the Japanese written language. They were the kanji declared "official" by the Japanese on November 16, 1946. They were replaced

neg: Kingdom (manga) times they will have completely different names. Oftentimes this is a result of Japanese Kanji borrowing from Chinese characters, meaning that there are some Chinese names that have no equivalent characters in Kanji. For example, Ou Ki's (王騎), name is a slightly altered version of Wang Yi, 王齮, because the last character of his name, 齮, does not exist in Kanji. "Kingdom" was the grand prize winner for the Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize in 2013 with one judge commenting, "I can't remember the last time I read nearly 30 volumes (of a manga title) in a row feeling this excited."

neg: Hyōgai kanji many commonly available Japanese fonts. While characters not frequently used generally retain their traditional forms, those commonly used in Japanese writing frequently are reproduced in their unofficial simplified form (extended shinjitai), rather than their official printed form. Well-known examples include: Some characters are provided in both their official and simplified forms, as is the case with 攪 (official printed form) and 撹 (simplified variant), but most of these characters are provided in one form only. Thus, unlike the aforementioned "Asahi characters", simplifications are not comprehensive, meaning that "hyōgaiji" are rendered as a mix of both standard classical forms and unofficial

neg: Kyūjitai Jōyō Kanji List in 2010, but were preserved as Jinmeiyō Kanji. They have no simplified form. Note that and are kokuji. Of the 196 new Jōyō Kanji, 129 were already on the Jinmeiyō Kanji List; 10 of them are used in names of Japanese prefectures, and the kanji appears in the name of South Korea ( "Kankoku"). Four of these kanji have both a simplified and a traditional form: Hyōgai Kanji are kanji that are element neither of the Jōyō Kanji List nor the Jinmeiyō Kanji List. In , traditional characters are recognized as printed standard style () while the

neg: Kanji code-points for each kanji and kana, as well as other forms of writing such as the Latin alphabet, Cyrillic script, Greek alphabet, Hindu-Arabic numerals, etc. for use in information processing. They have had numerous revisions. The current standards are: are kanji that are not represented in existing Japanese encoding systems. These include variant forms of common kanji that need to be represented alongside the more conventional glyph in reference works, and can include non-kanji symbols as well. "Gaiji" can be either user-defined characters or system-specific characters. Both are a problem for information interchange, as the code point used to represent

neg: IBM Kanji System of the 240 Kanji characters for each shift. Until that time, only English alphanumeric and Japanese half-width Katakana characters were processed on IBM mainframes. The IBM Kanji System thus established the basis for handling up to about 10,000 Japanese characters used in the daily life. The IBM Kanji System was further enhanced in September 1979 to include: Hardware Kanji support software The IBM Kanji System was planned, designed, and implemented mainly by Double-byte Technical Coordination Organization (DTCO) and development departments in IBM Fujisawa Laboratory, assisted by IBM Endicott Lab (IBM 029), Poughkeepsie Lab (OS/VS), Kingston Lab (IBM 3270), Santa Teresa

neg: Braille kanji Braille kanji Kantenji, or braille kanji, is a system of braille for transcribing written Japanese. It was devised in 1969 by , a teacher at the , and was still being revised in 1991. It supplements Japanese braille by providing a means of directly encoding kanji characters without having to first convert them to kana. It uses an 8-dot braille cell, with the lower six dots corresponding to the cells of standard Japanese Braille, and the upper two dots indicating the constituent parts of the kanji. The upper dots are numbered 0 (upper left) and 7 (upper right), the opposite

neg: Jōyō kanji as follows: The Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Ministry instructed teachers to start teaching the new characters in fiscal 2012, so that junior high school students would be able to read them and high school students would be able to write them. High schools and universities started using the characters in their entrance exams since the 2015 academic year. Jōyō kanji The is the guide to kanji characters and their readings, announced officially by the Japanese Ministry of Education. Current "jōyō kanji" are those on a list of 2,136 characters issued in 2010. It is a slightly modified version

neg: Japanese script reform with characters that could not be reasonably substituted, the recommendation was to write the "missing" kanji in kana instead, a practice known as . However, the recent prevalence of computers has made it easier for Japanese speakers to identify and use rarer characters, and the idea of having a list of approved characters has come under reconsideration. The Japanese media has increasingly used non-approved kanji with furigana to aid the reader in place of "mazegaki". On 16 February 1948, 881 of the "tōyō kanji" were designated to be taught during primary education, and became known as the "kyōiku kanji" (education

neg: Japanese Braille written with a hyphen, , because would be read as . An eight-dot extension of Japanese Braille, "kantenji", has been devised to transcribe kanji. Japanese Braille Japanese Braille is the braille script of the Japanese language. It is based on the original braille script, though the connection is tenuous. In Japanese it is known as , literally "dot characters". It transcribes Japanese more or less as it would be written in the "hiragana" or "katakana" syllabaries, without any provision for writing "kanji" (Chinese characters). Japanese Braille is a vowel-based abugida. That is, the glyphs are syllabic, but unlike kana they

neg: Romanization of Japanese Romanization of Japanese The romanization of Japanese is the use of Latin script to write the Japanese language. This method of writing is sometimes referred to in Japanese as (. There are several different romanization systems. The three main ones are Hepburn romanization, Kunrei-shiki romanization (ISO 3602), and Nihon-shiki romanization (ISO 3602 Strict). Variants of the Hepburn system are the most widely used. Japanese is normally written in a combination of logographic characters borrowed from Chinese (kanji) and syllabic scripts (kana) that also ultimately derive from Chinese characters. "Rōmaji" may be used in any context where Japanese text is targeted

neg: Kiten (program) Kiten (program) Kiten is a Japanese Kanji learning tool and reference for the KDE Software Compilation, specifically, in the kdeedu package. It also works as a Japanese-to-English and English-to-Japanese dictionary. The user can input words into a search box, and all related Kanji are returned with their meaning and part of speech. Kanji can be filtered by rarity and part of speech. A list of Kanji is also available which sorts characters by grade level and stroke number. Selecting one shows its Onyomi, Kunyomi, and meanings. Users can also add Kanji to their "learn list" and get simple flashcard quizzes

neg: Man'yōgana Korean kingdom of Baekje, and though direct evidence is hard to come by, most scholars tend to accept this idea. "Man'yōgana" uses kanji characters for their phonetic rather than semantic qualities—in other words, they are used for their sounds and not their meanings. There was no standard system for choice of kanji; different kanji could be used to represent the same sound, the choice made on the whims of the writer. By the end of the 8th century, 970 kanji were in use to represent the 90 morae of Japanese, far more than what was needed. For example, the "Man'yōshū"

neg: Okurigana Note the okurigana are not considered part of the reading; grammatically the verb is "kudasa-ru" (verb stem + inflectional suffix), but orthographically the stem itself is analyzed as "kuda-sa" (kanji reading + okurigana). Compare with furigana, which specify the reading of the kanji, appear "outside" the line of the text, and which are "omitted" if understood. Disambiguation examples include common verbs which use the characters (up) and (down): Observe that many Japanese verbs come in transitive/intransitive pairs, as illustrated above, and that a single kanji reading is shared between the two verbs, with sufficient okurigana written to reflect changed endings.

neg: Hyōgai kanji traditional dictionaries the "Kangxi Dictionary" and the 20th century "Dai Kan-Wa jiten" contain about 47,000 and 50,000 characters, respectively, of which over 40,000 would be classed as hyōgaiji or non-standard variants if used in Japanese. While many jōyō-kanji are printed using simplified forms (shinjitai, in opposition to traditional forms), hyōgaiji are officially printed with traditional forms such as 臍, even if some simplified variants are officially recognized in print, such as the simplified 唖, from the traditional 啞. The Jinmeiyō-kanji list (used for names) recognizes in most cases the traditional form along with the simplified form (when one exists). However,

neg: Japanese language people began using it. Eventually, by the 10th century, hiragana was used by everyone. Modern Japanese is written in a mixture of three main systems: kanji, characters of Chinese origin used to represent both Chinese loanwords into Japanese and a number of native Japanese morphemes; and two syllabaries: hiragana and katakana. The Latin script (or romaji in Japanese) is used to a certain extent, such as for imported acronyms and to transcribe Japanese names and in other instances where non-Japanese speakers need to know how to pronounce a word (such as "ramen" at a restaurant). Arabic numerals are much more