query: who was the first documented person to be born on the continent of antarctica

pos: Emilio Palma Emilio Palma Emilio Marcos Palma (born 7 January 1978) is an Argentine man known for being the first documented person born on the continent of Antarctica. Palma was born in Fortín Sargento Cabral at the Esperanza Base, near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, and weighed . His father, Captain Jorge Palma, was head of the Argentine Army detachment at the base. While ten people have been born in Antarctica since, Palma's birthplace remains the southernmost. In late 1977, Silvia Morella de Palma, who was then seven months pregnant, was airlifted to Esperanza Base, in order to complete her pregnancy

pos: Emilio Palma Emilio Palma Emilio Marcos Palma (born 7 January 1978) is an Argentine man known for being the first documented person born on the continent of Antarctica. Palma was born in Fortín Sargento Cabral at the Esperanza Base, near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, and weighed . His father, Captain Jorge Palma, was head of the Argentine Army detachment at the base. While ten people have been born in Antarctica since, Palma's birthplace remains the southernmost. In late 1977, Silvia Morella de Palma, who was then seven months pregnant, was airlifted to Esperanza Base, in order to complete her pregnancy

pos: Emilio Palma Bauer was also born in Antarctica 12 years later while his parents were on a 2 years science mission. Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen of Norway, born in the island territory of South Georgia on 8 October 1913, was the first person born and raised in the Antarctic (the world region south of the Antarctic Convergence). The first human born in the wider Antarctic region was the Australian James Kerguelen Robinson, born in Kerguelen Islands on 11 March 1859. Emilio Palma Emilio Marcos Palma (born 7 January 1978) is an Argentine man known for being the first documented person born on the

pos: Antarctic Peninsula islands, and it is the part of Antarctica most often visited by tour vessels and yachts. Occupied bases include Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, Bellingshausen Station, Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Base, Rothera Research Station and San Martín Base. Today, on the Antarctic Peninsula there are many abandoned scientific and military bases. Ice core and sediment samples from the peninsula are valuable because events such as the Little Ice Age can be verified with samples from other continents. Argentina's Esperanza Base was the birthplace of Emilio Marcos Palma, the first person to be born in Antarctica. Tourism to the Antarctic Peninsula

neg: Colonization of Antarctica 7, 1978) is an Argentine citizen who is the first person known to be born on the continent of Antarctica. He was born in Fortín Sargento Cabral at the Esperanza Base near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula and weighed 3.4 kg (7 lb 8 oz). Colonization of Antarctica Colonization of Antarctica refers to having humans including families living permanently on the continent of Antarctica. Currently, the continent only hosts a temporary transient population of scientists and support staff. Antarctica is the only continent on Earth without indigenous human inhabitants. At present scientists and staff from 30 countries live on

neg: Emilio Palma in the base. The airlift was a part of the Argentine solutions to the sovereignty dispute over territory in Antarctica. Emilio was automatically granted Argentine citizenship by the government since his parents were both Argentine citizens, and he was born in the claimed Argentine Antarctica. This is a sector of Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national territory, although this claim is not internationally recognised and overlaps with British and Chilean claims. He is featured in the "Guinness Book of Records" as the first person in history known to be born on the continent. His step brother, A

neg: Martyn S. Williams Martyn S. Williams Martyn Stephen Williams was born in Liverpool England on May 2, 1947. As a mountain and wilderness guide he is the first person in the world to lead expeditions to the three extremes, South Pole (1989) North Pole (1992) and Everest (1991). He is the first person to cross the continent of Antarctica under human power (1990). He founded Adventure Network International , the Antarctic services company operating from Patriot Hills, Antarctica, which has created and supported most of the record breaking expeditions in Antarctica in the last 40 years. He also founded Antarctic Airlines, the first

neg: Martyn S. Williams the new millennium, bringing with them their many promises of action for a more sustainable future. Martyn S. Williams Martyn Stephen Williams was born in Liverpool England on May 2, 1947. As a mountain and wilderness guide he is the first person in the world to lead expeditions to the three extremes, South Pole (1989) North Pole (1992) and Everest (1991). He is the first person to cross the continent of Antarctica under human power (1990). He founded Adventure Network International , the Antarctic services company operating from Patriot Hills, Antarctica, which has created and supported most of the record

neg: Firefighting in Antarctica the station, and materials and equipment used for research. Two people were killed and another injured. On October 5th, 2008, a building at the Russian Progress Station burned down, with one person being killed and two seriously injured, and radio contact with the outside world being lost for a few days. Firefighting in Antarctica Firefighting in Antarctica encompasses various organizations and procedures designed to fight fires on the continent of Antarctica. Firefighting in Antarctica is complicated by the harsh conditions of the continent, the remoteness of the locations to be serviced, and the importance of protecting life-supporting shelter from immolation.

neg: History of Antarctica ships "Erebus" and "Terror", he braved the pack ice and approached what is now known as the Ross Ice Shelf, a massive floating ice shelf over high. His expedition sailed eastward along the southern Antarctic coast discovering mountains which were since named after his ships: Mount Erebus, the most active volcano on Antarctica, and Mount Terror. The first documented landing on the mainland of East Antarctica was at Victoria Land by the American sealer Mercator Cooper on 26 January 1853. These explorers, despite their impressive contributions to South Polar exploration, were unable to penetrate the interior of the continent and,

neg: Ingrid Christensen visit Antarctica". In 1933, Christensen sailed with Lillemor (Ingebjørg) Rachlew, who kept a diary and took photographs, which appeared in Lars Christensen’s book even though no landing was possible. Christensen sailed south for the third time in 1933–34 with Ingebjørg Dedichen. They again did not manage a landing, though circumnavigated almost the entire continent. In 1934/35 Danish-born Caroline Mikkelsen, wife of Captain Klarius Mikkelsen, sailed to Antarctica and landed on the Tryne Islands on the 20 February 1935 and was, until recently, thought to be the first woman to land on Antarctica. However, since Mikkelsen landed on an Antarctic island,

neg: Cape Adare derived from Adare, Ireland). In January 1895, Norwegian explorers Henrik Bull and Carsten Borchgrevink from the ship "Antarctic" landed at Cape Adare as the first documented landing on Antarctica, collecting geological specimens. Borchgrevink returned to the cape leading his own expedition in 1899 and erected two huts, the first human structures built in Antarctica. The expedition members overwintered and the survivors were picked up in January 1900. This was the first expedition party ever to winter over on the Antarctic continent. Zoologist Nicolai Hanson died during the winter and was buried at Cape Adare. The closest research station in modern

neg: Amyr Klink Amyr Klink Amyr Klink (born September 25, 1955 in São Paulo, Brazil) is an explorer, sailor and writer. One of his projects, "Antarctica 360", was circumnavigating the Antarctic continent on his own, in 79 days in 1998. Klink has written seven books about his voyages, including "Between Two Poles" about his trip from Antarctica to the Arctic Pole, starting in 1989 and taking 642 days. Klink helped in the construction of the polar vessel used in this trip, named "Paratii" after the town of Paraty in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Amyr Klink was the first person to

neg: 7 Continents Club 7 Continents Club People who choose to run a marathon on all seven continents are generally considered to be a part of the 7 continents club. However, there is some dispute over what counts for each continent, with specific issue being taken due to races being run in "Antarctica" that actually take place on outlying islands of the continent and not within the continent itself. Due to the extreme weather conditions in Antarctica, not all races are completed as promised. A notable example is 2001, the Antarctica Marathon in Antarctica had to be held on a boat. There are 206

neg: Southern Ocean on 1 December 1959 and came into force on 23 June 1961. Among other provisions, this treaty limits military activity in the Antarctic to the support of scientific research. The first person to sail single-handed to Antarctica was the New Zealander David Henry Lewis, in 1972, in a 10-metre steel sloop "Ice Bird". A baby, named Emilio Marcos de Palma, was born near Hope Bay on 7 January 1978, becoming the first baby born on the continent. He also was born further south than anyone in history. The MS "Explorer" was a cruise ship operated by the Swedish explorer Lars-Eric

neg: History of research ships of the Norwegian Carsten Borchgrevink, who was the first person on the new continent, the congress declared the exploration of the Antarctica the urgent task for the following years. While Borchgrevink, steering towards the Southern Cross, was on target for Antarctica, a German, Swedish and British expedition was prepared for the Southern Ocean. Germany built the expedition ship "Gauss" for 1.5 million marks at the Howaldtswerke in Kiel. On the model of the "Fram", the "Gauss", which weighed 1,442 tonnes (1,419 long tons) and was long, had a round hulk in order to withstand the ice pressure. The "Gauss" had

neg: Antarctica an aircraft there. The first women to step onto the South Pole were Pam Young, Jean Pearson, Lois Jones, Eileen McSaveney, Kay Lindsay and Terry Tickhill in 1969. The first person to sail single-handed to Antarctica was the New Zealander David Henry Lewis, in 1972, in the 10-metre steel sloop "Ice Bird". On 28 April 1979, Air New Zealand Flight 901, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30, crashed into Mount Erebus, killing all 257 people on board. Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean;

neg: At the Mountains of Madness the story, Dyer details a series of previously untold events in the hope of deterring another group of explorers who wish to return to the continent. The story is recalled in a first-person perspective by the geologist William Dyer, a professor at Arkham's Miskatonic University, in the hope to prevent an important and much publicized scientific expedition to Antarctica. Throughout the course of his explanation, Dyer relates how he led a group of scholars from Miskatonic University on a previous expedition to Antarctica, during which they discovered ancient ruins and a dangerous secret, beyond a range of mountains higher than

neg: Women in Antarctica in the Navy in charge of approving her trip to Antarctica were "dragging their feet", citing that there were not women's bathrooms available and that without another female companion, she would not be allowed to go. The admiral in charge of transportation to Antarctica suggested that Peden was trying to go there for adventure, or to find a husband, rather than for her research. Despite her setbacks, including not receiving critical equipment in Antarctica, Peden's research on the continent was successful. The first U.S. woman to run an Antarctic research station was Mary Alice McWhinnie, who led the McMurdo Station

neg: Nankyoku Tairiku On November 8, 1956, the Soya, carrying her team of fifty-three Japanese crew members and 22 sled dogs disembarked from the docks of Japan and headed south for the continent of Antarctica. 2. Arrival! Antarctica The Soya sailed south from Japan for the frozen continent of Antarctica, only to run into difficult obstacles along the way. Though Kuramochi, Inuzuka, and nine other members of the crew who were desperate to prove themselves desired to winter in Antarctica as the First Cross-Winter Antarctic Expedition team, the leader of the crew Shirosaki Suguru disapproved of the suggestions, stating that the first expedition

neg: Nicolai Hanson wooden cross and plaque that is attached to a large stone. It is listed on the Antarctic Treaty's list of historic sites and monuments in Antarctica. More recent visitors to Antarctica have reconstructed the Norwegians' desolate and snow-damaged hut that represented the first permanent construction in the southern continent. This empty base camp also stands as a memorial to Nicolai Hanson. Hanson had married shortly before he traveled to Antarctica. He left a wife and a baby daughter, Johanne Hanson Vogt (1898–1999) who was born after he left on the expedition. The Antarctic Nototheniidae fish "Trematomus nicolai" is named after

neg: John Davis (sealer) John Davis (sealer) Captain John Davis (born 1784 in Surrey, England) was a seal hunter from Connecticut, United States. It is thought that he may have been the first person to set foot on Antarctica, on 7 February 1821, shortly after the first sightings of the new continent, all in 1820, by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev (28 January), Edward Bransfield (30 January) and Nathaniel Palmer (November). Some of Davis' crew from the American sealing ship, "Cecilia", may have landed at Hughes Bay (64°01'S) looking for seals for less than an hour. The ship's logbook entry reads: These

neg: Southern Ocean Parts of her wreckage were found months later by sealers on the north coast of Livingston Island (South Shetlands). It is unknown if some survivor managed to be the first to set foot on these Antarctic islands. The first confirmed sighting of mainland Antarctica cannot be accurately attributed to one single person. It can, however, be narrowed down to three individuals. According to various sources, three men all sighted the ice shelf or the continent within days or months of each other: von Bellingshausen, a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy; Edward Bransfield, a captain in the British navy; and

neg: Antarctica continent was suitable for family life. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Frei Montalva Station, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station. As of 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentine Esperanza Base and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station. Few terrestrial vertebrates live in Antarctica, and those that do are limited to the sub-Antarctic islands. Invertebrate life includes microscopic mites like the "Alaskozetes antarcticus", lice, nematodes, tardigrades, rotifers, krill and springtails.

neg: Lists of places in Antarctica Lists of places in Antarctica Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth. While Antarctica has never had a permanent human population, it has been explored by various groups, and many locations on and around the continent have been described. This page lists notable places in and immediately surrounding the Antarctic continent, including geographic features, bodies of water, and human settlements. Antarctica is a desert, receiving very little annual precipitation. However meltwater from the continent's ice features produce a number of rivers and streams. A list of these can be found at List of rivers of Antarctica Nearly all of Antarctica's

neg: Catholic Marian church buildings woman of the diocese that occurred over a number of years, and were documented in a book by Fr. Rene Laurentin, and subsequently approved as "worthy of belief" by the local ordinary Bishop Cardella in May 2016. Dates indicate the (often likely) first year of construction. Catholic Marian church buildings Roman Marian churches are religious buildings dedicated to the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary. These churches were built throughout the history of the Catholic Church, and today they can be found on every continent including Antarctica. The history of Marian church architecture tells the unfolding story of the development

neg: Territorial claims in Antarctica is sometime associated with the continent of Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. The treaty has now been signed by 48 countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States, and the now-defunct Soviet Union. The treaty set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. The Soviet Union and the United States both filed reservations against the restriction on new claims, and

neg: Religion in Antarctica meanwhile two priests maintain the services, which are being exchanged annually. They both contribute to the maintenance of the overall station. January 29, 2007 saw the first church wedding on Antarctica, between a Chilean and Russian. The first baptism (for adults) also took place there. Religion in Antarctica Antarctica has various places of worship and an increasing demand for religious services and construction of sacred architecture on the continent. In spite of the famous saying "below 40 degrees south there is no law; below 50 degrees south there is no God" the exploration of the continent was in fact closely

neg: Firefighting in Antarctica Firefighting in Antarctica Firefighting in Antarctica encompasses various organizations and procedures designed to fight fires on the continent of Antarctica. Firefighting in Antarctica is complicated by the harsh conditions of the continent, the remoteness of the locations to be serviced, and the importance of protecting life-supporting shelter from immolation. Although there are no wildfires in Antarctica, fire represents a serious threat to human activity. Antarctica is the windiest place on earth, so there are often winds sufficient to quickly fan any flames. Due to the low temperatures, liquid water is often hard to obtain in large quantity. Because of the

neg: David Mayer de Rothschild of only 42 people, and the youngest British person, to ever reach both geographical poles. He had already become one of only 14 people ever to traverse the continent of Antarctica, and was part of a team that broke the world record for the fastest ever crossing of the Greenland ice cap. In 2006 he launched the website "Mission Control" in order to present his expeditions and environmental efforts to children and the youth. The trek across the Arctic was the first "mission" to be highlighted on the website, and the second was planned to either be a trek through

neg: Antarctic Circle no permanent human population south of the Antarctic Circle, but there are several research stations in Antarctica operated by various nations that are inhabited by teams of scientists who rotate on a seasonal basis. In previous centuries some semi-permanent whaling stations were established on the continent, and some whalers would live there for a year or more. At least three children have been born in Antarctica, albeit in stations north of the Antarctic Circle. The circumference of the Antarctic Circle is roughly . The area south of the Circle is about and covers roughly 4% of Earth's surface. The continent

neg: Spherical Earth pilots, and tourists have been to Antarctica and found that it is not a large ring that encircles the entire world, but actually a roughly disc-shaped continent smaller than South America but larger than Australia, with an interior that can in fact be traversed in order to take a shorter path from e.g. the tip of South America to Australia than would be possible on a disc. The first land crossing of the entirety of Antarctica was the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition in 1955-58, and many exploratory airplanes have since passed over the continent in various directions. On a flat Earth,

neg: Nankyoku Tairiku men dared to have the courage and skills to explore it- the frozen continent of Antarctica. An old Japanese war vessel called the Soya, which had survived the war was repaired and redesigned as the first Icebreaker ship for the Japanese Antarctic Expedition, and fifty-three men were chosen for the journey to the continent. Kuramochi, a mountaineer who lost his wife during the war, and Inuzuka, a young outcast who has little experience of many tasks, were given the task of choosing and handling the team of Japanese sled dogs that was to go with the expedition team to Antarctica.

neg: Chapel of St. Francis of Assisi (Esperanza Base) part of several Antarctic milestones, including the first religious marriage, the baptism of Emilio Palma, who was the first recorded birth in Antarctica, and first communion ceremony. Chapel of St. Francis of Assisi (Esperanza Base) The Chapel of St. Francis of Assisi () is a chapel of the Roman Catholic Church located on the Esperanza Base administered by Argentina, on the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula in Antarctica. It is one of eight churches on Antarctica. Founded on February 18, 1976, and installed by the Argentine Army, it was the first Catholic chapel of the Antarctic continent. The chapel

neg: Continent as "New Holland, an immense island, which some geographers dignify with the appellation of another continent" and the "Oxford English Dictionary" was just as equivocal some decades later. Antarctica was sighted in 1820 during the First Russian Antarctic Expedition and described as a continent by Charles Wilkes on the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838, the last continent identified, although a great "Antarctic" (antipodean) landmass had been anticipated for millennia. An 1849 atlas labelled Antarctica as a continent but few atlases did so until after World War II. From the mid-19th century, atlases published in the United States more commonly

neg: VX-6 L. Mayfield, who had been critically injured in a fall. It was the third emergency air evacuation from Antarctica during the winter night. On 18 June 1967, The first scheduled winter flight to Antarctica was successfully completed when a United States Navy LC-130F of VX-6 flying from Christchurch landed at Williams Field. Although earlier winter flights had been made to Antarctica as a result of medical emergencies, this was the first planned flight. On 2 December 1967, an LC-117D Skytrooper landed at McMurdo Station from Hallett Station. This was the last C-117 flight on the Antarctic continent, marking the end

neg: Lists of places in Antarctica surface is covered by ice to an average depth of . As such, a number of notable ice features have been described on the continent. In many places, continental ice sheets extend from the continent forming massive ice shelves. A list of Antarctic ice shelves can be found at List of Antarctic ice shelves. A number of islands surround Antarctica. For a list of them, see List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands. There are a number of mountain lists for Antarctica: To be added to lists are: Antarctica has a number of active and extinct volcanoes. For a list of

neg: Lists of places in Antarctica them, see List of volcanoes in Antarctica. Antarctica has no permanent human population, however there are a variety of man-made places in Antarctica including two civilian bases. Lists of places in Antarctica Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth. While Antarctica has never had a permanent human population, it has been explored by various groups, and many locations on and around the continent have been described. This page lists notable places in and immediately surrounding the Antarctic continent, including geographic features, bodies of water, and human settlements. Antarctica is a desert, receiving very little annual precipitation. However meltwater from the

neg: Belgica antarctica Belgica antarctica Belgica antarctica, the Antarctic midge, is a species of flightless midge, endemic to the continent of Antarctica. At long, it is the largest purely terrestrial animal native to the continent, as well as its only insect. It also has the smallest known insect genome as of 2014, with only 99 million base pairs of nucleotides (and about 13,500 genes). The flightlessness of "B. antarctica" may be an adaptation to prevent wind from blowing it into inhospitable areas. It can survive freezing, but despite air temperatures reaching as low as −40 °C, this insect will not be alive after

neg: Hassan Nasiem Siddiquie guide for future explorations in the region. The map identified the presence of Foraminifera, a class of amoeboid protists, which indicated the marine pollution levels and the resources of calcareous sediments in Lakshadeep sea. His studies on Lakshadeep offshores also assisted in widening the understanding of about the origin of the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge. He was the deputy leader of the first Indian expedition to Antarctica, under the leadership of Syed Zahoor Qasim and he coordinated the marine science programs for Dakshin Gangotri, the permanent Indian station in the southernmost continent. His studies and researches have been documented by way of

neg: Women in Antarctica sciences. The first countries to have female scientists working in Antarctica were the Soviet Union, South Africa and Argentina. Besides exploring and working as scientists, women have also played supportive roles as wives, fund-raisers, publicists, historians, curators and administrators of organizations and services that support Antarctic operations. Many early women on Antarctica were the wives of explorers. Some women worked with Antarctica from afar, crafting policies for a place they had never seen. Women who wished to have larger roles in Antarctica and on the continent itself had to "overcome gendered assumptions about the ice and surmount bureaucratic inertia. As

neg: Demographics of Antarctica 2001, "National Geographic" reported that eight children had been born at Esperanza alone. Demographics of Antarctica Antarctica has few permanent residents, and contains research stations and field camps that are staffed seasonally or year-round, and former whaling settlements. The largest station, McMurdo Station, has a summer population of about 1,000 people and a winter population of about 200. Approximately 29 nations, all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, send personnel to perform seasonal (summer) or year-round research on the continent and in its surrounding oceans. The population of persons doing and supporting scientific research on the continent and its nearby islands

neg: Colonization of Antarctica Colonization of Antarctica Colonization of Antarctica refers to having humans including families living permanently on the continent of Antarctica. Currently, the continent only hosts a temporary transient population of scientists and support staff. Antarctica is the only continent on Earth without indigenous human inhabitants. At present scientists and staff from 30 countries live on about 70 bases (40 year-round and 30 summer-only), with an approximate population of 4000 in summer and 1000 in winter. There have been at least eleven human births in Antarctica, starting with one in 1978 at an Argentine base, with seven more at that base and

neg: Jocasta Innes Jocasta Innes Jocasta Innes (21 May 1934 – 20 April 2013) was a British writer, journalist and businesswoman. Innes was born in Nanjing, China, the eldest of three daughters born to a Shell Oil executive and an Irish-Argentinian teacher who ran a school for the children of other British-born residents. By the age of twelve she had lived on every continent in the world, except Antarctica. After a spell at a Coptic convent in Cairo, she was educated at Bedford High School from 1949 and Girton College, Cambridge where she read Modern Languages. One of her first jobs was with

neg: Edith Farkas Antarctica, photographs, publications and the original copy of her novel on her stay in the southernmost continent. She fought a long battle with bone cancer, and died in Wellington on 3 February 1993. Photographs from the Edith Farkas Estate, courtesy of her family. Edith Farkas Edith Elizabeth Farkas (13 October 1921 – 3 February 1993) was an Antarctic researcher, best known for being the first Hungarian woman and also the first New Zealand MetService female staff member to set foot in Antarctica. In addition she conducted world-leading ozone monitoring research for over 30 years. Edit Farkas was born on 13

neg: Aparna Kumar by successfully scaling the Highest peak of Antarctica continent recently. She was carrying the flag of India and U.P. Police on the top. She is the first ever All India service officer( IAS, IPS, IFS) both male and female to achieve such a feat. She has just been promoted as DIG in January and now posted as DIG Technical services in Lucknow. On 17 January at 11 pm India Time and 2 pm local time she summited Mount Vinson Massif(about 17,000 feet), the highest peak of the Antarctica continent. She started for the Antarctica expedition on 5 January 2016 from

neg: Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica ( or , ) is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At , it is the fifth-largest continent. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all

neg: History of Antarctica as the first permanent structure directly over the South Pole in January 1957. Finally, to prevent the possibility of military conflict in the region, the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and 9 other countries with significant interests negotiated and signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. The treaty entered into force in 1961 and sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. A baby, named Emilio Marcos de Palma, was born near Hope Bay on

neg: Nicolai Hanson Nicolai Hanson Nicolai Hanson (24 August 1870 – 14 October 1899) was a Norwegian zoologist and Antarctic explorer. Nicolai Hanson was a member of the Southern Cross Expedition led by Carsten Borchgrevink to Antarctica and he became the first person to be buried in Antarctica. Nicolai Hanson was born in Kristiansund in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. Nicolai Hanson was a graduate of the University of Christiana (now University of Oslo) where he studied zoology under Professor Robert Collett. Hanson was a member of the 1899 Southern Cross Expedition to Antarctica which was the first scientific foray to spend considerable

neg: Antarctopelta first. The genus name refers to its location on the continent of Antarctica and its armored nature. Antarctica is derived from the Greek words "αντ"/"ant-" ('opposite of') and "αρκτος"/"arktos" ('bear' referring to the constellation Ursa Major, which points north). The Greek "πελτη"/"pelte" ('shield') is commonly used to name genera of ankylosaurs ("Cedarpelta" and "Sauropelta", for example). The single known species, "A. oliveroi", is named after Eduardo Olivero, who discovered the holotype, first mentioned it in print, and has worked in Antarctica for decades. Earlier work suggested that the James Ross Island ankylosaur was a juvenile. More recent research indicates that

neg: Chapel of St. Francis of Assisi (Esperanza Base) Chapel of St. Francis of Assisi (Esperanza Base) The Chapel of St. Francis of Assisi () is a chapel of the Roman Catholic Church located on the Esperanza Base administered by Argentina, on the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula in Antarctica. It is one of eight churches on Antarctica. Founded on February 18, 1976, and installed by the Argentine Army, it was the first Catholic chapel of the Antarctic continent. The chapel provides spiritual support to the residents and staff of the base. Its first priest was the Jesuit Buenaventura De Filippis, born in Italy. This site has been

neg: Ice cap climate Antarctica is centered on the South Pole. Antarctica is surrounded on all sides by the Southern Ocean. As a result, high-speed winds circle around Antarctica, preventing warmer air from temperate zones from reaching the continent. While Antarctica does have some small areas of tundra on the northern fringes, the vast majority of the continent is extremely cold and permanently frozen. Because it is climatically isolated from the rest of the Earth, the continent has extreme cold not seen anywhere else, and weather systems rarely penetrate into the continent. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky

neg: Hare Krishna movement and sexual orientation his Krishna-based religion and spirituality. Allen Ginsberg was involved with Krishnaism, and had been chanting the Hare Krishna mantra since he first visited India in 1963. He befriended Swami Prabhupada, a relationship that is documented by Satsvarupa dasa Goswami in his biographical account "Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta". Ginsberg donated money, materials, and his reputation to help the Swami establish the first temple, and toured with him to promote his cause. Ginsberg also claimed to be the first person on the North American continent to chant the Hare Krishna mantra. Music and chanting were both important parts of Ginsberg's live delivery during

neg: Major explorations after the Age of Discovery than had ever been voluntarily entered before by any vessel. On 17 January 1773 the Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached by , where their course was stopped by ice. The first land south of the parallel 60° south latitude was discovered by the Englishman William Smith, who sighted Livingston Island on 19 February 1819. In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted Antarctica. The first confirmed sighting of mainland Antarctica cannot be accurately attributed to one single person. It can, however, be narrowed down to

neg: Terra Australis believed to be real) were: Terra Australis Terra Australis (Latin for "South Land") was a hypothetical continent first posited in antiquity and which appeared on maps between the 15th and 18th centuries. The existence of Terra Australis was not based on any survey or direct observation, but rather on the idea that continental land in the Northern Hemisphere should be balanced by land in the south. This theory of balancing land has been documented as early as the 5th century on maps by Macrobius, who uses the term Australis on his maps. Other names for the hypothetical continent have included

neg: LocalWiki events. A nonprofit in Tallahassee, Florida helped start TallahasseeWiki with knowledge from residents. The LocalWiki project for Oakland, California is supported by volunteers meeting in person to collaborate on historical information. In 2012 the LocalWiki team assembled a comprehensive high-definition map of the Antarctic continent, available on "Open Antarctica", a LocalWiki instance for Antarctica. Neustrom explained that the map was "pieced together from very-hard-to-find NASA aerial imagery and coastline datasets". In April 2015, Idmloco focused on Davis LocalWiki as part of a public relations operation for U C Davis chancellor Linda P.B. Katehi. The LocalWiki software includes a WYSIWYG editing

neg: Antarctic Treaty System Antarctic Treaty System The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude. The treaty entered into force in 1961 and currently has 53 parties. The treaty sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes freedom of scientific investigation, and bans military activity on the continent. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.

neg: John Davis (sealer) men were the first recorded humans to have claimed to have set foot on the newly discovered continent of Antarctica. The first undisputed landing on Antarctica did not occur for another 74 years, on 24 January 1895, when a group of men from the Norwegian ship "Antarctic" went ashore to collect geological specimens at Cape Adare. The group included the Norwegians Henrik Johan Bull and Carsten Borchgrevink, and the New Zealander Alexander von Tunzelmann. The coastal strip where the men were alleged to have gone ashore is called Davis Coast. John Davis (sealer) Captain John Davis (born 1784 in Surrey,

neg: Religion in Antarctica Religion in Antarctica Antarctica has various places of worship and an increasing demand for religious services and construction of sacred architecture on the continent. In spite of the famous saying "below 40 degrees south there is no law; below 50 degrees south there is no God" the exploration of the continent was in fact closely connected to religious activities with contributions from many adherents (e.g. Jesuit geophysicists). Some of the early religious buildings are now protected as important historical monuments. Christian buildings are the only religious buildings on the continent. A cross on Wind Vane Hill, Cape Evans, was erected

neg: Vladimir Vasilyev (writer) from it. Who will go into the eternal night of the Stone Forest of their own free will? Morgan and Turi, who have nothing to lose, as there is blood on their hands and death behind them. No one will spare those who had the misfortune of being born werewolves." "Antarctica is a harsh, cold continent on the edge of the world and of little interest to the nations of the world. But if an unknown cataclysm moves it to the tropics, there will be plenty of interested parties who wish to add the new lands to their spheres of

neg: Research stations in Antarctica on February 13, 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7, 1944. These bases were the first ever to be constructed on the mainland Antarctica. The Operation provoked a massive expansion in international activity after the war. Chile organized its First Chilean Antarctic Expedition in 1947–48. Among other accomplishments, it brought the Chilean president Gabriel González Videla to personally inaugurate one of its bases, thereby becoming the first head of state to set foot on the continent. Signy Research Station (UK) was established in 1947, Australia's Mawson Station in 1954, Dumont d'Urville Station was the first French

neg: RV Hero RV Hero RV "Hero" was a research vessel that operated in Antarctica for the National Science Foundation between 1968 and 1984, after which she was laid up until she sank in 2017. "Hero", named after the sloop that Nathaniel Palmer sailed when he sighted Antarctica, was launched in 1968 by the shipyard of Harvey F. Gamage in South Bristol, Maine. She arrived in Antarctica at Palmer Station for the first time in December, and for the next sixteen years transported scientists around the continent to perform research. She was the first vessel to be dedicated full time to scientists at

neg: San Jose scale San Jose scale The San Jose scale is a hemipterous insect ("Quadraspidiotus perniciosus") in the family Diaspididae. It is an agricultural pest as it causes damage and crop losses to many fruit crops. In 1914, "Q. perniciosus" became the first documented case of insecticide resistance. This species originated in Siberia, north east China and the northern part of the Korean peninsula. It has spread to every continent except Antarctica and is a major pest of fruit trees. The San Jose scale derives its popular name from San Jose, California where Comstock discovered and named it in 1881. It has been

neg: Antarctica cooling controversy some accounts. Observations unambiguously show the Antarctic Peninsula to be warming. Some trends elsewhere on the continent have shown cooling, while others show warming over the entire continent, but overall trends are smaller and dependent on season and the timespan over which the trend is computed. Climate models predict that temperature trends due to global warming will be much smaller in Antarctica than in the Arctic, mainly because heat uptake by the Southern Ocean acts to moderate the radiative forcing by greenhouse gases. In a study released in 2009, historical weather station data was combined with satellite measurements to deduce

neg: Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station visiting the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica, as part of a tourist group, when he fell ill and was evacuated, first to McMurdo Station and from there to Christchurch, New Zealand, where he was reported to be in stable condition. Aldrin's visit at age 86 makes him the oldest person to ever reach the South Pole. In the summer of 2016–17 Anthony Bourdain filmed part of an episode of his television show "" at the station. Science and life at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole station is documented in Dr. John Bird’s award-winning book, "One Day, One Night: Portraits of the

neg: Amyr Klink three daughters. Amyr Klink Amyr Klink (born September 25, 1955 in São Paulo, Brazil) is an explorer, sailor and writer. One of his projects, "Antarctica 360", was circumnavigating the Antarctic continent on his own, in 79 days in 1998. Klink has written seven books about his voyages, including "Between Two Poles" about his trip from Antarctica to the Arctic Pole, starting in 1989 and taking 642 days. Klink helped in the construction of the polar vessel used in this trip, named "Paratii" after the town of Paraty in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Amyr Klink was the first

neg: Brazilian Antarctic Program same year, Brazil sent its first expedition ("Operation Antarctica I") to the Antarctic continent and the "Barão de Teffé" performed a reconnaissance mission to the northwestern sector of Antarctica in order to select the location where the future Brazilian Antarctic Station would be built. The success of that expedition resulted in international recognition of the Brazilian presence in Antarctica, which allowed the acceptance of the country as a consultative party to the Antarctic Treaty in 1983. A second expedition ("Operation Antarctica II") was held in the summer of 1983-84, with the main task of transporting and building the Brazilian station.

neg: East Antarctica East Antarctica East Antarctica, also called Greater Antarctica, constitutes the majority (two-thirds) of the Antarctic continent, lying on the Indian Ocean side of the continent, separated from West Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains. It lies almost entirely within the Eastern Hemisphere and its name has been accepted for more than a century. It is generally higher than West Antarctica and includes the Gamburtsev Mountain Range in the centre. Apart from small areas of the coast, East Antarctica is permanently covered by ice. The only terrestrial plant life is lichens, mosses and algae clinging to rocks, and there are a limited

neg: Terra Australis the colonial authorities in Sydney re-allocated the name "Australia" to New Holland and its centuries-old Dutch name eventually disappeared. Meanwhile, having lost its name of "Australia", the south polar continent was nameless for decades until "Antarctica" was coined in the 1890s. In the early 1800s, British explorer Matthew Flinders popularized the naming of Australia after "Terra Australis", giving his rationale that there was "no probability" of finding any significant land mass anywhere more south than Australia. The continent that would come to be named Antarctica would be explored decades after Flinders' 1814 book on Australia, which he had titled "A

neg: Flags of Antarctica continent on a blue background symbolizes neutrality (Bartram was well aware of the overlapping territorial claims of the United Kingdom, Chile, and Argentina when he designed the flag). This flag was actually flown on the Antarctic continent for the first time in 2002, when Ted Kaye (then editor of "Raven", the scholarly journal of the North American Vexillological Association) took several full-size flags in the Bartram design on an Antarctic cruise. The bases of Brazil, Ukraine, and the UK all flew it from their flagpoles, making its raising "official". He presented a paper ("Flags Over Antarctica") which described the first

neg: Women in Antarctica their husbands' journeys. The first women involved in exploration of Antarctica were wives and companions of male travelers and explorers. Women accompanied men as "whaling wives" to Antarctic waters. The first women to see the continent of Antarctica was Norwegian Ingrid Christensen and her companion, Mathilde Wegger, both of whom were traveling with Christensen's husband. The first woman to step onto the land of Antarctica, an island, was Caroline Mikkelsen in 1935. Mikkelsen only briefly went ashore, and was also there with her husband. Later, after her husband died, Mikkelsen remarried and didn't talk about her experience in Antarctica in

neg: East Antarctica bacteria, nematodes, springtails, mites, and midges live on the mosses and lichens. The remote and extremely cold bulk of Antarctica remains almost entirely untouched by human intervention. The area is protected by the Antarctic Treaty System which bans industrial development, waste disposal and nuclear testing, while the Barwick Valley, one of the Dry Valleys, and Cryptogam Ridge on Mount Melbourne are specially protected areas for their undisturbed plant life. East Antarctica East Antarctica, also called Greater Antarctica, constitutes the majority (two-thirds) of the Antarctic continent, lying on the Indian Ocean side of the continent, separated from West Antarctica by the

neg: History of New South Wales the European exploration of the colony were common and often vital to the success of missions. In 1801-02 Matthew Flinders in "The Investigator" lead the first circumnavigation of Australia. Aboard ship was the Aboriginal explorer Bungaree, of the Sydney district, who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate the Australian continent. Previously, the famous Bennelong and a companion had become the first people born in the area of New South Wales to sail for Europe, when, in 1792 they accompanied Governor Phillip to England and were presented to King George III. In 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William

neg: Warden Pass said, and so it was. An epic finish to 1970. 24.8 miles: dogs treated to 2 bars of Nutrican each for the fourth consecutive night, and they deserved it, bless them." This was the third consecutive season, and the last, that dog teams were used in the Shackleton Mountains. A few years later the last dogs were removed from Antarctica following an international agreement that all non indigenous animals should be removed from the Continent. What is indigenous? Most of our dogs were at least the third generation that had been bred and born on the continent. The removal of

neg: Climate of Antarctica Climate of Antarctica The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on Earth. Antarctica's lowest air temperature record was set on 21 July 1983, with at Vostok Station. Satellite measurements have identified even lower ground temperatures, down to at the cloud-free East Antarctic Plateau on 10 August 2010. Antarctica is also extremely dry (technically a desert), averaging of precipitation per year. On most parts of the continent the snow rarely melts and is eventually compressed to become the glacier ice that makes up the ice sheet. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, because of the katabatic winds. Most of

neg: Diana Patterson After she retired Patterson would guide Antarctic tourists including a visit to Mawson Station. Twenty years after her leadership, Patterson took the hint of tourists who told her she should write a book. She shared a cabin on a trip with a person who ensured that she started, "The Ice Beneath My Feet: My Year In Antarctica". The book was published in 2012. Diana Patterson Diana Patterson (born c.1951) was the first woman to be in charge of an Australian Antarctic Station. Patterson originally trained as a physical education teacher. She had to persevere to join the Antarctic team. She

neg: Terra Australis Terra Australis Terra Australis (Latin for "South Land") was a hypothetical continent first posited in antiquity and which appeared on maps between the 15th and 18th centuries. The existence of Terra Australis was not based on any survey or direct observation, but rather on the idea that continental land in the Northern Hemisphere should be balanced by land in the south. This theory of balancing land has been documented as early as the 5th century on maps by Macrobius, who uses the term Australis on his maps. Other names for the hypothetical continent have included Terra Australis Ignota, Terra Australis

neg: Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen Argentina, aged 83, and was buried in Molde, Norway. Jacobsen Valley in Vinson Massif, Antarctica is named after Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen. Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen was the first person born and raised south of the Antarctic Convergence, and South Georgia is usually classified as an Antarctic island and part of the Antarctic for that reason. The first human born south of the Convergence was the Australian James Kerguelen Robinson, born in Kerguelen Islands on 11 March 1859. However, the Antarctic Treaty defines Antarctica as any territory located South of the 60th parallel, which excludes both South Georgia and Kerguelen. The first

neg: First Russian Antarctic Expedition First Russian Antarctic Expedition First Russian Antarctic Expedition of 1819-1821 () was a sea voyage led by Bellingshausen and Lazarev from 1819 to 1821 to the Southern Ocean to prove or disprove the existence of a sixth continent — Antarctica. During his second round-the-world voyage in 1774, James Cook had reached the southernmost part of the waters accessible to him at 71°10′ latitude and was prohibited from going further by solid pack ice. When Cook wrote the summary of the expedition, he expressed his belief that Antarctica as a continent was either completely inaccessible or it simply did not exist,

neg: William Menster During this time Menster joined the United States Naval Reserve, and by 1943 had reached the rank of lieutenant commander. Following the Second World War, in 1946 Menster was assigned to Operation Highjump – Admiral Richard Byrd's fourth expedition to Antarctica. He was assigned to the USS Mt. Olympus, and was the only chaplain in the five ship fleet. In 1947 he became the first Catholic priest ever to set foot on Antarctica, and led the first ever religious service on the continent. During a religious service held in a tent set up on land, he consecrated Antarctica. Ministering to

neg: Crime in Antarctica Crime in Antarctica While crime in Antarctica is relatively rare, isolation and boredom affect certain people there negatively and may lead to crime. Alcoholism is a known problem on the continent, and has led to fights and indecent exposure. Other types of crimes that have occurred in Antarctica include illicit drug use, torturing and killing wildlife, racing motorbikes through environmentally sensitive areas, assault with a deadly weapon, attempted murder, and arson. There have also been reports of sexual harassment. Robberies are highly unusual in Antarctica because the people can't bring very much onto the continent. There is also very little

neg: Isla de los Estados route now called the Le Maire Strait. To his left Le Maire noted the land mass which he called "Staten Landt"; he theorized it was perhaps a portion of the great 'Southern Continent.' (The first European name for New Zealand was Staten Landt, the name given to it by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who in 1642 became the first European to see the islands. Tasman also assumed it was part of the 'Southern Continent' later known as Antarctica.) Dutch captain Hendrik Brouwer recorded sighting the island in 1643. No Europeans are known to have settled on the island for

neg: Geography of Antarctica the most active. Buckle Island in the Balleny Islands (66°50'S., 163°12'E.), Penguin Island (62°06'S., 57°54'W.), Paulet Island (63°35'S., 55°47'W.), and Lindenberg Island (64°55'S., 59°40'W.) are also considered to be active. In 2017, the researchers of Edinburgh University discovered 91 underwater volcanoes under West Antarctica. West Antarctica is the smaller part of the continent, divided into: Larger ice shelves are: For all ice shelves see List of Antarctic ice shelves. For a list of all Antarctic islands see List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands. East Antarctica is the larger part of the continent, both the South Magnetic Pole and geographic South

neg: End of the Earth: Voyage to Antarctica End of the Earth: Voyage to Antarctica Creating End of the Earth: Voyage to Antarctica is a 2004 book by Peter Matthiessen published by National Geographic Books. The book describes two journeys taken by Matthiessen to Antarctica: the first is embarked upon from Tierra del Fuego in South America to the Antarctic Peninsula west of the Weddell Sea and the second is from Tasmania to the Ross Sea. The second journey was, therefore, taken to a position that is almost on the other side of the continent of Antarctica. These two trips were made between 1998 and 2001. Matthiessen discusses

neg: End of the Earth: Voyage to Antarctica End of the Earth: Voyage to Antarctica Creating End of the Earth: Voyage to Antarctica is a 2004 book by Peter Matthiessen published by National Geographic Books. The book describes two journeys taken by Matthiessen to Antarctica: the first is embarked upon from Tierra del Fuego in South America to the Antarctic Peninsula west of the Weddell Sea and the second is from Tasmania to the Ross Sea. The second journey was, therefore, taken to a position that is almost on the other side of the continent of Antarctica. These two trips were made between 1998 and 2001. Matthiessen discusses

neg: Antarctopelta Antarctopelta Antarctopelta ( ; meaning 'Antarctic shield') was a genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur with one known species, "A. oliveroi", which lived in Antarctica during the Late Cretaceous Period. It was a medium-sized ankylosaur, reaching no more than 4 meters (13 ft) in length, and showed characteristics of two different families, making more precise classification difficult. The single known fossil specimen was discovered on James Ross Island in 1986, constituting the first dinosaur remains ever discovered on Antarctica, although it is the second dinosaur from the continent to be formally named. Like other ankylosaurs, "Antarctopelta oliveroi" was a stocky, herbivorous quadruped

neg: Plesiosauria about biomechanics and ecology. The many recent discoveries have tested these hypotheses and given rise to new ones. In December 2017, a large skeleton of a plesiosaur was found in the continent of Antarctica, the oldest creature on the continent, and the first of its species in Antarctica. The Plesiosauria have their origins within the Sauropterygia, a group of perhaps archosauromorph reptiles that returned to the sea. An advanced sauropterygian subgroup, the carnivorous Eusauropterygia with small heads and long necks, split into two branches during the Upper Triassic. One of these, the Nothosauroidea, kept functional elbow and knee joints; but

neg: Antarctic "Terra Australis" ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent of Antarctica is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on "Vostok" and "Mirny". The first human born in the Antarctic was Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen born on 8 October 1913 in Grytviken, South Georgia. The Antarctic region had no indigenous population when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient scientific and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen research stations maintained by various countries. However,

neg: Climate of Antarctica the continent. The weather in Antarctica can be highly variable, and the weather conditions can often change dramatically in short periods of time. There are various classifications for describing weather conditions in Antarctica; restrictions given to workers during the different conditions vary by station and nation. Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by a sheet of ice that is, on average, a mile thick or more (1.6 km). Antarctica contains 90% of the world's ice and more than 70% of its fresh water. If all the land-ice covering Antarctica were to melt — around of ice — the seas would

neg: Seabee runway for aerial mapping flights. This Operation was vastly larger than IGY Operation Deep Freeze that followed. In 1955, Seabees began deploying yearly to the continent of Antarctica as participants in Operation Deep Freeze. Their mission was to build and expand scientific bases located on the frozen continent and further establish a land claim for the U.S.(Fig. 19). The first "wintering over" party included 200 Seabees who distinguished themselves by constructing a ice runway on McMurdo Sound. Despite a blizzard that undid the entire project, the airstrip was completed in time for the advance party of Deep Freeze II to

neg: Hanson Formation Hanson Formation The Hanson Formation is a geologic formation on Mount Kirkpatrick, Antarctica. It is one of only two major dinosaur-bearing rock formations found on the continent of Antarctica to date; the other is the Santa Marta Formation from the Late Cretaceous. The formation has yielded only a handful of Mesozoic specimens so far and most of it is as yet unexcavated. Part of the Victoria Group of the Transantarctic Mountains, it is below the Prebble Formation and above the Falla Formation. The first dinosaur to be discovered from the Hanson Formation was the predator "Cryolophosaurus" in 1991, which was

neg: History of Australia who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate the Australian continent. Previously, the famous Bennelong and a companion had become the first people born in the area of New South Wales to sail for Europe, when, in 1792 they accompanied Governor Phillip to England and were presented to King George III. In 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth succeeded in crossing the formidable barrier of forested gulleys and sheer cliffs presented by the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney. At Mount Blaxland they looked out over "enough grass to support the stock of the colony

neg: Antarctic (ship) the northern extremity of Victoria Land with six men including Bull, Borchgrevink, Kristensen and Tunzelmann. The party performed the first confirmed landing on the continent of Antarctica, exactly who went ashore first was never cleared as all members claimed the honor (possibly British-American sealer John Davis had already made a landing on the Antarctic Peninsula on February 7, 1821, this claim can, however, not be confirmed). In 1898 "Antarctic" captained by Emil Nilsson carried Nathorst’s polar expedition to Bear Island, Svalbard and Kong Karls Land. Among the participating scientists were Axel Hamberg, Otto Kjellström, Gustaf Kolthoff and Henrik Hesselman. In

neg: Antarctica flow around the continent (the polar vortex) and thus prevents outflow of the cold air near the South Pole. As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting. Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent. Antarctica Antarctica ( or , ) is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the

neg: History of Antarctica ice shelf at Princess Martha Coast that later became known as the Fimbul Ice Shelf. Bellingshausen and Lazarev became the first explorers to see and officially discover the land of Antarctica continent. Three days later, on 30 January 1820, a British expedition captained by Edward Bransfield sighted Trinity Peninsula, and ten months later an American sealer Nathaniel Palmer sighted Antarctica on 17 November 1820. The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis, a sealer, set foot on the ice. Several expeditions attempted to reach the South Pole in the early 20th century, during

neg: Antarctica ice began to appear. During the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, CO levels have been found to be about 760 ppm and had been decreasing from earlier levels in the thousands of ppm. Around 23 Ma, the Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America, resulting in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely isolated the continent. Models of the changes suggest that declining CO levels became more important. The ice began to spread, replacing the forests that then covered the continent. Since about 15 Ma, the continent has been mostly covered with ice. Fossil "Nothofagus" leaves in

neg: Hanson Formation been found in the formation: Hanson Formation The Hanson Formation is a geologic formation on Mount Kirkpatrick, Antarctica. It is one of only two major dinosaur-bearing rock formations found on the continent of Antarctica to date; the other is the Santa Marta Formation from the Late Cretaceous. The formation has yielded only a handful of Mesozoic specimens so far and most of it is as yet unexcavated. Part of the Victoria Group of the Transantarctic Mountains, it is below the Prebble Formation and above the Falla Formation. The first dinosaur to be discovered from the Hanson Formation was the predator

neg: Antarctica penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra. Although myths and speculation about a "Terra Australis" ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, Antarctica is noted as the last region on Earth in recorded history to be discovered, unseen until 1820 when the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on "Vostok" and "Mirny" sighted the Fimbul ice shelf. The continent, however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of easily accessible resources, and isolation. In 1895, the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of

neg: Lance Metz Lance Metz Lance Metz is 27 years old (as of May 2010) and is now officially the youngest South African and person from the African continent to summit Carstensz Pyramid in Indonesia and Mount Vinson in Antarctica. On 24 May 2010 Lance Metz became the youngest South African to summit the North Ridge of Mount Everest. Lance is one of only two South Africans to have ever climbed over 8000m without the use of supplemental oxygen. Metz's mountaineering experience includes: In July 2011 Lance Metz together with Varsity College, Johannesburg, South Africa, broke a world record to become the first

neg: Shital Mahajan President of India A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.TNNAA 1,TNNAA 2 11 to 18 October 2006 Ms. Mahajan went to China as a Part of China Delegation along with Ministry of sports. Where Ms. Mahajan Represented India as Sports Person. On 15 December 2006, Shital Mahajan has performed First Accelerated Free Fall Parachute Jump of life over the White Continent of Antarctica South Pole in a freezing temperature of minus 38 Degree Celsius from a height of 11600 feet from a Twin Otter aircraft. Skydiving over both Poles also made her the youngest woman to achieve the feat at the age of 23.

neg: Antarctica Marathon Pole has also witnessed runners braving conditions to complete a full 26.2 mile race. Both for-profit and free events have been held outside the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. The South Pole is possibly the first known location of an Ultra Marathon on the continent, when defining an Ultra as anything over 26.2 miles. Key: Antarctica Marathon The Antarctica Marathon may have been the first for-profit sporting event held in Antarctica, on January 28, 1995. The event is now held every year in late February or early March. The race is held on King George Island, one of the largest Antarctic