query: who devised the first test for detection of arsenic in 1775

pos: Marsh test first breakthrough in the detection of arsenic poisoning was in 1775 when Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered a way to change arsenic trioxide to garlic-smelling arsine gas (AsH), by treating it with nitric acid (HNO) and combining it with zinc. In 1787, German physician Johann Metzger (1739-1805) discovered that if arsenic trioxide were heated in the presence of carbon, the arsenic would sublime. This is the reduction of AsO by carbon: In 1806, Valentin Rose took the stomach of a victim suspected of being poisoned and treated it with potassium carbonate (KCO), calcium oxide (CaO) and nitric acid. Any arsenic present

pos: Forensic science the pool. There were also scattered grains of wheat and chaff. The breeches of a farm labourer who had been threshing wheat nearby were examined and corresponded exactly to the impression in the earth near the pool. A method for detecting arsenious oxide, simple arsenic, in corpses was devised in 1773 by the Swedish chemist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele. His work was expanded, in 1806, by German chemist Valentin Ross, who learned to detect the poison in the walls of a victim's stomach. James Marsh was the first to apply this new science to the art of forensics. He was called

neg: Marsh test Marsh test The Marsh test is a highly sensitive method in the detection of arsenic, especially useful in the field of forensic toxicology when arsenic was used as a poison. It was developed by the chemist James Marsh and first published in 1836. Arsenic, in the form of white arsenic trioxide , was a highly favored poison, being odourless, easily incorporated into food and drink, and before the advent of the Marsh test, untraceable in the body. In France, it came to be known as "" ("inheritance powder"). For the untrained, arsenic poisoning will have symptoms similar to cholera. The

neg: Forensic chemistry arsenic, nightshade, hemlock, strychnine, and curare. Until the early 19th century, there were no methods to accurately determine if a particular chemical was present, and poisoners were rarely punished for their crimes. In 1836, one of the first major contributions to forensic chemistry was introduced by British chemist James Marsh. He created the Marsh test for arsenic detection, which was subsequently used successfully in a murder trial. It was also during this time that forensic toxicology began to be recognized as a distinct field. Mathieu Orfila, the "father of toxicology", made great advancements to the field during the early 19th

neg: Bismuthine dichloride, BiClMe with LiAlH. As suggested by the behavior of SbH, BiH is unstable and decomposes to its constituent elements according to the following equation: The methodology used for detection of arsenic ("Marsh test") can also be used to detect BiH. This test relies on the thermal decomposition of these trihydrides to the metallic mirrors of reduced As, Sb, and Bi. These deposits can be further distinguished by their distinctive solubility characteristics: arsenic dissolves in NaOCl, antimony dissolves in ammonium polysulfide, and bismuth resists both reagents. Bismuthine is highly toxic. The low stability of BiH poses significant hazards and precludes

neg: James Marsh (chemist) of a milligram of arsenic. He first described this test in "The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" in 1836. James Marsh (chemist) James Marsh (2 September 1794 – 21 June 1846) was a British chemist who invented the Marsh test for detecting arsenic. While Marsh was most famous for inventing the test that bears his name, he was also a skilled and inventive scientist who held the post of Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich. He developed the screw time fuze for mortar shells and in 1830 the percussion tube. In 1832 "HMS Castor" was the first ship to have

neg: Arsine arsine was never officially used as a weapon, because of its high flammability and its lower efficacy when compared to the non-flammable alternative phosgene. On the other hand, several organic compounds based on arsine, such as lewisite (β-chlorovinyldichloroarsine), adamsite (diphenylaminechloroarsine), Clark 1 (diphenylchloroarsine) and Clark 2 (diphenylcyanoarsine) have been effectively developed for use in chemical warfare. AsH is also well known in forensic science because it is a chemical intermediate in the detection of arsenic poisoning. The old (but extremely sensitive) Marsh test generates AsH in the presence of arsenic. This procedure, published in 1836 by James Marsh, is based

neg: Sophie Ursinus 30 years she was pardoned in 1833 and rejoined the upper-class society of Glatz until her death in 1836. The work of Valentin Rose in proving that the victims in this case were actually poisoned showed that the evidence of doctors who were present at death was not sufficient. In 1836 the Marsh test, a highly sensitive method in the detection of arsenic, was developed by the chemist James Marsh. Sophie Ursinus Sophie Charlotte Elisabeth Ursinus ("née" Weingarten; 5 May 1760 – 4 April 1836) was a German serial killer believed to have been responsible for poisoning her husband, aunt,

neg: Marie Lafarge the paste collected, his suspicions aroused. He questioned the apothecary who sold the arsenic to Marie. She had bought arsenic "for the rats" just before she sent the cake to Paris and again the day after Lafarge's return. Moran asked Lafarge's doctors to perform a post-mortem examination on Lafarge. He had also learned of a new test for the presence of arsenic that pathologists in Paris were using and asked Lafarge's doctors if they could apply the same test in this case. Dr. Lespinasse hastily replied that they could, hiding their ignorance of the test and the intricacies of its

neg: Georg Lockemann retirement in 1937. In 1939 he was re-instated to his former position, and remained at the institute until 1945. In 1909 he obtained a new habilitation, this time at the Agricultural University of Berlin, where he submitted a thesis dealing with improvements of the Marsh test for the detection of arsenic . While employed at the Robert Koch Institute, he also taught classes on the history of chemistry and pharmacy at the University of Berlin (1921–45). In 1946-48 he continued work as an instructor at the University of Göttingen. In addition to making improvements to the Marsh test, he developed

neg: Marsh test test in Strong Poison to demonstrate that the culprit was secretly in possession of arsenic. In Alan Bradley's "As Chimney Sweepers Come To Dust", 12-year old sleuth and chemistry genius Flavia de Luce uses the Marsh test to determine that arsenic was the murderer's weapon. In the first episode of the 2017 TV series "Taboo" a mirror test, referencing the Marsh test, is used to verify the protagonist's father was killed via arsenic poisoning. However, as the setting of the series is between 1814-1820, a different/earlier process should have been used. Marsh test The Marsh test is a highly sensitive

neg: Arsenic test is the Reinsch test.) Owing to its use by the ruling class to murder one another and its potency and discreetness, arsenic has been called the "poison of kings" and the "king of poisons". During the Bronze Age, arsenic was often included in bronze, which made the alloy harder (so-called "arsenical bronze"). Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great, 1193–1280) is believed to have been the first to isolate the element from a compound in 1250, by heating soap together with arsenic trisulfide. In 1649, Johann Schröder published two ways of preparing arsenic. Crystals of elemental (native) arsenic are found in

neg: Arsenic word "arsenikos" (), meaning "male", "virile". The Greek word was adopted in Latin as "arsenicum", which in French became "arsenic", from which the English word arsenic is taken. Arsenic sulfides (orpiment, realgar) and oxides have been known and used since ancient times. Zosimos (circa 300 AD) describes roasting "sandarach" (realgar) to obtain "cloud of arsenic" (arsenic trioxide), which he then reduces to gray arsenic. As the symptoms of arsenic poisoning are not very specific, it was frequently used for murder until the advent of the Marsh test, a sensitive chemical test for its presence. (Another less sensitive but more general

neg: Marsh test physically similar to the result of Metzger's reaction. The intensity of the stain could then be compared to films produced using known amounts of arsenic. Not only could minute amounts of arsenic be detected (as little as 0.02 mg), the test was very specific for arsenic. Although antimony (Sb) could give a false-positive test by forming stibine (SbH) gas which decomposes on heating to form a similar black deposit, it would not dissolve in a solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), while arsenic would. The Marsh test treats the sample with sulfuric acid and arsenic-free zinc. Even if there are minute

neg: Automatic test pattern generation test vector sequences. Various search strategies and heuristics have been devised to find a shorter sequence, or to find a sequence faster. However, according to reported results, no single strategy or heuristic out-performs others for all applications or circuits. This observation implies that a test generator should include a comprehensive set of heuristics. Even a simple stuck-at fault requires a sequence of vectors for detection in a sequential circuit. Also, due to the presence of memory elements, the controllability and observability of the internal signals in a sequential circuit are in general much more difficult than those in a combinational

neg: Arsine 1.519 Å length. AsH is generally prepared by the reaction of As sources with H equivalents. As reported in 1775, Carl Scheele reduced arsenic(III) oxide with zinc in the presence of acid. This reaction is a prelude to the Marsh test, described below. Alternatively, sources of As react with protonic reagents to also produce this gas. Zinc arsenide and sodium arsenide are suitable precursors: The understanding of the chemical properties of AsH is well developed and can be anticipated based on an average of the behavior of PH and SbH. Typical for a heavy hydride (e.g., SbH, HTe, SnH), AsH

neg: Marsh test would appear as arsenic trioxide and then could be subjected to Metzger's test. However, the most common test (and used even today in water test kits) was discovered by Samuel Hahnemann. It would involve combining a sample fluid with hydrogen sulfide (HS) in the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl). A yellow precipitate, arsenic trisulfide (AsS) would be formed if arsenic was present. Even so, these tests have proven not to be sensitive enough. In 1832, a certain John Bodle was brought to trial for poisoning his grandfather by putting arsenic in his coffee. James Marsh, a chemist working at the

neg: Mathieu Orfila refined existing techniques in his first treatise, "Traité des poisons", greatly enhancing their accuracy. In 1840, Marie Lafarge was tried for the murder of her husband using arsenic. Mysteriously, although arsenic was available to the killer and was found in the food, none could be found in the body. Orfila was asked by the court to investigate. He discovered that the test used, the Marsh Test, had been performed incorrectly, and that there was in fact arsenic in the body, allowing LaFarge to be found guilty. Mathieu Orfila Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (Catalan: "Mateu Josep Bonaventura Orfila i Rotger") (24

neg: Arsenic poisoning workers of 35 µg/L total urinary arsenic may easily be exceeded by a healthy person eating a seafood meal. Tests are available to diagnose poisoning by measuring arsenic in blood, urine, hair, and fingernails. The urine test is the most reliable test for arsenic exposure within the last few days. Urine testing needs to be done within 24–48 hours for an accurate analysis of an acute exposure. Tests on hair and fingernails can measure exposure to high levels of arsenic over the past 6–12 months. These tests can determine if one has been exposed to above-average levels of arsenic. They

neg: Hydrogen leak testing leak, the chemo-chromic material changes color to alert an inspector that a leak is present. Chemo-chromic indicators can also be added to silicone tapes for hydrogen detection purposes. Hydrogen leak testing Hydrogen leak testing is the normal way in which a hydrogen pressure vessel or installation is checked for leaks or flaws. This usually involves charging hydrogen as a tracer gas into the device undergoing testing, with any leaking gas detected by hydrogen sensors. Various test mechanisms have been devised. In the hydrostatic test, a vessel is filled with a nearly incompressible liquid – usually water or oil – and

neg: Regina Kapeller-Adler by Austrian biochemist Hans Tuppy. Kapeller-Adler died in Edinburgh on 31 July 1991 at the age of 91. Regina Kapeller-Adler Regina Kapeller-Adler, born Regina Kapeller, (28 June 1900 – 31 July 1991) was an Austrian biochemist who, in 1934, devised an innovative test for early pregnancy based on the detection of histidine in urine. As a Jew, she was forced to leave Austria following the country's annexation into Nazi Germany in the Anschluss and went to work with the noted geneticist Francis Crew at the Institute of Animal Genetics at the University of Edinburgh. She worked at the Edinburgh Royal

neg: Regina Kapeller-Adler Regina Kapeller-Adler Regina Kapeller-Adler, born Regina Kapeller, (28 June 1900 – 31 July 1991) was an Austrian biochemist who, in 1934, devised an innovative test for early pregnancy based on the detection of histidine in urine. As a Jew, she was forced to leave Austria following the country's annexation into Nazi Germany in the Anschluss and went to work with the noted geneticist Francis Crew at the Institute of Animal Genetics at the University of Edinburgh. She worked at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary during the Second World War and subsequently joined the pharmacology department of the University of Edinburgh and

neg: Arsine characteristic test for arsenic involves the reaction of AsH with Ag, called the Gutzeit test for arsenic. Although this test has become obsolete in analytical chemistry, the underlying reactions further illustrate the affinity of AsH for "soft" metal cations. In the Gutzeit test, AsH is generated by reduction of aqueous arsenic compounds, typically arsenites, with Zn in the presence of HSO. The evolved gaseous AsH is then exposed to AgNO either as powder or as a solution. With solid AgNO, AsH reacts to produce yellow AgAsNO, whereas AsH reacts with a solution of AgNO to give black AgAs. The acidic

neg: Malaria antigen detection tests Malaria antigen detection tests Malaria antigen detection tests are a group of commercially available rapid diagnostic tests of the rapid antigen test type that allow quick diagnosis of malaria by people who are not otherwise skilled in traditional laboratory techniques for diagnosing malaria or in situations where such equipment is not available. There are currently over 20 such tests commercially available (WHO product testing 2008). The first malaria antigen suitable as target for such a test was a soluble glycolytic enzyme Glutamate dehydrogenase. None of the rapid tests are currently as sensitive as a thick blood film, nor as cheap.

neg: Genrikh Struve Fuss, a great-granddaughter of Leonhard Euler. Scientific work of Struve was mostly related to inorganic and analytical chemistry. In 1853, he published first in Russia tables for evaluating chemical analyses. The same year, he suggested use of ammonium molybdate for detection of arsenic in criminal medicine and in mineral analysis, such as indicating traces of arsenic in antimony. He also synthesized a range of double salts of potassium, sodium, chromium, iron, aluminium, molybdenum and tungsten. In 1876, Struve became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Genrikh Struve Genrikh Vasilievich Struve (also "Heinrich Struve"; , 10 July 1822 –

neg: Lorándite Lorándite Lorándite is a thallium arsenic sulfosalt with the chemical formula: TlAsS. Though rare, it is the most common thallium-bearing mineral. Lorandite occurs in low-temperature hydrothermal associations and in gold and mercury ore deposits. Associated minerals include stibnite, realgar, orpiment, cinnabar, vrbaite, greigite, marcasite, pyrite, tetrahedrite, antimonian sphalerite, arsenic and barite. The mineral is being used for detection of solar neutrino via a certain nuclear reaction involving thallium. It has a monoclinic crystal structure consisting of spiral chains of AsS tetrahedra interconnected by thallium atoms, and can be synthesized in the laboratory. Lorándite was first discovered at the Allchar deposit,

neg: Arsenic poisoning established based on the limit of detection for most laboratories' testing equipment at the time of publication of the WHO water quality guidelines. More recent findings show that consumption of water with levels as low as 0.00017 mg/L (0.17 parts per billion) over long periods of time can lead to arsenicosis. From a 1988 study in China, the US protection agency quantified the lifetime exposure of arsenic in drinking water at concentrations of 0.0017 mg/L (1.7 ppb), 0.00017 mg/L, and 0.000017 mg/L are associated with a lifetime skin cancer risk of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000, and 1 in

neg: NS1 antigen test NS1 antigen test NS1 antigen test (nonstructural protein 1), is a test for dengue, introduced in 2006. It allows rapid detection on the first day of fever, before antibodies appear some 5 or more days later. It has been adopted for use in some 40 nations. The method of detection is through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. India has introduced in 2010 the NS1 test costing 1,600 rupees at a private hospital in Mumbai. The medical use of the NS1 antigen test can be defined to diagnose dengue infections and is effective to 1st day detection. Additionally, NS1 assay is useful for

neg: Marie Lafarge procedure. The test that Moran was referring to was actually invented in 1836 by a Scottish chemist named James Marsh, who worked at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich. Called upon to help solve a murder nearby, he tried to detect arsenic using the old methods. While he was successful, the sample had decomposed and did not convince the jury of the defendant's guilt. Frustrated at this turn of events, Marsh developed a glass apparatus not only to detect minute traces of arsenic, but also to measure its quantity. The sample is mixed with arsenic-free zinc and sulphuric acid, any arsenic

neg: Forensic science by the prosecution in a murder trial to give evidence as a chemist in 1832. The defendant, John Bodle, was accused of poisoning his grandfather with arsenic-laced coffee. Marsh performed the standard test by mixing a suspected sample with hydrogen sulfide and hydrochloric acid. While he was able to detect arsenic as yellow arsenic trisulfide, when it was shown to the jury it had deteriorated, allowing the suspect to be acquitted due to reasonable doubt. Annoyed by that, Marsh developed a much better test. He combined a sample containing arsenic with sulfuric acid and arsenic-free zinc, resulting in arsine gas.

neg: James Marsh (chemist) James Marsh (chemist) James Marsh (2 September 1794 – 21 June 1846) was a British chemist who invented the Marsh test for detecting arsenic. While Marsh was most famous for inventing the test that bears his name, he was also a skilled and inventive scientist who held the post of Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich. He developed the screw time fuze for mortar shells and in 1830 the percussion tube. In 1832 "HMS Castor" was the first ship to have her guns modified with these innovations. They were not approved for the Army until 1845, when Woolwich

neg: Arsenic Preliminary well water analysis typically does not test for arsenic. Researchers at the Geological Survey of Canada have modeled relative variation in natural arsenic hazard potential for the province of New Brunswick. This study has important implications for potable water and health concerns relating to inorganic arsenic. Epidemiological evidence from Chile shows a dose-dependent connection between chronic arsenic exposure and various forms of cancer, in particular when other risk factors, such as cigarette smoking, are present. These effects have been demonstrated at contaminations less than 50 ppb. Arsenic is itself a constituent of tobacco smoke. Analyzing multiple epidemiological studies on

neg: James Marsh (chemist) hydrogen sulfide and hydrochloric acid. While he was able to detect arsenic as yellow arsenic trisulfide, when it came to show it to the jury it had deteriorated, allowing the suspect to be acquitted due to reasonable doubt. Annoyed by this, Marsh developed a much better test. He combined a sample containing arsenic with sulfuric acid and arsenic-free zinc, resulting in arsine gas. The gas was ignited, and it decomposed to pure metallic arsenic which, when passed to a cold surface, would appear as a silvery-black deposit. So sensitive was the test that it could detect as little as one-fiftieth

neg: Forensic science The gas was ignited, and it decomposed to pure metallic arsenic, which, when passed to a cold surface, would appear as a silvery-black deposit. So sensitive was the test, known formally as the Marsh test, that it could detect as little as one-fiftieth of a milligram of arsenic. He first described this test in "The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" in 1836. Henry Goddard at Scotland Yard pioneered the use of bullet comparison in 1835. He noticed a flaw in the bullet that killed the victim and was able to trace this back to the mold that was used in the manufacturing

neg: Marsh test and an acknowledged authority of the Marsh test, examined the results. He performed the test again, and demonstrated that the Marsh test was not at fault for the misleading results, but, rather, that those who performed it did it incorrectly. Orfila thus proved the presence of arsenic in LaFarge's body using the test. As a result of this, Marie was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. The case proved to be controversial, for it divided the country into factions who were convinced or otherwise of Mme. LaFarge's guilt; nevertheless, the impact of the Marsh test was great. The French

neg: Arsenic trisulfide It was formerly used with indigo dye for the production of pencil blue, which allowed dark blue hues to be added to fabric via pencil or brush. Precipitation of arsenic trisulfide is used as an analytical test for presence of dissimilatory arsenic-reducing bacteria (DARB). AsS is so insoluble that its toxicity is low. Aged samples can contain substantial amounts of arsenic oxides, which are soluble and therefore highly toxic. Orpiment is found in volcanic environments, often together with other arsenic sulfides, mainly realgar. It is sometimes found in low-temperature hydrothermal veins, together with some other sulfide and sulfosalt minerals. Arsenic

neg: Miliary tuberculosis test, commonly used for detection of other forms of tuberculosis, is not useful in the detection of miliary tuberculosis. The tuberculin skin test fails due to the high numbers of false negatives. These false negatives may occur because of higher rates of tuberculin anergy compared to other forms of tuberculosis. The standard treatment recommended by the WHO is with isoniazid and rifampicin for six months, as well as ethambutol and pyrazinamide for the first two months. If there is evidence of meningitis, then treatment is extended to twelve months. The U.S. guidelines recommend nine months' treatment. "Common medication side effects

neg: Stibine and awkward preparation contrast with the more conventional fumigant phosphine. As stibine (SbH) is very similar to arsine (AsH), it is also detected by the Marsh test. This sensitive test detects arsine generated in the presence of arsenic. This procedure, developed around 1836 by James Marsh, is based upon treating a sample with arsenic-free zinc and dilute sulfuric acid: if the sample contains arsenic, gaseous arsine will form. The gas is swept into a glass tube and decomposed by means of heating around 250 – 300 °C. The presence of arsenic is indicated by formation of a deposit in the

neg: Marsh test amounts of arsenic present, the zinc reduces the trivalent arsenic (As ). Here are the two half-reactions: Overall, we have this reaction: In an acidic medium, is protonated to form arsine gas (AsH), so adding sulphuric acid (HSO) to each side of the equation we get: As the As combines with the H to form arsine: By eliminating the common ions: Although the Marsh test was efficacious, its first publicly documented use—in fact, the first time evidence from forensic toxicology was ever introduced—was in Tulle, France in 1840 with the celebrated LaFarge poisoning case. Charles LaFarge, a foundry owner, was

neg: Stephen Hopkins (politician) Lexington. This congress convened to manage the war effort, and eventually declare independence from Great Britain. In July 1775 a national postal system, devised by William Goddard, was adopted, with Benjamin Franklin appointed as the first Postmaster General. This was an idea that had already been implemented in Rhode Island a month earlier. In December 1775 Hopkins was on a committee to report a plan for furnishing the colonies with naval armament. His knowledge of the shipping business made him particularly useful as a member of the naval committee established by Congress to purchase, outfit, man and operate the first

neg: Human presence detection : Hardware technologies : The first robot to successfully demonstrate a static motion detection capability was ROBART I, which was Everett's 1981 thesis project at the Naval Postgraduate School. In 1997 CAPTCHA ("Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart") was invented. Test is used for detection that computer is operated by human operator ,preventing accessing protected resource by programs , spam robots. Remote human presence detection system Tam, Daniel et al. Assignee:The United States of America, as Represented by the Secretary of the Navy . Human presence detection Gear, Gavin et al ;MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY . Security

neg: Mercury(II) bromide used to test for the presence of arsenic, as recommended by the Pharmacopoeia. The arsenic in the sample is first converted to arsine gas by treatment with hydrogen. Arsine reacts with mercury(II) bromide: The white mercury(II) bromide will turn yellow, brown, or black if arsenic is present in the sample. Mercury(II) bromide reacts violently with elemental indium at high temperatures and, when exposed to potassium, can form shock-sensitive explosive mixtures. Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) bromide or mercuric bromide is the chemical compound composed of mercury and bromine with the formula HgBr. This white crystalline solid is a laboratory reagent. Like mercury(II)

neg: Marsh test suspected of being poisoned with arsenic by his wife Marie. The circumstantial evidence was great: it was shown that she bought arsenic trioxide from a local chemist, supposedly to kill rats which infested their home. In addition, their maid swore that she had mixed a white powder into his drink. Although the food was found to be positive for the poison using the old methods as well as the Marsh test, when the husband's body was exhumed and tested, the chemists assigned to the case were not able to detect arsenic. Mathieu Orfila, the renowned toxicologist retained by the defense

neg: Trace Metal Detection Test a darkened area is needed for screening purposes. Another reagent, 0.5 percent 2-nitroso-1-naphthol in acetone, eliminated the need for a UV light but is limited to a four-hour-window versus the forty-eight for 8-hydroxyquinoline. Trace Metal Detection Test The Trace Metal Detection Test (TMDT) or Technique was developed during the Vietnam War in the 1960s to identify people who may have been carrying firearms against their skin. A 0.2% solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline in isopropanol sprayed on the skin and illuminated with shortwave ultraviolet (UV) light after several minutes reveals a pattern and type of metal based on trace amounts of metal

neg: Arsenic drinking of bacteria-contaminated surface waters, but failed to test for arsenic in the groundwater. Many other countries and districts in Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam and Cambodia, have geological environments that produce groundwater with a high arsenic content. was reported in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand in 1987, and the Chao Phraya River probably contains high levels of naturally occurring dissolved arsenic without being a public health problem because much of the public uses bottled water. In Pakistan, more than 60 million people are exposed to arsenic polluted drinking water indicated by a recent report of Science. Podgorski’s team investigated more

neg: Loopholes in Bell test experiments by Pearle in 1970, and Clauser and Horne (1974) devised another result intended to take care of this. Some results were also obtained in the 1980s but the subject has undergone significant research in recent years. The many experiments affected by this problem deal with it, without exception, by using the "fair sampling" assumption (see below). This loophole changes the inequalities to be used; for example the CHSH inequality: is changed. When data from an experiment is used in the inequality one needs to condition on that a "coincidence" occurred, that a detection occurred in both wings of the experiment.

neg: Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill drinking water standards. A test of river water near the spill showed elevated levels of lead and thallium, and "barely detectable" levels of mercury and arsenic. On January 1, 2009 the first independent test results, conducted at the Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry laboratories at Appalachian State University, showed significantly elevated levels of toxic metals (including arsenic, copper, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and thallium) in samples of slurry and river water. The Kingston Fossil Plant received a total of of rain between December 1 and December 22, plus on November 29 and 30. This rain combined with temperatures were

neg: Marsh test press covered the trial and gave the test the publicity it needed to give the field of forensic toxicology the legitimacy it deserved, although in some ways it trivialized it: actual Marsh test assays were conducted in salons, public lectures and even in some plays that recreated the LaFarge case. The existence of the Marsh test also served a deterrent effect: deliberate arsenic poisonings became rarer because the fear of discovery became more prevalent. Marsh test is used in Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously to prove that a certain chocolate is poisoned with arsenic. Lord Peter Wimsey’s manservant Bunter uses Marsh’s

neg: Charset detection because it depends on statistical data. In general, incorrect charset detection leads to mojibake. One of the few cases where charset detection works reliably is detecting UTF-8. This is due to the large percentage of invalid byte sequences in UTF-8, so that text in any other encoding that uses bytes with the high bit set is "extremely" unlikely to pass a UTF-8 validity test. However, badly written charset detection routines do not run the reliable UTF-8 test first, and may decide that UTF-8 is some other encoding. For example, it was common that web sites in UTF-8 containing the name

neg: Bulimia Test-Revised Scores range from 29-140 with those greater than 104 being indicative of bulimia nervosa. Bulimia Test-Revised The Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R) is a 36 item self-report questionnaire to assess the presence of bulimic symptoms. It was devised by Thelen "et al." in 1991 the first version was devised by Thelen "et al." in 1984. The test has been validated for use in both males and females. The BULIT-R contains 36 multiple choice questions with five possible responses, 28 of which factor into the total score, questions 6,11, 19, 20, 27, 29, 31 and 36 are not scored. Items 2,5,7,8,10, 12, 13,

neg: Bulimia Test-Revised Bulimia Test-Revised The Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R) is a 36 item self-report questionnaire to assess the presence of bulimic symptoms. It was devised by Thelen "et al." in 1991 the first version was devised by Thelen "et al." in 1984. The test has been validated for use in both males and females. The BULIT-R contains 36 multiple choice questions with five possible responses, 28 of which factor into the total score, questions 6,11, 19, 20, 27, 29, 31 and 36 are not scored. Items 2,5,7,8,10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 23, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35 are reversed scored.

neg: Lewisite be a carcinogen: arsenic is categorized as a respiratory carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, though it has not been confirmed that lewisite is a carcinogen. Lewisite causes damage to the respiratory tract at levels lower than the odor detection threshold; early tissue damage is fairly noticeable due to the pain it causes. British anti-lewisite, also called dimercaprol, is the antidote for lewisite. It can be injected to prevent systemic toxicity, but will not prevent injury to the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. Chemically, dimercaprol binds to the arsenic in lewisite. It is contraindicated in those with

neg: Drug test breathalyzer while urinalysis is used for the vast majority of drug testing in sports and the workplace. Numerous other methods with varying degrees of accuracy, sensitivity (detection threshold/cutoff), and detection periods exist. A drug test may also refer to a test that provides quantitative chemical analysis of an illegal drug, typically intended to help with responsible drug use. The following chart gives approximate detection periods for each substance by test type. The detection windows depend upon multiple factors: drug class, amount and frequency of use, metabolic rate, body mass, age, overall health, and urine pH. For ease of use, the

neg: Fisher's exact test devised the test following a comment from Muriel Bristol, who claimed to be able to detect whether the tea or the milk was added first to her cup. He tested her claim in the "lady tasting tea" experiment. The test is useful for categorical data that result from classifying objects in two different ways; it is used to examine the significance of the association (contingency) between the two kinds of classification. So in Fisher's original example, one criterion of classification could be whether milk or tea was put in the cup first; the other could be whether Bristol thinks that

neg: Louise Pearce by a species of tsetse fly. It had been suggested that preparations of arsenic might be useful in treating the disease, but an effective treatment had not been found. At the Rockefeller Institute, Simon Flexner organized a group to test arsenical compounds. Building on the work of Paul Ehrlich in Germany, who had developed an arsenic-derived drug called Salvarsan for the treatment for syphilis, chemist Walter A. Jacobs and immunologist Michael Heidelberger synthesized 243 possible arsenicals, varying methyl groups, amides, and complex side chains. Pearce and Brown studied animal models of the disease in rats, mice, and rabbits, to better

neg: Lorándite Thus, the LORandite EXperiment (LOREX), is running between 2008 and 2010 and is based in one of the largest source of lorandite, the Allchar deposit in southern Macedonia. Lorándite Lorándite is a thallium arsenic sulfosalt with the chemical formula: TlAsS. Though rare, it is the most common thallium-bearing mineral. Lorandite occurs in low-temperature hydrothermal associations and in gold and mercury ore deposits. Associated minerals include stibnite, realgar, orpiment, cinnabar, vrbaite, greigite, marcasite, pyrite, tetrahedrite, antimonian sphalerite, arsenic and barite. The mineral is being used for detection of solar neutrino via a certain nuclear reaction involving thallium. It has a monoclinic

neg: Avira on its website. Avira was among the first companies to receive OESIS OK Gold Certification, indicating that both the antispyware and antivirus components of several of its security products achieved the maximum compatibility score with widespread network technologies such as SSL/TLS VPN and Network Access Control from companies including Juniper Networks, Cisco Systems, and SonicWALL. In February 2010 testing by firm AV-TEST, Avira tied for first place (with another German company) in the "malware on demand" detection test and earned a 99% score in the "adware/spyware on demand" test. AV-Comparatives gave Avira its Silver award (for 99.5% detection rate) in

neg: Trace Metal Detection Test Trace Metal Detection Test The Trace Metal Detection Test (TMDT) or Technique was developed during the Vietnam War in the 1960s to identify people who may have been carrying firearms against their skin. A 0.2% solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline in isopropanol sprayed on the skin and illuminated with shortwave ultraviolet (UV) light after several minutes reveals a pattern and type of metal based on trace amounts of metal transferred to the skin that are invisible under normal lighting. The technique was later adopted by police in the United States to help determine if a person had carried a firearm. In a

neg: Blanche Taylor Moore make herself the principal beneficiary. In light of these revelations, exhumations of her first husband James Taylor, her lover Raymond Reid, and her father Parker Kiser were ordered by investigators. Subsequent autopsies showed elevated levels of arsenic in all three bodies. The levels found in Reid and Taylor were determined to be fatal, therefore reclassifying their deaths as the result of arsenic poisoning. It also emerged that doctors at Baptist Hospital, where Reid was admitted in 1986, had ordered a toxicology screen for him at that time. However, on the day the test came back, the resident responsible for caring

neg: Conservation and restoration of fur objects base of ears, around mouths or bills, and on foot pads. However, the lack of arsenic dust does no preclude specimens from having previous treatment with the compound. The most efficient way to test is with the "Arsenic Paper Test" kit manufactured by the Macherey-Nagel Corporation. The test involves rubbing cotton swab, moistened with distilled water, and rubbing it on the contaminated specimen. The tip is then cut off and placed in a flask with water, then after an hour, it is added to concentrated chlorydric acid and around zinc powder. A test strip is then introduced and, determining the

neg: Stephen J. Lukasik Research Professor in physics, and served as Director of the Stevens Computer Center. In 1961, he consulted on a balloon-borne nuclear test detection system at Vitro Corporation. The nuclear device detection work led in 1966 to Lukasik joining the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) as Director of Nuclear Test Detection and the development of verification techniques to support nuclear test ban negotiations. The Norwegian Large Aperture Seismic Array among others were developed as part of a network for detection of underground nuclear detonations. New work to understand how test ban treaties could be circumvented became important, and

neg: Marie Lafarge spread to other parts of the body. He arranged for the body of Lafarge to be exhumed. Again, the three chemists performed the test on the samples taken—and again, no arsenic was found. The prosecutor had one card left to play. He had not forgotten the food items that Marie gave to Charles and were set aside. He requested that the test be performed on those as well. The defence, by then in a magnanimous mood, agreed. This time, when the chemists arrived, they declared that they tested positive for arsenic, with the eggnog containing enough "to poison ten persons".

neg: Alexander Frey Eisler, and Paul Dessau. While there, Zadek and Frey's artistic collaboration made theater history by producing several revolutionary and innovative productions. They adapted Vittorio De Sica's film "Miracle in Milan" ("Miracolo e Milano") for the stage using the actual entire dialogue script from the film. Frey devised the idea of restoring the entire original film score and performing it live throughout the play using exactly the same music cues as in the film, marking the first time this technique was ever used. He repeated this method for a subsequent production in Austria of a stage version of the film "Arsenic

neg: Sarcocystis neurona "S. neurona" in animals. The first assay developed for detection of antibodies against "S. neurona" and the diagnosis of EPM was the immunoblot test, also called the Western Blot (WB) test. Development of the WB test over the years has benefited greatly in EPM diagnosis, however the WB technique is mainly a research tool that requires high levels of precision and accuracy. "Second generation" serological assays that are more informative and provide greater throughput have been developed. However, due to EPM only occurring in a small proportion of horses infected with "S. neurona", the detection of antibodies against this parasite

neg: Marsh test Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, was called by the prosecution to try to detect its presence. He performed the standard test by passing hydrogen sulfide through the suspect fluid. While Marsh was able to detect arsenic, the yellow precipitate did not keep very well, and, by the time it was presented to the jury, it had deteriorated. The jury was not convinced, and John Bodle was acquitted. Angered and frustrated by this, especially when John Bodle confessed later that he indeed killed his grandfather, Marsh decided to devise a better test to demonstrate the presence of arsenic. Taking Scheele's work as

neg: Sensitivity and specificity to identify a disease, the sensitivity (sometimes also named as detection rate in a clinical setting) of the test is the proportion of people who test positive for the disease among those who have the disease. Mathematically, this can be expressed as: A negative result in a test with high sensitivity is useful for ruling out disease. A high sensitivity test is reliable when its result is negative, since it rarely misdiagnoses those who have the disease. A test with 100% sensitivity will recognize all patients with the disease by testing positive. A negative test result would definitively "rule out"

neg: Ebert test cancer. He employed a Scottish company called CereProc, which custom-tailors text-to-speech software for voiceless customers who record their voices at length before losing them, and mined tapes and DVD commentaries featuring Ebert to create a voice that sounded more like his own voice. He first publicly used the voice they devised for him in his March 2, 2010 appearance on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". Ebert test The Ebert test gauges whether a computer-based synthesized voice can tell a joke with sufficient skill to cause people to laugh. It was proposed by film critic Roger Ebert at the 2011 TED conference

neg: Marsh test a basis, he constructed a simple glass apparatus capable of not only detecting minute traces of arsenic but also measuring its quantity. Adding a sample of tissue or body fluid to a glass vessel with zinc and acid would produce arsine gas if arsenic was present, in addition to the hydrogen that would be produced regardless by the zinc reacting with the acid. Igniting this gas mixture would oxidize any arsine present into arsenic and water vapor. This would cause a cold ceramic bowl held in the jet of the flame to be stained with a silvery-black deposit of arsenic,

neg: Detection of genetically modified organisms protein, construct-specific detection can test a sample for several GMOs in one step, but is unable to tell precisely which of the similar GMOs are present. Especially in the USA, protein-based detection is used for the construct-specific approach. Currently, it is highly unlikely that the presence of unexpected or even unknown GMOs will be detected, since either the DNA sequence of the transgene or its product, the protein, must be known for detection. In addition, even testing for known GMOs is time-consuming and costly, as current reliable detection methods can test for only one GMO at a time. Therefore, research

neg: Fort Reno Park 14, 2008 Fort Reno Park was closed due to the detection of arsenic in the soil, and a fence was erected around the park. However, on May 28 the park was reopened and the fence removed after officials found that the initial high reading of arsenic levels was mistaken. The highest natural elevation at Fort Reno, , is lower than the top of the Washington Monument, which rises from nearly sea level. The highpoint in Fort Reno is marked by a small metal disk set into the ground. The Highpointers Foundation is working with the National Park Service to place

neg: Marie Lafarge present causing the production of arsine gas and hydrogen. The gas is then led through a tube where it is heated strongly, decomposing into hydrogen and arsenic vapor. When the arsenic vapor impinges on a cold surface, a mirror-like deposit of arsenic forms. Despite this discovery, word on the Marsh test had not reached Brive. The doctors doing the autopsy on Lafarge only took the stomach before burial, and this they subjected using the old methods, which, unknown to them, proved to be unreliable; but they finally asserted that arsenic was found in quantity in the body of Charles Lafarge.

neg: Reda Seireg device equipped in all ground vehicle and in all air crafts in all chips in sea 2- Design, implementation , and test an automatic test equipment 3- Design implementation and test cable fault detection device 4- Design , implement and test device for cable length measure 5- Design , implement and test a device for detection and correction of quran 6- Design , implement and test C3I 7- Design , implement and test of a device for birth control 8- Design, implement test device for violence control of America 9- Design devices for online labs 10- Design and implement a

neg: Exploration geophysics faults, folds and intrusive rocks. This is an indirect method for assessing the likelihood of ore deposits or hydrocarbon accumulations. Methods devised for finding mineral or hydrocarbon deposits can also be used in other areas such as monitoring environmental impact, imaging subsurface archaeological sites, ground water investigations, subsurface salinity mapping, civil engineering site investigations and interplanetary imaging. Magnetometric surveys can be useful in defining magnetic anomalies which represent ore (direct detection), or in some cases gangue minerals associated with ore deposits (indirect or inferential detection). The most direct method of detection of ore via magnetism involves detecting iron ore mineralisation

neg: Metascreen urine specimen of newborns should ideally be collected at 48 hours after birth (or within the first 7 days of birth) and after the newborn had at least a first feed to enable early detection and treatment of any identified metabolic disorder. Most babies will test negative for metabolic disorders, however if the newborn’s test shows an abnormal result, Cordlife will immediately contact the attending physician (for example, the Paediatrician), who will then provide instructions on what to do next. Cordlife announced in October 2013 that Cordlife India has introduced Metascreen service through a strategic collaboration with Navigene Genetic Science,

neg: Caracal pistol Armed Forces Technical Purchasing requirements. These tests are the most stringent test protocols ever devised for a service firearm. Small numbers of pre-production pistols were made in Suhl, Germany by Merkel. These pistols were given to a limited number of testers who were instructed to shoot them as much as possible to test for reliability and defects. By the end of 2006, Caracal International L.L.C .was incorporated and registered as a company in Abu Dhabi. With that, the foundation of a pistol manufacturing industry was established for the first time in the GCC. The pistols were unveiled at the International

neg: Underground nuclear weapons testing this system was able to detect the first Soviet test in 1949. Over the next decade, this system was improved, and a network of seismic monitoring stations was established to detect underground tests. Development of the Threshold Test Ban Treaty in the mid-1970s led to an improved understanding of the relationship between test yield and resulting seismic magnitude. When negotiations began in the mid-1990s to develop a comprehensive test ban, the international community was reluctant to rely upon the detection capabilities of individual nuclear weapons states (especially the United States), and instead wanted an international detection system. The resulting International

neg: Anomaly detection techniques require a data set that has been labeled as "normal" and "abnormal" and involves training a classifier (the key difference to many other statistical classification problems is the inherent unbalanced nature of outlier detection). Semi-supervised anomaly detection techniques construct a model representing normal behavior from a given "normal" training data set, and then test the likelihood of a test instance to be generated by the learnt model. Anomaly detection is applicable in a variety of domains, such as intrusion detection, fraud detection, fault detection, system health monitoring, event detection in sensor networks, and detecting ecosystem disturbances. It is often

neg: Pasquale Calabrese procedures and neuropsychometric test batteries that have found manyfold applications in clinical practice. His neuropsychometric oeuvre includes the development of clinical screening tools, such as the DemTect for the investigation of patients with dementia, MUSIC, a screening test for the detection of cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosis and the PANDA, a cognitive test for the detection of cognitive disorders in Parkinson's disease. He is also co-author of the German-language translation and validation of the revised Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-R) for the detection of memory disorders in brain-damaged subjects. The neurobehavioral monitoring of patients with brain tumors during awake craniotomy and

neg: Frederick M. Trapnell as acting commander of NATC for six months in 1947 afforded Trapnell the opportunity to make substantial changes. Working with chief project engineer CDR Sydney Sherby and with the backing of RADM Apollo Soucek, Trapnell devised a plan for an official test pilot program which was approved on January 22, 1948 by ADM John D. Price, the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations. The Test Pilot Training Division began formal operation in April of that year under the direction of Sherby. Continuing his affiliation with the school, Trapnell assisted Sherby in selecting the candidates who would compose the first class, which

neg: Defence Food Research Laboratory Image analyser, Thermogravimetric Analyser, Differential scanning colorimeter, Dynamic mechanical analyser, Alveoconsisto graph, Cell counter, Gradient thermal cycler, Scanning electron microscope, FPHLC, Gel Documentation system, IR Spectroscope and Atomic Force microscope. The Laboratory has developed some analytical test kits for evaluation of deteriorative changes in food such as Meat Testing Kit, Test Kit for E.coli detection, Presumptive Test Kit for Coliform Detection, Acidity Testing Paper Strip, Pesticide detection kit. Many of the DFRL foods, born out of innovative state-of-the-art technologies, lend themselves eminently suitable to industrial scale commercial exploitation by enterprising entrepreneurs of different genre. Some of the technologies that have

neg: Valentin Rose (pharmacologist) of sodium bicarbonate (1801) and inulin (1807, from elecampane root). He also developed a method for the detection of arsenic to be used in criminal investigations. With Adolf Ferdinand Gehlen, he was an editor of the ""Berlinisches Jahrbuch für die Pharmacie und für die damit verhundenen Wissenschaften"". He had two children who were both famous scientists: Heinrich Rose (1795–1864) and Gustav Rose (1798–1873). The classicist Valentin Rose and the surgeon Edmund Rose were Gustav Rose's children. Valentin Rose (pharmacologist) Valentin Rose the Younger (30 October 1762 – 9 August 1807) was a German pharmacologist from Berlin, Margraviate of Brandenburg. Son

neg: Human sensing promoted the technology to SWAT teams at the Urban Shield trade show. In 1997 CAPTCHA ("Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart") was invented. Test is used for detection that computer is operated by human operator ,preventing accessing protected resource by programs , spam robots. Remote human presence detection system Tam, Daniel et al. Assignee:The United States of America, as Represented by the Secretary of the Navy . Human sensing Human sensing (also called human detection or human presence detection) encompasses a range of technologies for detecting the presence of a human body in an area

neg: Malaria antigen detection tests aldolases. Its crystal structure has been published. The presence of antibodies against p41 in the sera of human adults partially immune to malaria suggest that p41 is implicated in protective immune response against the parasite. Malaria antigen detection tests Malaria antigen detection tests are a group of commercially available rapid diagnostic tests of the rapid antigen test type that allow quick diagnosis of malaria by people who are not otherwise skilled in traditional laboratory techniques for diagnosing malaria or in situations where such equipment is not available. There are currently over 20 such tests commercially available (WHO product testing 2008).

neg: Doping at the 1999 Tour de France Doping at the 1999 Tour de France At the time of the 1999 Tour de France there was no official test for EPO. In August 2005, 60 remaining antidoping samples from the 1998 Tour and 84 remaining antidoping samples given by riders during the 1999 Tour, were tested retrospectively for recombinant EPO by using three recently developed detection methods. More precisely the laboratory compared the result of test method A: "Autoradiography — visual inspection of light emitted from a strip displaying the isoelectric profile for EPO" (published in the Nature journal as the first EPO detection method in June 2000),

neg: Bell's theorem and Clauser, who found that the Bell's inequality was violated. So the no-enhancement hypothesis cannot be true in a local hidden variables model. While early experiments used atomic cascades, later experiments have used parametric down-conversion, following a suggestion by Reid and Walls, giving improved generation and detection properties. As a result, the most recent experiments with photons no longer suffer from the detection loophole (see Bell test experiments). This makes the photon the first experimental system for which all main experimental loopholes have been surmounted, albeit presently only in separate experiments (Giustina et al. (2013), "Bell violation using entangled photons

neg: M2-PK Test $15-$25. The invasive colonoscopy makes acceptance of it low among patients, so relatively cheap non-invasive M2-PK Test is a good choice for detection early polyp/cancer. M2-PK Test The M2-PK Test is a non-invasive screening method for the early detection of colorectal cancers and polyps which are known to be the precursors of colorectal cancer. The M2-PK Test which is used for stool analysis is available either as fully quantitative ELISA Test or as a rapid test that can be performed by any general practitioner without the need of a laboratory or any additional equipment. The enzyme biomarker M2-PK has been

neg: George Sweeney Trial George Sweeney Trial The George Sweeney Trial in 1806 in Richmond, Virginia was a trial in which George Sweeney, the grand-nephew of George Wythe, one of the founding fathers of the United States, was acquitted of murdering Wythe. Wythe was a distinguished attorney who attended the Philadelphia Convention in 1775 and signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776; in 1806, he died of arsenic poisoning. Before he died, Wythe accused his nephew of murder and changed his will to exclude him. Wythe's black housekeeper provided evidence that George Sweeney had tried to poison Wythe, her son and her, but by

neg: George Sweeney Trial asked him to search Sweeney's room, where he found a container of arsenic. Wythe changed his will on June 1, to disinherit Sweeney. Because hearsay evidence was excluded by law, the jury's verdict on September 8 was not guilty. George Sweeney Trial The George Sweeney Trial in 1806 in Richmond, Virginia was a trial in which George Sweeney, the grand-nephew of George Wythe, one of the founding fathers of the United States, was acquitted of murdering Wythe. Wythe was a distinguished attorney who attended the Philadelphia Convention in 1775 and signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776; in 1806, he

neg: M2-PK Test M2-PK Test The M2-PK Test is a non-invasive screening method for the early detection of colorectal cancers and polyps which are known to be the precursors of colorectal cancer. The M2-PK Test which is used for stool analysis is available either as fully quantitative ELISA Test or as a rapid test that can be performed by any general practitioner without the need of a laboratory or any additional equipment. The enzyme biomarker M2-PK has been identified as a key enzyme in colorectal cancers and polyps. The detection of M2-PK does not depend on blood in the stool and is specifically

neg: Arsenic trioxide Reduction gives elemental arsenic or arsine () depending on conditions: This reaction is used in the Marsh test. In the liquid and gas phase below 800 °C, arsenic trioxide has the formula and is isostructural with . Above 800 °C significantly dissociates into molecular , which adopts the same structure as . Three forms (polymorphs) are known in the solid state: a high temperature ( > 110 °C) cubic , containing molecular , and two related polymeric forms. The polymers, which both crystallize as monoclinic crystals, feature sheets of pyramidal units that share O atoms. Smelting and related ore processing

neg: Schiff test Schiff test The Schiff test is an early organic chemistry name reaction developed by Hugo Schiff, and is a relatively general chemical test for detection of many organic aldehydes that has also found use in the staining of biological tissues. The Schiff reagent is the reaction product of a dye formulation such as fuchsin and sodium bisulfite; pararosaniline (which lacks an aromatic methyl group) and new fuchsin (which is uniformly mono-methylated "ortho" to the dye's amine functionalities) are not dye alternatives with comparable detection chemistry. In its use as a qualitative test for aldehydes, the unknown sample is added to

neg: HCG pregnancy strip test HCG pregnancy strip test Detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in urine or serum is an easy first method of diagnosis of pregnancy. hCG can be detected as early as the sixth day after conception. hCG is also an important tumor marker because it is produced by some kinds of tumor, such as: seminoma, choriocarcinoma, germ cell tumors, hydatidiform mole formation, teratoma with elements of choriocarcinoma, and islet cell tumor Pregnancy detection kits containing a strip or card impregnated with anti-hCG globulin are readily available. The test is executed by immersing the proper end of the strip in urine or

neg: Arsenic & Old Lace a 1955 adaptation for the CBS anthology series "The Best of Broadway". Arsenic & Old Lace Arsenic & Old Lace is a 1962 television film directed by George Schaefer and starring Tony Randall. It first aired during season 11 of the NBC anthology series "Hallmark Hall of Fame". It is an adaptation of Joseph Kesselring's 1939 play "Arsenic and Old Lace". Boris Karloff reprised his role as Jonathan Brewster (who is described by the other characters as resembling the "Frankenstein" star), which he had originated on Broadway. He had been unable to appear in Frank Capra's 1944 film due to

neg: Robert Newman (sexton) the bicentennial of his signal, in 1975. Robert Newman (sexton) Robert Newman (March 20, 1752 – May 26, 1804) was an American sexton at the Old North Church in Boston, Massachusetts. He is considered a Patriot in the American Revolution for hanging lanterns in his church's steeple on April 18, 1775, part of a warning signal devised by Paul Revere during the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Newman had become sexton of Christ Church, now known as Old North Church, in 1772. He lived with his mother in 1775, and she was renting part of their home to British officers.

neg: Robert Newman (sexton) Robert Newman (sexton) Robert Newman (March 20, 1752 – May 26, 1804) was an American sexton at the Old North Church in Boston, Massachusetts. He is considered a Patriot in the American Revolution for hanging lanterns in his church's steeple on April 18, 1775, part of a warning signal devised by Paul Revere during the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Newman had become sexton of Christ Church, now known as Old North Church, in 1772. He lived with his mother in 1775, and she was renting part of their home to British officers. After pretending to go to bed on

neg: Adolph Ferdinand Gehlen academic chemist at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. He died from arsenic poisoning in Munich on 16 July 1815, age 39. Gehlen, Adolf Ferdinand Adolph Ferdinand Gehlen Adolph Ferdinand Gehlen (5 September 1775 – 16 July 1815) was a German chemist. Gehlen was born in Bütow, Farther Pomerania (now Bytów, Poland), he is known as the publisher of "Neues allgemeines Journal der Chemie" (1803–1806), "Journal für Chemie und Physik" (1806-10) and the "Repetitorium für die Pharmacie" (first series; later continued by Johann Andreas Buchner). He studied at the University of Königsberg and obtained his residency in 1806 from the University

neg: Thomas Hutchins (naturalist) acting chief Andrew Graham 1771–1772, he kept notes on wildlife, including descriptions of species not previously recorded. At the behest of the Royal Society, he made useful observations on magnetic declination at Albany 1775–1776. He performed preliminary experiments on the congelation (freezing point) of mercury in 1775, identifying the problem with previous attempts as being due to the abrupt change of volume of the mercury in the thermometer as it changed state. Apparatus for an improved method was devised and after a series of careful experiments 1779–1782, its freezing point was determined at −39 °F. For this work, highly praised

neg: Operation Crossroads it is significantly toxic both radiologically and chemically, having a heavy metal toxicity on a par with that of arsenic. Estimates based on the Manhattan Project's "tolerance dose" of one microgram of plutonium per worker put 10.6 pounds at the equivalent of about five billion tolerable doses. Plutonium alpha rays could not be detected by the film badges and Geiger counters used by people who boarded the target ships because alpha particles have very low penetrating power, insufficient to enter the glass detection tube. It was assumed to be present in the environment wherever fission product radiation was detected. The

neg: Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War abroad, conducted covert operations, devised codes and ciphers, funded propaganda activities, authorized the opening of private mail, acquired foreign publications for use in analysis, established a courier system, and developed a maritime capability apart from that of the Continental Navy, and engaged in regular communications with Britons and Scots who sympathized with the American cause. It met secretly in December 1775 with a French intelligence agent who visited Philadelphia under cover as a Flemish merchant. On April 17, 1777, the Committee of Secret Correspondence was renamed the Committee of Foreign Affairs but kept with its intelligence function. Matters of diplomacy

neg: Urine test strip of protein (greater than 500 mg/dL), glucose (greater than 3 g/dL), oxalic acid and ascorbic acid. Urine with a high specific gravity can also cause leukocyte crenation, which can impede the liberation of the esterases. The detection limit of a test is that concentration, at which the test starts to turn from negative to positive. Although the detection limit may vary between urine samples, the detection limit is defined as that concentration of the analyte that results in a positive reaction in 90% of the examined urines. Urine test strips can be used in many areas of the healthcare chain