query: when was the term ' aids ' first defined

pos: HIV/AIDS used to help guide clinical management. Despite their differences, the two systems allow comparison for statistical purposes. The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986. Since then, the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times, with the most recent version being published in 2007. The WHO system uses the following categories: The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV, and updated it in 2008 and 2014. This system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms, and describes the infection in five groups. In

pos: Safe sex specialists advised their AIDS patients to practice safe sex. The concept included limiting the number of sexual partners, using prophylactics, avoiding bodily fluid exchange, and resisting the use of drugs that reduced inhibitions for high-risk sexual behavior. Moreover, in 1985, the first safe sex guidelines were established by the 'Coalition for Sexual Responsibilities'. According to these guidelines, safe sex was practiced by using condoms also when engaging in anal or oral sex. Although the term "safe sex" was primarily used in reference to the sexual activity of homosexual men, in 1986 the concept was spread to the general population. Various

pos: HIV/AIDS in Brazil including the internationally controversial policies of the Brazilian government such as the universal provision of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), progressive social policies toward risk groups, and collaboration with non-governmental organizations. Brazil's first AIDS case was reported in 1982. Brazil’s AIDS response was crafted in 1985, just after the country had returned from military rule to democracy, at a time when only four AIDS cases had been reported. The Brazilian Ministry of Health laid the groundwork for a National AIDS Control Program (NACP) which was established in 1986, and placed under the aegis of the National AIDS Control Committee, a group composed

pos: Functional Attitude Theory social influence as personality is typically stable across individuals. Domain Characteristics Herek defined domain characteristics as “groups, objects, issues, or behaviors toward which people hold attitudes” (1986). Individual domains can include a multitude of different attitudes. For instance, in Herek's methodology development attitudes were examined within the domain of attitudes toward gays and lesbians. Within this domain is contained attitudes toward people with AIDS, attitudes toward government-funding of anti-AIDS programming, attitudes toward AIDS fundraisers, etc. Broad domains like AIDS or politics likely contain all variations of attitude functions across a population, but more narrow domains, such as consumer products, are

pos: Jeffrey E. Harris histories reported in large-scale cross-section surveys. The resulting article, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute in 1983 (148 Wos citations, 210 GS citations), spawned a series of studies tracking the birth cohort-specific relationships between smoking rates and disease incidence. In an article entitled "Improved Short-Term Survival of AIDS Patients Initially Diagnosed with Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia, 1984 through 1987" (101 WoS citations, 131 GS citations), Harris was one of the first investigators to report a significant gain in life expectancy for AIDS patients, which he attributed to the introduction in 1986 of zidovudine, the first antiretroviral agent. Harris

neg: HIV/AIDS long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). Another group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment, known as "elite controllers" or "elite suppressors". They represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined in terms of either a CD4 T cell count below 200 cells per µL or the occurrence of specific diseases in association with an HIV infection. In the absence of specific treatment, around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten years. The most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are pneumocystis pneumonia (40%),

neg: Duesberg hypothesis chain reaction testing, HIV can be demonstrated in virtually all patients with AIDS. Since AIDS is now defined partially by the presence of HIV, Duesberg claims it is impossible by definition to offer evidence that AIDS doesn't require HIV. However, the first definitions of AIDS mentioned no cause and the first AIDS diagnoses were made before HIV was discovered. The addition of HIV positivity to surveillance criteria as an absolutely necessary condition for case reporting occurred only in 1993, after a scientific consensus was established that HIV caused AIDS. According to the Duesberg hypothesis, AIDS is not found in Africa.

neg: AIDS-related complex AIDS-related complex AIDS-related complex, or ARC, was introduced after discovery of the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) when the medical community became aware of the inherent difficulties associated with treating patients suffering from an advanced case of HIV which gave rise to the term Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The necessity for doctors to quickly and accurately understand the special needs of unknown patients suffering from AIDS in an emergency department situation was addressed with the creation of the term ARC. ARC is a prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that includes: low grade fever, unexplained weight

neg: Aaron Lawrence (actor) to Getting Rich the Hard Way" (2000), a "how-to" guide for those considering work as companions-for-hire. He has also written articles for several publications, including "Anything That Moves" and "Unzipped". Psychologist Todd G. Morrison notes that Lawrence came of age when being gay was seen as more normal and HIV/AIDS was no longer defined culturally as a gay disease. In addition, in the mid-1990s the first AIDS "drug cocktails" marked a dramatic turning point in the pandemic so that a positive diagnosis was no longer considered a death sentence. Morrison notes the advent of the Internet for gay men to

neg: HIV/AIDS in Malawi openly. In 1989, Banda introduced a five-year World Bank Medium Term Plan to combat the epidemic, but HIV prevalence had already increased drastically at this point. In 1994, when Bakili Muluzi became president, he addressed the nation's need for a coordinated response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 2000, Muluzi introduced another five-year policy known as the National Strategic Framework, but, like Banda's five-year World Bank Medium Term Plan, this plan was largely ineffective. In 2001, in response to problems within the National AIDS Control Programme established by Banda, Muluzi created the National AIDS Commission. Unlike Banda, who prevented the public

neg: Shock value created of a man dying from AIDS, that he wanted "to use the forum of poster advertising to make people aware of this [AIDS] tragedy at a time when no-one dared to show AIDS patients." Shock rock is a wide umbrella term for artists who combine rock music with elements of theatrical shock value in live performances. Screamin' Jay Hawkins was arguably the first shock rocker. After the success of his 1957 hit "I Put a Spell on You", Hawkins began to perform a recurring stunt at many of his live shows: he would emerge from a coffin, sing into

neg: Social media in education Social media in education Social media in education refers to the practice of using social media platforms as a way to enhance the education of students. Social media is defined as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of [user-generated content". Student use of computers as learning aids began in the early 1980s when drilling and practice programs were first developed and implemented into the classroom. Following the 1980s was a computer advancement boom that defined the 1990s and 2000s as CD-ROMS were first

neg: Organisation of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS for its leadership and service toward the ideals of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. In January 2017, the former First Lady of Ghana, Lordina Mahama was presented an award from UNAIDS for her work during her term in office as the President of the Organisation of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA). Organisation of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS The Organisation of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA) is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 2002 by 37 African first ladies. The Organisation of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS works to cultivate a spirit of solidarity and the exchange

neg: Cause (medicine) within phenotypic clusters of diseases. One example is asthma, which is considered to be a syndrome, consisting of a series of endotypes. This is related to the concept of disease entity. Other example could be AIDS, where an HIV infection can produce several clinical stages. AIDS is defined as the clinical stage IV of the HIV infection. Cause (medicine) Cause, also known as etiology () and aetiology, is the reason or origination of something. The word is derived from the Greek , "aitiologia", "giving a reason for" (, "aitia", "cause"; and , "-logia"). In medicine, the term refers to the

neg: Health in Eswatini the first time that it suffered an AIDS crisis, with 38.8% of tested pregnant women infected with HIV (see AIDS in Africa). The then Prime Minister Themba Dlamini declared a humanitarian crisis due to the combined effect of drought, land degradation, increased poverty, and HIV/AIDS. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, Swaziland was close to achieving universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment, defined as 80% coverage or greater. Estimates of treatment coverage range from 70% to 80% of those infected. Life expectancy fell from 61 years in 2000 to 32 years in 2009. Public expenditure for HIV/AIDS was 4% of the

neg: Bareback (sex) in the 1960s with the first appearance in print (as analogous reference) occurring in 1968. The term was used by G.I.'s during the Vietnam War when sex without the use of a condom was known as "going in" or "riding" bareback. The term was included in the 1972 publication, "Playboy's Book of Forbidden Words: A Liberated Dictionary of Improper English". The term appeared occasionally in print until the 1980s and then in context to the AIDS epidemic and the discussion of sexual practices. It did not have widespread use in LGBT culture until 1997, when there was an increase of

neg: History of gay men in the United States realized that the term GRID was misleading and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982. By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS. After the Centers for Disease Control declared the new disease an epidemic, Gay Men's Health Crisis was created in 1982 when 80 men gathered in New York gay activist Larry Kramer's apartment to discuss the issue and to raise money for research. The founders were Nathan Fain, Larry Kramer, Lawrence D. Mass, Paul Popham, Paul Rapoport and Edmund White. At the time it was the largest volunteer AIDS organization

neg: Ma Ying-jeou aids from foreign nations. Vice Foreign Minister Andrew Hsia made an explanation, saying that it was meant to say "presently" foreign aids were not needed, but nevertheless took the blame and offered to resign. However, critics were convinced that Hsia's resignation was only to cover-up the fact that Ma gave the order to turn down foreign aids. Ma was eligible for a second term as president and ran for re-election. In June 2011, when incumbent Vice President Vincent Siew announced he will retire and not seek a second term, Premier Wu Den-yih was chosen to replace Siew on the KMT's

neg: Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS women of the same age group.” This changed the social stigma that HIV/AIDS was a disease that only affected gay men and made it “everyone’s problem,” and as a result, HIV/AIDS stories were often featured as human-interest pieces. This trend did not last long, because in 1996 the disease was moved from a fatal to a chronic disease, marking the first decline in US HIV newspaper coverage. In 1983 the United States Public Health Service defined AIDS as its "number one priority" and US secretary of Health Margaret Heckler said that it was her "top priority". In contrast, US President

neg: Youth is all common. Health problems are rife, especially due to the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in certain regions. The United Nations estimates that 200 million young people live in poverty, 130 million are illiterate and 10 million live with HIV/AIDS. Youth Youth is the time of life when one is young, and often means the time between childhood and adulthood (maturity). It is also defined as "the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc., characteristic of one who is young". Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as youth is not defined chronologically as a stage that can be tied to specific

neg: Airway (aviation) shot down. Air corridors should not be confused with airways. Airways are navigational aids which a pilot generally may deviate from when circumstances warrant, while compliance with a designated air corridor is mandatory. Airway (aviation) An airway or air route is a defined corridor that connects one specified location to another at a specified altitude, along which an aircraft that meets the requirements of the airway may be flown. Airways are defined with segments within a specific altitude block, corridor width, and between fixed geographic coordinates for satellite navigation systems, or between ground-based radio transmitter navigational aids (navaids; such as

neg: Audiovisual education These include pictures, slides, radios, videos and other audiovisual tools. According to the Webster dictionary, audio-visual aids is defined as "training or educational materials directed at both the senses of hearing and the sense of sight, films, recordings, photographs, etc. used in classroom instructions, library collections or the likes". The concept of audiovisual aids is not new and can be traced back to seventeenth century when John Amos Comenius (1592–1670), a Bohemian educator, introduced pictures as teaching aids in his book Orbis Sensualium Pictus ("picture of the Sensual World") that was illustrated with 150 drawings of everyday life. Similarly, Jean

neg: Cisgender AIDS Society" used the term "cisnormativity", akin to sexual diversity studies' "heteronormativity". A related adjective is "gender-normative" because, as Eli R. Green writes, "'cisgendered' is used [instead of the more popular 'gender normative'] to refer to people who do not identify with a gender diverse experience, without enforcing existence of a normative gender expression". In this way, "cisgender" is preferable because, unlike the term "gender-normative", it does not imply that transgender identities are abnormal. Julia Serano has defined "cissexual" as "people who are not transsexual and who have only ever experienced their mental and physical sexes as being aligned", while

neg: HIV/AIDS in the Philippines organizations (NGOs); and an association of PLWHA. The passing of the Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act in 1998 was also a landmark in the country’s fight against HIV/AIDS. However, the Philippines is faced with the challenge of stimulating government leadership action in a low-HIV-prevalence country to advocate for a stronger and sustainable response to AIDS when faced with other competing priorities. One strategy has been to prevent STIs in general, which are highly prevalent in the country. The PNAC developed the Philippines’ AIDS Medium Term Plan: 2005–2010 (AMTP IV). The AMTP IV serves as a national road map toward

neg: Soil moisture velocity equation of diffusion. For this reason, this term is called the "diffusion-like" term of the SMVE. This term represents the flux due to the shape of the wetting front. Looking at this diffusion like term, it is reasonable to ask when might this term be negligible? The first answer is that this term will be zero when the first derivative formula_48, because the second derivative will equal zero. One example where this occurs is in the case of an equilibrium hydrostatic moisture profile, when formula_49 with z defined as positive upward. This is a physically realistic result because a equilibrium hydrostatic

neg: Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS carinii pneumonia (PCP), from five healthy, gay men in Los Angeles. This edition would later become "MMWR's" first official reporting of the AIDS epidemic in North America. By year-end, an cumulative total of 270 reported cases of severe immune deficiency was founded amid gay men, 121 out of the 270 reported cases had died. On September 24 in 1982, CDC started to use the term “AIDS” (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) for the first time, and released the first case definition of AIDS: “a disease at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no

neg: HIV/AIDS was misleading and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982. By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS. In 1983, two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal "Science". Gallo claimed that a virus his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in shape to other human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) his group had been the first to isolate. Gallo's group called their

neg: HIV/AIDS in Taiwan allowed deported foreign nationals to apply, once per quarter, for a short-term visa that lasted no longer than 14 days. Taiwan lifts deportation requirement for foreigners with HIV/AIDS 2015/01/20 Taipei, Jan. 20 (CNA) Foreign nationals in Taiwan who are diagnosed with HIV/AIDS will no longer be subject to deportation according to an amendment passed by the Legislative Yuan Tuesday. HIV/AIDS in Taiwan Taiwan's epidemic of HIV/AIDS began with the first case reported in December 1984. On December 17, 1990 the government promulgated the AIDS Prevention and Control Act (後天免疫缺乏症候群防治條例). On July 11, 2007, the AIDS Prevention and Control Act was

neg: Islamofascism Islamofascism "Islamic fascism" (first described in 1933), also known since 1990 as "Islamofascism", is a term drawing an analogy between the ideological characteristics of specific Islamist movements and a broad range of European fascist movements of the early 20th century, neofascist movements, or totalitarianism. The term "Islamofascism" is defined in the "New Oxford American Dictionary" as "a term equating some modern Islamic movements with the European fascist movements of the early twentieth century". The earliest known use of the contiguous term "Islamic Fascism" dates to 1933 when Akhtar Ḥusayn Rā’ēpūrī, in an attack on Muḥammad Iqbāl, defined attempts to secure

neg: First responder unknown SARS virus, when they cared for patients affected with the virus. Some jurisdictions have special laws defining and establishing the rights and duties of first responders. The term first responder is defined in U.S. Homeland Security Presidential Directive, HSPD-8 and reads: The term "first responder" refers to those individuals who in the early stages of an incident are responsible for the protection and preservation of life, property, evidence, and the environment, including emergency response providers as defined in section 2 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (), as well as emergency management, public health, clinical care, public works,

neg: Nutritional challenges of HIV/AIDS hunger map of 2010, undernourishment is most prevalent in Asia-Pacific and, once again, in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some of the reasons as to why there is a correlation between malnutrition and the presence of HIV/AIDS are listed below. Food security is present "when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life", as defined by the World Food Summit of 1996. It is set on the basis of food availability, food access, and proper food use. The difficulty for some people suffering from HIV and AIDS involves how they must obtain

neg: Public domain had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned" as "res nullius", "res communes", "res publicae" and "res universitatis". The term "res nullius" was defined as things not yet appropriated. The term "res communes" was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean." The term "res publicae" referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term "res universitatis" meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome. When looking at it from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of

neg: Super video graphics array a footnote stating that "The term 'Super VGA' is used in this document for a graphics display controller implementing any superset of the standard IBM VGA display adapter." When used as a resolution specification, in contrast to VGA or XGA for example, the term "SVGA" normally refers to a resolution of 800x600 pixels. Though Super VGA cards appeared in the same year as VGA (1987), it was not until 1989 that a standard for programming Super VGA modes was defined by VESA. In that first version, it defined support for (but did not require) a maximum resolution of 800 ×

neg: Disinformation Disinformation Disinformation is false information spread deliberately to deceive. The English word "disinformation" is a loan translation of the Russian "dezinformatsiya", derived from the title of a KGB black propaganda department. The book "Disinformation" documents that Joseph Stalin coined the term, giving it a French-sounding name to falsely claim it had a Western origin. Russian use began with a "special disinformation office" in 1923. Disinformation was defined in "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" (1952) as "false information with the intention to deceive public opinion". Operation INFEKTION was a Soviet disinformation campaign to influence opinion that the U.S. invented AIDS. The U.S. did

neg: Alicia Keys a Child Alive, a non-profit organization that provides medicine, orphan care, and social support to families with HIV and AIDS in Africa and India. Keys was born during a time when the AIDS epidemic was gaining a lot of attention in the United States. She was first affected by the HIV/AIDs crisis at 8 years old when her mother's friend died from the disease. She discovered first-hand the extensive impact of the AIDS epidemic years later when she visited South Africa, a trip that was the impetus to cofounding Keep a Child Alive. Keys had befriended AIDS activist Leigh Blake,

neg: Safe sex sex" is used by individuals to refer to protection against both pregnancy and HIV/AIDS or other STI transmissions, the term was born in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It is believed that the term "safe sex" was used in the professional literature in 1984, in the content of a paper on the psychological effect that HIV/AIDS may have on homosexual men. The term was related with the need to develop educational programs for the group considered at risk, homosexual men. A year later, the same term appeared in an article in "The New York Times." This article emphasized that most

neg: History of hearing aids a transistor stage along with vacuum tubes, to extend battery life. The size of these transistors led to developments in miniature, carbon microphones. These microphones could be mounted on various items, even eyeglasses. In 1951, Raytheon manufactured the transistor and was one of the first companies to mass-produce transistors to throughout America. Raytheon realized that their hearing aid only lasted short-term and began to sell the vacuum-tube hearing aids again along with transistor hearing aids. The act of putting transistors into hearing aids was so quick that they were not properly tested. It was later found that transistors could get

neg: Bailey-Boushay House Bailey-Boushay House Bailey-Boushay House, founded June 24, 1992, is an inpatient long-term care facility and outpatient day health program for people with HIV/AIDS in Seattle, Washington, USA. It is an affiliate of Virginia Mason Medical Center. Bailey-Boushay House was the first inpatient hospice facility for AIDS patients in the United States. It was founded by Betsy Lieberman and Christine Hurley of AIDS Housing of Washington with support from sources including Virginia Mason Medical Center, Boeing, Nordstrom, Weyerhaeuser, the Northwest AIDS Foundation, and an anonymous donation of $100,000 via the Archdiocese of Seattle. The facility was created as a response to

neg: AIDS Awareness Week the years. UNAIDS believes solutions need to be long-term, rather than short-term responses. Therefore, the goal is to look at prevention of HIV as well and World AIDS Day is a time to emphasize this and support people with AIDS, even though people are living with AIDS year-round. It is also a time to honor the people who lost their lives due to AIDS. Aids Awareness Month has been declared in various countries. Also World Aids Day is an international UN sponsored observance. The US government, in the form of aids.gov, presents an all-year-round diversity AIDS Awareness Calendar, for example

neg: Lusitanic thus argued that Lusitanic people, language, and culture cannot be properly classified as a subset of Hispanic. In the United States, the term "Hispanic" was first governmentally adopted by the administration of President Richard Nixon, and today is one of several terms of ethnicity employed to categorize people for various administrative purposes, including census statistics and anti-discrimination laws. The term is defined differently in specific contexts, when defined clearly at all. Most often, it means any person, of any ethnic or racial background(s), of any nationality and of any religion, who has at least one ancestor from the people of

neg: Khauhelo Deborah Raditapole Party (BCP). She was deputed the Minister of Health initially and transferred to Ministry of Natural Resources. When she was transferred again in 1996, she resigned her post as a minister, the first of its kind in Lesotho. As a minister, she defined the strategy for AIDS control in 1994 and also credited to have effected Jordan basin project which became Metolong Dam project. Raditapole was born in Maseru on 7 August 1938, her father who was a civil servant. While she completed her high school at Basutoland High School in 1959 in Lesotho, she did her higher education in

neg: History of HIV/AIDS New York City, from 1977 through 1987", published in February 1989, seeks to understand long term trends in the spread of HIV among intravenous drug users (IDUs). AIDS surveillance data and studies which detail the number of persons who tested HIV positive in Manhattan are used to compile information deemed critical to realising the extent of the AIDS epidemic. It starts by stating that up to September 1988, IDU was the risk behaviour in 19,139 (or 26.4%) of the first 72,223 cases of AIDS in the USA. Cases among IDUs in New York in the same period numbered 6,182 (approximately

neg: Hiroshi Nakajima WHO's AIDS efforts has been documented as a part of the PBS Frontline documentary "The age of AIDS". During his tenure, Nakajima was also accused of being a poor communicator and administrator. During his first term in 1988, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched. In May 1993, Nakajima was re-elected in a 93-to-58 vote to a second term of office as Director-General. His re-election was opposed by all major donor countries to the WHO including the United States. There was controversy surrounding this re-election because the WHO awarded contracts to executive board members prior to the vote by the

neg: Data defined storage - utilizing any type of storage, including low cost commodity storage to scale out to petabyte-level capacities. Data defined storage unifies all data repositories and exposes globally distributed stores through the global namespace, eliminating data silos and improving storage utilization. The first marketing using this term was by Tarmin, in its GridBank product. The data defined storage term might have been mentioned in 2013. Tamrin issued press releases about customers. The data defined storage term was used for object storage with open protocol access for file system virtualization, such as CIFS, NFS, FTP as well as REST APIs and other

neg: Jim McDermott seek reelection in 2016 following the announcement of a primary challenge by state representative Brady Walkinshaw. In his first term, McDermott sponsored the AIDS Housing Opportunity Act, which provides state and local governments with the resources and incentives to devise long-term comprehensive strategies for meeting the housing needs of persons with AIDS and the families of such persons. The program established, known as HOPWA, has grown to be a $335M line in United States budget, at a cost of $5,432 per recipient in 2010. Despite the long-term focus of the original legislation, according to HUD, 59% of recipients received help

neg: Singularity 7 When I first heard the term, Stephen Hawking defined it when he was describing what might await at the bottom of black holes. All matter that is swallowed by the mighty gravitational pull of a black hole is reduced to a singularity, the size of an atom. That is mind blowing. The term is also used to describe that which is solely unique. This could be an individual or an object. Once in a great while, the world is graced with a Singularity. I believe this term is a perfect description for the latest addition to the world of graphic

neg: Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS rebuttals. HIV is an acronym for human immunodeficiency virus, which is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Contracting HIV can lead to the development of AIDS or stage 3 HIV, which causes serious damage to the immune system. While this virus is the underlying cause of AIDS, not all HIV-positive individuals have AIDS, as HIV can remain in a latent state for many years. Although usually AIDS is the late stage of an HIV infection. If undiagnosed or left untreated, HIV usually progresses to AIDS, defined as possessing a CD4+ lymphocyte count under 200 cells/μl or HIV infection

neg: HIV/AIDS in South African townships disease. An AIDS orphan is defined as "any child under the age of 18 years who had lost one or both parents through an HIV-related illness." Orphanhood is a severe consequence of the AIDS epidemic in South African townships: a 2006 study stated that there were 2.2 million AIDS-orphaned children in South Africa alone. AIDS orphans in an urban Cape Town township have been shown to have significant rates of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, peer relationship difficulties, suicidal urges, delinquency, and homelessness. These rates are higher than those of both non-AIDS orphans and non-orphans in South African townships. AIDS orphans

neg: Reports from the Holocaust: The Making of an AIDS Activist to allocate funds and personnel to AIDS research. Kramer ultimately states that the response to AIDS in America must be defined as a Holocaust because of the large number deaths that resulted from the negligence and apathy that surrounded AIDS in the Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and early Bill Clinton Presidencies. Kramer also describes his frustration with many members of the gay community that do not actively advocate for PWAs and AIDS research, stating that they are complicit in their own deaths. In 1994, Kramer's book was expanded to include some of his more recent pieces, as well as

neg: Medical cannabis lightheadedness and dry mouth". Evidence is lacking for both efficacy and safety of cannabis and cannabinoids in treating patients with HIV/AIDS or for anorexia associated with AIDS. As of 2013, current studies suffer from effects of bias, small sample size, and lack of long-term data. A 2017 review found only limited evidence for the effectiveness of cannabis in relieving chronic pain in several conditions. Another review found tentative evidence for use of cannabis in treating peripheral neuropathy, but little evidence of benefit for other types of long term pain. When cannabis is inhaled to relieve pain, blood levels of cannabinoids

neg: 2008 European Union stimulus plan more in incentives to supply (French plan, first German plan ). Measures took on expenditure to improve demand generally include measures to support medium-term growth through increased public spending on infrastructures (road networks and railway) and aids to the housing sector (notably construction and renovation). Several countries have also announced short-term measures to relieve the effects of the crisis on the poorest people (increase in benefits and allowances to households with low incomes and unemployed). However, these aids have often limited effects on the economy, because their amounts are insignificant. Other measures affected national taxation systems. The UK was the

neg: Zidovudine Advisory Committee to United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) voted ten to one to recommend the approval of AZT. The FDA approved the drug (via the then-new FDA accelerated approval system) for use against HIV, AIDS, and AIDS Related Complex (ARC, a now-obsolete medical term for pre-AIDS illness) on March 20, 1987. The time between the first demonstration that AZT was active against HIV in the laboratory and its approval was 25 months, the shortest period of drug development in recent history. AZT was subsequently approved unanimously for infants and children in 1990. AZT was initially administered in somewhat

neg: Competence (human resources) Competence (human resources) Competence is the demonstrable characteristics that enable performance of a job, for properly doing the job, the individual requires skills and knowledge essential for the set duties. A competency is a set of defined behaviors that provide a structured guide enabling the identification, evaluation and development of the behaviors in individual employees. The term "competence" first appeared in an article authored by R.W. White in 1959 as a concept for performance motivation. In 1970, Craig C. Lundberg defined the concept in "Planning the Executive Development Program". The term gained traction when in 1973, David McClelland wrote a

neg: Hentai to at least 1990, when IANVS Publications printed its first "Anime Shower Special". In March 1994, Antarctic Press released "Bondage Fairies", an English translation of "Insect Hunter". Because there are fewer animation productions, most erotic works are retroactively tagged as hentai since the coining of the term in English. Hentai is typically defined as consisting of excessive nudity, and graphic sexual intercourse whether or not it is perverse. The term "ecchi" is typically related to fanservice, with no sexual intercourse being depicted. Two early works escape being defined as hentai, but contain erotic themes. This is likely due to the

neg: Exceptionalism the United States, it is already so clearly defined for them. The problem with this is in the notion of Black exceptionalism there is an underlying assumption that there exists a single and one-dimensional manifestation of blackness and those outside of this 'standard' of Black living are seen as exceptional to these rules. More recently there has been a move to discuss internal differences inside the Black community. Use of the term "HIV exceptionalism" implies that AIDS is a contagious disease that is or should be treated differently from other contagions or entails benefits not available to those suffering from

neg: Signal station use a form of the International Port Traffic Signals system. Tide gauges are usually classified as signal stations, as they provide immediate visual information of tide levels. Signal station A signal station is a form of Aids to Navigation that is defined by the IHO simply as "A signal station is a place on shore from which signals are made to ships at sea". While this broad definition would include coastal radio stations and fog signal stations, the term is most often used for shore installation that use "visual" signals to communicate with ships at sea. Signal stations were the

neg: Signal station Signal station A signal station is a form of Aids to Navigation that is defined by the IHO simply as "A signal station is a place on shore from which signals are made to ships at sea". While this broad definition would include coastal radio stations and fog signal stations, the term is most often used for shore installation that use "visual" signals to communicate with ships at sea. Signal stations were the only practical mean of communicating with passing ships until the development of radio, and played a critical role in both navigation safety and commercial operation of fleets.

neg: Social media in education in family and friends and helps to be more social in socio-political grounds. Social media in education Social media in education refers to the practice of using social media platforms as a way to enhance the education of students. Social media is defined as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of [user-generated content". Student use of computers as learning aids began in the early 1980s when drilling and practice programs were first developed and implemented into the classroom. Following the 1980s was a

neg: HIV/AIDS those greater than six years of age it is: For surveillance purposes, the AIDS diagnosis still stands even if, after treatment, the CD4 T cell count rises to above 200 per µL of blood or other AIDS-defining illnesses are cured. Consistent condom use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term. When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year. There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may provide an equivalent level of protection. Application of a

neg: Population informatics science, and statistics in which quantitative methods and computational tools are used to answer fundamental questions about our society. The term was first used in August 2012 when the Population Informatics Research Group was founded at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The term was first defined in a peer reviewed article in 2013 and further elaborated on in another article in 2014. The first Workshop on Population Informatics for Big Data was held at the ACM SIGKDD conference in Sydney, Australia, in August 2015. To study social, behavioral, economic, and health sciences using the massive data collections,

neg: AIDS-related complex loss, diarrhea, opportunistic infections and generalized lymphadenopathy. Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS." Clinical use of this term was widely discontinued by the year 2000 in the United States after having been replaced by modern laboratory criteria. AIDS-related complex AIDS-related complex, or ARC, was introduced

neg: Gene Shearer Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. When the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic was first identified, Shearer realized that the immune deficiencies occurring in AIDS patients closely resembled the immune deficiencies occurring in experimental murine models of graft versus host disease that he had been studying. Consequently, in 1983 Shearer was one of the first immunologists to begin studying the immune dysregulation in AIDS patients and discovered that infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resulted in CD4+ T cell dysfunction and immune dysregulation long before the onset of overt clinical disease. At the height of the AIDS epidemic when

neg: Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS trials underway in 17 cities. The International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT) biorepository system has its roots in the CPCRA. An antiretroviral medication self-reporting questionnaire was developed by the programme. The programme organised the 058 FIRST (Flexible Initial Retrovirus Suppressive Therapies) trial: a large, long-term, randomized, prospective comparison of three different antiretroviral strategies in highly active antiretroviral therapy-naïve, HIV-1-infected persons. Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS The Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) was a programme sponsored by National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States. It began in 1989, and was

neg: Aldyn Mckean Francisco in 1990, Florence in 1991, and Berlin in 1993) and on national television. He lobbied for: having clinical studies on long-term AIDS survivors, increasing availability of AIDS drugs, including people of color in AIDS drug trials, full participation of people with HIV and AIDS in international AIDS conferences. In 1992, McKean was hired by the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) to work as the administrative coordinator for United for AIDS Action. In this capacity he coordinated the AIDS Walk in Central Park. After he was fired by GMHC, McKean went to work with the National Gay and Lesbian Task

neg: State of Denial (film) State of Denial (film) State of Denial is a 2003 documentary film about AIDS in Africa, produced and directed by Elaine Epstein. The film highlights the errors of President Mbeki's government, which insists that there isn't enough evidence to show that HIV causes AIDS and refuses vital life-saving drugs to their people because of unknown long-term risks. The film follows the stories of HIV positive Africans and activists as well as their careers, interspersed with the harrowing statistics of the AIDS epidemic in Africa. It features various HIV positive patients coping with the disease in times when the use of

neg: David Celentano in the study of behavioral and social epidemiology. While originally trained in a chronic disease paradigm (alcoholism and cancer control), he began his research in HIV/AIDS and STIs in the early 1980s. He has worked on some of the major cohort studies AIDS Linked to the Intravenous Experience (ALIVE), Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) in HIV epidemiology, as well as conducted intervention research in the USA for heterosexual men and women, injection drug users, and young men who have sex with men. In 1990, Celentano turned to international research when he began a long-term collaboration with Chiang Mai University in

neg: HIV/AIDS in the United States with until those were set up by the government, and acute awareness of the issue spread. Such centers have now been opened, and short-term care is beginning to be provided; once the scope of the outbreak became clear, Governor Mike Pence, despite some initial reservations, approved a legislative measure to allow safe, clean needle exchange programs and treatment for those affected, which could end up being instituted statewide. International: HIV/AIDS in the United States The AIDS epidemic, caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), found its way to the United States as early as 1960, but was first noticed after doctors

neg: HIV/AIDS in Malawi often shift agricultural production on their land to less labor-intensive crops, sacrificing the opportunity to grow more profitable, labor-intensive crops such as tobacco. When family members fall ill with HIV/AIDS, their relatives invest time in their treatment and care, further reducing household productivity. In addition, when family members are infected with HIV, households often use the money they would normally invest in agriculture to cover medical expenses, further decreasing economic stability at the household level. Finally, when adults contract HIV, their children often remain home from school to work in the fields, threatening long-term productivity and economic advancement in Malawi.

neg: AIDS Healthcare Foundation AIDS hospice—which was named in Brownlie's honor when it first opened December 26, 1988. Meyer, who also served as Treasurer of the AIDS Hospice Committee, was honored in 1987 by the Los Angeles AIDS Hospice Committee with its 'Heart of Gold Award' for her early work in the effort to formulate AIDS hospice care in Los Angeles. The 25-bed hospice—the first of three operated by AHF, including the Carl Bean House and Linn House, which opened in 1992 and 1995, respectively—provided 24-hour medical and palliative care to people living through the final stages of AIDS. Brownlie died at the age

neg: Women's health by three-fold, and can also influence its transmission progression. Worldwide, women and girls are at greater risk of HIV/AIDS. STIs are in turn associated with unsafe sexual activity that is often unconsensual. Female genital mutilation (also referred to as female genital cutting) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons". It has sometimes been referred to as female circumcision, although this term is misleading because it implies it is analogous to the circumcision of the

neg: Environmental finance Environmental finance Environmental finance is the use of various financial instruments (usually land trusts and emissions trading) to protect the environment. The field is part of both environmental economics and the conservation movement. The field of Environmental Finance was first defined by Richard L. Sandor, American economist and entrepreneur, when he taught the first ever Environmental Finance course at Columbia University in the fall of 1992. Dr. Gretchen Daily, of Stanford University has written a book, "The New Economy of Nature" that addresses the issue of financing ecosystem services. Dr. Jürg P. Blum, defined the term environmental finance (Dissertation: Corporate

neg: AIDS Awareness Week for 2016: http://www.mytrendblog.com/aids-awareness-week-in-canada-why/ AIDS Awareness Week AIDS Awareness Week is a week, the last in November, when extra effort is made to raise AIDS awareness. The 2016 date is November 21 – December 1. It ends with World AIDS Day, which takes place on December 1. In 1984 Dianne Feinstein, then mayor of San Francisco, declared the first AIDS Awareness Week. The first AIDS Awareness Week took place in San Francisco with a goal of educating staff and students from San Francisco Community College about AIDS. This goal involves informing people about causes, effects, symptoms of AIDS, as well as

neg: AIDS Vancouver appropriate levels of health care and social services. Sites are located in the Seymour St. office and in the Downtown Eastside, which cater specifically to the Aboriginal community and gay men. Most commonly, support is provided with income, housing or financial assistance. The case management program consists of two streams – the access (short term or drop-in) and intensive (long term) streams. Roughly 150 new clients are added each year from all demographics – First Nations, women, men, children, and others. The Community Resource Centre provides information about HIV and AIDS. Computers can be used by anyone to get more

neg: Blizzard Bureau of Meteorology describes a blizzard as, "Violent and very cold wind which is laden with snow, some part, at least, of which has been raised from snow covered ground." The "Oxford English Dictionary" concludes the term "blizzard" is likely onomatopoeic, derived from the same sense as "blow, blast, blister, and bluster"; the first recorded use of it for weather dates to 1829, when it was defined as a "violent blow". It achieved its modern definition by 1859, when it was in use in the western United States. The term became common in the press during the harsh winter of

neg: AIDS Awareness Week AIDS Awareness Week AIDS Awareness Week is a week, the last in November, when extra effort is made to raise AIDS awareness. The 2016 date is November 21 – December 1. It ends with World AIDS Day, which takes place on December 1. In 1984 Dianne Feinstein, then mayor of San Francisco, declared the first AIDS Awareness Week. The first AIDS Awareness Week took place in San Francisco with a goal of educating staff and students from San Francisco Community College about AIDS. This goal involves informing people about causes, effects, symptoms of AIDS, as well as prevention methods. In

neg: Software-defined radio was proposed. The term "software defined radio" was coined in 1995 by Stephen Blust, who published a request for information from Bell South Wireless at the first meeting of the Modular Multifunction Information Transfer Systems (MMITS) forum in 1996, organized by the USAF and DARPA around the commercialization of their SPEAKeasy II program. Mitola objected to Blust's term, but finally accepted it as a pragmatic pathway towards the ideal software radio. Although the concept was first implemented with an IF ADC in the early 1990s, software-defined radios have their origins in the U.S. and European defense sectors of the late

neg: HIV/AIDS in China have increasingly been at the forefront of HIV control policy in China. They have also contributed to the development of strategic documents, including the "Medium- and Long-Term Strategic Plan for HIV/AIDS (1998–2010)",<ref name="MoHSDPCMOSTMOF/medlongstratplan/19982010">Ministry of Health, State Development Planning Commission, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Finance. Chinese national medium-and long-term strategic plan for HIV/AIDS (1998–2010). State Council Document (1998) number 38. Beijing, 1998 (in Chinese).</ref> the "Action Plan on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Containment (2001–2005)",<ref name="State Council of the People's Republic of China. China's action plan on HIV/AIDS prevention and containment (2001–2005). State Council Document (2001) number 40. Beijing, 2001

neg: Edwin Cameron AIDS agreement with the Chamber of Mines. While at the Centre for Applied Legal Studies, he drafted the Charter of Rights on AIDS and HIV, co-founded the AIDS Consortium (a national affiliation of non-governmental organizations working in AIDS), which he chaired for its first three years, and founded and was the first director of the AIDS Law Project. Cameron had himself contracted HIV in the 1980s and became extremely ill with AIDS when working as a High Court judge. His salary allowed him to afford anti-retroviral treatment, which saved his life. Cameron's realisation that he owed his life to his

neg: Richard Holbrooke final weeks of his term, Holbrooke secured consultative status at the United Nations for Hadassah, the Jewish women's service organization, overcoming strenuous objections from certain Arab delegations. In January 2000, when the United States was in the rotating presidency of the UN Security Council, Ambassador Holbrooke held an unprecedented meeting of the Security Council to discuss AIDS in Africa. No Security Council session in the history of the UN had ever been devoted to a health issue prior to this historic meeting. Vice President Al Gore presided over the Security Council and declared that AIDS was a security threat to

neg: HIV exceptionalism HIV exceptionalism HIV exceptionalism is the term given to the trend to treat HIV/AIDS in law and policy differently from other diseases, including other sexually transmitted, infectious, lethal diseases. The term first appeared in print in an article in the "New England Journal of Medicine" in 1991. HIV exceptionalists emphasize the human rights of people living with HIV/AIDS, particularly their rights to privacy, confidentiality, and autonomy. They also believe that all people seeking an HIV test always require special services, such as counseling with every HIV test, special informed consent paperwork, and guaranteed anonymity in public health reporting. In many

neg: Sexual addiction be subject to peer-review, so it is unclear if they help or harm patients. The term "pre-exposure prophylaxis" (PrEP) generally refers to the use of [[antiviral drugs]] to help [[prevention of HIV/AIDS|prevent AIDS]]. PrEP is an optional treatment for people who are HIV-negative, but have a substantial risk of getting an HIV infection. In the US, most insurance plans cover these drugs. According to a systematic review from 2014, prevalence rates of sexual addiction and related sexual disorders ranges from 3% to 6%. Some studies suggest that sex addicts are disproportionately male, at 80%. Sex addiction as a term first

neg: Bangui came to be known as the Bangui definition for AIDS. The conference defined symptoms of AIDS in Africa as "prolonged fever for a month or more, weight loss of over 10% and prolonged diarrhea". The Bangui definition proved problematic as immune suppression can also be caused by malnutrition. Several periodicals and three daily newspapers are published in Bangui: "E le Songo", the country's first newspaper, began publication in 1982. The other main newspapers are "Le Novateur", "Le Citoyen" and "L’Echo de Centrafrique". Most of the country's institutions have offices in Bangui, including French ones such as Électricité de France (EDF).

neg: Dallas Buyers Club the era of AIDS-as-death sentence". Initial attempts to use high doses of AZT proved to be no more effective than smaller doses, but HIV/AIDS activist Peter Staley (who was consulted by the filmmakers) believes this was not the result of any conspiracy - initially medical researchers had to guess what dose would be effective and they feared a low dose would be ineffective. Eventually, researchers realized that AZT was ineffective in the long term because the HIV virus mutated and became resistant to the treatment. By the mid-1990s, David Ho and other researchers found AZT was quite effective when used

neg: False positive rate it is viewed as a separate term for the following reasons: The false positive rate should also not be confused with the familywise error rate, which is defined as formula_7. As the number of tests grows, the familywise error rate usually converges to 1 while the false positive rate remains fixed. Lastly, it is important to note the profound difference between the false positive rate and the false discovery rate: while the first is defined as formula_5, the second is defined as formula_9. False positive rate In statistics, when performing multiple comparisons, a false positive ratio (or false alarm ratio)

neg: Platform game (1984) continued this style of multi-screen levels on home computers. "" won the first ever award for Best Platform game in 1984. Later that same year, Epyx released "Impossible Mission", which further expanded on the exploration aspect and laid the groundwork for such games as "Prince of Persia". The term "platform game" is somewhat ambiguous, particularly when referring to games that predate the widespread, international use of the term. The concept of a platform game as it was defined in its earliest days is somewhat different from how the term is commonly used today. Following the release of "Donkey Kong",

neg: Glitch something more mysterious and unknowable inflicted by surprise inputs or stuff outside the realm of code." Some reference books, including "Random House's American Slang", claim that the term comes from the German word "glitschen" ("to slip") and the Yiddish word "gletshn" ("to slide or skid"). Either way, it is a relatively new term. It was first widely defined for the American people by Bennett Cerf on the June 20, 1965 episode of What's My Line as "a kink... when anything goes wrong down there [Cape Kennedy], they say there's been a slight glitch." Astronaut John Glenn explained the term in

neg: Patchwork religion Patchwork religion Рatchwork religion — term in the sociology of religion for indicating situations, when individual or religious movement forms its own world view from different elements, which were taken from different existing religions or own religious experience. Collected from these elements religious world view reminds of a patchwork quilt with a unique pattern. Term has common features with social concepts like syncretism, bricolage, sheilaism. Use of term patchwork concerning religion was for the first time suggested by an American sociologist Robert Wuthnow. Wutthow studies aspects of American religiosity, believing that its patchwork and avoidance of keeping to strictly defined

neg: Peter Allen (musician) Still Call Australia Home", has been used extensively in advertising campaigns, and was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013. Allen was the first husband of Liza Minnelli, with the couple divorcing after seven years of marriage; he later came out as gay. He and his long-term partner died from AIDS-related illnesses eight years apart, with Allen becoming one of the first well-known Australians to die from AIDS. Several years after his death, the musical "The Boy from Oz" was written about his life. It ran on Broadway and earned Hugh Jackman a

neg: Gaëtan Dugas O" (pronounced "oh", and standing for "Out-of-California"); misconstruing of the letter "O" as 0 (zero) led to the origin of the term "patient zero." The extent to which HIV/AIDS was known about in the early 1980s, how it was spread, or when Dugas was diagnosed are disputed. Dugas worked as a flight attendant for Air Canada and died in Quebec City in March 1984 as a result of kidney failure caused by AIDS-related infections. A study published in "The American Journal of Medicine" in 1984 traced many early HIV infections to an unnamed infected gay male flight attendant. Initially, however,

neg: Queering was in the period of the late 80’s and early 90’s when LGBT AIDS activist groups, such as Act Up and Queer Nation, began to reclaim the term queer as a positive identifier and as a process of questioning mainstream ideas about what was considered normal. Cathy Cohen argues that groups like these also extended the use of queer to move past “assimilationist tendencies" present in AIDS activism. This is based on sentiments expressed by groups like Queer Nation who felt that queer as a word and a sentiment was too focused on of non-normative sexualities and identities. Within such

neg: CD4 cells/mm. Patients often undergo treatments when the CD4 counts reach a level of 350 cells per microliter in Europe but usually around 500/μL in the US; people with less than 200 cells per microliter are at high risk of contracting AIDS defined illnesses. Medical professionals also refer to CD4 tests to determine efficacy of treatment. Viral load testing provides more information about the efficacy for therapy than CD4 counts. For the first 2 years of HIV therapy, CD4 counts may be done every 3–6 months. If a patient's viral load becomes undetectable after 2 years then CD4 counts might not

neg: AIDS orphan AIDS orphan An AIDS orphan is a child who became an orphan because one or both parents died from AIDS. In statistics from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the term is used for a child whose mother has died due to AIDS before the child's 15th birthday, regardless of whether the father is still alive. As a result of this definition, one study estimated that 80% of all AIDS orphans still have one living parent. There are 70,000 new AIDS orphans a year. Because AIDS

neg: Asymptomatic period of time; such as people with some forms of cancer. If a patient is asymptomatic, precautionary steps must be taken. A patient's individual genetic makeup may delay or prevent the onset of symptoms. Some diseases are defined only clinically, like AIDS being opposed to HIV infection. Therefore, it makes no sense to speak about "asymptomatic AIDS". This concept of clinically defined diseases is related in some way to the concept of syndrome. These are conditions for which there is a sufficient number of documented individuals that are asymptomatic that it is clinically noted. For a complete list of asymptomatic

neg: Term and Quarter Days (Scotland) Act 1990 the Act. The Act also repealed the Removings Act 1693, an Act of the old Parliament of Scotland, which had previously defined the dates of the term and quarter days. Term and Quarter Days (Scotland) Act 1990 The Term and Quarter Days (Scotland) Act 1990 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which defined the dates of the Scottish Term and Quarter Days. These are customary divisions of the legal year when contracts traditionally begin and end and payments are due. It received Royal Assent on 13 July 1990 and immediate commencement, with the dates of the

neg: Genocide studies during World War II. An issue that arose for scholars when looking at the term genocide was what it actually meant. In 1944, Lemkin published a book titled "Axis Rule", which is where he introduced his idea of genocide. In chapter nine of his book, he defined genocide as being "' the destruction of a nation or ethnic group.'" After his book was published, controversy broke out concerning what genocide is specifically defined as. Many scholars believed that genocide is naturally associated with mass murder, the Holocaust being the first case, but there were also several other scholars who believed

neg: AIDS-defining clinical condition AIDS-defining clinical condition AIDS-defining clinical conditions (a.k.a. AIDS-defining illnesses or AIDS-defining diseases) is the list of diseases published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that are associated with AIDS, and used worldwide as a guideline for AIDS diagnosis. CDC exclusively uses the term "AIDS-defining clinical conditions", but the other terms remain in common use. This list governs the US government classification of HIV disease. This is to allow the government to handle epidemic statistics and define who receives US government assistance. However, considerable variation exists in the relative risk of death following different AIDS defining clinical conditions.

neg: Closure (computer programming) their values or references, even when the function is invoked outside their scope. The concept of closures was developed in the 1960s for the mechanical evaluation of expressions in the λ-calculus and was first fully implemented in 1970 as a language feature in the PAL programming language to support lexically scoped first-class functions. Peter J. Landin defined the term "closure" in 1964 as having an "environment part" and a "control part" as used by his SECD machine for evaluating expressions. Joel Moses credits Landin with introducing the term "closure" to refer to a lambda expression whose open bindings (free variables)

neg: Women in Ghana young women aged 15–24 and 34.5% of adolescent girls exhibited comprehensive knowledge about the prevention of HIV/AIDS, which is defined by UNICEF as being able to "correctly identify the two major ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, uninfected partner), who reject the two most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission, and who know that a healthy-looking person can have HIV." Women and girls generally have less knowledge about the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The Ministry of Health and the Ghana AIDS Commission have helped to create policy to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

neg: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS The stages of HIV infection are acute infection (also known as primary infection), latency and AIDS. Acute infection lasts for several weeks and may include symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, inflammation of the throat, rash, muscle pain, malaise, and mouth and esophageal sores. The latency stage involves few or no symptoms and can last anywhere from two weeks to twenty years or more, depending on the individual. AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection, is defined by low CD4+ T cell counts (fewer than 200 per microliter), various opportunistic infections, cancers and other

neg: Global Health Initiatives Global Health Initiatives Global Health Initiatives (GHIs) are humanitarian initiatives that raise and disburse additional funds for infectious diseases– such as AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria– for immunization and for strengthening health systems in developing countries. GHIs classify a type of global initiative, which is defined as an organized effort integrating the involvement of organizations, individuals, and stakeholders around the world to address a global issue (i.e.: climate change, human rights, etc.). Examples of GHIs are the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund), and the World Bank's Multi-country AIDS

neg: Cayley–Hamilton theorem that substituting the matrix for in this polynomial results in the zero matrix, The powers of , obtained by substitution from powers of , are defined by repeated matrix multiplication; the constant term of gives a multiple of the power , which is defined as the identity matrix. The theorem allows to be expressed as a linear combination of the lower matrix powers of . When the ring is a field, the Cayley–Hamilton theorem is equivalent to the statement that the minimal polynomial of a square matrix divides its characteristic polynomial. The theorem was first proved in 1853 in terms