query: which country had access to an ocean in 1830 but is now landlocked

pos: Bolivia within the Amazon Basin. It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, to the southwest by Chile, and to the northwest by Peru. One-third of the country is within the Andean mountain range. With of area, Bolivia is the fifth largest country in South America and the 27th largest in the world. The country's population, estimated at 11 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Mestizos, Europeans, Asians and Africans. The racial and social segregation that arose from Spanish colonialism has continued to the modern era. Spanish is the official

pos: Landlocked country its early history, Russia's only ports were on the Arctic Ocean and frozen shut for much of the year. The wish to gain control of a warm-water port was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers. For instance, Paraguay (and Bolivia to a lesser extent) have access to the ocean by the Paraguay and Parana rivers. Several countries have coastlines on landlocked seas, such as the Caspian and the Dead. Since these seas are in

pos: Landlocked country Landlocked country A landlocked state or landlocked country is a sovereign state entirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas. There are currently 50 such countries, including five partially recognised states. Only two, Bolivia and Paraguay in South America, lie outside Afro-Eurasia (the Old World). As a rule, being landlocked creates political and economic handicaps that access to the high seas avoids. For this reason, states large and small across history have striven to gain access to open waters, even at great expense in wealth, bloodshed, and political capital. The economic disadvantages of being landlocked can

pos: Irredentism alternative to the partition of Bengal on communal lines. The initiative failed due to British diplomacy and communal conflict between Bengali Muslims and Bengali Hindus that eventually led to the Second Partition of Bengal. The 2009 constitution of Bolivia states that the country has an "unrenounceable right over the territory that gives it access to the Pacific Ocean and its maritime space". This is understood as territory that Bolivia and Peru ceded to Chile after the War of the Pacific, which left Bolivia as a landlocked country. The preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China states, "Taiwan

pos: Landlocked country the status of the three transcontinental countries, Asia has between 9 and 15, while South America has only 2. North America and Australia are the only continents with no landlocked countries (not including Antarctica, which has no countries). Landlocked country A landlocked state or landlocked country is a sovereign state entirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas. There are currently 50 such countries, including five partially recognised states. Only two, Bolivia and Paraguay in South America, lie outside Afro-Eurasia (the Old World). As a rule, being landlocked creates political and economic handicaps that access to

pos: Chaco War the other during the war". Both Bolivia and Paraguay were landlocked. Though the 600,000 km Chaco was sparsely populated, control of the Paraguay River running through it provided access to the Atlantic Ocean. This became especially important to Bolivia, which had lost its Pacific coast to Chile in the 1879 War of the Pacific. Paraguay had lost almost half of its territory to Brazil and Argentina in the Paraguayan War of 1864–1870. The country was not prepared to surrender its economic viability. In international arbitration, Bolivia argued that the region had been part of the original Spanish colonial province of

pos: Día del Mar Día del Mar Día del Mar is an annual celebration in Bolivia which observes the loss of Litoral Province in the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific with Chile. It is celebrated on the 23 of March, at the conclusion of the weeklong "Semana del Mar" with a ceremony at La Paz's Plaza Abaroa, in homage to war hero Eduardo Abaroa, and in parallel ceremonies nationwide. Bolivia considers the Día del Mar an opportunity to reiterate its claims for access to the Pacific Ocean which was lost when the country became landlocked following the war. The 1963 iteration of the event

pos: Constitution of Bolivia that gives it access to the Pacific Ocean and its maritime space. This is understood as Chilean territory that Bolivia ceded in Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904 between Chile and Bolivia after the War of the Pacific which left Bolivia a landlocked country. The text also pledges to achieve resolution to the issue "through peaceful means." The constitution states the following: One important change in the new constitution is the introduction of an article concerning coca. The article states: The 2009 Constitution is accompanied by a transitional law. In order for the various bodies of government created under

pos: Military history of South America vying for exploitation rights - Standard Oil backing Bolivia, with Shell Oil supporting Paraguay. It could also provide a valuable access for either landlocked country to the Atlantic Ocean. To add to the problem, both Bolivia and Paraguay had lost significant territories in the previous century, and were keen to rebuild their strength. Border skirmishes throughout the late 1920s culminated in an all-out war in 1932. Although much smaller, Paraguay undertook a complete mobilisation of its resources and fought the conflict in an unconventional style, making the war a more balanced proposition. Much of the technology deployed was new; Bolivia

pos: League of Nations passed 42–1 in the Assembly in 1933 (only Japan voting against), but instead of removing its troops from China, Japan withdrew from the League. In the end, as British historian Charles Mowat argued, collective security was dead: The League failed to prevent the 1932 war between Bolivia and Paraguay over the arid Gran Chaco region. Although the region was sparsely populated, it contained the Paraguay River, which would have given either landlocked country access to the Atlantic Ocean, and there was also speculation, later proved incorrect, that the Chaco would be a rich source of petroleum. Border skirmishes throughout the

pos: Geography of Bolivia Modification, Marine Life Conservation Geography - note: landlocked; separated from the Pacific Ocean via Chile. Bolivia had a coastline, but its former coastline is now Chilean territory because of the War of the Pacific. Bolivia shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru Geography of Bolivia The geography of Bolivia is unique among the nations of South America. Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries on the continent (the other being Paraguay), and Bolivia is more urban (77%) than rural (23%). The main features of Bolivia's geography include the Altiplano, a highland plateau of

pos: History of Bolivia (1809–1920) by blaming the war on Chilean aggression. Bolivian writers were convinced that Chile's victory would help Bolivia to overcome its backwardness because the defeat strengthened the "national soul". Even today, the landlocked Bolivia has not relinquished the hope of regaining an outlet to the Pacific Ocean. After the war, a vigorous debate among the civilian elites spawned the development of two new political parties. Silver mining entrepreneurs, who had become the most important economic group in the country, created the Conservative Party ("Partido Conservador") led by Mariano Baptista, a vocal opponent of the War of the Pacific. Conservatives favored reaching

pos: Paraguay River major portions of Argentina, southern Brazil, parts of Bolivia, and most of the country of Paraguay. Unlike many of the other great rivers of the Rio de la Plata Basin, the Paraguay has not been dammed for hydroelectric power generation; for this reason it is navigable for a considerable distance, second only to the Amazon River in terms of navigable length on the continent. This makes it an important shipping and trade corridor, providing a much-needed link to the Atlantic Ocean for the otherwise landlocked nations of Paraguay and Bolivia. It serves such important cities as Asunción and Concepción in

pos: Consequences of the War of the Pacific During the Nitrate Epoch the government increased public spending but was however accused of squandering money. Historical and current anti-Chilean resentiment in Bolivia, Peru and Argentina was caused by the Chilean expansionism that took place during the 19th century. The War of the Pacific contributed decisively to it in the case of the first two countries. In Bolivia, a common political discourse attributes that country's underdevelopment to its loss of seaports in the War of the Pacific becoming a landlocked country. Bolivia lost its Litoral Department and its outlet to the Pacific Ocean, following that war. Currently Chile's huge copper

pos: Hugh S. Gibson as an observer to the Chaco Peace Conference which was being held in Buenos Aires. The Gran Chaco was a territory with loosely defined borders claimed in part by Bolivia and Paraguay, and a war broke out when Bolivia sought to acquire territory that would give the country access to the Paraguay River and thus to the Atlantic Ocean. A treaty was ultimately signed in 1938. Gibson returned as ambassador to Belgium in 1937. In 1938 he was offered the post of ambassador to Germany, but he noted, as he had in 1924, that he lacked the personal fortune that

neg: Landlocked country added two "de facto" states with no or limited international recognition: A country is "doubly landlocked" or "double-landlocked" when it is surrounded entirely by one or more landlocked countries (requiring the crossing of at least two national borders to reach a coastline). There are two such countries: There were no doubly landlocked countries from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I. Liechtenstein bordered the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which had an Adriatic coastline, and Uzbekistan was then part of the Russian Empire, which had both ocean and sea access. With the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918

neg: Landlocked country Losing access to the sea is generally a great blow to a nation, politically, militarily, and economically. The following are examples of countries becoming landlocked. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea now gives a landlocked country a right of access to and from the sea without taxation of traffic through transit states. The United Nations has a programme of action to assist landlocked developing countries, and the current responsible Undersecretary-General is Anwarul Karim Chowdhury. Some countries have a long coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. For instance, in

neg: Arab world and the smallest island Arab country is Bahrain (665 km). Notably, every Arab country borders a sea or ocean, with the exception of the Arab region of northern Chad, which is completely landlocked. Iraq is actually nearly landlocked, as it has only a very narrow access to the Persian Gulf. The political borders of the Arab world have wandered, leaving Arab minorities in non-Arab countries of the Sahel and the Horn of Africa as well as in the Middle Eastern countries of Cyprus, Turkey and Iran, and also leaving non-Arab minorities in Arab countries. However, the basic geography of sea,

neg: Landlocked country effect lakes without access to wider seaborne trade, countries such as Kazakhstan are still considered landlocked. Although the Caspian Sea is connected to the Black Sea via the man-made Volga–Don Canal, large oceangoing ships are unable to traverse it. Landlocked countries may be bordered by a single country having direct access to the high seas, two or more such countries, or be surrounded by other landlocked countries, making a country doubly landlocked. Three countries are landlocked by a single country (enclaved countries): Seven landlocked countries are surrounded by only two mutually bordering neighbours (semi-enclaved countries): To this group could be

neg: Swampland in Florida Florida, but also ignorant. Another variation of the phrase is "ocean front property in Arizona", of which none exists because Arizona is a landlocked state. Country songwriter George Strait wrote a song with this variation as its title. Recent land sale scams have been sale of inaccessible desert land in Arizona and west Texas. The lots are sold over the internet, and are desert properties have no access to water, no sewer service, and in many cases, are not accessible by road. Swampland in Florida Swampland in Florida is a figure of speech referring to real estate scams in which

neg: Transport in Laos in Hà Tĩnh Province, which would provide landlocked Laos with access to the South China Sea. According to plans established by ASEAN, the line may also be extended via Thakhek all the way to the Laotian capital Vientiane. Both Laos and Thailand have expressed interest in the project as a shorter export gateway to the Pacific Ocean. By 2012, the Thakhek project was not in the news anymore; but a project for another, somewhat more southern, line to Vietnam, now from Savannakhet, was announced instead. An agreement for the construction of this , $5 billion line, was signed on Nov

neg: Turkmenistan with the heaviest precipitation is the Kopet Dag Range. The Turkmen shore along the Caspian Sea is long. The Caspian Sea is entirely landlocked, with no natural access to the ocean, although the Volga–Don Canal allows shipping access to and from the Black Sea. The major cities include Aşgabat, Türkmenbaşy (formerly Krasnovodsk) and Daşoguz. The country possesses the world's sixth largest reserves of natural gas and substantial oil resources. Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its economy. In 2014, the unemployment rate was estimated to be 11%. Between

neg: Landlocked country and creation of an independent, landlocked Austria, Liechtenstein became the sole doubly landlocked country until 1938. In the Nazi Anschluss that year, Austria was absorbed into the Third Reich, which possessed a border on the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. After World War II, Austria regained its independence and Liechtenstein once again became doubly landlocked. Uzbekistan, which had been part of the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union, gained its independence with the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. in 1991 and became the second doubly landlocked country. However, Uzbekistan's doubly landlocked status depends on the Caspian Sea's status dispute:

neg: Borders of Azerbaijan enclaves: Barxudarlı, Yuxarı Əskipara and Karki (located north of the region of Nakhchivan) Reciprocally, there exists one Armenian enclave, a village called Artsvashen in north-western Azerbaijan. Although as a landlocked country, Azerbaijan has no access to the open sea (hence the ocean), it has a coastline of 713 km on the Caspian Sea, which is a lake or a closed sea depending on various definitions and interpretations. Because of its large size and being bordered by five countries, it has (still partially undefined) maritime borders and naval forces by all five Caspian littoral states. Azerbaijan's maritime boundaries with Russia and

neg: Transport in Nepal experts discussed the possibility of a railway connection between China and Nepal. The two sides reached an agreement on construction details of the railway in August 2018. 45 airports operated in Nepal as of 2002. Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu is the only international airport and serves as the main aviation hub. Nepal is a landlocked country with no ocean borders. Nepal's three dry "ports" are Birgunj, Biratnagar and Bhairahawa. Transport in Nepal Nepal is a landlocked mountainous country where transportation is difficult due to the terrain. Road is the country's primary transport mode. There are two railway lines in

neg: Landlocked country be alleviated or aggravated depending on degree of development, language barriers, and other considerations. Some landlocked countries are quite affluent, such as Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Austria, all of which frequently employ neutrality to their political advantage. The majority, however, are classified as Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs). Nine of the twelve countries with the lowest Human Development Indices (HDI) are landlocked. Historically, being landlocked has been disadvantageous to a country's development. It cuts a nation off from important sea resources such as fishing, and impedes or prevents direct access to seaborne trade, a crucial component of economic and social advance.

neg: Fortress of Humaitá pursuant to the Treaty. For present-day Paraguayans Humaitá is a symbol of national pride, standing for their country's unyielding will to resist. Paraguay is a landlocked country and for much of its history it was difficult of access, except by sailing from the Atlantic up the River Paraná and hence the River Paraguay (see map) as the early Spanish explorers had done. There were other means of ingress, but they would have required an invading force to be resupplied through difficult and hostile country. So the command of the river was key to the security of Paraguay, who feared and

neg: Food security in Chad across the world. In Chad, they helped 274,160 people in 2017 to reach nutritional and medical assistance, as well as improved access to clean water and sanitation programs. Significant unrest in the country has left national infrastructure in poor condition, which hampers their efforts to reach communities in rural areas of the nation. Food security in Chad Chad currently suffers from widespread food insecurity. A majority of the population of Chad now suffers some form of malnutrition. 87% of its population lives below the poverty line. Because the country is arid, landlocked, and prone to droughts, many Chadians struggle to

neg: Landlocked country some countries, especially Iran and Turkmenistan, claim that the Caspian Sea should be considered as a real sea (mainly because this way they would have larger oil and gas fields), which would make Uzbekistan only a simple landlocked country because its neighbours Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have access to the Caspian Sea. They can be grouped in "contiguous" groups as follows: If Transnistria is included then Moldova and Transnistria form their own cluster, listed in parentheses in the table. If it were not for the of coastline at Muanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo would join the two African clusters into

neg: Ocean Front Property (song) He then reveals the sheer untruth of his claims and likens the impossibility of his moving on to that of obtaining ocean front property in a landlocked state (Arizona). Ben Foster of Country Universe gave the song an A grade, saying that it is "subtly clever, yet deceptively simple, with a strong undercurrent of heartache." He goes on to say that Strait’s vocal interpretation is "just straightforward enough to keep the song’s left-of-center metaphor from coming across as campy, keeping the undertone of sadness fully intact." Ocean Front Property (song) "Ocean Front Property" is a song written by Dean Dillon,

neg: Afghanistan Accession to World Trade Organization Afghanistan not only has access to the markets of 146 countries, but its exports would not face high tariffs in other countries. Afghanistan is landlocked country which has caused difficulties in the area of trade. Joining the WTO provides Afghanistan a forum to resolve its transit-related problems via this organization. WTO rules will not force Pakistan to revise the Transit Trade Agreement to allow Afghanistan access to Indian markets. Governments in some countries that have recently started to become industrialized try to increase tariffs on importing goods in order for the domestic industries to survive in rivalry with foreign industries;

neg: Anchialine pool Anchialine pool An anchialine pool or pond (pronounced "AN-key-ah-lin", from Greek "ankhialos", "near the sea") is a landlocked body of water with a subterranean connection to the ocean. Anchialine pools are a feature of coastal aquifers which are density stratified, with the water near the surface being fresh or brackish, and saline water intruding from the coast below at some depth. Depending on the site, it is sometimes possible to access the deeper saline water directly in the anchialine pool or sometimes it may be accessible by cave diving. Water levels in anchialine pools often fluctuate with tidal changes due

neg: Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, , , , ), officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan () (), is a landlocked country—the only doubly landlocked one (i.e. surrounded solely by other landlocked countries)—in Central Asia and one of only two anywhere in the world. The sovereign state is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic, and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest. What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking

neg: Northeast India Traditional tribal attires are made of thick fabrics primarily with cotton. Assam silk is a famous industry in the region. The northeastern states, having 3.8% of India's total population, are allotted 25 out of a total of 543 seats in the Lok Sabha. This is 4.6% of the total number of seats. In 1947 Indian independence and partition resulted in the North East becoming a landlocked region. This exacerbated the isolation that has been recognised, but not studied. East Pakistan controlled access to the Indian Ocean. The mountainous terrain has hampered the construction of road and railways connections in the

neg: Landlocked country serve the world; if you are landlocked, you serve your neighbors." Others have argued that being landlocked may actually be a blessing as it creates a "natural tariff barrier" which protects the country from cheap imports. In some instances, this has led to more robust local food systems. Landlocked developing countries have significantly higher costs of international cargo transportation compared to coastal developing countries (in Asia the ratio is 3:1). Countries thus have made particular efforts to avoid being landlocked, by acquiring land that reaches the sea: Countries can make agreements on getting free transport of goods through neighbour countries:

neg: Telecommunications in Eswatini with four licensed Internet service providers (ISPs), but prices have remained high and market penetration relatively low. ADSL was introduced in 2008 and 3G mobile broadband services in 2011, but development of the sector has been hampered by the limited fixed-line infrastructure and a lack of competition in the access and backbone network. Swaziland has a relatively well-developed fibre optic backbone network. However, being landlocked, the country depends on neighbouring countries for international fibre bandwidth which has led to high prices. A reduction of the high cost of international bandwidth is expected from the several new submarine fibre optic cables

neg: Geography of Kosovo Geography of Kosovo Kosovo is a small and landlocked disputed territory in Southeastern Europe. The country is strategically positioned in the center of the Balkan Peninsula enclosed by Montenegro to the west, Serbia to the north and east, the Republic of Macedonia to the southeast, and Albania to the southwest. It has no direct access to the Mediterranean Sea but its rivers flow into three seas, the Adriatic, Aegean and Black Sea. The country possesses impressive and contrasting landscapes determined by the climate along with the geology and hydrology. Both, the Albanian Alps and Sharr Mountains, are the most defining

neg: Landlocked country As such, coastal regions tended to be wealthier and more heavily populated than inland ones. Paul Collier in his book "The Bottom Billion" argues that being landlocked in a poor geographic neighborhood is one of four major development "traps" by which a country can be held back. In general, he found that when a neighboring country experiences better growth, it tends to spill over into favorable development for the country itself. For landlocked countries, the effect is particularly strong, as they are limited in their trading activity with the rest of the world. He states, "If you are coastal, you

neg: Borders of the oceans at times a discrete ocean, because tectonic plate movement has repeatedly broken its connection to the World Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar. The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus, but the Bosporus is a natural canal cut through continental rock some 7,000 years ago, rather than a piece of oceanic sea floor like the Strait of Gibraltar. Despite their names, some smaller landlocked "seas" are "not" connected with the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea (which is nevertheless, geologically, itself a full-fledged ocean—see above) and numerous salt lakes such as the Aral Sea. A

neg: Tidewater (marketing) Tidewater (marketing) Tidewater is a term used by industries and governments to refer to access to ocean ports with international marine services for import and export of commodities. For export, the commodities can be shipped via trucks, trains and/or pipelines to a port, thereby opening the door to more lucrative prices on global markets. Getting to such a port is particularly important for landlocked jurisdictions seeking to expand and diversify markets for natural resources. An example of the use of the term "tidewater" can be seen in the debate over exports of oil produced by the Athabasca oil sands. Upon

neg: Treaty of Trianon significantly reduced. Hungary lost connection to strategic military and economic infrastructure due to the concentric layout of the railway and road network which the borders bisected. In addition, the structure of its economy collapsed, because it had relied on other parts of the pre-war Kingdom. The country also lost access to the Mediterranean and to the important sea port of Rijeka (Fiume), and became landlocked, which had a negative effect on sea trading and strategic naval operations. Furthermore, many trading routes that went through the newly defined borders from various parts of the pre-war kingdom were abandoned. With regard to

neg: Geography of Europe of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude. The landlocked countries in Europe are: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Liechtenstein (which is doubly landlocked), Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Vatican. In addition, the two partly recognized frozen conflict zones of Artsakh and Transnistria are also landlocked. Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary,

neg: Puriscal (canton) Puriscal (canton) Puriscal is the 4th canton (or "county") in the province of San José, Costa Rica. In Spanish, a ""puriscal"" is the flower of the common bean. The capital city of the canton is Santiago "(de Puriscal)". The canton of "Puriscal" covers an area of 553.66 km²; the Río Chucás delineates the canton's northernmost boundary, while the Río Chires marks its far southern border, with the canton of Parrita in Puntarenas Province. "Puriscal" includes a major portion of the Coastal Mountain Range, however the canton is landlocked, in that it does not have direct ocean access. The canton has

neg: Parbat District geographical features. It extends from 28 00’ 19" N to 28 23’ 59" N latitude and 83 33’ 40" E to 83 49’ 30" E longitude Entire Parbat district which had earlier 55 VDCs is now divided into 2 municipalities and 5 rural municipalities (gaunpalika) as listed below: Parbat District Parbat District (, is a hilly area of Nepal. It is a part of Gandaki Pradesh and one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Kusma as its district headquarters, covers an area of 494 km² and has a population (2001) of

neg: Navies of landlocked countries often the army. Examples of landlocked countries which do this include: Naturally, the operation of military forces in lakes and rivers is not limited to landlocked countries. Many states maintain such forces (e.g., the Russian Caspian Flotilla and the U.S. Coast Guard) in addition to their seagoing navy. River-based forces are often referred to as brown-water navies, and may or may not be part of the same organisation as the seagoing navy. Navies of landlocked countries A landlocked navy is a naval force operated by a country which does not have a coastline. While such states are obviously unable to

neg: Tourism in the Central African Republic were injured. The Central African Republic is a landlocked and remote country, and a lack of air access makes it an expensive destination. The only international airport is Bangui M'poko International Airport. Locations in the country attractive to travelers include the Chutes De Boali, waterfalls of a height of 50 m (164 ft). Dzanga-Sangha National Park in the southwest of the country has gorillas and elephants. The Baka people live in this area. Bayanga beside the Sangha River is the main village near to the national park. The village has some small guesthouses and a lodge. The best time to

neg: Czech Republic located here. Moravia, the eastern part of the country, is also quite hilly. It is drained mainly by the Morava River, but it also contains the source of the Oder River (). Water from the landlocked Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea. The Czech Republic also leases the Moldauhafen, a lot in the middle of the Hamburg Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslovakia by Article 363 of the Treaty of Versailles, to allow the landlocked country a place where goods transported down river could be transferred to seagoing ships. The territory

neg: Science and technology in Uzbekistan in priority projects in transport, trade and energy to improve members’ competitiveness. The landlocked Central Asian republics are conscious of the need to co-operate in order to maintain and develop their transport networks and energy, communication and irrigation systems. Only Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan border the Caspian Sea and none of the republics has direct access to an ocean, complicating the transportation of hydrocarbons, in particular, to world markets. Uzbekistan is one of the four Central Asian republics that have been involved in a project launched by the European Union in September 2013, IncoNet CA. The aim of this project is

neg: Navies of landlocked countries Navies of landlocked countries A landlocked navy is a naval force operated by a country which does not have a coastline. While such states are obviously unable to develop a sea-going, blue-water navy, they may still deploy armed forces on major lakes or rivers. There are several reasons a landlocked country may choose to maintain a navy. If a river or lake forms a national border, countries may feel the need to protect and patrol that border with a military force. In some regions, roads may be unreliable or circuitous, and a river or lake may be the easiest way

neg: Dead Sea called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon, which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley. The floods of the valley came and went depending on long-scale climate change. The Sedom Lagoon deposited beds of salt that eventually became thick. Approximately two million years ago, the land between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area. Thus, the long lagoon became a landlocked lake. The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around south of

neg: Goodison Park ground bordering the adjacent land owned by Mr Orrell, could be used to provide a right of way access road for Orrell's landlocked vacant site. In early 1891 the club erected a stand on this now proposed roadway, which was also overlapping Orrell's land, unbeknown to the Everton F.C. Committee. In August 1891 Orrell announced intentions of developing his land next to the football ground and building an access road on the land owned by Houlding and occupied by Everton F.C. Everton F.C. stated they knew nothing of the covenant, Houlding stated they did. This situation created great distrust and

neg: Science and technology in Turkmenistan Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Mongolia and Pakistan. In November 2011, the 10 member countries adopted the "CAREC 2020 Strategy", a blueprint for furthering regional co-operation. Over the decade to 2020, US$50 billion is being invested in priority projects in transport, trade and energy to improve members’ competitiveness. The landlocked Central Asian republics are conscious of the need to co-operate in order to maintain and develop their transport networks and energy, communication and irrigation systems. Only Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan border the Caspian Sea and none of the republics has direct access to an ocean, complicating the transportation of hydrocarbons, in particular, to

neg: Kazakhstan generated 60% of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry. The government moved the capital in 1997, from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union, to Astana. As it extends across both sides of the Ural River, considered the dividing line with the European continent, Kazakhstan is one of only two landlocked countries in the world that has territory in two continents (the other is Azerbaijan). With an area of equivalent in size to Western EuropeKazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part

neg: Burkina Faso faced with high levels of food insecurity. As defined by the 1996 World Food Summit, "food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle." There has not been much successful improvement on this issue of food security within recent years. Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food. Because the country is landlocked and prone to natural

neg: Cotabato Cotabato Cotabato, formerly but colloquially known as North Cotabato (; ; Maguindanaoan: "Pangutaran Kutawatu," Ilocano: "Amianan nga Cotabato"), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the SOCCSKSARGEN region in Mindanao. Its capital is Kidapawan City. Cotabato derives its name from the Maguindanao word "kuta wato" (from Malay - "Kota Batu"), meaning "stone fort", referring to the stone fort which served as the seat of Sultan Muhammad Kudarat in what is now Cotabato City (which the province derives its name from). Islam was introduced in this part of the country in the later part of 15th century by Sharif

neg: Western imperialism in Asia to France for its tin, pepper, coal, cotton, and rice. It is still a matter of debate, however, whether the colony was commercially profitable. Tsarist Russia is not often regarded as a colonial power such as the United Kingdom or France because of the manner of Russian expansions: unlike the United Kingdom, which expanded overseas, the Russian empire grew from the centre outward by a process of accretion, like the United States. In the 19th century, Russian expansion took the form of a struggle of an effectively landlocked country for access to a warm water port. Qing China defeated Russia

neg: Port of Dar es Salaam Port of Dar es Salaam The Port of Dar es Salaam is the principal port serving Tanzania. The port is one of three ocean ports in the country and handles over 90% of the country's cargo traffic. According to the International Association of Ports and Harbors, it is the fourth largest port on the African continent's Indian Ocean coastline after Durban, Mombasa and Maputo. The port acts as a gateway for commerce and trade for Tanzania and numerous bordering landlocked states. For years the inefficiencies at the port has cost the regional economy millions of dollars; in 2012 the total

neg: Transport in Botswana to Francistown, Gaborone, Maun, and Selebi-Phikwe. There is international service to Johannesburg, South Africa; Mbabane, Swaziland; and Harare, Zimbabwe. A new international airport near Gaborone was opened in 1984. Air passengers arriving to and departing from Botswana during 2003 totalled about 183,000. Botswana has 4 international airports. The following are: Botswana is a landlocked country with no access to the sea. Kazungula Ferry is a pontoon ferry that crosses wide Zambezi River between Botswana and Zambia. Transport in Botswana A sparsely populated, arid country, Botswana has nonetheless managed to incorporate much of its interior into the national economy. An "inner

neg: Transport in Czechoslovakia status and maintenance of the system remained inadequate for the country's needs. As a landlocked country, Czechoslovakia has no maritime ports. There were maritime ports rented for 99 years. The last one rented was in Sczetin Poland and Hamburg Germany. Czechoslovakia had an ocean fleet of about 47 cargo ships. The fleet was dissolved and privatized by communist crook Kožený during the 90's after velvet revolution. In the mid-1980s, the country's overseas trade passed through East German, West German, Polish and Yugoslav ports. The Labe and Danube rivers were both navigable in Czechoslovakia. In the 1980s, the Vltava was carrying

neg: John Cullerton access a landlocked parcel so the Keefe Family Trust could build a subdivision of three houses. The parcel had been landlocked when the Keefe Family Trust purchased it. Cullerton serves part-time as an Illinois state senator. Fagel Haber merged with Thompson Coburn LLP in 2007, and Cullerton continues as a partner practicing in the areas of government relations, zoning, licensing, real estate tax assessment, and nonprofit law. Cullerton and his wife, Pam, have five children together: Maggie, John III, Garritt, Kyle, Josephine. John Cullerton John J. Cullerton (born October 28, 1948) is an American politician who is currently a Democratic

neg: Centre (department) Centre (department) Centre () is one of the ten departments (French: "départements", Haitian Creole: "depatman") of Haiti, located in the center of the country along the border with the Dominican Republic. As of 2015, its estimated population was 746,236. Its capital is Hinche. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east and is the only landlocked department in Haiti. Centre is the only department without access to the sea, but is nevertheless affected by soil erosion as a result of deforestation. In 2004, the floods caused by Hurricane Jeanne resulted in hundreds of deaths, focused in Centre and Artibonite Departments.

neg: Black Sea to the World Ocean by a chain of two shallow straits, the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus. The Dardanelles is deep and the Bosphorus is as shallow as . By comparison, at the height of the last ice age, sea levels were more than lower than they are now. There is also evidence that water levels in the Black Sea were considerably lower at some point during the post-glacial period. Some researchers theorize that the Black Sea had been a landlocked freshwater lake (at least in upper layers) during the last glaciation and for some time after. In the aftermath of

neg: Leck Hall son Robert sold all of the land but the part which is now the Leck estate. On Robert's death his brother George had architect John Carr design and build a new house to replace High House, which was afterwards called Leck Hall. It was altered in 1830 and again in 1963. The estate was purchased in 1952 by Charles Kay-Shuttleworth, 4th Baron Shuttleworth who moved there from Gawthorpe Hall in 1970. The current owner is his son Charles Kay-Shuttleworth, 5th Baron Shuttleworth. Leck Hall Leck Hall is an 18th-century country house located at Leck, Lancashire, England, near Kirkby Lonsdale. The

neg: Moldova the Danube before flowing into the Black Sea. Moldova has access to the Danube for only about , and Giurgiulești is the only Moldovan port on the Danube. In the east, the Dniester is the main river, flowing through the country from north to south, receiving the waters of Răut, Bîc, Ichel, Botna. Ialpug flows into one of the Danube limans, while Cogîlnic into the Black Sea chain of limans. The country is landlocked, though it is close to the Black Sea. While most of the country is hilly, elevations never exceed – the highest point being the Bălănești Hill.

neg: History of Venezuela (1830–1908) They also had outlets to the sea. The central and western llanos, which politically were considered extensions of Caracas (except Barinas), had varying access to the central region. The Apure llanos were a prolongation of the central llanos. The western llanos, with the capital in Barinas, had been a province separate from Caracas, but they were in effect (the same as Apure) part of the same social, military, and political landscape. Independence saw Venezuela possibly the most impoverished country in Spanish America. In 1800 the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt had estimated the population of the province of Venezuela at

neg: Aquarium for a "dark-water-chamber slope-back tank", with water slowly circulating to a reservoir beneath. Germans soon rivaled the British in their interest. In 1854, an anonymous author had two articles published about the saltwater aquaria of the United Kingdom: "Die Gartenlaube" (The Garden House) entitled "Der Ocean auf dem Tische" (The Ocean on the Table). However, in 1856, "Der See im Glase" (The Lake in a Glass) was published, discussing freshwater aquaria, which were much easier to maintain in landlocked areas. In 1862 William Alford Lloyd, then bankrupt because of the craze in England being over, moved to Grindel Dammthor, Hamburg,

neg: Easement prior use are based on the idea that land owners can intend to create an easement, but forget to include it in the deed. There are five elements to establish an easement by prior use: A owns two lots. One lot has access to a public street and the second is tucked behind it and fully landlocked. A's driveway leads from the public street, across the first lot and onto the second lot to A's house. A then sells off the first lot but forgets to reserve a driveway easement in the deed. A originally had common ownership of both

neg: Kingdom of Mysore kingdom, which now accounted for a fair share of land in the southern Indian heartland, extending from the Western Ghats to the western boundaries of the Coromandel plain, remained landlocked without direct coastal access. Chikka Devaraja's attempts to remedy this brought Mysore into conflict with the "Nayaka" chiefs of Ikkeri and the kings ("Rajas") of Kodagu (modern Coorg); who between them controlled the Kanara coast (coastal areas of modern Karnataka) and the intervening hill region respectively. The conflict brought mixed results with Mysore annexing Periyapatna but suffering a reversal at Palupare. Nevertheless, from around 1704, when the kingdom passed on

neg: Easement usually be described precisely, but its general position will be defined by the service route (i.e., the sewer pipes in this example). Power and water lines may also have implied easements linked to them, but drainage and stormwater systems are commonly precisely defined in location and recorded in the title documents for private land. Despite the name, necessity alone is an insufficient claim to create any easement. Parcels without access to a public way may have an easement of access over adjacent land if crossing that land is "absolutely necessary" to reach the landlocked parcel and there has been some

neg: Landlocked country one, making them the biggest contiguous group in the world. Also, the Central Asian and Caucasian clusters can be considered contiguous, joined by the landlocked Caspian Sea. Mongolia is almost part of this cluster too, being separated from Kazakhstan by only , across Russian or Chinese territory. There are the following "single" landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country): If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe, then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 20. If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia, then Africa has the most, at 16. Depending on

neg: Landlocked developing countries Landlocked developing countries Landlocked developing countries (LLDC) are developing countries that are landlocked. The economic and other disadvantages experienced by such countries makes the majority of landlocked countries least developed countries (LDC), with inhabitants of these countries occupying the bottom billion tier of the world's population in terms of poverty. Apart from Europe, there is not a single successful highly developed landlocked country as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI), and nine of the twelve countries with the lowest HDI scores are landlocked. Landlocked European countries are exceptions in terms of development outcomes due to their close integration with

neg: Nature importance to oceanography. The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, bays and other names. There are also salt lakes, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater that are not interconnected with the World Ocean. Two notable examples of salt lakes are the Aral Sea and the Great Salt Lake. A lake (from Latin "lacus") is a terrain feature

neg: Green sturgeon when Shasta Dam was closed in 1944 and successfully reproduced until the early 1960s (Beamesderfer et al. 2004). Landlocked white sturgeon populations have been widely observed in the Columbia and Fraser systems but no landlocked green sturgeon populations have ever been documented in any river system (Beamesderfer et al. 2004), indicating that green sturgeon likely did not historically spawn in the upper reaches of rivers prior to the construction of large dams as NMFS 2005 has assumed. Green sturgeon The green sturgeon ("Acipenser medirostris") is a species of sturgeon native to the Pacific Ocean, from China and Russia, over into

neg: Currituck Sound connected it directly to the Atlantic at one time or another, they have all since closed and there is now no direct access to the Ocean from the Sound. This has caused the salinity levels to be significantly lower than they had been historically. Currently, the only access to the Ocean is through the Albemarle Sound, which joins the Currituck to the South. Currituck County's Mackay Island and Currituck National Wildlife Refuge as well as Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge and False Cape State Park in Virginia Beach border the sound and are winter habitats on the Atlantic Flyway. Many

neg: Southern Ocean Expedition Southern Ocean Expedition The Southern Ocean Expedition (1830–1833) was an expedition to Antarctica. In 1830, the English whaling company Samuel Enderby & Sons appointed John Biscoe master of the brig "Tula" and leader of an expedition to find new seal-hunting grounds in the Southern Ocean. Accompanied by the cutter "Lively", the "Tula" left London and by December had reached the South Shetland Islands. The expedition then sailed further south, crossing the Antarctic Circle on January 22, 1831, before turning east at 60°S. Just over a month later, on February 24, 1831, the expedition sighted bare mountain tops through the ocean

neg: Nelma meat is white, flaky and somewhat oily. An adult fish weighs from . The fish eat plankton for their first year of life and then become predators of smaller fish. They live in lakes and rivers and in the brackish water at the outlets of rivers into the ocean, and may migrate to spawn. "Stenodus nelma" has previously been considered a subspecies of "Stenodus leucichthys" ("S. leucichthys nelma"). The typical "Stenodus leucichthys" (beloribitsa) is a landlocked Eurasian species restricted to the Caspian Sea basin, and now extinct in the wild. Nelma Stenodus nelma, known alternatively as the nelma, sheefish, inconnu

neg: Landlocked developing countries transit countries to alleviate the burden of supporting LLDCs in regions of poor development in general. The general objectives of the Almaty Program of Action is as follows: Landlocked developing countries Landlocked developing countries (LLDC) are developing countries that are landlocked. The economic and other disadvantages experienced by such countries makes the majority of landlocked countries least developed countries (LDC), with inhabitants of these countries occupying the bottom billion tier of the world's population in terms of poverty. Apart from Europe, there is not a single successful highly developed landlocked country as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI), and

neg: Boer with whites to the Khoikhoi and other free coloured people, the imposition (1830) of heavy penalties for harsh treatment of slaves, and finally the emancipation of the slaves in 1834, were measures which combined to aggravate the farmers' dislike of government. Moreover, the inadequate compensation awarded to slave-owners, and the suspicions engendered by the method of payment, caused much resentment; and in 1835 the farmers again removed to unknown country to escape an unloved government. Emigration beyond the colonial border had in fact been continuous for 150 years, but it now took on larger proportions. The year which witnessed the

neg: Tellurocracy of a country through its control over land. For example, prior to their merger, the Sultanate of Muscat was thalassocratic, but the Imamate of Oman was landlocked and purely tellurocratic. In addition, it could be said that most or all landlocked states are tellurocracies. Tellurocracies are generally not purely tellurocratic. In particular, most large tellurocracies have coastlines and not just inland territories, unlike thassalocracies, which historically would generally only have coastlines, and not inland territories. This makes it difficult to define what exactly a tellurocracy is. For example, the Mongols attempted to conquer Japan on multiple occasions. As well, the

neg: Sabinoso Wilderness Cattle grazing on Sabinoso is rare due to the relative scarcity of water. However, 10 grazing allotments had been granted as of 2013, with grazing taking place mostly in the southern portion of the area. Sabinoso Wilderness Area is surrounded by privately owned land with no route for public access. About a dozen state-owned parcels of land adjoin Sabinoso, but they are themselves also "landlocked," entirely surrounded by privately owned property. In 2016 the Wilderness Land Trust, financed by the Wyss Foundation, purchased the Rimrock Rose Ranch for $3,150,000 with the goal of enabling public access to the area. The

neg: A4 road (Zimbabwe) Harare and Pretoria, and provides landlocked Zambia access to the Indian Ocean ports of Durban and Richards Bay in South Africa. Major way points are Junctions here are in North to South; Harare to Beitbridge order. These are major junctions only (trunk roads). The R Highway also known as the Chivhu-Nyazura Highway branches east from Chivhu. R7 Highway branches west at Mvuma to Gweru. Also called A17 or Gweru-Mvuma Road A17 Gweru-Mvuma Road A9 branches east at Masvingo to Mutare via Birchnough Bridge. P4 is part of the A9 that runs from Mutare to Mbalabala. A9 Highway starts in Mutare

neg: Salvelinus leucomaenis Salvelinus leucomaenis Salvelinus leucomaenis, the whitespotted char, is an East Asian trout in the genus "Salvelinus", called "iwana" in Japanese. Both landlocked and ocean-run forms occur. The landlocked form typically grows up to , and prefers low-temperature streams. The seagoing fish typically grows to long. The largest reported specimen was long and the oldest was nine years old. "Iwana" is widely fished in Japan. Apart from Hokkaido in Japan, the species is found in northeast Korea and in Russia in Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. The kirikuchi char ("Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus" or "Salvelinus japonicus") is usually considered a subspecies of

neg: Central African Republic Central African Republic The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: "Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka"; , or "" ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Cameroon to the west. The CAR covers a land area of about and had an estimated population of around /1e6 round 1 million . Most of the CAR consists of Sudano-Guinean savannas, but the country also includes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the

neg: Wildlife of Rwanda Wildlife of Rwanda The wildlife of Rwanda comprising its flora and fauna, in prehistoric times, consisted of montane forest in one third the territory of present-day Rwanda. However, natural vegetation is now mostly restricted to the three National Parks and four small forest reserves, with terraced agriculture dominating the rest of the country. Rwanda is a landlocked country in Central Africa, bordered by Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Uganda. It measures in size, of which is land and is water. Its highest point is Volcan Karisimbi at , while it lowest point is the Rusizi River at

neg: Beira Railroad Corporation Beira Railroad Corporation The Beira Railroad Corporation (CCFB) is a railway company formed by a lease from the Mozambique Ports and Railways (CFM) to the Indian Rites and Ircon International consortium to operate a railroad that originates from the port of Beira, Mozambique as a terminal. The Beira line is important as it provides port access for landlocked states such as Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo's Katanga Province. Originally the Beira railroad already established a connection to Salisbury, now Harare, in 1899 and had been a link in the rail system of southern Africa. Building

neg: Salvelinus leucomaenis "S. leucomaenis". Two other subspecies are also listed, "S. l. imbrius" and "S. l. pluvius". Salvelinus leucomaenis Salvelinus leucomaenis, the whitespotted char, is an East Asian trout in the genus "Salvelinus", called "iwana" in Japanese. Both landlocked and ocean-run forms occur. The landlocked form typically grows up to , and prefers low-temperature streams. The seagoing fish typically grows to long. The largest reported specimen was long and the oldest was nine years old. "Iwana" is widely fished in Japan. Apart from Hokkaido in Japan, the species is found in northeast Korea and in Russia in Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and Kamchatka.

neg: Landlocked developing countries it recognizes the constraints on landlocked countries to be mainly physical, including lack of direct access to the sea, isolation from world markets and high transit costs due to physical distance. It also attributes geographic remoteness as one of the most significant reasons why developing landlocked nations cannot alleviate themselves, while European landlocked cases are mostly developed because of short distances to the sea through well-developed countries. One other commonly cited factor is the administrative burdens associated with border crossings as there is a heavy load of bureaucratic procedures, paperwork, custom charges, and most importantly, traffic delay due to border

neg: Manchester Ship Canal Mersey and Irwell were first made navigable in the early 18th century. Goods were also transported on the Runcorn extension of the Bridgewater Canal (from 1776) and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (from 1830), but by the late 19th century the Mersey and Irwell Navigation had fallen into disrepair and was often unusable. In addition, Manchester's business community viewed the charges imposed by Liverpool's docks and the railway companies as excessive. A ship canal was therefore proposed as a way of giving ocean-going vessels direct access to Manchester. The region was suffering from the effects of the Long Depression, and

neg: Ichthyosaur who wrote an extensive series of articles, taking advantage of an easy access to the many specimens found in his country. The amount of anatomical data was hereby vastly increased. Von Huene also travelled widely abroad, describing many fossils from locations outside of Europe. During the 20th century, North America became an important source of new fossils. In 1905, the Saurian Expedition led by John Campbell Merriam of the University of California and financed by Annie Montague Alexander, found 25 specimens in central Nevada, which were under a shallow ocean during the Triassic. Several of these are now in the

neg: National Institute of Oceanography, India the local current, but affect the current at remote locations at a later time owing to the propagation of large-scale waves. For example, it is now known that the winds along the Indian east coast significantly affect the seasonal cycle of the current off the Indian west coast. By restricting the North Indian Ocean to south of 25o N, the Asian landmass prevents the basin from having access to the sub-tropical convergence zone, a region that usually occurs at a latitude of about 40o and is an important supplier of oxygen to the ocean. Not having access to such a

neg: Jim Bridger some now dispute that status in favor of contemporary explorer Étienne Provost), which he reached traveling in a bull boat. Due to its saltiness, Bridger believed it to be an arm of the Pacific Ocean. Historians are unsure if he was alone when he found the Great Salt Lake. In 1830, Jim Bridger and several other trappers bought out Jedediah Smith's fur company, who had bought out Ashley, and established the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, which competed with the Hudson's Bay Company and John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company in the lucrative beaver pelt trade. In 1843, Bridger and Louis

neg: Transport in Lesotho Transport in Lesotho This article concerns systems of transport in Lesotho. As a landlocked country, Lesotho has no seaports or harbours, but does have road, air transport, and limited rail infrastructure. Prior to Lesotho's independence in 1966, the only paved road in the country was the Kingsway in the capital, Maseru, between the Mejametalana Airport and the Royal Palace. Since the early 1970s, the road infrastructure has been substantially developed. In 1999, Lesotho had a road network measuring at in length, of which were paved. The most weight has been given to connecting the district centres, but the roads within

neg: Transport in Chad Since 2003, a 1,070 km pipeline has been used to export crude oil from the oil fields around Doba to offshore oil-loading facilities on Cameroon's Atlantic coast at Kribi. None (landlocked). Chad's main routes to the sea are: In colonial times, the main access was by road to Bangui, in the Central African Republic, then by river boat to Brazzaville, and onwards by rail from Brazzaville to Pointe Noire, on Congo's Atlantic coast. This route is now little used. There is also a route across Sudan, to the Red Sea, but very little trade goes this way. Links with Niger,

neg: Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations are the foreign relations between Pakistan and Uzbekistan. Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Uzbekistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR. Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize the independence of Uzbekistan. The relations between the two countries were initially strained by the situation in Afghanistan which both countries border as they supported opposing Afghan factions. However, these have improved after the fall of the Taliban. Now both countries have Cordial relationship and Pakistan wishing to gain access to Central Asian markets and landlocked Uzbekistan to access

neg: Hypersaline lake At its lowest recorded levels, it approaches 7.7 times the salinity of ocean water, but when its levels are high, its salinity drops to only slightly higher than the ocean. Hypersaline lakes are found on every continent, especially in arid or semi-arid regions. The Devon Ice Cap contains two subglacial lakes that are hypersaline. Hypersaline lake A hypersaline lake is a landlocked body of water that contains significant concentrations of sodium chloride or other salts, with saline levels surpassing that of ocean water (3.5%, i.e. ). Specific microbial and crustacean species thrive in these high salinity environments that are inhospitable

neg: Geostrategy in Central Asia addition of large parts of Iran, and Russia as well. The Geographic Pivot is an area on the continent of Eurasia which is either landlocked, or whose rivers and littoral fed into inland seas or the ice-locked Arctic Ocean. The Volga, Oxus, and Jaxartes drain into lakes, and the Ob Yenisei and Lena drain into the Arctic. The Tarim and Helmund rivers also fail to drain into the ocean. Most of the region Mackinder defines is steppe land, mottled with patches of desert or mountains. Because of the rapid mobility that the steppe lands allow, Mackinder points to the historical

neg: Landlocked Film Festival Landlocked Film Festival Landlocked Film Festival is an annual film festival hosted in Iowa City, Iowa. The Festival was founded in 2007. Landlocked Film Festival was created to support independent filmmaking by bringing the best of independent world cinema to the American heartland, by providing workshops led by experts in their fields, and by fostering a dialogue between audiences and filmmakers. The primary venue for the festival is the Englert Theatre but the festival also has screenings, panels, and workshops in other venues. The third annual festival, which took place from August 27–30, 2009, featured Iowa-made film "16 to Life"

neg: Uzbekistan northwest, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest Central Asian states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than ) with Afghanistan to the south. Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country. It is one of two doubly landlocked countries in the world (that is, a country completely surrounded by landlocked countries), the other being Liechtenstein. In addition, due to its location within a series of endorheic basins, none of its rivers lead to the

neg: Tajikistan (ECO). In 2013 Tajikistan, like many of the other Central Asian countries, was experiencing major development in its transportation sector. As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province

neg: Navies of landlocked countries to move military forces around the country. Sometimes, possession of a body of water may actually be contested – for example, countries around the landlocked Caspian Sea have different views of how ownership should be divided. Patrol boats of various types are the most common craft among landlocked navies. Some landlocked navies possess troop or vehicle transports, allowing ground forces to cross or travel along a lake or river. Landlocked countries that have navies today include: Other countries may operate water-based military forces without actually establishing an independent navy—instead, responsibility may be given to a branch of a different service,

neg: Maritime identification digits Maritime identification digits Maritime identification digits are used by radio communication facilities to identify their home country or base area in Digital Selective Calling (DSC), Automatic Transmitter Identification System (ATIS), and Automatic Identification System (AIS) messages as part of their Maritime Mobile Service Identities. The International Telecommunication Union facilitates the assignment of MIDs to countries. This is a comprehensive list of MIDs that each country around the world uses. Note that not all countries have MIDs; those without are typically landlocked, with no access to international waters. Sorting MID assignments in numerical order reveals a regional structure, with the first