query: who ruled the country before it became bolivia

pos: History of Bolivia History of Bolivia After the fall of Tiwanaku empire, the many Aymara Lake Titicaca were conquered by the Inca empire. Prior to the Spanish conquest, the Andean province of Qullasuyu was a part of the Inca empire, while the northern and eastern lowlands were inhabited by independent nomadic tribes. Spanish conquistadors, arriving from Cuzco and Asunción took control of the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial rule, Bolivia was known as "Upper Peru" and administered by the Royal Audiencia of Charcas. After the first call for independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before

pos: Corruption in Bolivia Corruption in Bolivia Corruption in Bolivia is a major problem that has been called an accepted part of life in the country. It can be found at all levels of Bolivian society. Citizens of the country perceive the judiciary, police and public administration generally as the country's most corrupt. Corruption is also widespread among officials who are supposed to control the illegal drug trade and among those working in and with extractive industries. Many Bolivians are uneducated and thus unaware of their rights as citizens or of laws against corruption. Ever since Bolivia was freed from Spanish rule in 1825,

pos: Chaco War the other during the war". Both Bolivia and Paraguay were landlocked. Though the 600,000 km Chaco was sparsely populated, control of the Paraguay River running through it provided access to the Atlantic Ocean. This became especially important to Bolivia, which had lost its Pacific coast to Chile in the 1879 War of the Pacific. Paraguay had lost almost half of its territory to Brazil and Argentina in the Paraguayan War of 1864–1870. The country was not prepared to surrender its economic viability. In international arbitration, Bolivia argued that the region had been part of the original Spanish colonial province of

pos: Bolivia–Spain relations and survivor of Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp arrived to Bolivia where he moved to the Bolivian jungle and set up an anarchist community. In May 1987, Spanish King Juan Carlos I paid his first official visit to Bolivia, his first of three visits to the country. In 2006, Evo Morales became President of Bolivia. Relations between both nations have been minimal during the President Morales administration. In May 2012, President Morales nationalized Spanish company Red Eléctrica de España, an electrical grid company operating in Bolivia and in December 2012, President Morales also nationalized Spanish electrical company Iberdrola. In February 2013, President

pos: Yéssica Mouton Yéssica Mouton Yessica Mouton Gianella (born 30 January 1988) is a Bolivian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Bolivia 2011, and represented her country in the 2012 Miss Universe. Mouton speaks English and Spanish fluently. She is studied Public Relations in Nur. Yessica has participated in competitions since childhood. Yessica Sharit Gianella Mouton became the "Goddess of Fortune" Bingo Bahiti 2010, after the contest was held among 14 candidates in the city. Yessica Mouton, Miss Litoral 2011, was named Miss Universe Bolivia, crowned June 30 at the Siriono ball room at the Fexpo in Santa Cruz. She

pos: Yéssica Mouton also won the title of Miss Photogenic. Yessica said, "I want to represent our country abroad to show the diverse beauty of Bolivia, a country we are working and creative people". Mouton participated in Miss Universe 2012 pageant held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Mouton married Gerson Guiteras in 2013; the couple had their first child in 2014. Yéssica Mouton Yessica Mouton Gianella (born 30 January 1988) is a Bolivian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Bolivia 2011, and represented her country in the 2012 Miss Universe. Mouton speaks English and Spanish fluently. She is studied Public Relations

neg: Bolivia–Mexico relations independence, both nations established diplomatic relations. In 1831, Mexico sent its first concurrent ambassador to Bolivia based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In September 1902, the first Mexican consulate-general was opened in La Paz and thus the first official diplomatic mission of Mexico in the country. In 1934, Bolivia opened its first diplomatic mission in Mexico City. In February 1939, both diplomatic missions were elevated to embassies in each other's capitals, respectively. Between 1964-1982, Bolivia was ruled by a military junta. During this time period, diplomatic relations between Bolivia and Mexico became tense. Between 1967 and 1980, the Mexican embassy in

neg: Geography of Chile Antofagasta, it would have no significant effect on their country. The land Bolivia lost to Chile more than a century ago is now home to some of the biggest copper mines in the world. Chile has no desire or intentions of giving up any land to Bolivia, but Chile is very open to coastal access negotiations. In October 2018, the International Court of Justice has ruled against Bolivia in its dispute with Chile. The court ruled that Chile did not have to discuss granting Bolivia sea access. There have been long arguments between Chileans and Peruvians since the 1800s. This

neg: Cocalero Cocalero Cocaleros are the coca leaf growers of Peru and Bolivia. In response to U.S.-funded attempts to eradicate and fumigate coca crops in the Chapare region of Bolivia, cocaleros joined with other grassroots indigenous organizations in the country, such as unionized mine workers and peasants to contest the government. Evo Morales, who became president of Bolivia in 2006, is a leader of the cocalero movement in that country. Coca has been cultivated for 8,000 years by indigenous people in the Andes for medicinal and religious reasons. As a stimulant, it is helpful in overcoming altitude sickness in the high Andes,

neg: Revolutionary Nationalist Movement of whom later became presidents of Bolivia. At the time of its establishment it was a leftist/reformist party, along the lines of similar Latin American parties such as the Dominican Revolutionary Party, Democratic Action in Venezuela, the Mexican Institutional Revolutionary Party and the Peruvian Aprista Party. The MNR first came to power in 1943, as supporters of the reformist military regime of Gualberto Villarroel. The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement led the leftist Bolivian National Revolution of 1952 and ruled the country until 1964 when it was overthrown by the military coup of René Barrientos. During the presidencies of Paz Estenssoro (1952–56

neg: Bolivia–Chile relations land. Chile, on the other hand, wants unconditional diplomatic relations. The dispute with Chile was taken to the International Court of Justice. The Court ruled in support of the Chilean position, and declared that although Chile may have held discussions about a Bolivian corridor to the sea, the country was not required to negotiate one or to surrender its territory. Bolivia–Chile relations International relations between the Republic of Chile and the Plurinational State of Bolivia have been strained ever since independence in the early 19th century because of the Atacama border dispute. Relations soured even more after Bolivia lost its

neg: Human trafficking in Bolivia other governments on prevention activities, and hosted the country’s first International Trafficking in Persons conference in March 2009. No efforts to reduce demand for commercial sex acts or forced labor were reported during the year. The government provided anti-trafficking training for its troops before they deployed on international peacekeeping missions. Human trafficking in Bolivia Bolivia is a source country for men, women, and children who are subjected to human trafficking, specifically conditions of forced prostitution and forced labor within the country or abroad. A large number of Bolivians are found in conditions of forced labor in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru,

neg: Megasthenes established courts. For this reason, he was regarded as a deity by the Indians. He ruled entire India for 52 years, before dying of old age. His descendants ruled India for several generations, before being dethroned and replaced by democratic city-states. The Indians who inhabit the hill country also claim that Herakles was one of them. Like the Greeks, they characterize him with the club and the lion's skin. According to them, Herakles was a powerful man who subjugated evil beasts. He had several sons and one daughter, who became rulers in different parts of his dominion. He founded several

neg: Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1980 (Bolivia) Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1980 (Bolivia) The Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces (1980) was a military junta which ruled Bolivia for the date of July 18, 1980 after the overthrow of President Lidia Gueiler Tejada on July 17, 1980. The junta consisted of General Luis García Meza Tejada, General Waldo Bernal Pereira, Commander of the Bolivian Air Force and General Ramiro Terrazas Rodríguez. In December 1980, in a televised interview, General Waldo Bernal Pereira, member of the Junta, declared that “some day, there will be elections.” Lidia Gueiler Tejada left the country and lived in

neg: Pre-Columbian Bolivia to 1471 AD. Pachacuti Yupanqui was then succeeded by his son Topa Inca Yupanqui whose reign lasted from 1471 to 1493 AD. Western Bolivia became one of the four Incan territories within its' empire known as Qullasuyu, with an estimated one million inhabitants. The highest official of Qullasuyu ruled on behalf of the "Inca" (the emperor) and supervised a group of provincial governors, who in turn controlled the members of the Aymara nobility. Under a draft system called the Mit'a, the Incas forced the peoples under their domination to work in mines, on construction projects, or to serve in the

neg: Banco de Crédito de Bolivia de Crédito del Perú acquired the Bolivian bank "Banco Popular" and renamed it to Banco de Crédito de Bolivia S.A.. The acquisition of Banco Popular allowed Banco de Crédito del Perú to begin businesses and operations in Bolivia. BCP Bolivia became a wholly owned subsidiary of Bance de Crédito del Perú. In 1998, Banco de Crédito del Perú announced its intentions to acquire the Bolivian bank "Banco de La Paz", through its subsidiary BCP Bolivia. The acquisition of the bank further expanded the bank's presence in Bolivia and added a significant number of branches in other regions of the country.

neg: President of Bolivia of independence, Bolivia has been ruled by the military leaders who fought for independence, the leaders of the War of the Pacific, representatives of the aristocracy, and democratically elected leaders. Also, the history of the presidency has involved civil wars, more than 190 coups and violence. Different titles have been used, such as "Liberator of Bolivia" (used by Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre), and "Supreme Protector" (by Andrés de Santa Cruz). The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as President of Bolivia. In 1983, a poll was taken by the newspaper "Última Hora"

neg: The Commanding Heights dictator who came to power in a coup and had many political opponents murdered the whole idea of free market reform became linked to fascism. While the authors and Friedman claim that these reforms eventually promoted democracy, they acknowledge that this issue and their interpretation of events is extremely controversial. Bolivia was hit with hyperinflation as well. During the 1980s, economist Jeffrey Sachs was sent as a consultant and new President Gonzalo Sànchez de Lozada reined in inflation in the 1990s by severely cutting government spending. While Bolivia remained a very poor country, the authors argue that it is better

neg: David Padilla calling of new elections in 1980. Padilla duly transferred power to Guevara on 8 August 1979, as he had promised he would. He left the governing palace as an almost universally respected former "de facto" military leader — a rarity indeed in the history of Bolivia. Padilla died in La Paz on 25 September 2016, at the age of 89. David Padilla David Padilla Arancibia (13 August 1927 – 25 September 2016) was a military general and "de facto" president of Bolivia. He ruled his country from November 1978 to August 1979. A native of Sucre, Padilla was born on

neg: Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia 1952, which placed the MNR in control of the government. Following the revolution, the FSTMB became the main component of the Bolivian Workers' Center (COB), a new umbrella organization for all labor unions. Most of the large-scale tin mines were nationalized and placed under the control of a new government agency, the "Corporación Minera de Bolivia" (COMIBOL). COMIBOL was managed jointly by the government and the FSTMB. From 1964 to 1982, a series of military dictators ruled Bolivia. The FSTMB and the COB often faced harsh government repression, most notably under the regimes of Colonel Hugo Banzer (1971–78) and General

neg: Bolivia–Chile relations Bolivia–Chile relations International relations between the Republic of Chile and the Plurinational State of Bolivia have been strained ever since independence in the early 19th century because of the Atacama border dispute. Relations soured even more after Bolivia lost its coast to Chile during the War of the Pacific and became a landlocked country (Bolivia still claims a corridor to the Pacific Ocean). Chile and Bolivia have maintained only consular relations since 1978, when territorial negotiations failed and Bolivia decided to sever diplomatic relations with Chile. However, in spite of straining relationship, Chile and Bolivia still have economic treaties supporting

neg: X-raid Peru) Dakar 2013 (Argentina, Chile, Peru) Dakar 2014 (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile) Dakar 2015 (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile) Dakar 2016 (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile) Dakar 2017 (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay) Dakar 2018 (Peru, Bolivia, Argentina) X-raid X-raid is a German motoring team owned by Sven Quandt, whose family is a majority shareholder of BMW, for which it plays the official team in the Dakar Rally and in the Cross-Country World Cup. Winner of the Cross Country Championship Portugal Winner of the FIA Cup for Cross Country Bajas Winner of the FIA Cross Country World Cup Winner of the FIA World Cup for Cross Country

neg: Dick Togo Histeria II and Puma in a six-man tag team match. The following July, Togo took his retirement tour to Bolivia. While working in Bolivia, Togo found his way back into a DDT storyline, when Yuki Sato arrived in the country with the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship, which he then proceeded to lose to Togo. During the following week, Togo first lost the title to local wrestler Ajayu, before regaining it from a Bolivian child and then finally losing it back to Sato. Togo finished his retirement tour on September 9, 2012, in La Paz, Bolivia. In the final match of his

neg: Bangalla lost a re-election bid to the pathologically evil Kigali Lubanga, who ruled the country as a dictator during the non-comics-world years of 1994–1996, before he was apparently killed and Luaga came back to take control of a country that was in uproar. Lubanga has since shown up on several occasions to haunt the Phantom and try to take power. Although Luaga was able to imprison him, Lubanga had destroyed all evidence against him so he could never be convicted in a fair trial. After Lubanga escaped, it became known that Luaga had kept him imprisoned for years, which came across

neg: Paraguay from Spain at the beginning of the 19th century, Paraguay was ruled by a series of authoritarian governments who generally implemented nationalist, isolationist and protectionist policies. This period ended with the disastrous Paraguayan War, during which Paraguay lost at least 50% of its prewar population and around 25 - 33% of its territory to the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. In the 20th century, Paraguay faced another major international conflict – the Chaco War – against Bolivia, from which the Paraguayans emerged victorious. Afterwards, the country entered a period of military dictatorships, ending with the 35 year regime

neg: Ludmila of Bohemia their country for a time by the pagans. Eventually the couple returned, and ruled for several years before retiring to Tetín, near Beroun. The couple was succeeded by their son Spytihněv. Spytihněv was succeeded by his brother Vratislav. When Vratislav died in 921, his son Wenceslas became the next ruler of Bohemia. It had been mainly Ludmila who raised her grandson and she now acted as regent for him. Wenceslaus' mother Drahomíra became jealous of Ludmila's influence over Wenceslaus. She had two noblemen murder Ludmila at Tetín, and part of Ludmila's story says that she was strangled with her veil.

neg: Health in Bolivia Division of the Library of Congress of the USA mentions the following: Bolivia's booming cocaine industry was also spawning serious health problems for Bolivian youth. In the 1980s, Bolivia became a drug-consuming country, as well as a principal exporter of cocaine. Addiction to coca paste, a cocaine by-product in the form of a cigarette called 'pitillo', was spreading rapidly among city youths. Pitillos were abundantly available in schools and at social gatherings. Other youths who worked as coca-leaf stompers (pisadores), dancing all night on kerosene and acid-soaked leaves, also commonly became addicted. The pitillo addict suffered from serious physical and

neg: Gran Chaco River until Paraguay's defeat in the War of the Triple Alliance in 1870 established its current border with Argentina. Over the next few decades, Bolivia began to push the natives out and settle in the Gran Chaco, while Paraguay ignored it. Bolivia sought the Paraguay River for shipping oil out into the sea (it had become a land-locked country after the loss of its Pacific coast in the War of the Pacific), and Paraguay claimed ownership of the land. This became the backdrop to The Gran Chaco War (1932–1935) between Paraguay and Bolivia over supposed oil in the Chaco Boreal

neg: Anuradhapura Kingdom BC), where he was overthrown by two horse dealers from South India named Sena and Guththika. After ruling the country for 22 years, they were defeated by Asela (215–205 BC), who was in turn overthrown by another invasion led by a Chola prince named Ellalan (205–161 BC). Elara ruled for 44 years before being defeated by Dutthagamani (Duttugamunu) However, the Mahavamsa records that these foreign kings ruled the country fairly and lawfully. The country was invaded again in 103 BC by five Dravidian chiefs, Pulahatta, Bahiya, Panya Mara, Pilaya Mara and Dathika, who ruled until 89 BC when they were

neg: Corruption in Bolivia and whose staffers posed as public-service users to ferret out officials who demanded irregular fees and bribes. Del Granado also instituted rewards for good practice, giving out awards to “efficient, transparent, cordial, and honest” city employees. In addition, he vigorously enforced the 1990 Financial Administration System and Governmental Control Act (SAFCO) and encouraged citizen participation in neighborhood governance. Corruption in Bolivia Corruption in Bolivia is a major problem that has been called an accepted part of life in the country. It can be found at all levels of Bolivian society. Citizens of the country perceive the judiciary, police and public

neg: Bahá'í Faith in Bolivia literature into a number of dialects of the indigenous in Bolivia have been done before 2007. The government of Bolivia has taken note of the persecution of Bahá'ís in Iran in 2008. The Bahá'í Faith is currently the largest international religious minority in Bolivia. The population is the largest population of Bahá'ís in South America. The country's general population is estimated to be 55%-70% indigenous and 30%-42% Mestizo, with a Bahá'í population estimated at 217,000 in 2005 according to the Association of Religion Data Archives. Bahá'í Faith in Bolivia The Bahá'í Faith in Bolivia begins with references to the country

neg: Asociación de Scouts de Bolivia Asociación de Scouts de Bolivia The Asociación de Scouts de Bolivia (ASB) is the national Scouting association of Bolivia. Scouting was founded in Bolivia in 1911 and became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1950. ASB has 7,898 members (as of 2011). Scouting is active in rural and urban areas of the country, and open to all young people of all religions. 90% of all members are Catholic, and the church sponsors many groups. The Asociación de Scouts de Bolivia prides itself on having members of many social classes, both the cities and rural areas.

neg: Supreme Court of Bolivia Supreme Court of Bolivia The Supreme Court of Bolivia ("Corte Suprema de Justicia de Bolivia") was the Bolivia's highest court from 1825 to 2012. It was located in Sucre, 410 kilometres to the south-east of La Paz, Bolivia's capital. The Court was created by the Supreme Decree (Decreto Supremo) of April 27, 1825, which transformed the Royal Audience of Charcas ("Audiencia y Cancillería Real de La Plata de los Charcas") of imperial Spain into the Supreme Court of the newly independent country. It was made up of 12 ministers who served 10-year terms after election by the National Congress. The

neg: President of Peru Martín), and "Supreme Protector" (by Andrés de Santa Cruz). The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as President of Peru. The Protectorate of Peru existed from August 3, 1821 until September 20, 1822. The Republic of Peru was declared on July 28, 1821 but it was constituted on September 20, 1822. It existed until August 11, 1836. In 1836, the south of the country declared itself independent by creating the Republic of South Peru, while the north of the country became the Republic of North Peru. The two states confederated with the Republic of Bolivia

neg: Human trafficking in Bolivia Human trafficking in Bolivia Bolivia is a source country for men, women, and children who are subjected to human trafficking, specifically conditions of forced prostitution and forced labor within the country or abroad. A large number of Bolivians are found in conditions of forced labor in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Spain, and the United States in sweatshops, factories, and agriculture. Within the country, young Bolivian women and girls from rural areas are subjected to forced prostitution in urban areas. Members of indigenous communities, particularly in the Chaco region, are at risk of forced labor within the country. A significant number

neg: Manuel Isidoro Belzu the more popular. The country is taught that his escape was Providential, and he had been spared for the good of the people." (Ch.5, p.135) By the early 1850s, Belzu dispensed with any pretense of democratic norms and ruled despotically. After seven years, a weary Belzu decided to "retire" in 1855. He ran elections in which he sponsored the candidacy of his loyal son-in-law, General Jorge Córdova. The latter was duly elected over José María Linares (perhaps with the help of at least some degree of official fraud), and for two years ruled Bolivia as a virtual proxy of the

neg: Tacna and Arica Campaign regiments assailed the "East" and "North" forts, taking the defences with a melee in 55 minutes, vanquishing almost all of its defenders. The victory of Chile in this campaign meant the dissolution of the Alliance between Peru and Bolivia, since the latter country never fought in the war again. Also, Bolivia became a landlocked country, situation which maintains today. On his hand, Peru lost the Tarapacá department and the port of Arica definitively. Besides, Peru lost control over Tacna for almost fifty years, until Chile returned it in 1929. Tacna and Arica Campaign The Tacna and Arica Campaign is known

neg: Islam in Bolivia Islam in Bolivia Statistics for Islam in Bolivia estimate a Muslim population of around two thousand, representing 0.017 % out of the total population of 11,220,000 inhabitants. Muslim organizations in the country include the Bolivian Islamic Center in Santa Cruz, Sucre and Cochabamba, and the Muslim Group in Sucre. The Bolivian Islamic Center (, CIB) was created in August 1986 by Imam Mahmud Amer Abusharar, who arrived from Palestine in 1974. In 1992 a commission for the construction of the first mosque in Bolivia was approved, and it was completed in September 1994 in the city of Santa Cruz. Abusharar

neg: Demographics of Bolivia late because of "climatic factors and the financing." The 2012 census data was conducted on 21 November 2012, in which 10,027,254 inhabitants were in the country. The estimated cost of the census was $50 million. With a population of 10.0 million in 2012, Bolivia ranks 87th in the world by population. Its population density is 9.13 inhabitants per square kilometer. The overall life expectancy in Bolivia is 65.4. The total fertility rate is 2.87 children per mother. Since 1950, the World Health Organization's (WHO) estimates the birth rate exceeded the death rate of the country. The population of Bolivia has

neg: Claudia Tavel Representative at Reina Hispanoamericana 2013 in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. However, despite being in her home country and in her hometown, it was Alejandra López from Colombia who eventually won the title Reina Hispanoamericana 2013, while Tavel ended as the 6th runner up. Tavel competed at Miss Universe 2014 but Unplaced. Claudia Tavel Claudia Tavel Antelo (born March 11, 1989) is a Bolivian beauty pageant titleholder and model who was crowned Miss Bolivia 2013 and represented her country at Miss Universe 2014. Tavel lived in the neighborhood of Santa Cruz Pan and she studied at the Bolivian Argentine School and for

neg: 2008 unrest in Bolivia encircle Santa Cruz. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez warned that if Morales was overthrown or killed Venezuela would give a "green light" to conduct military operations in Bolivia. Bolivia's army said it rejected "external intervention of any nature" in response to Chávez. Morales ruled out the use of force against protesters, calling for talks with opposition leaders. The Governor of Tarija department, Mario Cossío, went to La Paz on September 12, 2008 to hold negotiations representing three other opposition governors who had rejected talks with the central government. Morales said he was open to dialogue not only with the governors but

neg: Foreign relations of Bolivia importance is underlined by the fact that Bolivia also still has a navy, despite it not currently having access to the sea. In October 2018, the ICJ (International Court of Justice), ruled against Bolivia in a case that would determine whether or not Boliivia could force Chile to negotiate access to the sea. However, the ICJ did state that cooperation was desirable if workable solutions are to be found. Bolivia is the world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Peru and Colombia) with an estimated 218 km² under cultivation in 1999, a 45% decrease in overall cultivation of coca from 1998

neg: Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia) Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia) Santa Cruz (), with an area of , is the largest of the nine constituent departments of Bolivia occupying about one-third (33.74%) of the territory of the country. It is located in the eastern part of the country, sharing borders in the north and east with Brazil and with Paraguay in the south. In the 2012 census, it reported a population of 3,412,921, making it the most populated department. The capital is the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. The department is one of the wealthiest departments in Bolivia, with huge reserves of natural gas.

neg: David Padilla David Padilla David Padilla Arancibia (13 August 1927 – 25 September 2016) was a military general and "de facto" president of Bolivia. He ruled his country from November 1978 to August 1979. A native of Sucre, Padilla was born on 13 August 1927. Joining the armed forces, he rose to the post of Commander of the Army. He was serving in that capacity when he deposed the also "de facto" government of General Juan Pereda on 24 November 1978. Pereda had taken the presidency in July of the same year simply because it was available to him, many military leaders

neg: Bolivia–Chile relations resigned following the 2005 Hydrocarbons Law. Evo Morales, who was elected president in 2005, is strongly opposed to having a foreign consortium export Bolivia's natural gas without processing it domestically. He argued it should be used domestically to help Bolivia, the poorest country in South America. Chile and Bolivia maintain consular relations and appear to have become friendlier. Former Chilean President Ricardo Lagos attended the inauguration of current Bolivian President Evo Morales. In 2015, Morales announced his intention to establish conditional diplomatic relations with Chile in order to achieve Bolivia's aspiration for sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean via Chilean

neg: Lidia Gueiler Tejada power as a result of the 1952 National Revolution, Gueiler became a member of the Congress of Bolivia, serving in that capacity from 1956 until 1964. In 1964, she went into exile abroad after the MNR was toppled from power by generals Barrientos and Ovando. She spent the next fifteen years out of the country, and joined Juan Lechín's Revolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left (PRIN). She also became the vice-president of the Revolutionary Left Front. Upon returning to Bolivia in 1979, Gueiler again ran for Congress and was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies of Bolivia (the lower

neg: President of Bolivia assumed the presidency. Under the 2009 Constitution, however, the assumption of power by the President of the Chamber of Deputies automatically precipitates an election within 90 days. In the case of temporary incapacity or absence from the country, the title of Acting President () is transferred to lower officials according to the order of presidential succession. In September 2012, Senate President Gabriela Montaño became the first woman to assume this office since the presidency of Lidia Gueiler Tejada. President of Bolivia The President of Bolivia () officially known as the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (), is head

neg: Bolivia and other forms of dissent, resulting in the torture and deaths of a number of Bolivian citizens. Banzer was ousted in 1978 and later returned as the democratically elected president of Bolivia from 1997 to 2001. Modern Bolivia is a charter member of the UN, IMF, NAM, OAS, ACTO, Bank of the South, ALBA and USAN. For over a decade Bolivia has had one of the fastest economic growths in Latin America; however, it remains the second poorest country in South America. It is a developing country, with a medium ranking in the Human Development Index, a poverty level of

neg: Hindu Kush Laghman Province of Afghanistan through which Hindu Kush pass. Al Biruni also wrote about early history of the Hindu Kush region and Kabul kings, who ruled the region long before he arrived, but this history is inconsistent with other records available from that era. Al Biruni was supported by Sultan Mahmud. Al Biruni found it difficult to get access to Indian literature locally in the Hindu Kush area, and to explain this he wrote, "Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, and performed wonderful exploits by which the Hindus became the atoms scattered in all directions, and like a

neg: History of Bolivia (1809–1920) History of Bolivia (1809–1920) The invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1807-08 by Napoleon Bonaparte's forces proved to be critical for the independence struggle in South America, during which the local elites of Upper Peru remained mostly loyal to Spain, supporting "Junta Central", a government which ruled in the name of the overthrown king Ferdinand VII of Spain. A number of radical "criollos" in 1808-10 began a local power struggle. Pedro Domingo Murillo proclaimed an independent state in Upper Peru in the name of king Ferdinand VII. During the following seven years Upper Peru became the battleground between the armed

neg: San Cristóbal mine (Bolivia) Bolivia are owned by the public and the public must maintain ownership in part of these resources regardless of concessions made to foreign entities wishing to develop these resources. It ruled the State does not have the proper authority to give the aforementioned concessions to private companies wishing to engage in the mining of natural resources. In essence that is to say that a foreign company cannot own in full a mining operation in Bolivia without the State owning a part of it. The mining Decree by the President also designated all unclaimed mineral resources within the national territory as

neg: National Novel Award (Bolivia) National Novel Award (Bolivia) The National Novel Award (Premio Nacional de Novela) is one of the main literary awards given annually in Bolivia. It is convened by the Ministry of Cultures, and originally sponsored by Grupo Santillana, through the Alfaguara publishing house. It was established in 1998 to promote the dissemination of Bolivian literature in the novel genre and better awareness of its authors. All persons of Bolivian nationality who reside in the country, excluding authors awarded the previous two years, authorities, public officials, and Santillana employees, can qualify for the award. A jury composed of prominent members of the

neg: Bolivia–Iran relations states would enhance their "growing ties." Bolivia–Iran relations Iran - Bolivia relations refer to foreign relations between Bolivia and Iran. Iran has an embassy in La Paz and Bolivia has an embassy in Tehran. Both countries are members of the Non-Aligned Movement and Group of 77. The two countries formed full diplomatic relations in 2007. Iran's ambassador to Bolivia said his country would open two low-cost public health clinics in the country, which is South America's poorest. Iranian business attache Hojjatollah Soltani said his country planned to use Bolivia as a base for future Red Crescent medical programmes across the

neg: Bolivia–Iran relations Bolivia–Iran relations Iran - Bolivia relations refer to foreign relations between Bolivia and Iran. Iran has an embassy in La Paz and Bolivia has an embassy in Tehran. Both countries are members of the Non-Aligned Movement and Group of 77. The two countries formed full diplomatic relations in 2007. Iran's ambassador to Bolivia said his country would open two low-cost public health clinics in the country, which is South America's poorest. Iranian business attache Hojjatollah Soltani said his country planned to use Bolivia as a base for future Red Crescent medical programmes across the continent. In 2010, Bolivian President Evo

neg: La balsa stated: "In all the countries that it came out it came first in sales. In Bolivia they sold stickers with our photos!" As a result, in 1968 Los Gatos became leading figures of Argentine popular music, making numerous performances throughout the country, releasing three more studio albums, and undergoing a tour of two and a half months through Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay and Brazil. In the latter, the band took part in Rio de Janeiro's Festival Internacional da Canção and performed in Roberto Carlos' TV show. Regarding the success following the release of "La balsa", drummer Oscar Moro recalled: "In all

neg: Bolivia groups: the Andeans, who are located in the Andean Altiplano and the valley region; and the lowland groups, who inhabit the warm regions of central and eastern Bolivia, including the valleys of Cochabamba Department, the Amazon Basin areas of northern La Paz Department, and the lowland departments of Beni, Pando, Santa Cruz, and Tarija (including the Gran Chaco region in the southeast of the country). Large numbers of Andean peoples have also migrated to form Quechua, Aymara, and intercultural communities in the lowlands. Bolivia has great linguistic diversity as a result of its multiculturalism. The Constitution of Bolivia recognizes 36

neg: Grottasöngr a full stint of milling! </poem> Snorri relates in the "Prose Edda" that Skjöldr ruled the country that we today call Denmark. Skjöldr had a son named Friðleifr who succeeded him on the throne. Friðleifr had a son who was named Fróði who became king after Friðleifr, and this was at the time when Caesar Augustus proclaimed peace on earth and the Christian figure Jesus was born. The same peace ruled in Scandinavia, but there it was called "Fróði's peace". The North was so peaceful that no man hurt another, even if he met his father's or his brother's killer,

neg: Religion in Bolivia as an educational institution. The Bahá'í Faith in Bolivia begins with references to the country in Bahá'í literature as early as 1916. The first Bahá'í to arrive in Bolivia was in 1940 through the arrival of coordinated pioneers, people who chose to move for the growth of the religion, from the United States. That same year the first Bolivian joined the religion. The first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly, the local administrative unit of the religion, was elected in La Paz in 1945. Since 1956 indigenous people have joined the religion, and it has spread widely among them. The community elected

neg: Amauris Samartino Flores Amauris Samartino Flores Amauris Samartino Flores is a Cuban physician who escaped from his native country in 1999 in a makeshift raft. He was given asylum in Bolivia, but after becoming politically active in that country, protesting the governments of both Fidel Castro and Evo Morales, was deported. He now lives in Norway. On January 9, 2007, Samartino, a Cuban refugee who had been a resident of Bolivia since 2000, was expelled from that country after having been held for seventeen days for criticizing the Bolivian and Cuban governments. According to a report by the Human Rights Foundation (HFR), "Samartino

neg: Romina Rocamonje Romina Rocamonje Romina Rocamonje Fuentes (born September 21, 1992) is a Bolivian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Bolivia 2014 and represented her country at the Miss Universe 2015 pageant. She also represented her country in Miss Supranational 2017 where she placed as one of the Top 25 semi-finalists. Romina is a student of Veterinary and Animal Science at Universidad Autónoma del Beni. She was starting a career as a model when she was crowned Miss Beni 2013 and represented her region at Miss Bolivia 2014. On July 31, 2014, Romina was crowned Miss Bolivia 2014 in

neg: Bolivia and a total extension of , called Mar Bolivia ("Sea Bolivia"), where Bolivia may maintain a free port near Ilo, Peru under its administration and operation for a period of 99 years starting in 1992; once that time has passed, all the construction and territory revert to the Peruvian government. Since 1964, Bolivia has had its own port facilities in the "Bolivian Free Port" in Rosario, Argentina. This port is located on the Paraná River, which is directly connected to the Atlantic Ocean. The dispute with Chile was taken to the International Court of Justice. The court ruled in support

neg: Hilarión Daza had been in power since soon after Daza's ouster. Daza Groselle was murdered in the train station of Uyuni soon after entering Bolivian soil on February 27, 1894; he was 54 years old. The people of Bolivia placed responsibility for this crime squarely on the government of Mariano Baptista, then President of Bolivia, but nothing was ever proven. In the last years Daza Groselle has been "rehabilitated" as a president of Bolivia who fought for his country, but was killed by enemies of Bolivia. Hilarión Daza Hilarión Daza Groselle (January 14, 1840 – February 27, 1894) was President of Bolivia

neg: Alexia Viruez right to represent Bolivia at Reina Hispanoamericana 2012 and Miss Universe 2013. Viruez represented Bolivia at Reina Hispanoamericana 2012 in her hometown of Santa Cruz where she finished as 1st Runner-Up. Viruez later went on to represent Bolivia at Miss Universe 2013 on November 9, 2013 in Moscow, Russia. Although considered a favorite and a front runner, she failed to place in the semifinals. Alexia Viruez Alexia Viruez (born May 4, 1994) is a Bolivian beauty pageant titleholder and model who was crowned Miss Bolivia 2012, and represented her country in the 2013 Miss Universe. Raised in Santa Cruz, Bolivia,

neg: Bolivia–India relations 2007. The company announced that it would invest $2.3 billion to establish a steel plant, in what was the largest foreign direct investment in Bolivian history. However, the company shut down the project in July 2012, accusing the Bolivian Government of not fulfilling "contract conditions". In August 2014, the International Chamber of Commerce ruled in favour of Jindal and ordered the state-owned mining company Empresa Siderúrgica del Mutún to pay Jindal $22.5 million in compensation. Indian pesticides company UPL has an office in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Ashok Leyland operates in Bolivia through an agreement with COFADENA. Indian car manufacturer Tata

neg: Return to Bolivia resources and a minimal film crew that included the director and the film's producer and soundman, Mariana Boolls. This production won several international awards, including the award for "Best Foreign Film Festival Icaro XI" of Guatemala and the "Best Documentary Festival" Gualeguaychú. It received positive reviews, like the "Buenos Aires Herald"s critic: Return to Bolivia Return to Bolivia is a 2008 Argentine film directed by Mariano Raffo, with the script in collaboration with Marina Boolls. The film was nominated for twenty-two awards and won four of them. Recounts the journey to their country of origin of a Bolivian family who

neg: History of Bolivia (1964–82) In July 1982, after yet another attempt by the García Meza clique to return to power, he was replaced by General Guido Vildoso Calderón (1982), who was named by the high command to return the country to democratic rule. On September 17, 1982, during a general strike that brought the country close to civil war, the military decided to step down, to convene the 1980 Congress, and to accept its choice as president. Accordingly, Hernán Siles Zuazo assumed the presidency on October 10, 1982. History of Bolivia (1964–82) The history of Bolivia from 1964 to 1982 is a time of

neg: Bolivia at the Olympics Bolivia at the Olympics Bolivia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1936. The nation has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since 1964, except when they participated in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. The nation has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games on several occasions since 1956, but not since 1992. To date, no athlete from Bolivia has ever won an Olympic medal, making it the only South American country never to do so. However, the National U15 Football team has won a gold medal for the country at the Youth Olympic

neg: Bolivia at the Olympics Games in Singapore 2010. Bolivia at the Olympics Bolivia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1936. The nation has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since 1964, except when they participated in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. The nation has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games on several occasions since 1956, but not since 1992. To date, no athlete from Bolivia has ever won an Olympic medal, making it the only South American country never to do so. However, the National U15 Football team has won a gold medal for the country

neg: Aryacakravarti dynasty the country, its peoples and customs. According to him, the northern part of the island was ruled by a queen, with whom he had many audiences, who also lavished him with precious gifts. This queen is considered to be the mother of an Aryackaravarti and a regent who ruled on behalf of her young son. The so-called "Catalan Map" drawn in 1375 also indicates that northern Sri Lanka was ruled by a queen. Before Marignolli, there was another traveler, Friar Ordrick, who landed in Jaffna in 1322; he also wrote about the prosperity of the kingdom. According him In his

neg: Fulgencio R. Moreno political activities since 1900. He was an active member of the Colorado Party. He married Rosario González Filisbert and fathered many children. He was a historical researcher of authority. In 1910, in times of government of the Liberal Party, the president Manuel Gondra required his services because of a limit problem with Bolivia. He represented the country in the negotiations with Ricardo Mujía (representative from Bolivia). He was diplomatic representative from Paraguay before the governments of Bolivia, Perú and Chile. Carlos Zubizarreta describes him as a meticulous and sparkling writer. With funny and ironic verses, he knew how to find

neg: Bolivia–Denmark relations in the United Nations treaty Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, Denmark with some other countries opposed the idea. Bolivia was chosen as a programme country for Denmark in 1994, because Bolivia were the poorest country in South America. Denmark started assisting Bolivia with diaries. Because of the political situation in Bolivia, Denmark suspended the assistance in 1980. In 1993 the cooperation resumed. Danish development assistance to Bolivia focuses on democracy, human rights, agriculture, education and environment. In 2005, DANIDA cut the aid from 200 million to 150 million because of the social problems in Bolivia. In 2010, after 13 years

neg: Alfonso Gumucio Reyes the lower lands. From 1957 to 1960 he was appointed Ambassador to Uruguay, by President of Bolivia Hernán Siles Zuazo. From 1960 to 1964 he became Minister of Economy under the government of President Víctor Paz Estenssoro, and was responsible for the economic development of the country. In 1964, when he had recently travelled to Spain as Bolivian Ambassador, a military coup took place in Bolivia, led by General René Barrientos. Gumucio Reyes stayed in exile in Madrid until 1967. When he came back to Bolivia, he was imprisoned by the military regime for three months. Alfonso Gumucio Reyes Alfonso

neg: Arthur Posnansky "Iris"; aventuras y peregrinaciones" After being a refugee in Europe, Posnansky moved to Bolivia to claim compensation for his services to this country. After finding that any substantial reward was unattainable because of the bankrupt state of the Bolivian treasury, he devoted his talents towards building private businesses involved in mining and international trade. In time, he became a prosperous entrepreneur. During this time, Posnansky introduced the first car to Bolivia. Posnansky died in La Paz, Bolivia in 1946. While his business ventures thrived, the Bolivian Government recognized Posnansky's service during the Acre Campaign. For his sacrifices in support of

neg: Hato Hasbún that agenciaron a new building complex period in 2000. For 2007, Hasbún already contained closely with the possible presidential candidacy of Mauricio Funes, who was confirmed before the end of that year. 2009 would be the presidential and the FMLN -after previous- failure was determined to wrest the Executive to ARENA who has already ruled the country for 20 years. After the feedback of March, the flow of votes for Funes and his arrival in the presidency confirmed. His mentor, Hato Hasbún, won a close position and became Secretary of Strategic Affairs, a position was created for him. "As Secretary

neg: Banco de Crédito de Bolivia a famous airplane, the local legend Avion Pirata. Banco de Crédito de Bolivia Banco de Crédito de Bolivia (abbreviated as BCP) is a banking and financial services company located in Bolivia. It is headquartered in La Paz and is a wholly owned international subsidiary of Banco de Crédito del Perú, Peru's largest bank. BCP Bolivia started its operations in the country following BCP's acquisition of the Bolivian bank Banco Popular. BCP Bolivia provides its products and services through operating 102 branches, 240 ATMs, call centers, and online and mobile banking platforms. Banco de Crédito de Bolivia is currently Bolivia's fourth

neg: Banco de Crédito de Bolivia Banco de Crédito de Bolivia Banco de Crédito de Bolivia (abbreviated as BCP) is a banking and financial services company located in Bolivia. It is headquartered in La Paz and is a wholly owned international subsidiary of Banco de Crédito del Perú, Peru's largest bank. BCP Bolivia started its operations in the country following BCP's acquisition of the Bolivian bank Banco Popular. BCP Bolivia provides its products and services through operating 102 branches, 240 ATMs, call centers, and online and mobile banking platforms. Banco de Crédito de Bolivia is currently Bolivia's fourth largest bank by total assets. In 1994, Banco

neg: Carlos Aragonés play for Palmeiras. He stayed in the club until 1984, playing 113 games before leaving. Carlos Aragonés moved to Coritiba in 1984, playing six more Série A games without scoring a goal. He returned to Bolivia in 1985 and joined Destroyers. While playing for the "canarios", he suffered a serious knee injury that put an end to his football career. He played 31 games for the Bolivia national team between 1977 and 1981, scoring 15 goals, including two against Brazil in the Copa América 1979. He is the third-placed Bolivia national teams all-time goalscorer. He represented his country in 12

neg: Sucre and historic institution during colonial times. One of the best buildings of republican architecture, this was completed in 1896. It was the first Palace of Government of Bolivia but when the government was moved to La Paz it became the Chuquisaca Governorship Palace. On July 16, 1827 the Supreme Court of the Nation was established. Its first president was Dr. Manuel Maria Urcullo. Others prominent in its history include Dr. Pantaleon Dalence, who was twice president of the Supreme Court and through his qualities became known as the 'Father of Bolivian Justice'. This institution was installed in several places before

neg: Día del Mar Día del Mar Día del Mar is an annual celebration in Bolivia which observes the loss of Litoral Province in the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific with Chile. It is celebrated on the 23 of March, at the conclusion of the weeklong "Semana del Mar" with a ceremony at La Paz's Plaza Abaroa, in homage to war hero Eduardo Abaroa, and in parallel ceremonies nationwide. Bolivia considers the Día del Mar an opportunity to reiterate its claims for access to the Pacific Ocean which was lost when the country became landlocked following the war. The 1963 iteration of the event

neg: Constitutional history of Bolivia regime of "order and progress." In 1880 Bolivia's most durable constitution was approved; it was to remain in effect for the next fifty-eight years. Under this constitution, bicameralism was fully adopted, and the legislative power became an important arena for political debate. During this period, Bolivia achieved a functioning constitutional order complete with political parties, interest groups, and an active legislature. The country was also a prime example of a formal democracy with legally limited participation. Literacy and property requirements were still enforced to exclude the Indian population and the urban working class from politics. Political life was reserved for

neg: Iván Castillo Iván Castillo Iván Sabino Castillo Salinas (born July 11, 1970 in Coripata, La Paz) is a retired football defender from Bolivia, who played at club level for Bolívar, The Strongest and La Paz F.C. in Bolivia. He also made a short stint with Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy from Argentina. From 1993 to 2000, Castillo earned 36 caps playing for the Bolivia national team including participations in the 1997 Copa América, in which Bolivia finished as runners-up and the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup held in Mexico. He represented his country in 12 FIFA World Cup qualification matches. He is the

neg: Alexia Viruez Alexia Viruez Alexia Viruez (born May 4, 1994) is a Bolivian beauty pageant titleholder and model who was crowned Miss Bolivia 2012, and represented her country in the 2013 Miss Universe. Raised in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Alexia Viruez is currently studying psychology at UDABOL (Universidad de Aquino Bolivia). When she was nine years old, Alexia was awarded a modeling scholarship, which jump started her current modeling career. She is passionate about music, art and theatre, and aspires to walk the most prestigious catwalks in the world. Viruez competed in the 2012 Miss Bolivia pageant where she won and gained the

neg: Bolivia–Mexico relations La Paz provided asylum to 260 Bolivian citizens during that time period. The most prominent asylee at the embassy was Dr. Antonio Arguedas Mendieta, a Bolivian national and former Minister of the Interior who in 1968 arranged for copies of Che Guevara's captured diaries to be smuggled to Havana, Cuba after his death in Bolivia in October 1967. When the government of President René Barrientos discovered the documents to be missing, it was discovered that Dr. Arguedas Mendieta was a CIA agent who had been recruited to destroy Che Guevara's forces in the country, but he was soon to become

neg: Félix Rodríguez (soldier) Special Activities Center in 2016 ). He clandestinely entered Cuba a few weeks before the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. Utilizing his familiarity with the country, he was able to gather critical intelligence that was used in the planning and preparation of the invasion. His colleagues in the CIA included David Atlee Phillips, David Morales, Ted Shackley, E. Howard Hunt, Frank Sturgis, and Porter Goss among others. In 1967, the CIA again recruited Rodríguez to train and head a team to hunt down Che Guevara, who was attempting to overthrow the US-backed government in Bolivia and replace it with a

neg: Yungueño of the party could afford. The mix was put into glass gallon jugs and buried to "añejar" (age) it. The result is a surprisingly smooth drink, given the rude naure of its major component, the straight alcohol. Yungueño The yungueño is a traditional mixed drink in Bolivia. It is made from a jigger of singani, simple syrup or sugar, and orange juice. The name means that the drink comes from the Yungas, a tropical and very humid region in the valleys of Bolivia inhabited by Afro-Bolivians who created this mix. Before the arrival of "cocktail culture" in Bolivia. the yungueño

neg: Yungueño Yungueño The yungueño is a traditional mixed drink in Bolivia. It is made from a jigger of singani, simple syrup or sugar, and orange juice. The name means that the drink comes from the Yungas, a tropical and very humid region in the valleys of Bolivia inhabited by Afro-Bolivians who created this mix. Before the arrival of "cocktail culture" in Bolivia. the yungueño was a drink for special occasions among the poor in the Beni, the Bolivian Amazon. It was made with uncut cane alcohol and fresh grapefruit juice, plus as much singani (a Bolivian pomace brandy) as the host

neg: Bolivia–South Africa relations Bolivia–South Africa relations Bolivian–South Africa relations are the bilateral relations between the countries of Bolivia and South Africa. Although South Africa maintains full diplomatic relations with Bolivia it is not residentially represented in the country, instead the South African embassy in Lima, Peru handles local South African affairs in Bolivia. In January 2006 Bolivia's then president-elect Evo Morales visited South Africa as part of his round the world tour ahead of taking up the presidency after Bolivia's 2005 elections. Morales has stated that South Africa's struggle against apartheid was similar to the political struggle in Bolivia. In July 17–20, 2006

neg: Bolivia at the 2018 Winter Olympics participating in the Bolivian delegation per sport. Bolivia qualified one male athlete, Austrian born skier Simon Breitfuss Kammerlander. Kammerlander first visited Bolivia when he was 8 years old, due to his father's work as a ski coach in neighboring Argentina. In 2009 Kammerlander met officials from the Bolivian Ski Federation, while studying in the country. In 2015 Kammerlander was officially given Bolivian citizenship, allowing him to compete for the country. Bolivia qualified one male athlete, Finnish born skier Timo Juhani Grönlund. This will also mark Bolivia's Winter Olympics debut in the sport. Bolivia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Bolivia competed

neg: Monarch position of "king of the Afro-Bolivians" is officially recognized by the government of Bolivia. Polynesian societies were ruled by an "ariki" from ancient times. The title is variously translated as "supreme chief", "paramount chief" or "king". The Kingdom of Tahiti was founded in 1788. Sovereignty was ceded to France in 1880 although descendants of the Pōmare Dynasty claim the title of King of Tahiti. The Kingdom of Hawaii was established in 1795 and overthrown in 1893. An independent Kingdom of Rarotonga was established in 1858. It became a protectorate of the United Kingdom at its own request in 1893. Seru

neg: Kingdom of Serbia new southern Slav state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The new country continued to be ruled by the Serbian monarchy when in August 1921 Prince Alexandar I became king. During its existence, the Kingdom was ruled by two dynasties: the House of Obrenović and the House of Karađorđević. King Milan Obrenović ruled from 6 March 1882 to 6 March 1889, when he abdicated the throne. He was succeeded by his son, Aleksandar Obrenović, who ruled from 6 March 1889 to 11 June 1903, when he was killed by a group of officers. The slaughter of the royal couple

neg: Bahá'í Faith in Bolivia Bahá'í Faith in Bolivia The Bahá'í Faith in Bolivia begins with references to the country in Bahá'í literature as early as 1916. The first Bahá'í to arrive in Bolivia was in 1940 through the beginning of the arrival of coordinated pioneers, people who chose to move for the growth of the religion, from the United States. That same year the first Bolivian joined the religion. The first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly was elected in La Paz in 1945 and the first Indian formally joined the religion in 1956 which soon spread widely among that subculture. The community elected an independent

neg: History of the Jews in Bolivia 1933, when the Nazi era in Germany started, there were 30 Jewish families. The first large influx of Jewish immigrants was in the 1930s and there were 7,000 of them estimated at the end of 1942. During the 1940s, 2,200 Jews emigrated from Bolivia. But the ones who remained have settled their communities primarily in La Paz, but also Cochabamba, Oruro, Santa Cruz, Sucre, Tarija and Potosí. After World War II, a small number of Polish Jews came to Bolivia. By 1939, Jewish communities gained greater stability in the country. In recent decades, the Jewish community of Bolivia has declined

neg: HIV/AIDS in Bolivia Príncipe, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, and East Timor. HIV/AIDS in Bolivia HIV/AIDS in Bolivia has a less than 1 percent prevalence of Bolivia's adult population estimated to be HIV-positive and therefore the country has one of the lowest HIV prevalence rates in the Latin America and Caribbean region. Bolivia’s first case of HIV was diagnosed in 1985, and since then the epidemic has been largely concentrated in groups of men who have sex with men (MSM). In May 2007, the Government of Bolivia reported a total of 2,464 cases of HIV since the beginning of the epidemic. UNAIDS, which

neg: HIV/AIDS in Bolivia HIV/AIDS in Bolivia HIV/AIDS in Bolivia has a less than 1 percent prevalence of Bolivia's adult population estimated to be HIV-positive and therefore the country has one of the lowest HIV prevalence rates in the Latin America and Caribbean region. Bolivia’s first case of HIV was diagnosed in 1985, and since then the epidemic has been largely concentrated in groups of men who have sex with men (MSM). In May 2007, the Government of Bolivia reported a total of 2,464 cases of HIV since the beginning of the epidemic. UNAIDS, which included estimates of unknown cases, reported in 2005 that

neg: Kanda (lineage) it seems larger and more flexible. Kanda (lineage) Kanda (plural "makanda"; before 1700 the singular was "dikanda" or "likanda") in Kikongo is any social or analytical group, but often applied to lineages or groups of associated people who form a faction, band or other group. In Kongo documents written in Portuguese, or in older Portuguese accounts of Kongo it often is translated by "geração" (family or lineage in Portuguese). In older times, before about 1850, the term probably referred to elite lineages or descent groups (and their clients and slaves) who ruled the country. In modern Kikongo usage, for example

neg: Peter Murphy (footballer, born 1980) released on 10 May 2017 after the club's relegation from the Scottish Championship. Murphy is a former Ireland under-19 and under-21 international, playing in the UEFA Under-19 Championships in 1999. In May 2007, Murphy received his first call up to the senior Republic of Ireland squad for the two-game American tour against Ecuador and Bolivia. Murphy's international début came against Bolivia when he started the match before being substituted at half time. This appearance meant he became first Carlisle United player to win full international honours while with the Brunton Park club since Eric Welsh, who won four caps for

neg: History of Bolivia (1964–82) on August 1971 by Hugo Banzer Suárez. Banzer ruled for seven years, initially from 1971 to 1974 with the support of Estenssoro's Nationalist Revolutionary Movement. In 1974, impatient with schisms in the party, he replaced civilians with members of the armed forces and suspended political activities. The economy grew impressively during Banzer's presidency, but demands for greater political freedom undercut his support. He called elections in 1978 and Bolivia once again plunged into turmoil. Juan Pereda ruled for only four months in 1978, but his ascent to the presidency marked the beginning of an even more unstable period in Bolivian

neg: Bolivians in the United Kingdom the country) and "cambas" (Guarany indigenous descendants from the east side of the country) remain salient, although less important among youth. Furthermore, what social class one actually belongs to in the UK on the basis of one's income and lifestyle is often less relevant than the perception by other Bolivians of what social class one belonged to in Bolivia; migration to a new country means that both lower-class and upper-class Bolivians find themselves working in the same low-level jobs. One interviewee who came from an affluent family in Bolivia, but worked as a cleaner after arriving in the United Kingdom,

neg: Irredentism alternative to the partition of Bengal on communal lines. The initiative failed due to British diplomacy and communal conflict between Bengali Muslims and Bengali Hindus that eventually led to the Second Partition of Bengal. The 2009 constitution of Bolivia states that the country has an "unrenounceable right over the territory that gives it access to the Pacific Ocean and its maritime space". This is understood as territory that Bolivia and Peru ceded to Chile after the War of the Pacific, which left Bolivia as a landlocked country. The preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China states, "Taiwan

neg: Evo Morales civil war. After it was revealed that USAID's Office of Transition Initiatives had supplied $4.5 million to the pro-autonomist departmental governments of the eastern provinces, in September 2008 Morales accused the U.S. ambassador to Bolivia, Philip Goldberg, of "conspiring against democracy" and encouraging the civil unrest, ordering him to leave the country. The U.S. government responded by expelling Bolivian ambassador to the U.S., Gustavo Guzman. Bolivia subsequently expelled the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) from the country, while the U.S. responded by withdrawing their Peace Corps. Chávez stood in solidarity with Bolivia by ordering the U.S. ambassador Patrick Duddy out

neg: Pittheus settled in the country and divided the power with Aetius. Thus, after these events the land was ruled by three kings instead of one: Aetius, Troezen and Pittheus but the newcomers enjoyed the real authority. This was evident after Troezen's death for Pittheus who supplanted the earlier dynasty, ruled as the sole king. Having gathered settlers together and joining the two villages of Hyperea and Anthea into a modern city, Pittheus renamed it Troezen after his sibling. Bellerophon came to Troezen to ask Pittheus for Aethra's hand in marriage, but the hero was banished from Corinth before the nuptials took