query: which group was considered the backbone of chinese society

pos: Society and culture of the Han dynasty elements. Although the social status of nobles, officials, farmers, and artisan-craftsmen were considered above the station of the lowly registered merchant, wealthy and successful businessmen acquired huge fortunes which allowed them to rival the social prestige of even the most powerful nobles and highest officials. Slaves were at the bottom of the social order, yet they represented only a tiny portion of the overall population. Retainers attached themselves to the estates of wealthy landowners, while medical physicians and state-employed religious occultists could make a decent living. People of all social classes believed in various deities, spirits, immortals, and demons. While

neg: Haller coat of arms Haller coat of arms Haller is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by the Polish-German Haller de Hallenburg family. The surname Haller was first found in Saxony, where the name could be considered to have made an early contribution to the feudal society which became the backbone of early development of Europe. The name probably derived from the city of Halle, became prominent in local affairs and branched into many houses which played important roles in the savage tribal and national conflicts, as each group sought power and status in an unstable territorial profile. <Quarterly I & IV

neg: The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Perilous Journey farm; her mother died when she was a young child. Kate has long blonde hair and ocean-blue eyes. Kate possesses unparalleled strength, speed, agility, and endurance, among other things. She can be considered the backbone or powerhouse of the four. Her many awkward-but-useful talents (such as regurgitating things) are very prized and prove to be pivotal for the welfare of the group. Constance Contraire is the fourth child of the group. She is waiting to be adopted by Mr. Benedict. Though she at first does not appear to have any special abilities, her bravery and stubbornness ultimately prove to be

neg: Society and culture of the Han dynasty sacrifices could be considered null and void). The majority of clan or lineage groups were not very influential in local society. However, prominent kinship groups could enjoy a great deal of ad hoc influence, especially if a member served as a government official. Wealthy scholars or officials often shared the same kinship group with poor commoners. Since clan members were expected to defend fellow members (even to the point of murder), government authorities constantly struggled to suppress powerful kinship groups. Local lineage groups formed the backbone of rebel forces in the popular uprising against Wang Mang in the early 1st

neg: Nso people given society to control their population. Therefore, the government or the leaders establish laws to back up with this ideology. Hence, it generated inequality among the Nso men and Nso women. This gender inequality is defined by the subjectivity of the women to their men regardless that the women are considered the "backbone of the country" (Goheen 1996: 63). The Nso have an agricultural society and most of their food subsistence comes from farming. Nso women are called the "backbone of the country" because they are the farmers. However, these women do not have any power over what they produce

neg: Straight man cancer position in production. Thus, men became the backbone of the family, while women became their accessory. Numerous Chinese families which still have been influenced a lot by the patriarchal tradition, especially the rural families, tend to have a preference for boys rather than girls. They spoil the boys in their family which might affect their sons’ cognition of the social level of men and women. This makes men value themselves over women and causes male chauvinism. Straight man cancer Straight man cancer (Chinese: 直男癌; pinyin: zhí nán ái) is a Chinese neologism for a group of men who are stubbornly

neg: Ancient economic thought New Policies Group enacted a series of reforms that centered around military reform, bureaucratic reform, and economic reform. Economic reforms introduced included low-cost loans for farmers (whom he considered the backbone of the Chinese economy in terms of production of goods and greatest source of the land tax), replacing the corvee labor service with a tax instead, enacting government monopolies on crucial industries producing tea, salt, and wine, introduction of a local militia to ease the budget spending on the official standing army of 1 million troops, and the establishment of a Finance Planning Commission staffed largely by political loyals

neg: Sia (title) they dominated the administrative posts of "Majoor", "Kapitein" and "Luitenant der Chinezen", or the Chinese officership on a near-hereditary basis. To a significant extent, they also monopolised the colonial government's lucrative revenue farms, which formed the economic backbone of their political influence. To preserve and consolidate their power, families of the Cabang Atas contracted extensive, strategic intermarriages within their social group. In the later colonial period, it became fashionable among western-educated title holders to refrain from using the title 'Sia', which was seen as an old-fashioned anachronism. This mirrored the decline in the importance of the Chinese officership as a

neg: China–Pakistan relations from Peshawar to Karachi, with 24 hour video recordings on roads and busy marketplaces for law and order. A national fibre-optic backbone will be built for the country not only for internet traffic, but also terrestrial distribution of broadcast TV, which will cooperate with Chinese media in the "dissemination of Chinese cultures". The support that China and Pakistan give each other is considered significant in global diplomacy, and has been compared to Israel–United States relations. According to a Pew survey of Pakistani public opinion in 2010, 84 per cent of respondents said they had a favourable view of China and

neg: Na Tuk Kong the area, written in Chinese. A common misconception held by most Malaysians is that the Datuk Gong is just another regular Chinese deity. In actual fact, most Datuks are Malay-Muslim spirits. There are also Chinese, Indian, Siamese and even Orang Asli Datuks present and they are all considered independent from the Chinese pantheon of gods. The function and position of the Datuk varies across communities but his position as the spirit of the land remains the backbone of the belief. In most Chinese temples, the Datuk is almost always outside of the main building, either on a small altar of

neg: Holy Emperor Guan's True Scripture to Awaken the World many facets of human daily life. Its theory on family, business, human relationships, ecological interaction and karmic retribution, reflects the Taoist pursuit of harmony among people in the society, and serves as a guide to teach younger generation on to create a better society. Although classified as a Taoist scripture, its theme and choice of words have clear Confucian and Buddhist influence. The basis of Guan Yu worship revolves around loyalty, filial piety, chastity and righteousness; these are direct influence from Confucian teachings, which have served as the backbone of Chinese culture. Though Confucianism puts more emphasis on humane values,

neg: Yue Xin (activist) activists, Yue among them, traveling to Huizhou to participate in protests against company and The Chinese government's policies towards labor rights. Yue Xin was among fifty members or supporters of the JASIC Workers Solidarity group to be arrested by Chinese police on August 23rd, 2018. As of October 11th, Yue Xin has not been seen in public since her arrest by Chinese authorities. Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek discussed the disappearance of Yue Xin in an article published by The Independent. Zizek points out the inherent contradiction within Chinese society, wherein the official state ideology of Marxism is considered a dangerous

neg: CERNET information industry, and plays a pioneer role in China's information initiative. CERNET The China Education and Research Network (CERNET; ) is the first nationwide education and research computer network in China. The CERNET project is funded by the Chinese government and directly managed by the Chinese Ministry of Education. It is constructed and operated by Tsinghua University and the other leading Chinese universities. CERNET has a four-layer hierarchy (the nationwide backbone, regional networks, provincial networks and campus networks). CERNET National Center is located in Tsinghua University, which is responsible for operation and management of CERNET backbone nationwide. The ten regional

neg: CERNET CERNET The China Education and Research Network (CERNET; ) is the first nationwide education and research computer network in China. The CERNET project is funded by the Chinese government and directly managed by the Chinese Ministry of Education. It is constructed and operated by Tsinghua University and the other leading Chinese universities. CERNET has a four-layer hierarchy (the nationwide backbone, regional networks, provincial networks and campus networks). CERNET National Center is located in Tsinghua University, which is responsible for operation and management of CERNET backbone nationwide. The ten regional network centers and main nodes are distributed in Tsinghua University, Peking

neg: Nie Er June 1931, Nie Er entered the Mingyue Musical Drama Society as a violinist. In July 1932 he published "A Short Treatise on Chinese Song and Dance", in which he criticised the Drama Society's president, Li Jinhui, as a result of which he was forced to leave the society. Prior to joining the Lianhua Film Studio on November 1932, he took part in shaping the Bright Moonlight Song and Dance Troupe. He later joined the musical group of the Friends of the Soviet Union Society. He also organized the Chinese Contemporary Music Research Group, which participated in the Leftist Dramatist's Union.

neg: Chinese Market Gardens (La Perouse) Chinese Market Gardens La Perouse was one of several listings resulting from a 1999 Heritage Branch program which consulted with the Chinese community to nominate sites they considered to be of heritage significance. Submissions in 2012 from representatives of the Chinese Heritage Association of Australia and the Chinese Australian Historical Society suggested that the Chinese Market Gardens La Perouse are considered to be gaining in significance as their rarity within the Sydney metropolitan area increases. The gardens are of at least local significance to the wider community for the role they have played in helping to feed the local and

neg: Ionomer group molar substitution level (usually greater than 80%); ionenes are polymers where ionic groups are part of the actual polymer backbone. These two classes of ionic-group-containing polymers have vastly different morphological and physical properties and are therefore not considered ionomers. Ionomers have unique physical properties including electrical conductivity and viscosity—increase in ionomer solution viscosity with increasing temperatures (see conducting polymer). Ionomers also have unique morphological properties as the non-polar polymer backbone is energetically incompatible with the polar ionic groups. As a result, the ionic groups in most ionomers will undergo microphase separation to form ionic-rich domains. Commercial applications for ionomers

neg: Backbone chain Backbone chain In polymer science, the backbone chain of a polymer is the longest series of covalently bonded atoms that together create the continuous chain of the molecule. This science is subdivided into the study of organic polymers, which consist of a carbon backbone, and inorganic polymers which have backbones containing only main group elements. In biochemistry, organic backbone chains make up the primary structure of macromolecules. The backbones of these biological macromolecules consist of central chains of covalently bonded atoms. The characteristics and order of the monomer residues in the backbone make a map for the complex structure of

neg: Backbone chain the pentose-phosphate polymer backbone in DNA and are hydrogen bonded in pairs to their complementary partners (A with T and G with C). This creates a double helix with pentose phosphate backbones on either side, thus forming a secondary structure. Backbone chain In polymer science, the backbone chain of a polymer is the longest series of covalently bonded atoms that together create the continuous chain of the molecule. This science is subdivided into the study of organic polymers, which consist of a carbon backbone, and inorganic polymers which have backbones containing only main group elements. In biochemistry, organic backbone chains

neg: Fuerdai Fuerdai Fuerdai () is a Chinese term that refers to the children of the "nouveau riche" in China. This term, generally considered pejorative, is often invoked in the Chinese media and everyday discussions in mainland China, as it incorporates some of the social and moral problems that are associated with modern Chinese society. Fuerdai are sons and daughters of the Chinese "nouveau riche" of the early years of China's reform era from the late 1970s onward. During the new era, in which private initiative could be rewarded by wealth, many new rich Chinese emerged in the former-socialist Chinese society. While

neg: Tribology national and international societies, including: the "Society for Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers" (STLE) in the USA, the "Institution of Mechanical Engineers"' and "Institute of Physics" (IMechE Tribology Group, IOP Tribology Group) in the UK, the "German Society for Tribology" (Gesellschaft für Tribologie), the "Malaysian Tribology Society" (MYTRIBOS), the "Japanese Society of Tribologists" (JAST), the "Tribology Society of India" (TSI), the "Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society" (Chinese Tribology Institute) and the "International Tribology Council" (International Tribology Council). Tribology research is mostly empirical, which can be explained by the vast number of parameters that influence friction and wear in tribological contacts. Thus, most

neg: Fascist syndicalism finally surfaced as a major facet of Italian Fascism, where Mussolini himself confessed: “What I am, I owe to Sorel.” The Israeli historian Zeev Sternhell, considered a leading expert on fascism, asserted that this integration of syndicalism with unpatriotic nationalism was a factor in why “Italian revolutionary syndicalism became the backbone of fascist ideology.” Mussolini was one of the first to comingle the phrase fascism with syndicalism, remarking in the early 1920s that “Fascist syndicalism is national and productivistic… in a national society in which labor becomes a joy, an object of pride and a title to nobility.” Most Italian

neg: Haller coat of arms or three trefoils slipped vert, II & III gules a chevron or. Crest: issuant out of a crest coronet or three ostrich feathers vert argent and gules. Mantled dexter vert doubled or and sinister gules doubled or.> Notable bearers of this coat of arms include: Haller coat of arms Haller is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by the Polish-German Haller de Hallenburg family. The surname Haller was first found in Saxony, where the name could be considered to have made an early contribution to the feudal society which became the backbone of early development of Europe. The

neg: Wanghong economy 1.3 billion consumers, China’s domestic market presents enormous buying power. There are some characteristics of Chinese culture that influence its way of consumption and could explain the perception of Internet celebrities, according to that cultural values are considered as determinants of attitudes and behaviors: The first feature of Chinese society is the collective nature. The Chinese will adhere more easily to the standards of group than people in individualistic societies. The second feature is Polychronic, the people in a polychronic culture are enjoying social harmony and in general emphasizing relationships more than tasks. According to the research cited “online social

neg: Poly Technologies Poly Technologies The Poly Technologies (), a subsidiary of China Poly Group Corporation, is a defense manufacturing company with headquarters in Beijing, China. The company deals with missiles and other military products. The company was founded by the Chinese People's Liberation Army in order to provide competition to China North Industries Corporation (Norinco). Since 2005, Poly Technologies has always been the three best military import and export companies in China. As a traditional pillar industry of Poly Group Corp., international trading business is mainly undertaken by Poly Technologies Inc., both the predecessor of the Poly Group and a backbone enterprise

neg: Cyberspace Administration of China world that the Chinese Dream is uplifting China.” The CAC has also been accused of assisting in cyber attacks against visitors to Chinese website. The anti-censorship group GreatFire.org provided data and reports showing man-in-the-middle attacks against major foreign web services, including iCloud, Yahoo, Microsoft, and Google. The attack would have required the ability to "tap into the backbone of the Chinese Internet." Gibson Research Corporation attributed some of the attacks against GitHub to the CAC's operations. In the attack, ads hosted on Baidu were able to leverage computers visiting from outside China, redirecting their traffic to overload the servers of

neg: Aldose of which represent important stereochemical information about the forms they depict. Aldose An aldose is a monosaccharide (a simple sugar) with a carbon backbone chain with a carbonyl group on the endmost carbon atom, making it an aldehyde, and hydroxyl groups connected to all the other carbon atoms. Aldoses can be distinguished from ketoses, which have the carbonyl group away from the end of the molecule, and are therefore ketones. Like most carbohydrates, simple aldoses have the general chemical formula C(HO). Because formaldehyde (n=1) and glycolaldehyde (n=2) are not generally considered to be carbohydrates, the simplest possible aldose is the

neg: Aldose Aldose An aldose is a monosaccharide (a simple sugar) with a carbon backbone chain with a carbonyl group on the endmost carbon atom, making it an aldehyde, and hydroxyl groups connected to all the other carbon atoms. Aldoses can be distinguished from ketoses, which have the carbonyl group away from the end of the molecule, and are therefore ketones. Like most carbohydrates, simple aldoses have the general chemical formula C(HO). Because formaldehyde (n=1) and glycolaldehyde (n=2) are not generally considered to be carbohydrates, the simplest possible aldose is the triose glyceraldehyde, which only contains three carbon atoms. Because they have

neg: Red Cross Society of China Red Cross Society of China The Red Cross Society of China () is the national Red Cross Society in the People's Republic of China. The Red Cross Society of China was founded as the Shanghai International Red Cross Committee on March 10, 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War. The founders were a group of Chinese business and political leaders, led by Shanghai tea merchant Shen Dunhe. Shen chose to use the Red Cross aegis for his group because the neutrality provided by the Red Cross symbol allowed Chinese relief teams into the Manchurian war zones to aid Chinese civilians caught in

neg: Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States of American industry. The Chinese were considered by employers as "reliable" workers who would continue working, without complaint, even under destitute conditions. Chinese migrant workers encountered considerable prejudice in the United States, especially by the people who occupied the lower layers in white society, because Chinese "coolies" were used as a scapegoat for depressed wage levels by politicians and labor leaders. Cases of physical assaults on Chinese include the Chinese massacre of 1871 in Los Angeles and the murder of Vincent Chin. The 1909 murder of Elsie Sigel in New York, of which a Chinese person was suspected, was blamed

neg: Masahiro Yasuoka In 1932, he founded a right-wing group called "Kokuikai". Fumimaro Konoe, Koki Hirota and other influential figures joined, but the group came to be perceived as an eminence grise, leading to its end after two years. He was a brilliant student; however, he skipped classes when he was at Tokyo Imperial University in favor of reading books at the library. In the second edition of his study on Wang Yangming in 1960, he wrote of reading many important Western works, but also of returning to Chinese and Japanese works. He said, "I felt that my backbone was strengthened when I

neg: Weather Girls from the album, "Don't Cry", was issued. In 2015, the group continued to carry out activities in its homeland, Taiwan. On 24 January 2015, it performed at the annual grand event "Super Star" (), the Taiwanese version of "Kōhaku Uta Gassen". The event took place at Taipei Arena and was broadcast on 18 February 2015, the eve of the Chinese New Year. On 18 February 2015, "The Wonderful Wedding", a Taiwanese film starring the group, was also released. On 2 June 2015, Friday Girl Mini informed on her Facebook that she has an injury on her backbone. She then asked

neg: Invertebrate zoology He proposed that the focus be on evolutionary relationships over similar morphological features. He also defined monophyly and included his ideas about hierarchical classification. Though Hennig did not include information on outgroup comparison, he was apparently aware of the practice, which is considered important to today's systematic research. Invertebrate zoology Invertebrate zoology is the subsystem of zoology that consists of the study of invertebrates, animals without a backbone (a structure which is found only in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.) Invertebrates are a vast and very diverse group of animals that includes sponges, echinoderms, tunicates, numerous different phyla of

neg: White Lotus Rebellion the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty – the Ming dynasty. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. BJ Ter

neg: End-group vast array of different polymer structures, which can be tailored to the application in question. The “grafting from” approach involves, for example, generation of radicals along a polymer chain, which can then be reacted with monomers to grow a new polymer from the backbone of another. In “grafting from” the initiation sites on the backbone of the first polymer can be part of the backbone structure originally or generated in situ. The “grafting to” approach involves the reaction of functionalized monomers to a polymer backbone. In graft polymers, end groups play an important role, for example, in the “grafting to”

neg: Chinese numismatic charm written very similar to the character which means "son" so the inscription of the Knife coin could be read as "worth five sons" as this was very much desired in ancient Chinese society. A coin from Shu Han with the nominal value of 100 Wu Zhu cash coins featured a fish on the reverse of the inscription which symbolises "abundance" and "perseverance" in Chinese culture. Another Shu Han era coin contained the inscription of Tai Ping Bai Qian which was taken as an omen of peace and this coin is often considered to be a peace charm. During the Jin

neg: Boxers (group) Boxers (group) The Boxers or Yihequan in Chinese (), or Fists of Harmony and Justice (also named Yihetuan (), League of Harmony and Justice), was a Chinese secret society known for having triggered the Boxer Rebellion. It became a massive movement, counting between 50,000 and 100,000 members. The society led xenophobic actions, first hostile towards the Manchu Qing dynasty then allied with it to fight Westerners, Japanese and Christians. In the Western world, the society was mainly known as the "Boxers", due to its members' practice of Kung Fu, at the time called "Chinese boxing". Throughout history, China has had

neg: Han Chinese subgroups people are another Wu-speaking Chinese group and speak the Ningbo dialect. Wenzhou people are a Wu-speaking Chinese group who speak Wenzhounese. Though a significant minority are also speakers of a dialect of Min Nan known as Zhenan Min. If Huizhou Chinese was fully considered to be a subdivision of Wu Chinese, then people from Huizhou are considered to be Wu-speaking. Wu Chinese is also spoken by a minuscule minority, particularly by Mainlanders, both in Taiwan and in Hong Kong, as also other overseas Chinese communities. Yue or Cantonese speakers are predominant in the Pearl River basin (western-central Guangdong and eastern-central

neg: China Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra China Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra The China Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra (Chinese: 中国广播民族乐团; also called Central Broadcasting Traditional Instruments Orchestra) is a major Chinese orchestra based in Beijing, comprising a large group of traditional Chinese musical instruments. It is a consolidation of the Chinese Film Orchestra Chinese Music Orchestra (中国电影乐团民族乐团), which was founded in 1949, and the original China Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra (中国广播民族乐团), which was founded in 1953. They came to the United States under the auspices of the Chinese Music Society of North America. Its most famous conductor was Peng Xiuwen. Recordings by the Orchestra of pieces such as "Dance of

neg: Fortress Besieged University" (), from which the novel's character obtained his PhD paper, is used as an idiom meaning an illegitimate foreign degree qualification or academic institution. Likewise, the novel's title, deriving from the French proverb, has given rise to a similar proverb in Chinese. Fortress Besieged Fortress Besieged (Simplified Chinese: 围城; Traditional Chinese: 圍城; Pinyin: wéi chéng) is a Chinese satiric novel written by Qian Zhongshu, first published in 1947, and widely considered one of the masterpieces of twentieth century Chinese literature. The novel is a humorous tale about middle-class Chinese society in the late 1930s. It was made into a

neg: End-group the backbone. Monomers are reacted with the radicals along the backbone and subsequently generate polymers which are grafted from the backbone of the first polymer. The schematic for "grafting to" shows an example using anionic polymerizations, the polymer containing the carbonyl functionalities gets attacked by the activated polymer chain and generates a polymer attached to the associated carbon along with an alcohol group, in this example. These examples show us the potential of fine tuning end groups of polymer chains to target certain copolymer structures. Because of the importance of end groups, there have been many analytical techniques developed for

neg: A Chinese Torture Chamber Story A Chinese Torture Chamber Story A Chinese Torture Chamber Story is a 1994 Hong Kong erotic (Category III) black comedy film produced by Wong Jing and directed by Bosco Lam. The film's Chinese title literally means "Ten Tortures of the Manchu Qing Dynasty". Siu-bak-choi (lit. "Little Cabbage") is a female servant of the physician Yeung Nai-mou. Yeung is open towards the topic of sex, which is usually considered taboo in traditional Chinese society. He invents a type of condom to help people avoid contracting sexually transmitted diseases, but his idea was not accepted and he was scorned at. Lau Hoi-sing,

neg: Women in the Americas prohibiting its debt contracts the following year, Mexico terminating its hacienda system in 1917 and agrarian reform and revolution which ended Peru's hacienda system in 1952 and Bolivia's in 1969. Women in the United States were extremely active in the abolition movement. Women "were on the front lines, traveling the countryside--speaking on the issue of slavery" and were considered the "backbone" of the anti-slavery movement. Lucretia Mott and William Lloyd Garrison eventually founded the American Anti-Slavery Society and both were supportive of women being equal voices in the fight against slavery. Women such as Sarah McKim and Susanna Wright, were

neg: Laotian Chinese Laotian Chinese The Laotian Chinese are an overseas Chinese community who live in Laos. At present they constitute an estimated 2% of the population. The Laotian Chinese community have a disproportionately large presence in the Laotian business sector and dominate the Laotian economy today. Many modern Laotian Chinese have reinvented themselves to assert a more traditional Chinese identity to more easily create economic links to conduct business between Laos and Mainland China. Though assimilation into Laotian society is highly favored, the approbation of those “marks” of Chinese cultural membership which are commonly considered to be the most important while concurrently

neg: Aake Anker Ording particular. These would form the backbone of the group "Mot Dag". In 1927 Ording became the first secretary-general of "Nordisk Clartéforbund" (the Nordic Clarté Association), which organized the Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish branches of the organization Clarté. He was probably aware of Erling Falk's infamous embezzlement of Norwegian Students' Society funds in 1926–1927, as he gradually became part of a "Mot Dag" "triumvirate" of Falk, himself and Gunnar Røise, but unlike Falk he was welcomed to the Labour Party when "Mot Dag" was dissolved in 1936. Ording was a member of "Mot Dag"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s secretariat formed in 1935 when Falk

neg: Chinese immigration to Mexico especially in Mexicali which also produced a kind of informal money lending in the Chinese community, called “hui.” As part of their integration into Mexican society, most Chinese adopted a Mexican first name then used their Chinese names as surnames, which was done by Chinese in many parts of Latin America. Some learned Spanish and sought naturalized Mexican citizenship. The Chinese of Mexicali started the Asociación China, a social organization partly devoted to obtaining Chinese wives from overseas. The group still remains to this day. However, most Chinese men did marry Mexican women, but they retained most of their customs

neg: Maria Tam She was also awarded an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1985, and a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1988. She was the founder of the Federation of Women Lawyers and the Junior Police Officers' Association. As the colonial government intended to introduce greater representative democracy in the transition period, Tam also founded the Progressive Hong Kong Society (PHKS) in 1985 to participate in the elections. The Progressive Hong Kong Society became the backbone of the Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong (LDF) set by the a group of

neg: Foot Emancipation Society Foot Emancipation Society The Foot Emancipation Society (), or Anti-footbinding Society (; "Jiè chánzú huì"), was a civil organization which opposed foot binding in late Qing dynasty China. It was affected by the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898, and this organization advanced the feminist movement in China. Foot binding was a custom practiced on young girls and women for approximately one thousand years in China, beginning in the 10th century. In Chinese society, bound feet were considered beautiful and erotic. The practice also limited women's mobility and was sometimes seen as a mark of status (the woman did not have

neg: YTHT required by law to remove all discussion about YTHT. The words "ytht", "一塌糊涂", and "糊涂" are now blocked from Chinese ISPs. One of the major Chinese search engines also blocks these words. It was reopened in April 2007. As of May 2007, the BBS is still in working order. However, since the Chinese education network is segregated from the overseas backbone, the mainland students have difficulties in connecting to the BBS, which actually hurts its popularity. YTHT Yi Ta Hu Tu (; YTHT BBS) is a bulletin board system which was created on September 17, 1999, by student Lepton in

neg: Biomolecule is called the secondary structure of the protein. Alpha helices are regular spirals stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the backbone CO group (carbonyl) of one amino acid residue and the backbone NH group (amide) of the i+4 residue. The spiral has about 3.6 amino acids per turn, and the amino acid side chains stick out from the cylinder of the helix. Beta pleated sheets are formed by backbone hydrogen bonds between individual beta strands each of which is in an "extended", or fully stretched-out, conformation. The strands may lie parallel or antiparallel to each other, and the side-chain direction alternates

neg: Perak Chinese Chamber of Commerce Perak Chinese Chamber of Commerce To promote relationships and cooperation among the Chinese business community within the state, and to safeguard, uphold and fight for their economic rights, miners, Mr. Foo Choo Choon and Yau Tuck Seng led a group of businessmen to form the Perak Chinese Chamber of Commerce in 1907. Perak Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry ( PCCCI ), formerly known as Perak Chinese Chamber of Commerce, was founded in 1907 as a society under the law. The chamber currently has 1276 trade society members, and more than 10,000 individual, corporate and trade society members. The Chamber

neg: A Chinese Torture Chamber Story tortures to force them to "confess" to the crime. A Chinese Torture Chamber Story A Chinese Torture Chamber Story is a 1994 Hong Kong erotic (Category III) black comedy film produced by Wong Jing and directed by Bosco Lam. The film's Chinese title literally means "Ten Tortures of the Manchu Qing Dynasty". Siu-bak-choi (lit. "Little Cabbage") is a female servant of the physician Yeung Nai-mou. Yeung is open towards the topic of sex, which is usually considered taboo in traditional Chinese society. He invents a type of condom to help people avoid contracting sexually transmitted diseases, but his idea was

neg: Exim Bank of China but is distinguished by its role as the sole provider of Chinese government concessional loans. Exim is not limited though to concessional funding and commercial operations form the backbone of the bank. Commercial activity includes export credits mainly in the infrastructure fields (roads, power plants, oil and gas pipelines, telecom, and water projects) and investment loans for Chinese businesses to establish overseas in the energy, mining and industrial sectors. Exim does not publish figures for overseas loans. However, U.S. officials estimate that it finances more than the total export financing of the Group of Seven industrialized nations combined. "The Financial

neg: Sexual slavery sexuality in Greco-Roman society and enjoyed little legal protection. See ancient Rome's law on rape as an example. Male intercourse with a slave was not considered adultery by either society. During the Chinese domination of Vietnam, Vietnamese girls were sold as sex slaves to the Chinese. A large trade developed where the native girls of Vietnam were enslaved and brought north to the Chinese. Southern Yue girls were sexually eroticized in Chinese literature and in poems written by Chinese who were exiled to the south. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Portuguese visitors and their South Asian "lascar" (and sometimes

neg: Backbone chain substituent "side chains." For this reason, only proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids should be considered as biological macromolecules with polymeric backbones. The character of the backbone chain depends on the type of polymerization: in step-growth polymerization, the monomer moiety becomes the backbone, and thus the backbone is typically functional. These include polythiophenes or low band gap polymers in organic semiconductors. In chain-growth polymerization, typically applied for alkenes, the backbone is not functional, but bears the functional side chains or pendant groups. The character of the backbone, i.e. its flexibility, determines the thermal properties of the polymer (such as the glass

neg: History of the LGBT community in Seattle Josh Joshua. Chicken Soup became the backbone of the gay community with groups of volunteers cooking and caring for those who were ill with HIV. Seattle's most major HIV focused organization is likely Life Long AIDS Alliance . Life Long organizes services for people living with AIDS and is simultaneously active in the LGBT community by holding support groups and awareness events such as Gay Bingo. Shanti/Seattle was created to train volunteers to understand the emotional stages of HIV/AIDS. Another key organization is the Dunshee House which was originally born from Seattle's first gay awareness group, the Dorian Society. Dunshee

neg: Airborne Networking into hierarchical tiers such that higher tiers are used to move data between more localized subnets. This network topology can be compared to any conventional deployed network that utilizes routers, switches, and hubs to temporarily connect users. A network topology characterized by a persistent backbone is established using relatively persistent wideband connections among high-value platforms flying relatively stable orbits. It provides the connectivity between the tactical subnets which are considered edge networks relative to the backbone. This provides concentration points for connectivity to the space backbone as well as to terrestrial networks. This type of network topology is comparable to

neg: Thai Chinese considered ethnic Chinese. The Thai linguist Theraphan Luangthongkum estimates the share of those having at least partly Chinese ancestry at about 40 percent. For assimilated second and third generation descendants of Chinese immigrants, it is principally a personal choice whether or not to identify themselves as ethnic Chinese. Nonetheless, nearly all Thai Chinese sole self-identify as Thai, due to their close integration and successful assimilation into Thai society. G William Skinners observed that the level of assimilation of the descendants of Chinese immigrants in Thailand disproved the "myth about the 'unchanging Chinese'", noting that ""assimilation is considered complete when the

neg: Alex Orbison with Don Williams Music Group, but as Backbone gained popularity amongst the community, Orbi left his position in publishing to tour with Backbone69. Tragically, in 2001, Chris Williams was in a fatal car accident, which led to the dissipation of the band. As Betts described it, "It was like the tribe lost its chief." While Williams was alive, the members of Backbone frequently played as backing band for the son of Lou Adler, Cisco Adler's project called Whitestarr. After Williams' passing, Cisco invited the boys of Backbone to formally join the band. After signing with Atlantic Records in 2000 and

neg: Polyurethane dispersion to synthesize an non-ionic PUD . This involves using materials that will produce an ethylene oxide backbone, or similar, or a chain pendant from the main polymer backbone. Anionic PUDs are by far the most common available commercially. To produce these, initially a polyurethane prepolymer is manufactured in the usual way but instead of just using isocyanate and polyol, a modifier is included in the polymer Backbone chain or pendant from the main backbone. This modifier is/was mainly DMPA DiMethyl Propionic Acid . This molecule contains two Hydroxy group and a carboxylic acid group . The OH groups react with

neg: Women in Hong Kong This group was responsible for drafting the government's Sex Discrimination bill in 1995. The bill advocated for women's legal, political, and economic rights. "Notes: Several chapters are dedicated to the historical status of women in Hong Kong." Women in Hong Kong Native women in Hong Kong used to be situated within the context of Chinese family and society, in which they were treated the same as Mainland women or Taiwanese women. Under the traditional Chinese patriarchy structure, the society was male-dominated, and women had a relatively subordinate familial role. However, there are cultural differences between Mainland Chinese citizens and citizens

neg: Chinese historiography modern capitalism; while another group argued that "Chinese society was extraordinarily saturated with stagnancy, as compared to the West" and assumed that China existed in a "qualitatively different historical world from Western society". That is, there is an argument between those who see "unilinear, monistic world history" and those who conceive of a "two-tracked or multi-tracked world history". Tanigawa reviewed the applications of these theories in Japanese writings about Chinese history and then tested them by analyzing the Six Dynasties 220–589 CE period, which Marxist historians saw as feudal. His conclusion was that China did not have feudalism in the

neg: Antonio Cua until his death. He was president of several organizations, including the International Society for Chinese Philosophy, the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy and the Association for Asian Studies. He held leadership roles in several other associations. Cua was the author of numerous scholarly works and the chief editor of the "Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy". The volume, the first of its kind, contains entries on major schools, thinkers, works and concepts in Chinese philosophy and is considered the most comprehensive scholarly reference book with exact information and original interpretation of Chinese philosophy and its history. His books include "Reason and

neg: Third Battle of Seoul UN forces to be withdrawn from the Korean Peninsula. Despite its victory, the PVA had become completely exhausted after fighting nonstop since the start of the Chinese intervention. PVA Deputy Commander Han Xianchu later reported to Peng that although combat casualties had been light with only 8,500 battle casualties, the poor logistics and the exhaustion had cost the "backbone" of the Chinese forces during the Third Phase Campaign. US Far East Air Forces' "Interdiction Campaign No.4 ", which was launched on December 15, 1950 against Chinese and North Korean supply lines, also made the Chinese unable to sustain any further

neg: James Cahill (art historian) as curator of Chinese art from 1958 to 1965, when he became a faculty member at UC Berkeley. He taught at Berkeley for 30 years, from 1965 until his retirement in 1995, after which he became professor emeritus. From the late 1950s to the 1970s, when the Western society had far less interest in Chinese art than today, Cahill was among a group of art historians who researched and cataloged Chinese paintings. In 1960 he published "Chinese Painting", which became a classic text that was required reading in Chinese art history classes for decades. In 1973, he was one of

neg: Monoethnicity account for around 1% of the South Korean population. These include around 650,000 Chinese immigrants. Most Sub-Saharan African countries have what would be considered a mono-racial society, but it is common to find dozens of ethnic groups within the same country. The Yugoslav Wars are noted as having made territories "de facto and de jure monoethnic nation-states". Monoethnicity Monoethnicity is the existence of a single ethnic group in a given region or country. It is the opposite of polyethnicity. China is the largest predominantly monoethnic country; 91.6% of the population are Han Chinese. An example of a largely monoethnic country

neg: GM Y platform Y platform is considered as the sole perimeter frame automobile in production (the perimeter frame has an integrated endoskeleton which serves as a safety cage). GM's Kappa platform was inspired by the Y-body. The distinctive feature of both platforms is the backbone central-tunnel design. GM Y platform The Y platform, or Y body, designation has been used twice by the General Motors Corporation to describe a series of vehicles all built on the same basic body and sharing many parts and characteristics. The first was for a group of entry-level compacts including the conventional front-engine compacts built by GM divisions

neg: Ethnic minorities in China of variation between ethnic groups is not consistent. Many ethnic groups are described as having unique characteristics from other minority groups and from the dominant Han, but there are also some that are very similar to the Han majority group. Most Hui Chinese are indistinguishable from Han Chinese except for the fact that they practice Islam, and most Manchu are considered to be largely assimilated into dominant Han society. China's official 55 minorities are located primarily in the south, west, and north of China. Only Tibet Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region have a majority population of official minorities,

neg: Russian Revolution movements around the world in regions such as South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The Chinese Communist Revolution began in 1946 and was part of the ongoing Chinese Civil War. Marx had envisioned European revolutions to be intertwined with Asian revolutions in the mid-nineteenth-century with his 1853 "New York Tribune" article, "Revolution in China and Europe," in which he references the Chinese as people in "revolutionary convulsion," brought about by British economic control. The May Fourth Movement is considered a turning point where Communism took root in Chinese society, especially among intellectuals. China was officially made a communist country

neg: Backbone State Park One of the cabins is considered a noncontributing building. Area B is located near the center of the park. Its historic buildings and structures include a picnic shelter/concession, two more picnic shelters, two pit latrines, the site of CCC Camp 781, the east entrance entryways and gate, four overlooks, two trailside benches, six parking lots, a vehicle bridge, trail steps, the Backbone Trail and steps, Watercrest Springs, a sign, a drinking fountain, and paved roads. The CCC began constructing the picnic facilities beginning in December 1933 and continued until at least 1938. Work on the Backbone Trail, which follows the

neg: Chinese Physics Letters Chinese Physics Letters Chinese Physics Letters (abbreviation: "Chin. Phys. Lett.", or also "CPL") is a peer reviewed scientific journal in the fields of chemistry and physics and related interdisciplinary fields (e.g. biophysics). The journal was established in 1984, and is published by the Chinese Physical Society. It is published in English and is an open access journal. "Chinese Physics Letters" is a part of a small group of four journals from the Chinese Physical Society, the other three are: "Communications in Theoretical Physics" (in English, subtitled "Chinese Physics A"), "Chinese Physics B" (in English), and "Chinese Physics C" (in English).

neg: Chinese folk religion many scholars as the foundation for the emergence of civilisation, and the shaman as "teacher and spirit" of peoples. The Chinese Society for Shamanic Studies was founded in Jilin City in 1988. Nuo folk religion is a system of the Chinese folk religion with distinct institutions and cosmology present especially in central-southern China. It arose as an exorcistic religious movement, and it is interethnic but also intimately connected to the Tujia people. Confucianism and Taoism—which are formalised, ritual, doctrinal or philosophical traditions—can be considered both as embedded within the larger category of Chinese religion, or as separate religions. In fact,

neg: Socialism with Chinese characteristics Sun Liancheng and Lin Huiyong said that Marx and Engels—in their interpretation of "The Communist Manifesto"—criticized private ownership when it was owned solely by the bourgeoisie, but not individual ownership in which everyone owns the means of production and hence cannot be exploited by others. Individual ownership is considered consistent with socialism since Marx wrote that post-capitalist society would entail the rebuilding of "associated social individual ownership". According to writer and researcher Yasheng Huang and many others, the economic theory in China is not socialism with Chinese characteristics, but the opposite—capitalism with Chinese characteristics. Socialism with Chinese characteristics The theoretical

neg: Black Dragon Society 27, 1942, FBI agents arrested members of the Black Dragon Society in the San Joaquin Valley, California. In the Manzanar Internment Camp a small group of pro-Imperial Japanese flew Black Dragon flags and intimidated other Japanese inmates. Black Dragon Society The , or Amur River Society, was a prominent paramilitary, ultranationalist right-wing group in Japan. The "Kokuryūkai" was founded in 1901 by Uchida Ryohei as a successor to his mentor Mitsuru Tōyama's "Gen'yōsha". Its name is derived from the translation of the Amur River, which is called Heilongjiang or "Black Dragon River" in Chinese (黑龍江), read as "Kokuryū-kō" in Japanese.

neg: History of Malaysia Kesatuan Melayu Muda, advocates of "Melayu Raya", collaborated with the Japanese, based on the understanding that Japan would unite the Dutch East Indies, Malaya and Borneo and grant them independence. The occupiers regarded the Chinese, however, as enemy aliens, and treated them with great harshness: during the so-called "sook ching" (purification through suffering), up to 80,000 Chinese in Malaya and Singapore were killed. Chinese businesses were expropriated and Chinese schools either closed or burned down. Not surprisingly the Chinese, led by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP), became the backbone of the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), which with British assistance

neg: Early and Medieval Chinese History Early and Medieval Chinese History Early and Medieval Chinese History（"EMCH"《早期中國史研究》） is an academic periodical magazine, about Ancient and Medieval Chinese history studies, published by the Society of Early and Medieval Chinese History (Taipei, Taiwan). In 2009, some members of the Studies Group of Medieval Chinese History at National Taiwan University (NTU), Li-hsin Chao National Chi Nan University as the promoter of this group, starting to emerge a new academic community. The "EMCH" is one of their main and routine acativites. Members of the Society of EMCH including young scholars from Taiwan, Mainland China, Japan, Canada, i.e. Huaichen Kan (the chairman

neg: Qingyang towns with a total population of 2,211,191 (2010), only 310,000 of which are urban residents. In 2004 Qingyang's GDP was 8.014 Billion RMB, 11.6% growth over the previous year. Average annual urban income was 5130 RMB, rural was 1428 RMB. Petroleum and natural gas are the backbone of Qingyang's economy. Agricultural products include donkeys, Huan County sheep, cattle, Jin jujubes, milk, apricots and other fruits, vegetables, and berries. 69 different kinds of Chinese medicinal plants and herbs are collected or grown here, 25 of which are exported. Qingyang is famous for its rich folk culture. Traditional Chinese art forms such

neg: International Society for Ecological Economics of ISEE, that was considered to be "the major forum that links economists and ecologists, and academics and environmental activists." Dr. Daly was also awarded the 2014 Japanese Blue Planet Award. The ISEE is divided into regional societies. There are currently ten regional societies: There is also a Chinese Ecological Economics Society which is not affiliated to the ISEE and an Iberoamerican Network, REDIBEC. ISEE holds biennial conferences in different locations: International Society for Ecological Economics The International Society for Ecological Economics (ISEE) was founded in 1989, based heavily on the work of Herman Daly to promote ecological economics and

neg: Paraguayan Argentines Paraguayan Argentines Paraguayan Argentines are Argentine citizens of full or partial Paraguayan descent or Paraguay-born people who reside in Argentina. Paraguayan people comprise an important ethnic group in the country due to the sustained immigration that gained importance in the 1970s. The number of people born in Paraguay living in Argentina has been estimated in around 325,000. Therefore, it is the largest foreign community in the country outnumbering individuals from Italy and Spain (countries which have been historically regarded as the origin of the backbone of Argentine society). It is also one of the fastest growing foreign nationalities. Despite all

neg: Zhou Enlai as militarism, the bourgeoisie, partylords, bureaucrats, inequality between men and women, obstinate ideas, obsolete morals, old ethics... should be abolished or reformed", and affirmed that it was the purpose of the Society to spread this awareness among the Chinese people. It was in this society that Zhou first met his future wife, Deng Yingchao. In some ways, the Awakening Society resembled the clandestine Marxist study group at Peking University headed by Li Dazhao, with the group members using numbers instead of names for "secrecy". (Zhou was "Number Five", a pseudonym which he continued to use in later years.) Indeed, immediately

neg: Society of Saint Sava Bulgarian literature. Subsequently, nearly the whole group left Belgrade to continue its education in Bulgaria. Among that group were Dame Gruev, Petar Pop Arsov, Krste Misirkov, Kosta Shahov, etc. As a result, one of the main reasons for the establishment of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) by Dame Gruev and Petar Pop Arsov in 1893 was to stop the spread of Serbian propaganda into Macedonia. Later the society's fellows constituted the backbone of the Serbian Chetnik Organization. Bulgarian contemporaries used the term "Serbomans" for Serbs in Macedonia. In 1994, an association with the same name was founded by 80

neg: Boxers (group) a comic series by Gene Luen Yang. The main character of "Boxers", Lee Bao, becomes a leader of the Boxer Rebellion. Boxers (group) The Boxers or Yihequan in Chinese (), or Fists of Harmony and Justice (also named Yihetuan (), League of Harmony and Justice), was a Chinese secret society known for having triggered the Boxer Rebellion. It became a massive movement, counting between 50,000 and 100,000 members. The society led xenophobic actions, first hostile towards the Manchu Qing dynasty then allied with it to fight Westerners, Japanese and Christians. In the Western world, the society was mainly known as

neg: Metalloprotease inhibitor their development, structure-activity relationship and pharmacokinetics. The first generation of MMP inhibitors were based on the structure of the collagen molecule. In the design of these inhibitors, the basic protein backbone of collagen is maintained but the amide bond is replaced with a zinc-binding group. This group of inhibitors contain a hydroxamate (-CONHOH) group that binds the zinc atom in the active site of the MMP enzyme, therefore this group is called "hydroxamate-based MMP inhibitors“. An example can be seen in Marimastat, a first generation inhibitor, which has a similar backbone and sidechain format to collagen. Ilomastat and batimastat were

neg: Ways That Are Dark lessons in conducting Sino-Japanese relations today. The book was also reviewed positively by the newspaper "Yomiuri Shimbun". Ways That Are Dark Ways That Are Dark: The Truth About China is a 1933 non-fiction book by Ralph Townsend which presents Townsend's observations on the state of then-contemporary China. The book is considered an anti-Chinese polemic. A harsh critique of Chinese society and culture, "Ways That Are Dark" was written at a time when China was in the grip of considerable civil strife. Townsend claimed that the source of China's problems lay in fundamental defects in the ethnic characteristics of the Chinese

neg: Ways That Are Dark Ways That Are Dark Ways That Are Dark: The Truth About China is a 1933 non-fiction book by Ralph Townsend which presents Townsend's observations on the state of then-contemporary China. The book is considered an anti-Chinese polemic. A harsh critique of Chinese society and culture, "Ways That Are Dark" was written at a time when China was in the grip of considerable civil strife. Townsend claimed that the source of China's problems lay in fundamental defects in the ethnic characteristics of the Chinese people. Although the book was a bestseller in the United States, it met with highly polarized reactions

neg: Internet in China only rent bandwidth from the state. The first four major national networks, namely CSTNET, ChinaNet, CERNET and CHINAGBN, are the "backbone" of the mainland Chinese internet. Later dominant telecom providers also started to provide internet services. In 2015 January, China added seven new access points to the world’s internet backbone, adding to the three points that connect through Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Public internet services are usually provided by provincial telecom companies, which sometimes are traded between networks. internet service providers without a nationwide network could not compete with their bandwidth provider, the telecom companies, and often run out of

neg: Chinese Society of Psychiatry Chinese Society of Psychiatry The Chinese Society of Psychiatry (CSP; ) is the largest organization for psychiatrists in China. It publishes the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders ("CCMD"). The CSP also publishes clinical practice guidelines; promotes psychiatric practice, research and communication; trains new professionals; and holds academic conferences. The organization developed out of the Chinese Society of Neuro-Psychiatry, which was founded in 1951. This separated into the Chinese Society of Psychiatry and Chinese Society of Neurology in 1994. Since then, successive committees have run the organisation, currently the 3rd Committee, which started in 2003, whose president is Dongfeng Zhou. The

neg: Chinese Society of Psychiatry allegations. Chinese Society of Psychiatry The Chinese Society of Psychiatry (CSP; ) is the largest organization for psychiatrists in China. It publishes the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders ("CCMD"). The CSP also publishes clinical practice guidelines; promotes psychiatric practice, research and communication; trains new professionals; and holds academic conferences. The organization developed out of the Chinese Society of Neuro-Psychiatry, which was founded in 1951. This separated into the Chinese Society of Psychiatry and Chinese Society of Neurology in 1994. Since then, successive committees have run the organisation, currently the 3rd Committee, which started in 2003, whose president is Dongfeng Zhou.

neg: Chinese Dama 89 times since its introduction. According to a Chinese bitcoin-exchange website, 40 percent of their clients who bought and sold more than ¥10 million in bitcoins per day were Chinese Dama. Chinese Dama are generally a group of women deeply influenced by Chinese tradition, willing to serve in the household and concerned about daily expenses in a developing society. Most had experienced hunger, poverty and financial uncertainty, which made them feel insecure with paper currency which could devalue; tangible securities or fixed assets, such as gold and houses, are preferable. When gold is cheap, Chinese Dama will invest in it.

neg: Hoa people borders. Hoa people The Hoa (Hua in Mandarin Chinese, literally "Chinese") are a minority group living in Vietnam consisting of persons considered ethnic Chinese ("Overseas Chinese"). They are often referred to as Chinese Vietnamese, Vietnamese Chinese, Sino-Vietnamese, or ethnic Chinese in/from Vietnam by the general Vietnamese populace, Overseas Vietnamese and other ethnic Chinese. The Hoa constitute one group of the Chinese diaspora and contain one of the largest Overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. During the time that Vietnam was a Chinese colony, there was an attempt by Imperial China to assimilate the Vietnamese. During this time, the Hoa people

neg: Hoa people Hoa people The Hoa (Hua in Mandarin Chinese, literally "Chinese") are a minority group living in Vietnam consisting of persons considered ethnic Chinese ("Overseas Chinese"). They are often referred to as Chinese Vietnamese, Vietnamese Chinese, Sino-Vietnamese, or ethnic Chinese in/from Vietnam by the general Vietnamese populace, Overseas Vietnamese and other ethnic Chinese. The Hoa constitute one group of the Chinese diaspora and contain one of the largest Overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. During the time that Vietnam was a Chinese colony, there was an attempt by Imperial China to assimilate the Vietnamese. During this time, the Hoa people played

neg: Dendronized polymer Dendronized polymer Dendronized polymers (or dendronised polymers) are linear polymers to every repeat unit of which dendrons are attached. Dendrons are regularly branched, tree-like fragments and for larger ones the polymer backbone is wrapped to give sausage-like, cylindrical molecular objects. Figure 1 shows a cartoon representation with the backbone in red and the dendrons like cake slices in green. It also provides a concrete chemical structure showing a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) backbone, the methyl group of which is replaced by a dendron of the third generation (three consecutive branching points). Figure 1. Cartoon representation (left) and a concrete example of a

neg: Bible translations into Chinese American Board of Foreign Missions. Their task took six years. Schereschewsky, the Episcopal bishop of Shanghai, had the benefit of training in Hebrew as a Jewish youth in Europe before his conversion and American seminary study. His explanations for the translations of controversial terms influenced later versions. The National Bible Society of Scotland sponsored a translation of the New Testament by the Rev. Griffith John of Hankou. The Delegates version, while attractively literary, was considered too learned to be understood by ordinary Chinese. On the other hand, the Mandarin colloquial version was not in a style which Chinese think should

neg: Language and overseas Chinese communities the country and are still often overrepresented in Cambodian commerce. As a vast majority of the group emigrated from Cambodia following the Khmer Rouge, the community has assimilated greatly into Cambodian society and many now speak Khmer as their main language. Over three-fourths of Chinese Cambodians belong to the Teochew group, which is also the most commonly spoken Chinese variety. The other two largest groups include Hokkien and Hainanese. Cantonese formed the largest group from the 17th to the mid-20th century, but form only a minority today and are concentrated in major urban centers, especially in the capital city of

neg: Samuel Dyer Dyer then entered the London Missionary Society training centre at Hoxton where his chief attention was given to the Chinese language, reading the Chinese Bible for devotions. In 1827 Samuel Dyer was ordained at Paddington Chapel where he preached, taught and was commissioned as a missionary of the Gospel. He was married to Maria Tarn, eldest daughter of Joseph Tarn, Director of London Missionary Society, in London in 1827 and shortly afterward the newly wed couple set sail for what was then considered "Ultra-Ganges" India with the Ultra-Ganges Mission, where the only way to live and work among native Chinese

neg: Women in prison film events. Chinese prostitutes are abducted by Japanese soldiers and used for brutal scientific experiments at the notorious Unit 731 medical camp. "A Chinese Torture Chamber Story" (1994) and its sequel are based on historical records of China's Qing Dynasty. The topic of sex "is usually considered taboo in traditional Chinese society", which makes the film industry scandalous and frowned upon by many. In Japan, prison films are often made into a series based on popular characters from manga comics such as "Prisoner Maria" and the Sasori (Scorpion) series which includes "," directed by Yutaka Kohira, starring Meiko Kaji. Many Japanese

neg: End-group technique the generation of the reactive functionalized monomers occurs at the end group, which is then tethered to the polymer chain. There are various methods to synthesize graft polymers some of the more common include redox reaction to produce free radicals, by free radical polymerization techniques avoiding chain termination (ATRP, RAFT, Nitroxide mediated, for example) and step-growth polymerization. A schematic of “grafting from” and “grafting to” is illustrated in the figure below. The "grafting from" technique involves the generation of radicals along the polymer backbone from an abstraction of a halogen, from either the backbone or a functional group along

neg: Substituent Substituent In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a substituent is an atom or group of atoms which replaces one or more hydrogen atoms on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon, becoming a moiety of the resultant new molecule. The terms substituent and functional group, as well as other ones (e.g. side chain, pendant group) are used almost interchangeably to describe branches from a parent structure, though certain distinctions are made in the context of polymer chemistry. In polymers, side chains extend from a backbone structure. In proteins, side chains are attached to the alpha carbon atoms of the amino acid backbone.

neg: Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area learning their parents' native languages. However Canadian-born Chinese growing up in subsequent eras are encouraged to learn Chinese after Canadian society adopted multiculturalism as a key value. The 1996 Canadian census stated that the second largest language group in the Toronto area was people who spoke Chinese. As of the 1997 "Chinese Consumer Directory of Toronto" there were 97 computer and software businesses, 20 interpreters and translators, 19 sign makers, and eight paging services. Luk wrote that the figures from the directory "indicate the broad range of Chinese language use" throughout the Toronto Chinese community, in society and in private

neg: Sugar phosphates and 5' positions. The backbone is negatively charged and hydrophilic, which allows strong interactions with water.Sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. Sugar phosphates are defined as carbohydrates to which a phosphate group is bound by an ester or an either linkage, depending on whether it involves an alcoholic or a hemiacetalic hydroxyl, respectively. Solubility, acid hydrolysis rates, acid strengths, and ability to act as sugar group donors are the knowledge of physical and chemical properties required for the analysis of both types of sugar phosphates. The photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle is closely associated