query: how many countries make up the africa continent

pos: Africa and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Africa's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin

neg: East Africa East Africa East Africa or Eastern Africa is the eastern region of the African continent, variably defined by geography. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 20 territories make up Eastern Africa: Due to colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa, the term "East Africa" is often (especially in the English language) used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the three countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. However, this has never been the convention in many other languages, where the term generally had a wider, strictly geographic context and therefore

neg: Youth in Africa exacerbate their marginal status, for example in Cameroon after the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programs in 1987. However, it must be made clear that not all African youths are in a crisis, but further study is needed into how youths who do not engage in violence make their own livelihood in a system that is viewed to have failed them. There are many 'gangs' in existence and operation throughout the continent of Africa. One example is The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), who have kidnapped oil workers, attacked oil fields, blown up pipelines and fought against

neg: Godfrey Mwakikagile reconcile the two for the sake of national unity, peace and prosperity. Tanzania is one of the few countries on the continent to have been spared the agony and scourge of ethnic conflicts, unlike Kenya which Mwakikagile has used for comparative analysis in looking at the identities of the two neighbouring countries. In his books, including "Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era", he has also explained how Tanzania has been able to contain and even neutralise tribalism unlike other countries on the continent. Mwakikagile has written extensively about tribalism, contending that it is one of the biggest problems Africa

neg: Foreign relations of the United Kingdom power in many countries on the continent of Africa and its multinationals remain large investors in sub-Saharan Africa. Nowadays the UK, as a leading member of the Commonwealth of Nations, seeks to influence Africa through its foreign policies. Current UK disputes are with Zimbabwe over human rights violations. Tony Blair set up the Africa Commission and urged rich countries to cease demanding developing countries repay their large debts. Relationships with developed (often former dominion) nations are strong with numerous cultural, social and political links, mass inter-migration trade links as well as calls for Commonwealth free trade. The UK maintained good

neg: Bahá'í Faith by continent communicated how she had long admired him because of the way he had conducted himself in the face of the many trials and hardships of his life, and by the way he had overcome them. Selassie gave her a gold medal from his Coronation. These two regions - north and central Africa - interacted closely in the 1970s. As part of a sweep across several Sub-Saharan countries, the Bahá'í Faith was banned in the 1970s in several countries: Burundi 1974; Mali 1976;Uganda 1977; Congo 1978; Niger 1978. Uganda had had the largest Bahá'í community in Africa at the time. "This

neg: Tourism in Africa Tourism in Africa Tourism is an important economic sector for many countries in Africa. There are many countries that benefit the most from tourism like Algeria, Egypt, South Africa, Kenya, Morocco, Tunisia, and Tanzania. The touristic particularity of Africa lies in the wide variety of points of interest, diversity and multitudes of landscapes as well as the rich cultural heritage. The continent of Africa can be divided into three groups relative to tourism: Countries like Egypt, South Africa, Morocco, and Tunisia have a successful tourism industry. Countries like Kenya, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and Mauritius can be considered as countries that have

neg: Environmental issues in Southern Africa Environmental issues in Southern Africa "For more about region: Southern Africa" Many environmental issues affect Southern Africa due to urbanization and the acts needed in order to survive. Southern Africa is the southern region of the continent Africa. It consists of countries such as: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Lesotho is surrounded by South Africa (it is in the middle of South Africa). Through an attempt of keeping up with the developing world, and trying to meet the high demands of the growing population, Southern Africa has exhausted its many resources resulting in

neg: Stereotypes of Africans and that 'African' is an official language. In reality, African as a language does not exist. There are over 2000 distinct languages currently spoken throughout the African continent, the most common of these being Swahili. The belief that Africa is the epicenter of primitive culture and poverty is also a common generalization of the continent. While a number of countries in Africa are indeed impoverished, many countries in Africa have thriving and prosperous economies, including South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya. Africans are often perceived as having "no access to modern technology" throughout the developed world, however this is wildly inaccurate.

neg: GS Telecom GS Telecom GS Telecom is a telecommunications and Internet service provider operating primarily in Africa. The company is located in the Channel Islands of the United Kingdom. GS has many corporate clients in Africa, including the telecommunications, banking, agriculture, manufacturing and mining industries. According to its website, the company is active in over 37 countries on the continent. GS Telecom has maintenance bases in Ghana, Benin, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Angola and Nigeria. Its main contacts are located in Accra, Ghana and in Nigeria. GS Telecom was acquired in June 2007 by Gateway Communications for $37.5m, combining to make the

neg: Continent a great quantity of Land, not separated by any Sea from the rest of the World, as the whole Continent of Europe, Asia, Africa." In 1727, Ephraim Chambers wrote in his "Cyclopædia," "The world is ordinarily divided into two grand continents: the old and the new." And in his 1752 atlas, Emanuel Bowen defined a continent as "a large space of dry land comprehending many countries all joined together, without any separation by water. Thus Europe, Asia, and Africa is one great continent, as America is another." However, the old idea of Europe, Asia and Africa as "parts" of the

neg: Islam in Africa further Salafism. Islam in Africa Africa was the first continent into which Islam spread from Southwest Asia, during the early 7th century CE. Almost one-third of the world's Muslim population resides in the continent. Muslims crossed current Djibouti and Somalia to seek refuge in present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia during the "Hijrah" (, 'Migration') to the Kingdom of Aksum. Most Muslims in Africa are Sunni; the complexity of Islam in Africa is revealed in the various schools of thought, traditions, and voices in many African countries. The practice of Islam on the continent is not static and is constantly being reshaped

neg: Islam in Africa Islam in Africa Africa was the first continent into which Islam spread from Southwest Asia, during the early 7th century CE. Almost one-third of the world's Muslim population resides in the continent. Muslims crossed current Djibouti and Somalia to seek refuge in present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia during the "Hijrah" (, 'Migration') to the Kingdom of Aksum. Most Muslims in Africa are Sunni; the complexity of Islam in Africa is revealed in the various schools of thought, traditions, and voices in many African countries. The practice of Islam on the continent is not static and is constantly being reshaped by prevalent

neg: World population permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 36% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.28 billion people, or 16% of the world's population. Europe's 742 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2018, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population

neg: Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS the wealthier. A study conducted by Fabrizio Carmignani, Grace Lordan, and Kam Ki Tang specifically studied the correlation between media usage and aid for HIV/AIDS in Africa. The study was conducted using a panel of 21 donor countries and the aid the entire continent of Africa. They used the entire continent for two reasons: most of the HIV media coverage refers to the whole continent and there are many continent-wide organizations that give aid including USAID HIV/AIDS Regional Health Profile for Southern Africa. In short, they found that media coverage increases aid disbursement. They describe on page 29 that, “The

neg: Women in science is fairly high in sub-Saharan Africa in comparison with other regions. In Mozambique and South Africa, for instance, women make up more than 34% and 28% of engineering graduates, respectively. Numbers of female graduates in agricultural science have been increasing steadily across the continent, with eight countries reporting the share of women graduates of 40% or more (Lesotho, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe). In health, this rate ranges from 26% and 27% in Benin and Eritrea to 94% in Namibia. Of note is that women account for a relatively high proportion of researchers employed in

neg: Media of Africa being printed. Advances in satellite communication, and its availability in Africa (some countries on the continent have their own communications satellites) has meant that some local television stations are now viewed outside their terrestrial broadcast areas. Submarine fibre cables are gradually changing the face of communications in Africa and bringing faster and more reliable Internet connectivity to most countries on the continent. The challenge is to continue the advance of fibre inland. Much of the fibre being laid is without redundancy, so it is great when it works, but there is always the concern that you need satellite back up.

neg: Youth unemployment to country. Definitions of youth can also vary from country to country so examination of particular countries gives a greater insight into the causes and consequences of youth unemployment. African countries define youth as someone from as young as 15 to someone well into their mid thirties, which varies from the standardized definition of the United Nations. Africa has the youngest population of any continent which means that the problem of youth unemployment there is particularly relevant. Although youth unemployment is high, this does not necessarily make the causes of unemployment youth-specific; many of the causes of unemployment, such as

neg: Energy in Africa setting up manufacturing plants in the continent." Despite its unreliability, electrical service in Sub-Saharan Africa also costs more than in other parts of the world. The protective tariff required in Sub-Saharan Africa is $0.13 USD, compared to $0.04–0.08 USD in the rest of the developing world. Additionally, one of the greatest challenges in an effort to create sustainable development in Africa is that many countries with exportable resources are land-locked without a system of transportation. Although Africa lacks a sufficient transport system, new developments in industry and manufacturing have resulted in tremendous population growth, increased urbanization, high energy consumption, over-cultivation

neg: Decolonisation of Africa do not own as many assets or debts to balance the burden. The debt situation in sub-Saharan Africa means that the world’s poorest countries were transferring $3 billion US dollars to developed countries between 1995 and 2000. This is exacerbated by interest and principal arrears which made up over 27% of total external debt for sub-Saharan nations in 1998. This causes two main problems: firstly, servicing the debt means less money is available for importing goods, secondly debt creates uncertainty and risk which puts off investors and reduces business confidence. Over 2,000 distinct languages are spoken in the continent. Along

neg: Stairs Expedition to Katanga was the Congo Free State, Belgian King Leopold II's instrument for private colonisation in Central Africa. On the other was the company chartered by the British government to make treaties with African chiefs, the British South Africa Company (BSAC) of Cecil Rhodes, who mixed a determined approach to gaining mineral concessions with a vision for British imperial development spanning the continent. Caught between them, and attempting to play one off against the other, was Msiri, the big chief of Garanganze or Katanga, a tribal land not yet claimed by a European power, and larger than many European countries in acreage.

neg: Médecins Sans Frontières provided during MSF missions is AIDS treatment (with antiretroviral drugs), AIDS testing, and education. MSF is the only source of treatment for many countries in Africa, whose citizens make up the majority of people with HIV and AIDS worldwide. Because antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are not readily available, MSF usually provides treatment for opportunistic infections and educates the public on how to slow transmission of the disease. In most countries, MSF increases the capabilities of local hospitals by improving sanitation, providing equipment and drugs, and training local hospital staff. When the local staff is overwhelmed, MSF may open new specialised clinics

neg: Economy of Africa Economy of Africa The economy of Africa consists of the trade, industry, agriculture, and human resources of the continent. , approximately 1.07 billion people were living in 54 different countries in Africa. Africa is a resource-rich continent. Recent growth has been due to growth in sales in commodities, services, and manufacturing. Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, is expected to reach a GDP of $29 trillion by 2050. In March 2013, Africa was identified as the world's poorest inhabited continent: Africa's entire combined GDP is barely a third of the United States' GDP; however, the World Bank expects that most African countries

neg: Climate change in Africa Climate change in Africa Climate change in Africa pertains to aspects of climate change within the continent of Africa. According to Schneider et al. (2007), Africa is likely to be the continent most vulnerable to climate change. With high confidence, Boko et al. (2007) also projected that in many French countries and regions, agricultural production, food security and water stress would likely be severely compromised by climate change and climate variability. These risks need to be managed. One promising approach is the use of insurance.. Weather conditions over the Pacific, including an unusually strong La Niña, interrupted seasonal rains in

neg: Climate change in Africa Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). These trends will affect the frequency and severity of floods, droughts, desertification, sand and dust storms, desert locust plagues and water shortages. Climate change in Africa Climate change in Africa pertains to aspects of climate change within the continent of Africa. According to Schneider et al. (2007), Africa is likely to be the continent most vulnerable to climate change. With high confidence, Boko et al. (2007) also projected that in many French countries and regions, agricultural production, food security and water stress would likely be severely compromised by climate change and climate variability. These

neg: Organisation of African Unity ZAPU, fighting to topple the government of Rhodesia, were aided in their endeavours by the OAU. African harbours were closed to the South African government, and South African aircraft were prohibited from flying over the rest of the continent. The UN was convinced by the OAU to expel South Africa from bodies such as the World Health Organization. The OAU also worked with the UN to ease refugee problems. It set up the African Development Bank for economic projects intended to make Africa financially stronger. Although all African countries eventually won their independence, it remained difficult for them to become

neg: Pedro Gomez (dance instructor) Salsa's new popularity in that continent, set a dancing school there. Soon, Gomez became one of the best known dancing teachers in Europe, in part because people from Italy and other countries wanted to learn how to dance Salsa. Gomez has popularized the Puerto Rican and New York City dancing styles, among others, in Italy as well as in other countries such as England and Denmark. He has also taught at schools in Muslim countries (particularly in northern Africa) as well as in South Africa. Pedro Gomez (dance instructor) Pedro Gomez (born c. 1963) is a Salsa dance instructor from

neg: Everyday Africa Coast. What began as an Instagram account in 2012, is now a global movement bringing a greater awareness of what ordinary life looks like in Africa, a continent of 54 diverse countries. Getting Influenced from Everyday Africa, many other "Everyday" projects were started from Asia, Middle East, Iran, Australia. A total of more than 100 everyday projects are now live on Instagram. In 2014, Instagram noticed the growth of everyday accounts and invited the curators to exhibit at Photoville in New York City. After meeting up in person at the exhibition, they decided to start a collective The Everyday Projects,

neg: Anne Merriman Anne Merriman Anne Merriman, MBE, MCommH, FRCPI, FRCP (born 1935, Liverpool, England) is a British doctor, known for her pioneering work and influential research into palliative care in developing countries in Africa. She has campaigned to make affordable oral morphine widely available. In 1993, Dr. Merriman founded Hospice Africa Uganda. Under Anne Merriman’s guidance, this introduced a model system of terminal care customized to developing countries with limited resources. From Hospice Africa Uganda (HAU) the Palliative Care Association of Uganda and was founded and Anne was the founding Vice President. On a continent-wide basis, she is a founder member of

neg: Culture of Africa Culture of Africa The culture of Africa is varied and manifold, consisting of a mixture of countries with various tribes that each have their own unique characteristic from the continent of Africa. It is a product of the diverse populations that today inhabit the continent of Africa and the African Diaspora. African culture is expressed in its arts and crafts, folklore and religion, clothing, cuisine, music and languages. Expressions of culture are abundant within Africa, with large amounts of cultural diversity being found not only across different countries but also within single countries. Even though African cultures are widely diverse,

neg: Netherlands-African Business Council Netherlands-African Business Council Netherlands-African Business Council (NABC) is a non-profit organization for Dutch companies trading and investing in Africa and vice versa. Like many Business Councils, supports its members with their activities in Africa by promoting trade with the continent. NABC has been around since it was set up by Heineken and a couple of other Dutch companies in 1946. In 2016, NABC will celebrate its 70 years anniversary. The Netherlands-African Business Council currently holds 400 members, both Dutch and African. The NABC has contacts and a wide database within the Netherlands and covers all countries in Africa. The idea

neg: Humanitarianism in Africa as helpless without Western aid. Many critics have also brought up the neglect of domestic humanitarian efforts. Media coverage often shows Western organizations aiding impoverished sub-Saharan countries, yet fail to acknowledge inter-country activism and efforts. Furthermore, some argue that foreign aid were not beneficial to impoverished nations. It is argued that aid programs sponsored by rich countries merely shift food surpluses with the countries, thus causing it to be an ineffective form of aid. Western societies also encourage the education of African’s yet “fail to encourage” them to return to their home continent. The White Man’s Burden The term The

neg: Crossroads International States, Robinson's innovative and inclusive ideas of encouraging collaboration between black and white Canadians, Americans and Africans in development projects drew many volunteers. That's how Peter Parris became the first "Crossroader" to head overseas when he volunteered in Nigeria in 1958. The number of mandates quickly multiplied. Ten volunteers went abroad in 1960 and by 1969, 257 volunteers had taken part in overseas activities. In 1969, "Canadian Crossroads International" was granted a charter as a charitable organization, separate from "Operation Crossroads Africa", and for the first time began working in countries outside the African continent. That same year, a francophone

neg: All Africa Conference of Churches process of reconfiguring ecumenical relationships and cooperation in the continent, by integrating the churches, national councils, sub-regional fellowships and the continental body itself into a coherent network. AACC has celebrated its 50th anniversary with a Jubilee Assembly held from 3 to 9 June 2013, also in Kampala. AACC has 173 members in 40 African countries. The membership comprises Churches, National Christian Councils, Theological and Lay Training Institutions, and other Christian organisations. For operational and administrative reasons AACC has divided the continent into five sub-regions: Northern Africa (5 countries), Eastern Africa and Indian Ocean (7 countries), Southern Africa (10 countries), Central

neg: HIV/AIDS in Africa ages of 20 and 49 by about twenty years. Furthermore, the life expectancy in many parts of Africa is declining, largely as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with life-expectancy in some countries reaching as low as thirty-four years. Countries in North Africa and the Horn of Africa have significantly lower prevalence rates, as their populations typically engage in fewer high-risk cultural patterns that have been implicated in the virus' spread in Sub-Saharan Africa. Southern Africa is the worst affected region on the continent. As of 2011, HIV has infected at least 10 percent of the population in Botswana, Lesotho,

neg: Africa–Canada relations in Africa". Canada shares many geographic similarities to many African countries in that the latter are large, sparsely-populated wild areas with few major cities and face major challenges with the delivery of government services, much like Canada at the beginning of the 20th century. Both Canada and most African countries rely on natural resource development and international trade for economic growth. Canadian companies also play a major part in the mining and resource development sector in Africa, with over $3.5 billion in capital invested on the continent. This makes it the single largest foreign investor in resource development. Canada is

neg: Economy of Africa for only 11% of Africa's total commerce as of 2012, around five times less than in Asia. Most of this intra-Africa trade originates from South Africa and most of the trade exports coming out of South Africa goes to abutting countries in Southern Africa. There are currently eight regional organizations that assist with economic development in Africa: Economy of Africa The economy of Africa consists of the trade, industry, agriculture, and human resources of the continent. , approximately 1.07 billion people were living in 54 different countries in Africa. Africa is a resource-rich continent. Recent growth has been due to

neg: White hunter in parody, or as a criticism. White men from Western countries had been hunting big game in Africa throughout the 19th century, particularly in the more settled southern portion of the continent. But the region most associated with the term "white hunters" is East Africa. By the start of the 20th century, as part of the "scramble for Africa", Great Britain and Germany had taken colonial possession of territories on the eastern half of the continent—territories now recognized as the nations of Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania. There were many factors that led to the spread of big-game hunting in

neg: Decolonisation of Africa Echoes of the colonial past are still visible in the African society today because Ferguson (2006) stated there are still widespread social stigmas associated with the continent such as phrases of ‘darkness’ and ‘troubled’. The representation of Africa, therefore, reveals the continual Western legacies of the colonial past and the struggles embedded in the countries. Following World War II, rapid decolonization swept across the continent of Africa as many territories gained their independence from European colonization. In August 1941, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met to discuss their post-war goals. In that meeting,

neg: Mineral industry of Africa to China, and 1% of African gas goes to Asia. North African preferentially exporting its oil to western countries was EU 64%; US 18%; all others 18%. Mineral industry of Africa The mineral industry of Africa is the largest mineral industries in the world. Africa is the second largest continent, with 30 million km² of land, which implies large quantities of resources. For many African countries, mineral exploration and production constitute significant parts of their economies and remain keys to economic growth. Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of

neg: BWF World Championships World Championships. The most recent games were held in Nanjing. The number in parentheses following the city/country denotes how many times that city/country has hosted the championships. From 1989 to 2001 the world championships were held immediately after the Sudirman Cup at the same location. So far, only 20 countries have achieved at least a bronze medal in the tournament: ten in Asia, eight in Europe, one in North America and one in Oceania. Africa is the only continent that has not won a medal. At the age of 18, Ratchanok Inthanon became the youngest winner of a singles title

neg: World Rabies Day rabies vaccine. World Rabies Day aims to raise awareness about the impact of rabies on humans and animals, provide information and advice on how to prevent the disease in at-risk communities, and support advocacy for increased efforts in rabies control. Rabies remains a significant health problem in many countries of the world. Over 99% of all human deaths caused by rabid dog bites happen in the developing world, with 95% of deaths occurring in Africa and Asia. With the exception of Antarctica, people and animals on every continent are at risk of contracting rabies. One major problem with rabies prevention

neg: Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid bases, harbours and airfield facilities, a modern developed industry and stable government." South Africa was also a pivotal partner to the West in the years of the Cold War. If the West ever required martial, maritime or air-force services on the African continent, it would have to rely on South Africa's assistance. From 1960 to 1961, the relationship between South Africa and Britain started to change. In his "Wind of Change" speech in Cape Town, Harold Macmillan spoke of the changes in Africa and how South Africa's racist policies were swimming upstream. Even as more countries added to the call

neg: LGBT rights in Africa LGBT rights in Africa With the exception of South Africa and Cape Verde, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Africa are very limited in comparison to many other areas of the world. Homosexuality is found throughout the African continent. Out of the 54 states recognised by the United Nations or African Union or both, the International Gay and Lesbian Association stated in 2015 that homosexuality is outlawed in 34 African countries. Human Rights Watch notes that another two countries, Benin and the Central African Republic, do not outlaw homosexuality, but have certain laws which apply differently to heterosexual

neg: Foreign relations of Brazil Brazilian aid is provided to Africa, whereas Latin America receives around 20% of Brazilian aid. The share of aid allocated to the Asian continent is small. Within Africa, more than 80% of Brazilian aid is received by Portuguese-speaking countries. Brazil concentrates its aid for Portuguese-speaking countries in the education sector, specially in secondary and post-secondary education, but it is more committed to agricultural development in other countries. Estimated to be around $1 billion annually, Brazil is on par with China and India and ahead of many more traditional donor countries. The aid tends to consist of technical aid and expertise,

neg: Natural history of Africa there are a number of venomous snakes, though these are not so numerous as in other tropical countries. The scorpion is abundant. Of insects Africa has many thousand different kinds; of these the locust is the proverbial scourge of the continent, and the ravages of the termites are almost incredible. The spread of malaria by means of mosquitoes is common. The tsetse fly, whose bite is fatal to all domestic animals, is common in many districts of South and East Africa. It is found nowhere outside Africa. Natural history of Africa The natural history of Africa encompasses some of the

neg: Insular India though for how further long did non-placental eutherians and gondwanatheres live in India is unknown, and by the time the landmass makes contact with Asia they are most likely extinct. During this epoch, unambiguous placental mammals make their way into India in spite of its isolation, probably by rafting like the many placental groups in Madagascar, or perhaps brief connections with Africa and Europe (the latter still an archipelago). Hyaenodonts are an endemic African clade, first showing outside of the continent in the Paleocene of India and Europe, . Glires evolved in Asia, but a lineage became isolated in India,

neg: Polygamy three specific forms: Polygyny, the practice wherein a man has more than one wife at the same time, is by far the most common form of polygamy. Polygyny is legally and culturally accepted in many Muslim majority countries and some countries with a sizeable Muslim minority; it is also accepted in some secular countries to varying degrees. Polygyny is more widespread in Africa than in any other continent, especially in West Africa, and some scholars see the slave trade's impact on the male-to-female sex ratio as a key factor in the emergence and fortification of polygynous practices in regions of

neg: Humanitarianism in Africa to education. Humanitarianism in Africa Humanitarianism in Africa is humanitarian effort in the continent of Africa. Reasons for humanitarian aid are attributed but not limited to poor living conditions, overbearing poverty, and natural disasters. Sources for humanitarianism in African countries can be domestic or an act of foreign aid. Media coverage of current events in Africa result heavily influences public opinions in Western societies. Africa is often portrayed as a continent plagued with extreme poverty and genocidal warfare. However, it is also portrayed as a continent on the brink of becoming “civilized” if only more developed foreign nations would intervene.

neg: Humanitarianism in Africa Humanitarianism in Africa Humanitarianism in Africa is humanitarian effort in the continent of Africa. Reasons for humanitarian aid are attributed but not limited to poor living conditions, overbearing poverty, and natural disasters. Sources for humanitarianism in African countries can be domestic or an act of foreign aid. Media coverage of current events in Africa result heavily influences public opinions in Western societies. Africa is often portrayed as a continent plagued with extreme poverty and genocidal warfare. However, it is also portrayed as a continent on the brink of becoming “civilized” if only more developed foreign nations would intervene. Media is

neg: Malaria disease is estimated to have killed between 473,000 and 789,000 people, many of whom were children in Africa. Efforts at decreasing the disease in Africa since the turn of millennium have been partially effective, with rates of the disease dropping by an estimated forty percent on the continent. Malaria is presently endemic in a broad band around the equator, in areas of the Americas, many parts of Asia, and much of Africa; in Sub-Saharan Africa, 85–90% of malaria fatalities occur. An estimate for 2009 reported that countries with the highest death rate per 100,000 of population were Ivory Coast (86.15),

neg: South Africa–United Kingdom relations ever required martial, maritime or air-force services on the African continent, it would have to rely on South Africa's assistance. From 1960-61, the relationship between South Africa and the UK started to change. In his "Winds of Change" speech in Cape Town, UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan spoke of the changes in Africa and how South Africa's racist policies were swimming upstream. Even as more countries added to the call for sanctions, the UK remained unwilling to sever ties with the apartheid regime. Possible reasons were her copious assets in the state, an unwillingness to hazard turbulence brought on by

neg: Mineral industry of Africa trade blocs, which included the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Economic Community of West African States, the Mano River Union, the Southern African Development Community, and the West African Economic and Monetary Union. Algeria, Libya, and Nigeria were members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The African Union was formally launched as a successor to the Organization of African Unity in 2002 to accelerate socioeconomic integration and promote peace, security, and stability on the continent. Many African countries are

neg: Digital divide by country the rest of the continent. The rest is mainly distributed among Morocco and Egypt, both countries that have better infrastructures than the majority of the countries in Africa, yet not as strong as that of South Africa. There have been many initiatives in the U.S. to push for better infrastructure which would eventually lead to better Internet access in Africa. The digital divide in Bangladesh is a gap in the population of Arshads who can access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and those without proper access or skills. Information and communication technologies use in Bangladesh began to grow in 2005

neg: Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid the number of countries opposing South Africa increased, and the economy came under tremendous strain. Vorster's attitude towards other African countries was not so much a modification of strategy as a continuance of Verwoerd's approach. Vorster's forerunner had already become aware of the fact that cordial dealings with as many black states as possible was of paramount importance. As more and more African states acquired statehood from their colonial rulers, bitterness towards the South African apartheid system increased. If South Africa did not wish to become completely cut off from the rest of the African continent, she had to sustain

neg: Social programs in sub-Saharan Africa due to the unique circumstances in Africa including demographics (young population), a large informal employment sector, migration with limited pension portability, and dependency on government finances. The pace of regulatory reform has also led to divergent coverage trends between countries and regions. To meet this challenge, Africa has been on a journey to design, finance and deliver social security to the continent. Many countries have transitioned in line with the multi-pillar model proposed by the World Bank in their 2005 report[1] and subsequent refinements. While each country has forged its own distinctive path, two main areas of focus have emerged.

neg: West African Craton West African Craton The West African Craton (WAC) is one of the five cratons of the Precambrian basement rock of Africa that make up the African Plate, the others being the Kalahari craton, Congo craton, Saharan Metacraton and Tanzania Craton. Cratons themselves are tectonically inactive, but can occur near active margins, with the WAC extending across 14 countries in Western African, coming together in the late Precambrian and early Palaeozoic eras to form the African continent. It consists of two Archean centers juxtaposed against multiple Paleoproterozoic domains made of greenstone belts, sedimentary basins, regional granitoid-tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) plutons, and large shear

neg: Feminist economics its depiction of an objective science. A central principle of mainstream economics is that trade can make everyone better off through comparative advantage and efficiency gains from specialization and greater efficiency. Many feminist economists question this claim. Diane Elson, Caren Grown and Nilufer Cagatay explore the role that gender inequalities play in international trade and how such trade reshapes gender inequality itself. They and other feminist economists explore whose interests specific trade practices serve. For example, they may highlight that in Africa, specialization in the cultivation of a single cash crop for export in many countries made those countries extremely

neg: Economy of Africa and milk. The result of this is that the global price of such products is continually reduced until Africans are unable to compete, except for cash crops that do not grow easily in a northern climate. In recent years countries such as Brazil, which has experienced progress in agricultural production, have agreed to share technology with Africa to increase agricultural production in the continent to make it a more viable trade partner. Increased investment in African agricultural technology in general has the potential to reduce poverty in Africa. The demand market for African cocoa has experienced a price boom in

neg: Africa–China relations 1,860 km TAZARA Railway, linking Zambia and Tanzania, which China helped to finance and build from 1970 to 1975. Some 50,000 Chinese engineers and workers sent to the continent to complete the project. By 1978, China was giving aid to more African countries than the United States. Since China is becoming a major donor for Africa, there is need for African governments to formulate appropriate mechanisms in order to make use of it towards advancing African economies. China has been engaged in a kind of "health diplomacy" towards Africa since the 1960s. Health care development and medical assistance have been

neg: SciFest Africa demonstrating that these disciplines underpin our everyday activities. Scientists from several countries are invited to share their work, make science accessible to ordinary people, give career guidance, and act as role models for our youth. SciFest Africa was the first Festival of its kind on the African continent and was launched in 1997 as a high profile, national event to promote a culture of science in a festive way. It was modelled on the Edinburgh International Science Festival and was formerly known as Sasol SciFest but changed its name to SciFest Africa after the 2007 Festival. When it isn't Festival

neg: Central Africa is also practiced in some areas in Chad and the Central African Republic. Due to common historical processes and widespread demographic movements between the countries of Central Africa before the Bantu Migration into much of southern Central Africa, the cultures of the region evidence many similarities and interrelationships. Similar cultural practices stemming from common origins as largely Nilo-Saharan or Bantu peoples is also evident in Central Africa including in music, dance, art, body adornment, initiation and marriage rituals. Some major ethnic groups in Central Africa are as follows: Central Africa Central Africa is the core region of the African continent

neg: Africa Research Institute reform, and agriculture. In 2013, Africa Research Institute published its first Policy Voice in French, "Pour l’Etat et le citoyen: la réforme de l’administration fiscale au Burundi", by Kieran Holmes, Domitien Ndihokuwayo, and Chantal Ruvakubusa of the "Office burundais des recettes" The Counterpoints series seeks to critically analyse or challenge conventional assumptions about the continent. The first Counterpoints series was launched in 2010 with the publication of "Why Africa can make it big in agriculture", by Mark Ashurst and Stephen Mbithi; "How intellectuals made history in Zimbabwe" by Blessing-Miles Tendi; and "Africa through my television", by Michael Holden. ARI’s Briefing

neg: Austronesian hypothesis three massive pulses caused flooding and the submergence of the Sunda Continent, creating the Java and South China Seas and the thousands of islands that make up Indonesia and the Philippines today.” Major questions that arise from all of these theories are “Where was the source area” and “How did they disperse?” these have become very important in the studies of human history of Southeast Asia and the Oceania. A new hypothesis which needed to be included in terms of current evidence from Taiwan and its neighboring current countries which is called the “ Multi-route Hypothesis”, that suggest that the

neg: Candico gathered speed in October 2003 with its acquisition of an equity skate in SML, Tanzania. In May 2004 it entered into a distribution agreement to set up operations in South Africa. Candico has set up distribution arrangements in countries across the world including South Africa, New Zealand, Madagascar and Qatar. Candico is scouting for opportunities to set up distribution agreements in West and North Africa so as to cover the entire African continent. Sancorp Eurobase is a joint venture between the Sancorp group and the Eurobase Company, Belgium. Eurobase is an independent gum base producer. Sancorp Eurobase The Sancorp Eurobase

neg: Rail transport freight transport in many countries. It is ubiquitous in Europe, with an integrated network covering virtually the whole continent. In India, China, South Korea and Japan, many millions use trains as regular transport. In North America, freight rail transport is widespread and heavily used, but intercity passenger rail transport is relatively scarce outside the Northeast Corridor, due to increased preference of other modes, particularly automobiles and airplanes. South Africa, northern Africa and Argentina have extensive rail networks, but some railways elsewhere in Africa and South America are isolated lines. Australia has a generally sparse network befitting its population density but

neg: Climate and Development Knowledge Network the Future Climate for Africa programme's Capacity Development and Knowledge Exchange Unit. Future Climate for Africa (FCFA) aims to generate fundamentally new climate science focused on Africa, and to ensure that this science has an impact on human development across the continent. FCFA's goal is to reduce disruption and damage from climate change and to safeguard economic development and poverty eradication efforts over the long-term. In this way, FCFA aims to make new African infrastructure and urban and rural plans and investments more climate-resilient. CDKN also supported seven universities from five southern African countries in a project led by the

neg: International adoption Convention – possibly establishes additional barriers to the placement of children. Much interest is shown for cases of international adoption in Africa especially after highly publicized stories of adoption of African children by celebrities like Madonna and Angelina Jolie. Legal frameworks on adoption in general and on international adoption in particular are available across Africa and may vary from one country to another. The following overview of legal provisions put into place by African countries reflects a diverse but not a comprehensive view on how the question of international adoption is dealt with on the African continent. The focus is

neg: Economy of Africa to benefit Western agribusiness which are vastly overproducing food as a result of agricultural subsidies. Historically, food aid is more highly correlated with excess supply in Western countries than with the needs of developing countries. Foreign aid has been an integral part of African economic development since the 1980s. The aid model has been criticized for supplanting trade initiatives. Growing evidence shows that foreign aid has made the continent poorer. One of the biggest critics of the aid development model is economist Dambiso Moyo (a Zambian economist based in the US), who introduced the Dead Aid model, which highlights how

neg: Clothing in Africa Clothing in Africa African clothing is the traditional clothing worn by the people of Africa. In all instances except rural areas these traditional garments have been replaced by Western clothing introduced by European colonialists. African clothing and fashion is a diverse topic that is able to provide a look into different African cultures. Clothing varies from brightly colored textiles, to abstractly embroidered robes, to colorful beaded bracelets and necklaces Since Africa is such a large and diverse continent, traditional clothing differs throughout each country. For example, many countries in West Africa have a “distinct regional dress styles that are the

neg: Karain semi-continent if Karain was several thousand nautical miles from Africa. And third, ships from Europe made regular voyages to Islandia and Saint Anthony in the 12th century AD, clearly beyond the capabilities of Europe at that time, if the continent were in the Pacific. Descendants of the Africans who settled on the semi-continent are called "Bants" — probably derived from the name "Bantu" — and make up the vast majority of the population. The Karain are a "... mixed race of Bant and Saracen blood ..." who settled the coastal areas of the semi-continent. The Demiji are Arab nomads inhabiting the

neg: Western influence on Africa are faced with many costs if they are to help. Western influence on Africa Historically, the wildlife, natural resources, and culture have made Africa a highly valuable continent to the western world. Africa has gathered the attention of western tourists, western explorers, and western imperialists from all over. As such, Africa has been heavily influenced over time by western interests. Even before the age of exploration, countries have been acting based on their own personal interests. It was during the late 1800s that the western world really started to explore deeper into the heart of Africa. What the explorers found

neg: Western influence on Africa world to go to Africa in order to save a supposedly condemned culture. The White Man’s Burden portrays imperialism as a justified duty. Kipling suggests that Africa's purpose was to act as a stepping-stone for the white man's advancement. The Berlin Conference is an example of the Western world's view on imperialism. The conference essentially constituted the division of the African continent among leaders of Western countries. The participating Western countries represented at the conference included Britain, France, Germany, Denmark, Italy, and others. Their goal was to address the struggle and competition for colonizing Africa. As if the continent was

neg: Mimi Kalinda 2.0. Mimi Kalinda is an author of an e-book titled, "Talking to Africa: Considering Culture in Communications for a Complex Continent." The book reviews how understanding the cultural dynamics of four major African markets (Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia and South Africa) can lead to the development and more successful implementation of communications strategies that are results-driven. The take-home message from this e-book is, when communicating to Africans, do your homework, do not underestimate cultural dynamics, and do not stereotype or make assumptions. Mimi Kalinda Mimi Kalinda, originally from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda and raised in South Africa,

neg: Irreligion in Africa many African philosophies such as Ubuntu are rooted in a secular humanistic framework. During the 1950s and 1960s, irreligion in Africa became increasingly widespread among the educated classes as communism, socialism and anti-colonial movements gained influence on the continent. The largest self-declared populations of the irreligious in Africa are found in Southern African countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, and Botswana. Irreligion in Ghana has also been the subject of some study. The numbers of the irreligious are also growing in North Africa, where ex-Muslims are more and more vocal, especially in Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. In tandem with

neg: HIV/AIDS in Africa HIV/AIDS in Africa HIV/AIDS is a major public health concern and cause of death in many parts of Africa. Although the continent is home to about 15.2 percent of the world's population, more than two-thirds of the total infected worldwide – some 35 million people – were Africans, of whom 15 million have already died. Sub-Saharan Africa alone accounted for an estimated 69 percent of all people living with HIV and 70 percent of all AIDS deaths in 2011. In the countries of sub-Saharan Africa most affected, AIDS has raised death rates and lowered life expectancy among adults between the

neg: Mineral industry of Africa Mineral industry of Africa The mineral industry of Africa is the largest mineral industries in the world. Africa is the second largest continent, with 30 million km² of land, which implies large quantities of resources. For many African countries, mineral exploration and production constitute significant parts of their economies and remain keys to economic growth. Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial diamond, phosphate rock, platinum-group metals (PGM), vermiculite, and zirconium. Gold mining is Africa's main mining resource. The Central African Mining and Exploration Company (CAMEC),

neg: Soil fertility example, many countries in that find it difficult to grow produce because of droughts, lack of soil, and lack of irrigation. "The Middle East" has three countries that indicate a decline in crop production. the highest rates of productivity decline are found in hilly and dryland areas. Many countries in Africa also undergo a depletion of fertile soil. In regions of dry climate like Sudan and the countries that make up the Sahara Desert, droughts and soil degradation is common. Cash crops such as teas, maize, and beans that require a variety of nutrients in order to grow healthy. Soil

neg: White South Africans continent due to political or economic turmoil in their respective homelands. Thousands of Portuguese settlers from Mozambique and Angolan and white Zimbabweans emigrated to South Africa during the 1970s and 1980s. However, the overwhelming majority of European migration correlated with the colonization of the region, migrating for the purpose of capitalizing on the exploitation of resources, minerals and other lucrative elements found in South Africa. Meanwhile, many white South Africans also emigrated to Western countries over the past two decades, mainly to English-speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States, and with

neg: African Telecommunications Union in place to manufacture advanced technologies and the limited development of ICT networks. Moreover, the networks in Africa, including both telephone and Internet infrastructure, are owned by American and European providers. Additionally, many of the brightest researchers and scientists in Africa are leaving the continent to pursue intellectual and trade development in other countries of the world, because the opportunities for professional development in Africa are limited. As a result, research and development within Africa lacks significantly, and education of the region’s population continues to slow. The ATU has 46 member states and 16 associate members. The 46 member states

neg: Africa colonials returned to Portugal alone. Nevertheless, white Africans remain an important minority in many African states, particularly Zimbabwe, Namibia, Réunion, and the Republic of South Africa. The country with the largest white African population is South Africa. Dutch and British diasporas represent the largest communities of European ancestry on the continent today. European colonization also brought sizable groups of Asians, particularly from the Indian subcontinent, to British colonies. Large Indian communities are found in South Africa, and smaller ones are present in Kenya, Tanzania, and some other southern and southeast African countries. The large Indian community in Uganda was expelled

neg: Oilibya by Oilibya to close the deal was unreavealed. Oilibya has bought many other retail petroleum dealers in Africa, including taking over ExxonMobil's business in Kenya. Bahru said at the time the sale was consistent with Shell's global strategy to focus on oil exploration and get out of retail business. As well as operating retail outlets in Africa, the state-owned OiLibya, previously called Tamoil Africa, proposed plans to build two pipelines on the continent, one between Kenya and Uganda and another to supply five countries with oil products from a Ugandan refinery. With the largest oil reserve in Africa within its

neg: AWQAF Africa AWQAF Africa AWQAF Africa (also known or referred to as AWQAF or The Awqaf) serves all countries of Africa: South, North, West, East, and other territorial geography of the continent including its islands in the Indian and Atlantic oceans and Mediterranean Sea, as well as the West Indies. Awqaf Africa, from time to time, extends its works to all Muslims outside the continent - especially in the Muslim World. Awqaf Africa carries out its projects in all parts of the world globalizing, as necessary, in the cause of One Human Race under the banner of Islam. Awqaf Africa was founded

neg: Solar power in Africa Solar power in Africa Africa is often considered and referred as the "Sun continent" or the continent where the Sun's influence is the greatest. According to the "World Sunshine Map", Africa receives many more hours of bright sunshine during the course of the year than any other continent of the Earth: many of the sunniest places on the planet lie there. Despite the large solar potential, penetration of solar power in Africa's energy sector is still very low. The whole continent has a long duration of sunshine, and excluding the large areas of tropical rainforests (the Guinean Forests of West

neg: AWQAF Africa any struggling other than that of Islam. AWQAF Africa AWQAF Africa (also known or referred to as AWQAF or The Awqaf) serves all countries of Africa: South, North, West, East, and other territorial geography of the continent including its islands in the Indian and Atlantic oceans and Mediterranean Sea, as well as the West Indies. Awqaf Africa, from time to time, extends its works to all Muslims outside the continent - especially in the Muslim World. Awqaf Africa carries out its projects in all parts of the world globalizing, as necessary, in the cause of One Human Race under the

neg: Humanitarianism in Africa to pass judgment on the other culture. These judgments are often negative and detrimental. Critics of foreign humanitarian efforts in Africa argue that Western society’s obsession with “saving” Africa bear traces of ethnocentrism. Western ethnocentric perception of Africa results in it being viewed as less civilized and developed. Thus, these views perpetuate Africa’s appearance as a continent composed of inferior countries. As a result, the continent Africa is painted as helpless without foreign intervention. Names of organizations, which call for Westerners to “save the children,” reflect this notion While Western efforts have good intentions, critics argue that movements paint Africa

neg: Lance Spearman back to South Africa for distribution to West Africa, East Africa, and South Africa. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, several African nations had gained their independence from Europe. To avoid bias and conflict, the editors at Drum chose to make the stories non-racial and non-political. The editors also realized that the demographics across the continent were varied and readers in the different parts of the continent had specialized interests. Thus, Drum Publications published several editions of the magazine featuring Lance Spearman for different parts of the continent. In West and East Africa, the publication was published as African Film,

neg: Solar power in Africa energy sales to Europe. One such initiative was Desertec. South Africa has developed several solar thermal plants, both parabolic trough and power tower types. In 2017, it was the leading country in Africa for both solar thermal and PV solar energy. Solar power in Africa Africa is often considered and referred as the "Sun continent" or the continent where the Sun's influence is the greatest. According to the "World Sunshine Map", Africa receives many more hours of bright sunshine during the course of the year than any other continent of the Earth: many of the sunniest places on the planet

neg: Ice hockey in Africa Several Kenyan schools have shown interest in setting up ice hockey teams. Amateur ice hockey players from Djibouti are known to participate in some ice hockey matches in other African Countries. So far there is no unifying African federation for ice hockey to govern the sport in the large continent. However, 12 African countries have different levels of ice hockey activities, South Africa is a full member of the IIHF with a national federation, ice hockey rinks, clubs and national teams. Morocco is an associate member of the IIHF with a national federation, a few clubs and a national team.

neg: Stodacom has interests in over 26 African countries and focuses on four regions: East Africa, West Africa, South Africa and North Africa. The company has works directly from four continents and other developing countries, known ones include Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria and Egypt. In 2011 October Stodacom was known to be the best professional firm in core due diligence and political risk analysts in Africa, this made the company acquire big contracts with USA, China, United Kingdom and French-based fortune companies.January 2013 the company rolled out operations in all African countries with four regional offices coordinating its operation on the continent.

neg: Economy of Africa industry of Africa is one of the largest mineral industries in the world. Africa is the second biggest continent, with 30 million km² of land, which implies large quantities of resources. For many African countries, mineral exploration and production constitute significant parts of their economies and remain keys to future economic growth. Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial diamond, phosphate rock, platinum-group metals (PGM), vermiculite, and zirconium. Gold mining is Africa's main mining resource. African mineral reserves rank first or second for bauxite, cobalt, diamonds,

neg: Paleocontinent just above the equator to the South Pole. Current day South America and Africa are closest to the equator with Northern Africa intersecting the equator. 600-180 mya, Precambrian - Jurassic Period. Gondwana was made of present-day South America, Africa, Arabia, India, Antarctica, Australia, and Madagascar. The Continent was fully formed by the late Precambrian period. This was 600 million years ago. It was an amalgamation of all the current southern hemisphere continents. Gondwana lasted through many different time periods and was a part of other super continents, like Pangea. Gondwana broke up in distinct stages. The continent started to split

neg: Little Sisters of Jesus to make new foundations, retaining her role as Foundress all her life. She undertook a tour of the world and communities were started on every continent. This led to vocations from every race and culture and rite. In 1948 there were 75 Little Sisters of Jesus living in 13 communities. By 1953 there were over 300 sisters in 100 communities. Having already travelled to more than forty countries, in August 1953 Little Sister Magdeleine and Little Sister Jeanne undertook a last world tour, crossing the five continents in one year. They travelled across Niger, Camerouns, East Africa, South Africa, then

neg: Youth in Africa Youth in Africa Youth in Africa constituted 19% of the global youth population in 2015, numbering 226 million. The United Nations defines youth as people aged 15 to 24 years. By 2030, it is predicted that the number of youths in Africa will have increased by 42%. Africa's population as a whole is very young, with 60% of the entire continent aged below 25, making it the youngest continent in the world, in relation to its population makeup. All of the world's top 10 youngest countries by median age are in Africa, with Niger in first place with a median

neg: Culture of Africa for this reason, several official languages coexist, African and European. Some Africans speak various European languages such as English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, German and Dutch. Culture of Africa The culture of Africa is varied and manifold, consisting of a mixture of countries with various tribes that each have their own unique characteristic from the continent of Africa. It is a product of the diverse populations that today inhabit the continent of Africa and the African Diaspora. African culture is expressed in its arts and crafts, folklore and religion, clothing, cuisine, music and languages. Expressions of culture are abundant within

neg: Kwaito rooted in a deeper relationship between South Africa and Jamaican music. African reggae artists like Côte d'Ivoire's Alpha Blondy and South Africa's own Lucky Dube were popular throughout the continent during apartheid, and Alpha helped shed a negative light on the oppressive regime when he compared apartheid to Nazism. Many currently renowned Kwaito musicians grew up listening to Jamaican music, and Stoan, a member of Bongo Maffin, explained in an interview just how necessary an outlet this kind of music was: the representations of black people imported into the country during apartheid were singularly negative ones, and Jamaican music was

neg: OkayAfrica target audience, a new generation of Africans who are creative, politically aware, multicultural, and with roots firmly on the African continent. The site allows young people living in the diaspora to stay abreast of what’s happening in their home countries. Oke says the site's main age group is 25-35. Today, the site attracts 1 million unique page views a month, mostly from the USA, South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria. Additionally, the site offers different editions, covering all 54 countries in Africa to cater to the complexity of the continent. OkayAfrica popularity is also reflected in the site’s social media presence

neg: Epidemiology of snakebites caused by vipers alone. In drier regions of the continent, such as sahels and savannas, the saw-scaled vipers inflict up to 90% of all bites. The puff adder is responsible for the most fatalities overall, although saw-scaled vipers inflict more bites in North African countries, where the puff adder is typically not found. The black mamba, although responsible for far fewer snakebite incidents, is the species which has the highest mortality rate in Africa and in the world. Most bites occur in industrial plantations, which attract many types of snake prey. Banana plantations are associated with vipers such as night

neg: Africa–China relations PRC has been canceled. One-third of China's oil supplies comes from the African continent, mainly from Angola. Investments of Chinese companies in the energy sector have reached high levels in recent years. In some cases, like in Nigeria and Angola, oil and gas exploration and production deals reached more than $2 billion. Many of those investments are mixed packages of aid and loan in exchange for infrastructure building and trade deals. In agriculture, Benin and the Sahel countries of Burkina Faso and Mali supply up to 20% of China's cotton needs. While Côte d'Ivoire supplies China with cocoa, large shipments

neg: Global language system activity for the country. The extracting and exporting of raw materials from the peripheral nations to core nations is the activity bringing about the most economic benefits to the country. Much of the population that is poor and uneducated, and the countries are also extensively influenced by core nations and the multinational corporations found there. Historically, peripheral nations were found outside Europe, the continent of colonial masters. Many countries in Latin America were peripheral nations during the period of colonization, and today peripheral countries are in sub-Saharan Africa. Lastly, the presence of the semiperiphery countries, those in between the core

neg: Racial views of Donald Trump speaks I like him because he speaks frankly." The Ministry of International Affairs of Botswana summoned the US ambassador, and said in a statement "We view the utterances by the current American President as highly irresponsible, reprehensible, and racist." The African National Congress, the ruling party in South Africa, tweeted "its offensive for President Trump to make derogatory statements about countries that do not share policy positions with the US. Developing countries experience difficulties. The US also faces difficulties." Mmusi Maimane, the leader of South Africa's opposition party, said "The hatred of Obama's roots now extends to an entire continent."