query: the most popular imperial court music of vietnam

pos: Music of Vietnam and most highly developed by the Nguyễn emperors. Along with "nhã nhạc", the imperial court of Vietnam in the 19th century also had many royal dances which still exist to this day. The theme of most of these dances is to wish the king longevity and the country wealth. Classical music is also performed in honour of gods and scholars such as Confucius in temples. These categories are defined as Nhã Nhạc ("elegant music", ritual and ceremonial music), Đại nhạc ("great music"), and Tiểu nhạc ("small music") that was chamber music for the entertainment of the king. In Vietnamese traditional

pos: Music of Vietnam Music of Vietnam Traditional Vietnamese music is highly diverse and syncretistic, combining native and foreign influences, and influences from Vietnam's ethnic minority groups. Throughout its history, Vietnam has been most heavily influenced by the Chinese musical tradition, as an integral part, along with Korea, Mongolia and Japan. The former Indochinese kingdom of Champa also exerted some influence (albeit more minor when compared to China) on Vietnam's traditional music. "Nhã nhạc" is the most popular form of imperial court music, specifically referring to the court music played from the Trần dynasty to the very last Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam, being synthesized

pos: Music of Vietnam and most highly developed by the Nguyễn emperors. Along with "nhã nhạc", the imperial court of Vietnam in the 19th century also had many royal dances which still exist to this day. The theme of most of these dances is to wish the king longevity and the country wealth. Classical music is also performed in honour of gods and scholars such as Confucius in temples. These categories are defined as Nhã Nhạc ("elegant music", ritual and ceremonial music), Đại nhạc ("great music"), and Tiểu nhạc ("small music") that was chamber music for the entertainment of the king. In Vietnamese traditional

neg: History of Asian art traditional architecture. Currently, Vietnamese lacquer paintings have proven to be quite popular. The Nguyễn dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of Vietnam (c. 1802–1945), saw a renewed interest in ceramics and porcelain art. Imperial courts across Asia imported Vietnamese ceramics. Despite how highly developed the performing arts (such as imperial court music and dance) became during the Nguyễn dynasty, some view other fields of arts as beginning to decline during the latter part of the Nguyễn dynasty. Beginning in the 19th century, modern art and French artistic influences spread into Vietnam. In the early 20th century, the École Supérieure des Beaux

neg: History of Chinese dance dynasty, when "Yanyue" (燕樂, banquet music) and the music of Gaochang was added but "Wenkang" dropped. The most popular of these were "Qingshang", Western Liang and Kuchan music. These collections of dances performed at the imperial court show the diversity and cosmopolitan nature of the music and dance of the Tang dynasty: only the "Yanyue" and "Qingshang" music originated with the Han Chinese. Music and dance from India, Central Asia, Southeast Asia (Pyu and Funan) and other states bordering Tang China such as Tuyuhun and Nanzhao were performed in the imperial capital Chang'an with performers and dancers in native costume.

neg: Japan dates from the 14th century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth. Western classical music, introduced in the late 19th century, now forms an integral part of Japanese culture. The imperial court ensemble Gagaku has influenced the work of some modern Western composers. Notable classical composers from Japan include Toru Takemitsu and Rentarō Taki. Popular music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European trends, which has led to the evolution of J-pop, or Japanese popular music. Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity in Japan. A 1993 survey by the

neg: Court of Imperial Sacrifices dynasty it was the most prestigious of the Nine Courts. Court of Imperial Sacrifices The Court of Imperial Sacrifices (also known as Court of Sacrificial Worship) was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of conducting major state sacrificial ceremonies according to ritual regulations. In China the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1636–1912). In Vietnam it was created by Lê Thánh Tông in 1466, and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty. It was one of the Nine Courts and normally under the

neg: Music of Vietnam by purists for its watered-down approach to traditional sounds. Ca trù (also "hát ả đào") is a popular folk music which is said to have begun with Ả Đào, a female singer who charmed the enemy with her voice. Most singers remain female, and the genre has been revived since the Communist government loosened its repression in the 1980s, when it was associated with prostitution. Ca trù, which has many forms, is thought to have originated in the imperial palace, eventually moving predominantly into performances at communal houses for scholars and other members of the elite (this is the type

neg: Popular music of Vietnam Popular music of Vietnam The Western-influenced popular music of Vietnam ("Tân nhạc Việt Nam", "New music of Vietnam") developed from the 1940s–1980s. The Vietnam War and the plight of Vietnamese refugees inspired a collection of musical pieces that have become "classical" anthems among Vietnamese people both in Vietnam and abroad. There are many notable songwriters including the nicknamed three 'fathers' of popular music. They are Lam Phương (b. 1937), who is best known for his love songs and ballads, traditional Cải Lương, and Vietnamese patriotic music, Phạm Duy and Trịnh Công Sơn known as the "Bob Dylan of Vietnam" whose

neg: Culture of Vietnam rural areas of Vietnam. Vietnam has 54 different ethnicities, each with their own traditional dance. Among the ethnic Vietnamese majority, there are several traditional dances performed widely at festivals and other special occasions, such as the lion dance. In the imperial court, there also developed throughout the centuries a series of complex court dances which require great skill. Some of the more widely known are the imperial lantern dance, fan dance, and platter dance, among others. Communication in Vietnam, like other countries in the region, is indirect, based upon rapport and respect, and relies heavily on body language. Showing agreement

neg: Court of Imperial Entertainments under the supervision of the Ministry of Rites. Court of Imperial Entertainments The Court of Imperial Entertainments (also known as the Court of the Imperial Banquets) was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese, inner Asian and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of catering for the imperial household, central government officials, and imperial banquets honoring foreign envoys and other dignitaries. In China the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1636–1912). In Vietnam it was created by Lê Thánh Tông in 1466, and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty. It

neg: Court of Imperial Entertainments Court of Imperial Entertainments The Court of Imperial Entertainments (also known as the Court of the Imperial Banquets) was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese, inner Asian and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of catering for the imperial household, central government officials, and imperial banquets honoring foreign envoys and other dignitaries. In China the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1636–1912). In Vietnam it was created by Lê Thánh Tông in 1466, and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty. It was one of the Nine Courts and normally

neg: History of Vietnam areas, some led by former court officers, such as Trương Định, some by peasants, such as Nguyễn Trung Trực, who sank the French gunship L'Esperance using guerilla tactics. In the north, most movements were led by former court officers and lasted decades, with Phan Đình Phùng fighting in central Vietnam until 1895. In the northern mountains, former bandit leader Hoàng Hoa Thám fought until 1911. Even the teenage Nguyễn Emperor Hàm Nghi left the Imperial Palace of Huế in 1885 with regent Tôn Thất Thuyết and started the Cần Vương ("Save the King") movement, trying to rally the people to

neg: Court of the Imperial Stud Court of the Imperial Stud The Court of the Imperial Stud (also known as Court of the Imperial Stables) was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of managing state horse pasturage, stables and corrals, as well as maintaining the vehicles for use by the imperial household and members of the central government. In China the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1636–1912). In Vietnam it was created by Lê Thánh Tông in 1466, and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty. It was

neg: Vietnamese art diverse, consisting of many different styles varying from region to region. Some of the most widely known genres include: Genres include: Vietnam has 54 different ethnics, each with their own traditional dance. Among the ethnic Vietnamese majority, there are several traditional dances performed widely at festivals and other special occasions, such as the lion dance. In the imperial court there also developed throughout the centuries a series of complex court dances which require great skill. Some of the more widely known are the imperial lantern dance, fan dance, and platter dance, among others. Water puppetry is a distinct Vietnamese art

neg: Vietnamese diasporic music by enthusiastic individuals with the assistance of technological advances, members of the overseas Vietnamese population have successfully promoted their music to the world. Diasporic music as a special mixture of emotions has appealed not only the exiled Vietnamese but also residents in Vietnam. Diasporic music got a large number of fans in the homeland in spite of the fact that overseas music has been restricted especially in the public by the unified Vietnam government since 1975. With the eventual loosening of restrictions on music production, most notably since 1996, Vietnam has been emerging to create its own popular music centre.

neg: Diasporic Vietnamese narratives of their popular music became infused with Vietnamese contemporary music, which was increasingly influenced by other cultural and international influences as well. Singers such as Thái Thanh and Khánh Ly, the latter is known for singing songs composed by Trịnh Công Sơn, were/are labeled as “sang” singers while singers such as and Chế Linh, the latter also a recognized pre-1975 composer were/are considered sến or bình dân (traditional folk) singers. music remains the most popular music genre in Vietnam. The style was influenced from Latin American music and was introduced in Vietnam in the 1950s, becoming a staple musical genre

neg: Confucian court examination system in Vietnam Confucian court examination system in Vietnam The Confucian court examination system in Vietnam (, Vietnamese : "Chế-độ khoa-cử Việt-nam" ; 1075 – 1913) was a system for entry into the civil service modelled on the Imperial examination in China, based on knowledge of the classics and literary style. The exams entered Vietnam during the long era of Chinese occupation and adopted by subsequent independent dynasties as a way of filling the civil service. They were instituted at court level by the Lý Dynasty's Emperor Lý Nhân Tông in 1075 and continued some 1000 years later toward the final years of

neg: History of lute-family instruments products manufactured and exported to China were "lutes, harps, transverse flutes, both plucked and bowed stringed instruments, and even Central Asian dances." One of the peoples, the Sogdians were successful merchants for centuries and traveled to Europe, China and India. They took their music and dances with them, and the Sogdian Whirl, became poplar in China. Another group from from Central Asia was the people of Kucha, whose music and dances were popular in the Imperial Court, and which have survived in the Japanese Imperial Court into the modern era. The pear-shaped pipa is likely to have been introduced to

neg: Imperial Records (1920) Imperial Records (1920) Imperial Records, the second United Kingdom-based label of that name, went into business in 1920. It was owned by the Crystalate Gramophone Record Manufacturing Company Ltd. of Tonbridge, Kent, England. The company's main recording studio was in London. Most Imperial issues were recorded by the company, but some issues from masters leased from other companies in Continental Europe and from the United States' Banner Records also appeared on Imperial. Most Imperial recordings were of popular songs, music hall tunes, and dance music of the time. The label went out of business in February 1934. A history of

neg: Popular music of Vietnam songs were sung by Khánh Ly. Other notable songwriters include Văn Cao (a Vietnamese composer whose works include Tiến Quân Ca, which became the national anthem of the Vietnam), Dương Thụ (b. 1943) and Phú Quang (b. 1949) is an influential Vietnamese composer, primarily known for his love songs and songs about Hanoi The songwriters of the 1970s are now "easy listening" for the middle aged, while the modern TV scene is dominated by Japanese-, Korean- and Cantopop influenced V-pop shows like Vietnam Idol. Popular music of Vietnam The Western-influenced popular music of Vietnam ("Tân nhạc Việt Nam", "New music

neg: Arts of China writer of Liaozhai Zhiyi 《聊齋志異》during the Qing dynasty. He opened a tea house and invited his guests to tell stories, and then he would compile the tales into collections such as Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio. In the early 20th century Shanghai became the birthplace and entertainment hub of the three new major art forms, Chinese cinema, Chinese animation and Chinese popular music. These entertainment were heavily inspired by western technology. For the first time, local citizens adopted and molded western culture to fit into Chinese culture in a positive way without any imperial court intervention. The most popular

neg: Court of Imperial Sacrifices Court of Imperial Sacrifices The Court of Imperial Sacrifices (also known as Court of Sacrificial Worship) was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of conducting major state sacrificial ceremonies according to ritual regulations. In China the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1636–1912). In Vietnam it was created by Lê Thánh Tông in 1466, and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty. It was one of the Nine Courts and normally under the supervision of the Ministry of Rites. Prior to the Qing

neg: Confucian court examination system in Vietnam in the reign of Mạc Thái Tông). The last "trạng nguyên" was awarded to Trịnh Tuệ in 1736 during the reign of Lê Ý Tông. Confucian court examination system in Vietnam The Confucian court examination system in Vietnam (, Vietnamese : "Chế-độ khoa-cử Việt-nam" ; 1075 – 1913) was a system for entry into the civil service modelled on the Imperial examination in China, based on knowledge of the classics and literary style. The exams entered Vietnam during the long era of Chinese occupation and adopted by subsequent independent dynasties as a way of filling the civil service. They were

neg: Osip Kozlovsky Osip Kozlovsky Osip Antonovich Kozlovsky (also Joseph, Iosif Kozlowsky , also Иосиф or Юзеф Polish: Józef Kozłowski; (1757 in Propoysk – ) in St Petersburg) was a Russian-Polish composer of Polish and Belarusian origin. For the most part of his life Osip Kozlovsky was attached to the Russian Imperial Court, for which he wrote most of his music. In Russia he became popular especially for his patriotic polonaises. Born in Propoysk to a Belarusian szlachta, he was a choir boy at St. John Cathedral. From 1775 he worked in Trakai at the palace of Tadeusz Franciszek Ogiński as a teacher

neg: Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long The Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long (/皇城昇龍 HuangChengShengLong)or Dongjing (Đông Kinh 东京) is located in the centre of Hanoi, Vietnam. It is also known as Hanoi Citadel. The royal enclosure was first built during the Lý dynasty (1010) and subsequently expanded by the Trần, Lê and finally the Nguyễn dynasty. It remained the seat of the Vietnamese court until 1810, when the Nguyễn dynasty chose to move the capital to Huế. The ruins roughly coincide with the Hanoi Citadel today. The royal palaces and most of the structures in Thăng Long were in varying states

neg: Noh when the "sangaku" () was transmitted from China to Japan. At the time, the term "sangaku" referred to various types of performance featuring acrobats, song and dance as well as comic sketches. Its subsequent adaption to Japanese society led to its assimilation of other traditional art forms." Various performing art elements in "sangaku" as well as elements of "dengaku" (rural celebrations performed in connection with rice planting), "sarugaku" (popular entertainment including acrobatics, juggling, and pantomime), "shirabyōshi "(traditional dances performed by female dancers in the Imperial Court in 12th century), and "gagaku" (ancient music and dance performed in the Imperial Court

neg: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War the Vietnam War was a movement that many popular musicians appropriated, which was a stark contrast to the pro-war compositions of artists during World War II. These musicians included Joni Mitchell, Joan Baez, Phil Ochs, Lou Harrison, Gail Kubik, William Mayer, Elie Siegmeister, Robert Fink, David Noon, Richard Wernick, and John W. Downey. The two most notable genres involved in this protest were Rock and Roll and Folk music. While composers created pieces affronting the war, they were not limited to their music. Often protesters were being arrested and participating in peace marches and popular musicians were among their ranks.

neg: Vietnamese diasporic music a milestone composer in the Vietnamese music industry, who was keen on the theme of love and peace, alerting the unified Vietnam government. Besides composers, singers maintained their numbers of loyal fans even when both of them lived outside Vietnam, such as Khanh Ly, Phuong Dung, Thanh Thuy and Le Thu; in Vietnam, Elvis Phuong, Tuan Ngoc and Due Huy sang and performed Vietnamese, French and American songs with their own rock bands. These three artists continued their successful careers after leaving Vietnam in 1975. In addition to their indigenous popular music, Vietnamese also listened to Western popular music at

neg: Four occupations were set up to oversee the training and performances of music and dances in the imperial court, such as the Great Music Bureau (太樂署) and the Drums and Pipes Bureau (鼓吹署) responsible for ceremonial music. Emperor Gaozu set up the Royal Academy, while Emperor Xuanzong established the Pear Garden Academy for the training of musicians, dancers and actors. There were around 30,000 musicians and dancers at the imperial court during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, with most specialising in "yanyue". All were under the administration of the Drums and Pipes Bureau and an umbrella organization called the Taichang Temple (太常寺).

neg: Korean influence on Japanese culture Chinese dance and Chinese gigaku music to Japan in 612. By the time of the Nara period (710–794), every musician in Japan's imperial court was either Korean or Chinese. Korean musical instruments which became popular in Japan during this period include the flute known as the komabue, the zither known as the gayageum, and the harp known as the shiragikoto. Though much has been written about Korean influence on early Japanese court music, Taeko Kusano has stated that Korean influence on Japanese folk music during the Edo period (1603–1868) represents a very important but neglected field of study. According to

neg: Beer in Vietnam Beer in Vietnam Lagers are the most popular type of beer in Vietnam. The three most popular beer producers in Vietnam are: Sabeco Brewery, which produces Saigon Beer and 33 Beer; Vietnam Brewery Ltd, a joint-venture of Heineken Asia Pacific and Saigon Trading Group (Satra), which produces Heineken, Tiger Beer and Larue Beer; and Habeco, which produces Hanoi Beer and Truc Bach Beer. Out of those three, Saigon Beer is the most popular, according to data from 2013. One of their trademark beers is the 333 Lager. Other popular breweries include Hue Brewery Ltd, which produces Huda Beer and Dai

neg: Music of Vietnam a type of Vietnamese folk music which was popular in the Northern region of Vietnam but is considered nowadays an endangered form of traditional music in Vietnam. In the dynastic time, xẩm was performed by blind artists who wandered from town to town and earned their living by singing in common places. "Quan họ" ("alternate singing") is popular in Hà Bắc (divided into nowadays Bắc Ninh and Bắc Giang provinces) and across Vietnam; numerous variations exist, especially in the Northern provinces. Sung a cappella, "quan họ" is improvised and is used in courtship rituals. "Hát chầu văn" or "hát văn"

neg: Music of Vietnam of ca trù most widely known). It can be referred to as a geisha-type of entertainment where women, trained in music and poetry, entertained rich and powerful men. "Hò" can be thought of as the southern style of Quan họ. It is improvisational and is typically sung as dialogue between a man and woman. Common themes include love, courtship, the countryside, etc. "Hò" is popular in Cần Thơ - Vietnam. Vietnamese composers also followed western forms of music, such as Cô Sao of Đỗ Nhuận, considered as the first Vietnamese opera. Nguyễn Văn Quỳ also wrote 9 sonatas for Violin

neg: Hương Thanh of the most popular pieces of Cải lương and the traditional music of the three regions of Vietnam. With this repertoire, she toured with her Huong Thanh Trio. Hương Thanh Hương Thanh is a Vietnamese singer of various genres, including Cai Luong and jazz fusion. In 2007, France Musique honored her with the "Musique du monde" award. Her early discography includes "Chuyện ba người" (1995), "Moon and Wind" (ACT Music, 1999), and "Tales from Vietnam, de Nguyên Lê" (ACT Music, 1996). Hương Thanh was born in Saigon to a family of South Vietnamese musicians. Her father, Hữu Phước (died 1997),

neg: Pipa semi-deities are depicted in the wall paintings of the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang. The four and five-stringed "pipas" were especially popular during the Tang Dynasty, and these instruments were introduced into Japan during the Tang Dynasty as well as into other regions such as Korea and Vietnam. The five-stringed "pipa" however had fallen from use by the Song Dynasty, although attempts have been made to revive this instrument in the early 21st century with a modernized five-string pipa modeled on the Tang Dynasty instrument. During the Song Dynasty,'pipa fell from favour in the imperial court, perhaps a result of the

neg: Culture of Vietnam Central classical music shows the influences of Champa culture with its melancholic melodies. Southern music exudes a lively laissez-faire attitude. Vietnam has some 50 national music instruments, in which the set of percussion instruments is the most popular, diverse and long-lasting such as "đàn đáy, đàn tranh, đàn nhị, đàn bầu" ... The set of blowing instruments is represented by flutes and pan-pipes, while the set of string instruments is specified by "dan bau" and "dan day". The Vietnamese folksongs are rich in forms and melodies of regions across the country, ranging from "ngâm thơ" (reciting poems), "hát ru" (lullaby),

neg: Mandopop of popular music in Chinese to establish itself as a viable industry. It originated in Shanghai, and later Hong Kong, Taipei and Beijing also emerged as important centers of the Mandopop music industry. Among the countries where Mandopop is most popular are mainland China, Macau, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam and Japan. The Chinese-language music industry began with the arrival of gramophone, and the earliest gramophone recording in China was made in Shanghai in March 1903 by Fred Gaisberg who was sent by the Victor Talking Machine Company (VTMC) in the U.S. to record local music in Asia. The

neg: Choral concerto comparable with Western European masses, requiems and passions, remained unfulfilled. The genre of choral concertos developed out of the ban on the use of instruments, the rise of polyphony as the premiere form of vocal music, the near-demise of chant, and the eagerness in the Imperial Russian court for "high art" in their sacred music. Blending popular spiritual songs with elements from Western high genres, it became a unique form with "no substitute or alternative". While it evolved in Russia, due to the presence of Italian (Manfredini, Galuppi) as well as Italian-trained Ukrainian (Berezovsky, Bortniansky, Vedel) court composers in the

neg: History of the guqin harmonic positions to be able to indicate to the player who would play them. The Chinese musicologist Yang Yinliu divided the history of guqin into three periods: the first is the pre-Qin period, the second from the Qin Dynasty to Tang Dynasty, the third from the end of Tang to the 20th century. It is believed that during the first period the qin became popular as part of the court orchestra and as an instrument of the elite. In the second period, guqin music was influenced by Confucian ideology and Daoist philosophy, Central Asian music imported into the imperial court,

neg: Beer in Vietnam beers that Vietnam imports include Münchner Hofbräu, Warsteiner, Paulaner, Bitburger, Edelweiss, and Köstritzer. Beers from Russia and the Czech Republic are also imported to Vietnam. There are about 20 microbreweries in Vietnam. Most of these beers are Czech- and German-style beer. Notable microbreweries include Hoa Vien Brauhaus, Pilsner Urquell, and the Pasteur Street breweries. Beer in Vietnam Lagers are the most popular type of beer in Vietnam. The three most popular beer producers in Vietnam are: Sabeco Brewery, which produces Saigon Beer and 33 Beer; Vietnam Brewery Ltd, a joint-venture of Heineken Asia Pacific and Saigon Trading Group (Satra), which

neg: History of Chinese dance Zheng, though his Confucian advisor condemned these as decadent and disorderly. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, descriptions of professional dancing girls also appear in ancient texts. These may have been people from poorer family who visited and performed in the women's quarters in the palace or at houses of the nobles. Slaves had been kept as dancers since the Xia dynasty. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the imperial court established the "yuefu" (literally Music Bureau), which was responsible for collecting folk music and dance for performance at the court. A popular dance of the Han

neg: Imperial Japanese Army command, the Eastern Expeditionary High Command ("Tōsei daisō tokufu"), whose nominal head was prince Arisugawa-no-miya, with two court nobles as senior staff officers. This connected the loose assembly of domain forces with the imperial court, which was the only national institution in a still unformed nation-state. The army continually emphasized its link with the imperial court: firstly, to legitimize its cause; secondly, to brand enemies of the imperial government as enemies of the court and traitors; and, lastly, to gain popular support. To supply food, weapons, and other supplies for the campaign, the imperial government established logistical relay stations along

neg: Culture of Laos theater in Laos is essentially musical in nature. Court music and performances known as "khon" and "lakhon" feature the most elaborate costuming and dance. Khon and "lakhon" originated from the Khmer court and spread throughout the region, beginning in Laos during the Lan Xang era. Typical performances included jataka tales, with the performances of the Pra Lak Pra Lam during Lao New Year in Luang Prabang being the most recognizable today. During the nineteenth century influence from Thailand and Vietnam spurred the creation of "lam luang" or Lao opera. Lam luang is a more theatrical version of lam music complete

neg: Kryštof Harant 1599, he was given a post in the emperor's court and simultaneously raised to the peerage, though both his children died that year. In 1601 he was made an advisor to the court of Rudolf and his successor Matthias and part of the imperial chambers. When the imperial court moved to Vienna, Harant was granted the Pecka Castle and dedicated himself for some years to music, becoming the most important Bohemian composer of the time. During 1614-15 he travelled to Spain with a diplomatic mission. In 1618 he converted to Protestantism, returned to Prague, joined the forces arrayed against the

neg: Yayue no longer performed by the Han dynasty, and the content and form of "yayue" was modified in this as well as the succeeding dynasties. During the Tang dynasty components of popular music were added to "yayue". However, the dominant form of music in the Sui and Tang court was the entertainment music for banquets called "yanyue" (燕樂), and the term "yayue" became reserved for the music of Confucian rituals used in temples of the Imperial Family and the nobility as well as in Confucian temples. During the Song dynasty, with Neo-Confucianism becoming the new orthodoxy, "Yayue" was again in ascendancy

neg: Quốc Trung returning to Ha Noi, Vietnam in 1991, Quoc Trung founded a music band with like-minded musicians called The Orient. Within two years of its creation, The Orient reached the top spot in the National Music Band Festival. Through Quoc Trung's leadership he transformed the band into the most popular band in North Vietnam. For over a decade, Quoc Trung and his bandmates produced and propelled singer Thanh Lam to stardom and Queen of Pop status, being the first Vietnamese female singer with own band. As the Diva’s singing performances and career gradually won over public's adulation, so grew the popularity

neg: Nhạc đỏ Nhạc đỏ Nhạc đỏ or literally "Red Music" is the common name of the revolutionary music (nhạc cách mạng) genre in Vietnam. This genre of music began soon after the beginning of the 20th century during the French colonial period, advocating for independence, socialism and anti-colonialism. Red Music was later strongly promoted across North Vietnam during the War, to urge Northerners to achieve reunification under the Communist Party of Vietnam and fight against the "American imperialist puppet" in South Vietnam. Other forms of non-traditional, non-Revolutionary music and culture in the North, like Vietnamese popular music and Western music and culture,

neg: Shen Quanqi imperial court, where he eventually worked up to the position of imperial diarist and then grand secretary. He made numerous contributions to Chinese poetry, including the Five-verse poems (五言律詩). He was also known to write together with poet Song Zhiwen, and the two were known as the "Shen-Song" (沈宋) pair. Due to his exile to Annan(today known as Vietnam), he wrote numerous poems in the region. Many of his poems written there are some of the earliest literary works concerning Vietnam. Shen Quanqi Shen Quanqi (; c. 650 – 729), also known as Yunqing (), was a Chinese poet and

neg: Music of China China the social status of musicians was much lower than that of painters, though music was seen as central to the harmony and longevity of the state. Almost every emperor took folk songs seriously, sending officers to collect songs to record the popular culture. One of the Confucianist Classics, Shi Jing 詩經 (The Classic of Poetry), contained many folk songs dating from 800 BC to about 400 BC. The Imperial Music Bureau, first established in the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC), was greatly expanded under the emperor Han Wu Di 汉武帝 (140–87 BC) and charged with supervising court music and military

neg: Choralis Constantinus there. The music was delivered to the Constance cathedral in late 1508 and early 1509. After Isaac's death in 1517 his pupil Ludwig Senfl, who had been a member of the Imperial chapel choir, compiled music composed for Constance and for the Habsburg Imperial court into the collection which was published by Hieronymus Formschneider in Nuremberg in three volumes (1550–1555) and titled the "Choralis Constantinus". Gerhard Pätzig, in his dissertation for the University of Tübingen in 1956, compared available manuscripts with the Formschneider print and determined that the music written for the Constance cathedral was most of that contained in

neg: Trần Thiêm Bình In 1404, Bình arrived at the Ming imperial court in Nanjing, claiming to be a Trần prince, appealing to the court for the restoration of Trần dynasty. In 1406, Yongle Emperor of Ming China, sent 5000 men to escort him back to Vietnam. Ming army led by Huang Zhong (黃中) was ambushed by Vietnamese army in Chi Lăng, and suffered a crushing defeat. Huang Zhong fled back to China, and Trần Thiêm Bình was captured. He was executed by Hồ Quý Ly. This incident made Yongle angry. Finally, Yongle decided to invade Vietnam. Trần Thiêm Bình Trần Thiêm Bình (,

neg: Culture of Vietnam court had an assortment of different formal gowns they would wear at a particular ceremony, or for a particular occasion. The rules governing the fashion of the royal court could change dynasty by dynasty, thus Costumes of the Vietnamese court were quite diverse. However, certain fundamental concepts applied. The most popular and widely recognized Vietnamese national costume is the . Áo Dài was once worn by both genders but today it is worn mainly by women, except for certain important traditional culture-related occasions where some men do wear it. Áo Dài consists of a long gown with a slit on

neg: Hans Engelmann Hans Engelmann Hans Engelmann (16 June 1872 - 5 May 1914) was a composer of popular music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Although little is remembered of him today, his work was greatly appreciated in his time. Largely writing for teaching material, by the end of his short life he had created nearly three-thousand works. His most popular work, Melody of Love has been recorded by many popular musicians in the mid 20th century. Hans Engelmann was born in Berlin, Germany. The son of an officer in the Imperial German Army, he was educated in music as

neg: Lychee back to 1059 AD, Malaysia, and northern Vietnam. Unofficial records in China refer to lychee as far back as 2000 BC. Wild trees still grow in parts of southern China and on Hainan Island. There are many stories of the fruit's use as a delicacy in the Chinese Imperial Court. It was first described and introduced to the West in 1656 by Michal Boym, a Polish Jesuit missionary (at that time Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). In the 1st century, fresh lychees were in such demand at the Imperial Court that a special courier service with fast horses would bring the fresh fruit

neg: Tour of Duty (TV series) Joseph Conlan, and was never released for public consumption other than in the series. That music was used as background music for most of the series. On the US release DVD most of the Vietnam War era popular music was replaced by instrumental bits to cover the blank spots of music. All three seasons that have been released in the United Kingdom, has the complete original soundtrack including "Paint It, Black". The show was known for its classic American rock soundtrack including Creedence Clearwater Revival, Jimi Hendrix, and Jefferson Airplane. One first-season episode, "USO Down", used "live" versions of "Wooly

neg: Vietnamese diasporic music Starting from 1975, popular music in South Vietnam, known as yellow music, was prohibited by the new socialist government, with those caught listening to it punished, and their music confiscated, due to the belief that it contained “ideas that were not good, not healthy, that required criticism.” In the circumstance, some artists in the music industry, such as Trinh Cong Son, kept staying in Vietnam, while others decided to leave, such as Pham Duy. The departure of many artists from Vietnam in May 1975 was the start point of Vietnamese exile music. Following the migration, yellow music has been modified

neg: Bolero their music confiscated. After the Fall of Saigon, many Vietnamese migrated to the United States, taking their music with them. The ban was lightened in 1986, when love songs could be written again, but by then the music industry was killed. The government of Vietnam also prohibited the sale of overseas Vietnamese music, including variety shows like "Asia" and "Paris by Night". In recent years however, bolero had grown popular again, as more overseas singers performed in Vietnam. Additionally, singing competition television series like "Boléro Idol" have grown popular, with singers performing songs, including those formerly banned. A version of

neg: Dance in China "dance", , written in the oracle bones, is itself a representation of a dancer holding oxtails in each hand. Some Chinese dances today such as dancing with long sleeves have been recorded since the very early periods, dating from the at least as early as the Zhou Dynasty. The most important dances of the early period were the ritual and ceremonial music and dances called "yayue", and these dances were performed at the imperial court until the Qing dynasty, but only survive today as performances in Confucian ceremonies. The imperial court from the Qin dynasty onward established various departments responsible

neg: Supreme People's Court of Vietnam Justices consists of the Chief Justice, the Deputy Chief Justices, and other justices of the Supreme People's Court as appointed by the National Assembly on nomination by the President. It must have at least 13 members, and at most 17 members. Appeals are heard by panels of five justices, or by the entire Council of Justices when appropriate under law. Supreme People's Court of Vietnam The Supreme People's Court of Vietnam () is the highest court of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Supreme People's Court is one of the two institutions at the apex of the judicial system of

neg: Phan Đình Phùng Su, or Imperial Censor, a position which allowed him to criticise other high officials and even the emperor for misconduct. Phan openly criticised Tôn Thất Thuyết, the foremost mandarin of the court, believing him to be rash and dishonest. Aside from his work in rooting out corruption, Phan also compiled a historical geography of Vietnam, which was published in 1883. Despite his prominent position in the Nguyễn Dynasty, little is known about Phan's personal stance on Vietnamese relations with France, which was in the process of colonising Vietnam. France had first invaded in 1858, beginning the colonisation of southern Vietnam.

neg: Trịnh–Nguyễn War the north, launched his attack on the Nguyễn on 15 November 1774. For the first time, the Nguyễn walls were broken and captured. In February 1775, the Nguyễn capital of Huế was captured by the Royal (Trịnh) army. After some fighting with the army of the Tây Sơn, a treaty was signed and the Trịnh army left the destruction of the Nguyễn to the southern rebels. A dozen years later the Trịnh Lords would be thrown out of Vietnam by the youngest and most popular of the Tây Sơn brothers. To fight against the larger and more powerful Imperial army

neg: Vietnamese diasporic music nhac), or sugary music (nhac sen). These terms are reserved for songs that could be considered as popular music, opposed to ritual (like cau van), classical or folk music.. Most yellow music has been associated with the bolero genre. The term continues to be used by Communist officials in Vietnam to describe songs that they find too sentimental, for example, love songs, that “lead people into a state of suffering over love, the opposite of the ideal happiness that people expect to find in it.” For Communist revolutionaries, the term “yellow music” has always had a pejorative meaning. However, some

neg: Tenrikyo classical Shinto music of the imperial court of Japan) are also Tenrikyo followers, and Gagaku music is actively promoted by Tenrikyo, although, strictly speaking, the Mikagura-Uta and Gagaku are separate musical forms. The Hyoshigi, Chanpon, Surigane, Taiko, and Fue were traditionally the men's instruments but are now acceptable for women to play. The Shamisen, Kokyu, and Koto were traditionally women's instruments and, although not very popular, are now acceptable for men to play as well. The Otsutome or daily service consists of the performance of the seated service and, optionally, the practice of a chapter or two of the 12

neg: Music of China Aalst dates the "Entrance Hymn for the Emperor" to c. 1000 BC.) Through succeeding dynasties over thousands of years, Chinese musicians developed a large assortment of different instruments and playing styles. A wide variety of these instruments, such as guzheng and dizi are indigenous, although many popular traditional musical instruments were introduced from Central Asia, such as the erhu and pipa. The presence of European music in China appeared as early as 1601 when the Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci presented a Harpsichord to the Ming imperial court, and trained four eunuchs to play it. During the late Qing Dynasty era,

neg: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Prague Daniel E. Freeman has pointed out that the imperial appointment meant that Mozart would never live in any city other than Vienna. The prestige of such a position combined with the possibility of further employment and honors from the imperial court would have rendered any opportunities available in Prague unattractive in comparison. Daniel E. Freeman has produced the most detailed appraisal of the reasons for the success of Mozart's music in late eighteenth-century Prague The most important consideration is simply that the citizenry of Prague was likely the most musically literate of any in Europe due to a unique system

neg: Bai Juyi culture exposed after the An Lushan Rebellion. The alien culture was so popular and it had seriously threatened the status of Han culture. Musical performances at the Tang court are of two types: seated performances (坐部) and standing performances (立部). Seated performances were conducted in smaller halls with a limited number of dancers, and emphasized refined artistry. Standing performances involves numerous dancers, and were usually performed in courtyards or squares intended for grand presentations. Bai's another poem, "Libuji(立部伎）", translated as "Standing Section Players", reflected the phenomenon of "decline in imperial court music". In this poem, Bai mercilessly pointed out that

neg: Music censorship also blacklisted Jackson and her music from its properties, and removed her from the CBS-televised 46th Grammy Awards the following week—where she was scheduled to introduce a tribute to Luther Vandross. The blacklisting caused Janet Jackson's album "Damita Jo", which was released the following month, to underperform due to reduced promotion and single airplay. During the era of the Vietnam War, popular music of South Vietnam, which was mainly associated with the Bolero genre, became colloquially known as "yellow music", in opposition to "red music" endorsed by the Communist government of North Vietnam. After the Fall of Saigon in 1975,

neg: Music of Ethiopia also sing traditional songs, and most audiences choose to listen to both popular and traditional styles. A long-standing popular musical tradition in Ethiopia was that of brass bands, imported from Jerusalem in the form of forty Armenian orphans (Arba Lijoch) during the reign of Haile Selassie. This band, which arrived in Addis Ababa on September 6, 1924, became the first official orchestra of Ethiopia. By the end of World War II, large orchestras accompanied singers; the most prominent orchestras were the Army Band, Police Band, and Imperial Bodyguard Band. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Ethiopian popular musicians included woyesa

neg: Lê Long Đĩnh to Vietnam under reign of Lê Long Đĩnh. According to "Complete annals of Đại Việt", he was one of the most brutal and sadistic rulers during Vietnam's dynastic era. His reign was considered a reign of terror at the time. He is comparable to the Roman Emperors Caligula and Commodus in their traits of excess cruelty and paranoia. Some of the acts of cruelty that he committed were: According to historical records, he had contracted hemorrhoids and often held court while lying down, earning the popular name "Lê Ngọa Triều" ("Ngọa" means "lie" and "Triều" means "court"). He was not

neg: Imperial Theatres in Moscow) plus court Hermitage Theatre and used during the summer. "Imperial Theatres" in Moscow were organized in 1806 by a decree of Emperor Alexander I. All children accepted to the Imperial Theatre schools were taken for full state maintenance, lived at the boarding school and could not be excluded from institution until the end of the studies. They were trained firstly for a career in ballet (as most difficult to achieve), then in drama and music. The least gifted were switched to training as props makers, theatrical operators etc. After the revolution both of the schools were divided according

neg: Hinamatsuri is unclear if "Genji" influenced the association of dolls with that date, diaries of women in the imperial court mention dolls as gifts for girls around that time of year. The Ōnin War of 1467–1477 brought an end to "o-harae" at the imperial court, but it was still practiced among the common folk and was popular at Shimogamo Shrine in Kyoto and at Sumiyoshi taisha in Osaka. As time passed, the 12th month purification was abandoned, and the 6th month one became increasingly popular. The earliest record of displaying the dolls as part of the Peach Festival comes from 1625,

neg: Waka (poetry) In the Muromachi period, renga became popular in the court and people around it. It spread to the priestly classes and thence to wealthy commoners. In much the same way as waka, renga anthologies were produced under the imperial aegis. As momentum and popular interest shifted to the renga form, the tanka style was left to the Imperial court. Conservative tendencies exacerbated the loss of life and flexibility. A tradition named Kokin-denju, the heritage of Kokin Wakashū, was developed. It was a system on how to analyze the Kokin Wakashū and included the secret (or precisely lost) meaning of words.

neg: Counterculture psychedelic drug LSD, restricted political gatherings, and tried to enforce bans on what they considered obscenity in books, music, theater, and other media. The counterculture has been argued to have diminished in the early 1970s, and some have attributed two reasons for this. First, it has been suggested that the most popular of its political goals—civil rights, civil liberties, gender equality, environmentalism, and the end of the Vietnam War—were "accomplished" (to at least some degree); and also that its most popular social attributes—particularly a "live and let live" mentality in personal lifestyles (the "sexual revolution")—were co-opted by mainstream society. Second,

neg: Joseph Schillinger background, dedicated to creating truly professional musicians, having been a student of the St Petersburg Imperial Conservatory of Music. Unlike his more famous contemporaries, Schillinger was a natural teacher and communicated his musical knowledge in the form of a precise written theory, using mathematical expressions to describe art, architecture, design and (most insistently, and with most detail and success) music. In New York, Schillinger flourished, becoming famous as the advisor to many of America's leading popular musicians and concert music composers including George Gershwin, Earle Brown, Burt Bacharach, Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller, Oscar Levant, Tommy Dorsey and Henry Cowell. George

neg: The Vietnam War (TV series) framing by the United States. Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross, current members of the band Nine Inch Nails, were tasked to score the series, and provide both original music and a compilation soundtrack of popular songs. The PBS website describes the series as featuring "more than 120 iconic popular songs that define the era", including songs by then contemporary artists. Of these, 38 songs were selected for the series' soundtrack album, which was released on September 15, 2017. The Vietnam War (TV series) The Vietnam War is a 10-part American television documentary series about the Vietnam War written by Geoffrey

neg: Court of Judicature and Revision Court of Judicature and Revision Court of Judicature and Revision (also known as Court of Judicial Review) was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of reviewing judicial proceedings at all administrative levels and singling out the cases for a retrial by court officials or the emperor himself. In China the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1636–1912). In Vietnam it was created by Lê Thánh Tông in 1466, and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty. It was one of the Nine Courts

neg: Music of Vietnam Hồ Ngọc Hà, Bảo Thy, Wanbi Tuấn Anh, Khổng Tú Quỳnh, Radio Band, etc. There are also amateur singers whose songs have been hits in Vietnam such as Thùy Chi. These singers tend to view singing as a hobby, therefore not being labeled as mainstream artists. Overall, the quality of recording and the style of music videos in Vietnam has improved a lot compared to the past years due to many private productions and also overseas Vietnamese coming back to produce a combination of Western and Vietnamese music. Introduced by American soldiers, rock and roll was popular in Saigon during

neg: Eternity: Love & Songs server uniforms in a white room, while the LED dance floor would flash black letters on a white background. Of the songs on the album, "Be My Baby" became the most popular, having been performed the most at several venues. This included a-nation's "10th Anniversary for Life Charge & Go!," the "Japan-Vietnam Friendship Music Festival" and at "Isle of MTV Miyakojima." While there were no corresponding music videos with the release of the album, videos for "Be My Baby" and "Megumi no Hito" were later released on her 2011 album "Dejavu." Both videos would contrast each other, with "Be My

neg: V-pop consist of music from the United States and also would mainly be for the purpose of war. Some of the most successful acts of the era include Phượng Hoàng, Elvis Phương, Trường Kỳ, Nam Lộc, Tùng Giang, Thanh Lan and Carol Kim. Popular for their modern style, Mai Lệ Huyền and Hùng Cường are considered to be more "exciting" or "energetic" contributors to V-Pop. The escalating war in Vietnam culminated with the fall of Saigon, and the following economic crisis resulted in many Vietnamese music artists leaving the country. As the socialist government rose, the suppression of music and culture

neg: Karelia Suite Karelia Suite Jean Sibelius's Karelia Suite, Op. 11, was written in 1893 for the Viipuri Students' Association. It was premiered in the Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland, under the title Karelia Music. The suite is one of Sibelius's earlier works and remains one of his most popular. Karelia Music was written in the beginning of Sibelius' compositional career, and the complete music consists of an Overture, 8 Tableaux, and 2 Intermezzi. The music runs about 44 minutes, as opposed to the suite, which lasts about 12 minutes. The rough-hewn character of the music was deliberate -

neg: Vietnam Minh City as the most populous city. The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, from 111 BC to AD 939. An independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939, following a Vietnamese victory in the battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese imperial dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonised by the French in the mid-19th century. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War. On 2 September 1945, President Hồ Chí Minh declared

neg: Culture of Rwanda festivals, social gatherings, and storytelling. The most famous traditional dance is "Intore", a highly choreographed routine consisting of three components - the ballet, performed by women; the dance of heroes, performed by men, and the drums. Traditionally, music is transmitted orally with styles varying between the social groups. Drums are of great importance, the royal drummers having enjoyed high status within the court of the "mwami". Drummers usually play together in groups of seven or nine. Rwanda has a growing popular music industry, influenced by East African, Congolese and American music. The most popular genres are hip-hop and R&B, often

neg: Opera in German the Italian librettist Metastasio, took up residence as the imperial poet in Vienna. Johann Adolf Hasse wrote operas in Italian for the court of the Elector of Saxony in Dresden. Hasse also wrote operas for the court of Frederick the Great in Berlin, as did Carl Heinrich Graun. The king himself supplied the libretto for Graun's "Montezuma", first performed in 1755. Deprived of aristocratic patronage, opera in German was forced to look to the general public to survive. This meant theatrical companies had to tour from town to town. The "Singspiel" became the most popular form of German opera, especially

neg: Music censorship the music was banned altogether, and those caught listening to "yellow music" were punished, and their music confiscated. Many Vietnamese migrated to the United States, and continued to record in exile. In 1986, the ban was lightened and love songs could be written again, but by then the music industry had ceased to exist. The government of the unified Communist Vietnam also prohibited the sale of overseas Vietnamese music, including variety shows like "Asia" and "Paris by Night". In recent years however, bolero had grown popular again, as more overseas singers performed in Vietnam. Additionally, singing competition television series like

neg: Yellow Music continually up to the Cultural Revolution. By the early 1980s, however, Yellow Music could be performed again. Yellow Music ("Nhạc vàng") refers to music produced in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, named in opposition to "Red Music" ("Nhạc đỏ") endorsed by the Communist government of North Vietnam during the era of the Vietnam War. The genre contained topics and characteristics considered decadent and was banned in 1975, with those caught listening to it punished, and their music confiscated. Most Yellow Music has been associated with the bolero genre. The ban on Yellow Music was lightened in 1986, but by

neg: History of Asia a result of its correlation with imperial centralization and the heavenly mandate, which came to be regarded as ineffective. By 838, the Japanese court discontinued its embassies in China; only traders and Buddhist monks continued to travel to China. Buddhism itself came to be considered more Japanese than Chinese, and persisted to be popular in Japan. Buddhists monks and monasteries continued their attempts to gather personal power in courts, along with aristocrats. One particular noble family that dominated influence in the imperial bureaucracy was the Fujiwara clan. During this time cultural life in the imperial court flourished. There was a

neg: Lê Văn Thịnh 1096 and was banished to the mountainous area. Nevertheless, the court case of Lê Văn Thịnh was considered by many to be a mistrial; Lê Văn Thịnh is still worshipped by people in several villages of Vietnam. Today the fact about the 1096 event is still a matter of debate but Lê Văn Thịnh's role in the History of Vietnam is always appreciated. Lê Văn Thịnh he was born in 1038 at the Đông Cứu village, Gia Định district. In the second month of 1075, the emperor Lý Nhân Tông ordered the organization of the first imperial examination of the

neg: Lê Khánh Đồng Family Clinic Company. Lê Khánh Đồng was born in 1905 in Son An commune, Hương Sơn District, Hà Tĩnh Province, Vietnam. Poem: Hồ Tây (Vietnamese West Lake in Hanoi) Hanoi, 1928 Lê Khánh Đồng He is the 20th descendant of the King Lê Thái Tổ the founder of the famous Later Lê Dynasty of Vietnam. His father was Lê Quý Bác who served as the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in the imperial court of the Nguyễn Dynasty. His first wife was Tran Thi Xuyen. After Mrs. Xuyên died, he married Ms. Nguyễn Thị Vàng who is the daughter of

neg: Traditional Vietnamese dance Traditional Vietnamese dance Traditional Vietnamese dance comprises several different forms including dance as performed in Vietnamese theatre and opera, dances performed at festivals, and royal dances of the imperial court. Dance is thought to have been an integral part of Vietnamese culture since ancient times, as depicted by engravings found on Dong Son drums. Vietnam is a diverse country with 54 different ethnic groups, with the ethnic Vietnamese (known as Kinh) making up the majority of the population. This article mainly focuses on the traditional dances of the ethnic Vietnamese, although each of the many ethnic minorities of Vietnam have

neg: Nguyễn Trường Tộ court officials that the three westernmost provinces of southern Vietnam (An Giang, Vinh Long, and Ha Tien) were to be the next targets of French imperial aggression. He died in Xã Đoài 22 November 1871. Contemporary Vietnamese historians' evaluations of To's nationalist motivations are buttressed by the record of his petitions to Tự Đức for reform, which were intended to allow Vietnam to profit from a period of peace by strengthening itself through Westernizing reforms, after which she could reassert herself and "take back in the West what was lost in the East". Between 1863 and his death in 1871,

neg: Early Lê dynasty imperial court culminated, proceeding Lê Long Đĩnh's death. Under pressure from the public and from the Buddhist monks, the court agreed to enthrone the high rank mandarin and aristocrat Lý Công Uẩn as the new emperor, thus ending the Early Lê Dynasty. In its place, the Lý dynasty ushered in a new age for Vietnam, with a combination of Confucian and Buddhist influences making a recurrence in the new dynasty. This dynasty modify and keep the same government form and traditional order of Đinh dynasty. In 980, Lê Hoàn began to nominate some court position, Hồng Hiến as the grand

neg: Robbie Gee for TV, travelled and worked in places as varied as Jamaica and Spain, and hosted some of the biggest and most prestigious music and social events in the country. Robbie and Eddie compere, play music, perform comedy sketches and their hugely successful gameshow "A Wha Me A Go Win?" is still selling out to audiences around the United Kingdom 15 years after it started. He hosted, alongside Eddie Nestor, the Imperial College Indian Society's annual "East Meets West" charity show in 2007 and 2008. The show in both years was one of the most successful and popular charity shows in

neg: Chinese guardian lions Chinese guardian lions Chinese guardian lions or Imperial guardian lions, often miscalled "Foo Dogs" in the West, are a common representation of the lion in imperial China. Chinese guardian lions are sometimes referred to in English as shishi, from the Chinese shí shī (), which refers specifically to lion sculptures in stone. The concept, which originated and became popular in Chinese Buddhism, subsequently spread to other parts of Asia including, Japan, Korea, Tibet, Thailand, Burma, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Cambodia, Laos and Singapore. Since the introduction of the lion symbolism during the Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) from

neg: Imperial Tiger Orchestra Imperial Tiger Orchestra Imperial Tiger Orchestra is a Swiss group of modern popular Ethiopian music. Its name hints at the Imperial bodyguard band of the Halie Selassie era and Monty Python’s “Tiger in Africa” sketch It was formed after a jam organized by Genevan trumpet player Raphaël Anker. The band has released three albums and played in Europe, Southern Africa and Ethiopia. It also worked with renowned Ethiopian musicians, like Endress Hassen or the singer Hamelmal Abate. When Imperial Tiger Orchestra first started unravelling the yarn of Ethiopian Music from the Golden Age (1969 – 1975), no one expected the

neg: Vietnamese diasporic music music videos might represent the success. Thuy Nga's 1988 “The Giot Nuoc Mat Cho Viet Nam [A Tear for Vietnam]” song selection, which was visualized to reflect some melancholic characteristics, and typify those hot exiled music themes. With the appearance of music videos, many pre-1975 songs, as well as newly composed exiled songs, were accompanied by visuals. Meanwhile, various forms of Western popular music and also songs made by overseas Vietnamese composers were welcomed by the diasporic population. Post-1975 exiled music was about life in former South Vietnam, which included songs about love, homesickness, freedom and anti-communism. In the early

neg: Ye wei Ye wei Ye wei or yewei (from Pinyin yěwèi) is essentially the demand for exotic animals and wild animals in the Chinese cuisine. It is also popular in countries such as Myanmar, Vietnam, and Thailand. Yewei is often sold at Chinese Wet markets, and is becoming part of the restaurant culture in China. Historically members of the imperial courts in the dynastic eras have requested grand animals for their meals. Famous examples include the Manchu Han Imperial Feast. Though today it can be eaten by anyone with access to the wild animals (which can be imported). The word 野 basically

neg: Imperial examination in Chinese mythology the later dynastic history of China, there existed a government Music Bureau (most notably during a certain during part of the Han Dynasty, during the Tang dynasty, and perhaps similarly in the Qin dynasty): this was an institution involving the setting of standards and competitive evaluations thereby. In mythology, this involves one of the motifs which provide a religious-type of sacrality to the institution. The Music Bureau, or Ministry of Music was actually not a music academy in the modern sense: its function included the collection and composition of music and poetry for royal court functions of entertainment and religious

neg: Imperial Tiger Orchestra from the Ethiopian diaspora, receiving their rewarding confirmation and blessing for their own original take on Ethiopian music. Imperial Tiger Orchestra Imperial Tiger Orchestra is a Swiss group of modern popular Ethiopian music. Its name hints at the Imperial bodyguard band of the Halie Selassie era and Monty Python’s “Tiger in Africa” sketch It was formed after a jam organized by Genevan trumpet player Raphaël Anker. The band has released three albums and played in Europe, Southern Africa and Ethiopia. It also worked with renowned Ethiopian musicians, like Endress Hassen or the singer Hamelmal Abate. When Imperial Tiger Orchestra first

neg: The Diary of Lady Murasaki 905, set the foundation for court literature. Up to this point, Japanese literature was written in Chinese – traditionally the language of men in the public sphere. It was in the literature of the imperial court that the gradual shift toward vernacular kana writing system was most evident, and where waka poetry became immensely popular. As Shirane explains: "Waka became integral to the everyday life of the aristocracy, functioning as a form of elevated dialogue and the primary means of communication between the sexes, who usually were physically segregated from each other." By the early 11th century new genres of

neg: History of Chinese dance History of Chinese dance Dance in China has a long recorded history. Some Chinese dances today, such as dancing with long sleeves, have been recorded at least as early as the Zhou dynasty (c. 1045–256 BCE). The most important of the early dances served important ritual and ceremonial roles and are known as "yayue" which continued to be performed in the imperial court until the Qing dynasty. A profusion of dances in popular and court entertainment as well as folk dances have been recorded in ancient texts. The art of dance in China reached a peak during the Tang dynasty