query: when was the federal republic of germany founded

pos: Germany bombing and land warfare destroyed many cities and cultural heritage sites. After Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four military occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany ("Bundesrepublik Deutschland"); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic ("Deutsche Demokratische Republik"). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany. East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its

pos: Constitution of East Germany Constitution of East Germany The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded in 1949 and was absorbed into the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990. Its original constitution was promulgated on 7 October 1949. It was heavily based on the "Weimarer Reichsverfassung", (Weimar Constitution) such that the GDR would be a federal and democratic republic. Because the original version did not accurately reflect the actual political climate of the GDR, it was decided in 1968 to replace the old constitution with a new version. The first constitution of the GDR was proclaimed on 7 October 1949, based largely

pos: The Tutor (Brecht) then finds that he is acceptable to all, and eventually marries the girl. Lauffer is then acclaimed as the perfect teacher and entrusted with the education of Germany's youth. Post World War II, Germany was split in four zones by the allied powers. By 1949, these zones had essentially become an "eastern" and "western" block. The Federal Republic of Germany was founded in the west with the promulgation of the basic law on 23 May 1949. The German Democratic Republic (GDR) was founded in the "eastern zone" on 7 October 1949. In 1950, the German Democratic Republic was finding its

pos: Chancellor of Germany (1949–present) in 1871, the office became known in German as "Reichskanzler" ("Reich Chancellor", literally "Chancellor of the Realm"). Since the adoption of the current constitution of Germany (the "Basic Law" or "Grundgesetz") in 1949 the formal title of the office is once again Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor). In the now defunct German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), which existed from 7 October 1949 to 3 October 1990 (when the territory of the former GDR was reunified with the Federal Republic of Germany), the position of chancellor did not exist. The equivalent position was called either Minister President "(Ministerpräsident)" or Chairman of the

neg: State Council of East Germany State Council of East Germany The State Council (German: "Staatsrat") was the collective head of state that governed East Germany (German Democratic Republic) from 1960 to 1990. When the German Democratic Republic was founded in 1949, its constitution in its formal structure resembled a bourgeois, federalist democratic system in order to portray the GDR as the legitimate continuation of the prewar Weimar Republic in opposition to the separatist Federal Republic. One of the "bourgeois" features of the constitution (in Article 66) was the office of President, which was filled by Wilhelm Pieck, formerly the leader of the eastern branch of

neg: Reichsrat (Germany) when the Federal Republic of Germany was founded the state's representation again was called Bundesrat and again became more powerful than the Reichsrat but not as powerful as the "Bundesrat" of the German Empire. The Prussian state was abolished altogether. The number of votes in the Reichsrat, by state: Reichsrat (Germany) The Reichsrat was one of two legislative bodies in Germany during Weimar Republic (1919–1933), the other being the Reichstag. The Reichsrat consisted of members appointed by the German States and participated in legislation affecting all constitutional changes and state competences, while the Reichstag was the elected body of the

neg: Berlin entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory. The Berlin airlift, conducted by the three western Allies, overcame this blockade by supplying food and other supplies to the city from June 1948 to May 1949. In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany and eventually included all of the American, British and French zones, excluding those three countries' zones in Berlin, while the Marxist-Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany. West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but it politically was aligned with the Federal Republic of Germany despite West Berlin's geographic isolation. Airline service to West Berlin

neg: History of the Germany national football team but above Norway in their qualification group, having won in Oslo. Legendary coach Helmut Schön was the manager of the Saarland team from 1952 until 1957, when the territory acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany. He went on to coach the championship-winning team of the 1970s. In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic was founded in the Soviet-occupied eastern part of the country. A separate football competition emerged in what was commonly known as East Germany. In 1952 the Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were

neg: Gustav Struve societies being founded in the area. When the revolution broke out, Struve published a demand for a federal republic, to include all Germany, but this was rejected by "Pre-Parliament" ("Vorparlament"), the meeting of politicians and other important German figures which later became the Frankfurt Parliament. Struve wanted to spread his radical dreams for a federal Germany across the country, starting in southwest Germany, and accompanied by Hecker and other revolutionary leaders. They organised the meeting of a revolutionary assembly in Konstanz on 14 April 1848. From there, the "Heckerzug" (Hecker's column) was to join up with another revolutionary group led

neg: Constitution of East Germany 1989 to prune out its Communist character. Most notably, Article 1, which effectively gave the SED a monopoly of power, was deleted. In April 1990, the democratic forum "Runder Tisch" (Round Table) developed a proposal for a new GDR constitution to reflect the democratic changes that swept across the GDR. However, by that time, the newly freely-elected "Volkskammer" (parliament) was moving in the direction of outright unification with the Federal Republic, and so the draft constitution went nowhere. Constitution of East Germany The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded in 1949 and was absorbed into the Federal Republic of

neg: Württemberg-Baden Germany which was later also adopted again by the new German states founded in 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. The coat of arms merges elements from the two predecessor states: the red stripe on a golden field of the coat of arms of Baden and the three deer antlers of the coat of arms of Württemberg. Württemberg-Baden Württemberg-Baden was a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was created in 1945 by the United States occupation forces, after the previous states of Baden and Württemberg had been split up between the US and

neg: West Germany the European Union. The official name of West Germany, adopted in 1949 and unchanged since is (Federal Republic of Germany). In East Germany, the terms (West Germany) or (West German Federal Republic) were preferred during the 1950s and 1960s. This changed once under its 1968 constitution, when the idea of a single German nation was abandoned by East Germany and West Germans and West Berliners were officially considered foreigners. In the early 1970s, starting in the East German , the initialism "BRD" (FRG) for the "Federal Republic of Germany" began to prevail in East German usage. In 1973, official East

neg: Kronberg im Taunus commissioner for religious affairs to the US military government in Germany. Through his contacts in the USA Muench arranged a formidable flow of donations into destruction-stricken Germany. After the Federal Republic of Germany was founded, the Kronberg Apostolic Mission was dissolved in 1951. Muench afterwards became the first Apostolic Nuncio in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). In 1959, Pope John XXIII made Archbishop Muench a Cardinal. Since 28 June 1966, Kronberg has been a state-recognized spa town. As part of Hesse's municipal reforms, on 1 April 1972, Kronberg merged with the formerly independent communities of Oberhöchstadt and Schönberg.

neg: East Germany at the Olympics games. Finally, in 1949, the National Olympic Committee for Germany was founded in the Western Federal Republic of Germany. This was later recognized by the IOC as representing both German states. The small French-occupied Saarland and its NOC (SAA) joined the Federal Republic of Germany after 1955, having not been allowed to join the German counterparts previously. The East German "Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Ostdeutschland" authority refused to send their athletes to the 1952 games as participants of an all-German team, demanding a team of their own. This was denied by the IOC. They agreed to participate in 1956. German

neg: German Olympic Sports Confederation Ausschuss", which was not recognized by IOC as it did not represent any recognized state yet. On 23 May 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was established on the territory of the Western occupied zones. On 24 September 1949 the Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland (""National Olympic Committee for Germany"") was founded in Bonn as successor to the DOA. In October 1949, under Soviet occupation, the German Democratic Republic was founded, which on 22 April 1951 founded a separate Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Ostdeutschland ("National Olympic Committee for East Germany"), in 1965 renamed to "Nationales Olympisches Komitee der DDR" (""National

neg: Demographics of Germany from Central and Eastern Europe and the former eastern territories moved westward to post-war Germany. During the partition of Germany, many Germans from East Germany fled to West Germany for political and also economic reasons. Since Germany's reunification, there are ongoing migrations from the eastern "New Länder" to the western "Old Länder" for economic reasons. The federal republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic followed different paths when it came to demographics. The politics of the German Democratic Republic was pronatalistic while that of the Federal Republic was compensatory. Fertility in the GDR was higher than that in the

neg: Germany at the Summer Olympics of the two states participated in one of the multinational boycotts of Summer Games. Many Western countries, including the Federal Republic of Germany, boycotted the Moscow Games of 1980 due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan the year before. In return, 14 Eastern Bloc states, including the GDR, boycotted the Los Angeles Games in 1984. Thus, only one German team was present in each of these two Olympics. The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), often called West Germany during the Cold War, was founded in 1949 as the largest of the three German states formed under occupation after the division

neg: Federal Ministry of Health (Germany) Federal Ministry of Health (Germany) The Federal Ministry of Health (), abbreviated BMG, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its headquarters are located in Bonn with a second major office in Berlin. It is the highest German federal government department responsible for health. The ministry is officially located in Bonn and with a second office, which houses the ministry's management, location in Berlin. The Federal Ministry of Health was founded in 1961; in 1969 it was merged with the Federal Ministry for Family and Youth to create the new Federal Ministry for Youth, Family and Health.

neg: Federal Foreign Office Federal Republic of Germany, which in its first years had very limited powers. In October 1949, the German Democratic Republic was founded in what had been the Soviet zone. Whereas Georg Dertinger had already been appointed the first minister of foreign affairs of East Germany in 1949, due to the Allied occupation statute the "Auswärtiges Amt" of West Germany was not reestablished until March 15, 1951. Chancellor Konrad Adenauer took office as the first Foreign Minister in Bonn until he was succeeded by Heinrich von Brentano in 1955. By and large, the men who had served in the new "Auswärtiges

neg: Bundeswehr in abeyance within the "Bundesrepublik Deutschland"), the wording of the ceremonial vow for full-time recruits and volunteer personnel is: Serving "Bundeswehr" personnel replace ""Ich gelobe", ..." with ""Ich schwöre", ..." ("I vow to..."). After World War II the responsibility for the security of Germany as a whole rested with the four Allied Powers: the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union. Germany had been without armed forces since the "Wehrmacht" was dissolved following World War II. When the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in 1949, it was without a military. Germany remained completely demilitarized and any

neg: Refugee identity certificate countries. The Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR were founded in 1949, but their sovereignty was still limited for a long time (see legal status of Germany after 1945). In the Federal Republic of Germany a passport for displaced persons and refugees was created and the respective status of each individual documented in an admission procedure on arrival. These were issued in Friedland Refugee Camp; for Soviet zone refugees who came via West Berlin, in a camp in Berlin-Marienfelde. Not all applicants from the Soviet occupation zone were recognised as refugees, but they were tolerated in the West. The

neg: Bruno Brun state prize for the arts, as well as "Decoration of Work". In 1973 he was a jury member at the ARD International Music Competition in Munich, along with Heinrich Sutermeister (Switzerland), Günter Bialas (Federal Republic of Germany), Ulysse Delécluse (France), David Glazer (United States), Robert Gugolz (Switzerland), Rudolf Jettel (Austria), Jost Michaels (Federal Republic of Germany), Gerd Starke (Federal Republic of Germany). In 1977 he was a jury member at the Munich Competition, along with Hans-Peter Schmitz (Germany), Eduard Brunner (Switzerland), Hans Deinzer (Federal Republic of Germany), Guy Deplus (France), Dieter Klōcker (Federal Republic of Germany), Victor Petrov (U.S.S.R.) and

neg: Kupres in 1942. After collapse of Nazi Germany and its puppet state of NDH, Kupres became part of newly founded Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia within SR Bosnia and Herzegovina and it stayed that until 1992 and proclamation of independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina that led to War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During that time, Kupres was held by Serbian forces from April 1992 and was part of Republic of Srpska. Kupres was taken back by Croatian forces in November 1994, when it became part of Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia and after its dissolution, part of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,

neg: BRD (Germany) BRD (Germany) BRD (; English: Federal Republic of Germany); () is an unofficial abbreviation commonly used between 1968 and 1990 by the communist regime of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) to refer to the Federal Republic of Germany, informally known at the time as West Germany. The East German regime previously used the term "German Federal Republic" to refer to its western counterpart. Unlike the English equivalent FRG, which was used as an IOC country code and a FIFA trigramme, the use of "BRD" was strongly discouraged by the authorities of the Federal Republic of Germany itself, because it

neg: West Germany West Germany West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany () in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border. After 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and split into five states, which then joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with

neg: Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany confirmed the changes. Other changes took place regarding a redistribution of competencies between federal government and the "Länder". Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany () is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Basic Law was approved on 8 May 1949 in Bonn, and, with the signature of the occupying western Allies of World War II on 12 May, came into effect on 23 May. Its original field of application () — that is, the states that were initially included in the Federal Republic of Germany —

neg: City of Gotha and Federal Republic of Germany v. Sotheby's and Cobert Finance S.A. City of Gotha and Federal Republic of Germany v. Sotheby's and Cobert Finance S.A. The City of Gotha and Federal Republic of Germany v. Sotheby's and Cobert Finance S.A. was a September 1998 case in the High Court of England and Wales involving the ownership of a Joachim Wtewael painting. The case was the first reported court decision on section 221 of the German Civil Code (Burgerliches Gesetzbuch). This section involves the limitation of proprietary actions when a third party has acquired possession of the property. The case is important in regards to the concepts of statutes of limitation and

neg: Names of Germany in 1949. The Federal Republic of Germany, "Bundesrepublik Deutschland", established in 1949, saw itself as the same state founded in 1867/71 but "Reich" gave place to "Bund". For example, the "Reichskanzler" became the "Bundeskanzler", "reichsdeutsch" became "bundesdeutsch", "Reichsbürger" (citizen of the "Reich") became "Bundesbürger". Germany as a whole was called "Deutschland als Ganzes" or "Gesamtdeutschland", referring to Germany in the international borders of 1937 (before Hitler started to annex other countries). This resulted in "all German" (or "pan germanique"—a chauvinist concept) aspirations. In 1969 the Federal Ministry for All German Affairs was renamed the Federal Ministry for Intra-German Relations. Until

neg: Member states of the United Nations Neither state sought sole successor state status. Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993. Both the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973. Through the accession of the East German federal states to the Federal Republic of Germany, effective from 3 October 1990, the territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, today simply known as "Germany". Consequently, the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while the German Democratic Republic

neg: Deutsche Bundespost Berlin months later the stamps of the western bizone as well as the French oocupation zone became valid as well. The Federal Republic of Germany was founded on May 23, 1949, and shortly thereafter, the formation of the German Democratic Republic took place on October 7, 1949. In each republic the "Deutsche Post" now became the government agency to maintain postal and telecommunication services, in West Germany the "Deutsche Post" was renamed "Deutsche Bundespost" in 1950, and in East Germany the term DP (of the GDR) was kept. West Berlin retained its special status as it remained under the authority of

neg: Hüseyin Gelis the Ambassador of Germany in Turkey, presented the Order of Merit to Gelis at the reception held at the historical Summer Mansion of the Federal Republic of Germany in Tarabya. The Order of Merit is given by the Federal Republic of Germany since 1951 to persons who perform successful political, economic, cultural, moral, and voluntary deeds. On December 21, 2017, Hüseyin Gelis opened the new Low Voltage Switchgear Factory, founded by Siemens Turkey within its integrated production facilities in Gebze Organized Industrial Zone (GOSB), with a ceremony honored by the presence of Faruk Özlü, PhD, Minister of Science, Industry and

neg: Fritz Neumayer zones, the Free Democratic Party (FDP). Also in 1945, he became president of the state court in Kaiserslautern. He was elected to the advisory state board of the newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1946, and to the respective state parliament in 1947. When Rhineland-Palatinate became a constituent state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, Neumayer was elected to the federal parliament, where his primary concern was ensuring the independence of judges from the state. After the death of the liberal minister for building, Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth, in 1952, Neumayer led the ministry until the 1953 West German federal

neg: Federal Ministry of Matters of the Marshall Plan Federal Ministry of Matters of the Marshall Plan The Federal Ministry of Marshall Plan Affairs, founded in 1949, was a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany charged with overseeing the rebuilding of the new republic using money and aid given by the United States as part of the European Recovery Program (also called Marshall Plan). The Ministry was renamed Ministry for Economic Cooperation in 1953. In 1957 it was transformed into the Minister for Federal Patrimony, which existed until 1969. The first and only Minister was Franz Blücher (FDP and later FVP), who also was Vice Chancellor Political Party:

neg: Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany () is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Basic Law was approved on 8 May 1949 in Bonn, and, with the signature of the occupying western Allies of World War II on 12 May, came into effect on 23 May. Its original field of application () — that is, the states that were initially included in the Federal Republic of Germany — consisted of the three Western Allies' zones of occupation, but at the insistence of the Western Allies, formally

neg: University Hospital Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg The university hospital of Heidelberg is one of the largest and most renowned medical centers in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is closely linked to Heidelberg University Medical School (Heidelberg University Faculty of Medicine) which was founded in 1388 and is thus the oldest within the Federal Republic of Germany. The university hospital is actually made up of 12 hospitals, most of them being situated on the New Campus (University of Heidelberg), about 10 driving minutes away from the old town. Per year about 700,000 patients are treated at the University Hospital Heidelberg. The Hospital is

neg: Germany national football team and to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers. In 1957, Saarland acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded. In 1952 the "Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR" (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were the only team to beat the 1974 FIFA World Cup winning West Germans in the only meeting of the two sides of the divided nation. East Germany won the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics. After German reunification in 1990, the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB.

neg: National colours of Germany black, white, and red again the national colours but made his own Nazi Party swastika the sole national flag and civil ensign of Germany. National conservative protests had become silent. In a speech, Reichstag president Hermann Göring called the black, white, and red flag of the German Empire "honorably pulled down". After World War II, Germany was occupied and divided. Both new states founded in 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), took up the "democratic" colours of black, red, and gold again, with the GDR adding their own socialist symbols to

neg: West Germany respect of legality within its own boundaries, West Germany continued to maintain that there remained a single (but dormant) overall German nation, that could only be represented by the Federal Republic. From 1973 onward, East Germany maintained the existence of two German sovereign states, with West Germany being both and a foreign country. The Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The foundation for the influential position held by Germany today was laid during the (economic miracle) of the 1950s when West Germany rose from the enormous destruction wrought

neg: Republic Day (East Germany) Republic Day (East Germany) Republic Day (German:Tag der Republik) was an official holiday in East Germany, celebrated annually on October 7th from 1949 to 1989. Republic Day commemorates the anniversary of the establishment of the German Democratic Republic on October 7, 1949. On Republic Day, the Government of the GDR awarded many people the National Award of the GDR. The day commemorates October 7, 1949, when the German Democratic Republic was constituted on the territory of the Soviet Occupation Zone, almost half a year after the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany after the adoption of the Basic Law

neg: Austria–Germany relations April 1945, the Allied Powers entered Austria and removed the country from the Third German Reich. A provisional Austrian government, led by Karl Renner, declared the country's regained independence. Austria's democratic constitution was reinstated and elections in late 1945 paved the way for a new federal government. Leopold Figl became the first Chancellor of Austria. Germany, however, was occupied by the Allied Powers and divided into four governing zones: British, French, American and the Soviet. Military occupation of Germany ended in 1949 when such zones were organised into the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic

neg: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (German: "Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland", or "Bundesverdienstorden", BVO) is the only federal decoration of Germany. It was created by the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Theodor Heuss, on 7 September 1951, and has been awarded to over 200,000 individuals in total, both Germans and foreigners. Since the 1990s the number of annual awards has declined from over 4,000, first to around 2,300–2,500 per year, and now under 2,000, with a low of 1752 in 2011. In recent years

neg: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany smaller badge and ribbon for women): The "badge" is a golden cross enamelled in red, with a central disc bearing a black eagle. The "star" is a golden star with straight rays, its size and points vary according to class, with the badge superimposed upon it. The "riband" is red with gold-black-gold stripes. Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (German: "Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland", or "Bundesverdienstorden", BVO) is the only federal decoration of Germany. It was created by the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany,

neg: Bank deutscher Länder the BdL. In May 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was founded, however, the BdL remained subject to the control of the three Western Allied powers—the United States, the United Kingdom and France until 1951. Later, BdL became an independent agency of the West German states, similar to the concept of independence displayed by the Federal Reserve System in the United States. In the process of introducing the Deutsche Mark in 1948, the states' central banks (, LZB), then entities of the individual German states, founded the Bank deutscher Länder as their subsidiary for the central purpose of

neg: Democratic Party of Germany the tradition of the DPD of 1947 and supports a highly democratic and liberal ideology. The position in the German political spectrum is center-left. Democratic Party of Germany The Democratic Party of Germany () was founded in 1947 as a German liberal party and is the forerunner of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) in the current Federal Republic of Germany. On October 29, 1995 and June 20, 2009 new parties were founded by the same name, all three of them are now disbanded. Shortly after the end of World War II, bourgeois-liberal organizations were founded, which referred mainly to the

neg: Lists of German films Lists of German films This is a list of the most notable films produced in cinema of Germany. For an alphabetical list of articles on German films see . In 1949, the current Federal Republic of Germany came into existence, as did the separate German Democratic Republic which ceased to exist in 1990 when its states acceded to the Federal Republic, which is informally since simply called Germany again. Because of the impact of the Second World War, and restrictions imposed on the country by the allied powers, film production between 1945 and 1948 was limited and did not pick

neg: Democratic Party of Germany Democratic Party of Germany The Democratic Party of Germany () was founded in 1947 as a German liberal party and is the forerunner of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) in the current Federal Republic of Germany. On October 29, 1995 and June 20, 2009 new parties were founded by the same name, all three of them are now disbanded. Shortly after the end of World War II, bourgeois-liberal organizations were founded, which referred mainly to the traditions of the Deutsche Demokratische Partei, the Deutsche Volkspartei and the württembergische Demokratische Volkspartei. These liberal parties, which appeared initially at the local and

neg: Germany and the United Nations 18 September 1973 both were admitted as full members by the United Nations General Assembly, following the recommendation of the Security Council by Resolution 335 on 22 June 1973. Through the accession of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, it was effective on 3 October 1990. The territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, today simply known as "Germany".<ref name="A/45/567"></ref> Consequently, the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist. For the years of 2011 to 2012 Germany

neg: Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups The Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups (German: Bundesverband Liberaler Hochschulgruppen; short: LHG) is a student association in the Federal Republic of Germany supporting liberal political issues. The LHG was founded in 1987, by a combination of 40 student groups, as a successor association of several liberal student associations, including the center-left Social Liberal Student Association (SLH), the Young Liberals Student Association (JuLi-Hochschulgruppen), and the Liberal Students' Initiative (LSI). The LHG is the first comprehensive federal association of liberal students in Germany since the breakup of the Liberal Students' Alliance (LSD), once associated with

neg: Germany at the Summer Olympics Germany (EUA), but 1968 until the end of the Cold War, the two states sent independent teams designated as West and East Germany, until the separate East German state ceased to exist. After three German states had been founded in Germany under occupation after World War II, athletes from the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) competed together as the United Team of Germany (EUA for , ) in the 1956, 1960, and 1964 Winter and Summer Olympics. Prior to that, German athletes from West Germany and the French-occupied Saar Protectorate

neg: Stuttgart to-be Federal Republic of Germany, and was a serious contender against Frankfurt, Kassel, and Bonn. All these cities were examined by the Parlamentarischer Rat, but ultimately Bonn won the bid when the Republic was founded on 23 May 1949. The city's bid for capital failed primarily because of the financial burdens its high rents would place on the government. The immediate aftermath of the War would be marked by the controversial efforts of Arnulf Klett, the first Oberbürgermesiter of Stuttgart, to restore the city. Klett favored the idea of a modernist Automotive city with functional divisions for residential, commercial and

neg: England–Germany football rivalry the propaganda effect of that game was more important than anything else." The two countries did not meet again on a football pitch for sixteen years. Two German states had been founded in 1949, with the Germany national football team continuing its tradition, based in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1990. The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) fielded a separate national football team; although the English did play some matches against them, the rivalry never developed the same edge or high-profile. In a friendly at Wembley Stadium on 1 December 1954, England won 3–1 against

neg: Germany national football team Germany national football team The Germany national football team ( or "Die Mannschaft") is the men's football team that has represented Germany in international competition since 1908. It is governed by the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund"), founded in 1900. Ever since the DFB was reinaugurated in 1949 the team has represented the Federal Republic of Germany. Under Allied occupation and division, two other separate national teams were also recognised by FIFA: the Saarland team representing the Saarland (1950–1956) and the East German team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). Both have been absorbed along with their records by the

neg: Federation founding. Others, such as Argentina and Mexico, have shifted between federal, confederal, and unitary systems, before settling into federalism. Brazil became a federation only after the fall of the monarchy, and Venezuela became a federation after the Federal War. Australia and Canada are also federations. Germany is another nation-state that has switched between confederal, federal and unitary rules, since the German Confederation was founded in 1815. The North German Confederation, the succeeding German Empire and the Weimar Republic were federations. Founded in 1922, the Soviet Union was formally a federation of Soviet republics, autonomous republics and other federal subjects, though

neg: German Finance Agency German Finance Agency The Federal Republic of Germany - Finance Agency () is the central service provider for the Federal Republic of Germany's borrowing and debt management. Thus it is wholly owned by the Federal Republic of Germany, represented by the Federal Ministry of Finance. Legal basis is the Federal Government Debt Management Act (Bundesschuldenwesengesetz) that constitutes a special public control and supervision by the Federal Ministry of Finance which in addition itself regularly reports on debt management issues to budget experts from the German Bundestag. The company was formed by the Federal Republic of Germany on 19 September 2000,

neg: German Club 1954 ("Union of Independent Socialists") the new formation "Deutsche Friedensunion" ("German Peace Union"). The journal "Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik" that was founded in 1956, was associated with the club. German Club 1954 The German Club 1954 (in German: Deutscher Klub 1954) was a neutralist political group in the Federal Republic of Germany; it acted from 1954 to 1960, when it merged with the German Peace Union. The German Club was founded in 1954 by Karl von Westphalen and other former CDU members, who opposed Konrad Adenauer's policies of attachment to the West. The German Club 1954 sought an understanding

neg: German reunification Republic of Germany, now enlarged to include the five states of the former German Democratic Republic plus the reunified Berlin, continued legally to exist under the same legal personality that was founded in May 1949. While the Basic Law was modified, rather than replaced by a constitution as such, it still permits the adoption of a formal constitution by the German people at some time in the future. The practical result of that model is that the now-expanded Federal Republic of Germany inherited the old West Germany's seats at the UN, NATO, the European Communities and other international organizations. It

neg: Conscription in Germany Conscription in Germany The Federal Republic of Germany had conscription ("Wehrpflicht") for male citizens between 1956 and 2011. On 22 November 2010, the German Minister of Defence proposed to the government to put conscription into abeyance on 1 July 2011. The constitution, however, retains provisions that would legalize the potential reintroduction of conscription. The "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany) and several special laws (e.g., "Wehrpflichtgesetz") were regulating these duties and the exceptions. During the last year when conscription was active, men were obliged to serve six months either in the military, which they could refuse, and

neg: Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection Patent Court all fall under its scope. The ministry is officially located in Berlin. The BMJV was founded on January 1, 1877, as the Imperial Justice Office ("Reichsjustizamt"). After Germany became a republic in 1919, it was raised to the rank of a federal ministry as the "Reichsministerium der Justiz" or "Reichsjustizministerium". The ministry was formally renamed the "Bundesministerium der Justiz" in 1949. In several laws predating 1949, the ministry and the minister are however referred to as "Reichsministerium der Justiz" and "Reichsminister der Justiz", respectively. This has gradually been replaced with the new name and title when laws have

neg: End of World War II in Europe that the commands and directives issued by the Commanders-in-Chief in their respective zones were not affected by the establishment of the Council. Cessation of hostilities between the United States and Germany was proclaimed on 13 December 1946 by US President Truman. Paris Peace Conference ended on 10 February 1947 with the signing of peace treaties by the wartime Allies with the minor European Axis powers (Italy, Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria; although Italy by some was considered a major power) and Finland. The Federal Republic of Germany, that had been founded on 23 May 1949 (when its Basic Law was promulgated)

neg: Grand National Mother Lodge, "The Three Globes" their effect area was initially limited to the American Sector in Berlin. A total of 42 lodges of GNML "3WK" joined the United Grand Lodge, founded in 1949, only five lodges in the Federal Republic remained faithful to their Grand Lodge, waiting for the local approval. The United Grand Lodges of Germany - Brotherhood of Freemasons was founded in 1958 as a national communicator with foreign grand lodges . To avoid name confusion, the United Grand Lodge of Germany changed its name to Grand Land AFAM from Germany and later to Grand Lodge AFAM of Germany. At the founding of

neg: West Germany Germany then adopting the principle that the GDR and the Federal Republic were "two German states within one German nation". Claims to an exclusive mandate were formally relinquished, West Germany accepting that, within its own boundaries, the GDR represented its population as a German state outside the Federal Republic. In addition, although the Federal Republic still did not recognise the GDR as being fully a sovereign state in international law, it nevertheless accepted that within the forum of international law East Germany was an independent sovereign state with which the Federal Republic could enter into binding international agreements. But in

neg: Saarland national football team team was not designated as a "national team", and was more generally referred to as a "selection" () or some similar term. Due to post-war partition, Saarland was separate from both the Federal Republic of Germany (aka West Germany until 1990) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The Saarländischer Fußballbund (SFB) was founded on 25 July 1948 in Sulzbach, with Willy Koch as first chairman. The clubs of the Saarland played in the local "Ehrenliga" for three seasons from 1948 to 1951, with the exception of the strong "1. FC Saarbrücken" club, which played as guests in French Ligue

neg: Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Deutschland Samaritans in various regions of Germany sought to rebuild the ASB immediately after the end of the war. With the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany, the ASB developed supra-regional structures. In April 1952 "ASB Deutschland eV" was officially founded. The seat of the federation was initially Hanover, then with the construction of new federal headquarters, the seat was moved to Sülz. After German reunification, the ASB was established in 1990 in the eastern federal states. Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Deutschland The industrial revolution of the 19th century led to a dramatic increase in accidents at work. Therefore, in 1877 the St.

neg: Territorial evolution of Germany declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 but was denied by the occupying powers. The Soviet zone, including the Soviet sector of Berlin, became the communist German Democratic Republic ("East Germany") in October the same year. Effective 1 January 1957 the Saar Protectorate declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany, as provided by its Grundgesetz (constitution) art. 23 (Little Reunification). Following the end of the Cold War, East Germany, including East Berlin, and West Berlin used the same West German constitutional clause and declared their accession to the Federal Republic of Germany effective 3

neg: Imperial Germans and the establishment of the West German Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, the analogous terms ' (i.e., Federal Germans) and ' (i.e., Federal citizens) were colloquially used to distinguish ' citizens from people entitled to German citizenship, but as a matter of fact unwilling or unable to exercise it, such as citizens of East Germany (') and East Berlin, or of the Saar Protectorate. Imperial Germans , literally translated "Germans of the ", is an archaic term for those ethnic Germans who resided within the German state that was founded in 1871. In contemporary usage, it referred to German

neg: Lists of German films up really until after 1950. See also Lists of German films This is a list of the most notable films produced in cinema of Germany. For an alphabetical list of articles on German films see . In 1949, the current Federal Republic of Germany came into existence, as did the separate German Democratic Republic which ceased to exist in 1990 when its states acceded to the Federal Republic, which is informally since simply called Germany again. Because of the impact of the Second World War, and restrictions imposed on the country by the allied powers, film production between 1945 and

neg: Bad Homburg vor der Höhe Bad Homburg was chosen as the seat of the financial administrative centre. On 23 July 1947, the Bizone Economic Council instituted the "Special Money and Credit Centre" here in preparation for currency reform. The centre was headed by Ludwig Erhard. After the Federal Republic of Germany—West Germany—was founded with its capital in Bonn, the Federal Debt Administration ("Bundesschuldenverwaltung"), the Office for Security Adjustment ("Amt für Wertpapierbereinigung") and the Federal Equalization Office ("Bundesausgleichsamt") stayed in Bad Homburg. In the 20th century, Bad Homburg became a favourite residential area among the upper classes. On 30 November 1989, one of its members, Alfred

neg: History of Germany since 1990 History of Germany since 1990 The history of Germany since 1990 spans the period following the Reunification of Germany, when West Germany and East Germany were reunited after being divided during the Cold War. Germany after 1990 is referred to by historians as the Berlin Republic ("Berliner Republik"). This time period is also determined by the ongoing process of the "inner reunification" of the formerly divided country. On October 3, 1990, the German Democratic Republic was dissolved, five states were recreated (Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia) and the new states became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, an

neg: Reichsadler Reichsadler The ("Imperial Eagle") is the heraldic eagle, derived from the Roman eagle standard, used by the Holy Roman Emperors and in modern coats of arms of Germany, including those of the Second German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (Nazi Germany, 1933–1945). The same design has remained in use by the Federal Republic of Germany since 1945, albeit under the name ("Federal Eagle"). The "" can be traced back to the banner of the Holy Roman Empire, when the eagle was the insignia of Imperial power as distinguished from the Imperial states. It was meant

neg: German Football Association denied. Swiss clubs played German clubs anyway, but had to cease doing so due to international protests. This was only changed in 1949 when The Football Association requested FIFA to lift the ban on club games. FIFA did so on 7 May 1949, two weeks before the Federal Republic of Germany was founded, thus games required permission by the military governments of the time. Due to partition into several occupation zones, and states, the DFB was legally re-founded in Stuttgart on 21 January 1950 only by the West German regional associations, without the Saarland Football Association in the French occupied

neg: Saarland national football team Saarland national football team The Saarland national football team () was the association football team representing Saarland from 1950 to 1956 during the French occupation following World War II. As France opposed the inclusion of the Saarland in the Federal Republic of Germany until 1956, they administered it separately from Germany as the Saar Protectorate. As the local population did not want to join France, separate organisations were founded. A National Olympic Committee was founded in 1950, leading to an appearance of Saar at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Also, considering themselves not an independent nation different from Germany, the football

neg: Cornelius Schnauber in 2006. Professor Schnauber was honored many times in his career including the Distinction of Honor in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria (1979), The Federal Republic of Germany Friendship Award (1983), The Cross of the Order of Merit for the Federal Republic of Germany (1986), and Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany awarded by the President of Germany in 2002. A further honor was the 2003 "Resolution Cornelius Schnauber" from the Los Angeles City Council for "his contributions to the understanding of the cultural heritage of the City of Los

neg: Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany relief). Unlike the Weimar Constitution, the Basic Law only names referendums, concerning the federal level of legislation, on a single issue: a new delimitation of the federal territory. Baden-Württemberg was founded following a 1952 referendum that approved the fusion of three separate states. In a 1996 referendum the inhabitants of Berlin and Brandenburg rejected a proposed merger of the two states. After referendums on reestablishing to Länder borders as existed in the Weimar Republic all failed, this institution has not been used, as some little border changes can be done by state contract. The denial of referendums in other cases

neg: Permanent Representatives of Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic on the viewing restriction and weight) behind the dualism of the world (West - East) reveals a consistent pattern, an archetype. For the couple Gaus and the citizens of the GDR was the ginkgo leaf symbol of a divided, but belong together in Germany. Incidentally, it also symbolizes the history of the Ministry itself: it emerged in November 1994 of two ministries, the BMBW and the BMFT, which has entertained his field office after the dissolution of the Permanent Mission here. Permanent Representatives of Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic Representatives of Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)

neg: Peter Blachstein been central Germany that found itself administered as the Soviet occupation zone. When he returned to occupied Germany on 6 or 27 May 1947 he settled not in Dresden but in Hamburg, at that time administered as part of the British occupation zone. This meant that after 1949, when the occupation zones were relaunched as the US Sponsored German Federal Republic (West Germany) and the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Peter Blechstein was based in "capitalist" West Germany. In the western occupation zones a return to a multi-party political structure was being implemented, and Blachstein joined the Social

neg: History of East Germany March 15, 1991. On October 3, 1990, East Germany formally ceased to exist. The five recreated states in its former territory acceded to the Federal Republic, while East and West Berlin reunited to form the third city-state of the Federal Republic. Thus the East German population was the first from the Eastern Bloc to join the EC as a part of the reunified Federal Republic of Germany ("see German reunification"). History of East Germany The German Democratic Republic (GDR), ("DDR"), often known in English as East Germany, existed from 1949 to 1990. It covered the area of the present-day German

neg: German Finance Agency mid-term and thereby limiting the interest rate risks of its debt portfolio. The Federal Republic of Germany - Finance Agency is led by Tammo Diemer and Carsten Lehr. German Finance Agency The Federal Republic of Germany - Finance Agency () is the central service provider for the Federal Republic of Germany's borrowing and debt management. Thus it is wholly owned by the Federal Republic of Germany, represented by the Federal Ministry of Finance. Legal basis is the Federal Government Debt Management Act (Bundesschuldenwesengesetz) that constitutes a special public control and supervision by the Federal Ministry of Finance which in addition

neg: Rudolf Seiters as an Executive Officer ("Geschäftsführer") of the CDU/CSU parliamentary fraction and from 1984-1989 he was the party fraction's Head Executive Officer. After the 1994 elections, he became the deputy Chair of the fraction, a position he retained until 1998 when he became Vice President of the Bundestag. In 1989, thousands of East Germans took refuge the Prague embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany. Rudolf Seiters successfully negotiated with the East German government (DDR) the passage of the embassy refugees to the Federal Republic of Germany. Seiters was named on 21 April 1989 as the Federal Minister for Special Affairs

neg: 3Steps (Cultural and Creative pilot of Germany) award by the Federal Republic of Germany. 3Steps lives and works in the University town of Giessen, central Germany. 3Steps was founded in fall 1998. The style of the collective quickly developed from the classic “New York Style Writing” graffiti and high art graffiti to artistic short stories on large-scale murals. The work of 3Steps can be found around the entire globe, from Giessen and Wetzlar via Munich and Berlin to London, Milan, Venice, L.A. and New York. After completing their university studies with diploma and award-winning PhD, the three friends founded their studio

neg: Richard von Weizsäcker 1984, Richard von Weizsäcker was elected as President of the Federal Republic of Germany and in 1989 he was re-elected for a second term. As yet, he is, together with Theodor Heuss, one of only two Presidents of the Federal Republic of Germany, who have served two complete five-year-terms. During his second term as President on 3 October 1990, the reorganized five states of the former German Democratic Republic and East Berlin joined the Federal Republic of Germany ("German reunification"), which made von Weizsäcker the first democratically legitimized head of state of Germany as a whole since Reich President Paul

neg: Andrei Markovits Markovits was awarded a Dr. Phil. honoris causa—an honorary doctorate—by the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Leuphana Universität Lüneburg in Lüneburg, Germany. Markovits was bestowed the Bundesverdienstkreuz erster Klasse—The Federal Cross of The Order of Merit, First Class—by the President of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Consul General of the Federal Republic of Germany in Chicago handed this award to Markovits on March 14, 2012. This award is the highest honor the Federal Republic of Germany rewards to any civilian, German or foreign. Markovits loves all sports with a clear preference for the team sports of basketball, baseball,

neg: BRD (Germany) Republic") owing to its Cold War connotations, instead of "Spolková republika Nemecko". This was almost identical to the equivalent "Spolková republika Německo" in Czech, a language closely related to Slovak, but the Slovak authorities claimed that "Federal Republic of Germany" could not be translated grammatically into Slovak. However, the Slovak government had used it until the previous year, leading to suggestions in the Bratislava newspaper "Narodna Obroda" that they were using "German Federal Republic" to show their displeasure with German attitudes to the country. BRD (Germany) BRD (; English: Federal Republic of Germany); () is an unofficial abbreviation commonly used

neg: Alliance 90/The Greens the Bundestag. The Green Party was initially founded in West Germany as "Die Grünen" (the Greens) in January 1980. It rose out of the anti-nuclear energy, environmental, peace, new left, and new social movements of the late 20th century. "Grüne Liste Umweltschutz" (green list for environmental protection) were the names of some branches in Lower Saxony and other states in the Federal Republic of Germany. These groups were founded in 1977 and took part in several elections. Most of them merged with The Greens in 1980. The West Berlin state branch of The Greens was founded as "Alternative Liste", or

neg: German Reich then two German states that were different nations. When the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany between Germany and the wartime Allies was signed on 12 September 1990, there was no mention of the term "Deutsches Reich", however the Allies paraphrased the international legal personality of Germany as "Germany as a whole" in the English version of the text. Instead the states of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany, FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany, GDR) agreed to be bound by certain conditions which they had to ratify, one of which was the recognising

neg: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (), abbreviated BMWi, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was previously known as the "Ministry of Economy". It was recreated in 2005 as "Ministry of Economics and Technology" after it had previously been merged with other ministries to form the Federal Ministry for Economics and Labour between 2002 and 2005. The historical predecessor of the current Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy was the "Reichswirtschaftsamt" (Reich Economic Office), founded in 1917. In 1919, this became the "Reichswirtschaftsministerium" (Reich Ministry

neg: Karl Wilhelm Fricke from their childhoods. While awaiting the commissar responsible for processing his case he managed to escape. That night he crossed the (at that stage still relatively porous) frontier which by now separated East and West Germany. In 1949 the occupation zones that had been under US, British and French control had been merged to form the German Federal Republic (West Germany), formally founded in May, nearly half a year before the launch of the German Democratic Republic to the east. Fricke's first months in West Germany were spent in a succession of refugee camps, originally established to accommodate Germans made

neg: Germany national football team for Germany, . (bold denotes players still available for selection). Former East Germany player Joachim Streich, who scored 55 goals, is not included in this Wikipedia list, though he is included in DFB records. Germany national football team The Germany national football team ( or "Die Mannschaft") is the men's football team that has represented Germany in international competition since 1908. It is governed by the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund"), founded in 1900. Ever since the DFB was reinaugurated in 1949 the team has represented the Federal Republic of Germany. Under Allied occupation and division, two other separate national

neg: Germany–Indonesia relations Indonesia. The German painter Walter Spies (1895-1942) settled on the island of Bali and his works influenced local art. President B.J. Habibie studied and spent most of his life in Germany. The bilateral diplomatic relations officially established in 1952 when Indonesia opened a representative office in Bonn for Federal Republic of Germany, and an embassy in 1976 in East Berlin for German Democratic Republic. During official visit to Indonesia in December 1, 2011, Federal President Christian Wulff and his counterpart, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, identified five key sectors of strategic partnership between Germany and Indonesia; trade and investments, health,

neg: Upper Swabia authorities founded the states of Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern, the borders of which ran along the borders of the occupation zones. As a consequence, the northern areas of Upper Swabia became part of the state of Württemberg-Baden and the southern areas became part of the state of Württemberg-Hohenzollern. Both states joined the Federal Republic of Germany on its founding in 1949. This situation lasted until 1952, when, following a referendum the previous year, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern together with Baden created the new federal state of Baden-Württemberg. In spite of this, the touristic development of Upper Swabia has been rather slow during

neg: German reunification did not imply its acceptance of the Basic Law as it then stood, but rather, of the Basic Law as subsequently amended in line with the Unification Treaty. The reunification was not a merger that created a third state out of the two. Rather, West Germany effectively absorbed East Germany. Accordingly, on Unification Day, 3 October 1990, the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist, and five new Federal States on its former territory joined the Federal Republic of Germany. East and West Berlin were reunited and joined the Federal Republic as a full-fledged Federal City-State. Under this model, the Federal

neg: Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth The Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (), abbreviated BMFSFJ, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is headquartered in Berlin with a secondary seat in Bonn. The present minister is Franziska Giffey of the SPD. The original organization was first founded in 1953 as the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs ("Bundesministerium für Familienfragen"). In 1957, this was changed to the Ministry for Family and Youth Affairs ("Bundesministerium für Familien- und Jugendfragen") and in 1963 to the Federal Ministry for Family and

neg: Allied Control Council held its final meeting on 2 October 1990, on the eve of the reunification of Germany, when it promulgated the formal documents – already agreed in advance – that authorized the inclusion of the city of Berlin in the German reunification. This was necessary because, until then, West Berlin was legally not a part of the Federal Republic of Germany, although it was administered by it. But with the allied Souveränitätserklärung (Sovereignty Declaration) agreed in the Council, the Federal Republic was allowed to assume legal control of Berlin at the moment of German reunification (although the withdrawal of the Allied

neg: Police band (music) police bands in the Czech Republic. Since it is a unit of the Castle Guard as well as the Police of the Czech Republic, it is mostly classified as a military band. The Bundespolizei maintains several police bands that are under the control of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community. The Federal Police has 3 professional bands, one in Berlin, one in Hanover, and one in Munich. The Band of the Berlin People's Police (Orchester der Berliner Volkspolizei) of East Germany was founded on October 1, 1948 in Berlin as the first uniformed wind band based in

neg: West Germany the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states, became known simply as "Germany". This period is referred to as the Bonn Republic ("Bonner Republik") by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France (the "Western Zones"). US and British forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Its population grew from roughly

neg: Taipei Representative Office in the Federal Republic of Germany Taipei Representative Office in the Federal Republic of Germany The Taipei Representative Office in the Federal Republic of Germany; () (German: Taipeh Vertretung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) represents the interests of Taiwan in Germany in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a "de facto" embassy. Based in Berlin, it also has offices in Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich. Its counterpart in Taiwan is the German Institute Taipei. The office was first established in Bad Godesberg in Bonn in the then West Germany in 1958 as the "Freichina-Informationsdienst" ("Free China Information Service"), later becoming the "Büro der Fernost-Informationen" ("Far East

neg: Germany at the 1952 Winter Olympics Germany at the 1952 Winter Olympics Germany competed at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway after not having been invited to the 1948 Winter Olympics because of the role in World War II, and because the NOC restored in 1947 as Deutscher Olympischer Ausschuß did not represent a recognized state yet. The Federal Republic of Germany was founded in 1949, the "NOC for Germany" was renamed and in 1951 recognized by the IOC while recognition of a separate "NOC of the GDR" was declined. East Germans were told to cooperate in a single team Germany, which they declined in

neg: Richard Löwenthal in Soviet studies, Löwenthal was noted for his defense of the Federal Republic. Löwenthal felt that the Federal Republic was the most democratic government in German history, and criticized the left-wing philosopher Jürgen Habermas for utopianism when the latter asserted in the 1970s that the Federal Republic was not democratic enough. During the "Historikerstreit" of the 1980s, Löwenthal argued for the "fundamental difference" in mass murder in Germany and the Soviet Union, and against the "balancing" of various crimes in the 20th century as he accused Ernst Nolte of doing Löwenthal contended that comparisons between Hitler and Stalin were appropriate,

neg: Bavarian School of Public Policy US, would serve as the school’s model. On July 14, 1950 the “Hochschule für Politische Wissenschaften” was founded – as a corporation under private law. On October 27, 1970, the Bavarian Parliament enacted the “Law governing the Bavarian School of Public Policy”. This gave the school the status of an “institutionally autonomous institution at the University of Munich”. This made HfP the only institution of higher education in the Federal Republic of Germany whose legal basis is a higher education act unique to that institution. Moreover, the law was also the first higher education act in the Federal Republic of

neg: West Germany at the 1968 Summer Olympics West Germany at the 1968 Summer Olympics Athletes from West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. It was the first time that East Germany (German Democratic Republic) and West Germany sent separate teams to the Summer Olympic Games. 275 competitors, 232 men and 43 women, took part in 154 events in 17 sports for West Germany. Fourteen cyclists represented West Germany in 1968. 20 fencers, 15 men and 5 women, represented West Germany in 1968. Eighteen male field hockey players competed in 1968, when the West German team finished in 4th

neg: Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany of the two main political parties CDU/CSU and SPD and was accompanied by heated debate. In the following year there were changes to the articles regarding the distribution of taxes between federal government and the states of Germany. During reunification, the two states discussed the possibility of drafting a new common constitution followed by a plebiscite, as envisioned in Art. 146 (1990), but this path was ultimately not taken. Instead the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic decided to keep the Basic Law with only minor changes, because it had proved to be effective in West Germany.