query: how many state owned enterprises in south africa

pos: State-owned enterprises of South Africa often competes with and discourages foreign investment. The Department of Public Enterprises minister has publicly stated that South Africa’s SOEs should advance economic transformation, industrialization and import substitution. DPE has oversight responsibility in full or in part for six of the approximately 700 SOEs that exist at the national, provincial, and local levels: Alexkor (diamonds), Denel (military equipment), Eskom (electricity generation), South African Express Airways, South African Forestry Company (SAFCOL) (forestry), and Transnet (transportation). These six SOEs employ approximately 105,000 people. The SOEs share of the investment was 21% while private enterprise contributed 63% (government spending made up the remainder

neg: State-owned enterprises of South Africa companies exist in South Africa. State-owned enterprises of South Africa In South Africa the Department of Public Enterprises is the shareholder representative of the South African Government with oversight responsibility for state-owned enterprises in key sectors. Some companies are not directly controlled by the Department of Public Enterprises, but by various other departments. State-owned enterprises play a significant role in the South African economy. In key sectors such as electricity, transport (air, rail, freight, and pipelines), and telecommunications, SOEs play a lead role, often defined by law, although limited competition is allowed in some sectors (i.e., telecommunications and air). The

neg: State-owned enterprises of South Africa State-owned enterprises of South Africa In South Africa the Department of Public Enterprises is the shareholder representative of the South African Government with oversight responsibility for state-owned enterprises in key sectors. Some companies are not directly controlled by the Department of Public Enterprises, but by various other departments. State-owned enterprises play a significant role in the South African economy. In key sectors such as electricity, transport (air, rail, freight, and pipelines), and telecommunications, SOEs play a lead role, often defined by law, although limited competition is allowed in some sectors (i.e., telecommunications and air). The government’s interest in these sectors

neg: State-owned enterprises of South Africa economy, following the example of China. Although in 2015 and 2016, senior government leaders discussed allowing private-sector investment into some of the more than 700 state-owned enterprises and recently released a report of a presidential review commission on SOE, which called for rationalization of SOEs, no concrete action has been taken on the topic yet. By the end of the Zuma administration in 2018 corruption within South African state owned enterprises by individuals connected to government such as the controversial Gupta family had led to many enterprises facing deep financial difficulty. Deepening financial issues and government bailouts of enterprises such

neg: Department of Public Enterprises Africa. Department of Public Enterprises The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) is one of the ministries of the South African government. It is the governments shareholder representative with oversight responsibility for a number of state-owned enterprises (SoEs). It is estimated that South Africa has about 300 SoEs, nine of which fall under the responsibility of the DPE; Other corporate entities not under the Department of Public Enterprises include the South African Post Office, the South African Broadcasting Corporation, the South African Bureau of Standards, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and Sentech. Various other smaller state-owned companies exist in

neg: Department of Public Enterprises Department of Public Enterprises The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) is one of the ministries of the South African government. It is the governments shareholder representative with oversight responsibility for a number of state-owned enterprises (SoEs). It is estimated that South Africa has about 300 SoEs, nine of which fall under the responsibility of the DPE; Other corporate entities not under the Department of Public Enterprises include the South African Post Office, the South African Broadcasting Corporation, the South African Bureau of Standards, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and Sentech. Various other smaller state-owned companies exist in South

neg: State-owned enterprises of South Africa as the South African Broadcasting Corporation, South African Airways, Eskom, Denel and Transnet caused increased public controversy. By the end of 2015/16 combined government guarantees on debts owed by state owned enterprises had reached R467 billion (equivalent to US$33.1 billion) and were expected to reach R500 billion by 2020 representing 10 percent of South Africa's GDP. The situation at Eskom was regarded as so serious as to lead the South African business newspaper Business Day to speculate that it could cause a national banking crisis. The South African Government has a share in the following companies: Various other smaller state-owned

neg: Independent Online (South Africa) Independent Online (South Africa) Independent Online, or IOL is a news and information website based in South Africa. It was owned by the Independent News & Media organisation, which is the largest publisher of print material in South Africa but was bought out by Sekunjalo Investments in 2013 who now own the company. Sekunjalo Independent Media owns 55% of the company, the Public Investment Corporation of South Africa owns 25%, and two Chinese State Owned Enterprises (China International Television Corporation and the China Africa Development Fund) own the remaining 20% of the newspaper. The site serves the online versions of

neg: State-owned enterprises of South Africa of 16%). The IMF estimates that the debt of the SOEs would add 13.5% to the overall national debt. Many state-owned firms were established during the apartheid era to counter the impact of international sanctions against the country. The ANC government initially sold stakes in the companies, and lowered import tariffs. Those measures were reversed following opposition from COSATU and the South African Communist Party. By 2007, an alliance of unions and leftist factions within the ANC had unseated President Thabo Mbeki, replacing him with Jacob Zuma. The new ANC policy aimed at expanding the role of SOEs in the

neg: Sekunjalo Investments up of Chinese and Public Investment Corporation of South Africa (a South African government owned company). Two Chinese State Owned Enterprises (China International Television Corporation and the China Africa Development Fund) invested R400 million in the deal to acquire 20% of the Newspaper. The Public Investment Corporation of South Africa invested R500 million to acquire a 25% share. The purchase of the South African-based media group from Independent News and Media was concluded in August 2013 for €150-million (R2 billion). According to the Mail and Guardian Sekunjalo Independent Media's 55% purchase of INMSA was largely funded with a loan from

neg: China–South Africa relations African government functionaries are being sent to Chinese government schools in Beijing. South Africa plans to send increasing numbers of executives from South African Parastatals to study China's relationship with its State Owned Enterprises. A number of annalists such as Patrick Heller, have argued that South Africa's ruling ANC sees the Chinese Communist Party as a model for maintaining control over the country as a de facto One-party state and/or as an aspect of anti-Western feeling by South African government elites. The Dalai Lama visited South Africa in 1996, (meeting then president Nelson Mandela). In March 2009 the Dalai Lama

neg: Stevenston economy. The site is now owned by Inabata, a Japanese trading firm, and operates as Nobel Enterprises. The energetic technologies side of the business is now owned by Chemring Ltd, with the nitrocellulose manufacture retained under Nobel Enterprises. To the south of Stevenston, on the border of the Nobel Plant, sits the South African Pavilion. Known locally as Africa House, this building was once part of the Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938 in Bellahouston Park, Glasgow. The pavilion was rebuilt at Ardeer after the end of the exhibition and served as the staff restaurant for many years. The building now lays

neg: State-owned enterprises of New Zealand State-owned enterprises of New Zealand State-owned enterprises (SOEs) in New Zealand are registered companies listed under Schedules 1 and 2 of the "State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986". Most SOEs are former government departments or agencies that were corporatised. They are responsible to the Minister of State Owned Enterprises. Many other government-owned companies and statutory trading organisations are referred to informally as "state-owned enterprises" although they are not SOEs in the strictest sense. These are also listed here. The function of SOEs is to operate successfully as a business, as profitable as those not owned by the Crown. The section of the

neg: State-owned enterprises of New Zealand the Crown Research Institutes (CRIs), the broadcasting companies Television New Zealand Limited (TVNZ) and Radio New Zealand Limited (RNZ), and the New Zealand Venture Investment Fund Limited. State-owned enterprises of New Zealand State-owned enterprises (SOEs) in New Zealand are registered companies listed under Schedules 1 and 2 of the "State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986". Most SOEs are former government departments or agencies that were corporatised. They are responsible to the Minister of State Owned Enterprises. Many other government-owned companies and statutory trading organisations are referred to informally as "state-owned enterprises" although they are not SOEs in the strictest sense. These are

neg: Botswana South Africa among sub-Saharan Africa countries in the 2014 International Property Rights Index. While generally open to foreign participation in its economy, Botswana reserves some sectors for citizens. Increased foreign investment plays a significant role in the privatisation of state-owned enterprises. Investment regulations are transparent, and bureaucratic procedures are streamlined and open, although somewhat slow. Investment returns such as profits and dividends, debt service, capital gains, returns on intellectual property, royalties, franchise's fees, and service fees can be repatriated without limits. Botswana imports refined petroleum products and electricity from South Africa. There is some domestic production of electricity from coal.

neg: Corruption in South Africa Zuma appointed friendly officials and awarded lucrative state contracts to the Gupta empire. South African authorities are seeking to recover up to 4.07 billion USD lost to Gupta’s deals. Jacob Zuma’s son, Duduzane, and Gloria Ngeme Zuma, one of Mr. Zuma’s wives, received large transfers and monthly salaries for positions held at one of the Gupta firms. The Gupta family has engaged in a wealth of suspicious transactions with a series of shell companies and state-owned enterprises. The OCCRP has reported on Transnet’s contract with South China rail and subcontracts with Gupta run organizations. State controlled companies like Eskom and

neg: Enemy of the People (book) Gupta family, on behalf of Jet Airways, to force the state owned carrier South African Airways to relinquish its air-rout between Johannesburg and Mumbai through the appointment of compliant government ministers. Enemy of the People (book) Enemy of the People: How Jacob Zuma stole South Africa and how the people fought back (2017) is a book by Adriaan Basson and Pieter du Toit, political journalists from South Africa about the creation by President Jacob Zuma of a patronage network embedded in the South African government; the process of state capture that took place under Zuma's leadership; those that supported Zuma

neg: Technological and industrial history of China by the state, activities of the enterprise were determined by national economic plans, and profits or losses accrued to the state budget. Most of the largest modern enterprises were state-owned and directly controlled by the central government. Many other enterprises also were state-owned but were jointly supervised by the central government and authorities at the provincial, prefectural, or county levels. Profits from these enterprises were divided among the central and lower-level units. Under collective ownership, productive assets were owned by the workers themselves (in the case of an urban enterprise) or by the members of enterprises established by rural units.

neg: Ministry of State Owned Enterprises (Indonesia) Ministry of State Owned Enterprises (Indonesia) The Ministry of State Owned Enterprises is ministry that oversee the development of state-owned enterprises in Indonesia. The ministry is headed by a Minister of State Owned Enterprises, who is accountable to President. The Ministry of State Owned Enterprises can be traced back to the Department of Finance. The Ministry of State Owned Enterprises was in the Second Echelon of the Department of Finance from 1973 to 1993, before being elevated into the First Echelon in 1993. In 1998, the Department of State Owned Enterprises was created, however, it was regulated under the Department

neg: Xenophobia in South Africa riots hit the City of Tshwane. Although the riots were sparked by political discontent within the ANC Somali, Pakistani and other foreign owned shops and micro enterprises were targeted for looting and a number of foreigners were attacked. On Friday the 24 February 2017 a large scale and officially sanctioned anti-immigrant protest was organised and held in the Pretoria. Protesters marched to the Foreign Ministry and handed a petition to government representatives. Protesters accused immigrants of taking jobs from South Africans, causing crime, and complained that "[t]hey are arrogant and they don't know how to talk to people, especially Nigerians."

neg: Mixed economy increased dividend payouts of state enterprises to the central government and "mixed ownership reform" which includes partial private investment into state-owned firms. As a result, many nominally private-sector firms are actually partially state-owned by various levels of government and state institutional investors; and many state-owned enterprises are partially privately owned resulting in a "mixed ownership" economy. This type of mixed economy refers to a combination of economic planning with market forces for the guiding of production in an economy and may coincide with a mixture of private and public enterprise. It can include capitalist economies with indicative macroeconomic planning policies

neg: Pravin Gordhan May 2014, he was replaced by Nhlanhla Nene as Minister of Finance. In 2014, Gordhan was appointed as the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, succeeding Lechesa Tsenoli who became Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa. On 14 December 2015, Gordhan was re-appointed as Minister of Finance, replacing David van Rooyen who had been minister for 4 days. In 2018, he was re-appointed to the Cabinet of President Cyril Ramaphosa as Minister of Public Enterprises, taking over from former Minister Lynne Brown. As such, Gordhan will oversee state-owned enterprises including the likes of Eskom, SAA, Denel

neg: Standard of living in China owned enterprises earned less on average than workers in state-owned units. The income of workers in collectively owned enterprises consisted of a share of the profit earned by the enterprise. Most such enterprises were small, had little capital, and did not earn large profits. Many were engaged in traditional services, handicrafts, or small-scale, part-time assembly work. In 1985 workers in urban collective units earned an average annual income of ¥968. In the more open commercial environment of the 1980s, a small but significant number of people earned incomes much larger than those in regular state-owned and collectively owned units. Employees

neg: Arthashastra husbandry, forest produce, mining, manufacturing and trade. However, royal statutes and officials regulated private economic activities, some economic activity was the monopoly of the state, and a superintendent oversaw that both private and state owned enterprises followed the same regulations. The private enterprises were taxed. Mines were state owned, but leased to private parties for operations, according to chapter 2.12 of the text. The Arthashastra states that protecting the consumer must be an important priority for the officials of the kingdom. Arthashastra stipulates restraint on taxes imposed, fairness, the amounts and how tax increases should is implemented. Further, state Waldauer

neg: Public sector undertakings in India Public sector undertakings in India A state-owned enterprise in India is called a public sector undertaking (PSU) or a public sector enterprise. These companies are owned by the union government of India, or one of the many state or territorial governments, or both. The company stock needs to be majority-owned by the government to be a PSU. PSUs may be classified as central public sector enterprises (CPSEs) or state level public enterprises (SLPEs). In 1951 there were just five enterprises in the public sector in India, but in March 1991 this had increased to 246. CPSEs are companies in which

neg: Economic history of China (1949–present) market conditions. Prices of most goods produced by private and collectively owned enterprises in both rural and urban areas generally were free to float, as were the prices of many items that state-owned enterprises produced outside the plan. Prices of most major goods produced by state-owned enterprises, however, along with the grain purchased from farmers by state commercial departments for retail sales in the cities, still were set or restricted by government agencies and still were not sufficiently accurate. In 1987 the price structure in China was chaotic. Some prices were determined in the market through the forces of supply

neg: Ministry of State Owned Enterprises (Indonesia) of Finance in its First Echelon from 2000-2001. In 2001, the Department of State Owned Enterprises was renamed the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises. The development of state-owned enterprises was on ', which was the Second Echelon Unit in Department of Finance. This unit was also called ' and '. This unit was promoted into First Echelon Unit as ' in 1993. In 1998, this unit was promoted into a Department and headed by a minister-rank official "". Ministry of State Owned Enterprises is organised as one secretariat, 8 deputies and 2 expert staffs. Ministry of State Owned Enterprises (Indonesia)

neg: South Africa showing a larger gap. After 1994, government policy brought down inflation, stabilised public finances, and some foreign capital was attracted, however growth was still subpar. From 2004 onward, economic growth picked up significantly; both employment and capital formation increased. During the presidency of Jacob Zuma, the government increased the role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Some of the biggest SOEs are Eskom, the electric power monopoly, South African Airways (SAA), and Transnet, the railroad and ports monopoly. Some of these SOEs have not been profitable, such as SAA, which has required bailouts totaling R30 billion ($ billion) over 20 years. South

neg: Socialist market economy of organization either and it is instead partially a pre-capitalist agrarian system with almost 50% of its population engaged in agricultural work. As of 2015, Curtis J. Milhaupt and Wentong Zheng classify China's economic system as state capitalism because the state directs and guides all major aspects of the Chinese economy—including both the state and private sectors"—"while not collecting dividends from the ownership of its enterprises. They note that Chinese state-owned enterprises and privately owned enterprises share many similarities with respect to state subsidies, proximity to state power and execution of government policy objectives. Within the state sector, the emphasis

neg: Conglomerate (company) music industry, television and film production and distribution, financial services, and telecommunications. In China, many of the country's conglomerates are state-owned enterprises, but there is a substantial number of private conglomerates. Notable conglomerates include BYD, CIMC, China Merchants Bank, Hasee, Huawei, JXD, Ping An Insurance, TCL Corporation, Tencent, TP-Link, ZTE, Legend Holdings, Dalian Wanda Group, China Poly Group, Beijing Enterprises, and Fosun International. Fosun is currently China's largest civilian-run conglomerate by revenue. In South Korea, the "chaebol" are a type of conglomerate owned and operated by a family. A chaebol is also inheritable, as most of current presidents of chaebols

neg: Economy of South Africa of BEE in the whole economy. A scorecard is used by the Department to measure compliance with the BEE requirements, and is used for public procurement, public-private partnerships, sale of state-owned enterprises, when licenses are applied for, and for any other relevant economic activity. The government's Black Economic Empowerment policies have drawn criticism from the Development Bank of Southern Africa for focusing "almost exclusively on promoting individual ownership by black people (which) does little to address broader economic disparities, though the rich may become more diverse." The System has also been criticised for placing lesser educated people in more important

neg: Nicolae Văcăroiu government opposed any significant privatization in industry, although at that time many enterprises could still be sold at reasonable prices. These delays caused Romania to enter into recession at the end of Văcăroiu's tenure as well as Bulgaria. Instead, Vacaroiu opted for an inefficient privatization method - the distribution of some enterprises to the general population, with the option of subscribing to some state-owned companies, but without providing any real and relevant information on the economic situation of those enterprises. At the end of his term, the situation of most state-owned enterprises was disastrous, even in Bancorex (a foreign trade

neg: E.tv E.tv e.tv is the first and only privately owned free-to-air television station in South Africa. It is the fifth terrestrial television channel in South Africa, following three channels that are operated by the state-owned South African Broadcasting Corporation (that is SABC 1, SABC 2 and SABC 3) and the privately owned subscription-funded M-Net. Midi TV was the consortium that won the broadcasting licence in 1998 to operate the channel. It is currently owned by black empowerment group eMedia Investments (Formerly Hosken Consolidated Investments) and Remgro, a part of the Rupert business empire. The consortium has had many changes in ownership,

neg: Science and technology in China factors such as their Chinese and international impact factor. It has been questioned if this will have an effect on the many poor quality journals who in return for money help researchers fill their institutional requirements for published papers. Chinese state-owned enterprises are owned by a variety of actors such as local governments and governmental agencies. They may benefit from advantages not available for smaller, more innovative firms which have been seen as problematic. In 2010 state owned enterprises won many biddings for renewable energy projects since they did not have worry about paying off investments for several decades and

neg: Sustainable wildlife enterprise and resources are given a value and managed sustainably, there is a proven benefit for biodiversity and habitat. Sustainable Wildlife Enterprises in Australia are based on wildlife management experiences from countries such as South Africa and Scotland. In South Africa - the commercial value of wildlife to private landholders makes the future of wildlife in that country far more secure than it is anywhere else on that continent. See Wildlife of South Africa. In Scotland, deer stalking and red grouse ("Lagopus lagopus scoticus") hunting occurs sustainably because hunting licences are owned by the landholder. This provides incentives to the landholder

neg: State-owned enterprises of Australia State-owned enterprises of Australia In Australia the predominant term used for SOEs is government business enterprise (GBE). Various Australian states also have GBEs, especially with respect to the provision of water and sewerage, and many state-based GBEs were privatized in some states during the last decade of the twentieth century. Former Commonwealth SOEs include Telstra, established in the 1970s as Telecom Australia. Telstra, now Australia's leading telecommunications company, was privatized in 1997 by the government of John Howard. As of June 2010 Telstra owned a majority of the copper wire infrastructure in Australia (the rest is owned by Optus) and

neg: King Report on Corporate Governance century; the code's view on corporate citizenship flows from a company's standing as a juristic person under the South African constitution and should operate in a sustainable manner. In 1994 the first King report on corporate governance (King 1) was published, the first corporate governance code for South Africa. It established recommended standards of conduct for boards and directors of listed companies, banks, and certain state-owned enterprises. It included not only financial and regulatory aspects, but also advocated an integrated approach that involved all stakeholders. It was applicable to all companies listed on the main board of the Johannesburg Stock

neg: Socialist market economy or public service entities, with the former being required to distribute a higher proportion of their profits as dividends. Dividend payments are set to rise from 5-15% to 30% by 2020. Privately owned enterprises (POEs) are recognized as one of the components of the socialist market economy alongside state, collective and individually owned enterprises. The private sector has played an increasingly large role since the adoption of the 1994 Company Law. Additionally, the boundary between public and private enterprises have blurred in China as many publicly listed firms are under mixed ownership by various state and non-state entities. Additionally, private

neg: State-owned enterprises of Russia State-owned enterprises of Russia State-owned enterprises in Russia still play an important role in the national economy. The approximately 4,100 enterprises that have some degree of state ownership accounted for 39% of all employment in 2007 (down from over 80% in 1990). In 2007, SOEs controlled 64% of the banking sector, 47% of the oil and gas sector and 37% of the utility sector. State corporations are established by the Russian government to boost industrial sectors. Rosstat figures show that 529,300 enterprises are partly or wholly owned by the state, of which between 30,000 and 31,000 are commercial companies (generating

neg: Socialist market economy owned enterprises and the publicly owned shares of mixed enterprises. These various forms of public ownership play a dominant role in the socialist market economy alongside substantial private and foreign enterprises. There are a few major forms of state-owned enterprises in China today: The socialist market economy consists of a wide range of state-owned enterprises (SOE) that represent one form of public ownership. Beginning with the 1978 reforms, in the 1980s during the industrial reforms state enterprises were gradually corporatised and transformed into joint-stock corporations with the state retaining either full or majority ownership of their shares. By the early

neg: Industry of China state stock-holding enterprises accounted for 42.4 percent, collectively owned enterprises 5.3 percent, the rest taken up by other non-public enterprises, including enterprises with investment from outside mainland China, and individual and private enterprises. The result is a dynamic juxtaposition of diversified economic elements. In 2004, of Chinese enterprises ranking in the world's top 500, 14 enterprises of China's mainland were all state-owned. Of China's own top 500, 74 percent (370) were state-owned and state stock-holding enterprises, with assets of 27, 370 billion yuan and realizing profit of 266.3 billion yuan, representing 96.96 percent and 84.09 percent respectively of the top

neg: Nellie Fong on Hong Kong's Transfer of Sovereignty to China and Fong was the Convenor of the Economic Subgroup. In 1995, Fong organised the Better Hong Kong Foundation and was Chairman of the Executive Committee from 1995–2001. From 1977–2002, Fong was appointed by Mr C H Tung, the first Chief Executive of HKSAR to be a member of the HKSAR Executive Council from January 1997 – June 2002. In 1999 Fong began assisting the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council in the training of leaders of Important Key State-owned Enterprises and had helped many state-owned enterprises to get

neg: Claire Robyns Claire Robyns Claire Robyns (born 1968, Port Elizabeth, South Africa) is an author of historical and contemporary romances. Robyns grew up in Pretoria, South Africa, and then moved to Cape Town. She now resides in Berkshire, England with her family. Robyns has twin sons, born in Cape Town, South Africa. Her Scottish medieval romances are published by Carina Press, an imprint of Harlequin Enterprises. These include "Betrayed" and "The Devil of Jedburgh". Robyns has also written a steampunk adventure/romance series called "Dark Matters" set in Victorian England. Contemporary romance works include the "Corkscrew Bay" series and the "How to Love"

neg: State-owned enterprises of Australia of which are overseen by the Department of Communications: The GBEs of the Australian Capital Territory include: The GBEs of New South Wales include: The GBEs of the Northern Territory include: The GBEs of Queensland include: South Australia is notable for having very controversially privatized most of its GBEs: Tasmania has a considerable amount of GBEs, relative to other states: The GBEs of Victoria include: The GBEs of Western Australian include: State-owned enterprises of Australia In Australia the predominant term used for SOEs is government business enterprise (GBE). Various Australian states also have GBEs, especially with respect to the provision

neg: State-owned enterprises of Indonesia Milik Daerah (BUMD)". The primary difference between BUMNs and BUMDs is the ownership of the enterprise, whereas BUMNs is controlled by Ministry of State Owned Enterprise while BUMDs is directly controlled by local government. BUMDs roles are similar with BUMNs, with heavy emphasis on providing goods or services to the local community. In Indonesian law, there are three types of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Indonesia: Information on the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is drawn from the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises portal, unless otherwise stated. The largest and most well-known SOEs include the following. There are numerous other SOEs including the

neg: Law on State Enterprises in Republic of Moldova. includes provisions for governing the settlement of conflicts of interest transactions. The necessity to include provisions on the voluntary dissolution of the state enterprise and the municipal enterprise results from the fact that currently, in the State Register of Legal Entities, there are about 320 state-owned enterprises uncontrolled by the founders, which do not work for many years, and usually, do not have any material goods. There is the risk of state liability towards the obligations of the state-owned enterprise, arising from the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, the state is responsible for any debt of the

neg: Democratic Socialists of America social ownership, including publicly owned enterprises and worker-owned cooperatives. The DSA rejects centralized economic planning in favor of a combination of democratic planning and market mechanisms: Social ownership could take many forms, such as worker-owned cooperatives or publicly owned enterprises managed by workers and consumer representatives. Democratic socialists favor as much decentralization as possible. While the large concentrations of capital in industries such as energy and steel may necessitate some form of state ownership, many consumer-goods industries might be best run as cooperatives. Democratic socialists have long rejected the belief that the whole economy should be centrally planned. While we

neg: State-owned enterprises of Indonesia following: State-owned enterprises of Indonesia In Indonesia, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), locally known as "Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN)" play an important role in the national economy. Their roles includes contributor for national economy growth, providing goods or services which are not covered by private company, employment provider, providing support guidance to small and medium businessess, and source of government revenue .<br>The government takes control of the SOEs under one single ministry, the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises, which acts like the CEO of a holding company. Aside from SOEs, there are also provincially- or municipally-owned corporations, locally known as "Badan

neg: State-owned enterprises of Indonesia State-owned enterprises of Indonesia In Indonesia, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), locally known as "Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN)" play an important role in the national economy. Their roles includes contributor for national economy growth, providing goods or services which are not covered by private company, employment provider, providing support guidance to small and medium businessess, and source of government revenue .<br>The government takes control of the SOEs under one single ministry, the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises, which acts like the CEO of a holding company. Aside from SOEs, there are also provincially- or municipally-owned corporations, locally known as "Badan Usaha

neg: Margaret Moir served as a director of two state-owned enterprises: Timberlands West Coast Limited and MetService. In 1993, Moir was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal. In the 1995 Queen's Birthday Honours, she was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services. Moir and her husband Derek now live in Akaroa. She is treasurer at Amy Adams' electorate office. Margaret Moir Margaret Moir (born 9 September 1941) is a former New Zealand politician of the National Party. Previously, she was the elected chairman of the West Coast Regional Council. Moir was born in Kimberley, South Africa, and was

neg: Ndiritu Muriithi is a economist and financial markets expert with over 24 years’ experience in leadership and management in Kenya, South Africa, Canada and Australia. Mr. Muriithi has spearheaded numerous financial market strengthening initiatives across African countries covering establishment of credit sharing and scoring institutions, improved bond market function, expansion of mortgage markets, and even growth of women-owned enterprises. He was primarily involved in the design and implementation of these programs and contributed substantively to the development of financial markets that provide required services to many nations. Mr. Muriithi served as Assistant Minister for Industrialization between 2003 and 2007, in the government

neg: State-owned enterprises of New Zealand Act defining this is usually interpreted as meaning that SOEs are expected to ready themselves for privatisation, though this is not always the case. Two Ministers of the Crown act as the shareholding ministers in the company. In the case of SOEs these are usually the Minister of State Owned Enterprises (see article for list) and the Minister responsible for the particular company. The Crown is assisted in the running of SOEs and other Crown-owned companies by the Treasury's Commercial Operations group (formerly the Crown Ownership Monitoring Unit). The state enterprises are listed in Schedule 1 of the State-owned Enterprises

neg: State-owned enterprises of New Zealand Act. The following table lists entities that are monitored by Treasury, but are not state enterprises (see table above). For a more complete list of government entities and organisations, see Public sector organisations in New Zealand. Former state-owned enterprises come in three forms – those removed from the Schedules of the Act and made Crown entities, those removed and not privatised, and those removed and privatised. Well-known SOEs that became Crown entity companies include broadcasting companies Television New Zealand (TVNZ) and Radio New Zealand (RNZ). Privatised state-owned enterprises include: Other, non-SOE Crown-owned companies are the Crown entity companies. These are

neg: Corporatization can become standalone organizations that do not count towards municipalities' budgets. Corporatization of state enterprises and collectively owned enterprises was a major component of the economic restructuring program of formerly communist nations, most notably the People's Republic of China. China's contemporary socialist market economy is based on a corporatized state sector where state companies are owned by the central government but managed in a semi-autonomous fashion. Corporatization has also been used in New Zealand and most states of Australia in the reform of their electricity markets, as well as in many other countries and industries (e.g. Dutch water supply companies).

neg: Africa-America Institute Ghana, Hanna Tetteh and Tanzania as regards Africa’s past, present and future. The organisation highlighted how more than 23,000 individuals from 54 African countries had been supported by the organisation. Transformational Leadership Program (TLP) The Transformational Leadership Program (TLP) is a leadership and management training program for leaders of African civil society organizations and small micro-enterprises (SMEs). TLP educational partners include United States International University (USIU) in Kenya; Pan-Atlantic University in Nigeria; UNISA–The University of South Africa, and University of Stellenbosch Business School (USB) in South Africa. AAI Future Leaders Legacy Fund The AAI Future Leaders Legacy Fund provides scholarships

neg: Kirow Ardelt GmbH Kranbau Eberswalde was integrated into the newly founded TAKRAF combine of state-owned enterprises. In the following years and until 1989, Kranbau Eberswalde mainly supplied cranes to the USSR, but also to South America, Africa and Europe. In 1989 over 3,000 employees and around 450 trainees worked in the firm. For the GDR, crane construction in Eberswalde was a successful source of hard currency. However, it was virtually impossible for the company to benefit from its own profits and re-invest. As a result, towards the end of the GDR, the machines and equipment were outdated and no longer adequate enough to

neg: Socialist calculation debate as real-world market economies do not conform to the hypothetical state of perfect competition. In his book "The Economics of Feasible Socialism" Alec Nove outlined a solution involving a socialist economy consisting of a mixture of macro-economic planning with market-based coordination for enterprises, where large industries would be publicly owned and small- to medium-sized concerns would be organized as cooperatively owned enterprises. Socialist calculation debate The socialist calculation debate (sometimes known as the economic calculation debate) was a discourse on the subject of how a socialist economy would perform economic calculation given the absence of the law of value, money,

neg: Africa–China economic relations China, 88% of South Africa's imported male underpants werefrom China, Mauritius spent $438,929 on Chinese soy sauce, Kenya spent $8,197,499 on plastic toilet seats, Nigeria spent $9,372,920 on Chinese toothbrushes, Togo bought $193,818,756 worth of Chinese motorbikes and Nigeria $450,012,993. In the other direction, China's growing thirst for raw materials led Chinese state-owned enterprises to the country with natural resources, such as wood and minerals (like those from the Gabonese forests). By the end of the 1990s, China had become interested in African oil, too. Over time, African laws adapted to China's demand, laws intended to force the local transformation

neg: Bottlenose dolphin following the unique signal catch more fish than when fishing alone, without the help of the dolphins. The dolphins were not trained for this behavior; the collaboration began before 1847. Similar cooperative fisheries also exist in Mauritania, Africa. Commercial 'dolphin encounter' enterprises and tours operate in many countries. The documentary film "The Cove" documents how dolphins are captured and sold to some of these enterprises (particularly in Asia) while the remaining pod is slaughtered. In addition to such endeavors, the individuals swim with and surface near surfers at the beach. Bottlenose dolphins perform in many aquaria, generating controversy. Animal welfare

neg: State-owned enterprises of Russia the Federal Agency for State Property Management, unless otherwise stated. Since the first waves of privatization in the 1990s, the Russian government has sold stakes in several companies, often while continuing to hold a significant degree of ownership. In 2016 this included the sale 10.9% of Alrosa, and 19.5% of Rosneft. Privatization plans for the 2017-2019 period include selling stakes in VTB (10.9%), Sovcomflot (25% minus 1 share) and Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port. State-owned enterprises of Russia State-owned enterprises in Russia still play an important role in the national economy. The approximately 4,100 enterprises that have some degree of state

neg: Chinese economic reform socialist system presented few incentives for improvements in quality and productivity. With the introduction of the dual-price system and greater autonomy for enterprise managers, productivity increased greatly in the early 1980s. Foreign enterprises and newly formed Township and Village Enterprises, owned by local government and often de facto private firms, competed successfully with state-owned enterprises. By the 1990s, large-scale privatizations reduced the market share of both the Township and Village Enterprises and state-owned enterprises and increased the private sector's market share. The state sector's share of industrial output dropped from 81% in 1980 to 15% in 2005. Foreign capital controls

neg: Mining in Georgia (country) were state owned and the rest were private. In 2005, the labor force involved in mining and quarrying totaled 8,600 out of a total industrial labor force of 94,300, or 8.6% of the industrial labor force. State-owned mining and quarrying enterprises employed 5,700 people and private enterprises employed 2,900 people. Mining and quarrying contributed 10.4% of the total value of industrial production in 2005. Of the total value of output for mining and quarrying, state-owned enterprises produced about one-third of the value of output, and the remaining two-thirds was produced by privately owned enterprises. Of the total value of industrial

neg: Public sector organisations in New Zealand consist of universities, colleges of education (teachers colleges), polytechnics (institutes of technology) and wānanga. In addition there are numerous non-state-owned "private training establishments". "(and amalgamated colleges of education, with principal campus only)" "(with principal campus only)" "(with principal campus only)" The following wānanga are those who have been granted Crown entity status; there are many that have not. The state enterprises are listed in Schedule 1 of the State-owned Enterprises Act. Local government in New Zealand consists of city councils, district councils and regional councils. These are all also known as "local authorities". City councils and district councils are collectively

neg: Economic history of China (1949–present) scientists assisted in developing and installing new heavy industrial facilities, including many entire plants and pieces of equipment purchased from the Soviet Union. Government control over industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of private, modern firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises under state control. By 1956 approximately 67.5 percent of all modern industrial enterprises were state owned, and 32.5 percent were under joint public-private ownership. No privately owned firms remained. During the same period, the handicraft industries were organized into cooperatives, which accounted

neg: Mixed economy featured a large state sector from 1945 until 1986, mixing a substantial amount of state-owned enterprises and nationalized firms with private enterprise. Following the Chinese economic reforms initiated in 1978, the Chinese economy has reformed its state-owned enterprises and allowed greater scope for private enterprise to operate alongside the state and collective sectors. In the 1990s, the central government concentrated its ownership in strategic sectors of the economy, but local and provincial level state-owned enterprises continue to operate in almost every industry including information technology, automobiles, machinery and hospitality. The latest round of state-owned enterprise reform initiated in 2013 stressed

neg: 2007 New South Wales state election campaign focus for their advertising campaign, warning that such deep cuts would compromise service delivery: the advertising implied that the Liberals planned to sack teachers, nurses and police. Labor planned a cut of 5,000, although Treasurer Michael Costa was quoted in March 2005 as telling the Public Sector Union that as many as 20% of the state's public servants were surplus to requirements. The Liberals also committed themselves to privatising two state-owned enterprises, gambling operator New South Wales Lotteries and garbage company WSN Environmental Solutions. Iemma has accused the Liberals of planning to refer the state's industrial relations powers to the

neg: Treuhandanstalt as 2.5 million employees in state-owned enterprises (out of 4m in total) were laid off in the early 1990s. Supporters argued that not placing the former state-owned enterprises into private hands would have caused the loss of many more jobs and slowed down economic recovery. On 1 April 1991 the chairman of the Treuhand, Detlev Karsten Rohwedder, was shot dead by an unknown assassin (possibly the Red Army Faction). He was succeeded by Birgit Breuel. When its operations ended in 1994, it had amassed 260 to 270 billion DM in debt. Although the Treuhand closed operations in 1994, it still

neg: Neocolonialism continued to purchase natural resources — petroleum and minerals — from Africa to fuel the Chinese economy and to finance international business enterprises. In 2006, two-way trade had increased to $50 billion expanding to $500 billion by 2016. In 2007, China and Democratic Republic of the Congo entered into an agreement whereby Chinese state-owned firms would provide various services (infrastructure projects) in exchange for an equivalent amount of Congolese copper. Although China is investing large amounts across Africa and Asia some authors state that these strategies include some characteristics of neo-Colonialism, the purpose of which may be to ensure China's

neg: State-owned enterprises of Russia revenue). The 54 largest enterprises account for over two-thirds of the total revenues generated by state-owned organizations. SOEs account for 40% of the capitalization on the Russian stock market, one of the highest shares in the world. Russian state-owned companies are typically established under the legal form of joint stock companies (OAO or ZAO), unitary enterprises (federal, regional or municipal) or state corporations. OAO and PAO are forms of open joint-stock companies, while ZAO (and AO) are closed joint-stock companies. The Federal Agency for State Property Management (Rosimushchestvo) is authorized by the Russian government to exercise shareholder rights for federally-owned

neg: Neoliberalism been a way to transfer technology and know-how to developing economies. Privatization of state-owned enterprises has in many instances led to more efficient provision of services and lowered the fiscal burden on governments. However, it was also critical of some neoliberal policies, such as freedom of capital and fiscal consolidation for "increasing inequality, in turn jeopardizing durable expansion". The authors also note that some neoliberal policies are to blame for financial crises around the world growing bigger and more damaging. The report contends the implementation of neoliberal policies by economic and political elites has led to "three disquieting conclusions": Writing

neg: Socialist market economy substituted material balance planning and play a substantial role in guiding the market economy for both the state and private sectors. The planning system consists of three layers, with each layer using a different planning mechanism. Compulsory planning is limited to state-owned enterprises operating in strategic sectors, including research, education and infrastructure development plans. Compulsory planning outlines targeted outcomes and the supply of raw materials and financial resources needed. Contractual planning sets objectives and the overall means of achieving these goals and then negotiates with enterprises and local governments to establish detailed objectives and how resources are to be allocated

neg: Economic history of Vietnam (WTO), as hoped by mid-2006. The government plans to reform the state-owned sector by partially privatizing thousands of state-owned enterprises, including all five state-owned commercial banks. This chart shows the GDP of Vietnam at constant prices (Source: IMF) Economic history of Vietnam Until French colonization in the middle of the 19th century, Vietnam's economy was mainly agrarian and village-oriented. French colonizers, however, deliberately developed the regions differently, designating the South for agricultural production and the North for manufacturing. Though the plan exaggerated regional divisions, the development of exports--coal from the North, rice from the South—and the importation of French manufactured

neg: State-owned enterprise term "corporations" is frequently used instead. Thus, SOEs are known under many other terms: state-owned company, state-owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, crown corporation, government-owned corporation, government-sponsored enterprises, commercial government agency, state-privatised industry public sector undertaking, or parastatal, among others. In the Commonwealth realms, particularly in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, country-wide SOEs often use the term "Crown corporation", or "Crown entities", as cabinet ministers (Ministers of the Crown) often control the shares in them. The term "government-linked company" (GLC) is sometimes used to refer to corporate entities that may be private or

neg: Alexander Khinshtein Alexander Khinshtein Alexander Yevseyevich Khinshtein (; born October 26, 1974) is a Russian politician and journalist. He is a member of United Russia. He currently represents the 122nd elective district (the northern half of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast) in the State Duma. Khinshtein was born in Moscow and attended Moscow State University, after which he became a writer for "Moskovskij Komsomolets". In a 2005 article, he accused former Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov of illegally privatizating two government-owned houses. He is an author of a book: "How (they) are killing Russia" (Как убивают Россию). In it he criticizes privatization of state-owned enterprises

neg: Labor movement in Taiwan between workers and their employers. The number of disputed cases rose from 1609 cases in 1987 to 10955 cases in 2001. There was also an increase in union membership as the labor movement progressed. The unionization rate increased from 37.58% in 1987 to 39.40% in 2001. In addition, many state-owned enterprises privatized starting 1989, and about 30 companies privatized between 1989 and 2003. The privatization of state-owned enterprises was not because these companies faced economic pressure such as debts, but from political and macro-economic conditions. Labor movement in Taiwan The labor movement in Taiwan did not start until the 1980s,

neg: Mark Burton in the 1999 election, Burton became part of the new Cabinet, assuming the roles of Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister of Defence, Minister for State-Owned Enterprises, Minister of Tourism, and Minister of Veterans' Affairs. In 2002, Internal Affairs and Veterans' Affairs were transferred to George Hawkins. In February 2005 he became the Minister of Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations, and dropped the State-Owned Enterprises portfolio. In late 2004, with Jonathan Hunt set to retire from politics, Burton was regarded by many as the Labour Party's preferred choice to replace him as Speaker of the House of Representatives. In the end, however,

neg: Heraldic authority Empire Bavaria Prussia Saxony England and Wales Northern Ireland Scotland The Heraldry Act 1962, which governs the Bureau of Heraldry, has not been changed to replace "State herald" with "National Herald". Announcements in the "Government Gazette of South Africa" still use "State Herald". Heraldic authority A heraldic authority is defined as an office or institution which has been established by a reigning monarch or a government to deal with heraldry in the country concerned. It does not include private societies or enterprises which design and/or register coats of arms. Over the centuries, many countries have established heraldry authorities, and several

neg: Atatürk's Reforms became a public recreational area to serve the capital, known as the Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo. The development of industry was promoted by strategies such as import substitution and the founding of state enterprises and state banks. Economic reforms included the establishment of many state-owned factories throughout the country for the agriculture, machine making and textile industries. Many of these grew into successful enterprises and were privatized during the latter part of 20th century. Turkish tobacco was an important industrial crop, while its cultivation and manufacture were French monopolies under capitulations of the Ottoman Empire. The tobacco and cigarette

neg: Benazir Bhutto was doomed to meet with failure from the very beginning of 1994, as the policies were weak and incoherent. On many occasions, Bhutto resisted to privatise globally competitive and billion-dollar-worth state-owned enterprises (such as Pakistan Railways and Pakistan Steel Mills), instead the grip of nationalisation in those state-owned enterprises was tightened in order to secure the capital investment of these industries. The process of privatisation of the nationalised industries was associated with the marked performance and improvement, especially the terms of labour productivity. A number of privatization of industries such as gas, water supply and sanitation, and electricity general, were

neg: Zhu Rongji reversed under the leadership of Hu Jintao, and other reforms he hoped would be addressed by the incoming administration were not implemented. Notably, state-owned enterprises were allowed to regrow and re-establish a dominant place in the Chinese economy, and large areas of the banking sector remained unregulated. Hu may have reversed the Chinese government's previous position and promoted state-owned enterprises in an effort to promote social stability. During Wen's term of office many of the reforms Zhu proposed were opposed by conservative government ministers, notably including the former commerce minister, Bo Xilai. Zhu's position as head of the central bank

neg: Socialist market economy is based on commodity production, has a role for private capital and disempowers the working class, it represents a capitalist economy. Classical Marxists believe a socialist commodity economy (or a socialist market economy) is contradictory. Other socialists believe the Chinese have embraced many elements of market capitalism, specifically commodity production and privatisation, resulting in a full-blown capitalist economic system. Although many enterprises are nominally publicly owned, the profits are retained by the enterprises and used to pay managers excessively high salaries rather than being distributed amongst the population. Public ownership in the socialist market economy consists of state-owned assets, collectively

neg: Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa The Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA) is a South African state-owned enterprise responsible for most passenger rail services in the country. It consists of four branches: Metrorail, which operates commuter rail services in urban areas; Shosholoza Meyl, which operates regional and inter-city rail services; Autopax, which operates regional and inter-city coach services; and Intersite, which manages the property owned by PRASA. In 1910, as a consequence of the formation of the Union of South Africa, all railway services in South Africa were merged into the South African Railways and Harbours. The reclassification

neg: Yewande Omotoso Omotoso was born in Bridgetown, Barbados; and within a year of her birth went with her Barbadian mother, Nigerian father and two older brothers to Nigeria. She grew up in Ile-Ife, Osun State, until 1992, when the family moved to South Africa after her father took an took an academic appointment with the University of the Western Cape. She has said, "Regardless of how many years I’ve lived in South Africa I think of myself as a product of three nations: Barbados, Nigeria and South Africa. Nigeria forms a very strong part of my sense of myself, my identity", and

neg: Economy of the Middle East Industrial Zone to expand trade relations with the United States. Despite these developments Egypt remains an underdeveloped country with a per capita GDP of $5,500. The Egyptian Commodities Exchange is the first electronic exchange in the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region, abolishing a monopoly and allowing small farmers to trade at reasonable market prices. Iran has one of the largest economies in the Middle East. It is the world's 18th largest by PPP. Iran's major industries are largely state owned. The nature of the Iranian state-owned enterprises has led to a degree of inefficiency. Iran ranks 69th out

neg: State-owned enterprises of the United States corporations, non-profit corporations, and for-profit corporations. States also have the power to charter corporations that they own, control, or are responsible for the regulation and finance of. These include municipal corporations and state chartered and owned corporations. State government-chartered and -owned corporations are numerous and provide public services. Examples include North Dakota Mill and Elevator and South Dakota Public Broadcasting. Generally speaking, a statute passed by a state legislature specifically sets up a government-owned company in order to undertake a specific public purpose with public funds or public property. Lotteries in the United States are also run by government corporations,

neg: Wang Zhongyu (politician) market economy in more spheres of Chinese life. It was particularly focused on reforming state-owned enterprises to accommodate allocation of their resources by prices set by a more open market and adjusting governmental policies to accommodate this. Jilin had many SOEs, which Wang had long experience with, and he became one of the most vocal champions of Zhu's policies to modernize and improve them. During this period, Wang was one of the most powerful leaders in the Chinese administration. He was part of a consultative group tasked with exploring how far and fast the PRC could move towards democracy; the

neg: Free Market Foundation equality between black and white South Africans. Louw said that, in addition to producing enough wealth to raise the welfare of blacks, privatizing South Africa's state-owned enterprises and industries would depoliticize various economic sectors, like buses and trains, which had been racialized whilst in state hands. Resistance from civil servants and the possibility of generating private monopolies were two issues Louw identified, but this could be overcome by guaranteeing job security and ensuring privatized enterprises are not given to one firm. In 1988, the FMF awarded Lawrence Mavundla with its "Free Market Award" for his contribution to the cause of

neg: Economic planning economies involved varying degrees of economic planning and state-directed investment in a model sometimes described as "state development capitalism" or the "East Asian Model." The economy in both Malaysia and South Korea were instituted by a series of macroeconomic government plans (First Malaysia Plan and Five-Year Plans of South Korea) that rapidly developed and industrialized their mixed economies. The economy of Singapore was partially based on government economic planning that involved an active industrial policy and a mixture of state-owned industry and free-market economy. Under "dirigisme", France used indicative planning and established a number of state-owned enterprises in strategic sectors

neg: Denel Denel Denel SOC Ltd is a South African state-owned aerospace and military technology conglomerate established in 1992. It was created when the manufacturing subsidiaries of Armscor were split off in order for Armscor to become the procurement agency for South African Defence Force (SADF), now known as the South African National Defence Force (SANDF), and the manufacturing divisions were grouped together under Denel as divisions. Denel was established as a state-owned industrial company under the Ministry of Public Enterprises in April 1992. It inherited most of Armscor's production and research facilities, and over 15,000 employees. At the time of its

neg: Township and Village Enterprises the gaps left in the market by the State-Owned Enterprises to produce colorful elastic bands, ID card holders, etc. The TVEs benefited from first mover advantage as there was no competition in the early stages from private firms due to restrictions on the markets.The pent-up demand in China for a host of products provided ample profit-making opportunities for enterprises operating at this early juncture. Moreover, TVEs were helped by massive loans from the state banking system. The TVE sector experienced dramatic changes in 1995-1996 (Huang, 2008). Official hostility toward Chinese entrepreneurship during the period of Jiang Zemin's administration caused many

neg: Airports Company South Africa Airports Company South Africa Airports Company of South Africa Limited (ACSA) is a South African airport management company. Founded in 1993, ACSA operates nine of South Africa’s airports. The company is headquartered in the Maples Office Park in Bedfordview, South Africa. All of South Africa’s airports used to be owned and operated by the state until July 23rd, 1993 when nine airports were reassigned to ACSA. ACSA was then owned by the government through the ministry of transportation. In 1998, Aeroporti di Roma bought 20% of ACSA's shares for 819 million rands. In 2005, Public Investment Corporation, a local SA

neg: State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC) is a special commission of the People's Republic of China, directly under the State Council. It was founded in 2003 through the consolidation of various other industry-specific ministries. As part of economic reform, nearly half of state-owned enterprises were sold off in the form of stocks. SASAC is responsible for managing the remaining SOEs, including appointing top executives and approving any mergers or sales of stock or assets, as well as drafting laws related to state-owned enterprises. , its companies had a

neg: 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam business functions. Second, the central government wants to accelerate and control the reform of state-owned enterprises, while other parts of the state – especially local, provincial or departmental – are resistant to these efforts. Third, the process of fairness of instability and instability - the process of fairness is mainly concentrated in small state-owned enterprises. After Trong came into power, SOEs still account for about 40 percent of Vietnam’s economic output. Trong with his cabinet started to take measures to cut red tape, streamlining the bureaucracy, clean up the banking system, reform the state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and carry out political

neg: Transnet Transnet Transnet SOC Ltd is a large South African rail, port and pipeline company, headquartered in the Carlton Centre in Johannesburg. It was formed as a limited company on 1 April 1990. A majority of the company's stock is owned by the Department of Public Enterprises, or DPE, of the South African government. The company was formed by restructuring into business units the operations of South African Railways and Harbours and other existing operations and products. The business units of Transnet include: The National Ports Authority provides port infrastructure and marine services at the eight commercial seaports in South Africa.

neg: Fake news combating misinformation is through educating citizens on how to distinguish reliable from unreliable information. A wide range of South African media sources have reported fake news as a growing problem and tool to both increase distrust in the media, discredit political opponents, and divert attention from corruption. Media outlets owned by the Gupta family have been noted by other South African media organisations such as The Huffington Post (South Africa), "Sunday Times," Radio 702, and "City Press" for targeting them. Individuals targeted include Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan who was seen as blocking Gupta attempts at state capture with accusations levelled

neg: New Zealand Post problems. In its final report, the team recommended transforming the New Zealand Post Office into three state-owned enterprises. The government in 1986 decided to follow the Mason-Morris review’s recommendations, and passed through parliament the State-Owned Enterprises Act, which corporatised several government agencies into state-owned enterprises. The Post Office's corporatisation was then completed with the 1987 passage of the Postal Services Act. The two acts broke up the New Zealand Post Office into three corporations: the postal service firm New Zealand Post Limited, the savings bank Post Office Bank Limited, later rebranded as PostBank, and the telecommunications company Telecom New Zealand

neg: China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation has made outstanding contributions to many major national projects such as manned spaceflight and lunar exploration. CASIC has ranked 'Class A' in the operation and performance assessment for leaders of central enterprises by State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) for 10 consecutive years, and been honored “Awards for Enterprises with Outstanding Performance” and “Awards for Enterprises with Technical Innovation”, both for three terms of office. CASIC ranks the 346th among the Fortune 500 in the world, and the 80th among the Top 500 Enterprises in China and the 27th among the Top 500 Manufacturers in China. It also become

neg: Lange model firms of these prices. The state-owned firms then produce at the level of output where marginal cost equals price, P = MC, so as to minimize the cost of production. At the intermediate level, industrial ministries determine the sectoral expansion of industry. Households decide how to allocate income and how much labor to supply by choosing between work and leisure. The key institutions of the Lange model include the central planning board (CPB), industrial ministries for each economic sector, and state enterprises managed democratically by their employees. Because prices are set by the central planning board "artificially" aiming to achieve

neg: Niederschöneweide were converted into "Volkseigener Betrieb" (VEB), the state-owned enterprises. In 1994, after German reunification, it started a plan for a redevelopment of many contaminated grounds on many areas, inheritance of the heavy industrial era. They must be cleared away and detoxicated with high costs. Located in the south-eastern side of the city and crossed by the river Spree, Niederschöneweide borders with the localities of Oberschöneweide, Plänterwald, Baumschulenweg, Johannisthal, Adlershof and Köpenick. A bit of the urban parks "Köllnische Heide", situated in Adlershof, belongs to the quarter. Niederschöneweide counts 1 zone ("Ortslage"): As urban railways, Niederschöneweide is served both by "S-Bahn"

neg: Desmond Tutu who deny her right to exist". He visited Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat in Cairo, urging him to accept Israel's existence. At the same time he expressed anger that Israel had supplied military hardware to South Africa during the apartheid era, expressing bemusement as to how the Jewish state could co-operate with a government that had contained many Nazi sympathisers. Referring to the Israeli-occupied territories in the Gaza Strip and West Bank, he stated that there were "deeply, deeply distressing" parallels with the situation in apartheid South Africa. He called for the formation of a distinct Palestinian state, and