query: where did the civil war end in 1865

pos: Conclusion of the American Civil War the Eastern Theater skirmishes largely dominated the newspapers as the Appomattox Campaign developed. Lee’s army fought a series of battles in the Appomattox Campaign against Grant that ultimately stretched thin his lines of defense. Lee's extended lines were mostly on small sections of thirty miles of strongholds around Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia. His troops ultimately became exhausted defending this line because they were too thinned out. Grant then took advantage of the situation and launched attacks on this thirty mile long poorly defended front. This ultimately led to the surrender of Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox.

pos: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park States a memorial to the termination of the American Civil War. World War II stopped temporarily the development of the Park, however it was resumed in 1947. Some structures in the village that were built after 1865 were taken down that did not represent a true picture of the end of the Civil War. In 1954, Virginia State Route 24 was relocated south of the Appomattox Court House Historical Park so the National Park Service could restore the Richmond-Lynchburg stage road to its 1865 appearance. Also this would allow the National Park Service to do archeological exploration at the original

pos: Kiamichi River was built on Gates Creek near the mouth of the Kiamichi. A military road was built from Fort Smith to Fort Towson through the valley of Little River, switching to the Kiamichi River near its southern terminus. During the American Civil War, the last Confederate Army troops to surrender did so at Fort Towson on June 23, 1865. The Confederate States government had disintegrated by this time, and its individual armies surrendered one by one. While the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox, Virginia signaled the end to the conflict, it did not truly end until the surrender of

pos: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War the Union lines and reach the supplies in Lynchburg. They pushed back Sheridan's cavalry briefly but found themselves faced with the full Union V Corps. Surrounded on three sides, Lee was forced to surrender his army to Grant at Appomattox Court House that day, with the formal surrender ceremony taking place two days later. There were further minor battles and surrenders of Confederate armies, but Lee's surrender on April 9, 1865, marked the effective end of the Civil War. Lee, rejecting advice from some of his staff, wanted to ensure that his army did not melt away into the countryside

neg: USS Kittatinny (1861) Louisiana, to Pensacola, Florida, where she was based for over a year. On 25 March 1865 she sailed for Mobile Bay, where she served until after the end of the Civil War. She stood out from Mobile Bay 8 August; touched Pensacola; and arrived New York City 1 September where she decommissioned on the 14th. "Kittatinny" was sold at public auction 27 September 1865 to D. McCarty & Son. USS Kittatinny (1861) USS "Kittatinny" (1861) was a schooner acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a gunboat in support

neg: Indiana in the American Civil War Battle of the Crater, where twenty-two of its men were killed. At the end of the war the regiment served in Texas, where it mustered out of service on November 8, 1865. The last casualty of the Civil War was a Hoosier serving in the 34th Regiment Indiana Infantry. Private John J. Williams died at the Battle of Palmetto Ranch on May 13, 1865. Hoosiers voted in favor of the Republicans in 1860, and in January 1861, Indiana's newly elected lieutenant governor, Oliver P. Morton, became governor after Henry Smith Lane resigned from the office to take a vacant seat

neg: Preston Taylor to be a preacher at the age of four after attending a sermon in Lexington, Kentucky. In 1864, during the American Civil War he enlisted in Company G of the 116th Regiment Infantry U.S. Colored Troops as a drummer and was at the Siege of Petersburg, fall of Richmond, and surrender of Lee. After the end of the war in 1865, his regiment did garrison duty in Texas and New Orleans where he was mustered out a free man. After the war he became a marbel engraver and moved to Louisville Kentucky. Whites in Kentucky refused to work with him

neg: Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Union troops occupied rebel territory, federal mail service was restored, amounting to almost 500 routes by the end of 1865. Almost half of the post offices in the South had been returned to Federal service by the end of 1866. In the years immediately following the Civil War, the U. S. post office did not offer commemorative stamps at all; and the commemoratives that began appearing in the 1890s were devoted almost exclusively to international trade fairs. The sole exception, the "Lincoln Memorial" (1909), was the first stamp officially designated as a commemorative ever issued in honor of a Civil

neg: Thomas Kenan (Civil War) on Johnson's Island, Ohio. On March 22, 1865, he was released on parole but never switched sides during the war. On his return home he was elected to the state legislature from 1865 to 1867. Later that year he ran for Congress and lost. Not letting that defeat end his political career, he moved to Wilson, North Carolina, where he became mayor and was elected North Carolina Attorney General, serving from 1877 to 1885. In May 1868 he married Miss Sallie Dortch, but they had no children; Sallie died in 1916. Thomas Kenan (Civil War) Thomas Stephen Kenan (February 12,

neg: John Horace Forney as commander of the Texas Division, Division 1 of I Corps, Trans-Mississippi Army in September 1864. From March 27, 1865 until May 12, 1865, he commanded a division in the Department of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. At the end of the war, he returned to Alabama, where he was a farmer and civil engineer until his death in Jacksonville on September 13, 1902. He was interred at City Cemetery, Jacksonville. John Horace Forney John Horace Forney (August 12, 1829 – September 13, 1902) was a major general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. John Horace

neg: Christmas in the American Civil War had a drawing in the Christmas 1865 issue of Harper's Weekly depicting the heads of several Confederate generals at Ulysses S. Grant's feet in an image that centered on Santa. After the war Nast purposely made the North Pole the home of Saint Nick so that no one else could use him for nationalistic propaganda like Nast himself did. Christmas in the American Civil War Christmas in the American Civil War (1861–1865) was celebrated in both the United States and the Confederate States of America although the day did not become an official holiday until five years after the war

neg: Cherokee freedmen controversy deemed ineligible to hold any office in the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee became the sole nation of the Five Civilized Tribes to abolish slavery during the war. But despite the actions of the National Council, few slaves were freed. Those Cherokee loyal to the Confederacy held more slaves than did pro-Union Cherokee. Despite agreeing to end slavery, pro-Union Cherokee did not provide for civil and social equality for Freedmen in the Cherokee Nation. After the Civil War ended in 1865, the factions of Cherokee who supported the Union and those who supported the Confederacy continued to be at odds. In

neg: Lucy Stone She made only two public appearances during the Civil War (1861—1865): to attend the founding convention of the Women's Loyal National League and the celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of the American Anti-Slavery Society, both in 1863. Stone began to increase her reform activities back to a normal level after the Civil War had ended. As a lifelong believer in nonresistance, Stone could not support the war effort as so many of her friends did. She could certainly support the drive to end slavery, however, which the war had made into a realistic possibility. In 1863, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and

neg: CSS Albemarle Civil War campaign streamer. After the fall of Plymouth, the U. S. Navy raised and temporarily hull-patched the Confederate ram. Near the end of the war, the Union gunboat towed "Albemarle" to the Norfolk Navy Yard, where she arrived on 27 April 1865. On 7 June orders were issued to repair her hull, and she entered dry dock soon thereafter. The work was completed on 14 August 1865. Two weeks later, the ironclad was judged condemned by a Washington, D.C. prize court. She saw no active naval service after being placed in ordinary at Norfolk, where she remained until she

neg: USS Trefoil (1865) command. "Trefoil" proceeded south to the Gulf of Mexico and arrived at Mobile Bay on 24 March. She served in the West Gulf Blockading Squadron under Rear Admiral Henry Knox Thatcher through the end of the Civil War, operating mainly as a dispatch boat between Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama. In July 1865, she returned north to the Boston Navy Yard where she was decommissioned on 30 August 1865. Placed in ordinary in 1866, the steamer was sold at auction on 28 May 1867 to a Mr. L. Litchfield. USS Trefoil (1865) USS "Trefoil" (1865) was a 370-ton steamer purchased

neg: John Glenn (Alberta) changed his mind just a few miles from his Father's home and turned around and travelled back to England. From Liverpool he took a ship to New York, he was 16 years old. Upon arriving in the United States he decided to travel to Waco, Texas where he took employment on a ranch. In 1861 he was drafted into the Confederate Army, however, as he did not believe in slavery, he deserted and joined the Northern Federal Army. He served during this period under General William Tecumseh Sherman until the end of the Civil war in 1865. He then traveled

neg: Confederate States Navy fired the last shot of the American Civil War in late June 1865; she did not strike her colors and surrender until early November 1865, in Liverpool, England five months after the conflict had ended. See also: CSS "Sumter"—First Confederate ship to put to sea. "See article: Uniforms of the Confederate States military forces#Confederate States Navy uniforms" Between the beginning of the war and the end of 1861, 373 commissioned officers, warrant officers, and midshipmen had resigned or been dismissed from the United States Navy and had gone on to serve the Confederacy. The Provisional Congress meeting in Montgomery accepted

neg: USS Ascutney out of the race. Following a survey, the gunboat was towed to the Washington Navy Yard where she was decommissioned on 22 September 1864. Extensive repairs kept her in ordinary through the end of the Civil War. Finally recommissioned on 19 October 1865, "Ascutney" was stationed at the Washington Navy Yard and carried cargo and passengers in the Chesapeake Bay area and along the Atlantic Ocean coast between New York City and the Virginia Capes. Decommissioned at Washington, D.C. on 1 August 1868, she was sold on 28 October 1868 to John Roach. Since the ship's name did not appear

neg: South Carolina in the American Civil War particular grudge against the state and its citizens, who they blamed for starting the war. One of Sherman's men declared, "Here is where treason began and, by God, here is where it shall end!" Poverty would mark the state for generations to come. In January 1865, the Charleston "Courier" newspaper condemned suggestions that the Confederacy abandon slavery were it to help in gaining independence, stating that such suggestions were "folly": On February 21, 1865, with the Confederate forces finally evacuated from Charleston, the black 54th Massachusetts Regiment marched through the city. At a ceremony at which the U.S. flag was

neg: 1865 United States House of Representatives election in Florida 1865 United States House of Representatives election in Florida An election to the United States House of Representatives was held in Florida for the 39th Congress on November 29, 1865, shortly after the end of the Civil War. On January 21, 1861, Florida's Senate and House seats had become vacant when the State seceded from the Union, subsequently joining the Confederate States of America. Florida had been represented in the Confederate Congress by two Senators and two Representatives. The Civil War had ended in April 1865, and Florida held its first post-War election on November 29 The party affiliations of

neg: Jay E. Nash remainder of the American Civil War, re-enlisting when his initial term of enlistment expired in 1863. Through the course of the war, he participated in twenty battles, and was eventually promoted to the rank of Sergeant. Nash was wounded in action at Petersburg on July 16, 1864. On March 8, 1865, Nash was captured in North Carolina, and thereafter briefly held as a prisoner of war until he was exchanged on March 27. Following the end of the war, Nash was mustered out of the Army on June 26, 1865. With the end of the Civil War, Nash returned home

neg: 11th Infantry Regiment (United States) until October 1865. The regiment lost during the Civil War 8 officers and 117 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 2 officers and 86 enlisted men by disease. Total, 213. After the surrender, the 11th Infantry with other Regular troops, was sent to Richmond, Va., where it arrived May 3d. It did provost duty in Richmond until the civil government of the city was organized, and at Libby Prison until its use was discontinued. During the summer and fall of 1865 the twenty-four companies of the regiment were organized. In the summer of 1866, the regiment suffered a great

neg: Millford Plantation Sally Bland Clarke and had four children with her. Near the end of the Civil War, the residence was threatened with destruction by Union troops on April 19, 1865, but was saved by the intervention of their commander, Brigadier General Edward E. Potter of New York. His exchange with Governor Manning was recorded as follows: When General Potter spared Millford, he did not know that Manning had a copy of the in his desk. The story of Millford's survival might have ended quite differently had he known. Despite economic ruin during and after the Civil War, the Manning family and

neg: Selma, Alabama in the American Civil War cut off most of Forrest's reinforcements. This began a running fight that did not end until after the fall of Selma. On the afternoon of April 1, 1865, after skirmishing all morning, Wilson's advanced guard ran into Forrest's line of battle at Ebenezer Church, where the Randolph Road intersected the main Selma road. Here Forrest had hoped to bring his entire force to bear on Wilson. However delays caused by flooding plus earlier contact with the enemy enabled Forrest to muster less than 2,000 men, a large number of whom were not veterans but militia consisting of old men and

neg: Blandford, Nova Scotia were Jim Gates, George Roast and Will Gates. The Fenian movement sought to bring about Irish independence from Britain. At the end of the American Civil War, Fenians in the United States determined to recruit veterans of the war, invade and capture Canada, and force Britain to negotiate the independence of Ireland. There were a number of alarms in 1865, 1866 and 1870. There was a medal given for service in the Volunteer Regiments. Regimental troops were raised in every county across Nova Scotia. While New Brunswick and Ontario did sustain attacks, Nova Scotia did not. Perhaps to amplify the

neg: USS Honeysuckle (1862) and "Phantom", 2 March. "Honeysuckle" sailed to Tampa, Florida, at war's end, and thence to New York where she decommissioned 30 June 1865. Sold to a private buyer, she became merchant ship "Honeysuckle" late in 1865 and remained active until 1900. USS Honeysuckle (1862) USS "Honeysuckle" (1862) was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Navy as a gunboat to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy to prevent the South from trading with other countries. At war's end, she was converted to a storeship before eventually being decommissioned. "Honeysuckle", a

neg: Edward Wallace Edward Wallace Edward Test Wallace was a veteran of the Mexican–American War. He was also a participant in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–1865). Before the war he lived for a time in Mattoon, Illinois where he worked as a tinner at a hardware store. At the outset of the civil war, Wallace was captain in the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment. Later, he was acting aid for his brother, General Lew Wallace at the Battle of Shiloh and later as Volunteer Aide-de-Camp for his brother at the defense of Cincinnati, Ohio. At the end of the war

neg: USS Neptune (1863) at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York, on 3 September 1863, and was commissioned there on 19 December 1863. Assigned to the West India Squadron, "Neptune" departed New York City on 9 January 1864 and operated principally in convoying steamers bound for California through the West Indies. At the end of the American Civil War in 1865, she returned to New York City, where she was decommissioned on 31 May 1865. "Neptune" was sold at auction at New York City on 12 July 1865 to John Henderson. She operated briefly in commercial service before being stranded in

neg: Jaffna all residents in 1995. Since the end of civil war in 2009, refugees have begun to return and visible reconstruction has taken place. The Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora and business interests from Colombo have invested in commercial enterprises. Countries in Europe, US and India have shown an interest in investing in infrastructure projects and other economic activities. The Jaffna Municipal Council governs the City of Jaffna. It was established under the "Municipalities Ordinance Act of 1865". Although other cities such as Kandy, Galle and Colombo had elected municipal councils soon after the 1865 ordinance, Jaffna did not have an elected

neg: John J. Williams (American Civil War) of the war on guard and garrison duty in the Western Theatre, including New Orleans where he was stationed before his unit joined the army forming for the invasion and occupation of Texas in spring of 1865. He first saw action in the Battle of Palmito Ranch near Brownsville, Texas, where he died May 13, 1865. Williams is generally recognized as being the last soldier to have been killed in action during the Civil War, although some sources make this claim for Corporal John W. Skinner, killed on 19 May 1865 in an ambush at Hobdy's Bridge, near Eufaula, Alabama.

neg: USS Pursuit (1861) she ran down the schooner "Andromeda" off the Cuban coast. On 23 June 1863 she captured the sloop "Kate" at the mouth of the Indian River and, at the end of December, destroyed two salt works on St. Joseph’s Bay. "Pursuit" took her final prizes, the cotton boat "Peep O'Day" and the British schooner "Mary", in the Indian River, 4 December 1864 and 16 March 1865 respectively. At the close of the American Civil War she returned to New York where she was decommissioned 5 June 1865 and sold 12 July 1865. USS Pursuit (1861) USS "Pursuit" was a bark

neg: Border states (American Civil War) the border states despite movements for disfranchisement during the 1900s. Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to the border states. Of the states that were exempted from the proclamation, Maryland (1864), Missouri (1865), Tennessee (1865), and West Virginia (1865) abolished slavery before the war ended. However, Delaware and Kentucky did not abolish slavery until December 1865, when the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified. In the border states, slavery was already dying out in urban areas and the regions without cotton, especially in cities that were rapidly industrializing, such as Baltimore, Louisville, and St. Louis. By 1860, more than half of

neg: Racial equality of the bloodiest and most traumatic war in American history. The American Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865. By 1860 one in three persons in the Southern States belonged to another. In a population of twelve million, four million were slaves. In September 1862 Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation, which avowed the aim of freeing the slaves in the Confederacy, and made abolition one of the North's central war aims. The North took the victory. Did the end of the war represent a gain or a loss for the country? The war represents a defeat for freedom simply

neg: Thomas Morris Chester of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania during the famous Gettysburg Campaign in June–July 1863, the first time that Pennsylvania had issued weapons to African Americans. From August 1864 to the end of the Civil War in May 1865, Chester worked as a war correspondent for "The Philadelphia Press", which was a major daily newspaper at that time. When the civil war ended, he toured Europe. He passed the winter of 1866-67 at the court of Alexander II of Russia where he was given the title Captain Chester in deference to his service in the war. He visited the 1867 International Exposition held in

neg: History of the United States (1865–1918) that the Civil War was over and that Southern whites posed no threat to the nation. The end of Reconstruction marked the end of the brief period of civil rights and civil liberties for African Americans in the South, where most lived. Reconstruction caused permanent resentment, distrust, and cynicism among white Southerners toward the federal government, and helped create the "Solid South," which typically voted for the (then-)socially conservative Democrats for all local, state, and national offices. White supremacists created a segregated society through "Jim Crow Laws" that made blacks second-class citizens with very little political power or public voice.

neg: Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War Army surrendered to Grant. There, Grant offered generous terms that did much to ease tensions between the armies and preserve some semblance of Southern pride, which was needed to reunite the warring sides. Within a few weeks, the American Civil War was over, though minor actions continued until Kirby Smith surrendered his forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2, 1865. Ulysses S. Grant was a very popular man in the United States after the American Civil War. After President Lincoln was assassinated in April, 1865, Grant became America's first four-star general and would aid Congress, led by the Radicals,

neg: War Memorial Plaza Coast playhouse operator, who was also proprietor of the infamous Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. where 16th President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865 after the end of the American Civil War (1861–1865). Two years after being rebuilt, the theatre was overwhelmed by the massive sized pile of marble and granite French Second Empire styled architecture with construction across the street to the west in the new domed Baltimore City Hall of 1867–1875 by George A. Frederick, (1842–1924), a municipal architect who also designed a lot of the structures in the new Druid Hill Park (established 1860) and other

neg: James Matthew Townsend led in Oxford by John Turner, and at the age of sixteen, Turner was licensed to exhort and at eighteen licensed to preach. At the outset of the American Civil War (1861-1865), Townsend desired to join the Union Army, and in 1863 he joined the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, among the first African American regiments recruited. Townsend mustered out of service at the end of the war in 1865 and returned to Ohio where he enrolled in Oberlin College. After two years, he left school to take care of his family when his father died. He was appointed to the

neg: Benjamin Franklin Dillingham "Florida" in 1863 during the American Civil War. In 1865 he became first mate of a barque named "Whistler" that did a regular run between San Francisco and Honolulu. On his third trip to the island kingdom, Dillingham broke his leg after falling from a horse and was forced to convalesce in Hawaii. He decided to stay in Honolulu and by the end of 1865 was a clerk at Diamond Hardware, which he bought out for $28,000 in 1869. On April 26, 1869 he married Emma Louise Smith (1844–1920), of a prominent missionary family. She was the daughter of Reverend

neg: James W.C. Pennington Association. It had been formed by Elizabeth's father Thomas L. Jennings. He challenged the system successfully and on appeal, gained an 1855 ruling by the State Supreme Court that such racial segregation was illegal and must end. By 1865, after starts and stops, all the street car companies had desegregated their systems. Pennington identified as a pacifist, but during the American Civil War (1861-1865), he helped recruit black troops for the Union Army. When the war was over, he served for a short time as a minister in Natchez, Mississippi. Next he was called to Portland, Maine, where he served

neg: Mary Ann Bickerdyke 1847, who died in 1859 just two years before the Civil War. Together, the Bickerdykes had two sons. She later moved to Galesburg, Illinois where she worked as botanic physician and primarily worked with alternative medicines using herbs and plants. Bickerdyke began to attend the Congregational Church in Galesburg shortly after she became a widow. Mary Bickerdyke served in the Civil War from June 9, 1861 to March 20, 1865, working in a total of nineteen battles. Bickerdyke was described as a determined nurse who did not let anyone stand in the way of her duties. Her patients, the enlisted

neg: John Archibald Campbell south. He was the only southern justice to do so. Effectively banished from Alabama for his initial opposition to secession, Campbell settled in New Orleans, where he was appointed Confederate Assistant Secretary of War by Confederate president Jefferson Davis in October 1862. He held that position through the end of the war. Campbell was one of the three Confederate Peace Commissioners (along with Alexander H. Stephens and Robert M. T. Hunter), who met with Abraham Lincoln and William H. Seward in 1865 at the Hampton Roads Conference in an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate an end to the Civil War. After

neg: Upper Peninsula miners' strike of 1865 Upper Peninsula miners' strike of 1865 Ore miners working on the Marquette Iron Range (located in the United States' Upper Peninsula of Michigan) went on strike in July 1865, shortly after the end of the American Civil War. They were put down by a naval detachment from the USS "Michigan", using an improvised armored train, and later with an army detachment from Chicago. During the United States' Civil War, high demand meant the price of iron had significantly increased. Knowing this, the miners forced the mining companies to raise their wages in 1864. The problem was not solved, as the

neg: USS Albemarle (1863) commanded by Acting Assistant Paymaster Emanuel Mellach until early spring 1865 and then by Acting Assistant Paymaster George R. Watkins—served in North Carolina waters as a storeship and an ordnance hulk through the end of the Civil War. Late in July 1865, she was towed to Hampton Roads, Virginia, and sold at public auction in the Norfolk Navy Yard on 19 October 1865 to a Capt. S. I. Bain. No record of her subsequent career seems to have survived. USS Albemarle (1863) USS "Albemarle" (1863) was a screw steamer captured by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She

neg: Poplar Bluff, Missouri Creek and Cane Creek. Butler County was organized in 1849 and Poplar Bluff was chosen as the county seat. In 1855 the first courthouse was built and the town grew. On February 9, 1870, Poplar Bluff was incorporated. The Ward Plantation was established as the largest and longest slave plantation in the State of Missouri, founded by Ephraim Ward in 1829 and continued until the end of the civil war in 1865. After the Civil War, Rutherford Ward founded the 1st Bank of Missouri and converted the Ward Plantation into Ward Estate where they focused on farming. It was passed

neg: Willie Betty Newman Willie Betty Newman Willie Betty Newman (1863-1935) was an American painter. Born on a plantation during the Civil War, she studied painting in Cincinnati, Ohio and Paris, France. She exhibited her paintings in Parisian salons in the 1890s. She established a studio in Nashville, Tennessee in the early 1900s, where she did portraits of prominent Tennesseans, including President James K. Polk. Willie Betty was born on January 21, 1863 on Maple Grove Plantation, later known as Betty Place, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Her father, Colonel William Francis Betty, served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War of 1861-1865.

neg: Andrew Anderson (St. Augustine, Florida) Princeton University then during the Civil War he escaped from Florida and went to New York where he entered medical school at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. He didn't serve in the military in the American Civil War but did pay for a substitute in the St. Augustine Blues (Third Florida Inf., Co. B) as was accepted custom at the time. He also volunteered his services to the Union as a physician treating the wounded at the Second Battle of Fredericksburg. In 1865, after the South's capitulation he interned at St. Luke's Hospital in

neg: Indianapolis in the American Civil War Camp Morton. On July 25 a military wagon train, in length, passed through the city. By the autumn of 1865 the city's Soldiers' Home and Ladies' Home had closed, as did most of the city's military camps after the soldiers left Indianapolis. Indiana's economic situation improved after the war, particularly in Indianapolis; its population increased from 8,000 in 1850 to 45,000 people at the end of 1864. The city's population exceeded 75,000 by 1880. As a result of the war, the city experienced a real-estate boom. Real-estate transactions increased from more than $1 million in 1860 to more than $5

neg: Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1865 Theater did not receive word of the Confederate surrenders in the east for several weeks. The last organized engagement of the war was fought at Palmito Ranch, Texas on May 13 and 14 and resulted in a Confederate victory. Confederate Lieutenant General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, surrendered his forces at Shreveport, Louisiana, on June 2, while Confederate forces in the Indian Territory surrendered on June 23. The Confederate raider CSS "Shenandoah", which had been in the Pacific Ocean during the months of April and May, only received word of the end of the war on August

neg: New York City ethnic enclaves occupation, New York City had approximately 10,000 freed people of African descent, the largest concentration of such people in North America. New York State began emancipating slaves in 1799, and in 1841, all slaves in New York State were freed, and many of New York's emancipated slaves lived in or moved to Fort Greene, Brooklyn. All slaves in the United States were later freed in 1865, with the end of the American Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. After the Civil War, African Americans left the South, where slavery had been the strongest, in large numbers. These

neg: Alfred L. Cralle Alfred L. Cralle Alfred L. Cralle (September 4, 1866 – May 3, 1920) was an African-American businessman and inventor of the "Ice Cream Mold and Disher". Cralle was born in Kenbridge, Virginia in 1866 just after the end of the American Civil War (1861–1865). He attended local schools and worked with his father in the carpentry trade as a young man, becoming interested in mechanics. He was sent to Washington, D.C. where he attended Wayland Seminary, one of a number of schools founded by the American Baptist Home Mission Society to help educate African-Americans after the Civil War. He then

neg: Christopher Columbus Slaughter with his father in Palo Pinto County, Texas, where they owned 15,000 cattle. They sold beef to Fort Belknap and local Native American reservations. During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, he served as a Colonel in Terry's Texas Rangers of the Confederate States Army (C.S.A.). Together with Charles Goodnight, he helped rescue Cynthia Ann Parker. Shortly after the civil war, Slaughter explored Mexico with Goodnight and four other companions. However, the expedition came to an end as he was accidentally wounded by a gunshot. Later, he became a cattle drover on the Chisholm Trail in Kansas. In 1873, he

neg: Confederados live under a conquering army, or simply did not expect an improvement in the South's economic position. In addition, Brazil still had slavery (and did not abolish it until 1888). Most of the immigrants were from the states of Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and South Carolina. No one has determined how many Americans immigrated to Brazil in the years following the end of the American Civil War. As noted in unpublished research, Betty Antunes de Oliveira found in port records of Rio de Janeiro that some 20,000 Americans entered Brazil from 1865 to 1885. Other researchers have estimated the

neg: Emancipation Proclamation Maryland and Delaware. Maryland did not abolish slavery until 1864, and Delaware was one of the last states to hold onto slavery; it was still legal in Delaware when the thirteenth amendment was issued. No Southern state did so, and the slave population of the South continued to grow, peaking at almost four million people at the beginning of the American Civil War, when most slave states sought to break away from the United States. Lincoln understood that the Federal government's power to end slavery in peacetime was limited by the Constitution which before 1865, committed the issue to individual

neg: Ambush of the steamboat J. R. Williams American Civil War's outcome, it was a morale-booster for the rebel supporters and reportedly helped the Native American allies of the Confederacy prolong a stalemate in the territory until war's end in 1865. The raid did not have an official military name; many years later, a publication by the Oklahoma Civil War Sesquicentennial referred to it as the "Pleasant Bluff Action." The encounter has been called "the only naval battle ever fought in Oklahoma." On 15 June 1864, the steamboat "J. R. Williams" was proceeding up the Arkansas River from Fort Smith to Fort Gibson. Its cargo was primarily commissary

neg: USS Kineo (1861) able to pull her larger consort out of danger. In August 1863, following further actions along the river, "Kineo" was sent north for repairs. Returning to the Gulf of Mexico in March 1864, "Kineo" spent most of that year off the Texas coast, capturing one blockade running schooner during that time. In December, she went back to the Mississippi, where she was stationed until April 1865. USS "Kineo" was decommissioned in May 1865, as the Civil War was coming to an end, and was sold in October 1866. She later became the merchant schooner "Lucy H. Gibson". USS Kineo (1861)

neg: Grove L. Johnson falsifying endorsements on promissory notes worth $250 each. Unable to pay the debt, he hastily departed for Arizona Territory to accept a job arranged by his brother as a quartermaster's clerk for the Union Army.Arizona Territory. He held this position until the end of the American Civil War in April 1865, when he relocated to California. Johnson moved to California in 1865, and established himself in Sacramento, where he built a successful law practice, sold insurance, and became involved in other business ventures. He was able to satisfy his past debts, and the charges against him in Syracuse were dismissed.

neg: Georgia Hussars in the battle for that city and in the greater Atlanta Campaign, where they lost many men. They saw combat in several major subsequent actions, including Kennesaw Mountain, Buckhead, Big Shanty, Chattahoochee River, and Decatur. Their last documented skirmish was the Battle of Morrisville Station on April 13–14, 1865. The regiment surrendered in Hillsboro, North Carolina on April 26, 1865. At the end of the Civil War, an Act by the Congress of the United States approved on March 2, 1867, disbanded all militias of the southern states. While the military existence of the Hussars was suspended until May 23,

neg: USS Pequot (1863) back a Confederate attack on Wilson's Wharf, James River, Virginia, on 24 May. Blockade duty occupied her until she participated in the first and the second battles on Fort Fisher which protected Wilmington, North Carolina, on 24 February 1864 and 13 January 1865, closing that last major Confederate port. She followed this victory by helping capture Fort Anderson, North Carolina. After the end of the Civil War, she was decommissioned at the New York Navy Yard on 3 June 1865. She remained there in reserve until she was sold to Haiti in 1869, where the ship was renamed "Terreur". In

neg: 1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's) war, most of the former companies of Dobbins' regiment were paroled (still with the designation 1st Arkansas Cavalry) at Wittsburg, Arkansas, on May 25, 1865. Two of the companies were paroled at Jacksonport on June 5, 1865. Colonel Dobbins, was paroled at Galveston, Texas, on July 13, 1865, where he signed his parole as colonel commanding 1st Brigade Arkansas Cavalry. Colonel Dobbin emigrated to Brazil after the war where died. 1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's) The 1st (Dobbin's) Regiment Arkansas Cavalry (1861–1865) was a Confederate Army cavalry regiment during the American Civil War. The nucleus of what became Dobbins' regiment

neg: Private prison contract facility to house themselves at Point Quentin. The prison became known as San Quentin, which is still in operation today. Its partial transfer of prison administration from private to public did not mark the end of privatization. The next phase began with the Reconstruction Period (1865–1876) in the south, after the end of the Civil War. Plantations and businessmen needed to find replacements for the labor force once their slaves had been freed. Beginning in 1868, convict leases were issued to private parties to supplement their workforce. This system remained in place until the early 20th century. Federal and

neg: USS Hunchback in need of assistance. With the end of the Civil War imminent, on 17 March 1865, the "Hunchback" returned to its original patrol on the sounds of North Carolina. After one final mission in April up the Chowan River, the Navy sent the ship back to New York Harbor, where it was decommissioned on 12 June 1865. A month later, the ship was sold to the Brooklyn and New York Ferry Company for civilian use. The boat was renamed the "General Grant" and remained in civilian use until approximately 1880, when she was retired and scrapped. USS Hunchback USS "Hunchback"

neg: Mobile, Alabama in the American Civil War that time. Robert H. Slough served as the Mayor of Mobile throughout most of the Civil War, serving from 1862 until the war's end in 1865. His tenure was wrapped by that of former U.S. Minister to Mexico and Alabama state legislator John Forsyth, Jr., who preceded Slough in 1861 and then succeeded him in 1865. Dr. Josiah C. Nott of Mobile was a leading researcher into the causes of yellow fever. During the war, he was a surgeon and staff officer in the Confederate Army, and in charge of inspecting the military hospitals in Mobile. Two of his sons

neg: Schuylkill Navy of the Civil War, but many of the fledgling post-war clubs did not last. On August 17, 1865, Pennsylvania Barge Club (the 2nd) and Philadelphia Barge Club were elected to the Navy. Five days later Malta Boat Club and Washington Boat Club (now known as Vesper) joined. In 1867 the Navy admitted Iona (the 1st), but Iona terminated its membership after it became part of Crescent Boat Club, which joined in 1868. In April 1868 rowers split from Neptune to form the second Atlantic Boat Club. Keystone (the 2nd) joined the Navy in February 1870, but resigned by the end

neg: Fort Saratoga some point during the Civil War: With the end of the Civil War, the fort is abandoned in 1865. The field went back to private ownership and in 1902, it is owned by a Mrs. Walsh and used as a cultivated field. Today, it is a residential with no sign of the fort. Fort Saratoga Fort Saratoga was one of seven temporary earthwork forts part of the Civil War Defenses of Washington, DC during the Civil War built in the Northeast quadrant of the city at the beginning of the Civil War by the Union Army to protect the city

neg: Vicksburg, Mississippi a high bluff overlooking the Mississippi River proved otherwise impregnable to assault by federal troops. The surrender of Vicksburg by Confederate General John C. Pemberton on July 4, 1863, together with the defeat of General Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg the day before, has historically marked the turning point in the Civil War in the Union's favor. From the surrender of Vicksburg until the end of the war in 1865, the area was under Union military occupation. Some accounts say that the residents of Vicksburg did not celebrate the national holiday of 4th of July again until 1945, after United

neg: William Thompson (Iowa) to major, and on June 20, 1864, to colonel. On March 13, 1865, as the end of the war approached, he became a brevetted brigadier general of the Volunteers. When the Civil War ended, Thompson's military service did not. On July 28, 1866, at the request of General George Custer, he was recommissioned as a captain in the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the regular army, and fought in the Indian Wars. He remained with the Army until his retirement on December 15, 1875, just a few months before Custer and most of the 7th Cavalry was massacred at the Battle

neg: John Houston Burrus master while he was a soldier in the US Civil War (1861-1865). At the end of the War, Burrus, was with his two brothers, mother, and Braxton Bragg's Army in Marshall, Texas. Finally free, they were brought to Shreveport, Louisiana, then to New Orleans, and then Memphis, Tennessee where John took a job as a cook on a stern-wheel steamboat. He remained in Memphis for a short time, and moved in 1866 to Nashville where he took a job as a hotel waiter along with James. The pair studied nights with two ladies boarding at the hotel where they worked.

neg: 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment Arkansas Infantry Regiment, traveled back to Van Buren, Arkansas where they surrendered to the U.S. post commander in a formal ceremony, drawn up in front of the court-house, laying down their weapons, etc. But for the most part, the men simply went home. Many of the Arkansas Cavalry units, which had largely been furloughed for the winter of 1864-1865 following Price's disastrous Missouri Expedition did formally surrender at Jacksonport, Wittsburg, and a few other locations. 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment The 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry (1864–1865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The regiment is

neg: Steamboat Union escort was run off. The loss did not affect the Union war effort, however. The worst of all steamboat accidents occurred at the end of the Civil War in April 1865, when the steamboat "Sultana", carrying an over-capacity load of returning Union soldiers recently freed from a Confederate prison camp, blew up, causing more than 1,700 deaths. For most of the 19th century and part of the early 20th century, trade on the Mississippi River was dominated by paddle-wheel steamboats. Their use generated rapid development of economies of port cities; the exploitation of agricultural and commodity products, which could

neg: Wrecking (shipwreck) a wrecker was about ₤20. The American Civil War sharply cut the volume of shipping around the Bahamas, and the wreckers suffered with far fewer wrecks to salvage. The end of the Civil War brought back increased shipping and wrecks. In 1865, the last year of the Civil War, £28,000 worth of salvaged goods were taken to Nassau. In 1866 that rose to £108,000, and peaked at £154,000 in 1870. Wrecking then entered a decline, and was nearly gone by the end of the 19th century. More lighthouses (eventually numbering 37 in the Bahamas), better charts, more ships powered by

neg: Photographers of the American Civil War no wonder that his biographer William Brey barely mentions his Civil War photographs. The largest known output of Civil War photographs by Carbutt are 40 or so stereoviews of the 134th Illinois Infantry camped at Columbus, Kentucky. The 134th was a 100-day unit that were in Columbus from June 1864 until October 1864. Lincoln's funeral train was photographed by Carbutt as it passed through Chicago on May 1, 1865 and he followed the train to Springfield where he obtained photographs of Lincoln's home. The last of the great Sanitary Fairs was held in Chicago in June 1865 and Carbutt was

neg: USS Mound City (1861) at the end of July 1865, and on 2 August she was out of commission. She was sold to private interests in November. USS Mound City (1861) USS "Mound City" was a gunboat built for service on the Mississippi River and its tributaries in the American Civil War. Originally commissioned as part of the Union Army's Western Gunboat Flotilla, she remained in that service until October 1862. Then the flotilla was transferred to the Navy and she became part of the Mississippi River Squadron, where she remained until the end of the war. While with the Western Gunboat Flotilla, "Mound

neg: Burke's Tavern Burke's Tavern Burke's Tavern is a historic inn and tavern located near Burkeville, Nottoway County, Virginia. It was built in the 1820s, and is a one-story frame building set upon a ground-level brick basement. The building has a central hall, single pile plan. It features brick exterior end chimneys. Near the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the Union Brigadier General Thomas Alfred Smyth of Delaware, wounded at the Battle of High Bridge was brought to the house, where he died on April 9. Smythe was the last Union general to be killed in the war. It was

neg: USS R. R. Cuyler (1860) Anderson nearby 18 and 19 February 1865. Following the end of the Civil War, "R. R. Cuyler" returned to New York City, where she was decommissioned on 1 July 1865 and sold at auction on 15 August to Russel Sturgis of New York. In December 1866, she was purchased by the Republic of Colombia and, after arrival at Cartagena, renamed "El Rayo". She remained in Cartagena Harbor, the subject of a diplomatic dispute following a change of government, from February to September 1867. In mid-September, she was blown from her moorings during a storm and grounded on a coral reef,

neg: History of Nova Scotia bi-election of 1869, Howe was successful in turning the province away from appealing confederation to simply seeking "better terms" within it. Despite its temporary popularity, Howe's movement failed in its goal to withdraw from Canada because London was determined the union go forward. Howe did succeed in getting better financial terms for the province, and gained a national office for himself. Long-term adverse factors came into play. In 1865 came the end of the American Civil War and all the extra business it had generated. In 1866 came the end of Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty, which led to higher and damaging

neg: John Chipman Gray in the Union Army in the American Civil War. He enlisted from Boston as a 2nd lieutenant in Company B, 4th Battalion, Massachusetts Infantry on 27 May 1862, was mustered out a few days later, and commissioned into Company H, 3rd Massachusetts Cavalry on 7 October 1862. He left that unit to accept a commission as a major in the U.S. Volunteers Adjutant General Department on 25 July 1864. Gray was wounded at the Third Battle of Winchester on 19 September 1864, and resigned from the Army on 14 July 1865. In 1865, after the end of the Civil War,

neg: Oscar Craig at Purdue University, teaching political economy and history before moving to Montana to found the University. Following his presidency, Craig retired from education in 1908 due to ill health. Craig was born in 1846 in Jefferson County, Indiana. He served in the 1st Regiment of the Indiana Heavy Artillery during the American Civil War as a private to Captain George W. Branson from August 13, 1864 to July 22, 1865. Craig was discharged from service at age 18 on July 22, 1865, a few months after the end of the Civil War. He was positioned in New Orleans, Louisiana when

neg: Army of Missouri Marmiton River and Newtonia followed, forcing Price to retreat all the way into Arkansas and eastern Texas (to avoid additional Federal troops at Fort Smith, Arkansas). The remnants of Price's weary army finally returned to Arkansas on December 2, having lost about 6,000 men. The Army of Missouri officially ceased to exist when these men were subsequently absorbed into the Army of the Trans-Mississippi where Price commanded its Cavalry Corps from December 3, 1864, to March 12, 1865. Instead of surrendering at the end of the Civil War in 1865, Price and his subordinate Jo Shelby led many of their

neg: Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War The closest the Confederacy came to seriously attempting to equip a colored soldiers in the army proper came in the last few weeks of the war. The Confederate Congress narrowly passed a bill in allowing slaves to join the army. The bill did not offer or guarantee an end to their servitude as an incentive to enlist. Even this weak bill, supported by Robert E. Lee, passed only narrowly, by a 9–8 vote in the Senate. President Jefferson Davis signed the law on March 13, 1865, but went beyond the terms in the bill by issuing an order on March

neg: Cavalry in the American Civil War for service. In the Confederacy, limited horse numbers did not permit such selectivity in trying to keep their armies horsed. Cavalry horse prices varied throughout the war; in 1861 the maximum government price for cavalry horses was $119. However, relentless military demand caused prices to continually increase and by 1865 prices hovered near $190 per head. In the Confederacy horse prices rapidly spiraled upward due to animal scarcity and inflation costing over $3,000 by war's end. The daily feed ration for Union cavalry horses was ten pounds of hay and fourteen pounds of grain which were ample and fulfilled the

neg: Maryland in the American Civil War slavery may have been settled by the new constitution, and the legality of secession by the war, but this did not end the debate. On April 14, 1865 the actor John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Booth was born in Harford County, Maryland, a northern county on the Pennsylvania border, which had few slaves. After he shot Lincoln, Booth shouted "Sic semper tyrannis" ("Thus always to tyrants"). Other witnesses — including Booth himself — claimed that he only yelled "Sic semper!" Some didn't recall hearing Booth shout anything in Latin. Some witnesses said

neg: Nellie A. Ramsey Leslie Bureau in 1865, going to Louisiana soon after the end of the war. Despite laws forbidding education of blacks, Solomon M. Coles had learned to read at age 14. He was first trained as a coachman for his master's wife. When the Civil War ended, Solomon took night courses at the Freedmen's Bureau in Norfolk, Virginia before migrating north to further his schooling. He attended Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. After graduating, he became the first person of African descent to be admitted to the Yale Divinity School. Although he did not graduate, he was accepted as a minister in the

neg: Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War [Negroes] is the beginning of the end of the revolution. If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong — but they won't make soldiers. Robert M. T. Hunter wrote "What did we go to war for, if not to protect our property?" On January 11, 1865 General Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them to arm and enlist black slaves in exchange for their freedom. On March 13, the Confederate Congress passed legislation to raise and enlist companies of black soldiers. The legislation was then promulgated into military policy by Davis in General

neg: USS Sea Bird (1863) Florida, where a landing party captured a quantity of cotton and burned the customs house before returning to Anclote Keys. On 21 October, "Sea Bird" captured British schooner "Lucy" off Anclote Keys with an assorted cargo. Active until the end of the Civil War, "Sea Bird" took her last prizes on 11 April 1865 when she seized sloops "Florida" and "Annie" laden with cotton off Crystal River, Florida. She destroyed both. After the return of peace, "Sea Bird" was decommissioned and sold at public auction at Key West to W. F. Pitcher on 28 June 1865. USS Sea Bird (1863)

neg: The Daily Star-Journal The Daily Star-Journal The Daily Star-Journal is the number one daily newspaper in Johnson County, Missouri published by the News-Press & Gazette Company (NPG). The paper traces its history to the "Warrensburg Journal", which began publishing April 17, 1865 by James Douglas Eads—seven days after the end of the American Civil War and two days after the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Warrensburg, population of 1,000 at the time, did not have a newspaper. Prior to the war Eads, a church pastor, had published the "Warrensburg Signal". In addition to his pastor and newspaper interests he was also a physician and

neg: John H. Sterrett a similar role for the Texas Marine Department during the Civil War. His responsibility included the Brazos, Sabine, and Trinity rivers, as well as the Galveston Bay system, where the Texas Marine Department operated as many as thirteen steamships. Months after the war, he acquired two Union tinclads, "Silver Cloud" and "St. Clair", and converted them for civilian service between Houston and Galveston. Houston Navigation Company did not survive the war, so he ran his own packet service in 1865 and 1866. In October 1866, William Marsh Rice, the City of Houston, and many investors from the previous firm organized

neg: Samuel Lucas Lucas' death it went into decline and ceased printing in 1880. Lucas died in London on 15 April 1865 of a bronchial illness, and it was noted that he lived long enough to be told of end of the battle of Richmond which marked the end of the American Civil War and slavery in the United States. He was buried in Highgate Cemetery in London, where in time his wife was also buried. Lucas died before he could see the headlines in the "Morning Star" that marked the end of slavery. Lucas's paper was the only newspaper that supported the

neg: The Daily Star-Journal Hollyman was a photographer. James C. Kirkpatrick started his reporting career at the paper. The Daily Star-Journal The Daily Star-Journal is the number one daily newspaper in Johnson County, Missouri published by the News-Press & Gazette Company (NPG). The paper traces its history to the "Warrensburg Journal", which began publishing April 17, 1865 by James Douglas Eads—seven days after the end of the American Civil War and two days after the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Warrensburg, population of 1,000 at the time, did not have a newspaper. Prior to the war Eads, a church pastor, had published the "Warrensburg Signal".

neg: 1st Battalion Nebraska Veteran Volunteer Cavalry against Indians in Nebraska and Colorado and guarded the Overland Mail routes. After the end of the Civil War the battalion was consolidated with the 1st Regiment Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry on July 10, 1865. Duty at Fort Cottonwood, Nebraska Territory, October and November, 1864. Duty at Gillman's Station until January, 1865. Duty at Cottonwood Springs until February, 1865, and at Gillman's Station until July, 1865. Company "B" at Dakota City until July, 1865. Scout from Dakota City April 12–16, 1865. Scout to Middle Bow River April 22–27. Company "C" had duty at Fort Cottonwood, until July, 1865. Scout from Cottonwood

neg: Jasper County, Missouri and five hundred at that time. The newer brick courthouse was used as a hospital during the American Civil War and was destroyed by fire during fighting in October 1863. By the end of the Civil War, Carthage had been evacuated and completely destroyed, and much of Jasper County laid in ruins. Other than military tribunals no courts were held in Jasper County between May 11, 1861 and October 10, 1865. By order of the Governor in 1865, the courthouse was relocated to the pioneer schoolhouse at Cave Springs (near present-day La Russell, Missouri) with John C. Price of Mount

neg: Maryland in the American Civil War Maryland in the American Civil War During the American Civil War (1861-1865), Maryland, a slave state, was one of the border states, straddling the South and North. Because of its strategic location, bordering the national capital city of Washington D.C. with its District of Columbia since 1790, and the strong desire of the opposing factions within the state to sway public opinion towards their respective causes, Maryland played an important role in the American Civil War (1861-1865). Newly elected 16th President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865, served 1861-1865), suspended the constitutional right of "habeas corpus" in Maryland; and he dismissed the U.S.

neg: James Lawrence Orr of the American Civil War, Orr organized and commanded Orr's Regiment of South Carolina Rifles, which saw little action before he resigned in 1862 and entered the Confederate Senate, where he served as chairman of the influential Foreign Affairs and Rules committees. The regiment continued to bear his name throughout the war and fought in some of the most prominent battles of the Army of Northern Virginia. In the Confederate Senate, he remained a strong proponent of states' rights. At the end of the war, Orr was elected governor and served from 1865 until the passage of a new state

neg: Grand Review of the Armies the Ku Klux Klan), military conflict on land between the North and the South had ended. The disbandment of the Union armies and the return home of fathers, brothers, and sons signaled to the population at large that they could begin their return to a normal life and that the end had finally come for the American Civil War. Grand Review of the Armies The Grand Review of the Armies was a military procession and celebration in the national capital city of Washington, D.C., on May 23 and May 24, 1865, following the close of the American Civil War (1861-1865).

neg: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps ascending to the presidency in 1857. Opinions by historians of Buchanan's presidency vary, as some credit him for keeping a divided nation together for so long while others fault him for failing to avert a civil war. To date he is the only president from the state of Pennsylvania and the only one never to have married. Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from 1861 to 1865. He successfully led the United States through its Civil War, thus preserving the Union and bringing an end to slavery. Lincoln

neg: John Creswell the bar in 1850. A former Whig, Creswell joined the Democratic Party and supported James Buchanan for President. When the Civil War broke in 1861, Creswell remained loyal to the Union and supported Abraham Lincoln. Creswell joined the Radical Republicans and supported the end of slavery and the civil rights of African Americans. In 1861, Creswell was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates and served until 1862, where he helped keep the state from joining the Confederacy. In 1862 Creswell was elected U.S. Representative and served from 1863 to 1865. Creswell was elected U.S. Senator in 1864 and served

neg: Romney Literary Society American Civil War in 1861. The contents of the society's library were plundered by Union Army forces, and only 400 of the library's volumes could be recovered following the war's end in 1865. Reorganized in 1869, the society took a leading role in Romney's civil development during Reconstruction. Between 1869 and 1870, it completed construction of Literary Hall, where the society held meetings and reassembled its library. The organization used its influence to secure the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind for the town of Romney, and offered the school its former Romney Classical Institute campus. The schools

neg: Daniel Webster Flagler remained there until May 1864. He was then transferred to the Army's Ordnance office in Washington, where he remained until June 1865. A Captain at the end of the war, Flagler was a brevet Lieutenant Colonel, having received three honorary promotions—one for valor at New Bern, one for meritorious service at Fort Macon, and one for distinguished service to the Ordnance Department throughout the war. Though he received three brevets for his Civil War service, he was not promoted to the permanent rank of Major until June 1874. After the war, Flagler had charge of a succession of former Confederate

neg: Constitution of Mississippi constitution of Mississippi was the state's first one to ban slavery throughout the state: The current constitution of Mississippi was adopted on November 1, 1890, having replaced the 1868 constitution that had been adopted and ratified following the end of the American Civil War to bestow freedoms and civil rights upon newly freed slaves. Following the end of the American Civil War in 1865, Mississippian elections were wrought with deadly violence and voter intimidation as white supremacist terrorist organizations such as the "Red Shirts" used armed force and violent terrorism in order to prevent black voters and their white allies

neg: Navasota, Texas cotton, gunpowder, and shoes were made, processed and stored there for the Confederacy during the American Civil War. By 1865 the population was about 2,700. All during the Civil War, all the marketable goods produced in the region were brought to Navasota, then the furthest inland railhead in Texas, to be shipped south to Galveston, where it could be transported by steamboat from the Texas coast and up the Mississippi River to the war effort, or exported to Mexico or overseas to Europe. Navasota suffered a series of disasters in the mid-1860s that severely depleted its population. In 1865 a

neg: Daniel Phillips Upham enlisted in the Union Army. He left the army in 1865 at the end of the war and opened a building material business in New York City. However, this business quickly failed, leaving him in debt. Upham reached out to his former commanding officer and former business partner Brigadier General Alexander Shaler in July 1865. Shaler gave Upham the permits needed to pay off his debts. After generating finding profits from two saloons and two steamboats, Upham was able to pay off his debts by 1866. At the end of the Civil War, Upham traveled to Cotton Ridge, Arkansas to