query: who was the us at war with during the american revolution

pos: American Revolutionary War at embarrassingly low levels. With the British invasion of the state in 1781, Virginia was mired in class division as its native son, George Washington, made desperate appeals for troops. These are some of the standard works about the war in general that are not listed above; books about specific campaigns, battles, units, and individuals can be found in those articles. American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th-century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America.

pos: Expulsion of the Loyalists Expulsion of the Loyalists During the American Revolution, those who continued to support King George III of Great Britain came to be known as Loyalists. Loyalists are to be contrasted with Patriots, who supported the Revolution. Historians have estimated that during the American Revolution, between 15 and 20 percent of the white population of the colonies, or about 500,000 people, were Loyalists. As the war concluded with Great Britain defeated by the Americans and the French, the most active Loyalists were no longer welcome in the United States, and sought to move elsewhere in the British Empire. The large majority

pos: Robert Land Academy on-campus throughout the school year. The barracks are normally named in tribute to famous military figures in pre-Confederation Canadian history, such as Major-General Isaac Brock (leader of British forces at the Battle of Queenston Heights during the War of 1812), Major John Butler (leader of the irregular militia regiment named after him, Butler's Rangers, formed for service in the American Revolutionary War), and Joseph Brant (1743–1807) who was a Mohawk military and political leader who was closely associated with Great Britain during and after the American Revolution. The school itself is named after Robert Land, a United Empire Loyalist originally

pos: Kinache Kinache Kinache (c. 1750-c. 1819) was a Seminole chieftain who commanded Seminole forces against the United States during the American Revolution and later during the First Seminole War. He is also known as Kinhega, Kinheja, Kinhija, Opie Mico, Kapitca Mico, Capichee Mico, Tom Perryman and Lye Drop Mico (the latter meaning ""Far Off Warrior""). Kinache was a prominent chieftain among the Seminoles along the mouth of the Apalachicola River during the late eighteenth century when he allied with Great Britain during the American Revolution. Following Great Britain's defeat, Kinache moved to a Miccosukee village on the west side of Lake

pos: Conway, South Carolina Revolution, and small engagements were fought near Kingston at Bear Bluff and at Black Lake. Francis Marion, who was known as the "Swamp Fox", had an encampment near Kingston just across the Waccamaw River. The areas of Kingston and Charles Town, S.C. were communities with a higher population of Tories than many other Colonial American towns during the revolutionary war era. A Tory was a colonist who supported the government during that period. After the war, patriotic citizens wanted to discard the name that honored Great Britain's King George II. The county's name was changed to Horry (pronounced "oh-ree") in

neg: Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder and the Cold War in the Caribbean Fidel Castro, Rafael Trujillo and François Duvalier. Tunzelmann describes the US administration as being blindsided during the Batista regime. As Castro emerges, the spectre of communism at its backdoor becomes the overriding concern of American policy in its dealings with its neighbors. Tunzelmann makes the case that Fidel Castro (in contrast to his brother Raul and Che Guevara) was not a communist at the beginning of the revolution, rather a nationalist who wanted to free his country from US domination and corruption, yet was gradually pushed by American policy into the communist camp. His initial overtures toward the US government

neg: United States and the Haitian Revolution Southern slaveholders feared the revolt might spread from the island of Hispaniola to their own plantations. Against this background and with the declared primary goal of maintaining social order in Haiti, the US attempted to suppress the revolution, refusing acknowledgement of Haitian independence until 1862, during the heat of the American Civil War when southern slaveholders who had opposed recognition largely left the Senate. The US also embargoed trade with the nascent state. American merchants had conducted a substantial trade with the plantations on Hispaniola throughout the 18th century, the French-ruled territory providing nearly all of its sugar and coffee.

neg: Raid on Chester, Nova Scotia Raid on Chester, Nova Scotia The Raid on Chester occurred during the American Revolution when the US privateer, Captain Noah Stoddard of Fairhaven, Massachusetts, and four other privateer vessels attacked the British settlement at Chester, Nova Scotia on 30 June 1782. The town was defended by Captain Jonathan Prescott and Captain Jacob Millett. During the American Revolution, Nova Scotia was invaded regularly by American Revolutionary forces by land and sea. Throughout the war, American privateers devastated the maritime economy by raiding many of the coastal communities. There were constant attacks by privateers, which began seven years earlier with the Raid

neg: Samuel Barron (1765–1810) Samuel Barron (1809–1888), served with distinction in the United States Navy, until he resigned his commission in April 1861 to join the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. Samuel Barron (1765–1810) Samuel Barron (September 25, 1765 – November 10, 1810) was a United States Navy officer. He was an older brother of Commodore James Barron, also a US Navy officer. Samuel Barron was born in Hampton, Virginia, the son of a merchant captain named James Barron who became Commodore of the tiny Virginia State Navy during the American Revolution. Barron studied at William and Mary College, and received

neg: Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782) Stoddard led approximately 170 US privateers in four heavily armed vessels and overpowered Lunenburg’s defence, capturing the blockhouses and burning the house of Jessen. The privateers then looted the settlement and kept the militia at bay with the threat of destroying the entire town. The American privateers plundered the town and took three prisoners, including Creighton, who were later released from Boston without a ransom having been paid. During the American Revolution, Nova Scotia was invaded regularly by American Revolutionary forces by land and sea. Throughout the war, American privateers devastated the maritime economy by raiding many of the coastal

neg: Latin American studies and country was a vital tool for scholars in the field. With the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the US government began seriously focusing on Latin America as Cuba and the hemisphere was seen to be an integral element of Cold War politics. The Latin American historian who wrote the early history of the founding of the Latin American Studies Association wryly suggested in 1966 that at some future date Latin Americanists should erect a statue to Fidel Castro, the "remote godfather" of the field, who instigated a renewed US interest in the region. Interest in Latin American studies increased starting

neg: Miami people (except when attacked by Augustin de La Balme in 1780). The U.S. government did not trust their neutrality, however. US forces attacked Kekionga several times during the Northwest Indian War shortly after the American Revolution. Each attack was repulsed, including the battle known as St. Clair's Defeat, recognized as the worst defeat of an American army by Native Americans in U.S. history. The Northwest Indian War ended with the Battle of Fallen Timbers and Treaty of Greenville. Those Miami who still resented the United States gathered around Ouiatenon and Prophetstown, where Shawnee Chief Tecumseh led a coalition of Native American

neg: Russian Empire–United States relations World War I the United States declaration of war on Germany (1917) came after the Czar was overthrown in the February Revolution. Because of it, The United States used this new provisional government to describe how the new democratic nations are fighting against autocratic old empires of Germany and Austria-Hungary. During the war, the American Expeditionary Forces were just starting to see battle when the October Revolution removed Russia from the war. Even before Germany surrendered, the US participated in Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War with the Polar Bear Expedition and the American Expeditionary Force Siberia. Russian Empire–United

neg: Herbert Sawyer Herbert Sawyer Admiral Sir Herbert Sawyer KCB (fl. 1783–1833) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the American Revolution, the French Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars. He eventually rose to the rank of Admiral. Sawyer was born the eldest son of Admiral Herbert Sawyer and followed his father into the navy. He saw service during the American Revolution, serving with his father who (by this time) was a captain and commanded a number of ships during the war. By the end of the war, the younger Sawyer was in command of

neg: United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Jacobo Arbenz. Arbenz was overthrown during the US-backed 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état leading to right-wing US-endorsed authoritarian governments. and nearly 40 years of civil war in the Central American country. United States president Ronald Reagan, who sought to prevent the spread of communism in Central American countries near the United States, officially met with far-right Guatemalan dictator accused of crimes against humanity Efraín Ríos Montt in Honduras, giving a strong support to his regime. After the Sandinista Revolution that overthrew pro-American dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle, Nicaragua faced the USA sponsored rebel far-right Contra guerrilla. After the return of the democracy,

neg: History of women in the United States settlement houses had been established in America; the majority of settlement house workers were women. During the Spanish–American War (1898) thousands of US soldiers sick with typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever overwhelmed the capabilities of the Army Medical Department, so Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee suggested to the Army Surgeon General that the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) be appointed to select professionally qualified nurses to serve under contract to the US Army. Before the war ended, 1,500 civilian contract nurses were assigned to Army hospitals in the US, Hawaii (not a state at that time), Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam

neg: Timeline of United States military operations United States apologized in 1993. 1894: Nicaragua: July 6 to August 7, US forces sought to protect American interests at Bluefields following a revolution. 1894–1895: China: Marines were stationed at Tientsin and penetrated to Peking for protection purposes during the First Sino-Japanese War. 1894–1895: China: A naval vessel was beached and used as a fort at Newchwang for protection of American nationals. 1894–1896: Korea: July 24, 1894 to April 3, 1896, A guard of marines was sent to protect the American legation and American lives and interests at Seoul during and following the Sino-Japanese War. 1895: Colombia: March 8 and

neg: Timeline of United States military operations 1888 to March 20, 1889, US forces were landed to protect American citizens and the consulate during a native civil war. 1889: Kingdom of Hawaii: July 30 and 31, US forces at Honolulu protected the interests of Americans living in Hawaii during an American led revolution. 1890: Argentina: A naval party landed to protect US consulate and legation in Buenos Aires. 1890: South Dakota: On December 29, soldiers of the US Army 7th Cavalry killed 178 Sioux Amerindians following an incident over a disarmament-inspection at a Lakota Sioux encampment near Wounded Knee Creek. 89 other Amerinds were injured, 150 were

neg: Gadsden flag the rattlesnake from the flag is also shown on the US Army's Drill Sergeant Identification Badge. After the Snake on Stripes Flag became the Navy's symbol for the Global War on Terrorism, flag history professionals (vexillologists) have done extensive research papers that further question the claim that the flag ever flew during the American Revolution, yet it continues to fly at the bow of American warships today. For historical reasons, the Gadsden flag is still popularly flown in Charleston, South Carolina, the city where Christopher Gadsden first presented the flag and where it was commonly used during the revolution, along

neg: M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun were transferred to Lt. John Parker's Gatling Gun Detachment, who used them in the siege of Santiago. The M1895 in 6mm Lee was also utilized by American Naval and Marine forces during the Philippine–American War, and the Boxer Rebellion, where it proved to be accurate and reliable. Around 1904 the Mexican government purchased 150 of these guns in 7mm Mauser caliber, and these guns were employed throughout the protracted Mexican Revolution. Use of the 7mm M1895 in the Mexican Revolution has been photographically documented, including the use of the gun by what appears to be a Villista. The US Navy

neg: Mark M. Boatner III United States Declaration of Independence. Boatner wrote "Landmarks of the American Revolution" in 1973. During his career, he earned a master's degree in international affairs from the US Army War College and George Washington University. He retired from the army with the rank of colonel. Mark M. Boatner III Mark Mayo Boatner III (28 June 1921 – 10 June 2006) was an American soldier, historian, and author. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in the June 1943 class and fought in World War II and the Korean War. While teaching military history at West Point he wrote and published

neg: Battle of Jupiter Inlet Jones, Ar-pi-uck-i, the spiritual medicine and war chief of the Miccosukee and Seminole people during the war. The officers that advanced on the camp were outnumbered and ambushed. After a long fight, the US retreated with five men killed in action and about twenty others wounded. Ltn. Powell was one of those killed in battle. (Note: Conflicting Biographies exist. See footnotes for Levin Powell, who survived the war and was later promoted.) After the American Revolution, Spain regained control of Florida from Britain as part of the Treaty of Paris, and the Seminoles set up farms and acquired land grants

neg: Samuel Barron (1765–1810) Samuel Barron (1765–1810) Samuel Barron (September 25, 1765 – November 10, 1810) was a United States Navy officer. He was an older brother of Commodore James Barron, also a US Navy officer. Samuel Barron was born in Hampton, Virginia, the son of a merchant captain named James Barron who became Commodore of the tiny Virginia State Navy during the American Revolution. Barron studied at William and Mary College, and received his early training at sea from his father. He became a midshipman on the frigate "Dragon" and served in the Virginia Navy during the latter part of the Revolutionary War.

neg: Thomas Glascock Siege of Savannah, while serving in Georgia in the Virginia Dragoons during the American Revolution. General Glascock's subsequent appointment as "Marshal of Georgia" was conferred upon him by President George Washington on May 31, 1794. Thomas Jr's grandfather was Colonel William Glascock, who was acting governor of Georgia for a period during the American Revolution at Augusta. President George Washington stayed with William at the Glascock family plantation in Augusta during his presidency. Glascock was as a captain of Volunteers in the War of 1812. He was subsequently commissioned as a brigadier general in the Georgia Militia and served in

neg: Tax resistance Spanish, and Aztec. Reports of collective tax refusal include Zealots resisting the Roman poll tax during the 1st century AD, culminating in the First Jewish–Roman War. Other historic events that originated as tax revolts include the Magna Carta, the American Revolution and the French Revolution. War tax resisters often highlight the relationship between income tax and war. In Britain income tax was introduced in 1799, to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic wars, whilst the US federal government imposed their first income tax in the Revenue Act of 1861 to help pay for the American Civil

neg: Loyalist (American Revolution) compensated with Canadian land or British cash distributed through formal claims procedures. Loyalists who left the US received £3 million or about 37 percent of their losses from the British government. Loyalists who stayed in the US were generally able to retain their property and become American citizens. Historians have estimated that between 15 and 20 percent of the two million whites in the colonies in 1775 were Loyalists (300,000-400,000). Families were often divided during the American Revolution, and many felt themselves to be both American and British, still owing a loyalty to the mother country. Maryland lawyer Daniel Dulaney

neg: Jasper, Texas River", after John R. Bevil, a hero of the American Revolution. In 1835, the town was renamed after William Jasper, a war hero from the American Revolution, who was killed attempting to plant the American flag at the storming of Savannah in 1779. Jasper was one of the 23 original counties when the Republic of Texas was created in 1836. Jasper became the county seat in 1844 and became part of the United States with the annexation of Texas in 1845. During the Civil War, the town housed a Confederate quartermaster depot and served as a major center for Confederate

neg: Timeline of United States military operations reported missing; Army casualties were 25 killed, 39 wounded. 1891: Haiti: US forces sought to protect American lives and property on Navassa Island. 1891: Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations: July 2 to October 5, Naval forces sought to stop seal poaching. 1891: Itata Incident: US and European naval forces intercepted and detained a shipment of arms sent to the Congressionalist forces in the Chilean Civil War. 1891: Chile: August 28 to 30, US forces protected the American consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it during a revolution in Valparaíso. 1892: Homestead Strike: On July 6, striking

neg: Pirates of the Revolution the Concord (American UL147), and the Franklin (American UL148). These tins were mostly sold in mass-market retail outlets like Toys "R" Us and Target. By early 2006 the unlimited packs were showing up in regular hobby stores as well. Pirates of the Revolution Pirates of the Revolution is the third installment of the constructible strategy game Pirates of the Spanish Main by WizKids. As its name suggests, it takes place during the Revolutionary War. "Pirates of the Revolution" contains a total of 144 new ships, crew, forts, and treasure, printed on a deep blue background with the star expansion symbol

neg: Fort Ticonderoga Ticonderoga during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. The fort conducts other seminars, symposia, and workshops throughout the year, including the annual War College of the Seven Years' War in May and the Seminar on the American Revolution in September. The Pell family estate is located north of the fort. In 1921, Sarah Pell undertook reconstruction of the gardens. She hired Marian Cruger Coffin, one of the most famous American landscape architects of the period. In 1995, the gardens were restored and later opened for public visiting; they are known as the King's Garden. The US Navy

neg: Ramón Eduardo Ruiz Ramón Eduardo Ruiz Ramón Eduardo Ruiz (September 9, 1921 – July 6, 2010) was an American historian of Mexico and Latin America. He was the author of fifteen books on Mexican and Latin American history and in 1998 he was awarded the US National Humanities Medal. Ruiz was born in San Diego, California as the son of a former member of the Mexican Navy who left that country during the Mexican revolution. He served as a Pacific B-29 pilot in the Army Air Forces during World War II. He earned his bachelor's degree from San Diego State University in 1947,

neg: USS Louisiana (BB-19) the Great White Fleet. A pair of trips to European waters took place in 1910 and 1911. From 1913, she began to become involved in the Mexican Revolution, as the US Navy began to send ships to protect American interests in the country. This activity culminated in the US occupation of Veracruz in April 1914. During World War I, "Louisiana" was employed as a training ship before serving as a convoy escort in late 1918. After the war ended that year, she was used to ferry American soldiers back from France. With this work completed, she was decommissioned in October

neg: Linton Wells Linton Wells Linton Wells (1893–1976) was an American foreign correspondent, world traveler and pioneer broadcaster. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, on April 1, 1893, he attended the US Naval Academy with the Class of 1914, but left before graduation. He began his career as a foreign correspondent with the China Press in Shanghai in 1912, covering Sun Yat Sen and the Xinhai Revolution. Returning from China early in World War I via Europe, he covered a revolution in Mexico, learned to fly in 1915, and helped build the first dam in Samoa. After service in the Navy during World War I,

neg: Linton Wells Linton Wells Linton Wells (1893–1976) was an American foreign correspondent, world traveler and pioneer broadcaster. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, on April 1, 1893, he attended the US Naval Academy with the Class of 1914, but left before graduation. He began his career as a foreign correspondent with the China Press in Shanghai in 1912, covering Sun Yat Sen and the Xinhai Revolution. Returning from China early in World War I via Europe, he covered a revolution in Mexico, learned to fly in 1915, and helped build the first dam in Samoa. After service in the Navy during World War I,

neg: Melting pot and 1920s, and became widely popular during the 1940s. The concept of cultural pluralism first emerged in the 1910s and 1920s among intellectual circles out of the debates in the United States over how to approach issues of immigration and national identity. The First World War heightened tensions between Anglo-American and German-Americans. The war and the Russian Revolution, which caused a "Red Scare" in the US, which also fanned feelings of xenophobia. During and immediately after the First World War, the concept of the melting pot was equated by Nativists with complete cultural assimilation towards an Anglo-American norm ("Anglo-conformity") on

neg: Philippine Revolutionary Army who volunteered to join during the course of the revolution. Conscription in the revolutionary army was in effect in the Philippines and military service was mandatory at that time by the order of Gen. Antonio Luna, the Chief Commander of the Army during the Philippine–American War. During the existence of the Revolutionary Army, over 100 individuals were appointed to General Officer grades. For details, see the List of Filipino generals in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War article. The Philippine revolutionary army has been mentioned in several Books and movies. Philippine Revolutionary Army The Philippine Revolutionary Army (Filipino: Panghimagsikang

neg: Abraham Buford of whom served with distinction as officers during the American Revolution. Their Civil War descendants included Union Major Generals John Buford, who distinguished himself at the Battle of Gettysburg, and Napoleon Bonaparte Buford and Confederate General Abraham Buford. Abraham Buford Abraham Buford (July 21, 1747 – June 30, 1833) was a Continental Army officer during the American Revolutionary War, best known as the commanding officer of the American forces at the Battle of Waxhaws. Born in Culpeper County, Virginia, Buford quickly organized a company of minutemen upon the outbreak of war in 1775, eventually rising to the rank of colonel

neg: Loyalist (American Revolution) Loyalist (American Revolution) Loyalists were American colonists who stayed loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War, often called Tories, Royalists, or King's Men at the time. They were opposed by the Patriots, who supported the revolution, and called them "persons inimical to the liberties of America". Prominent Loyalists repeatedly assured the British government that many thousands of them would spring to arms and fight for the crown. The British government acted in expectation of that, especially in the southern campaigns in 1780-81. In practice, the number of Loyalists in military service was far lower than expected since

neg: Military ranks of the Philippines Military ranks of the Philippines The following list presents the ranks and insignia of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, one of Asia's oldest armed services. The current Philippine military ranks are inspired partially by the very first military insignia used by the military forces during the Philippine Revolution of 1896 and the Philippine–American War, and the insignia used by the Philippine Constabulary raised in 1902 during the final days of the Philippine–American War, which was basically the same style of insignia used by the United States Army at that time. Elements of both the US army ranks and the

neg: British Empire Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution. Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated again during the Napoleonic Wars, as Britain tried to cut off American trade with France and boarded American ships to impress men into the Royal Navy. The US declared war, the War of 1812, and invaded Canadian territory. In response Britain invaded

neg: Thompson submachine gun early part of the conflict. Many of these weapons were captured and placed into service with American soldiers and Marines for the balance of the war. The Yugoslav Army received 34,000 M1A1 Thompsons during the 1950s as part of a "US Military Aid to Yugoslavia Agreement". These guns were used during the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s. During the Cuban Revolution, the Thompson submachine gun was used by some of Fidel Castro's guerrillas. During the Vietnam War, some South Vietnamese army units and defense militia were armed with Thompson submachine guns, and a few of these weapons were used by

neg: Nathaniel Saltonstall (American Revolution) at Mound Cemetery in Marietta, along with Commodore Abraham Whipple of the Continental Navy and many other American Revolutionary War soldiers and pioneers. Lake Saltonstall and Saltonstall Mountain in Branford, Connecticut are named in his honor. Nathaniel Saltonstall (American Revolution) Nathaniel Saltonstall (1727–1807) was a Connecticut militiaman and a captain of Connecticut naval privateer ships during the American Revolutionary War (not to be confused with another Connecticut naval officer with the same surname, Dudley Saltonstall). Nathaniel Saltonstall was in command of the "old fort" at New London, Connecticut at the start of the war, and subsequently served as a naval

neg: Noah Stoddard Noah Stoddard Captain Noah Stoddard (1755–1850) of Fairhaven, Massachusetts was an American privateer who distinguished himself during the American Revolution by leading the Raid on Lunenburg (1782). In the raid, Stoddard led four other privateer vessels and attacked the British settlement at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia on July 1, 1782. In Nova Scotia, the assault on Lunenburg was the most spectacular raid of the war. Stoddard was involved in the first naval engagement of the American Revolution, Battle off Fairhaven, when patriots retrieved two vessels that had been captured by the British sloop of war, "Falcon", in Buzzards Bay. On May

neg: American Revolution for the revolution. The amendments were ratified by the states in 1791. The national debt fell into three categories after the American Revolution. The first was the $12 million owed to foreigners, mostly money borrowed from France. There was general agreement to pay the foreign debts at full value. The national government owed $40 million and state governments owed $25 million to Americans who had sold food, horses, and supplies to the revolutionary forces. There were also other debts that consisted of promissory notes issued during the Revolutionary War to soldiers, merchants, and farmers who accepted these payments on the

neg: Egg tapping prisoner of war, Thomas Anbury, in Frederick Town in Maryland in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War. The local custom at that time was to dye the eggs with Logwood or Bloodwood to give them a crimson color which as Anbury observed gave them "great strength". Thomas Anbury was a young British officer who travelled extensively as a prisoner-of-war during the American Revolution. Anbury was near Frederick Town in Maryland, July 11, 1781, when he noted the egg picking custom which was prevalent at that time. By the mid-20th century, a Baltimore Maryland newspaper, the Evening Sun would devote an

neg: Daughters of Revolution matter." Daughters of Revolution Daughters of Revolution (1932) is a painting by American artist Grant Wood; he claimed it as his only satire. In 1927, Wood was commissioned to create a stained glass window in the Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Unhappy with the quality of domestic glass sources, he used glass made in Germany. The local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) complained about the use of a German source for a World War I memorial, as Germany had been an enemy of the US in that war. They expressed a lingering anti-German sentiment

neg: Daughters of Revolution Daughters of Revolution Daughters of Revolution (1932) is a painting by American artist Grant Wood; he claimed it as his only satire. In 1927, Wood was commissioned to create a stained glass window in the Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Unhappy with the quality of domestic glass sources, he used glass made in Germany. The local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) complained about the use of a German source for a World War I memorial, as Germany had been an enemy of the US in that war. They expressed a lingering anti-German sentiment in

neg: Loyalism Loyalism In general, loyalism is an individual's allegiance toward an established government, political party, or sovereign, especially during times of war and revolt. In the United States, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Crown, especially to opponents of the American Revolution and those exiles who went to Canada and Mexico. The term "loyalist" was also used during the Spanish Civil War, applying to Republicans who remained loyal to the Spanish Republic against Franco's "Nationalists." In North America, the term "loyalist" characterised colonists who rejected the American Revolution in favour of remaining within the

neg: Sloop Montgomery Providence, Rhode Island (Captain Daniel Bucklin). Extensive records concerning the New York State Sloop Montgomery can be found the volumes of, "Naval Documents of the American Revolution". Sloop Montgomery The Sloop "Montgomery" (1776) was an American privateer during the American Revolution. It was captained by William Rogers, who was succeed by William Mercier. It compiled a successful capture record during its service. It sailed in tandem with "Schuyler", both of whom shipped out of New York City harbor in 1776. Officers of the "Montgomery": There were a few ships during the war named "Montgomery". The one concerned here was operated

neg: Philippine National Police writing about several cases of Civil Guardsmen abusing the local populace.) Civil Guardsmen formed part of the Spanish military forces that fought against Filipino rebels during the Philippine Revolution. With the beginning of American rule and the Philippine–American War, the Philippine Constabulary (PC) was raised in 1901 as a national gendarmerie force for law enforcement, directly reporting to the American government. At the same time, what is now the Manila Police District came into existence as the Philippines' first city police force. Later police forces began to model the US departments. The gendarmerie force was later integrated into the ranks

neg: Leonard Wright Colby packing houses in South Omaha, Nebraska, where order was restored without damage or casualty. In December, 1896, during the progress of the Cuban revolution against Spain, Colby commenced the organization of the American-Cuban Volunteer Legion, and in the following year, he completed the enrollment of 25,000 American volunteers, with headquarters at Matamoros, Mexico, and raised US$1,200,000 for the establishment of the Cuban republic. Upon the destruction of the battleship "Maine", in Havana Harbor, he tendered the services of the Cuban Legion in the approaching Spanish–American War. Colby was commissioned June 3, 1898, by President McKinley, as brigadier general of United

neg: F. Van Wyck Mason per year, which he was to maintain for the next quarter century. His style was well refined by this time, and he published a series of fairly popular books. He finished his American Revolution series with "Eagle in the Sky" during 1948. The next year, he wrote "Cutlass Empire", a popular novel about the famous buccaneer Henry Morgan, and during 1951 started a trilogy about the US Civil War. During the 1950s, he rewrote more of his pulps for the paperback market and published a successful youth book named "The Winter At Valley Forge" during 1955. After that, he continued

neg: Germans in the American Revolution were first-generation Pennsylvanians who were educated at the German Francke Foundations. Pennsylvania Germans were recruited for the American Provost corps under Captain Bartholomew von Heer, a Prussian officer who had immigrated to Reading, Pennsylvania, prior to the war. During the Revolutionary War the "Marechaussee" Corps were utilized in a variety of ways, including intelligence gathering, route security, enemy prisoner of war operations, and even combat during the Battle of Springfield. The Marechausee also provided security for Washington's headquarters during the Battle of Yorktown, acted as his security detail, and was one of the last units deactivated after the Revolutionary War.

neg: Bantayan Island of Spain in the Spanish–American War, a new government was born to the Philippines. With instructions from President McKinley, General Otis, who commanded the US Army in the Philippines, declared that the American sovereignty must be recognized without condition. This was the beginning of the American period. This island-group did not taken any active part in the revolution against Spain or America. However, after the Filipino–American War, a reactionary group was organized, headed by Patorete of Santa Fe, then still a barrio of Bantayan. Their announced purpose was to resist the invaders, but the armed goons carried a campaign of

neg: Gustavus De Russy He was buried in Elmwood Cemetery in his hometown. Gustavus De Russy Gustavus Adolphus De Russy (November 3, 1818 – May 29, 1891) was a US Army career officer, who was a part of the prominent De Russy military family. He was promoted to the rank of general during the American Civil War. De Russy was born in Brooklyn to American army officer René Edward De Russy (1789–1865) and Harriet Elizabeth Taylor (1805–1834). His father was born in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) in 1789 and his French colonial family moved as refugees to Virginia two years later, fleeing the revolution on

neg: Loyalist (American Revolution) up not only their allegiance to Britain but one of their most dearly held prejudices." Loyalist (American Revolution) Loyalists were American colonists who stayed loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War, often called Tories, Royalists, or King's Men at the time. They were opposed by the Patriots, who supported the revolution, and called them "persons inimical to the liberties of America". Prominent Loyalists repeatedly assured the British government that many thousands of them would spring to arms and fight for the crown. The British government acted in expectation of that, especially in the southern campaigns in 1780-81.

neg: History of the US Army National Guard of the Garde Nationale de Paris during the French Revolution. During a review of militia units Lafayette took note of the term, and as it grew in popularity it was adopted by many militia units in the years that followed. In the United States in the mid-1840s, war with Mexico had the support of Southern Democrats and their allies in the north, who were anxious to annex Texas and gain states that would permit slavery, while Northern Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats generally opposed the war because they did not support the extension of slavery. At the start of the war,

neg: Gustavus De Russy Gustavus De Russy Gustavus Adolphus De Russy (November 3, 1818 – May 29, 1891) was a US Army career officer, who was a part of the prominent De Russy military family. He was promoted to the rank of general during the American Civil War. De Russy was born in Brooklyn to American army officer René Edward De Russy (1789–1865) and Harriet Elizabeth Taylor (1805–1834). His father was born in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) in 1789 and his French colonial family moved as refugees to Virginia two years later, fleeing the revolution on the island. Gustavus's sister, Clara Louise De Russey (1829–1900),

neg: Stephen Decatur Sr. Stephen Decatur Sr. Stephen Decatur Sr. (June 1751 – November 11, 1808) was an American naval captain in the Revolutionary War and later in the Quasi-War. He was the father of Stephen Decatur Jr. Born in Newport, Rhode Island, Decatur was a merchant captain before the Revolution. He married Ann Pine; in addition to their famous son, they had two other children, Lieutenant James Decatur, who was killed in action in 1804 during the Barbary Wars, and Ann Decatur McKnight. During the American Revolution he commanded the "Royal Louis", the "Comet", the "Retaliation", the "Rising Sun", and the "Fair American".

neg: Christopher Billop Christopher Billop Christopher Billopp (1738March 29, 1827) was a British loyalist during the American Revolution who commanded a Tory detachment during the war, earning him the sobriquet, "Tory Colonel". After the American Revolution he emigrated to New Brunswick, Canada along with other United Empire Loyalists and became a politician. He represented Saint John in the 1st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly. He was born on Staten Island in New York, the eldest of eight children born to Thomas and Sarah Farmar Billopp. His father Thomas was the son of Anne Billopp who married Colonel Thomas Farmar in 1705. Anne Billopp and

neg: Sino-American Cooperative Organization after the Communist takeover, SACO became associated with imperial foreign aggression and atrocities of the revolution were attributed to sinister US involvement. The Chinese government memorialized incidents of torture and massacre at Chongqing former SACO HQ at Happy Valley, and displayed the "Gele Mountain Revolution Memorial Museum" in Geleshan, citing American supplied handcuffs and weapons in the exhibition as evidence of American involvement. The coalition was blamed for atrocities committed years after dissolution, with no acknowledgement of SACO's participation in the war against Japan. Only recently has the government taken a position to "restore history's original face." The 1953 movie

neg: Adriano Hernández Adriano Hernández Adriano Dayot Hernández (September 8, 1870 – February 16, 1925), was a Filipino revolutionary, patriot and military strategist during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War. Hernández was born on September 8, 1870. He was a Spanish mestizo who studied at the Dingle Catholic School in Dingle, Iloilo and later at the Ateneo Municipal in Manila. During the Philippine Revolution, Hernández organized a revolutionary movement in Iloilo against the Spanish colonial authorities and then from 1898, against the United States. He was a leader, along with Julio Hernández and Nicolas Roces, of the Cry of Lincud which occurred

neg: Samuel Hildreth (American Revolution) with many other Revolutionary War soldiers and sailors. His son was later buried nearby within Mound Cemetery. Mound Cemetery reportedly contains the largest number of Revolutionary War officers buried in one location. Samuel Hildreth is one of thirty-seven Revolutionary War veterans at the cemetery noted by the Washington County Historical Society. Samuel Hildreth (American Revolution) Samuel Hildreth (1750–1823) was a surgeon in the Massachusetts militia and aboard Massachusetts naval privateers during the American Revolutionary War, and was subsequently a prisoner-of-war. After the war, he became a shareholder in the Ohio Company of Associates, though he did not move from Massachusetts

neg: Museum of the American Revolution and novelist), James Hattendorf (US Naval War College), Don Higginbotham (University of North Carolina), Pauline Maier (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Holly Mayer (Duquesne University), Thomas McGuire (Malvern Preparatory School), David McCullough (Yale University), Gary Nash (University of California, LA), Ray Raphael (University of California, Berkeley), Matthew Spooner (Columbia University), Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (Harvard University), and Gordon S. Wood (Brown University). The Museum of the American Revolution has a collection of several thousand objects. The museum's collection includes items owned and used by General George Washington during the War of Independence, an extensive collection of historic firearms and edged weapons, important

neg: Rufus Putnam who became a renowned general during the American Revolution were cousins. After Rufus Putnam's mother married John Sadler, Rufus lived with his mother and stepfather in Sutton, where the family ran an inn. Putnam served with a Connecticut regiment from 1757 to 1760, during the French and Indian War. During the war, Putnam saw action in the Great Lakes region, and near Lake Champlain. After the war, Putnam relocated to New Braintree, Massachusetts. There, he worked as a millwright from 1761 to 1768. He was very famous after the War. Established at work, in April 1761 Putnam married Elizabeth Ayers,

neg: Peter Stephen Du Ponceau a dissatisfaction with the scholarly philosophy taught there. He emigrated to America in 1777, at age 17, with Baron von Steuben, who was 30 years his senior. Du Ponceau served as a secretary to Steuben in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. After the war, he settled in Philadelphia, where he would spend the rest of his life. Among his acquaintances were many important figures of the American Revolution, including Alexander Hamilton, John Laurens, Lafayette and James Monroe. Du Ponceau joined the American Philosophical Society in 1791 and later served as its president, from 1827 until his death. He

neg: Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782) Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782) The Raid on Lunenburg (also known as the Sack of Lunenburg) occurred during the American Revolution when the US privateer, Captain Noah Stoddard of Fairhaven, Massachusetts, and four other privateer vessels attacked the British settlement at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia on 1 July 1782. The raid was the last major privateer attack on a Nova Scotia community during the war. Lunenburg was defended by militia leaders Colonel John Creighton and Major Dettlieb Christopher Jessen. In Nova Scotia, the assault on Lunenburg was the most spectacular raid of the war. On the morning of 1 July

neg: Military history of Canada American empire. Many Americans who remained loyal to the Crown, known as the United Empire Loyalists, moved north, greatly expanding the English-speaking population of what became known as British North America. The independent republic of the United States emerged to the south. After the cessation of hostilities at the end of the American Revolution, animosity and suspicion continued between the United States and the United Kingdom, erupting in 1812 when the Americans declared war on the British. Among the reasons for the war was British harassment of US ships (including impressment of American seamen into the Royal Navy), a byproduct

neg: Abijah Willard Abijah Willard Abijah Willard (27 July 1724 at Lancaster, Massachusetts – 28 May 1789 in Saint John, New Brunswick) was a soldier during the French and Indian War who wrote a journal during the Expulsion of the Acadians. During King George's War, he fought in the Siege of Louisbourg (1745). During the French and Indian War, he fought in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour. On the eve the American Revolution, Willard was imprisoned in Connecticut. He went with the Loyalists in Boston and left for Halifax, Nova Scotia. He returned to New York but was again evacuated to Nova Scotia,

neg: Mary Draper melted family heirlooms for bullets and gave them to the soldiers in war. Mary was an influence on the American Revolution but sadly, she died at the age of 91. Mary Draper's view on war was that she wanted to go to war to gain American freedom. Mary Draper Mary Alvis Draper (April 4, 1719 – 1810) is known for the help she gave members of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Her story is told in Elizabeth F. Ellet's "The Women of the American Revolution" (1848). Mary Draper was born Mary Alvis to Nathaniel Alvis and Mary Chickering.

neg: John E. Hamm John E. Hamm John E. Hamm, M.D. (May 31, 1776, in Kent Co., near Dover, Delaware – March 22, 1864, in Zanesville, Muskingum Co., Ohio) was an American US Army colonel, doctor and politician, diplomat, industrialist, and Marshall of the State of Ohio during the War of 1812. His father and grandfather were both members of the Kent Co. Delaware Committee of Observation and Inspection during the American Revolution. He moved to Ohio in 1808, at the end of the 10 years required for his administration of his father's estate. John Hamm earned his medical degree from Medical College of

neg: French in Syracuse, New York At the same time, the war spread into Asia as the "Third Carnatic War". The "French and Indian War" not only stripped France of its North American empire, it also caused Britain to change its relationship to its colonies, a change that eventually led to the "American Revolution". During the "French and Indian War" (1754–1763), Native Americans were allied with both sides. The Iroquois sided with the British against the French and their Algonquin allies who were traditionally the enemies of the Iroquois. The "Old French Fort" at the "Mission of Sainte Marie" was one of the first attempts to

neg: Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus the fighting. The persecution of the church was evident before the socialist revolution, and was only augmented during the war. As a response to this, the church – now left largely to itself by many foreign missionaries who were evacuated for safety’s sake – began to develop a rugged theology responding to its suffering, with phrases such as “God is with us” and “Hitherto the Lord has helped us” emphasized in the church’s conferences of the time. One of the EECMY pastors who emerged as a political and religious leader in this trying time was Gudina Tumsa, who has been

neg: Spanish language in the Philippines language was demonized as a sad reminder of the past. These ideas gradually inculcated into the minds of the young generation of Filipinos (during and after the American administration) who used those history textbooks at school that tended to generalize all Spaniards as villains due to lack of emphasis on Filipino people of Spanish ancestry who were also against the local Spanish government and clergy and also fought and died for the sake of freedom during the 19th century revolts, during the Philippine Revolution, during the Philippine–American War and during World War II. By the 1940s as children educated in

neg: Andrés Bonifacio but Bonifacio was definitely a threat to the Cavite leaders who wanted control of the Revolution, so he was eliminated. Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had no record of compromise with the Spanish with the Cavite leaders who did compromise, resulting in the Pact of Biak-na-Bato whereas the revolution was officially halted and its leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight especially "Katipunan" leaders used to be close to Bonifacio (Aguinaldo eventually, unofficially allied with the United States, did return to take charge of the revolution during the Spanish–American War). Historians have also discussed the motives of the Cavite government

neg: American Jewish Anti-Bolshevism during the Russian Revolution numerous authors including Sack. The Bureau supported Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak and Anton Ivanovich Denikin, who were both high ranking Tsarist military officials in the White Movement during the Russian Civil War, and criticized the normalization of both political and economic relations between the United States Government and Bolshevik Russia. By June 1922, the Russian Information Bureau closed. The members of the American Jewish Committee, which was formed in 1906, also dealt with the first Red Scare. During the Russian Revolution, the Committee worked to prevent the association of all Jews with Communism, and it was led by Louis Marshall. In

neg: History of the US Army National Guard including: Many leaders of both British and American forces during the American Revolution had military experience in the French and Indian War, including American militia veterans Washington, Israel Putnam, Daniel Morgan, Adam Stephen, Daniel Boone, Philip Schuyler, John Stark, and John Thomas. When tensions escalated between the British government and the American colonists in the 1760s and 1770s, many citizens began organizing, equipping and training private militia units, in order to have bodies of troops that were outside the control of the royal governors. Militia members served throughout the Revolution, often near their homes, and frequently for short periods. Militia

neg: Hamptonburgh, New York Mayor of New York City during its occupation by the British during the American Revolution). According to "An Outline History of Orange County" by Samuel Watkins Eager p. 378 Campbell Hall was named for Colonel Campbell who was a Scotchman, had 2 sons, and when the war of the Revolution commenced, one sided with England; the other with his adopted country. The tory brother would not speak with his republican relative. The sentiments of this brother were changed by the happy results of the revolution. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of ,

neg: USS Concord (1828) Midshipman John Rodgers, son of the famous Commodore John Rodgers who served in the War of 1812. USS Concord (1828) USS "Concord" was a wooden-hulled, three-masted sloop-of-war of the United States Navy and was launched on 24 September 1828 from the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine. She was the first US Navy vessel to bear the name 'Concord' and was so named after the town of Concord for its role at the beginning of the American Revolution. When empty, the vessel displaced a total of 700 tons. The "Concord" had a complement of 190 officers and seamen with an

neg: Patrick Anderson (assemblyman) his presumed burial site. His son Isaac Anderson (congressman) also served in the Revolution and later as a US Congressman representing the area. Patrick is the Great Grandfather of 2 prominent Pennsylvania political figures, Hon. Matthew S. Quay through the marriage of his daughter, Ascenath Anderson, to Joseph Quay and Gov. Samuel W. Pennypacker through the marriage of his granddaughter, Sarah Anderson, to Matthias Pennypacker. Patrick Anderson (assemblyman) Patrick Anderson (1719–1793) was an American Patriot who was an officer in the French and Indian War and the American Revolution and later was a member of the Pennsylvania General Assembly .

neg: USS Kansas (BB-21) involved in suppressing unrest in several Central American countries, including the United States occupation of Veracruz during the Mexican Revolution. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, "Kansas" was employed as a training ship for new personnel. In September 1918, she began escorting convoys to Europe. After the war ended in November, she then began a series of trips to France to bring American soldiers home. The ship's postwar career was short. She conducted training cruises for US Naval Academy cadets in 1920 and 1921, the first to the Pacific and the second to Europe. During

neg: James C. Dozier James C. Dozier James Cordie Dozier (February 17, 1885 – October 24, 1974) a native of South Carolina was a United States Army officer who received the Medal of Honor for heroism on October 8, 1918 during World War I. Dozier was born on February 17, 1885, at Galivants Ferry in Horry County. The descendant of a long line of Palmetto State Citizen-Soldiers who had served from the American Revolution, through the Spanish–American War, Dozier began his military career with Company H, 118th Infantry Regiment on September 3, 1904. In August 1916, Dozier was sent with the 118th Infantry Regiment

neg: Saint-Avold was designated as a basilica. During the French Revolution, the monastery and church suffered extensive damage; the cloisters were destroyed. The ancient parish church was sacrificed in exchange for keeping Saint Nabor. The abbey also suffered bombing damage during World War II, but much of the church has hence been restored. Just north of the town is the site of Europe's largest United States' World War II military cemetery, the Lorraine American Cemetery and Memorial, with the graves of 10,489 American soldiers who died during World War II. Most of the men were killed during the United States' drive to

neg: Haldimand Proclamation months before, traveled to London, England in November 1775, on the eve of the American Revolution, to obtain a promise from the Crown that if the Iroquois fought on the British side, they would obtain a land grant in Canada. During and after the American Revolution, American colonists confiscated land and property from those who were Loyalists during the war. The British government compensated both Indian and non-Indian Loyalists with cash payments for their losses. By early 1783, Brant had selected the valley of the Grand River as a place of settlement; in 1784 Frederick Haldimand agreed. The land was

neg: German Revolution of 1918–19 Stewards ("Revolutionäre Obleute"), led by their spokesman Richard Müller. The group emerged from a network of left-wing unionists who disagreed with the support of the war that came from the union leadership. The American entry into World War I on 6 April 1917 threatened further deterioration in Germany's military position. Hindenburg and Ludendorff had called for an end to the moratorium on attacks on neutral shipping in the Atlantic, which had been imposed when the "Lusitania", a British ship carrying US citizens, was sunk off Ireland in 1915. Their decision signaled a new strategy to stop the flow of US

neg: Minor American Revolution holidays as the Daughters of the American Revolution, wreath-laying at several gravesites in the area, and reenactments of the Battle and subsequent surrender. Minor American Revolution holidays The following are minor or locally celebrated holidays related to the American Revolution. A Great Jubilee Day, first organized May 26, 1783 in North Stratford, now Trumbull, Connecticut, celebrated end of major fighting in the American Revolutionary War. Bennington Battle Day is a state holiday unique to Vermont which commemorates the American victory at the Battle of Bennington (which actually took place in New York) during the Revolutionary War in 1777. The holiday's date

neg: Halifax Treaties the Treaty of Watertown. Again, the Americans made the treaty to draw Mi'kmaq support away from the British during the American Revolution. The Mi'kmaq signed the Treaty of Watertown with the new United States of America. The Treaty acknowledged the Mi'kmaq ability to continue trade. The Treaty was part of the basis for neutral position taken by the Mi'kmaq during the War of 1812 and why Mi'kmaq took marooned American sailors back to the US without ransom. There has never been a formal objection by Britain or Canada to this treaty or situation. As Mi'kmaq military power waned in the

neg: Military Order of Foreign Wars officers or descendant of veteran officers who had served during the American Revolution, War of 1812, War with Tripoli or the Mexican War. Service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars did not qualify as those were considered domestic rather than foreign conflicts. In 1896 the membership category of Honorary Companion was created for presidents of the United States and officers who had attained the rank of major general or rear admiral. President William McKinley, President Grover Cleveland and Lieutenant General John M. Schofield were among the earliest honorary companions. The qualifications for Honorary Companions were later changed

neg: James Livingston (American Revolution) York State Senator, and Catherine Henry Cady (1820–1899), who married Samuel Wilkeson (1817–1889), son of Samuel Wilkeson, a Mayor of Buffalo. James Livingston (American Revolution) James Livingston (March 27, 1747 – March 9, 1832) born in New York, was living in Quebec (as Canada was known following the French and Indian War) when the American Revolutionary War broke out. He was responsible for raising and leading the 1st Canadian Regiment of the Continental Army during the invasion of Canada, and continued to serve in the war until 1781. He retired to Saratoga, New York, where he served as a state

neg: St. Michael's Church (Trenton, New Jersey) due to an even split of the congregation between Revolutionary and Loyalist sympathies, the building was closed and the congregation disbanded during the American Revolutionary War. During this time, the building was used as a hospital and the churchyard was a burial ground for Hessian soldiers fighting to retain British control of the American Colonies. Reverend William Frazer, who had been a Tory during the American Revolution, was permitted to resume his duties as rector at St. Michael's after the war. Frazer also ran a school, where his students in the early 1790s included the two oldest sons of Alexander

neg: Vernon O. Johnson housing, education, and basic necessities. A vocal critic of the US involvement in Vietnam, he became increasingly concerned with the US role in economic-infrastructure destabilization of other countries. In 1979, during the Nicaraguan Revolution, Johnson went with a Red Cross team to bring medical supplies following the civil war. He returned again in 1983 with a group of journalists. In January 1980, during the Iran hostage crisis, Johnson traveled to Turkey requesting the Iranian embassy allow him to enter Iran to affect the release of the 52 American diplomats and citizens that had been held hostage for two months. News

neg: James Chalmers (loyalist) James Chalmers late of Chelsea, County of Middlesex, who departed this life 3 Oct. 1806, aged 72 years." One of his daughters, Arianna Chalmers, would later marry captain John Saunders, and Chalmers would be described as a "wealthy and distinguished Loyalist who raised the Maryland Loyalists during the American Revolution." James Chalmers (loyalist) James Chalmers was a Loyalist officer and pamphleteer in the American Revolution. Born in Elgin, Moray, Scotland, Chalmers was an ambitious military strategist after the War of Independence, who immigrated to America in 1760 "with several black slaves and 10,00 British pounds in his pocket," settling in

neg: Modernity be the first proper attempt at trying to apply Bacon's scientific method to political subjects , rejecting some aspects of the approach of Hobbes. Modernist republicanism openly influenced the foundation of republics during the Dutch Revolt (1568–1609) , English Civil War (1642–1651) , American Revolution (1775–1783) , the French Revolution (1789–1799), and the Haitian revolution (1791–1804). . A second phase of modernist political thinking begins with Rousseau, who questioned the natural rationality and sociality of humanity and proposed that human nature was much more malleable than had been previously thought. By this logic, what makes a good political system or

neg: Nathaniel Saltonstall (American Revolution) Nathaniel Saltonstall (American Revolution) Nathaniel Saltonstall (1727–1807) was a Connecticut militiaman and a captain of Connecticut naval privateer ships during the American Revolutionary War (not to be confused with another Connecticut naval officer with the same surname, Dudley Saltonstall). Nathaniel Saltonstall was in command of the "old fort" at New London, Connecticut at the start of the war, and subsequently served as a naval commander in service of Nathaniel Shaw of New London. Saltonstall served as first lieutenant on the first voyage of the 24-gun ship "General Putnam"; he was commissioned as captain for the second voyage of the "Putnam":

neg: American Revolution a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self-governing nations with directly elected representative government. The Dutch Republic, also at war with Britain, was the next country to sign a treaty with the United States, on October 8, 1782. On April 3, 1783, Ambassador Extraordinary Gustaf Philip Creutz, representing King Gustav III of Sweden, and Benjamin Franklin, signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the U.S. The American Revolution was the first wave of the Atlantic Revolutions: the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American wars of independence.

neg: USS Morris (1778) USS Morris (1778) The first USS "Morris" was a sailing ship in the Continental Navy in commission from 1778 to 1779. During the American Revolutionary War a party twenty-nine men of the 13th Virginia Regiment led by James Willing departed Fort Pitt and traveled down the Mississippi river where they captured the British ship "Rebecca" moored at Fort Bute. Oliver Pollock, the American commercial agent at New Orleans who had charge of naval affairs on the Mississippi during the American Revolution, purchased "Rebecca" for the Continental Congress. The ship was renamed "Morris" and was manned and converted to a Man-of-war

neg: Military history of Nova Scotia War, Halifax was established as the British Headquarters of the North American Station (see Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax). As a result, Nova Scotia was active throughout the American Revolution and the War of 1812. During the Victorian Era, Nova Scotians also played prominent roles in the Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny. The province also participated in the Northwest Rebellion and the Second Boer War. During the twentieth century the province produced numerous people who fought in World War I and World War II. There was a small number of Nova Scotians who also participated in the Spanish Civil War,

neg: John Morton (American politician) Pennsylvania and together they had three sons and five daughters; Aaron, Sketchley, John, Mary, Sarah, Lydia, Ann and Elizabeth. Morton's second son, Sketchley, was a Major in the Pennsylvania Militia of the Continental Army during the US Revolutionary War. As of 1791, John Morton owned 6 people as slaves. John Morton (American politician) John Morton (1725 – April 1, 1777) was a farmer, surveyor, and jurist from the Province of Pennsylvania and a Founding Father of the United States. As a delegate to the Continental Congress during the American Revolution, he was a signatory to the Continental Association and the

neg: The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, With Sketches of Several Distinguished Colored Persons: To Which is Added a Brief Survey of the Conditions and Prospects of Colored Americans, or, in brief, "The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution", is an American history book written by William Cooper Nell, with an introduction by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It was published in 1855 by Robert F. Wallcut. It focuses on African-American soldiers during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. It details "the services of the Colored Patriots of the revolution". Among other patriots

neg: Iran–United States relations negotiations were underway for an American company to establish a railway system from the Persian Gulf to Tehran. Until World War II, relations between Iran and the United States remained cordial. As a result, many Iranians sympathetic to the Persian Constitutional Revolution came to view the US as a "third force" in their struggle to break free of British and Russian dominance in Persian affairs. American industrial and business leaders were supportive of Persia's drive to modernize its economy and free itself from British and Russian influence. During the Persian Constitutional Revolution in 1909, an American named Howard Baskerville died

neg: Samuel Hildreth (American Revolution) Samuel Hildreth (American Revolution) Samuel Hildreth (1750–1823) was a surgeon in the Massachusetts militia and aboard Massachusetts naval privateers during the American Revolutionary War, and was subsequently a prisoner-of-war. After the war, he became a shareholder in the Ohio Company of Associates, though he did not move from Massachusetts to the Ohio Country. His son Samuel Prescott Hildreth relocated to Marietta, Ohio, and was a pioneer physician, scientist, and historian of the early days of Ohio and the Northwest Territory. Samuel Hildreth died while visiting his son in Ohio during 1823 and was buried at Mound Cemetery in Marietta, along