query: where did the archaeological department of india carry out excavations in the indus valley

pos: John Marshall (archaeologist) John Marshall (archaeologist) Sir John Hubert Marshall, CIE, FBA (19 March 1876, Chester, England – 17 August 1958, Guildford, England) was the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928. He oversaw the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, two of the main cities that comprise the Indus Valley Civilization. Marshall was educated at Dulwich College as well as King's College, Cambridge. In 1898 he won the Porson Prize. In 1902 the new viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, appointed Marshall as Director-General of Archaeology within the British Indian administration. Marshall modernised the approach to archaeology on that continent,

pos: Sahiwal District Madho Sarup Vats, also of the Archaeological Survey of India. Excavations continued in the 1930s. In 1946, Sir Mortimer Wheeler excavated the fortification walls and found the first pre-Indus Valley civilization (Kot Dijian) deposits. After Independence in 1947, Harappa was excavated by Mohammed Rafique Mughal of the Archaeological Survey Department of Pakistan in 1966. In 1986, the first systematic, multi-disciplinary excavations of an Indus Valley city were begun by the Harappa Archaeological Project (HARP), under the direction of George F. Dales and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer. The main features of the plan, the citadel on the west and the mounds of

pos: Indian road network cities of Harrapa and Mohenjodaro of the Indus Valley Civilization. Ruling emperors and monarchs of ancient India had constructed roads to connect the cities. Archaeological excavations give us fresh information about road connectivity in ancient India. The Grand Trunk Road was built by Sher Shah Suri in 1540-45 connecting Sonargaon near Dhaka in Bangladesh with Peshawar in modern-day Pakistan linking several cities from in India. In the 1830s the East India Company started a programme of metalled road construction, for both commercial and administrative purposes. The Grand trunk road, from Calcutta, through Delhi to Peshawar was rebuilt at a cost

pos: Indus Valley Civilisation by sea level change or by change in water supply. Archaeological excavations indicate that the decline of Harappa drove people eastward. According to Possehl, after 1900 BCE the number of sites in today's India increased from 218 to 853. According to Andrew Lawler, "excavations along the Gangetic plain show that cities began to arise there starting about 1200 BCE, just a few centuries after Harappa was deserted and much earlier than once suspected." According to Jim Shaffer there was a continuous series of cultural developments, just as in most areas of the world. These link "the so-called two major phases

pos: Indus Valley Civilisation discovered in 1912 by John Faithfull Fleet, prompting an archaeological campaign under Sir John Hubert Marshall. Marshall, Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni and Madho Sarup Vats began excavating Harappa in 1921, finding buildings and artefacts indicative of an ancient civilisation. These were soon complemented by discoveries at Mohenjo-daro by Rakhal Das Banerjee, Ernest J.H. Mackay, and Marshall. By 1931, much of Mohenjo-daro had been excavated, but excavations continued, such as that led by Sir Mortimer Wheeler, director of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1944. Among other archaeologists who worked on IVC sites before the independence in 1947 were Ahmad

pos: Meluhha 2200 BC) seem to indicate that Meluhha is to the east, suggesting either the Indus valley or India. However, much later texts documenting the exploits of King Assurbanipal of Assyria (668–627 BC), long after the Indus Valley civilization had ceased to exist, seem to imply that "Meluhha" is to be found either in south India or in Africa, somewhere near Egypt. There is sufficient archaeological evidence for the trade between Mesopotamia and the India. Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of Harappa were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or

pos: Daya Ram Sahni ruins at Sarnath. Sahni worked as curator of Lucknow Museum from 1911 to 1912, when he was transferred to the archaeology department of Kashmir state. Sahni returned to Lahore in 1917 and was made incharge of United Provinces and Punjab. While working as Assistant Superintendent, Sahni excavated the Indus Valley site at Harappa, the first of the Indus Valley sites to be excavated. In 1925, Sahni was transferred to Delhi as Deputy Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India and in July 1931, he succeeded Hargeaves as the Director-General of the ASI. Sahni was the first native Indian to be

pos: N. G. Majumdar N. G. Majumdar Nani Gopal Majumdar (1 December 1897 – 11 November 1938) was an Indian archaeologist who is credited with having discovered 62 Indus Valley Civilization sites in Sindh including Chanhudaro. Majumdar was born on 1 December 1897 to Baradaprasanna Majumdar and his wife Sarojini in the town of Jessore. Majumdar passed his M. A. from the University of Calcutta in 1920, winning a gold medal. He won a doctorate from the Calcutta University in 1923 for his thesis on "Vajra". The same year he joined the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and participated in the excavations at Mohenjodaro.

pos: Kalibangan was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan is distinguished by its unique fire altars and "world's earliest attested ploughed field". The identity of Kalibangan as a pre-historic site was discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist (1887–1919). He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts. He was surprised by the character of ruins in that area, and he sought help from Sir John Marshall of the Archaeological Survey of India. At that time ASI had some excavations done on Harappa, but they never had any idea about the character of the ruins. In fact,

pos: History of measurement systems in India used in the planning of towns such as Lothal, Surkotada, Kalibangan, Dolavira, Harappa, and Mohenjo-daro. The weights and measures of the Indus civilisation also reached Persia and Central Asia, where they were further modified. Shigeo Iwata describes the excavated weights unearthed from the Indus civilisation: Rulers made from Ivory were in use by the Indus Valley Civilisation prior to 1500 BCE. Excavations at Lothal (2400 BCE) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about . Ian Whitelaw (2007)—on the subject of a ruler excavated from the Mohenjo-daro site—writes that: 'the Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 1.32 inches

pos: Indus Valley Civilisation southern Mesopotamia. The Indus Valley Civilisation is also named the "Harappan Civilisation" after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s (mainly 1921), in what was then the Punjab province of British India. The discovery of Harappa, and soon afterwards Mohenjo-daro, was the culmination of work beginning in 1861 with the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj. Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999. This Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from the cultures immediately

pos: Indus Valley Civilisation the Indus Valley, where the first remains were found. The Indus Valley Civilisation was also named as the "Harappan civilisation" after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s, in what was then the Punjab province of British India. The Indus Valley Civilisation has also been called by some the "Sarasvati culture", the "Sarasvati Civilisation", the "Indus-Sarasvati Civilisation" or the "Sindhu-Saraswati Civilisation", as the Ghaggar-Hakra river is identified by some with the mythological Sarasvati River, suggesting that the Indus Valley Civilisation was the Vedic civilisation as perceived by traditional Hindu beliefs. The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC)

pos: Lothal "nullah" ("ravine", or "gully") connecting the dock with the river. The findings consist of a mound, a township, a marketplace, and the dock. Adjacent to the excavated areas stands the Archaeological Museum, where some of the most prominent collections of Indus-era antiquities in India are displayed. The Lothal site has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and its application is pending on the tentative list of UNESCO. When British India was partitioned in 1947, most Indus sites, including Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, became part of Pakistan. The Archaeological Survey of India undertook a new program of exploration, and excavation.

pos: Sahiwal District dominated the lower Indus Valley and Ganweriwala might have been the urban centre for what is now Rajasthan. The site at Harappa was first excavated by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1872-73, two decades after Brick Robbers carried off the visible remains of the city. He found an Indus seal of an unknown origin. The first extensive excavations at Harappa were started by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni in 1920. His excavations at Mohenjo-daro called attention to the Indus Valley civilization as the earliest urban culture in the Indian Sub-Continent. His work was followed later in the decade by that of

pos: Lothal (published in "Uttar Pradesh" in November 1961). Lothal Lothal () is one of the southernmost cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, located in the Bhāl region (Ahammedabad District, Dholka Taluk)of the modern state of Gujarāt and first inhabited 3700 BCE. .The meaning of the word Lothal is "the mount of the dead" exactly same as that of Mohenjodaro another famous site of Indus Valley civilization. Discovered in 1954, Lothal was excavated from 13 February 1955 to 19 May 1960 by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), the official Indian government agency for the preservation of ancient monuments. According to

pos: Lothal Lothal Lothal () is one of the southernmost cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, located in the Bhāl region (Ahammedabad District, Dholka Taluk)of the modern state of Gujarāt and first inhabited 3700 BCE. .The meaning of the word Lothal is "the mount of the dead" exactly same as that of Mohenjodaro another famous site of Indus Valley civilization. Discovered in 1954, Lothal was excavated from 13 February 1955 to 19 May 1960 by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), the official Indian government agency for the preservation of ancient monuments. According to the ASI, Lothal had the world's earliest

pos: Indian mathematics the 15th century CE. Their remarkable work, completed two centuries before the invention of calculus in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a power series (apart from geometric series). However, they did not formulate a systematic theory of differentiation and integration, nor is there any "direct" evidence of their results being transmitted outside Kerala. Excavations at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and other sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation have uncovered evidence of the use of "practical mathematics". The people of the Indus Valley Civilization manufactured bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favourable for the stability

neg: Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum years old, older than 3,500 years old Harappan civilization. NASA and ISRO will also carry out a joint in-stu site inspection to verify the claims of 6,000 years old Pre-harappan phase of Rakhi Gahri IVC being the oldest and largest civilization in the world, though the joint two month long excavations by Haryana State Archaeology Department, Indian Archaeological Society and National Museum in May 2017 at much smaller nearby 7,570-6,200 BCE IVC site of Kunal were initially estimated to be 1,000 years older than Rakhi Garhi. In 1969, site was first studied and documented by Dr. Suraj Bhan, Dean of

neg: Indus Valley Civilisation tools, and new religious practices. There is also a Harappan site called Rojdi in Rajkot district of Saurashtra. Its excavation started under an archaeological team from Gujarat State Department of Archaeology and the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania in 1982–83. In their report on archaeological excavations at Rojdi, Gregory Possehl and M.H. Raval write that although there are "obvious signs of cultural continuity" between the Harappan Civilisation and later South Asian cultures, many aspects of the Harappan "sociocultural system" and "integrated civilization" were "lost forever," while the Second Urbanisation of India (beginning with the Northern Black Polished Ware culture,

neg: Binjor Binjor Binjor - 4MSR (Thed of the local villagers) is an archaeological site in India, near the international border between Punjab and Rajasthan. It is situated a couple of kilometers from Binjor village, Anupgarh tehsil, Sri Ganganagar district. 4MSR, in the Ghaggar river (Ghaggar-Hakra River) valley and excavated by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), is widely considered as an Early Harappan and Mature Harappan site (Indus Valley Civilization). There are no indications that a Late Harappan phase existed. In the Ghaggar river valley, explorations and excavations had been done in several sites. These sites included Kalibangan, 46 GB and Binjor

neg: Pabumath Pabumath Pabumath is an Indus Valley Civilisation archaeological site near Suvai village in Rapar Taluka of Kutch district, Gujarat, India. Archaeological Survey of India has undertaken excavation at this location during 1977-78,1978–79,1980-81. A large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker, dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jars etc.; fine red pottery with black painted designs etc. were found during 1980-81 excavations. Animal remains of cattle, buffalo, fish, sheep, wild pig and rabbit were also found. This site is in Kutch district, where several other IVC sites

neg: Rakhigarhi stating, "RGR-6, a Sothi-Siswal site known as Arda, was probably a separate settlement." Amarendra Nath's who did excavations between 1997 and 2000, reported that the site covers more than in size with 7 mounds, five of which are integrated. With new find of two additional mounds of 25 hectares each in 2014-15 during joint excavations conducted by the Haryana Archaeological Department, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute and Seoul National University, the site has now been found much larger to be over , making it the largest Indus Valley Civilization site and town in the world. Digging so far reveals

neg: Banawali Banawali Banawali (Devanagari: बनावली) is an archaeological site belonging to Indus Valley Civilization period in Fatehabad district, Haryana, India and is located about 120 km northeast of Kalibangan and 16 km from Fatehabad. Banawali, which is earlier called Vanavali, is on the left banks of dried up Sarasvati River. Comparing to Kalibangan, which was a town established in lower middle valley of dried up Sarasvathi River, Banawali was built over upper middle valley of Sarasvathi River. This site was excavated by R.S. Bisht (ASI). The excavations revealed the following sequence of cultures: Well planned houses constructed out of kiln burnt

neg: Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum Indic studies at Kurukshetra University. In 1997-98, 1998-99 and 1999-2000, site was excavated for the first time by Dr. Amrender Nath, former director of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), who later published his findings in scholarly journals and was convicted by Central Bureau of Investigation special court in 2015 to two and half years rigrous prison sentence for fraud for falsifying the bill payments for 1990s Rakhigarhi excavations. From 2011-16, team led by Dr. Vasant Shinde of Deccan College carried out several excavations and published their findings in scholarly journals. The open-air museum site also has an extant village

neg: Lohari Ragho Lohari Ragho Lohari Ragho is a village located in Hisar, Haryana, India. It is 55 km from Hisar and 178 km from Chandigarh. Three mounds belonging to the Sothi-Siswal ceramic period were found during excavations in 1980. Archaeological remains were reported first time by Dhoop Singh and Chanderpal Singh from the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Haryana. A lot of Harappan ceramics have been found on the site such as globular jars, vases, bowls, basins and fast wheel pottery made of red ware. Bolstering the status of Rakhigarhi as the largest Indus Valley Civilization metropolis on the banks of Drishadvati

neg: Ancient India (journal) reputation for its heavily illustrated and detailed excavation reports. Some of the important archaeological discoveries reported in "Ancient India" include Wheeler's excavations at Indus Valley sites and Arikamedu and the excavation of South Indian Stone Age and megalithic sites at Brahmavalli, Chandragiri, Maski and Porkalam during the 1950s. The journal also contained scholarly articles on archaeology and epigraphy. On the centenary of the founding of the ASI in 1961, the journal carried a short commemorative piece on the history of the Archaeological Survey of India authored by Sourindranath Roy. The work was later expanded and published as a book the

neg: Archaeological Survey of India sites of Brahmagiri, Chandravalli and Maski in South India. Wheeler founded the journal "Ancient India" in 1946 and presided over the partitioning of ASI's assets during the Partition of India and helped establish an archaeological body for the newly formed Pakistan. Wheeler was succeeded by N. P. Chakravarti in 1948. The National Museum was inaugurated in New Delhi on 15 August 1949 to house the artifacts displayed at the Indian Exhibition in the United Kingdom. Madho Sarup Vats and Amalananda Ghosh succeeded Chakravarti. Ghosh's tenure which lasted until 1968 is noted for the excavations of Indus Valley sites at Kalibangan,

neg: Music in ancient India Music in ancient India Music in ancient India, encompassing the modern-day Indian subcontinent of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, can be reproduced from written works dating to the Indian classical period, such as the "Nātya Shastra", and through surviving examples of liturgical music such as the hymns of the Samaveda. Musical instruments dating to the prehistoric period have been recovered from archaeological excavations. Musical instruments, such as the seven-holed flute and various types of stringed instruments ex. Ravanahatha, have been recovered from Indus Valley Civilization archaeological sites. The Samaveda, one of the ancient core Hindu scriptures known as the Vedas, consists

neg: Music in ancient India have been written by various authors over a period of time. Music in ancient India Music in ancient India, encompassing the modern-day Indian subcontinent of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, can be reproduced from written works dating to the Indian classical period, such as the "Nātya Shastra", and through surviving examples of liturgical music such as the hymns of the Samaveda. Musical instruments dating to the prehistoric period have been recovered from archaeological excavations. Musical instruments, such as the seven-holed flute and various types of stringed instruments ex. Ravanahatha, have been recovered from Indus Valley Civilization archaeological sites. The Samaveda, one

neg: Tosham Hill range 1894-96, Lt-General C.A. Mcmahon (1830-1904), who was also the president of British Geologists' Association, was the first modern geologist to study these rocks. He described the petrography of the rocks in 1884 and 1886 and published his work in the "Records of Geological Survey of India". During 1994-96, Khorana, Dhir and Jayapaul of Geological Survey of India carried out the first mineral survey and scout drilling of several hills in the Tosham range. During 2014-2016, Ravindra Singh and Dheerendra Singh of Banaras Hindu University undertook first ever Indus Valley Civilization archaeological excavations of the area to confirm the connection of

neg: Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum with 10,000 inhabitants, where the construction of a indoor museum, interpretation center, research center and a hostel for the researchers is also underway (as of ). In 2013-14 financial year, the Rakhigarhi village panchayat had donated land to Haryana State Archaeology Department and Government of Haryana had allocated for the general development of the site by Archaeological Survey of India to prepare it for the construction of the "Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum-cum-Interpretation Centre", work was temporarily put on hold after CBI inquiry into mismanagement of the fund. In 2015-16 financial budget, Government of Haryana allocated initial amount of for

neg: Islamabad the Swaan River, and who later developed small communities in the region around 3000 BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization flourished in the region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BCE. Later the area was an early settlement of the Aryan community which migrated into the region from Central Asia. Many great armies such as those of Zahiruddin Babur, Genghis Khan, Timur and Ahmad Shah Durrani crossed the region during their invasions of the Indian Subcontinent. In 2015-16, the Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums, with the financial support of National Fund for Cultural Heritage, carried out initial archaeological excavations in

neg: Raymond Allchin its aftermath’. Ancient Ceylon 10: 25-40. 1991 Coningham R.A.E. & Allchin F.R. ‘Anuradhapura Citadel Archaeological Project: Preliminary Report of the Second Season of Sri Lankan - British Excavations at Salgha Watta’. South Asian Studies 7: 167-175. 1992 ‘An Indus ram: a hitherto unrecorded stone sculpture from the Indus Civilization’. South Asian Studies 8: 53-4. 1992 Coningham R.A.E. & Allchin F.R. ‘Anuradhapura Citadel Archaeological Project: Preliminary Results of the Third Season of Sri Lankan - British Excavations at Salgaha Watta’. South Asian Studies 8: 155–167. 1993 ‘The urban position of Taxila and its place in Northwest India-Pakistan’, in H. Spodek. and

neg: Indus Valley Civilisation Surat, Gujarat, India. In 2010, heavy floods hit Haryana in India and damaged the archaeological site of Jognakhera, where ancient copper smelting furnaces were found dating back almost 5,000 years. The Indus Valley Civilisation site was hit by almost 10 feet of water as the Sutlej Yamuna link canal overflowed. The cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation had "social hierarchies, their writing system, their large planned cities and their long-distance trade [which] mark them to archaeologists as a full-fledged 'civilisation.'" The mature phase of the Harappan civilisation lasted from c. 2600 to 1900 BCE. With the inclusion of the predecessor

neg: Rupnagar religious places in Rupnagar, including gurdwaras such as Gurudwara Bhhatha Sahib and Gurudwara Tibbi Sahib. The ancient town of Rupnagar is said to have been named by a Raja called Rokeshar, who ruled during the 11th century and named it after his son Rup Sen. Rupnagar is one of the Indus Valley sites along the Ghaggar-Hakra beds. There is an Archaeological Museum in the city which was opened in the year 1998 for general public. The museum exhibits the archaeological remains of excavated site in the city, the first Harappan site of Independent India. These excavations reveal a cultural sequence

neg: Khirasara pattern," or the trade and livelihood options of the lost colony will also become known after further excavations. It is known now that it was a major industrial hub of the mature Harappan period and it flourished from circa 2600 to 2200 BCE. The Archaeological Survey of India has recovered a survey instrument, comparable to modern prismatic compass, from the site called Gadh-vali vadi. Khirasara Khirasara is an archaeological site belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. This site is located in Nakhatrana Taluka of Kutch district in the western Indian state of Gujarat. It is located on the bank of

neg: J. P. Joshi J. P. Joshi Jagat Pati Joshi (born 14 July 1932) is an Indian archaeologist who discovered the Indus Valley sites of Dholavira and Surkotada. Joshi served as Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1987 to 1990. Joshi was born at Almora, United Provinces on 14 July 1932 and educated at Lucknow University from where he obtained his M. A. in Ancient History and Culture in 1954. Joshi did his P. G. Diploma from the School of Archaeology of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1961. Joshi served in the ASI from 1956 to 2001. Joshi discovered

neg: J. P. Joshi J. P. Joshi Jagat Pati Joshi (born 14 July 1932) is an Indian archaeologist who discovered the Indus Valley sites of Dholavira and Surkotada. Joshi served as Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1987 to 1990. Joshi was born at Almora, United Provinces on 14 July 1932 and educated at Lucknow University from where he obtained his M. A. in Ancient History and Culture in 1954. Joshi did his P. G. Diploma from the School of Archaeology of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1961. Joshi served in the ASI from 1956 to 2001. Joshi discovered

neg: Sekta Archaeological Living Museum Sekta Archaeological Living Museum The Sekta Archaeological Living Museum in Sekta village known in local language as "Sekta Kei" in the Indian state of Manipur is a protected archaeological site which is one of the six mounds identified in the area. It is known for its secondary burial finds. This site was excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India in association with the State Archaeology Department of Manipur. The Department of History of the Manipur University was also associated with the excavations carried out in 1991. The Sekta village where the archaeological excavation was carried out, which is now an

neg: Kalibangan Kalibangan Kalibangān is a town located at on the left or southern banks of the Ghaggar (Ghaggar-Hakra River) in Tehsil Pilibangān, between Suratgarh and Hanumangarh in Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan, India 205 km. from Bikaner. It is also identified as being established in the triangle of land at the confluence of Drishadvati and Sarasvati Rivers. The prehistoric and pre-Mauryan character of Indus Valley Civilization was first identified by Luigi Tessitori at this site. Kalibangan's excavation report was published in its entirety in 2003 by the Archaeological Survey of India, 34 years after the completion of excavations. The report concluded that Kalibangan

neg: Ravindra Singh Bisht Technical Assistant, in 1969. Later, he was transferred to the Department of Archaeology and Museum in Haryana as the AAO and rose to the post of the Deputy Director. He also had stints as the Superintending Archaeologist at various archaeological stations of the Archaeological Survey of India. Dr. Ravindra Singh Bisht retired after 35 years of service, as the Joint Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, on 31 January 2004 and lives at Rajendranagar, in the residential locality of Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, bordering the Indian capital of New Delhi. Dr. Bisht, generally considered to be an expert on Indus valley civilization,

neg: Kunal, Haryana Kunal, Haryana Kunal is a pre-Harappan settlement located in Fatehabad district, Haryana, India. This Indus Valley Civilisation site was a village, in comparison to towns like Kalibangan and cities like Rakhigarhi of IVC. This site is located on Sarasvati plain. This small settlement (1 hectare) yielded Hakra ware at entry level. Houses were built on an artificially elevated place. Discovery of a button seal during 1998-99 excavations by Archaeological Survey of India exhibit this culture's ancestry to the Rehman Dheri examples. This seal contained a picture of two deer on one side and a geometrical pattern on other side, which

neg: Sembiyankandiyur Sembiyankandiyur Sembiyankandiyur is an archaeological site in Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu, India. In early 2006, a polished Neolithic celt (tool) that had engravings resembling the Indus script was found by a school teacher V. Shanmuganathan. The celt, a polished hand-held stone axe, has four Indus Valley signs on it. The artefact with the script was dated to 1500 B.C. The four signs were identified by epigraphists of the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology, according to its Special Commissioner, T. S. Sridhar. Iravatham Mahadevan, one of the world's foremost experts on the Indus script, believed that this discovery was very

neg: Sattagydia on these considerations, two locations have been proposed: the first being "the area of the confluence of the Ghorband and Panjshir rivers in Afghanistan", and the second, "the area of the middle Indus, around the modern city of Bannu". Following recent archaeological findings, the Bannu basin has become the favoured choice. David Fleming points out that it is close to Kurram and Tochi rivers and it has four routes to the west, via the Khyber Pass, the Kurram river valley, the Gomal Pass and the Bolan Pass in Balochistan. Magee et al. have reported findings of recent archaeological excavations at

neg: Ernest J. H. Mackay Ernest J. H. Mackay Ernest John Henry Mackay (5 July 1880 – 2 October 1943) was an archeologist from Bristol and is well known for his excavations and studies of Mohenjo-daro and other sites belonging to the Indus Valley Civilisation. Ernest John Henry Mackay was from Bristol and attended Bristol Grammar School and Bristol University securing BA, MA and DLitt. He married Dorothy Mary Simmons in 1912, who was an anthropologist and they had one son. Between 1907 and 1912 Mackay carried out archaeological excavations in Egypt and then spent three years on a photographic survey of the Theban Tombs.

neg: Cradle of civilization then migrated towards the Ganges basin in the east, where they established smaller villages and isolated farms. However trade with the old cities did not flourish. The small surplus produced in these small communities did not allow development of trade, and the cities died out. The Indo-Aryan peoples migrated into the Indus River Valley during this period and began the Vedic age of India. The Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly and many elements of the civilization continued in later Indian subcontinent and Vedic cultures. Drawing on archaeology, geology and anthropology, modern scholars do not see the origins of

neg: Indus Valley Civilisation Hasan Dani, Brij Basi Lal, Nani Gopal Majumdar, and Sir Marc Aurel Stein. Following independence, the bulk of the archaeological finds were inherited by Pakistan where most of the IVC was based; but due to more recent discoveries, India now has 50% more sites than Pakistan. Outposts of the Indus Valley civilisation were excavated as far west as Sutkagan Dor in Pakistani Balochistan, as far north as at Shortugai on the Amu Darya (the river's ancient name was Oxus) in current Afghanistan, as far east as at Alamgirpur, Uttar Pradesh, India and as far south as at Malwan, in modern-day

neg: Chanhudaro from Chanhudaro, Ahar, Rajasthan (India) and Mundigak and this gains importance as it has been claimed that Iron was produced in 3rd Millennium in South Asia Region. Chanhudaro Chanhudaro (also Chanhu Daro or Chanhu Dado) is an archaeological site belonging to the post-urban Jhukar phase of Indus valley civilization. The site is located south of Mohenjo-daro, in Sindh, Pakistan. The settlement was inhabited between 4000 and 1700 BCE, and is considered to have been a centre for manufacturing carnelian beads. This site is a group of three low mounds that excavations has shown were parts of a single settlement, approximately

neg: Shikarpur, Gujarat Shikarpur, Gujarat Shikarpur is a village in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch district of Gujarat, India. Nearby excavations have revealed a site belonging to the Indus Valley Civilisation, also known as the Harappan civilisation. The fort of the village was built in the 19th century. It includes the tombs of three Muslim saints: Patha, Gebansha Multani, and Asaba. Patha, who is said to have come from Sindh, earned his fame by changing salt water into fresh; Gebansha by continuing to fight after his head was cut off; and Asaba by curing the blind. The tombs are simple buildings. The archaeological site

neg: Archaeological Survey of India archaeological excavations and the conservation of Indian monuments and used his stature and influence in India to lobby for an archaeological survey. While his attempt in 1848 did not meet with success, the Archaeological Survey of India was eventually formed in 1861 by a statute passed into law by Lord Canning with Cunningham as the first Archaeological Surveyor. The survey was suspended briefly between 1865 and 1871 due to lack of funds but restored by Lord Lawrence the then Viceroy of India. In 1871, the Survey was revived as a separate department and Cunningham was appointed as its first Director-General.

neg: Dholavira Dholavira Dholavira () is an archaeological site at Khadirbet in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District, in the state of Gujarat in western India, which has taken its name from a modern-day village south of it. This village is from Radhanpur. Also known locally as "Kotada timba", the site contains ruins of an ancient Indus Valley Civilization/Harappan city. Dholavira’s location is on the Tropic of Cancer. It is one of the five largest Harappan sites and most prominent archaeological sites in India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It is also considered as having been the grandest of cities of its

neg: Dholavira any of Harappan sites. Dholavira Dholavira () is an archaeological site at Khadirbet in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District, in the state of Gujarat in western India, which has taken its name from a modern-day village south of it. This village is from Radhanpur. Also known locally as "Kotada timba", the site contains ruins of an ancient Indus Valley Civilization/Harappan city. Dholavira’s location is on the Tropic of Cancer. It is one of the five largest Harappan sites and most prominent archaeological sites in India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It is also considered as having been the grandest

neg: Chandravalli and found that the human habitation existed during the "Iron Age". In 1909 "B L Rice, R Narasimhachar and R Shamashastry" carried out the excavation work at Chandravalli. During 1929-30 "M H Krishna" did the significant contribution. Chandravalli was first excavated by R. Narasimhachar who was the Director of Department of Archaeology and Museums of the Mysore state. Further excavations were carried out by H. M. Krishna in 1928-29 and finally by Mortimer Wheeler under the guidance of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1947. Two distinct periods; megalithic and Satavahana were noticed during the excavations. It was found that

neg: Indo-Aryan migration not cultural discontinuity, urban decay, invading aliens, or site abandonment, all of which have been suggested in the past." Recent excavations in 2008 at Alamgirpur, Meerut District, appeared to show an overlap between the Harappan and PGW pottery indicating cultural continuity. According to Kenoyer, the decline of the Indus Valley Civilisation is not explained by Aryan migrations, which took place after the decline of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Yet, according to Erdosy, Erdosy, testing hypotheses derived from linguistic evidence against hypotheses derived from archaeological data, states that there is no evidence of "invasions by a barbaric race enjoying technological and

neg: Masudpur Masudpur Masudpur is a village and Indus Valley Civilization (4700 BCE to 1400 BCE) archaeological site in the Hisar district in Haryana state in India. "Masudpur" is an early Harappan (4600 BCE - 2800 BCE), mature Harappan (2600 BCE - 1400 BCE) and late Harappan (after 1400 BCE) Indus Valley Civilization site. Bolstering the status of Rakhigarhi as the largest Indus Valley Civilization metropolis on the banks of Drishadvati river (current day paleochannel of Chautang), at least 23 other Indus Valley Civilization sites within 5 km (at 4 sites), 10 km (at least 10 sites) and 15 km (at least

neg: Mining in India also controlled by the ministry. Natural gas, petroleum and atomic minerals are exempt from the various activities of the Indian Ministry of Mines. Flint was known and exploited by the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization by the 3rd millennium BCE. P. Biagi and M. Cremaschi of Milan University discovered a number of Harappan quarries in archaeological excavations dating between 1985-1986. Biagi (2008) describes the quarries: 'From the surface the quarries consisted of almost circular empty areas, representing the quarry–pits, filled with aeolian sand, blown from the Thar Desert dunes, and heaps of limestone block, deriving from the prehistoric mining

neg: Kuntasi Kuntasi Kuntasi is an archaeological site (locally known as "Bibi-no-Timbo") which is identified as a port belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. This site is located on the right bank of Phulki River, about 3 km south-east of Kuntasi village and 30 km from Morbi in Maliya taluka of Morbi District in Gujarat state of India. It is five km inlandward from present shore line. It was first reported by P. P Pandya and later thoroughly explored by Y. M. Chitalwala. The excavations revealed two periods of occupation. Period I is assigned to the Mature Harappan phase (c. 2200–1900 BCE)

neg: Pabumath such as Dholavira, Desalpur, Surkotada etc. are located. Evidence of fortification was found at this site as well as at Desalpur, Netra-Khissar, Surkotada, Dholavira, Kotada, Meghpar, Sevakia, Chitrod, Kanmer etc. which are nearby IVC sites. Location of Indus Valley Civilisation sites near Pabumath Pabumath Pabumath is an Indus Valley Civilisation archaeological site near Suvai village in Rapar Taluka of Kutch district, Gujarat, India. Archaeological Survey of India has undertaken excavation at this location during 1977-78,1978–79,1980-81. A large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker,

neg: Pashupati seal of the seal's iconography was provided by archaeologist John Marshall who had served as the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India and led the excavations of the Indus Valley sites. In addition to the general features of the seal described above, he also saw the central figure as a male deity; as three-faced, with a possible fourth face towards the back; and, as ithyphallic, while conceding that what appeared to be the exposed phallus could instead be a tassel hanging from the waistband. Most significantly he identified the seal as an early prototype of the Hindu god Shiva (or,

neg: Alois Anton Führer Management Committee, wrote to Calcutta asking whether a part-time job for Führer could be found with the Archaeological Survey of India. He thus came to hold a double appointment, one as Curator at the museum and the other as Archaeological Surveyor to the North-Western Provinces. As his Progress Reports show, he was part of the N-W.P. and Oudh Circle of the Archaeological Survey. In 1896 he received permission from the government of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh and the Government of India to carry out an expedition to Nepal. Führer carried out very successful excavations at Mathura between 1889 and

neg: Sihor be more precise the period between 5000 BC-3000 BC. Denoting the west coast of India and Kathiawar peninsula, the obvious influence of Indus Civilization on this region can be mapped through further archaeological explorations and insights, and, processing existing archaeological and geological data of Sihor region along with a prime focus on study of Vallabhi and Maitraka era, exploration, survey and excavations targeting the submerged city of Vallabhi which has been critically responsible for Aryan Colonization across the continent with significance of Buddhism and Jainism during that period. Periodic excavations and findings, along with few existing ruins and monuments, already

neg: Culture of Sindh culture go back to the distant past. Archaeological research during 19th and 20th centuries showed the roots of social life, religion and culture of the people of the Sindh: their agricultural practices, traditional arts and crafts, customs and tradition and other parts of social life, going back to a mature Indus Valley Civilization of the third millennium BC. Recent researches have traced the Indus valley civilization to even earlier ancestry. The excavations of Mohen-Jo-Daro have unfolded the city life of a civilization of people with values, a distinct identity and culture. Therefore, the first definition of the Sindhi culture emanates

neg: Kanmer Kanmer Kanmer, locally known as Bakar Kot, is an archaeological site belonging to Indus Valley Civilization, located in Rapar Taluk, Kutch District, Gujarat, India. Indo-Japanese joint excavation at Kanmer was undertaken during 2006 by Institute of Rajasthan Studies, RIHN,JRN Rajasthan Vidyapeeth, Archeology Department, Gujarat and Japanese team. The site was strongly fortified despite being small, perhaps because it may have been located on trade route between Sindh and Saurashtra. Rich ceramic assemblage, representing the Mature Harappan culture was found at this site. Three clay seals with central holes, making them pendants, with Indus scripts were found. A large number of

neg: Kalibangan Tessitori is the first person to recognize that the ruins are 'Prehistoric' and pre-Mauryan. Luigi Pio Tessitori also pointed out the nature of the culture, but at that time it was not possible to guess that Indus Valley Civilisation lay in the ruins of Kalibangan, and he died five years before Harappan culture was duly recognized. After India's independence, both the major Harappan cities together with the Indus became a part of Pakistan and Indian archaeologists were compelled to intensify the search for Harappan sites in India. Amlānand Ghosh (Ex. Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, or ASI) was the

neg: The Story of India place, examining archaeological and historical evidence at first hand and interviewing historians and archaeologists, as well as talking with local people. Michael Wood travels throughout the Indian subcontinent, tracing the richness and diversity of its buildings, artefacts and landscapes. Through ancient manuscripts and oral tales, Wood charts the first human migrations out of Africa. He travels from the tropical backwaters of South India through lost ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilization in today's Pakistan to the vibrant landscapes of the Ganges plain. Archaeological discoveries in the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex in Turkmenistan by Soviet archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi, including horse-drawn carts

neg: Deur Kothar Survey of India decided to carry out extensive, but controlled, excavations at the site. The excavations were started at the site in 1999 and continued up to 2000. The site is marked by four stupa mounds out of which two stupas No. 1 and 2 were subjected to archaeological excavations. There are remnants of 40 stupas made of stones or bricks. In the area around there are rocks with old rock paintings. Some rocks have inscriptions in Brahmi language. The six line Brahmi inscription on the Deorkothar pillar is given in the table - transliterated into Devanagari script. The inscription

neg: Loteshwar Loteshwar Loteshwar is a village and an archaeological site belonging to Indus Valley Civilisation located at Patan district, Gujarat, India. This site is locally also known as Khari-no-timbo and located on a high sand dune on left bank of Khari river, a tributary of Rupen river. Loteshwar is recognised as ancient site occupied since sixth millennium BCE by hunter gatherer community and by fourth millennium BCE domestic animals like sheep and goat were also kept. Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, M.S.University, Baroda carried out excavation at Loteshwar during 1990-91. The excavation revealed two different cultural periods with Period I

neg: Bara, Punjab Bara, Punjab Bara is a village in Rupnagar District in Punjab, India. The village has mainly two Jatt Sikh surnames Chakkal and Heer and lies on the Rupnagar-Morinda Road at the left bank of a seasonal monsoon rivulet called Budki Nadi, about four kilometers south-west of the city Ropar and northeast of Chandigarh on National Highway 205 (India) (NH-205). Bara is the site of significant archeological excavations connected with the Indus Valley Civilization. It has some evidence of being home to a culture (sometimes called Baran Culture) that was a pre-Harappan strand of the Indus Valley Civilization. Baran and Harappan

neg: Religion in India Asian Stone Age sites, such as the Bhimbetka rock shelters in central Madhya Pradesh and the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka, contain rock art portraying religious rites and evidence of possible ritualised music. The Harappan people of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which lasted from 3300 to 1400 BCE and was centered on the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys, may have worshiped an important mother goddess symbolising fertility. Excavations of Indus Valley Civilisation sites show seals with animals and "fire‑altars", indicating rituals associated with fire. A "linga-yoni" of a type similar to that which is now worshiped by Hindus has also

neg: Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum The Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum, with a research center and hostel for researchers, is a proposed museum to be built in Rakhigarhi village in Hisar district of Haryana state in India. A 2017 joint roundtable conference by Rasika Research & Design, INTACH, Center for Art and Archaeology, Sushant School of Art and Architecture at Ansal University and Deccan College affirmed the whole Rakhi Garhi IVC archaeological site a living museum. Highlighting the significance of Rakhigarhi, speaker Surbhi Gupta (Director, Rasika Research & Design) announced at the conference, ""What Giza is to Egypt, and Athens

neg: Clothing in India color codes are followed in clothing based on the religion and ritual concerned. The clothing in India also encompasses the wide variety of Indian embroidery, prints, handwork, embellishment, styles of wearing cloths. A wide mix of Indian traditional clothing and western styles can be seen in India. India's recorded history of clothing goes back to the 5th millennium BC in the Indus Valley civilization where cotton was spun, woven and dyed. Bone needles and wooden spindles have been unearthed in excavations at the site. The cotton industry in ancient India was well developed, and several of the methods survive until

neg: Indus Valley Civilisation it plausible that a series of maritime stages linked the Indus Valley and the Gulf region. In the 1980s, important archaeological discoveries were made at Ras al-Jinz (Oman), demonstrating maritime Indus Valley connections with the Arabian Peninsula. According to Gangal et al. (2014), there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north-west India, but there is also "good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh." According to Jean-Francois Jarrige, farming had an independent origin at Mehrgarh, despite the similarities which he notes between Neolithic sites from

neg: Manda, Jammu tangled bone arrow-heads, terracotta bangles, cakes, chert blade etc. Significant finds include potsherds bearing incised Harappan Script and one unfinished seal. Due to the restricted nature of the dig undertaken, no specific structures could be exposed, except a collapsed rubble wall-like structure. Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites Manda, Jammu Manda is a village and an archaeological site in Jammu in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India during 1976-77 by J. P. Joshi. The site contains ruins of an ancient Indus Valley Civilization. Excavation at Manda revealed a 9.20 m deposit

neg: Mohenjo Daro (film) Indus Valley Civilization. After much reading of published archaeological reports on his own, he brought in the American archaeologist Jonathan Mark Kenoyer of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, considered one of the world's leading experts on the ancient Indus Valley civilization, who has worked at the ruins of Mohenjo-Daro over 35 years. He brought together Kenoyer to round-table with five other expert archaeologists who have also been working on this topic since many years — P. Ajit Prasad, V. N. Prabakhar, K. Krishnan, Vasant Shinde, and R. S. Bisht, who are all from the Archaeological Survey of India, Maharaja Sayajirao University

neg: Suraj Bhan (archaeologist) him a PhD in 1972. In 1975, Bhan published his major report, "Excavations at Mitathal and Other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide", which became a fundamental reference for the study of Indus and post-Indus cultures. In 1987, Bhan was invited to give the presidential address to the Archaeology section of the Indian History Congress, where he came out strongly against the tendency among some archaeologists to identify the Indus Valley Civilisation with the Vedic cultures. His paper in "The Making of History" volume (2002) countered arguments made by archaeologists, B. B. Lal, S. P. Gupta et al. for an Aryan

neg: Mortimer Wheeler these included understanding the period between the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilization and the Achaemenid Empire, discerning the socio-cultural background to the Vedas, dating the Aryan invasion, and establishing a dating system for southern India prior to the sixth century CE. During his time in office he also achieved a 25 per cent budget increase for the Archaeological Survey, and convinced the government to agree to the construction of a National Museum of Archaeology, to be built in New Delhi. In October 1944, he opened his six-month archaeological field school in Taxila, where he instructed various students from across India

neg: Shaheed Benazirabad District Keerio, Taluka Sakrand. This archaeological site belonging to the post-urban Jhukar phase of Indus valley civilization. The site is located 130 km (81 mi) south of Mohenjo-daro near the village of Jamal Keryo 2 km from Rohri canal and 10 km south of Nawabshah. The settlement was inhabited between 4000 and 1700 BCE, and is considered to have been a center for manufacturing carnelian beads. This site is a group of three low mounds that excavations have shown were parts of a single settlement, approximately 5 hectares in size. This is one of most important and bigger sites of Indus

neg: Rakhigarhi and vanishing antiques. Jahaj Kothi Museum, named after George Thomas, is located inside Firoz Shah Palace Complex and maintained by Archaeological Survey of India. Rakhigarhi Rakhigarhi, () or Rakhi Garhi ("Rakhi Shahpur" + "Rakhi Khas"), is a village in Hisar District in the state of Haryana in India, situated 150 kilometers to the northwest of Delhi. It is the site of a pre-Indus Valley Civilisation settlement going back to about 6500 BCE. Later, it was also part of the mature Indus Valley Civilisation, dating to 2600-1900 BCE. The site is located in the Ghaggar-Hakra river plain, some 27 km from

neg: Sohr Damb Sohr Damb Sohr Damb ('Red Mound') is an archaeological site, located near Nal, in central Balochistan, Pakistan that predates the Indus Valley civilization. It has also been known as 'Nal', and gave its name to the prehistoric 'Nal culture'. The site extends over 4 hectares; the mound (mostly geologically formed) is 13 m high. The cultural stratum is less than 2 m deep. The excavations reveal four periods of occupation dating from 3800 to 2200 BC. They could be further divided into several sub-periods. The locality was first discovered in 1903. In the following years, various minor excavations took place,

neg: Malwan Malwan Aagar faliya (also known as Malvan aagar faliya) is a small Indus Valley Civilisation site, located at valsadDistrict, Gujarat, India. This site is, sometimes, considered as one of the southernmost limits of Indus Valley Civilisation, the othfer one being Daimabad which is located further south. Period I – Late Harappan and Post Harappan Period II – Historical pits and temporary occupation. F.R.Allchin and J.P.Joshi (of Archaeological Survey of India) discovered this site during 1967. However, by that time, the site was damaged and major portion of the ancient habitation was already lost. Excavation was undertaken during 1967–68 by ASI

neg: Alamgirpur Period I were compact and brownish. That of Period II was loose and grey with frequent bands of burnt earth and ash. Although kiln burnt bricks were in evidence, no structure of Harappan period was found, probably due to the limited nature of the excavations. Discovery of Harappan culture in at Alamgirpur enormously enlarged the horizon of Indus Valley Civilisation in the eastern direction, in India. Four periods of Alamgirpur respectively belonged to (I) Harappan, (II) Painted Grey Ware (III) Early historical and (IV) Late Medieval Period. Map of Indus Valley Civilisation (Late Harappan) sites [] Alamgirpur Alamgirpur is an

neg: Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao research centre in 1981, under the stewardship of then director Syed Zahoor Qasim, which grew into a world recognised body. He was the founder of the Society of Marine Archaeology in India. Rao has been at the forefront of Indian archaeology for many decades - he was involved in extensive research into India's ancient past, from the sites of the Indus Valley Civilization to excavations pertaining to the Kurukshetra War. Rao (1992) claimed to have deciphered the Indus script. Postulating uniformity of the script over the full extent of Indus-era civilization, he compared it to the Phoenician Alphabet, and assigned

neg: Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley modern Sindh, but there is no known evidence of Achaemenid presence in this region, and deposits of gold, which Herodotus says was produced in vast quantities by this Province, are also unknown in the Indus delta region. Alternatively, "Hindush" may have been the region of Taxila and Western Punjab, where there are indications that a Persian satrapy may have existed. There are few remains of Achaemenid presence in the east, but, according to Fleming, the archaeological site of Bhir Mound in Taxila remains the "most plausible candidate for the capital of Achaemenid India", based of the fact that numerous pottery

neg: Lakhan-Jo-Daro the Mature Harappan period. It covers a large area in the form of few mounds. Lakhan-Jo-Daro Lakhan-jo-daro is an archeological site dating to the Indus Valley Civilization that is located within an industrial zone on the outskirts of Sukkur, Pakistan. The site, which is located in Sukkur District (around 100 km away from the Mohenjo-daro site) on the right bank of Indus River, was excavated recently. During 2006, aracheologists and students of Shah Abdul Latif University (SALU) did excavations in this site. Excavations were also undertaken by Prof. Muhammad Mukhtiar Kazi of University of Sindh during 1996 and 2000. Lakhueen-jo-daro

neg: Lakhan-Jo-Daro Lakhan-Jo-Daro Lakhan-jo-daro is an archeological site dating to the Indus Valley Civilization that is located within an industrial zone on the outskirts of Sukkur, Pakistan. The site, which is located in Sukkur District (around 100 km away from the Mohenjo-daro site) on the right bank of Indus River, was excavated recently. During 2006, aracheologists and students of Shah Abdul Latif University (SALU) did excavations in this site. Excavations were also undertaken by Prof. Muhammad Mukhtiar Kazi of University of Sindh during 1996 and 2000. Lakhueen-jo-daro is located near Sukkur. Material cultural finds of this site indicate that it belongs to

neg: B. K. Thapar archaeological excavations in Kalibangan, Purana Qila and Maski. He was also involved in ASI's excavations in Farah Valley and Begram in Afghanistan. Other excavations he conducted and led include archaeological projects at Hastinapur, Sisupalgarh, Rupnagar, Kausambi, Porkalam, Somnath, Prakash, Kuchai, and Juna Pani. Thapar edited Archaeological Survey of India's official journals "Indian Archaeology" from 1973 to 1979 and "Purattatva" from 1974 to 1978. In 1978, Thapar succeeded M. N. Deshpande as Director-general of the ASI and served till retirement in 1981. Thapar was a member of many academic bodies, both in India and abroad, including: In 1992, Thapar was awarded

neg: Bhagatrav Bhagatrav is about 1350 km. Bhagatrav Bhagatrav () is a minor archaeological site belonging to the Indus valley civilization. Excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India led by Dr. S. R. Rao, Bhagatrav is located in Hansot (51 km away from Surat) taluka of Bharuch district in south Gujarat, near the coastline with the Arabian Sea, and gives access to the agate-bearing mines and forested hills of the valleys of the rivers Narmada and Tapti. Bhagatrav seems to have been an important port, as Lothal. However, backwaters of sea and floods from Kim river has washed out the site to

neg: Bhagatrav Bhagatrav Bhagatrav () is a minor archaeological site belonging to the Indus valley civilization. Excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India led by Dr. S. R. Rao, Bhagatrav is located in Hansot (51 km away from Surat) taluka of Bharuch district in south Gujarat, near the coastline with the Arabian Sea, and gives access to the agate-bearing mines and forested hills of the valleys of the rivers Narmada and Tapti. Bhagatrav seems to have been an important port, as Lothal. However, backwaters of sea and floods from Kim river has washed out the site to a large extent and only

neg: Harry Charles Purvis Bell first Archaeological Commissioner and Head of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon. he carried out many excavations in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) for the Archaeological Survey during an appointment running from 1890 to 1912. After retirement, he also investigated the archaeology and epigraphy of the Maldives, where he had been earlier in his life. and studied the linguistics of the Maldivian language. Bell had developed a good friendship with the king of the Maldives, who put his own royal schooner "Fath-ul-Majid" at his disposition to carry out archaeological research in certain atolls south of Malé. Harry Charles Purvis Bell Harry Charles

neg: Icehouse Bottom it purchased some along the river's shoreline. That same year, the University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, under contract with the National Park Service, began a survey of the valley to determine its archaeological resources and to select sites for excavation prior to inundation. Although project members initially were given two years before the dam was expected to become operational, litigation over environmental concerns pushed the dam's operational date to 1979. This allowed for much more extensive archaeological work at the Little Tennessee Valley sites, which was important when their great age became known. Excavations were carried out at Icehouse

neg: Laurence Waddell in the Himalayas were published in his highly successful book "Among the Himalayas" (1899). Various archaeological excavations were also carried out and supervised by Waddell across India, including Pataliputra, of which he did not receive recognition of discovery until long after his death, in 1982, by the government of Bengal. His discoveries at Pataliputra were published in an official report in 1892. During the 1890s Waddell specialised in Buddhist antiquities and became a collector, between 1895-97 he published "Reports on collections of Indo-Scythian Buddhist Sculptures from the Swat Valley", in 1893 he also read a paper to the International Congress

neg: Khirasara Khirasara Khirasara is an archaeological site belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. This site is located in Nakhatrana Taluka of Kutch district in the western Indian state of Gujarat. It is located on the bank of Khari river. The site is 85 km from Bhuj, the district headquarter. During 1976-77 exploration, an Archaeological Survey of India official discovered a big cubical weight, chunks of pottery, sprinklers and spouts of red polished ware from the site. In December 2009, a team from the Vadodara division of the Archaeological Survey of India started excavation at this site after the discovery of a

neg: Rojdi in all phases at Rojdi. Its overall character suggests a farmer's village. Rojdi Rojdi is an archaeological site belonging to the Indus valley civilization. It is located on the northern bank of the Bhadar River in Gondal taluka of Rajkot district in central Saurashtra peninsula of Gujarat state in India. It was continuously occupied from 2500 BCE to 1700 BCE. The site was excavated for seven seasons between 1982 and 1995 by the Gujarat State Department of Archaeology and the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania. The excavation confirmed three periods of occupation, called Rojdi A, B and C.

neg: Rojdi Rojdi Rojdi is an archaeological site belonging to the Indus valley civilization. It is located on the northern bank of the Bhadar River in Gondal taluka of Rajkot district in central Saurashtra peninsula of Gujarat state in India. It was continuously occupied from 2500 BCE to 1700 BCE. The site was excavated for seven seasons between 1982 and 1995 by the Gujarat State Department of Archaeology and the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania. The excavation confirmed three periods of occupation, called Rojdi A, B and C. Twenty radiocarbon dates have helped to estimate the chronology of Rojdi as

neg: Peopling of India common European mutation." According to Romero, this suggests that "the most common lactose tolerance mutation made a two-way migration out of the Middle East less than 10,000 years ago. While the mutation spread across Europe, another explorer must have brought the mutation eastward to India – likely traveling along the coast of the Persian Gulf where other pockets of the same mutation have been found." Asko Parpola, who regards the Harappans to have been Dravidian, notes that Mehrgarh (7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE), to the west of the Indus River valley, is a precursor of the Indus Valley Civilisation,

neg: Raymond Allchin sites associated with the Indus civilisation in western India, following this in 1968 with excavations at the site of Malvan with Bridget and Dr J. P. Joshi, of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Returning to fieldwork in the North West Frontier Province in the Bannu Basin, Raymond and Bridget worked collaboratively with colleagues in the University of Peshawar between 1977 and 1979, working at Lewan and Tarakai Qila with Professor F. A. Durrani and Professor Farid Khan of Peshawar University, Mr Robert Knox of the British Museum, and Professor Ken Thomas of UCL. Later as Joint Director of the

neg: Iron and steel industry in India to 4.59 million tonnes. 2012-13 and 2013-14 did not see a sharp rise with exports of 5.37 and 5.98 million tonnes respectively. The exports declined in the year 2014-15, falling to 5.59 million tonnes. Exports (in Million Tonnes) Recent excavations in the Middle Ganges Valley conducted by archaeologist Rakesh Reddy with the advice of wife Aditi Venugopal show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE. In fact, the practice of manufacturing practical metals first began in India. Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila, and Lahuradewa in the state of

neg: Gujarat first port was established. The ancient city of Dholavira is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India, belonging to the Indus Valley Civilisation. The most recent discovery was Gola Dhoro. Altogether, about 50 Indus Valley settlement ruins have been discovered in Gujarat. The ancient history of Gujarat was enriched by the commercial activities of its inhabitants. There is clear historical evidence of trade and commerce ties with Egypt, Bahrain and Sumer in the Persian Gulf during the time period of 1000 to 750 BC. There was a succession of Hindu and Buddhist states such as the

neg: Surkotada significant observation with respect to Indus Valley Civilisation. Sándor Bökönyi (1997), on examining the bone samples found at Surkotada, opined that at least six samples probably belonged to true horse. During 1974, Archaeological Survey of India undertook excavation in this site and J.P.Joshi and A.K.Sharma reported findings of horse bones at all levels (cicra 2100-1700 BCE). The chronology of the occupation of the site at Surkotada is not the same as other Harappan / Indus Valley Civilization sites. The dates from Surkotada are later than most Harappan sites but conform well with the occupational dates from Lothal and Kalibangan. In

neg: Hisar (city) maintained by CCS HAU in its Gandhi Bhawan, exhibits evolution of agriculture and vanishing antiques. Jahaj Kothi Museum, named after George Thomas, is located inside Firoz Shah Palace Complex and maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India. Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum is located at Rakhigarhi, which is an Indus Valley civilisation site 60 km away. Blue Bird Lake, an artificial lake and tourist complex maintained by the Haryana Tourism, offers boating and watersports, birding, picnicking, and recreation. The deer park and Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park are located at the outskirts of the city and maintained by the Haryana State