query: what might change the resources that an economy has available over time

pos: Natural resource economics cans and aseptic packaging substituting for tin electroplated steel cans. Resources change over time with technology and economics; more efficient recovery leads to a drop in the ore grade needed. The average grade of the copper ore processed has dropped from 4.0% copper in 1900 to 1.63% in 1920, 1.20% in 1940, 0.73% in 1960, 0.47% in 1980, and 0.44% in 2000. Cobalt had been in an iffy supply status ever since the Belgian Congo (world's only significant source of cobalt) was given a hasty independence in 1960 and the cobalt-producing province seceded as Katanga, followed by several wars and

pos: Energy industry sector accounts for 4.6% of outstanding leveraged loans, compared with 3.1% a decade ago, while energy bonds make up 15.7% of the $1.3trillion junk bond market, up from 4.3% over the same period. Since the cost of energy has become a significant factor in the performance of economy of societies, management of energy resources has become very crucial. Energy management involves utilizing the available energy resources more effectively that is with minimum incremental costs. Many times it is possible to save expenditure on energy without incorporating fresh technology by simple management techniques. Most often energy management is the practice of

pos: Structural change 15th strongest economy system. In the Ruhr Area (Ruhrgebiet) in Germany, the economy was mostly marked by coal and steel industry. During and after the coal crisis began in the 1960s and 1970s, this area started to change its economic structures to services, IT and logistics. The city Dortmund opened the first technology center named "Technologiepark Dortmund" in the 1980s. Companies including Signal Iduna and Wilo are based there. Structural change can be initiated by policy decisions or permanent changes in resources, population or the society. The downfall of communism, for example, is a political change that has had far-reaching

pos: Daniel P. Schrag in 1993 under the supervision of Donald J. DePaolo and Frank M. Richter. Schrag's research interests include Earth history, climate change, energy technology, and energy policy. He has co-authored over 160 publications on a wide variety of topics. He has studied climate change over the broadest range of Earth’s history, including how climate change and the chemical evolution of the atmosphere influenced the evolution of life in the past, and what steps might be taken to prepare for impacts of climate change in the future. He helped to develop (with his colleague Paul F. Hoffman) the hypothesis that the Earth

pos: Information Age Information Age The Information Age (also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age) is a historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information technology. The onset of the Information Age is associated with the Digital Revolution, just as the Industrial Revolution marked the onset of the Industrial Age. The definition of what "digital" means (or what "information" means) continues to change over time as new technologies, user devices, methods of interaction with other humans and devices enter

pos: Integrated Global System Model of climate change on Earth’s physical, biological and human resources and links to their socio-economic consequences in the MIT IGSM is discussed in an article published in "Climatic Change" in 2013. Independent authors have also referenced the IGSM. Integrated Global System Model The Integrated Global System Model (IGSM) is an Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. The IGSM couples an Earth system model of intermediate complexity to a human activity model that represents the world's economy. It has been used to understand the interactions

pos: Citroën C3 camshaft, on demand oil and water pumps and BMW's patent injection and ignition technology. They are designed for low emissions and for good performance and economy. Economy was improved by the standard fit cruise control and speed limiter available on the VTR+, Airdream+ and Exclusive models. All versions have a standard fit "Gear Efficiency Indicator" which graphically states what gear to be in and when to change up to optimise economy. They come in 1.4 95 bhp and 1.6 120 hp versions with low emissions, as well as new diesel engines, all with emissions of under 120 g/km, plus an

neg: Shift-share analysis Shift-share analysis A shift-share analysis, used in regional science, political economy, and urban studies, determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national, economic industry, and regional factors. The analysis helps identify industries where a regional economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy. A shift-share analysis takes the change over time of an economic variable, such as employment, within industries of a regional economy, and divides that change into various components. A traditional shift-share analysis splits regional changes into just three components, but other models have evolved that expand the decomposition into additional components.

neg: Production–possibility frontier operating on the PPF is said to be efficient, meaning that it would be impossible to produce more of one good without decreasing production of the other good. In contrast, if the economy is operating below the curve, it is said to be operating inefficiently because it could reallocate resources in order to produce more of both goods or some resources such as labor or capital are sitting idle and could be fully employed to produce more of both goods. For example, if one assumes that the economy's available quantities of factors of production do not change over time and

neg: One Economy Corporation Economy offers multiple public-purpose media properties that connect low-income people to online information and resources that address a range of topics including health, jobs, money, education, and housing. Over 19 million people around the world have accessed One Economy's online resources since 2000. One Economy's signature online tool, The Beehive], is an award-winning, multilingual web portal that provides low-income individuals with online resources concerning financial services, education, jobs, health care, and housing. Domestically, the Beehive has been localized for 26 U.S. cities. Internationally, the Beehive is available in Ethiopia, Nigeria, Turkey, Cameroon, Rwanda, Kenya, Jordan, South Africa, Israel, and Mexico.

neg: Maroon leaf monkey the lack of water consumption. With this change of climate, the Red Leaf monkey had to rely on the fallback resources to sustain them. When the time produced a high amount of seeds and fruits, they spent most of their feeding time eating that of what they desired. Due to the lack of water intake of the fruits, they are unable to produce those that the Red Leaf monkey enjoys to eat and they must fallback on what is available. During the time that they must fallback on the resources, they would feed on young leaves that are from a

neg: Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen material entropy are omitted there. Modelling a possible future economic system for mankind, Robert Ayres has countered Georgescu-Roegen's position on the impossibility of complete and perpetual recycling of material resources. According to Ayres, it is possible to develop what he conceptualises as a 'spaceship economy' on earth on a stable and permanent basis, provided that a sufficient flow of energy is available to support it (for example, by an ample supply of solar energy). In this spaceship economy, all waste materials will be temporarily discarded and stored in inactive reservoirs – or what he calls 'waste baskets' – before being

neg: Water supply network development. The Water Framework Directive by the European Commission is a good example of what has been created there out of former policies. There is great need for a more sustainable water supply systems. To achieve sustainability several factors must be tackled at the same time: climate change, rising energy cost, and rising populations. All of these factors provoke change and put pressure on management of available water resources. An obstacle to transforming conventional water supply systems, is the amount of time needed to achieve the transformation. More specifically, transformation must be implemented by municipal legislation bodies, which always need

neg: Economy of Finland condensing power - 6%. One half of all the energy consumed in Finland goes to industry, one fifth to heating buildings and one fifth to transport. Lacking indigenous fossil fuel resources, Finland has been an energy importer. This might change in the future since Finland is currently building its fifth and approved the building permits for its sixth and seventh reactors. There are some uranium resources in Finland, but to date no commercially viable deposits have been identified for exclusive mining of uranium. However, permits have been granted to Talvivaara to produce uranium from the tailings of their nickel-cobalt mine.

neg: Climate Challenge Climate Challenge Climate Challenge is a Flash-based global warming game produced by the BBC and developed by Red Redemption. Players manage the economy and resources of the 'European Nations' as its president, while reducing emissions of to combat climate change and managing crises. "Climate Challenge" is an environmental serious game, designed to give players an understanding of the science behind climate change, as well as the options available to policy makers and the difficulties in their implementation. The game begins in 1990 and ends in 2100 (although the last turn is in 2090). This time is divided into turns for

neg: Andrew Joseph Galambos which in his usage is quite similar to what has been called "intellectual property". Galambos argued that intellectual property owners should have primary control over their own ideas and over how others might use those ideas. According to Galambos, all forms of property come from a combination of "primordial property" (a person's life) and "primary property" (a person's own ideas). By using the natural resources available in the physical universe, individuals use their primordial property, guided by primary property (actions, guided by ideas, respectively) to create "secondary property". Galambos posited that intellectual property deserved every bit as much, if not

neg: Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought economies undergo constant change. At any moment of time, posits Schumpeter, there are rising industries and declining industries. Schumpeter and many contemporary economists influenced by his work argue that resources should flow from the declining to the expanding industries for an economy to grow, but they recognized that sometimes resources are slow to withdraw from the declining industries because of various forms of institutional resistance to change. The Austrian economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek were among the leading defenders of market economy against 20th century proponents of socialist planned economies. Mises and Hayek argued that only market capitalism

neg: Sharing economy their old jobs less profitable (e.g. full-time taxi drivers who may have switched to Lyft or Uber). The magazine writes that "In almost every case, what compels people to open up their homes and cars to complete strangers is money, not trust. ... Tools that help people trust in the kindness of strangers might be pushing hesitant sharing-economy participants over the threshold to adoption. But what's getting them to the threshold in the first place is a damaged economy, and harmful public policy that has forced millions of people to look to odd jobs for sustenance." According to CBS News

neg: Environmental mitigation mitigation and crediting systems: Mitigation regulations may not properly take into account the total ecological losses and gains associated with environmental impacts or mitigation when allocating debits and credits. Governing bodies are primarily responsible for prescribing the ecological criteria required to attain credits for mitigation. They are also responsible for valuation of credit. Therefore, it is evident that problems with the allocation and valuation of credits and debits might stem from the complexity of assessing the current comparative value of ecological resources (aka ecosystem services), ecosystem change over time, and/or a lack of understanding about what is beneficial or harmful

neg: Commodification of nature the impending danger of climate change and ecologic disaster. Foster fears that commodification of nature might lead to a system that favors economy over ecology (endangering natural resources) and promote a form of neocolonialism that acknowledges the elements of capitalism, globalization, and cultural imperialism, but disregards the idea of colonialism altogether. As fictitious commodities with origins outside of capitalist production, the value of nature, counter to the neoclassical assumption, "cannot" be fully accounted for in monetary terms, and there is a resultant tendency toward the overexploitation and "underproduction" of nature. Natural entities that are commodified are subjected to the competitive

neg: Conservatism in Hong Kong damaging to the growth rate of an economy, particularly an open economy, for the Government to attempt to plan the allocation of resources available to the private sector and to frustrate the operation of market forces," although he stated that the description of Hong Kong as a laissez-faire society was "frequent but inadequate". Milton Friedman wrote in 1990 that the Hong Kong economy was perhaps the best example of a free market economy. Shortly before his death in 2006, the "Wall Street Journal" published his "Hong Kong Wrong – What would Cowperthwaite say?" which criticised then Chief Executive Donald Tsang

neg: Shift-share analysis homothetic variable, or the difference of the two. The total percent changes in the economic variable nationally and regionally for all industries combined are and respectively, while the national and regional industry-specific percent changes are and , respectively. Shift-share analysis A shift-share analysis, used in regional science, political economy, and urban studies, determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national, economic industry, and regional factors. The analysis helps identify industries where a regional economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy. A shift-share analysis takes the change over time of an economic variable, such

neg: Bruss–Duerinckx theorem societies. A RDBP is a discrete time branching process (BP) in which individuals are supposed to have to work in order to be able to live and to reproduce. The population decides on a current society form by a policy, that is a prescription of rules how available resources are to be distributed among the individuals. Policies may change over the generations by the interaction of individuals. To model a human society, a RDBP incorporates a part from an initial state (number of ancestors at time 0) individual demands for resources (standard of living), creation (production) of new resources for

neg: Climate Challenge of measuring the health of the economy, but deadlines prevented the final version from including the more accurate system. Climate Challenge Climate Challenge is a Flash-based global warming game produced by the BBC and developed by Red Redemption. Players manage the economy and resources of the 'European Nations' as its president, while reducing emissions of to combat climate change and managing crises. "Climate Challenge" is an environmental serious game, designed to give players an understanding of the science behind climate change, as well as the options available to policy makers and the difficulties in their implementation. The game begins in

neg: Host-based intrusion detection system it is configured. Besides such activities as dynamically inspecting network packets targeted at this specific host (optional component with most software solutions commercially available), a HIDS might detect which program accesses what resources and discover that, for example, a word-processor has suddenly and inexplicably started modifying the system password database. Similarly a HIDS might look at the state of a system, its stored information, whether in RAM, in the file system, log files or elsewhere; and check that the contents of these appear as expected, e.g. have not been changed by intruders. One can think of a HIDS as an

neg: Context-Based Sustainability for example, might consist of targets for the rate at which greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced over time in order to reverse climate change; an ethics-based standard, by contrast, might call for gender parity in organizations, or that the use of child labor be prohibited. In other cases, standards of performance might be purely legal or regulatory. In all cases, no matter which, standards are expressed in terms of organization-specific shares (allocations) of shared or exclusive duties to maintain vital resources at levels (thresholds) required to ensure human and/or non-human well-being. Allocations define organization-specific standards of performance. Importantly, all

neg: Durocornovium it remains highly likely as a local resource that it was. There was a unique development at Durocornovium in the 4th century. Whilst it is possible that conventional stone buildings continued to be used, there was a proliferation of wooden buildings built on top of sarsen stone pilings to stay above ground level, a feature that explains the relative bounty of coins dating from that time as coins were dropped and lost through the floorboards. Such a change in architecture reflects what archaeologists believe was an increase in local flooding. It might also reflect changes in the economy and the

neg: 3C's model or channel wise. In fierce competition, competitors are likely to be dissecting the market in similar ways. Over an extended period of time, the effectiveness of a given initial strategic segmentation will tend to decline. In such situations it is useful to pick a small group of customers and reexamine what it is that they are really looking for. A market segment change occurs where the market forces are altering the distribution of the user-mix over time by influencing demography, distribution channels, customer size, etc. This kind of change means that the allocation of corporate resources must be shifted and/

neg: Salutogenesis formulation was that the "generalized resistance resources" enabled individuals to make sense of and manage events. He argued that over time, in response to positive experiences provided by successful use of different resources, an individual would develop an attitude that was "in itself the essential tool for coping". The "sense of coherence" is a theoretical formulation that provides a central explanation for the role of stress in human functioning. "Beyond the specific stress factors that one might encounter in life, and beyond your perception and response to those events, what determines whether stress will cause you harm is whether or

neg: Capitalism for exchange, buyers competitively bid to purchase specific quantities of specific goods which are available, or might be available if sellers were to choose to offer such goods. Similarly, sellers bid against other sellers in offering goods on the market, competing for the attention and exchange resources of buyers. Competition results from scarcity—there is never enough to satisfy all conceivable human wants—and occurs "when people strive to meet the criteria that are being used to determine who gets what". Historically, capitalism has an ability to promote economic growth as measured by gross domestic product (GDP), capacity utilization or standard of

neg: Comecon people in both the West and the East had assumed that a trade and efficiency approach was what Comecon was meant to pursue, which might make it an international trade system more like the EEC, and that some economists in Hungary and Poland had advocated such an approach in the 1970s and 1980s, but that "it would need a transformation of every [Eastern Bloc] economy along Hungarian lines [i.e., only partly centrally planned] to enable a market-guided Comecon to work. And any change along those lines has been ideologically unacceptable up to now." Although Comecon was loosely referred to as

neg: Economics of climate change mitigation p. 138). It might be argued that since such redistributions of resources are not observed now, why would either Rawlsian or utilitarian constructs be appropriate for climate change (Arrow "et al.", 1996b, p. 140)? A possible response to this would point to the fact that in the absence of government intervention, market rates of redistribution will not equal social rates. Economic growth is a key driver of CO emissions (Sathaye "et al.", 2007:707). As the economy expands, demand for energy and energy-intensive goods increases, pushing up CO emissions. On the other hand, economic growth may drive technological change and increase

neg: Virtue ethics one to the argument that accounts of the virtues must therefore be static: moral activity—that is, attempts to contemplate and practice the virtues—can provide the cultural resources that allow people to change, albeit slowly, the ethos of their own societies. MacIntyre appears to take this position in his seminal work on virtue ethics, "After Virtue". One might cite (though MacIntyre does not) the rapid emergence of abolitionist thought in the slave-holding societies of the 18th-century Atlantic world as an example of this sort of change: over a relatively short period of time, perhaps 1760 to 1800, in Britain, France, and

neg: Political economy of climate change outcomes (see table). The authors assume that each of the three lenses, namely ideas, power and resources, tends to be predominant at one stage of the policy process of the political economy of climate change, with “ideas and ideologies predominant in the conceptualisation phase, power in the negotiation phase and resource, institutional capacity and governance in the implementation phase”. It is argued that These elements are critical in the formulation of international climate change initiatives and their translation to national and sub-national policy context. Political economy of climate change Political economy of climate change is an approach that applies the

neg: Competition (economics) theory has focused on the many-seller limit of general equilibrium. Competition is generally accepted as an essential component of markets, and results from scarcity—there is never enough to satisfy all conceivable human wants—and occurs "when people strive to meet the criteria that are being used to determine who gets what." In offering goods for exchange, buyers competitively bid to purchase specific quantities of specific goods which are available, or might be available if sellers were to choose to offer such goods. Similarly, sellers bid against other sellers in offering goods on the market, competing for the attention and exchange resources

neg: Economic problem A community should achieve maximum satisfaction by using the scarce resources in the best possible manner—not wasting resources or using them inefficiently. There are two types of employment of resources: In capitalist economies, however, available resources are not fully used. In times of depression, many people want to work but can't find employment. It supposes that the scarce resources are not fully utilized in a capitalistic economy. If productive capacity grows, an economy can produce progressively more goods, which raises the standard of living. The increase in productive capacity of an economy is called economic growth. There are various factors

neg: North West Coastal Highway alignment on higher ground would be shorter, and would make bridging rivers easier. Work started at Carnarvon, and had been completed by 1969. Locally available material was used to great extent during construction, with techniques adjusted based on what was available; however, some resources were transported across vast distances. Water, scarce in the dry climate of the North West, was conveyed up to , aggregate up to , and bitumen up to . The project required thirty bridges, over riverbeds that could be dry all year, but might receive as much as of rainfall in three months, as had been

neg: Commodification of nature considered pseudo- or fictitious commodities. This basic fictitiousness is the origin of the material contradictions that arise when natural commodities are treated "as if" they were "true" commodities, as completely privatizable, alienable, separable, "et cetera". Many scholars believe that ecology and capitalism are against one another regarding climate change. As environmental economics is a relatively new field of study, and capitalism a significantly older economic system, radical change of current capitalist systems is highly unlikely while internalization of natural resources into the economy is much more feasible. John Bellamy Foster believes that commodification of nature might be more dangerous than

neg: Nancy Folbre have failed to provide adequate models to explain relations between parents and children in terms of development, conflict and social welfare. She suggests that economists should pay less attention to mere accounting of production and more on social reproduction. Second, Folbre explores how a shift in the investment of time and resources toward children might result in losses for other groups. Understanding and addressing these conflicts between groups might lead to more efficient and satisfying means to providing care of children and the elderly. Finally, she examines what history has to say about the collective struggles over the costs of

neg: General equilibrium theory change in the price of one good, say bread, may affect another price, such as bakers' wages. If bakers don't differ in tastes from others, the demand for bread might be affected by a change in bakers' wages, with a consequent effect on the price of bread. Calculating the equilibrium price of just one good, in theory, requires an analysis that accounts for all of the millions of different goods that are available. The first attempt in neoclassical economics to model prices for a whole economy was made by Léon Walras. Walras' "Elements of Pure Economics" provides a succession of

neg: Local government in Wales many issues that are critical at a time when the need for public services is outstripping the resources available to provide them. I have always been clear that the status quo is not an option. Change is inevitable and essential so that our public services can become more efficient, effective, accessible and responsive." Janet Finch-Saunders AM, shadow minister for local government, said: "What matters to the vast majority of hardworking families is not the intricate structures of local government, but knowing that services will be delivered in an efficient and cost effective way... We believe that public services are best

neg: Law of value environmentalists have criticized Marx on the ground that natural resources have (or should have) a value which has nothing to do with production costs in labour time, because in fact they are entropic "non-reproducible" goods. However, Marx himself never denied this; he was merely referring to the "bourgeois" valuation scheme, originating from commercial trade, double-entry bookkeeping, private property theory and the theory of prices. Precisely "because" natural resources were for a long time either non-reproducible or freely available goods (i.e. not reproducible commodities) the whole tendency in the market economy was for those resources to be "plundered" for private gain,

neg: Maximum-Residual Multicast Protocol the minimization of the total energy consumption of any path from a source to a destination) and provides useful insights when network resources (such as bandwidth) might change over time. Pi-Cheng Hsiu and Tei-Wei Kuo: "A Maximum-Residual Multicast Protocol for Large-Scale Mobile Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2009 Available from: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/pre_abs_all.jsp?isnumber=4358975&arnumber=4796204 Maximum-Residual Multicast Protocol MRMP ("Maximum-Residual Multicast Protocol") is a power-aware multicast protocol designed for large-scale mobile ad hoc networks, in which nodes may be with high mobility. In the past decades, many excellent power-aware routing algorithms/protocols have been proposed for mobile ad hoc networks. However, most

neg: Terra Est Quaestuosa They can then be assigned to varying different buildings, from military production types (barracks and war factories), production buildings (bakeries, steel factories, research facilities and cement factories), missile defence installations and money generating buildings (beaches, solar panels, tax offices and condominiums). These buildings will determine what sort of economy the player has, whether they are generating cash to purchase units and resources or producing units to sell for resources, or producing resources to sell for units. There are 7 different military units available. Marines, Fighters, Bombers and Panzers, which are used for attacking, Heavy Lasers which are used in conjunction

neg: Open educational resources the free and open-source software (FOSS) community. Open licensing allows uses of the materials that would not be easily permitted under copyright alone. Types of open educational resources include: full courses, course materials, modules, learning objects, open textbooks, openly licensed (often streamed) videos, tests, software, and other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge. OER may be freely and openly available static resources, dynamic resources which change over time in the course of having knowledge seekers interacting with and updating them (such as this Wikipedia article), or a course or module with a combination of these resources.

neg: I-name long it remains available anywhere on the network. I-numbers, like IP addresses, are designed to be efficient for network routers to process and resolve. XRI syntax also allows i-names and i-numbers to be combined within the same XRI. So effectively the XRI layer supports both i-name and i-number synonyms for resources — one that reflects real-world semantics and can change over time, and one that reflects the persistent identity of a resource no matter how often its attributes (including its i-names) may change. And the same HTTP-based XRI resolution protocol can be used to resolve either an i-name or an

neg: Economics of climate change mitigation can be corrected without incurring costs larger than the benefits gained. In most cases, studies of the no regret concept have not included all the external and implementation costs of a given policy. Different studies make different assumptions about how far the economy is from the production frontier (defined as the maximum outputs attainable with the optimal use of available inputs – natural resources, labour, etc. (IPCC, 2007c:819)). "Bottom-up" studies (which consider specific technological and engineering details of the economy) often assume that in the baseline case, the economy is operating below the production frontier. Where the costs of implementing

neg: Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union "Quite frankly, without any hint that such fundamental change is going on, my resources do not permit me the luxury of sort of just idly speculating on what a different kind of Soviet Union might look like." In 1984, Anatoliy Golitsyn, an important KGB defector published the book "New Lies For Old", wherein he predicted the collapse of the communist bloc orchestrated from above. He claimed this collapse was part of a long-term deception strategy designed to lull the West into a false sense of security, abolish all containment policies, and in time finally economically cripple and diplomatically isolate the

neg: Service autonomy principle the service’s underlying legacy resources might need an overhaul or the service’s logic might need refactoring in order to make it more efficient. The application of the service loose coupling and the service abstraction principles helps in attaining design-time autonomy as their application results in services whose contracts are shielded from their logic and implementation and hence, the services could be redesigned without affecting their service consumers. Run-time autonomy refers to the extent of the control that a service has over the way its solution logic is processed by the run-time environment. The more control a service has over its

neg: Luigi Pasinetti of technical coefficients, i.e., the link between the two methods of analysis, evolves over time due to technical change and change of production methods in the economy. That is, we would require an Input-Output table at each point in time for the dynamic analysis of an economy. However, the movement of vertically integrated coefficients can be analyzed over time, as these relationships include the expressions of technical change. This is the reason why the analysis in terms of vertically integrated coefficients is most appropriate for dynamic analysis. We can go back, however, to an inter-sectoral analysis (Input-Output) with reference to

neg: Cartagena, Colombia affairs might change with a return to pre-independence funding and tax system. Under such systems the canal would be maintained properly and even expanded, benefiting the national economy. Cartagena is one of the few cities in the world with a submarine emissary inaugurated in 2013. The emissary is the third largest in the world. International schools include: The city has many public and private libraries: The first carnivals and western theaters that served in New Granada operated on, what is today, Calle del Coliseo. This was an activity patronized by the Viceroy Manuel de Guirior and Antonio Caballero y Góngora,

neg: Saltwater and freshwater economics structural and discretionary policies. An implication of saltwater economic theory was that the government has an important role to play in order to actively and discretionarily stabilize the economy over the business cycle through striving to fine-tune "aggregate demand". Researchers associated with the "freshwater school" found that government economic policies are of utmost importance for both the economy's abilities to respond to shocks and for its long-term potential to provide welfare to its citizens. These economic policies are the rules and structure of the economy. They might be how markets are regulated, what government insurance programs are provided, the tax

neg: Iron cage and, seeing himself in this light, he will merely ask how to transform himself… to a bigger cog… The passion for bureaucratization at this meeting drives us to despair.” Bureaucratic hierarchies can control resources in pursuit of their own personal interests, which impacts society’s lives greatly and society has no control over this. It also affects society’s political order and governments because bureaucracies were built to regulate these organizations, but corruption remains an issue. The goal of the bureaucracy has a single-minded pursuit that can ruin social order; what might be good for the organization might not be good for

neg: Bass Point Reserve an area that has potential to reveal significant information about pre-contact history in NSW. Twelve midden sites and one camping/meeting place have been identified at Bass Point and archaeological excavations have revealed the environmental change and evolution of the area over time and the development of techniques used by the Aboriginal people to hunt and gather available resources. Alongside Burrill Lake rock shelter (which is of similar antiquity), Bass Point is considered to be one of the most significant Aboriginal archaeological sites to be excavated in NSW. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of

neg: Option value (cost–benefit analysis) in cost–benefit analysis is different from the concept used in finance, where the term refers to the valuation of a financial instrument that provides for a future purchase of an asset. (See Option time value.) However, the two can be related insofar as both can be interpreted as a valuation of risk factors. In the environmental research literature, option value is commonly interpreted as the value of preserving threatened natural resources so that they might be available for use in the future. It has been applied for establishing the value of preserving wildlife habitats, wilderness areas, and water recreation resources.

neg: Pirates of the Burning Sea trees. Along with this, the ship hull needs nails, which are made from iron, which is refined from iron ore. The ship, along with the ship hull, also needs masts, cannons, several hundred yards of rope, and so on. While there is no requirement to taking part in the economy system, the rewards of doing so are significant. Economy is also directly tied to the port contention system, as who controls a port might control access to resources only available at that port. The game currently offers three "epic" group instances, both added as additional content through patches to the

neg: Charles Clarke in a speech to University College, Worcester: "Universities exist to enable the British economy and society to deal with the challenges posed by the increasingly rapid process of global change." He explained, "I argue that what I described as the medieval concept of a community of scholars seeking truth is not in itself a justification for the state to put money into that. We might do it at say a level of a hundredth of what we do now and have one university of medieval seekers after truth that we thought were very good, to support them as an adornment

neg: Economics of nuclear power plants where 98% of industry sponsored studies return positive results. Nuclear Power plants tend to be very competitive in areas where other fuel resources are not readily available — France, most notably, has almost no native supplies of fossil fuels. France's nuclear power experience has also been one of paradoxically increasing rather than decreasing costs over time. Making a massive investment of capital in a project with long-term recovery might affect a company's credit rating. A Council on Foreign Relations report on nuclear energy argues that a rapid expansion of nuclear power may create shortages in building materials such as reactor-quality

neg: Project portfolio management human resources, technical skills, production, and design. In addition to project-level resource allocation, users can also model ‘what-if’ resource scenarios, and extend this view across the portfolio. The capture and prioritization of change requests that can include new requirements, features, functions, operational constraints, regulatory demands, and technical enhancements. PPM provides a central repository for these change requests and the ability to match available resources to evolving demand within the financial and operational constraints of individual projects. With PPM, the Office of Finance can improve their accuracy for estimating and managing the financial resources of a project or group of projects.

neg: Todd Rokita available resources and technologies, so long as such resources and technologies are supported by the free market." Rokita has a 4% lifetime voting rating from the League of Conservation Voters, an environmentalist group. In 2016, the group gave him a 0% rating. He does not accept the scientific consensus that human activity is the driving factor of climate change, and at a 2013 town-hall event called the idea that climate change was caused by human activity "arrogant." Rokita has stated: "I'm proud of my 'A' rating from the NRA" and has said that he will "protect our 2nd Amendment right

neg: Advertising campaign audience can work out well if they're already interested in what you're selling. Over time target markets can change. People interested today might not be interested tomorrow, and those not interested in the present time, might become interested over time. Analysing sales data and customer information helps businesses and individuals understand when their target market is increasing or decreasing. There are many advantages that are associated with finding your Target Market. One advantage is the “ability to offer the right product” (Suttle. R. 2016) through knowing the age and needs of the customer willing to purchase the item. Another advantage

neg: Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee might include international cooperation, developing new industries, energy independence, reducing climate change, national prestige, etc. Therefore, the ideal destination should contain resources such as water to sustain life (also providing oxygen for breathing, and hydrogen to combine with oxygen for rocket fuel), and precious and industrial metals and other resources that may be of value for space construction and perhaps in some cases worth returning to Earth (e.g., see asteroid mining). Some of these resources are available on Mars, and perhaps on the Moon, but the Committee report noted the cost and difficulty of "travel into the deep gravity wells

neg: Migrant workers in the Persian Gulf region budget deficits. The International Monetary Fund recently warned the GCC to be ready for profit decrease, as oil prices might go down. Consequently, tax extraction from migrants may be used to compensate for future economic predicaments. Saudi Arabia, the largest country among the GCC countries, currently has a budget deficit of 38,6 billion USD. Oman is especially sensitive to declining oil prices and economic change, as about 70% of the economy is dependent on natural resources. A leading representative of the Consultative Assembly of Oman (Majlis al-Shura) has expressed the essentiality to “tighten our belts and prepare together for the

neg: Web development tools change reflected in the page after the change is made. In addition to selecting and editing, the HTML elements panels will usually also display properties of the DOM object, such as display dimension, and CSS properties. Web pages typically load and require additional content in the form of images, scripts, font and other external files. Web development tools also allow developers to inspect resources that are loaded and available on the web page in a tree-structure listing. Web development tools also allow developers to view information about the network usage, such as viewing what the loading time and bandwidth usage

neg: Global resources dividend is born to poor family in Sierra Leone. Equally difficult to justify might be the assumption that every person has a right to absolute control over the resources they happen to have within their borders. Each nation or "peoples" would be given full freedom of what to do with their own resources. They would not be required to extract them, or allow others to extract them. If people decide to use a natural resource, they would pay a dividend. This includes oil, but also the various uses of reusable resources (e.g. polluting water). The dividend results in higher costs for

neg: It's Not Easy Being Green (Once Upon a Time) tells Regina that she will find her heart, and also vows to destroy her, before flying off on her broom. As everyone races to check on Regina, Regina divulges that if Zelena has David's courage and is after Regina's heart, Zelena might have something big planned. And as it turns out, Zelena is indeed planning something that will change the courses of everyone involved, telling Gold back in his cage that what she is planning isn't a curse... but a second chance. The episode saw an increase over the previous outing, placing a 2.4/6 among 18-49s, with 7.24 million viewers,

neg: Small-scale project management boxes" or stages sometimes referred to as "sprints". At the end of each 'time box" the project team review and evaluate using a risk tool asking what have we learnt from this stage and what will we now change. The PID after a review might change fundamentally according to what has been learnt. Risk tools promote group discussion and reflection and are iterative across project life cycles or time boxes. A simple risk assessment may not suffice with an Agile approach however as it only captures the negative or "jeopardy risks" excluding the "opportunity risks" . On creative or experimental

neg: Gustafson's law formulated the following way: where Gustafson's law addresses the shortcomings of Amdahl's law, which is based on the assumption of a fixed problem size, that is of an execution workload that does not change with respect to the improvement of the resources. Gustafson's law instead proposes that programmers tend to set the size of problems to fully exploit the computing power that becomes available as the resources improve. Therefore, if faster equipment is available, larger problems can be solved within the same time. The impact of Gustafson's law was to shift research goals to select or reformulate problems so that

neg: Unemployment in India only in a longer term prospective. Employment structure of an economy is the normal instrument that can cause a change in inequality either way i.e. an increase or a decrease in inequality. Since the government functions within the administrative and fiscal constraints, the target group programmes normally have a marginal impact on income redistribution. Income of labour enables flow of resources across income classes of people and across the social and ethnic groups. Flows of income across locations are influenced both by assets available and modes of creating employment opportunities. However, income generated by employment of migrant labour, facilitates flow

neg: Isadore Gilbert Mudge of this and other countries.’" Around the time Mudge came to Columbia, the American Library Association asked her to update "Guide to Reference Books", which was desperately needing a supplement to go along with the original edition. She edited the guide through four editions over 20 years. This was an important book at that time to show new librarians what resources were available. This is what she is best known for. She also wrote articles for the "Library Journal", worked on editing and creating bibliographies, dictionaries and other reference materials. Quite often her writings were assisted by Minnie Earl Sears,

neg: The Limits to Growth are several pages explaining that new resources are found over time and that the "current reserves" therefore change but that ultimately resources are finite. (Earlier editions did explain this as well, but not in as much detail.) The standard model includes a resource base of double that of what they have calculated, but the book includes model runs where the assumed resources are infinite, but those model runs still result in overshoot and collapse from other factors. After reviewing their computer simulations, the research team came to the following conclusions: Criticism of "LTG" was immediate. Peter Passell and two co-authors

neg: Political economy of climate change policies so as to understand the likely factors driving climate change mitigation outcomes in many transition countries. The main conclusions are listed below: Tanner and Allouche (2011) propose a new conceptual and methodological framework for analysing the political economy of climate change in their latest work, which focuses on the climate change policy processes and outcomes in terms of ideas, power and resources. The new political economy approach is expected to go beyond the dominant political economy tools formulated by international development agencies to analyse climate change initiatives that have ignored the way that ideas and ideologies determine the policy

neg: National Center on Education and the Economy National Center on Education and the Economy The National Center on Education and the Economy (NCEE) is a not-for-profit, policy analysis and development organization based in Washington, DC. It was formed by its current president, Marc Tucker, with the stated mission: “To analyze the implications of changes in the international economy for American education, formulate an agenda for American education based on that analysis and seek wherever possible to accomplish that agenda through policy change and development of the resources educators would need to carry it out.” [http://www.ncee.org [1<nowiki>]</nowiki>] NCEE has three programs: The Center on International Education Benchmarking, The

neg: Andrew Sentance a UK Government expert group on the International Dimensions of Climate Change. He is currently the chairman of the Essex Economic Commission. Sentance was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to the economy. The economist Paul Krugman criticized an article Sentance wrote in London's "Financial Times" on 21 September 2015, which opposed the US Federal Open Market Committee's decision not to raise interest rates. Krugman writes: What makes the piece so remarkable is that there isn’t so much as a nod to what you might have thought was

neg: Safe Schools Coalition Australia the negative commentary surrounding the program has been attributed to the belief that young people who are exposed to LGBTIQ issues might then change their sexuality. The current (as of November 2017) federal government's policy is not to fund the program beyond 2017. Resources will still be available for schools to use beyond that date. Labor's policy is to expand the Safe Schools Coalition. In February 2016, under privilege of Parliament, George Christensen claimed the program exposed students to inappropriate sexual material. Christensen also likened the program to a "pedophile grooming a victim", said the program was attempting to introduce

neg: Climate change policy of the United States its 2016 platform, the Democratic Party views climate change as “an urgent threat and a defining challenge of our time.” Democrats are dedicated to “curbing the effects of climate change, protecting America's natural resources, and ensuring the quality of our air, water, and land for current and future generations.” With respect to the climate change, the Democratic Party believes that “carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gasses should be priced to reflect their negative externalities, and to accelerate the transition to a clean energy economy and help meet our climate goals.” Democrats are also committed to “implementing, and extending smart

neg: Economic history of the United States resources were abundant in America but labor was scarce. From 1700 to 1775 the output of the thirteen colonies increased 12, giving the colonies an economy about 30% the size of Britain's at the time of independence. Population growth was responsible for over three-quarters of the economic growth of the British American colonies. The free white population had the highest standard of living in the world. There was very little change in productivity and little in the way of introduction of new goods and services. Under the colonial system Britain put restrictions on the type of products that could be

neg: Economy of Cuba tons of sugar. In July 1970, after the harvest was over, Castro took responsibility for the failure and later that same year he blamed the Sugar Industry Minister saying “Those technocrats, geniuses, super-scientists assured me that they knew what to do in order to produce the ten million tons. But it was proven, first, that they did not know how to do it and, second, that they exploited the rest of the economy by receiving large amounts of resources . . . while there are factories that could have improved with a better distribution of those resources that were allocated

neg: Economy of Russia Economy of Russia Russia has an upper-middle income<ref name="https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org">, "World Bank"</ref> mixed and transition economy with state ownership in strategic areas of the economy. Market reforms in the 1990s privatized much of Russian industry and agriculture, with notable exceptions to this privatization occurring in the energy and defense-related sectors. Russia's vast geography is an important determinant of its economic activity, with some sources estimating that Russia contains over 30 percent of the world's natural resources. The World Bank estimates the total value of Russia's natural resources at $75 trillion US dollars. Russia relies on energy revenues to drive most of

neg: Ethiopian Airlines and light aircraft were available for leasing to Government agencies as well as to be used on natural resources projects. "Cloud Nine" and Economy Class are the two classes available on most of Ethiopian Airlines' flights, but not on all-economy-layout Dash 8s. On all flights, passengers are provided with food and complimentary beverages on board, in both classes. The food service consists of hot meals, hot or cold snacks, or light refreshments, depending on the length of the flight and the time of the day. The choice of acquiring complementary drinks at an extra cost is available too. The airline

neg: Edith Penrose In theorizing about companies that grow, Dr. Penrose wrote: "There are important administrative restraints on the speed of the firm's growth. Human resources required for the management of change are tied to the individual firm and so are internally scarce. Expansion requires the recruitment of more such resources. New recruits cannot become fully effective overnight. The growth process is, therefore, dynamically constrained." Penrose is considered to be the first economist who posited what has become known as the Resource-based view of the firm. Strategic resources are those which are rare, difficult to duplicate, valuable, and over which a firm has

neg: Enbridge Line 3 for Pipeline Cleanup and the Chippewa Cumulative Impact Statement mention that Line 3 would be the first pipeline ever to be decommissioned in MN, and try to interrogate what sort of precedent that might set. Many Minnesotans support the Line 3 project for its potential to support the economy of communities along the route. Enbridge has said that thousands of jobs will be created as a result of the pipeline's construction. However, the Environmental Impact Statement draws a distinction between the temporary employment that would be available during construction and the likelihood of long term job creation: In addition to

neg: Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation of three other separate ministries: Ministry of Construction (deals with sewage), Ministry of Land and Resources (controls groundwater), and Ministry of Water Resources (manages water in general). Indeed, the environmental damage in China is already costing its economy about 10% of its GDP, and is costing that in spite of the millions in venture capital invested in China by foreign firms for mitigation projects under the Clean Development Mechanism. Finally, critics point out that even though China bests the US by being a signer to the Kyoto Protocol (since the US is not), China signed under an agreement that developing

neg: Resource allocation a base transceiver station using an appropriate algorithm. One class of resource whereby applicants bid for the best resource(s) according to their balance of "money", as in an online auction business model (see also auction theory). A study by Emmanuel Yarteboi Annan shows that this is highly important in the resource allocation sector. In one paper on CPU time slice allocation an auction algorithm is compared to proportional share scheduling. Resource allocation In economics, resource allocation is the assignment of available resources to various uses. In the context of an entire economy, resources can be allocated by various means, such

neg: Khawbung vehicles. Head loading and animal carriages were the main transportation means commonly used for local goods during that time. MST Bus services have been available from 1992 to present for passengers and goods transportation. This has brought about a big leap/change in the village economy. From 2000 A.D. onwards, Sumo services have been available from Khawbung to Champhai. Three sumo-services are constantly available. A new decade of 2010 A.D. has brought about a new facet in its transportation system since one sumo-service has been added from Khawbung to Aizawl thrice in a week. The sumo-services not just make easy passengers

neg: Non-monetary economy they need, or may act as a forum in which special jobs or needs can be communicated and traded. These systems operate to a large degree outside of the monetary economy, though do not negate the importance of a monetary economy or seek a return to systems of barter. A time bank is a community-based organization which brings people and local organizations together to help each other, utilizing previously untapped resources and skills, valuing work which is normally unrewarded, and valuing people who find themselves marginalized from the conventional economy. These are things that family or friends might normally do

neg: Sharing economy register to be UberEATS drivers. Similar to Uber drivers, UberEATS drivers get paid for delivering food. An example of grocery delivery in sharing economy is Instakart. It has the same business model as that of sharing economy based companies like Uber, Airbnb, or CanYa. Instacart uses resources that are readily available, and the shoppers shop at existing grocery shops. The contract workers use their personal vehicles to deliver groceries to customers. Instacart manages to keep its cost low as it does not require any infrastructure to store goods. In addition to having contract workers, Instacart allows signing up to be

neg: Informal Methods (Validation and Verification) compare with the appropriate counterpart to verify how closely the executable model matches. One of the main purposes of this method of verification is to see what original goals have been overlooked. By doing an inspection check on the model, the team can not only see what issues might have been overlooked, but also catch any potential flaws that can become an issue later in the project. Depending on the resources available, the members of the inspection team may or may not be part of the model production team. Preferably they would be separate groups. When they are from the

neg: Economy of the Egyptian Armed Forces approximately 18 million, given a 2 percent growth rate, by the year 2027. Therefore, most of Cairo’s population will remain in Cairo, where resources for maintenance and repairs to the infrastructure are lacking. It has been suggested that available resources are likely to be preferentially deployed to the infrastructure needs of the new capital. The new capital will house a zoo, a wildlife park, an aquarium, an arboretum and botanical gardens, and so require a large quantity of water. The Government has stated that two major pipelines will connect the Nile to the new capital and that at some point

neg: Solar micro-inverter inverters to significantly reduce the effects of partial shading. Another issue, though minor, is that string inverters are available in a limited selection of power ratings. This means that a given array normally up-sizes the inverter to the next-largest model over the rating of the panel array. For instance, a 10-panel array of 2300 W might have to use a 2500 or even 3000 W inverter, paying for conversion capability it cannot use. This same issue makes it difficult to change array size over time, adding power when funds are available (modularity). If the customer originally purchased a 2500 W

neg: Bass Point Reserve Aboriginal people. Upon analysis of the middens at Bass Point, Dr Bowdler and Dr Hughes discovered shells and bones of shellfish, fish, wallabies, bandicoots, possums, birds and seals. It was also considered that the many middens along the northern shoreline may, in fact, represent a single continuous midden site. These archaeological excavations revealed the environmental change and evolution of Bass Point over time and, further analysis of the midden sites has shown the development of techniques used by the Aboriginal people to hunt and gather available resources. As a result of these archaeological assessments, Bass Point is now considered to

neg: Natural Capitalism to the largest stocks of capital it employs – the natural resources and living systems, as well as the social and cultural systems that are the basis of human capital." Natural capitalism recognizes the critical interdependency between the production and use of human-made capital and the maintenance and supply of natural capital. The authors argue that only through recognizing this essential relationship with the Earth's valuable resources can businesses, and the people they support, continue to exist. Their fundamental questions are: What would an economy look like if it fully valued all forms of capital? What if an economy were

neg: Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency CanNor is to exploit the resources available in unused territory. The Canadian Government plans on creating commercial fisheries in the Arctic region by building infrastructure in 2013. In addition, a hydroelectric power plant is being built in Lower Churchill to create infrastructure towards expanding the economy and population in the Northern region. Although Nunavut only currently has one mine, there are over ten mineral extraction projects set to be in place by 2020. There are 25 other possible projects that are undergoing exploration towards ore extraction in the future, leading to a possibility of a growing economy and increased revenue.

neg: Preservation (library and archival science) damaged or worn. Public libraries usually try to tailor their services to meet the needs and desires of their local communities, which could cause an emphasis on acquiring new materials over preserving old ones. Librarians working in public facilities frequently have to make complicated decisions about how to best serve their patrons. Commonly, public library systems work with each other and sometimes with more academic libraries through interlibrary loan programs. By sharing resources, they are able to expand upon what might be available to their own patrons and share the burdens of preservation across a greater array of systems. Archival

neg: Climate change in Montana Climate change in Montana The US state of Montana has taken legislative steps towards reducing the possible effects of climate change. According to the IPCC, possible effects on water systems for the Montana region include less water available in some areas. Warming in mountain states is projected by the IPCC to cause decreased snowpack, more winter flooding, and reduced summer flows. This may increase competition for water resources. Montana is a headwater state, and consequently, potential climate change effects that impact Montana’s water resources reach far beyond the state borders. The Department of Environmental Quality, Montana, has determined that climate

neg: Structural change Structural change In economics, structural change is a shift or change in the basic ways a market or economy functions or operates. Such change can be caused by such factors as economic development, global shifts in capital and labor, changes in resource availability due to war or natural disaster or discovery or depletion of natural resources, or a change in political system. For example, a subsistence economy may be transformed into a manufacturing economy, or a regulated mixed economy may be liberalized. A current driver of structural change in the world economy is globalization. Structural change is possible because of

neg: Learner-generated context Learner-generated context The term learner-generated context originated in the suggestion that an educational context might be described as a learner-centric ecology of resources and that a learner generated context is one in which a group of users collaboratively marshall available resources to create an ecology that meets their needs. There are many discussions about user-generated content (UGC), open educational resources (OER), distributed cognition and communities of practice but, although acknowledging the importance of the learning process, there has been little focus on learner-generated contexts or the impact of new technologies on the role of teacher, learner and institution. The term

neg: Paul A. Baran available productive resources, and some chosen 'optimal' volume of consumption." Baran used the surplus concept to analyze underdeveloped economies (or what are now more optimistically called "developing economies") in his "The Political Economy of Growth". Baran with Paul M. Sweezy applied the surplus concept to the contemporary US economy in "Monopoly Capital". Paul A. Baran Paul Alexander Baran (; 25 August 1909 – 26 March 1964) was an American Marxist economist. In 1951 Baran was promoted to full professor at Stanford University and Baran was the only tenured Marxian economist in the United States until his death in 1964. Baran

neg: NLTSS significant as it might at first sound as all NLTSS servers worked on a multithreading model. What this change really amounted to was to move the threads responsible for file server services from a separate file server process into the kernel "process". Communication to users was unchanged (still through buffer tables, LINCS tokens, etc.), but file operations avoided some significant context changes that were the primary cause of the higher latencies over what the older LTSS and the competing Cray Time Sharing System provided. This change did significantly (~3x) improve the latency of file I/O operations, but it also meant

neg: Globalization in Question at the level of the international economy that neither undermine national governance nor hinder the creation of national strategies for international control". Globalization in Question Hirst and Thompson note that globalization is an important topic, not only in economics, but also in the social, political and managerial sciences. There is much talk of the "global village" and it is often argued that a truly global economy has emerged, or is in the process of emerging. This global economy, it is further argued, in what might be termed the "globalization hypothesis", has made domestic economic strategies useless in the face of

neg: War of 1812 America. Furthermore, Madison believed that the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence trade route might become the main trade route for the export of North American goods to Europe at the expense of the U.S. economy, and if the United States controlled the resources of British North America like timber which the British needed for their navy, then Britain would be forced to change its maritime policies which had so offended American public opinion. Many Americans believed it was only natural that their country should swallow up North America with one Congressman, John Harper saying in a speech that "the Author of Nature