query: when was the deepwater horizon oil spill capped

pos: Deepwater Horizon oil spill coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations. Concerns were raised about the appearance of underwater, horizontally extended plumes of dissolved oil. Researchers concluded that deep plumes of dissolved oil and gas would likely remain confined to the northern Gulf of Mexico and that the peak impact on dissolved oxygen would be delayed and long lasting. Two weeks after the wellhead was capped on 15 July 2010, the surface oil appeared to have dissipated, while an unknown amount of subsurface oil remained. Estimates of the residual ranged from a 2010 NOAA report that claimed about half of the oil remained

pos: Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill surface oil forecasts that are posted daily on NOAA's website. On 14 May 2010, the Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills model indicated that about 35% of a hypothetical spill of light Louisiana crude oil released in conditions similar to those found in the Gulf would evaporate, that 50% to 60% of the oil would remain in or on the water, and the rest would be dispersed in the ocean. That means that over of oil remained in the Gulf. The wellhead was capped on 15 July 2010, and by 30 July, the surface oil appeared to have dissipated more

neg: GuLF Study Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), part of the National Institutes of Health, and aims to recruit 55,000 of the 150,000 workers who volunteered or were employed to help clean up the spill. It is led by Dale Sandler, head of the NIEHS's epidemiology branch. The "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill was the world's largest accidental marine oil spill. It began on 20 April 2010 after an explosion on the "Deepwater Horizon", a drilling rig leased by BP to drill an exploratory well. Between then and 15 July, when the well was capped, over four million barrels of oil (around 170 million US

neg: Gulf of Mexico 1979, the "Ixtoc I" oil platform in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout leading to a catastrophic explosion, which resulted in a massive oil spill that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped. This was ranked as the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico until the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill in 2010. On April 20, 2010, the "Deepwater Horizon" oil platform, located in the Mississippi Canyon about off the Louisiana coast, suffered a catastrophic explosion; it sank a day-and-a-half later. It was in the process of being sealed with cement for temporary abandonment, to

neg: Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill The "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site. According to the Flow Rate Technical Group, the leak amounted to about of oil, exceeding the 1989 "Exxon Valdez" oil spill as the largest ever to originate in U.S.-controlled waters and the 1979 Ixtoc I oil spill as the largest spill in the Gulf of Mexico. BP has challenged this calculation saying that it is overestimated as it includes over of oil which was

neg: Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Efforts to stem the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill were ongoing from the time that the "Deepwater Horizon" exploded on 4/20/2010 until the well was sealed by a cap on July 15, 2010. Various species of dolphins and other mammals (61 casualties), birds (2,095 casualties), and the endangered sea turtles (467 casualties) have been killed either directly or indirectly by the oil spill. The "Deepwater Horizon" spill has surpassed in volume the 1989 "Exxon Valdez" oil spill as the largest ever to originate in U.S.-controlled waters; it is comparable to the 1979 Ixtoc

neg: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust The "Deepwater Horizon" Oil Spill Trust is the $20 billion trust fund established by BP to settle claims arising from the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill. The fund was established to be used for natural resource damages, state and local response costs and individual compensation. It was established as Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF), announced on 16 June 2010 after meeting of BP executives with U.S. President Barack Obama. In June 2012, the settlement of claims through the GCCF was replaced by the court supervised settlement program. After the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill started, BP promised

neg: Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Coast Guard and other reporting agencies. Price of a barrel of oil (West Texas Intermediate – Cushing, Oklahoma) $84.34 Chris Oynes, offshore drilling director for the MMS, announces a hurried retirement. Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill The following is a timeline of the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill or the Macondo blowout). It was a massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the largest offshore spill in U.S. history. It was a result of the well blowout that began with the "Deepwater Horizon" drilling

neg: Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill The following is a timeline of the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill or the Macondo blowout). It was a massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the largest offshore spill in U.S. history. It was a result of the well blowout that began with the "Deepwater Horizon" drilling rig explosion on April 20, 2010. BP reports a leak a day. DeepWaterHorizonResponse.com domain registered for one year by PIER Systems in Bellingham, Washington to be used by the United States

neg: Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Gulf Coast that prevented vessels from coming within "of booming operations, boom, or oil spill response operations". In a press briefing, USCG admiral Thad Allen said the new regulation was related to safety issues. On CNN's "360", host Anderson Cooper rejected the motivation for the restrictions outright. The Civil Air Patrol also monitored the spill on behalf of the USCG. 27 May 2010 Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill The "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site. According

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill directed by Austin Stark and starring Nicolas Cage, is a fictional story of a politician and his family set in the aftermath of the "Deepwater Horizon" disaster. "Deepwater Horizon" is a 2016 film based on the explosion, directed by Peter Berg and starring Mark Wahlberg. Deepwater Horizon oil spill The "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill/leak, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo blowout) is an industrial disaster that began on 20 April 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect, considered to be the

neg: Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill The 2010 "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has been described as the worst environmental disaster in the United States, releasing about of crude oil making it the largest marine oil spill. Both the spill and the cleanup efforts had effects on the environment. The oil spill was called the "worst environmental disaster the US has faced" by White House energy adviser Carol Browner. The spill was by far the largest in US history, almost 20 times greater than the usual estimate of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Factors

neg: Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill The Health consequences of the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill are health effects related to the explosion of the "Deepwater Horizon" offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico on April 20, 2010. An oil discharge continued for 84 days, resulting in the largest oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, estimated at approximately 206 million gallons (4.9 million barrels). The spill exposed thousands of area residents and cleanup workers to risks associated with oil fumes, particulate matter from controlled burns, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy

neg: Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill This article covers the effect of the "Deepwater Horizon" disaster and the resulting oil spill on global and national economies and the energy industry. Weeks after the event, and while it was still in progress, the 2010 "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill was being discussed as a disaster with far reaching consequences sufficient to impact global economies, marketplaces and policies. It took place on April 20, 2010. These potentially included structural shifts to energy policy, insurance marketplaces and risk assessment, and potential liabilities of the order of tens of billions of US dollars

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill Deepwater Horizon oil spill The "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill/leak, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo blowout) is an industrial disaster that began on 20 April 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect, considered to be the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8% to 31% larger in volume than the previous largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill. The U.S. government estimated the total discharge at . After several failed efforts to contain

neg: Worst Case Discharge Worst Case Discharge Worst Case Discharge (WCD) is a calculation used by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement to determine the maximum flow rate for an offshore oil well in the event of an oil spill. WCD first came to prominence in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill to determine potential liability if another oil spill were to occur. The now defunct Minerals Management Service planned to implement Worst Case Discharge studies before the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill though the first actual was performed in August 2010 to model the Deepwater Horizon spill. In January

neg: Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill On 22 June, BP said money received from selling oil from Deepwater Horizon would go to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, to be used to help wildlife along the Gulf Coast. BP started the fund with $5 million. Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Reactions to the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill from various officials and interested parties ranged from blame and outrage at the damage caused by the spill, to calls for greater accountability on the part of the U.S. government and BP, including new legislation dealing with preventative security and clean-up improvements. On 30 April 2010, President

neg: National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling recommendations to Congress for new spending and regulations. National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling The National Commission on the BP "Deepwater Horizon" Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling is a bipartisan presidential commission, established by Executive Order signed by Barack Obama on May 21, 2010, that is "tasked with providing recommendations on how the United States can prevent and mitigate the impact of any future spills that result from offshore drilling." It came about as a result of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The first public hearings, held on July 12 and 13,

neg: National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling The National Commission on the BP "Deepwater Horizon" Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling is a bipartisan presidential commission, established by Executive Order signed by Barack Obama on May 21, 2010, that is "tasked with providing recommendations on how the United States can prevent and mitigate the impact of any future spills that result from offshore drilling." It came about as a result of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The first public hearings, held on July 12 and 13, 2010 in New Orleans, included scheduled testimony from

neg: Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill the settlement, people living for at least 60 days along oil-impacted shores or involved in the clean-up who can document one or more specific health conditions caused by the oil or dispersants are eligible for benefits. BP also agreed to spend $105 million over five years to set up a Gulf Coast health outreach program and pay for medical examinations. Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill The Health consequences of the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill are health effects related to the explosion of the "Deepwater Horizon" offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico on April 20, 2010.

neg: Oil pollution toxicity to marine fish to spawn in late March when the spill occurred, resulting in nearly half of the populations eggs being exposed to crude oil. Pacific herring spawn in the intertidal and subtidal zones, making the vulnerable eggs easily exposed to pollution. After April 20, 2010, when an explosion on the "Deepwater Horizon" Macondo oil drilling platform triggered the largest oil spill in US history, another opportunity for oil toxicity research was presented. Approximately 171 million gallons of crude oil flowed from the seafloor into the Gulf of Mexico, exposing the majority of surrounding biota. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill also coincided directly

neg: Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill equalized with the hydrostatic pressure; I think that's a risk that's too great to take a chance on, myself." Casing integrity concerns also influenced the pressure chosen for the top kill procedure. Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Efforts to stem the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill were ongoing from the time that the "Deepwater Horizon" exploded on 4/20/2010 until the well was sealed by a cap on July 15, 2010. Various species of dolphins and other mammals (61 casualties), birds (2,095 casualties), and the endangered sea turtles (467 casualties) have been killed either directly or indirectly by the

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill response Deepwater Horizon oil spill response The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred between April 10 and September 19, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico. A variety of techniques were used to address fundamental strategies for addressing the spilled oil, which were: to contain oil on the surface, dispersal, and removal. While most of the oil drilled off Louisiana is a lighter crude, the leaking oil was of a heavier blend which contained asphalt-like substances. According to Ed Overton, who heads a federal chemical hazard assessment team for oil spills, this type of oil emulsifies well. Once it becomes emulsified, it no

neg: Deepwater Horizon explosion Deepwater Horizon explosion The "Deepwater Horizon" drilling rig explosion was the April 20, 2010, explosion and subsequent fire on the "Deepwater Horizon" semi-submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU), which was owned and operated by Transocean and drilling for BP in the Macondo Prospect oil field about southeast off the Louisiana coast. The explosion and subsequent fire resulted in the sinking of the "Deepwater Horizon" and the deaths of 11 workers; 17 others were injured. The same blowout that caused the explosion also caused a massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, considered the largest accidental marine oil spill

neg: Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill died off in the areas that were affected by the underwater plumes that stretched out miles beyond the spill site. The foraminifera have returned in some areas but in other areas they have burrowed into the sediments, stirring them up all over again. Noting that it took several years for the herring population to crash following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the researchers expressed concerns that it may also take years for long-terms effects to become apparent in the gulf. Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill The 2010 "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill response with numerous residents and tourists of the Gulf who have experienced symptoms like rashes and "peeling palms" after contact with the water in the Gulf. On 15 April 2014, BP claimed that cleanup along the coast was substantially complete, but the United States Coast Guard responded that a lot of work remained. Deepwater Horizon oil spill response The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred between April 10 and September 19, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico. A variety of techniques were used to address fundamental strategies for addressing the spilled oil, which were: to contain oil on the surface, dispersal, and

neg: Unified Command (Deepwater Horizon oil spill) Unified Command (Deepwater Horizon oil spill) The Unified Command provides Incident Command System/Unified Command (ICS) for coordinating response to the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill. The organization was initially headquartered at the Shell Robert Training and Conference Center in Robert, Louisiana. Robert has 20 streets and one stop light. On June 15, 2010, they announced plans to move its 350 staff into of space to downtown New Orleans, Louisiana near the Superdome. The group works via consensus on managing the spill and making official statements. Incident commanders from each group report to the National Incident Commander, Admiral Thad Allen, USCG. The

neg: Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Reactions to the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill from various officials and interested parties ranged from blame and outrage at the damage caused by the spill, to calls for greater accountability on the part of the U.S. government and BP, including new legislation dealing with preventative security and clean-up improvements. On 30 April 2010, President Barack Obama ordered the federal government to delay issuing new offshore drilling leases until a thorough review determined whether more safety systems were needed and authorized teams to investigate 29 oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to

neg: 21st-century fossil fuel regulations in the United States spill has been the Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010. With the exception of Kalamazoo River (2010), all other major spills have occurred around the Gulf of Mexico. In May 2010, the United States Department of the Interior called for an end to drilling in the area of the Deepwater Horizon spill. Despite pushback from oil companies and states, the Supreme Court ruled to keep the moratorium in place until October 2010. BP agreed to financial compensation for the damage they caused, including payouts to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust. Regulations drafted after the accident required oil companies to update

neg: Deepwater Horizon investigation Deepwater Horizon investigation The "Deepwater Horizon" investigation included several investigations and commissions, among others reports by National Incident Commander Thad Allen, United States Coast Guard, National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Government Accountability Office, National Oil Spill Commission, and Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. On 11 April 2010, the United States Coast Guard and the Minerals Management Service launched an investigation of the possible causes of the "Deepwater Horizon" explosion; they obtained and analyzed the blowout preventer, a

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill 17 of whom were treated for injuries. The Deepwater Horizon sank on the morning of 22 April 2010. The oil leak was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site. The oil flowed for 87 days. BP originally estimated a flow rate of . The Flow Rate Technical Group (FRTG) estimated the initial flow rate was . The total estimated volume of leaked oil approximated with plus or minus 10% uncertainty, including oil that was collected, making it the world's largest accidental spill. BP challenged the higher

neg: Unified Command (Deepwater Horizon oil spill) Command has Incident Command Centers in Houma, Louisiana; Mobile, Alabama; and Miami, Florida (moving on June 11 from St. Petersburg, Florida). Among the functions is the Joint Information Center, consisting of Public information officers from the various components which coordinates the daily news. Members of the command are: Unified Command (Deepwater Horizon oil spill) The Unified Command provides Incident Command System/Unified Command (ICS) for coordinating response to the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill. The organization was initially headquartered at the Shell Robert Training and Conference Center in Robert, Louisiana. Robert has 20 streets and one stop light. On June 15, 2010,

neg: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana Carl Barbier. Barbier reasoned his decision saying that "BP has not produced any evidence that would warrant the court taking the drastic step of shutting down the entire claims program." As of 30 June 2013, the total payments made from the fund amounted to $19.7 billion. After paying out remaining $300 million, the remaining claims will be compensated from the company's future profits. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust The "Deepwater Horizon" Oil Spill Trust is the $20 billion trust fund established by BP to settle claims arising from

neg: Deepwater Horizon investigation well. Transocean, responding to the report, blamed "BP's fatally flawed well design." Deepwater Horizon investigation The "Deepwater Horizon" investigation included several investigations and commissions, among others reports by National Incident Commander Thad Allen, United States Coast Guard, National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Government Accountability Office, National Oil Spill Commission, and Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. On 11 April 2010, the United States Coast Guard and the Minerals Management Service launched an investigation of the possible causes of

neg: Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States) and part of offshore Alabama, since 1995. In March 2010, President Barack Obama announced plans to allow drilling in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, in federal waters greater than from the coasts of Alabama and Florida. In December 2010, following the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill, the Obama administration reversed its plans to open the eastern Gulf, and imposed a moratorium on new drilling in the eastern Gulf of Mexico for at least seven years. The "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill oil and dispersants to coral also found that the dispersants were more toxic than the oil. A 2015 study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, published in "PLOS ONE," links the sharp increase in dolphin deaths to the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill. On 12 April 2016, a research team reported that 88 percent of about 360 baby or stillborn dolphins within the spill area "had abnormal or under-developed lungs", compared to 15 percent in other areas. The study was published in the April 2016 " Diseases of Aquatic Organisms". By June 2010, 143 spill-exposure cases had been reported to

neg: Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill effects, while even very low doses can cause mutagenic effects, with cancer of particular concern. The carcinogens of concern in crude oil are benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are present in oil and in the air as a result of offshore controlled burning of crude oil. During the 2010 BP/Deepwater Horizon Gulf oil spill, an estimated one of every 20 barrels of spilled oil was deliberately burned off. Routes of exposure include contact and inhalation. The EPA obtained hundreds of air samples during the spill and a review showed that none of the samples showed concentrations of benzene

neg: Deepwater Horizon litigation Deepwater Horizon litigation The civil and criminal proceedings stemming from the explosion of "Deepwater Horizon" and the resulting massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico began shortly after the April 20, 2010 incident and have continued since then. They have included an extensive claims settlement process for a guilty plea to criminal charges by BP, and an ongoing Clean Water Act lawsuit brought by the U.S. Department of Justice and other parties. A federal judge, ruling on the Clean Water Act suit in September 2014, found that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill as a result of

neg: Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill crude form." Wildlife and environmental groups accused the White House and BP of holding back information about the extent and impact of the growing slick, and urged the White House to order a more direct federal government role in the spill response. Greenpeace Executive Director Phil Radford used a preliminary report from the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling to claim that the White House had blocked efforts by federal scientists to publicly reveal how high the oil spill rate was. However, the preliminary report's findings were strongly disputed by the White House, which

neg: Kent Syverud a statewide network created by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo to help spur economic growth throughout the state. Under his leadership, plan submitted by central New York council was selected for an Upstate Revitalization Initiative grant of $500 million. He also previously served as one of two independent trustees of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust., a $20 billion fund to pay claims arising from the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. In 2016 he completed six years of service as one of the two trustees of the $20 billion Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust. Kent Syverud

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill and Halliburton placed all blame on BP. On 9 November 2010, a report by the Oil Spill Commission said that there had been "a rush to completion" on the well and criticised poor management decisions. "There was not a culture of safety on that rig," the co-chair said. The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling released a final report on 5 January 2011. The panel found that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean had attempted to work more cheaply and thus helped to trigger the explosion and ensuing leakage. The report stated that "whether purposeful or

neg: Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill fines, the company's shares lost 6 percent of their value. BP gas stations in the United States, the majority of which the company does not own, reported sales off between 10 and 40% due to backlash against the company. Some BP station owners that lost sales said the name should change back to Amoco, while others said after all the effort that went into promoting BP, such a move would be a gamble, and the company should work to restore its image. Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill This article covers the effect of the "Deepwater Horizon" disaster

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill The U.S. government rejected offers of cleanup help from Canada, Croatia, France, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United Nations. The U.S. State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries, all being initially declined, but later, 8 had been accepted. The USCG actively requested skimming boats and equipment from several countries. In the United States the "Deepwater Horizon" investigation included several investigations and commissions, including reports by the USCG National Incident Commander, Admiral Thad Allen, the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Bureau

neg: Emergency Responder Health Monitoring and Surveillance safety and health. In 2008, NIOSH coordinated a multi-agency effort to begin drafting the ERHMS framework. "See also:" Deepwater Horizon oil spill response In 2010, while the ERHMS framework was still in development, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill took place. NIOSH and the Unified Area Command (UAC), the response command center for the spill, implemented some of the initial ERHMS guidelines, including deployment-phase rostering, injury and illness surveillance, assessment of and protection from chemical and environmental exposures, as well as prompt and accessible communication with workers and their communities. Difficulties encountered in the spill response led NIOSH researchers to make

neg: National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling Federal government officials and representatives of BP on the status of the spill and clean-up efforts, as well as from local officials, community leaders, and scientists on the economic, cultural, and ecological impacts of the oil spill on Gulf Coast communities and ecosystems. On October 6, 2010 the commission released preliminary reports criticizing the Obama administration for mismanagement of its response to the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill. Amongst other things cited were, not being fully candid with the American people, and giving the impression of not being fully competent. On January 11, 2011, the commission released its final report, with

neg: Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of plant and animal life-cycles continued into 2011, despite repeated requests by the Mayor and other local officials to leave the area. Clean-up crews deterred tourists from visiting local hotels and beaches due to an increase in criminal activity caused by the influx of clean-up workers. Studies of vegetation death and accelerated marsh erosion following Deepwater Horizon oil spill have shown that both of these impacts (or “injuries,” when assessing natural resource damages) can be related to the percent of oiling on the stems of marsh vegetation. Spatial quantification of these injuries thus relies on estimates of how many kilometers

neg: Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill undertaken by foreign-flagged vessels to continue without delay." According to the spill response center, six vessels have now applied for waivers. As of late June, none had been granted. Jack Gerard, President of The American Petroleum Institute (API), stated that disasters are infrequent and that the Deepwater Horizon is an isolated incident. By touting the aggregate safety record of the industry API has refuted any claims of a loss of industry wide credibility. API has also stated that the offshore drilling industry is important to job creation and economic growth To help prevent a recurrence of the Deepwater Horizon spill,

neg: Deepwater Horizon blowout caused an explosion on the rig that killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball visible from away. The fire was inextinguishable and, two days later, on 22 April, the "Horizon" sank, leaving the well gushing at the seabed and causing the largest oil spill in U.S. waters. "Deepwater Horizon" was a fifth-generation, RBS-8D design (i.e. model type), deepwater, dynamically positioned, column-stabilized, semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit, designed to drill subsea wells for oil exploration and production using an , blowout preventer, and a outside diameter marine riser. "Deepwater Horizon" was the second semi-submersible rig constructed of a class of

neg: Taylor oil spill Taylor oil spill The 2004 Taylor oil spill is an ongoing spill located in the Gulf of Mexico, around off the coast of the U.S. state of Louisiana, which resulted from the destruction of a Taylor Energy oil platform during Hurricane Ivan. It was first brought to public attention when the contamination at the site was noticed in 2010 by those monitoring the nearby Deepwater Horizon oil spill. A later report by the Associated Press in 2015 challenged the estimates of the extent of the leak given by the company and the U.S. Coast Guard, which were then revised to

neg: Taylor oil spill a decade of lax enforcement, the United States Coast Guard issued an order requiring cleanup of the site, blockage of the leaks, or face fines of $40,000 a day. Taylor oil spill The 2004 Taylor oil spill is an ongoing spill located in the Gulf of Mexico, around off the coast of the U.S. state of Louisiana, which resulted from the destruction of a Taylor Energy oil platform during Hurricane Ivan. It was first brought to public attention when the contamination at the site was noticed in 2010 by those monitoring the nearby Deepwater Horizon oil spill. A later report

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill contained within the spill-affected area. In March 2012, a definitive link was found between the death of a Gulf coral community and the spill. According to NOAA, a cetacean Unusual Mortality Event (UME) has been recognized since before the spill began, NOAA is investigating possible contributing factors to the ongoing UME from the Deepwater Horizon spill, with the possibility of eventual criminal charges being filed if the spill is shown to be connected. Some estimates are that only 2% of the carcasses of killed mammals have been recovered. In the first birthing season for dolphins after the spill, dead baby

neg: Gulf killifish to the survival of the Gulf killifish include extreme changes in salinity, changes in temperatures, and toxic events such as the hypoxic dead zone in Louisiana and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The Gulf killifish is currently being used to test the effects of oil and oil dispersants on the physiology of marine species affected by these substances. This is significant to conservation biology, because with the continued extraction of oil and other natural resources from North American waters, it has become increasingly important to understand the risks and consequences in worst-case scenarios, such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill,

neg: Halliburton by BP into the Deepwater Horizon explosion claimed that poor practices of Halliburton staff had contributed to the disaster. Investigations carried out by the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling found that Halliburton was jointly at fault along with BP and Transocean for the spill. The concrete that Halliburton used was an unstable mixture, and eventually caused hydrocarbons to leak into the well, causing the explosion that started the crisis. Halliburton pleaded guilty to destroying evidence after the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster; the company destroyed computer simulations it performed in the months after

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DOJ) filed papers in federal court in New Orleans blaming BP for the Gulf oil spill, describing the spill as an example of "gross negligence and willful misconduct." In their statement the DOJ said that some of BP's arguments were "plainly misleading" and that the court should ignore BP's argument that the Gulf region is "undergoing a robust recovery". BP rejected the charges saying "BP believes it was not grossly negligent and looks forward to presenting evidence on this issue at trial in January." The DOJ also said Transocean, the owner and operator of the Deepwater Horizon rig, was guilty

neg: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust quarter into the fund followed by a payment of $1.25 billion per quarter until it reaches $20 billion. In the interim, BP posted its US assets worth $20 billion as bond. The amount of the fund was not a cap on BP's liabilities. For the fund's payments, BP said it would cut its capital spending budget, sell $10 billion in assets, and drop its dividend. After provisions of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust were released 11 August 2010, it was revealed that the BP Spill Fund may be backed by future drilling revenue, using BP's production as collateral. BP

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill and payments to a trust fund had cost the company $42.2 billion. In September 2014, a U.S. District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct. In July 2015, BP agreed to pay $18.7 billion in fines, the largest corporate settlement in U.S. history. How the misuse of categorical exclusion for National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance relates to this spill is described in Regulatory Capture. The "Deepwater Horizon" was a 10-year-old semi-submersible, mobile, floating, dynamically positioned drilling rig that could operate in waters up to deep. Built

neg: Steve Wereley microfluidic diagnostic techniques. In 1999 he began working at Purdue University as assistant professor of mechanical engineering. In 2005 he was promoted to associate professor and in 2010 to professor. Wereley played an important role in assessing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the summer of 2010. On May 13, 2010, he was among the first scientists to report that the actual flow rate of oil out of the well was considerably higher than the official estimate at the time. After the disaster the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling found that the "...Wereley

neg: Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that the source may be organisms that have broken down the spilled oil and excreted an oily mucus that sinks, taking with it oil droplets that stick to the mucous. "We have to [chemically] fingerprint the oil and link it to the Deepwater Horizon," she says. "But the sheer coverage here is leading us all to come to the conclusion that it has to be sedimented oil from the spill, because it's all over the place." By January 2011, USF researchers found layers of oil near the wellhead that were "up to 5 times thicker" than recorded by the team

neg: Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill stations selling its fuel under the BP, Amoco and ARCO banners. Most are owned locally, under contract to buy BP fuel. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill inspired new protests against all off-shore oil drilling, including the Greenpeace protest where activists painted "No Arctic Drilling" with spilled BP oil on the side of a ship in the Gulf en route to drill in the Arctic. At the protest, Phil Radford of Greenpeace called for "President Obama [to] ban all offshore oil drilling and call for an end to the use of oil in our cars by 2030." The Organization for International

neg: Deepwater Horizon litigation announced "Transocean Deepwater Inc. has agreed to plead guilty to violating the Clean Water Act and to pay a total of $1.4 billion in civil and criminal fines and penalties". $800 million goes to the Gulf Coast restoration Trust Fund, $300 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $150 million to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and $150 million to the National Academy of Sciences. MOEX Offshore 2007 agreed to pay $45 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $25 million to five Gulf state and $20 million to supplemental environmental projects. Deepwater Horizon litigation The civil

neg: Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill equipment by the company, and the safety manuals were "rarely if ever" followed, or distributed to workers. The safety manuals read: "Avoid breathing vapor" and "Wear suitable protective clothing." In 2013, Susan Shaw of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Strategic Sciences Working Group, stated in an Al Jazeera article, "BP told the public that Corexit was 'as harmless as Dawn dishwashing liquid' ... But BP and the EPA clearly knew about the toxicity of the Corexit dispersants long before this spill." According to Shaw, BP's own safety sheet on Corexit reported that there were "high and immediate human health hazards".

neg: Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill biological oceanographer and a marine and oyster biologist, said that many of the Gulf fisheries have collapsed and "If it takes too long for them to come back, the fishing industry won't survive". In 2010, SBP (nonprofit organization) began to provide assistance to fishermen affected by what came to be known as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Although many people cancelled their vacations due to the spill, hotels close to the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama reported dramatic increases in business during the first half of May 2010. However, the increase was likely due to the influx of people

neg: BP state. The "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill was a major industrial accident on the Gulf of Mexico, which killed 11 people and injured 16 others, leaked about of oil with plus or minus 10% uncertainty, which makes it the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, and cost to the company more than $65 billion of cleanup costs, charges and penalties. On 20 April 2010, the semi-submersible exploratory offshore drilling rig "Deepwater Horizon" located in the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico exploded after a blowout. After burning for two days, the rig sank. The

neg: Deepwater Horizon in the initial explosion. The rig was evacuated, with injured workers airlifted to medical facilities. After approximately 36 hours, "Deepwater Horizon" sank on 22 April 2010. The remains of the rig were located resting on the seafloor approximately deep at that location, and about (quarter of a mile) northwest of the well. The resultant oil spill continued until 15 July when it was closed by a cap. Relief wells were used to permanently seal the well, which was declared "effectively dead" on 19 September 2010. Transocean received an early partial insurance settlement for total loss of the "Deepwater Horizon" of

neg: Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill I oil spill in total volume released (Ixtoc discharged to ; as of mid-July 2010, Deepwater Horizon has spilled to ). Much of the oil is so far down in the Gulf that only nature, including microbes, will be able to remove it using a process called bioremediation. Terry Hazen of the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory said the process could take months or years. But after six weeks of research, he said that microbes could work quickly in water as opposed to colder-temperature waters. The "A Whale", which is an oil tanker converted into a giant oil

neg: Deepwater Horizon litigation in federal court in New Orleans blaming BP PLC for the Gulf oil spill, describing the spill as an example of "gross negligence and willful misconduct." BP rejected the charges, saying "BP believes it was not grossly negligent and looks forward to presenting evidence on this issue at trial in January." The DOJ also said Transocean, the owner and operator of the Deepwater Horizon rig, is guilty of gross negligence as well. The DOJ brief strongly criticized officials for failing to rerun a "negative pressure test" when the first test revealed a pressure anomaly from the well. Despite acknowledging the

neg: Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar Hornbeck Offshore Services v. Salazar is an ongoing case in United States federal court. In the wake of the "Deepwater Horizon" explosion and the subsequent oil spill, the U.S. Department of the Interior issued a six-month moratorium on exploratory drilling in deep water. Plaintiffs filed suit challenging the moratorium. In May 2010 the U.S. Department of the Interior issued a moratorium on all deepwater drilling in the wake of the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill, pending a six-month review by a White House appointed panel. On May 27, the United States Department of the Interior

neg: Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and violating environmental laws. While the Obama administration initially received some of the blame for its response to the accident, critical coverage diminished over time and focused more on the responsibility of BP and its CEO Tony Hayward. The coverage generally broke down along three chronological phases – the first was that BP was responsible for the spill, the second was that the company was working to solve it and would create a fund to compensate those adversely effected, and the third was that BP had successfully capped the well. One study finds the media overwhelming used an "economic consequences

neg: International Bird Rescue 19,500 non-oiled penguins. International Bird Rescue saw perhaps the most extensive international attention of its near-40-year existence in 2010 following the explosion of "Deepwater Horizon", a semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit owned and operated by Transocean and leased by BP on the Macondo Prospect oil field in the Gulf of Mexico. The explosion and resulting fire on April 20, 2010 killed 11 workers and caused a sea-floor oil gusher that spewed 4.9 million barrels of crude oil before the wellhead was capped on July 15, 2010. The disaster remains the largest accidental marine oil spill in petroleum industry history. International

neg: Exxon Valdez oil spill Exxon Valdez oil spill The "Exxon Valdez" oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, March 24, 1989, when "Exxon Valdez", an oil tanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company, bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef, 1.5 miles west of Tatitlek, Alaska at 12:04 am local time and spilled (or a mass of 35,000 metric tonnes) of crude oil over the next few days. It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters. The "Valdez" spill is the second largest in US waters, after the 2010 "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill, in terms

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE), National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Government Accountability Office, National Oil Spill Commission, and Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty. BP conducted its internal investigation. An investigation of the possible causes of the explosion was launched on 22 April 2010 by the USCG and the Minerals Management Service. On 11 May the United States administration requested the National Academy of Engineering conduct an independent technical investigation. The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil

neg: Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill or other volatile organic hydrocarbons to be above health-based standards. However, the review noted that "although the monitoring was extensive, no monitoring scheme could cover all potentially affected locales". Speaking before the Department of the Interior, Susan D. Shaw of the Strategic Sciences Working Group (formed in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill), discussed mid- to long-term recovery of the Gulf of Mexico. According to Shaw, "Chemicals in crude oil and dispersants can cause a wide range of health effects in people and wildlife. Highly toxic chemical ingredients such as benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can damage systems

neg: Cherry A. Murray Pake Prize in recognition of outstanding work combining original research accomplishments with leadership and development in industry. On June 14, 2010, Murray was appointed by Barack Obama to the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Murray was a keynote speaker at the 2015 Congress of Future Science and Technology Leaders. On December 18, 2015, Murray was sworn in as the Director of the Office of Science at the Department of Energy. She served until January 13, 2017. Cherry A. Murray Cherry A. Murray, Ph.D., is

neg: Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill said, include a group of compounds, with different types at different depths. "It is possible they dissipate quickly, but no one has yet showed this". In September 2010, Oregon State University researchers found sharply heightened levels of chemicals in the waters off the coast of Louisiana in August 2010, the last sampling date, even after the well was capped one month prior. Near Grand Isle, Louisiana, the team discovered that PAH remained at levels 40 times higher than before the spill. The PAH's were most concentrated in the area near the Louisiana Coast, but levels also jumped 2-3 fold in

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill response with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. "Many people speculated that subsurface oil droplets were being easily biodegraded. Well, we didn't find that. We found it was still there". In a major study on the plume, experts found the most worrisome part to be the slow pace at which the oil was breaking down in the cold, water at depths of 'making it a long-lasting but unseen threat to vulnerable marine life'. Marine Sciences at the University of Georgia reported findings of a substantial layer of oily sediment stretching for dozens of miles in all directions from the capped well. The

neg: Hangout Music Festival hit by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which impacted its attendance and general public perception of the area. The festival was attended by 13,000–15,000 people per day in 2010. Attendance in 2011 had to be capped at 35,000 per day, an unprecedented number for the second year of a music festival in the region, due to safety concerns. The 2011 event was estimated to have generated approximately $30 million for the Gulf Shores area economy. Advance tickets for the 2012 event, which continues to be capped at 35,000 attendees per day, sold out within one hour. General admission tickets sold

neg: Darryl Willis as quickly as possible." Willis said he was surprised by his profile position. "I actually took over this role assuming I would be tucked away in some office making sure systems and processes were working," he says. Darryl Willis Darryl Keith Willis (born c. 1969) is an American geologist and publicist, currently Regional President of BP Angola. He is head of Deepwater Horizon oil spill claims and public relations spokesperson for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Willis has appeared in many public relations advertisements clad in an orange shirt and has been featured in CNN's The Situation Room. Willis grew

neg: Deepwater Horizon (film) Deepwater Horizon (film) Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on the "Deepwater Horizon" explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien, and Kate Hudson. It is adapted from a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde, and Stephanie Saul. Principal photography began on April 27, 2015 in New Orleans, Louisiana. The film premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival and was theatrically released in the United States

neg: Exxon Valdez oil spill accidentally crashes it. Exxon Valdez oil spill The "Exxon Valdez" oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, March 24, 1989, when "Exxon Valdez", an oil tanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company, bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef, 1.5 miles west of Tatitlek, Alaska at 12:04 am local time and spilled (or a mass of 35,000 metric tonnes) of crude oil over the next few days. It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters. The "Valdez" spill is the second largest in US waters, after the 2010 "Deepwater Horizon" oil

neg: Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force The Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force is the organization created by President Barack Obama to recover from the 2010 BP "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill and preserve the ecosystem of the Gulf Coast of the United States. On April 20, 2010 the United States watched as over 200 million gallons of crude oil flowed into the Gulf of Mexico from the 2010 BP "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill. For three months various efforts were taken to cap the broken well and were finally successful on September 19, 2010. In the aftermath of this disaster the

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill response the gulf often exceed that height. The "Louisiana barrier island plan" is a project initiated by Louisiana to construct barrier islands in the Gulf of Mexico protecting the coast of Louisiana from contamination by crude oil escaping from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. On May 27, 2010, acting on an application by the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, the United States Army Corps of Engineers offered an emergency permit to the state to commence work. The berms are 325 feet wide at the base and 25 feet wide at their summits, rising 6 feet above mean high water level.

neg: Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill by-products after recent reports showed scientists disagreed on whether it is safe to eat after the oil spill. A private lab found levels of Anthracene, a toxic hydrocarbon and a by-product of petroleum, at twice the levels the FDA finds acceptable. On 20 April, NOAA reopened of Gulf waters immediately surrounding the Deepwater Horizon wellhead to commercial and recreational fishing of fish, oysters, crabs and shrimp after testing results found that 99 percent of samples contained no detectable dispersant residues or oil-related compounds, and the few samples that did contain residues showed levels more than 1000 times lower than FDA

neg: Transocean Marianas On November 9, 2009. it was damaged by Hurricane Ida. It was subsequently replaced by the "Deepwater Horizon", which was responsible for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill when that rig exploded on April 20, 2010. In 1988, as Tharos, the vessel operated as a large firefighting, construction, diving support and accommodation vessel equipped with a helicopter and a hospital ship with 22 beds, that rescued survivors from the "Piper Alpha" oil platform disaster. The vessel carried out firefighting on the night of the disaster and supported the fire fighting and well kill operations that led to the extinguishing of the

neg: Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill plume long linked directly to the Deepwater Horizon well. They reported that it did not appear to be degrading quickly and that it may pose a long-lasting threat for marine life deep in the ocean. On 23 July 2010, USF researchers and NOAA released two separate studies confirming subsea plumes of oil resulting from the Deepwater Horizon well. Researchers from NOAA and Princeton University concluded that the deep plumes of dissolved oil and gas would likely remain confined to the northern Gulf of Mexico and that the peak impact on dissolved oxygen would be delayed (several months) and long lasting

neg: Riki Ott Riki Ott Riki Ott (born August 8, 1954) is a marine toxicologist and activist in Cordova, Alaska. Ott was frequently introduced as an "oil spill expert" in her many media appearances during the height of the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill news coverage. After graduating with a doctorate in sedimentary toxicology from the University of Washington, Ott moved to Alaska and started a fishing business. When the "Exxon Valdez" oil spill disrupted the local fishing-based economy, she became an environmental activist. Since the spill, she has participated in legal and public relations disputes with the Exxon company. Ott has

neg: Deepwater Horizon (film) their lives before the credits. The movie postscript reads: "The blowout lasted for 87 days, spilling an estimated 210 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. It was the worst oil disaster in U.S. history." On March 8, 2011, it was announced that Summit Entertainment, Participant Media, and Image Nation had acquired the film rights to "The New York Times" article "Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours", written by David Barstow, David S. Rohde, and Stephanie Saul, and published on December 25, 2010, about the 2010 "Deepwater Horizon" explosion and subsequent oil spill. Matthew Sand was set to write the

neg: Natural Resources Defense Council be accessed online at http://www.onearth.org. Rhea Suh is the current president. On June 14, 2010, former NRDC President Frances Beinecke was appointed by President Barack Obama to the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. NRDC's stated priorities include curbing global warming, "reviving the world's oceans," defending endangered wildlife and wild places, protecting the public health by preventing pollution, ensuring "safe and sufficient water," and fostering "sustainable communities" NRDC opposed the Water Rights Protection Act, a bill that would prevent federal agencies from requiring certain entities

neg: Corexit the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. EPA whistleblower Hugh Kaufman gave an interview to Democracy Now during the height of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill news coverage and explained his views on the use of Corexit, saying "EPA now is taking the position that they really don’t know how dangerous it is, even though if you read the label, it tells you how dangerous it is. And, for example, in the Exxon Valdez case, people who worked with dispersants, most of them are dead now. The average death age is around fifty. It’s very dangerous, and it’s an economic — it’s

neg: Darryl Willis Darryl Willis Darryl Keith Willis (born c. 1969) is an American geologist and publicist, currently Regional President of BP Angola. He is head of Deepwater Horizon oil spill claims and public relations spokesperson for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Willis has appeared in many public relations advertisements clad in an orange shirt and has been featured in CNN's The Situation Room. Willis grew up in Pontchartrain Park, New Orleans, and graduated from McDonogh No. 35 Senior High School. Willis graduated from Louisiana Scholars' College at Northwestern State University in 1991, received a Master of Science in Geology from the University

neg: Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill recent and ongoing death are crystal clear and consistent over at least 30 colonies; the site is close to the Deepwater Horizon; the research site is at the right depth and direction to have been impacted by a deep-water plume, based on NOAA models and empirical data; and the impact was detected only a few months after the spill was contained." In March 2012, definitive link was found between the death of a Gulf coral community the size of half a football field and the spill. The scientists wrote: "The presence of recently damaged and deceased corals beneath the path

neg: Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill ecosystem, she said, could require years or decades to recover, as with previous spills. Damage to the ocean floor would endanger the Louisiana pancake batfish in particular, whose range is entirely contained within the area affected by the spill. The actual number of mammal deaths due to the spill may be as much as 50 times higher than the number of recovered carcasses, according to a study published in the Journal Conservation Letters. "The Deepwater oil spill was the largest in US history, however, the recorded impact on wildlife was relatively low, leading to suggestions that the environmental damage of

neg: Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill the response and that such efforts might distract from efforts to stem the flow. Former EPA Administrator Carol Browner and Congressman Ed Markey (D-MA) both accused BP of having a vested financial interest in downplaying the size of the leak in part due to the fine they will have to pay based on the amount of leaked oil. The final estimate reported that were escaping from the well just before it was capped on 15 July. It is believed that the daily flow rate diminished over time, starting at about and decreasing as the reservoir of hydrocarbons feeding the gusher

neg: 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill The Santa Barbara oil spill occurred in January and February 1969 in the Santa Barbara Channel, near the city of Santa Barbara in Southern California. It was the largest oil spill in United States waters by that time, and now ranks third after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon and 1989 Exxon Valdez spills. It remains the largest oil spill to have occurred in the waters off California. The source of the spill was a blow-out on January 28, 1969, from the coast on Union Oil's Platform A in the Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field. Within a

neg: Prince William Sound Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council Marine Terminal and for limiting the use of chemical dispersants in oil spill cleanups. When BP's "Deepwater Horizon" oil drilling rig exploded on April 20, 2010 and began to leak oil into the Gulf of Mexico, the PWSRCAC was kept very busy responding to calls for assistance and information. Following this spill President Barack Obama's Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Commission recommended establishing similar citizens' councils there and in the Arctic. The PWSRCAC expressed its willingness to help establish similar councils. Prince William Sound Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council The Prince William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council is an independent non-profit

neg: Florida Institute of Oceanography to advising the FIO leadership regarding statewide collaboration in oceanographic science and education, the council’s key duty is to plan and align legislative budget requests with strategic priorities. Since the 1960s, the Florida Institute of Oceanography has unified marine science interests across Florida in the cause of understanding and stewardship of the coastal oceans. FIO has taken a leading national role in the scientific assessment of the impact of the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. FIO has emerged as a key research organization on the effects of the "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill with the award of

neg: Deepwater Horizon oil spill the reputation of British companies with operations in the United States and could spark a wave of U.S. protectionism that would restrict British firms from government contracts, political donations and lobbying. In July 2010, President Obama issued an executive order, specifically citing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, that adopted recommendations from the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force and established the National Ocean Council. The council called together a number of federal committees and departments engaged in ocean issues to work with a newly established committee for conservation and resource management. In June 2018, the executive order establishing the National Ocean

neg: Arctic Challenger their spokesperson Kelly op de Weegh “We are committed to having the Arctic containment system in place before drilling through liquid hydrocarbon zones, and that commitment will not change. We are nearing completion of this first-of-its-kind Arctic containment system, which houses response, containment and separation processes in one vessel. While it’s a fourth line of defense in the unlikely event of a loss of well control, it will not be deployed until it meets our high standards.” From the report on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill by the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling:

neg: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust and directing his office to make whatever changes necessary to move things along. "The "Deepwater Horizon" Oil Spill has disrupted the lives of thousands upon thousands of individuals, often cutting off the income on which they depend. Many of these individuals and businesses simply do not have the resources to get by while they await processing by the GCCF" associate U.S. Attorney General Thomas Perrelli wrote. One family in Louisiana has been waiting for a month on emergency funds from Feinberg's Gulf Coast Claims Fund, and says for them it is urgent. "Bills aren't paid, they take my car, they

neg: Bouchard No. 120 different from some of the more widely known spills like Deepwater Horizon, not just because of its smaller scale, but due to the type of spill that it was. Deepwater, being a spill of oil directly from the ground was pure oil. Bouchard No. 120 contained number 6 Fuel_Oil. A local scientist from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute explains that the processing of oil yields various components of varying danger to the environment. NOAA is heavily involved in environmental cleanups of oil spills as well as other damage to wildlife and coastal environments in the United States largely through their Damage

neg: Riki Ott "Sound Truth and Corporate Myth$: The Legacy of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill" and "Not One Drop: Betrayal and Courage in the Wake of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill" published in 2005 and 2008 respectively. Ott is featured in the 2009 film "Black Wave", which discusses the history of Cordova's legal battle with Exxon. Tom Cirigliano, Media Relations Manager for Exxon, has argued that Ott overestimates the amount of oil spilled and underestimates the company's response to the event. When the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill eclipsed the loss of the Exxon Valdez as America's largest disaster of this