query: what article in the us constitution established the judicial branch

pos: Article Three of the United States Constitution by the judiciary, ruling out trials by military commissions. As James Madison noted, the Treason Clause also was designed to limit the power of the federal government to punish its citizens for 'adhering to [the] enemies [of the United States by], giving them aid and comfort.'" Article Three of the United States Constitution Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. Under Article Three, the judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court of the United States, as well as lower courts created by Congress. Article Three empowers the courts to handle cases or

pos: Article Three of the United States Constitution Article Three of the United States Constitution Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. Under Article Three, the judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court of the United States, as well as lower courts created by Congress. Article Three empowers the courts to handle cases or controversies arising under federal law, as well as other enumerated areas. Article Three also defines treason. Section 1 of Article Three vests the judicial power of the United States in the Supreme Court, as well as inferior courts established by Congress. Along with the Vesting Clauses

pos: Federalist Era which served as a major advisory body to the president. The heads of the Department of War, the Department of State, and the Department of the Treasury each served in the Cabinet. After the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Attorney General also served in the Cabinet as the president's chief legal adviser. In addition creating the office of the Attorney General, the Judiciary Act of 1789 also established the federal judiciary. Article Three of the United States Constitution had created the judicial branch of the federal government and invested powers in it, but had left it to

pos: United States territorial court from foreign countries, "In re Ross", 140 U.S. 453, 464-465, 480. The Article Three of the United States Constitution, establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. This constitutional article was expressly extended to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through the federal law 89-571, 80 Stat. 764, and signed by the President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966. From this moment on, judges appointed to serve on the Puerto Rico federal district court have been Article III judges appointed under the Constitution of the United States. In addition in 1984 one

pos: Article Three of the Constitution of Puerto Rico Article Three of the Constitution of Puerto Rico Article Three of the Constitution of Puerto Rico describes the powers, structure, functions, responsibilities, and legal scope of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, the legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico. The article establishes that the territorial legislature must be bicameral, and composed by the Senate as the upper house and the House of Representatives as the lower house. It also established the composition of each house, and that Puerto Rico must be divided into senatorial and representative districts for the purpose of elections. The article also established a board

pos: Presidency of George Washington law on April 14. On September 24, 1789, Congress voted to pay the president a salary of $25,000 a year, and the vice president an annual salary of $5,000. Washington's salary was equal to two percent of the total federal budget in 1789. Article Three of the Constitution established the judicial branch of the federal government, but left several issues to the discretion of Congress or the president. Unresolved issues included the size of the Supreme Court, the identity of the first Supreme Court Justices, the number and establishment of federal courts below the Supreme Court, and the relationship between

pos: Implications of Puerto Rico's current political status the judgment of "Torres v. Puerto Rico", Supreme Court Justice Brennan argued that any implicit limits from the Insular Cases on the basic rights granted by the Constitution (including especially the Bill of Rights) were anachronistic in the 1970s. Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. This article was expressly extended to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through Federal Law 89-571, 80 Stat. 764, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966. After that date, judges appointed to the Puerto Rico federal

pos: Article Three of the Constitution of Puerto Rico as establishing the post of Comptroller. Article Three of the Constitution of Puerto Rico Article Three of the Constitution of Puerto Rico describes the powers, structure, functions, responsibilities, and legal scope of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, the legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico. The article establishes that the territorial legislature must be bicameral, and composed by the Senate as the upper house and the House of Representatives as the lower house. It also established the composition of each house, and that Puerto Rico must be divided into senatorial and representative districts for the purpose of elections.

neg: Legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico Legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico The legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico is responsible for enacting, amending, and repealing the laws of Puerto Rico. Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico vests the legislative power on the Legislative Assembly—which together with other agencies form the legislative branch. Article IV vests the executive power on the Governor —whom by its nature forms the executive branch— while Article V vests the judicial power on the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico—which by its nature forms the judicial branch. Although the Constitution does not establish such law, the

neg: Constitution of Wisconsin Constitution outlines the state's judicial branch in Article VII, granting judicial power in the state to a unified Wisconsin Supreme Court consisting of seven justices elected to ten-year terms. The justice who has been serving longest is given the powers of chief justice. In addition to the supreme court, the constitution provides for the Wisconsin Circuit Courts, which each have districts prescribed by the legislature with borders following county boundaries. An intermediary body between the supreme court and the circuit courts, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals, is also established in the state constitution. Finally, the legislature is granted power to

neg: Roger B. Taney that, "the powers given to the courts by the Constitution are judicial powers and extend to those subject, only, which are judicial in character, and not to those which are political." The majority opinion interpreted the Guarantee Clause of the Constitution, Article IV, Section 4. Taney held that under this article Congress is able to decide what government is established in each state. This decision was important, because it is an example of judicial self-restraint. Many Democrats had hoped that the justices would legitimize the actions of the Rhode Island reformers. However, the justices' refusal to do so demonstrated the

neg: Title 2 of the Swiss Federal Constitution impact remains somewhat limited because article 190 excludes all federal statutes from judicial review. Article 30 sets minimal standards for judicial procedures, guaranteeing access to independent and impartial courts established by law, as well as the right to an open trial. It establishes the principle of separation of powers as relating to the judiciary. Article 31 encompasses the rights guaranteed in article 5 of the ECHR, what the common law calls the right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus, and also what is known in the U.S. as the duty to administer "Miranda warnings" to arrested persons. Article

neg: Politics of Peru Vizcarra, the new government is expected to be transparent and accountable. Previously a rubberstamp body, Peru's unicameral Congress is emerging as a strong counterbalance to the once-dominant executive branch, with increased oversight and investigative powers. The executive branch and Congress are attempting to reform the judicial branch, antiquated and rife with corruption. During the government of Fujimori the 1979 Constitution was changed after the Fujimori's self-coup where the president dissolved the Congress and established the new 1993 Constitution. One of the changes to the 1979 Constitution was the possibility of the president's immediate reelection (112 article) which made possible the

neg: Pueblo of Isleta are taken, and a general election is held the last Saturday in November. The newly elected governor selects two lieutenant governors, a sheriff, and an under-sheriff to assist during his/her governorship. The governor is bound by Article IV - Executive Branch of the constitution. The Isleta Tribal Council has 7 members, each elected for two-year terms. Their duties are outlined within Article V - Legislative Branch of the constitution. The governor appoints all tribal judges, who are confirmed by the Tribal Council (offering advice and consent). According to the constitution, Article IX - Judicial Branch, tribal judges are appointed by

neg: Colombian Constitution of 1991 the norms of international humanitarian law are to be applied. Article 223 establishes Colombia's gun laws. Only the government may import or manufacture weapons, explosives and munitions and no one may own or carry them without the permission of the competent authority. The eighth title of the Constitution, in articles 228 through 257, establishes the judicial branch of Colombia. The 1991 Constitution brought major changes to the organization of the judicial branch in Colombia, notably through the creation of an adversarial system with an Attorney General ("Fiscal General"), the creation of a constitutional court with the power of judicial review

neg: Michigan year. Agriculture also serves a significant role, making the state a leading grower of fruit in the US, including blueberries, cherries, apples, grapes, and peaches. Michigan is governed as a republic, with three branches of government: the executive branch consisting of the Governor of Michigan and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate; and the judicial branch. The Michigan Constitution allows for the direct participation of the electorate by statutory initiative and referendum, recall, and constitutional initiative and referral (Article II, § 9, defined as "the power to propose laws

neg: Constitution of Indiana of three years. Indiana's governor was limited to serving two consecutive terms. A simple majority vote in the legislature could override the governor's veto. Article IV also outlined the election of other state officials. The judicial branch, as outlined in Article V, included the state's Supreme Court, circuit courts, and other inferior courts. The constitution allowed the state legislature to create and adjust state courts and judicial districts and the governor was given the authority to appoint judges to serve seven-year terms with input and confirmations from the state senate. Article VI granted voting rights to white males twenty-one years

neg: Constitution of Guatemala raised without any delay. Article 174 of the Constitution says that for the formation of the legislation lies with the following institutions : Constitution of Guatemala The Constitution of Guatemala is the supreme law of the Republic of Guatemala. It sets the bases for the organization of Guatemalan government and it outlines the three main branches of Guatemalan government: executive branch, legislative branch, and judicial branch. For the current Constitution of the Republic it is necessary to know its history, which is as follows: The Constitution of the Republic of Guatemala of 1985 is legally divided into three parts: The

neg: Constitution of Virginia in November 2006. The fifth Article similarly defines the structure and powers of the executive branch. The Governor of Virginia is invested as the chief executive, though §1 of Article V, provides that the governor may not run for successive terms. The offices of lieutenant governor and attorney general are established as supporting elected constitutional positions. The constitutional powers of the governor include the ability to sign legislation, veto bills (which veto may then be overridden by a two-thirds majority of both houses of the assembly), and issue pardons. Article VI vests judicial power in the Supreme Court of Virginia,

neg: Florida Territorial Court of Appeals from a sunken ship. This clearly fell into the realm of admiralty law, which is part of the federal judicial power according to Article III of the Constitution. Yet the judges of the Florida Territorial Court had four-year terms, not the lifetime appointments required by Article III of the Constitution. Marshall's solution was to declare that territorial courts were established under Article I of the constitution. As such, they could not exercise the federal judicial power, and therefore the law that placed admiralty cases in their jurisdiction was unconstitutional. Tenure that is guaranteed by the Constitution is a badge of

neg: Article Three of the United States Constitution Supreme Court in cases not involving the States or ambassadors. The ruling thereby established that the federal courts could exercise judicial review over the actions of Congress or the executive branch. However, Alexander Hamilton, in "Federalist No. 78", expressed the view that the Courts hold only the power of words, and not the power of compulsion upon those other two branches of government, upon which the Supreme Court is itself dependent. Then in 1820, Thomas Jefferson expressed his deep reservations about the doctrine of judicial review: Clause 3 of Section 2 provides that Federal crimes, except impeachment cases, must be

neg: Judiciary of Iowa encompassing five or more of Iowa's 99 counties. Judiciary of Iowa The judiciary of Iowa is a branch of the Government of Iowa that interprets and applies the laws of Iowa, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. Article V of the Constitution of the State of Iowa defines the judiciary as comprising a Supreme Court, district courts, and any inferior courts established by the General Assembly. The Iowa Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Iowa. As constitutional head of the Iowa Judicial Branch, the Court is composed

neg: Judiciary of Iowa Judiciary of Iowa The judiciary of Iowa is a branch of the Government of Iowa that interprets and applies the laws of Iowa, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. Article V of the Constitution of the State of Iowa defines the judiciary as comprising a Supreme Court, district courts, and any inferior courts established by the General Assembly. The Iowa Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Iowa. As constitutional head of the Iowa Judicial Branch, the Court is composed of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices.

neg: Judicial review in the United States in which the Court had struck down a federal statute for the first time since "Marbury v. Madison". It has been argued that the judiciary is not the only branch of government that may interpret the meaning of the Constitution. Article VI requires federal and state officeholders to be bound "by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution." It has been argued that such officials may follow their own interpretations of the Constitution, at least until those interpretations have been tested in court. Some have argued that judicial review is unconstitutional based on two arguments. First, the power of judicial

neg: Indiana University Student Association Court is the judicial branch of IUSA and is composed of one chief justice and ten associate justices. Pursuant to Article IV, Section II of the IUSA Constitution "the judicial authority of IUSA will include the power of judicial review, adjudicating elections disputes, certifying elections results, and fulfilling the requirements of the University judicial process." Under the judicial branch, the IUSA Election Commission officiates the IUSA elections each spring. Its contemporary formation began in 2014 and consists of nine commissioners and a head chair. According to the Election Code, the Commission's responsibilities include organizing and publicizing all IUSA elections, arbitrating

neg: Constitution of Kosovo Constitution of Kosovo The Constitution of Kosovo (, , "Ustav Kosova"), refers to the supreme law (article 16) of the Republic of Kosovo. Article four of the constitution establishes the rules and separate powers of the three branches of the government. The unicameral national Assembly of the Republic exercises the legislative power, the executive branch led by the President and the Prime Minister which are responsible for implementing laws and the judicial system headed by the Supreme court. The constitution was signed on 7 April 2008 at 13:00 local time at the national library in Pristina. The constitution was ratified

neg: Judiciary of Georgia (U.S. state) Judiciary of Georgia (U.S. state) The Judiciary of Georgia is a branch of the government of the State of Georgia established in Article Six of the Georgia constitution. This Article contains ten Sections which discuss the different courts, their powers and jurisdictions, and the role of the district attorney in Georgia's justice system. The structure of the state judiciary is as follows: The highest judiciary power in Georgia is the Supreme Court, which is composed of nine justices. The state also has a Court of Appeals made of 15 judges. Georgia is divided into 49 judicial circuits, each of which

neg: Constitution of Russia veto, but the State Duma and Federation Council also have the overriding power by passing a two-thirds vote. While the Russian Federation Constitution enumerates a strong and independent judicial branch, the reality is a question of debate. The constitution provides for judicial immunity, lifetime appointments/"irremovable" justices, and the supremacy of the courts to administer justice, and affirms that judges need only submit to the constitution and the federal law. Additionally, Article 123 provides for open and fair trials, as well as equal application of the law. Three courts are delineated: Constitution Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of

neg: Constitution of Armenia is defined with a hierarchical structure headed by the Supreme Judicial Council. Based on article 7 of the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, judiciary in Armenia is exercised only by the courts through a three-tier judicial system, with the guarantor of its unrestricted implementation being the Supreme Judicial Council. The Constitution sets aside four seats in Parliament for ethnic minorities, one each for Russians, Yezidis, Assyrians and Kurds, respectively. Constitution of Armenia The Constitution of Armenia was adopted by a nationwide Armenian referendum on July 5, 1995. This constitution established Armenia as a democratic, sovereign, social, and constitutional state.

neg: Constitution of Virginia the U.S. federal Constitution, the Virginia Constitution explicitly provides that no branch may exercise powers that properly belong to the others. Separation between the branches of government is also listed as a right of the people in §5 of Article I. Article IV establishes the basic structure and authority of the Virginia legislature. The legislative power of the state is vested in the Virginia General Assembly, which consists of the Virginia Senate and the Virginia House of Delegates. §17 of Article IV gives the legislature the power to impeach members of the executive and judicial branches. The original §14 of

neg: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution assume their office. Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, "The Federalist Papers" mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in "Marbury v. Madison". There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional. A

neg: Common law judiciary to review and invalidate unconstitutional acts of the federal executive branch is stated in the constitution, Article III sections 1 and 2: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. ... The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority..." The first landmark decision on "the judicial power" was "Marbury v. Madison", .

neg: Supreme Court of Mongolia Civil Cases. Cases coming before each chamber are generally heard by a panel of five Justices. The Chief Justice of the Court sits as a member of the Judicial General Council of Mongolia, which is tasked with the general supervision of the judicial system. Supreme Court of Mongolia The Supreme Court of Mongolia is the highest court in the judicial system of Mongolia, and is generally the court of last resort for non-constitutional matters. It is established by Article 48(1) of the Constitution of Mongolia. The 1992 Constitution states in Article 50(1) that "the Supreme Court shall be the highest

neg: Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) the duties and powers of the Governor. Section III discusses other elected officials and Section IV discusses the disability of executive officers and how to go about choosing a successor should an executive officer become permanently disabled. Article Six describes the Judicial Branch of Georgia's government. This Article contains ten Sections which discuss the different courts and their powers and jurisdictions. Article Six also details the role of the district attorney in Georgia's justice system. Article Six also solidified the courts which, prior to the current constitution, were terribly fragmented. Article Seven deals with Taxation and Finance in Georgia. There

neg: New Hampshire Supreme Court Chief Justice of the Superior Court. It also required both to seek cooperation from others interested in the administration of justice including other justices and judges, court clerks, the court accreditation committee, the state and local bar associations, and the judicial council. The 24-member Judicial Council is an ongoing, independent forum for consideration and discussion of issues involving the administration of justice. In 1978, New Hampshire voters approved the addition of Part II, Article 73-a, a constitution amendment to the constitution making the Chief Justice the administrative head of the court and giving the Judicial Branch greater control over itself.

neg: Separation of powers the judiciary is kept independent, each branch controls the actions of others and balances its powers in some way. In the United States Constitution, Article 1 Section I gives Congress only those "legislative powers herein granted" and proceeds to list those permissible actions in Article I Section 8, while Section 9 lists actions that are prohibited for Congress. The vesting clause in Article II places no limits on the Executive branch, simply stating that, "The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America." The Supreme Court holds "The judicial Power" according to Article III,

neg: United States federal judge States, and 94 United States district courts. Every judge appointed to such a court may be categorized as a federal judge; such positions include the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, Circuit Judges of the courts of appeals, and district judges of the United States district courts. All of these judges described thus far are referred to sometimes as "Article III judges" because they exercise the judicial power vested in the judicial branch of the federal government by Article III of the U.S. Constitution. In addition, judges of the Court of International Trade exercise judicial power pursuant

neg: Federal tribunals in the United States Constitution. Yet the judges of the Florida Territorial Court had four-year terms, not the lifetime appointments required by Article III of the Constitution. Marshall's solution was to declare that territorial courts were established under Article I of the constitution. As such, they could not exercise the federal judicial power, and therefore the law that placed admiralty cases in their jurisdiction was unconstitutional. Tenure that is guaranteed by the Constitution is a badge of a judge of an Article III court. The argument that mere statutory tenure is sufficient for judges of Article III courts was authoritatively answered in "Ex parte

neg: Constitution of Louisiana posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution. Contains provisions similar to the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution, plus additional provisions unique to the State, such as Article I.27, which protects the freedom of the people to engage in traditional pastimes of hunting, trapping, and fishing, subject only to laws and regulations designed to "protect, conserve, and replenish the natural resources" of the State Arranges the state government into the traditional three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, and prohibits any branch from exercising the powers of any other branch. Organizes the Louisiana Legislature into a bicameral one, consisting

neg: Superior Electoral Court Superior Electoral Court The Superior Electoral Court (, TSE) is the highest body of the Brazilian Electoral Justice, which also comprises one Regional Electoral Court (, TRE) in each of the 26 states and the Federal District of the country, as determined by Article 118 of the Constitution of Brazil. The Brazilian Electoral Code of 1932 established the Electoral Justice in Brazil, replacing the political system conducted by the Legislative branch over the electoral proceedings. The new judicial system transferred control over such proceedings to the Judiciary. In the present, duties of the Electoral Justice are regulated by a posterior

neg: Government of Missouri Auditor of Missouri (the state auditor). The requirements for holding these offices are the same as those for the governor, but only the State Treasurer has term limits similar to the governor. The judicial branch (the state courts) is established by Article IV of the Missouri Constitution. The state supreme court is the Supreme Court of Missouri - it is the highest court. The Missouri Court of Appeals is the state intermediate appellate court. It is split into three districts: Western (based in Kansas City), Eastern (based in St. Louis), and Southern (based in Springfield). The state trial courts of

neg: Supreme Court of Mongolia Supreme Court of Mongolia The Supreme Court of Mongolia is the highest court in the judicial system of Mongolia, and is generally the court of last resort for non-constitutional matters. It is established by Article 48(1) of the Constitution of Mongolia. The 1992 Constitution states in Article 50(1) that "the Supreme Court shall be the highest judicial organ". The Supreme Court has jurisdiction over serious criminal matters, receives appeals from lower-instance courts, and deals with human rights matters transferred to it by the Constitutional Court of Mongolia and the Prosecutor General. The Court may also provide official interpretations of Mongolian

neg: Attorney General of Brazil Attorney General of Brazil The Attorney General of the Union, ( or Solicitor General, (, AGU) is a cabinet-level position in the Brazilian government charged with advising the Executive Branch and representing the federal government of Brazil in legal proceedings [legally known as the Union ("União")]. The Attorney General is defined under Article 131 of the Brazilian Constitution as one of the essential functions of Brazilian judicial administration, along with the roles performed by the judicial branch, the Prosecutor's office, the public defenders and private lawyers. The current Attorney General is Grace Mendonça. The Attorney General of the Union is

neg: United States v. Klein not state, that Congress may not use the Exceptions Clause to cripple the Court's ability to be the final arbiter of what the Constitution means; this conclusion is strengthened by the Court's holdings in "City of Boerne v. Flores", 521 U.S. 507, and especially "Dickerson v. United States", 530 U.S. 428. The essence of the argument is one of separation of powers: that the Constitution vests the judicial power in the judicial branch, and that neither the legislative nor the executive branch may interfere with the functioning of the judiciary. When Congress passed a law that had the effect of

neg: Judicial deference court held that the powers of detention without charge had discriminatory impact (Articles 5 and 14 of the Human Rights Act 1998). There are some examples of judicial deference in the United States, despite its entrenched constitution. For example, in immigration law, the judiciary has historically sought to allow the explicit constitutional authority of the US Congress. An example is US Supreme Court decision "Fiallo v. Bell" (1977). The same restraint is requested in foreign affairs as not-judicable matters, to safeguard the executive branch. Judicial deference Judicial deference is the condition of a court yielding or submitting its judgment to

neg: Supreme Judicial Council of Iraq where Article Forty-fifth of it the restructuring of the Council of the judiciary and gave a new name (the Supreme Judicial Council) and consists of the President of the Federal Supreme Court President and the membership of each President and Vice-Federal Court of "Cassation" and heads of federal courts of appeal and the President of the Court The Kurdistan Region, its two deputies, the head of the Public Prosecution and the head of the Judicial Supervisory Authority. This Council was then established under Article 87 of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq in force. Supreme Judicial Council of Iraq

neg: Law of Taiwan amnesty, declaration of war, conclusion of peace or treaties, and other important affairs of the state (Article 63); to propose to amend the Constitution (Article 12 of the Additional Articles), change the nation's territorial boundaries (Article 2 of the Additional Articles), or impeach the President or Vice President (Article 2 of the Additional Articles). Articles 77–82 of the Constitution and Article 5 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution state that The Judicial Yuan shall be the highest judicial organ of the state (Article 77). The Judicial Yuan is in charge of the courts at all levels, the Administrative Court,

neg: Constitution of Kosovo the privatization process and the rights of the state and the municipalities to own enterprises by law. 8 – Article 161 – deals with the transitional institutions like, Kosovo's Judicial Council that will be replaced by the Kosovo Prosecution Council when it is established. 9 - The last article – 162 is the date of entry into force of the Constitution, 15 June 2008. Article 162 [Effective Date] This Constitution shall enter into force and effect on 15 June 2008. The independent institutions of the Republic of Kosovo are represented by: Ombudsperson – Articles 132–135 1- Ombudsperson of Kosovo is

neg: Judicial review in the Philippines Hence, Section 1, Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution states in part that:"Judicial power includes the duty of courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government." See also: Judicial review in the Philippines As early as 1936, the Philippine Supreme Court had unequivocally asserted its constitutional authority to engage in judicial review. This power was affirmed in the Supreme Court decision

neg: Marbury v. Madison review the previous decision and then either affirm or overturn it. Though the clause on writs of mandamus appears in the part of the law on appellate jurisdiction, Marshall quoted only that part in the opinion, omitting the part on original jurisdiction entirely. The Court agreed with Marbury, and interpreted the relevant section of the Judiciary Act to authorize mandamus on original jurisdiction. However, Marshall then noted that this authorization clashed with Article III of the U.S. Constitution, which establishes the judicial branch of the U.S. government. This section of Article III of the Constitution establishes that the Supreme Court

neg: Constitution of Texas 2 provides for the separation of powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the state government, prohibiting each branch from encroaching on the powers of the others. Article 3 vests the legislative power of the state in the "Legislature of the State of Texas", consisting of the state's Senate and House of Representatives. It also lists the qualifications required of senators and representatives, and regulates many details of the legislative process. The article contains many substantive limitations on the power of the legislature and a large number of exceptions to those limitations. As with the United States Constitution,

neg: Harrison Tweed Award State Administrator; their functions were merely advisory but allowed the permanent examination of court operations. 1958 • The Tweed Commission Report proposed reform through centralization of court administration, simplification of court structure, and continued supervision of the courts by the Judicial Conference and the Appellate Division. 1962 • A new Judiciary Article for the State Constitution, implementing many of the Tweed Commission recommendations, was approved by the Legislature and the voters; this article created the "Unified Court System," established the various trial courts, established the Administrative Board of the Judicial Conference (the Chief Judge of the Court of the Appellate

neg: Constitution of the United Arab Republic Constitution of the United Arab Republic The Constitution of the United Arab Republic or the Constitution of 1958 was the constitution for the short-lived political union between Egypt and Syria known as the United Arab Republic. This 74-article provisional constitution was formulated in March 1958 and lasted until 1961. The constitution established the union of Egypt and Syria. It distributed power accordingly to the legislative authority (the National Assembly), the executive authority (represented in the Council of Ministers in addition to the President of the Republic) and the judicial authority. A joint National Assembly was established; its members were appointed

neg: Constitution of Uzbekistan - Article 11: The state power in Uzbekistan is divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. - Article 12: Public life in the Republic of Uzbekistan develops on the basis of diversity of political institutions, ideologies, and opinions. No single ideology may be established as a state ideology. - Article 13: Democracy in the Republic of Uzbekistan is based on general human principles, which assign the highest value to man, to human life, to freedom, honor, dignity, and other inalienable rights. Democratic rights and freedoms are protected by the Constitution and the laws. - Article 14: The state bases its

neg: Article Three of the United States Constitution that is explicitly established by the Constitution. During the Constitutional Convention, a proposal was made for the Supreme Court to be the only federal court, having both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. This proposal was rejected in favor of the provision that exists today. Under this provision, the Congress may create inferior (i.e., lower) courts under both Article III, Section 1, and Article I, Section 8. The Article III courts, which are also known as "constitutional courts", were first created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, and are the only courts with judicial power. Article I courts, which are also

neg: Supreme Court of Azerbaijan Supreme Court of Azerbaijan Supreme Court of Azerbaijan is the highest court instance and final court of appeal of three-staged judicial system in Azerbaijan. Established in pursuant Article 131 of the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan and Article 77 of the Law “on Courts and Judges”. Supreme Court has competence to carry out justice on civil (including administrative and economic disputes), criminal disputes and other cases related to the execution of general or specialized courts. Despite being established in Baku, its jurisdiction apply to entire territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. History of the modern judicial system in Azerbaijan

neg: Liberian Constitution of 1847 up of a House of Representatives and a Senate. The judicial branch consisted of the Supreme Court of Liberia, made up of a chief justice and four associate justices, and circuit courts created by the Legislature. Article One of the Constitution enshrined civil liberties similar to those protected by the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution. Approved in a referendum on 27 September 1847, the Constitution was amended several times from 1847 to 1980. Among these amendments, the term length of the president was extended to four years in 1908, and to eight years in 1934. Liberian Constitution

neg: Colombian Constitution of 1991 unconstitutionality ("acciones públicas") and any citizen may intervene to defend or challenge a legal norm. The Inspector General ("Procurador General") must render an opinion ("concepto") in all cases, within 30 days. Previously, the power of judicial review was held by the Supreme Court of Justice. The Constitution establishes special jurisdictions for the authorities of indigenous peoples within their territory in accordance with their customs and procedure as long as they are not contrary to the Constitution or the laws (Article 246). Justices of the peace may be established by law (Article 247). The Constitution created the office of the Attorney

neg: Decree Law 25418 Decree Law 25418 Decree Law 25418 is a highly controversial Peruvian law decreed in April 1992 by then-President Alberto Fujimori. The decree essentially provided the legal trappings for the coup d'état of April 5, 1992. The decree renamed the government, dissolved the Congress, gave the Executive Branch all legislative powers, suspended much of the Constitution, and gave the president the power to enact various reforms, such as the "application of drastic punishments" towards terrorists and the "moralization" of the Judicial Branch. Although Decree Law 25418 was patently unconstitutional, its last article read "the articles of the Political Constitution and the

neg: Judicial system of Japan judiciary was far more constrained under the Meiji Constitution than it is under the present Constitution and had no authority over administrative or constitutional law cases. Moreover, the Ministry of Justice had complete and direct control over the courts' administrative affairs. Nonetheless, Professor John Haley argues that the courts maintained complete independence in the adjudication of particular cases. "Judicial independence from the political branches was emphatically established as a fundamental principle of governance in Article 57 of the Meiji Constitution. Of all branches of government only the courts exercised authority "in the name of the Emperor." Haley argues that this

neg: Article 10 of the Constitution of Malaysia criticised, among others, the draft versions of Article 4 and Article 10. Hamid objected to the inclusion of the word "reasonable", stating: The Working Committee established by the autonomous Federation's government adopted nearly all of Hamid's recommendations in his dissent, thereby eliminating the possibility of judicial review concerning the reasonableness of laws which infringed on the rights granted by Article 10. One legal commentator has stated: Lord William Reid, who chaired the Commission, said that: During the debate over the draft Constitution in the Federal Legislative Council, K.L. Devaser, an Alliance government backbencher, criticised the changes, arguing: Over his objections,

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 9 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 9 Chapter 9: Judiciary. Chapter 9 of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji is titled "Judiciary." It is divided into twenty-two sections, setting out the composition and functions of the Judicial branch of the Fijian government. Section 117 establishes three courts: the High Court, the Court of Appeal, and the Supreme Court, and also make provision for other courts to be established by law. The Supreme Court is declared to be ""the final appellate court of the State"" – in other words, there is no judicial authority higher than the Supreme Court. In this respect, the

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 9 it. 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 9 Chapter 9: Judiciary. Chapter 9 of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji is titled "Judiciary." It is divided into twenty-two sections, setting out the composition and functions of the Judicial branch of the Fijian government. Section 117 establishes three courts: the High Court, the Court of Appeal, and the Supreme Court, and also make provision for other courts to be established by law. The Supreme Court is declared to be ""the final appellate court of the State"" – in other words, there is no judicial authority higher than the Supreme Court. In this respect,

neg: Judicial independence first phase occurred in England with the original conception of judicial independence in the Act of Settlement 1701. The second phase was evident when England’s concepts regarding judicial independence spread internationally, and were adopted into the domestic law of other countries; for instance, England served as the model for Montesquieu’s separation of powers doctrine, and the Founding Fathers of the US Constitution used England as their dominant model in formulating the Constitution’s Article III, which is the foundation of American judicial independence. Other common law countries, including Canada, Australia, and India, also adopted the British model of judicial independence. In

neg: Judicial system of Bhutan Judicial system of Bhutan The judicial system of Bhutan is the purview of the Royal Court of Justice, the judicial branch of the government of Bhutan under the Constitution of 2008. The judicial system comprises the Judicial Commission, the courts, the police, the penal code, and regulations on "jabmi" (attorneys). The National Judicial Commission was established in 2001 as part of Bhutan's Civil and Criminal Procedure Code. It began as a body appointed by the Druk Gyalpo and chaired by the Chief Justice of Bhutan, also a royal appointee. In 2001, the number of council members was not codified. The

neg: Government of Italy Government of Italy The Government of Italy is a democratic republic established by a 1946 constitution. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: "Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution". By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the article solemnly declares the results of the constitutional referendum which took place on 2 June 1946. The State is not a hereditary

neg: Supreme Court of Puerto Rico Supreme Court of Puerto Rico The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico — (TSPR)— is the highest court of Puerto Rico, having judicial authority to interpret and decide questions of Puerto Rican law. The Court is analogous to one of the state supreme courts of the states of the United States; being the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico the highest state court and the court of last resort in Puerto Rico. Article V of the Constitution of Puerto Rico vests the judicial power in the Supreme Court—which by its nature forms the judicial branch of the government of Puerto Rico. The

neg: Constitution of Alaska a single, unified system. The constitution specifies the Alaska Supreme Court, the Alaska Superior Court, and leaves other courts to be "established by the legislature" as needed. Article IV provides for Missouri Plan selection of judges. Article V's provisions are mostly standard, setting such things as voting age and election dates. It guarantees both the secret ballot and provides for judicial review of contested election results. A requirement that voters must be able to "read or speak the English language" was removed by amendment in 1970 after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Article VI sets procedures

neg: Judicial review in the United States are contrary to the Constitution. Specifically, Article III provides that the federal judicial power "is extended to all cases arising under the Constitution." Article VI requires judges to take an oath "to support this Constitution." Article VI also states that only laws "made in pursuance of the Constitution" are the law of the land. Marshall concluded: "Thus, the particular phraseology of the Constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written Constitutions, that a law repugnant to the Constitution is void, and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by

neg: Federal judiciary of the United States States court was established for the Northwest Territory. When the Constitution came into force in 1789, Congress gained the authority to establish the federal judicial system as a whole. Only the Supreme Court was established by the Constitution itself. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the first inferior (i.e., lower) federal courts established pursuant to the Constitution and provided for the first Article III judges. Virtually all U.S. law schools offer an elective course that focuses specifically on the powers and limitations of U.S. federal courts, with coverage of topics such as justiciability, abstention doctrines, the abrogation doctrine, and habeas

neg: Article Four of the Constitution of Puerto Rico was created by extraconstitutional law. The article also established the first steps towards the Puerto Rico governmental line of succession, establishing the Secretary of State as first in line of succession. Article Four of the Constitution of Puerto Rico Article Four of the Constitution of Puerto Rico describes the powers, structure, functions, responsibilities, and legal scope of the Governor of Puerto Rico, the executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico. The article establishes the term length of the governor and the requirements to hold such post, as well as establishing the governor as commander-in-chief of the militia, namely the

neg: Colombian Constitution of 1991 their term. Title VI of the Constitution, from article 132 to 188, details the legislative branch of Colombia, which is made up of the bicameral Congress with the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives. Congress' main power is lawmaking and legislative regulation, which entails drafting, enacting, interpreting, amending and repealing laws. It also has additional powers - judicial (trying the President), elective (for senior officials of the State, notably judges), ceremonial (receiving foreign dignitaries) and political control (control of the executive). One of the significant changes introduced by the 1991 Constitution was the election of the Senate in a single

neg: Chief Justice of Liberia Chief Justice of Liberia The Chief Justice of Liberia is the head of the judicial branch of the Government of the Republic of Liberia and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of Liberia. Article 54(c) of the Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice is appointed by the President of Liberia and confirmed by the Senate. Per Article 68, eligibility for the position of Chief Justice requires that the candidate: Article 71 states that the Chief Justice "shall hold their offices during good behavior." According to Article 72(b), the Chief Justice must retire from office upon reaching the age of

neg: Constitution of Italy functions with discipline and honour, taking an oath to that effect in those cases established by law. Power is divided among the executive, the legislative and judicial branches; the Constitution establishes the balancing and interaction of these branches, rather than their rigid separation. Article 55 establishes the Parliament as a bicameral entity, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic, which are elected every five years with no extension, except by law and only in the case of war, and which meet in joint session only in cases established by the Constitution. The Chamber of deputies

neg: Crow Nation by the Crow Law and Order Code and in accordance with the 2001 Constitution. The Judicial Branch has jurisdiction over all matters defined in the Crow Law and Order Code. The Judicial Branch attempts to be a separate and distinct branch of government from the Legislative and Executive Branches of Crow Tribal Government. The Judicial Branch consists of an elected Chief Judge and two Associate Judges. The Crow Court of Appeals, similar to State Court of Appeals, receives all appeals from the lower courts. The Chief Judge of the Crow Nation is Julie Yarlott. According to the 1948 Constitution, Resolution

neg: Article Three of the United States Constitution of a statute or treaty, or to review an administrative regulation for consistency with either a statute, a treaty, or the Constitution itself, is an implied power derived in part from Clause 2 of Section 2. Though the Constitution does not expressly provide that the federal judiciary has the power of judicial review, many of the Constitution's Framers viewed such a power as an appropriate power for the federal judiciary to possess. In "Federalist No. 78", Alexander Hamilton wrote, Others, however, disagreed, claiming that each branch could determine for itself the constitutionality of its actions. Hamilton goes on to counterbalance

neg: Government of Colorado Government of Colorado The Government of Colorado is the governmental structure as established by the Constitution of the State of Colorado. It is composed of three branches: the executive branch headed by the Governor, the legislative branch consisting of the General Assembly, and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court and lower courts. The constitution also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall and ratification. The statewide elected officers are: The Lieutenant Governor is elected on a ticket with the Governor. All statewide elected officers serve four-year terms. There are also elected members of the Colorado

neg: Constitution of the Republic of Texas Texas approved an annexation ordinance and new constitution on October 13, 1845. On December 29, 1845, the United States admitted the State of Texas to the Union (Joint Resolution for the admission of the state of Texas into the Union, J.Res. 1, enacted December 29, 1845, ). The Constitution of the Republic of Texas contains nine portions, six Articles, Schedule, General Provisions, and Declaration of Rights. Article I establishes the three branches of government, Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. It contains sections that define in greater detail the Legislative branch. The Legislature is defined as a Senate and House of Representatives

neg: Judicial Service Commission (Somalia) Judicial Service Commission (Somalia) The Judicial Service Commission is an adjunct of the Ministry of Justice of the Federal Government of Somalia. Article 109A of the Provisional Constitution establishes the authority of a Judicial Service Commission consisting of nine members. In June 2014, the Federal Parliament of Somalia approved a new law formalizing the commission. In March 2015, the Office of the President issued a decree dissolving the extant Judicial Service Commission. It recommended instead reformation of the Commission in accordance with Article 109 of the Provisional Constitution. In late March 2015, the Federal Government began formally reconstituting the Judicial

neg: Marbury v. Madison Court was the supreme interpreter of the U.S. Constitution. "Marbury" also established that the power of judicial review covers actions by the executive branch – the President and his cabinet members. However, American courts' power of judicial review over executive branch actions only extends to matters in which the executive has a legal duty to act or refrain from acting, and does not extend to matters that are entirely within the President's discretion, such as whether to veto a bill or whom to appoint to an office. This power has been the basis of many subsequent important Supreme Court decisions

neg: Judicial system of Turkey been "Heavy Penal Courts (competent to examine crimes under article 250 of the Criminal Procedure Code)". Most of the cases heard in these courts concern cases of political prisoners. The Constitutional Court, the Court of Cassation, the Council of State, the Military Court of Cassation, the Supreme Military Administrative Court and the Court of Jurisdictional Conflicts are the supreme courts mentioned in the judicial section of the Constitution. The basic function of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Turkey ("T.C. Anayasa Mahkemesi"), established in the 1961 Constitution, is to examine the constitutionality, in both form and substance, of laws,

neg: Judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore of Malaysia ..." A shortage of High Court judges led to an amendment to Article 94 of the Constitution in 1971 to permit the appointment of supernumerary judges. These were judges who were engaged to continue their duties on a contractual basis after having reached the constitutionally-mandated retirement age of 65. A subsequent amendment to the Constitution created the position of judicial commissioner. This amendment took effect on 4 May 1979. In 1993, a single permanent Court of Appeal was established for Singapore with its own President and Judges of Appeal, replacing the Court of Appeal and Court of Criminal

neg: Federal tribunals in the United States and Puerto Rico, but excluding three other territorial district courts), and the U.S. Court of International Trade. They constitute the judicial branch of the federal government (which is defined by Article III of the Constitution). Pursuant to the Appointments Clause in Article II, all members of Article III tribunals are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. These courts are protected against undue influence by the other branches of government. Judges may not have their salaries reduced during their tenure in office, and their appointment is for life—barring removal from office "on impeachment for, and conviction of, Treason,

neg: Constitution of North Carolina The Council of State, a cabinet-like body, is filled with eight popularly elected officials, in addition to the governor and lieutenant governor. This article also defines and mandates a balanced budget. Article IV defines the make-up the judicial branch of the state and prohibits the legislature from inhibiting its function. Similar to the federal government, the power to impeach state officials and judges, in the cross-hairs, are given to the state House of Representatives. The Senate can remove a person from office with a 2/3 majority vote after an impeachment. This article also deals with the necessary qualifications of a

neg: Privacy and the US government rearing. This amendment introduced natural law to privacy rights, allowing court cases to "reasonably weight the interests involved" when analyzing the free exercise of one's privacy rights. Therefore court cases involving Fourteenth Amendment privacy rights often asks two questions: Does the situation infringe on the plaintiff's right and is there a state interest that justifies the defendant's argument. The purpose of the judicial branch in the United States government is to act as a regulatory agent that interprets laws relative to the U.S. Constitution. The judicial branch consists of a federal court system with a final level of appeal of

neg: Ninetieth Minnesota State Senate v. Dayton and independent branch of government, the governor's vetoes did not effectively abolish the legislature and thereby violate Article III of the state constitution. Additionally, the Court ruled that the judicial branch did not have the constitutional authority to order funding without a corresponding budgetary appropriation. The Supreme Court's ruling overturned an earlier ruling by a Ramsey County court judge. The case marked the first time in which the Minnesota Supreme Court was asked to resolve a lawsuit brought by one branch of government against another. The Minnesota Legislature adjourned its regular session in 2017 on May 22 with significant amounts

neg: Case or Controversy Clause principle is more fundamental to the judiciary’s proper role in our system of government than the constitutional limitation of federal-court jurisdiction to actual cases or controversies.” The case-or-controversy requirement of Article III of the constitution requires plaintiffs to establish their standing to sue. Article III standing law is built on separation-of-powers principles. Its purpose is to prevent the judicial process from being used to usurp the powers of the legislative and executive branch of the U.S. federal government. Article III standing requires an injury that is “concrete, particularized and actual or imminent; fairly traceable to the challenged action and redressable

neg: Marbury v. Madison established judicial review. In a line borrowed from Alexander Hamilton's essay Federalist No. 78, Marshall wrote: "The powers of the legislature are defined and limited; and that those limits may not be mistaken or forgotten, the constitution is written." In another argument borrowed from Federalist No. 78, Marshall stated that "a law repugnant to the Constitution is void", and that the judiciary had no choice but to follow the Constitution. Marshall also argued that the authorization in Article III of the Constitution that the Court can decide cases arising "under this Constitution" implied that the Court had the power to

neg: Constitution of Puerto Rico as a report on the Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico. Article Five describes the powers, structure, functions, responsibilities, and legal scope of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, the judicial branch of the government of Puerto Rico. The article also establishes that the Supreme Court must be the court of last resort, and that it must be composed by a Chief Justice and several Associate Justices. It also establishes that judges must be appointed by the Governor of Puerto Rico with the advice and consent from the Senate of Puerto Rico. Article Six authorizes the Legislative Assembly to

neg: Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co. the three exceptions to Article III jurisdiction were applicable. He further held that Congress’ power under the Naturalization and Bankruptcy Clause (Art. I, § 8, cl.4) of the Constitution did not carry with it a power to create specialized tribunals for the adjudication of bankruptcy cases. Brennan feared that reading such a power into Article I would erode the jurisdiction conferred by Article III and displace the judicial branch of the government. Brennan then turned to Northern’s argument that the bankruptcy courts were merely adjuncts to the U.S. District Courts. He framed the Constitutional issue as the determination whether the

neg: Crow Nation Secretary, and Vice-Secretary. The Executive Branch officials are also the officials within the Crow Tribal General Council, which has not met since 15 July 2001. These officials established the 2001 Constitution. The Chairman is Alvin “A.J” Not Afraid, Jr. The Legislative Branch consists of three members from each district on the Crow Indian Reservation. The Crow Indian Reservation is divided into six districts known as The Valley of the Chiefs, Reno, Black Lodge, Mighty Few, Big Horn, and Pryor Districts. The Valley of the Chiefs District is the largest district by population. The Judicial Branch consists of all courts established

neg: Politics of Indonesia General Elections Commission (, "KPU") is the body responsible for running both parliamentary and presidential elections. Article 22E(5) of the Constitution rules that the KPU is national, permanent, and independent. Prior to the 2004 elections, the KPU was made up of members who were also members of political parties. However, members of KPU must now be non-partisan. The Indonesian Supreme Court () is the highest level of the judicial branch. Its judges are appointed by the president. The Constitutional Court () rules on constitutional and political matters, while a Judicial Commission () oversees the judges. During the regime of president

neg: Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore been suggested that substantive natural justice would merely be a full exercise of the judiciary's proper role as conferred by the Constitution. In addition, one scholar has asserted that there is no doubt that a judicial inquiry covers both substantive and procedural aspects. It is said that Article 9(1) connotes a judicial inquiry into the "fairness" of the law tested against certain principles regarded as fundamental to the legal system. Distinguishing between substantive and procedural fairness is a meaningless exercise, as it merely clouds the process of judicial inquiry. Judicial review is judicial review under whatever name, and as far

neg: Judicial System of the State of Deseret Judicial System of the State of Deseret The Judicial System of the State of Deseret was the legal framework for the provisional government of the proposed State of Deseret. It existed for only two years, when it was outmoded by the newly established territory of Utah, which became an organized incorporated territory of the United States after September 9, 1850. Like its parent state, the Deseret Judicial System was never officially recognized by the United States Government. The judiciary of the State of Deseret was created under the Sixth Article of the Constitution of the State of Deseret: Although the

neg: An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery before the 6-month deadline, it would void his slaves' residency. The 1788 Amendment prohibited this rotation of slaves in and out-of-state to subvert Pennsylvania law. The 1780 Act had exempted personal slaves owned by members of Congress. By 1790, when Philadelphia became the temporary national capital for 10 years, there were three branches of the federal government under the US Constitution. There was confusion about whether or not the Pennsylvania law extended to all federal officials; members of Congress (legislative branch) remained exempt, but there was uncertainty regarding whether justices of the US Supreme Court (judicial branch) and the US

neg: Judicial review in the United States judicial power in Article III state: The Supremacy Clause of Article VI states: The power of judicial review has been implied from these provisions based on the following reasoning. It is the inherent duty of the courts to determine the applicable law in any given case. The Supremacy Clause says "[t]his Constitution" is the "supreme law of the land." The Constitution therefore is the fundamental law of the United States. Federal statutes are the law of the land only when they are "made in pursuance" of the Constitution. State constitutions and statutes are valid only if they are consistent with

neg: Judicial system of Bhutan law to inspire trust and confidence and to enhance access to justice. (Art. 21) The Royal Court of Justice is composed of the Supreme Court, the High Court, the Dzongkhag Courts, the Dungkhag Courts, and such other courts and tribunals as may be established by the King on the recommendation of the National Judicial Commission. Under the Constitution, as under the earlier Judicial Service Act, the Druk Gyalpo appoints most of the upper Judicial branch: the Chief Justice of Bhutan and the Drangpons (Associate Justices) of the Supreme Court; the Chief Justice and Drangpons (Associate Justices) of the High Court.

neg: United States federal judicial district areas are territorial courts under Article I of the Constitution, not United States district courts, although they have similar jurisdiction. Only two districts have jurisdiction over areas outside the state in which the court sits: Each district has its own United States district court (with a bankruptcy court under its authority), including judges, clerks, court reporters, and other support personnel, all employed by the judicial branch of the government and overseen by the Administrative Office of the Courts in Washington, D.C. There is also a United States Attorney in each district, who acts as the federal government's lawyer in the

neg: Government of Pakistan Ministries in such situations are the functions of the Cabinet Division. Appointment for the chairman of the FPSC, the prestigious body responsible for the recruitment of elite bureaucrats, is made by the President after consulting the Prime Minister, according to Article 242 of the Constitution. Since 1947, Pakistan has an asymmetric federal government, with elected officials at the national (federal), provincial, tribal, and local levels. Constitution has set the limit of government for five years, but if a Vote of no confidence movements takes place in the parliament (and prelude of movements are proved at the Judicial branch), the government

neg: Supreme Court of the Dominican Republic in laws and at the request of the Executive Branch that resource, one of the Presidents of the Chambers or an interested party. This resource ormes erga not close the traditional way of constitutional motion by way of exception, "fuzzy control". According to the above-mentioned article 63 of the Constitution of 1994 the law would regulate the judicial career and pension scheme of the judges, officials and employees of the court order. Moreover, appropriated judicial functions that are incompatible with other public office or employment except teaching and honorary positions; and it also stated that judges are irremovable, except suspension