query: what is the numerical value for the speed of an object at rest

pos: Inertia rotational rate. Inertia Inertia is the resistance, of any physical object, to any change in its velocity. This includes changes to the object's speed, or direction of motion. An aspect of this property is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at a constant speed, when no forces are upon them—and this aspect in particular is also called inertia. The principle of inertia is one of the fundamental principles in classical physics that are still used today to describe the motion of objects and how they are affected by the applied forces on them. Inertia comes

pos: Newton's laws of motion at rest, and for the body to move in a straight line at a constant speed an external agent was needed continually to propel it, otherwise it would stop moving. Galileo Galilei, however, realised that a force is necessary to change the velocity of a body, i.e., acceleration, but no force is needed to maintain its velocity. In other words, Galileo stated that, in the "absence" of a force, a moving object will continue moving. (The tendency of objects to resist changes in motion was what Johannes Kepler had called "inertia".) This insight was refined by Newton, who made it

neg: Force speed of light. The relativistic expression relating force and acceleration for a particle with constant non-zero rest mass formula_21 moving in the formula_22 direction is: where is called the Lorentz factor. In the early history of relativity, the expressions formula_25 and formula_26 were called longitudinal and transverse mass. Relativistic force does not produce a constant acceleration, but an ever-decreasing acceleration as the object approaches the speed of light. Note that formula_27 approaches asymptotically an infinite value and is undefined for an object with a non-zero rest mass as it approaches the speed of light, and the theory yields no prediction

neg: Kinetic energy throws a ball, the person does work on it to give it speed as it leaves the hand. The moving ball can then hit something and push it, doing work on what it hits. The kinetic energy of a moving object is equal to the work required to bring it from rest to that speed, or the work the object can do while being brought to rest: net force × displacement = kinetic energy, i.e., Since the kinetic energy increases with the square of the speed, an object doubling its speed has four times as much kinetic energy. For example,

neg: Speed of light other light sources. In 2011, the CGPM stated its intention to redefine all seven SI base units using what it calls "the explicit-constant formulation", where each "unit is defined indirectly by specifying explicitly an exact value for a well-recognized fundamental constant", as was done for the speed of light. It proposed a new, but completely equivalent, wording of the metre's definition: "The metre, symbol m, is the unit of length; its magnitude is set by fixing the numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum to be equal to exactly when it is expressed in the SI unit ."

neg: BOOPSI as straightforward coupling of objects with other objects. For example, a programmer may link a numerical input field and a sliding control, where if the user adjusts the sliding control the numerical value in the input field changes automatically. BOOPSI was officially introduced with AmigaOS 2.0 and was further extended in later releases. BOOPSI BOOPSI (Basic Object Oriented Programming System for Intuition) is an object-oriented programming system for AmigaOS. It extends the AmigaOS windowing environment (Intuition) with an object-oriented subsystem allowing a hierarchy of object classes in which every class defines a single GUI widget or interface event. BOOPSI made

neg: Physical constant on the earlier definitions, including the kilogram, to ensure minimal impact. Whereas the physical quantity indicated by a physical constant does not depend on the unit system used to express the quantity, the numerical values of dimensional physical constants do depend on choice of unit system. The term "physical constant" refers to the physical quantity, and not to the numerical value within any given system of units. For example, the speed of light is defined as having the numerical value of 299,792,458 in SI units, and as having the numerical value of 1 in natural units. While its numerical value

neg: Film speed sensitivity is represented by a doubling of the numerical film speed value. In the logarithmic ISO scale, which corresponds to the DIN scale, adding 3° to the numerical value constitutes a doubling of sensitivity. For example, a film rated ISO 200/24° is twice as sensitive as one rated ISO 100/21°. Commonly, the logarithmic speed is omitted; for example, "ISO 100" denotes "ISO 100/21°", while logarithmic ISO speeds are written as "ISO 21°" as per the standard. Conversion from arithmetic speed "S" to logarithmic speed "S"° is given by and rounding to the nearest integer; the log is base 10. Conversion

neg: Boltzmann constant is . Current measurements of the Boltzmann constant depend on the definition of the kelvin in terms of the triple point of water. In the redefinition of SI base units adopted at the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) on 16 November 2018, the definition of the kelvin was changed to one based on a fixed, exact numerical value of the Boltzmann constant, similar to the way that the speed of light was given an exact numerical value at the 17th CGPM in 1983. The final value (based on the 2017 CODATA adjusted value of ) is .

neg: Numerical aperture photographed are often far from the camera. When the object is not distant from the lens, however, the image is no longer formed in the lens's focal plane, and the -number no longer accurately describes the light-gathering ability of the lens or the image-side numerical aperture. In this case, the numerical aperture is related to what is sometimes called the "working -number" or "effective -number". The working -number is defined by modifying the relation above, taking into account the magnification from object to image: where is the working -number, is the lens's magnification for an object a particular distance away,

neg: Numerical aperture most types of photographic lenses." In photography, the factor is sometimes written as , where represents the absolute value of the magnification; in either case, the correction factor is 1 or greater. The two equalities in the equation above are each taken by various authors as the definition of working -number, as the cited sources illustrate. They are not necessarily both exact, but are often treated as if they are. Conversely, the object-side numerical aperture is related to the -number by way of the magnification (tending to zero for a distant object): In laser physics, numerical aperture is defined slightly

neg: Length contraction more general conversions, see the Lorentz transformations. An observer at rest observing an object travelling very close to the speed of light would observe the length of the object in the direction of motion as very near zero. Then, at a speed of 13,400,000 m/s (30 million mph, 0.0447) contracted length is 99.9% of the length at rest; at a speed of 42,300,000 m/s (95 million mph, 0.141), the length is still 99%. As the magnitude of the velocity approaches the speed of light, the effect becomes prominent. The principle of relativity (according to which the laws of nature must

neg: Apparent magnitude band. As the amount of light actually received by a telescope is reduced by transmission through the Earth's atmosphere, any measurement of apparent magnitude is corrected for what it would have been as seen from above the atmosphere. The dimmer an object appears, the higher the numerical value given to its apparent magnitude, with a difference of 5 magnitudes corresponding to a brightness factor of exactly 100. Therefore, the apparent magnitude , in the spectral band , would be given by which is more commonly expressed in terms of common (base-10) logarithms as where is the observed flux density using

neg: Speed of light also is generally assumed that the speed of light is isotropic, meaning that it has the same value regardless of the direction in which it is measured. Observations of the emissions from nuclear energy levels as a function of the orientation of the emitting nuclei in a magnetic field (see Hughes–Drever experiment), and of rotating optical resonators (see Resonator experiments) have put stringent limits on the possible two-way anisotropy. According to special relativity, the energy of an object with rest mass "m" and speed "v" is given by , where "γ" is the Lorentz factor defined above. When "v" is

neg: Kinetic energy for linear momentum formula_30, where formula_31. Integrating by parts yields Since formula_33, formula_35 is a constant of integration for the indefinite integral. Simplifying the expression we obtain formula_35 is found by observing that when formula_38 and formula_39, giving resulting in the formula This formula shows that the work expended accelerating an object from rest approaches infinity as the velocity approaches the speed of light. Thus it is impossible to accelerate an object across this boundary. The mathematical by-product of this calculation is the mass-energy equivalence formula—the body at rest must have energy content At a low speed (formula_3«formula_44), the relativistic

neg: F-number active mounting and optics. The f-number accurately describes the light-gathering ability of a lens only for objects an infinite distance away. This limitation is typically ignored in photography, where f-number is often used regardless of the distance to the object. In optical design, an alternative is often needed for systems where the object is not far from the lens. In these cases the working f-number is used. The working f-number "N" is given by: where "N" is the uncorrected f-number, NA is the image-space numerical aperture of the lens, formula_18 is the absolute value of lens's magnification for an object

neg: Object skill unit. Thus, automaticity of response also plays a vital part in object skill. Just like any other skills, two aspects of object skill matter most: accuracy and speed. Accuracy is assured only if every memory-motor connection is unique, and speed is assured only if object-value information is quickly transmitted through memory-motor connections. Under such scheme, high-capacity memory seems to be a necessity in response to demand for distinct memory slots for every object-value association. Object skill also tends to have a long-term effect over object perception of both humans and monkeys. Results of several studies have shown that both humans

neg: Kig (software) always return one object. For example, if there is already a numeric object inside the figure, for example 3, the following Python object can yield its square (9): The variables are always called codice_1, codice_2 etc. in the order they are clicked upon. Here there is only one variable codice_1 and its numerical value is obtained with codice_4. If now one wants to implement the square of a complex number (represented by a point in the Argand diagram), the object which has to be selected at the creation of the script must necessarily be a point, and the script is

neg: Conservative force Conservative force A conservative force is a force with the property that the total work done in moving a particle between two points is independent of the taken path. Equivalently, if a particle travels in a closed loop, the net work done (the sum of the force acting along the path multiplied by the displacement) by a conservative force is zero. A conservative force is dependent only on the position of the object. If a force is conservative, it is possible to assign a numerical value for the potential at any point. When an object moves from one location to

neg: Kinetic energy Kinetic energy In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes. The same amount of work is done by the body when decelerating from its current speed to a state of rest. In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass "m" traveling at a speed "v" is . In

neg: Epicureanism ways. Atoms can simply collide with each other and then bounce off of each other. When joined with each other and forming a larger object, atoms can vibrate as they into each other while still maintaining the overall shape of the larger object. When not prevented by other atoms, all atoms move at the same speed naturally downwards in relation to the rest world. This downwards motion is natural for atoms; however, as their fourth means of motion, atoms can at times randomly swerve out of their usual downwards path. This swerving motion is what allowed for the creation of

neg: Mass–energy equivalence is defined as the ratio of the momentum of an object to its velocity. Relativistic mass depends on the motion of the object, so that different observers in relative motion see different values for it. If the object is moving slowly, the relativistic mass is nearly equal to the rest mass and both are nearly equal to the usual Newtonian mass. If the object is moving quickly, the relativistic mass is greater than the rest mass by an amount equal to the mass associated with the kinetic energy of the object. As the object approaches the speed of light, the

neg: Elementary arithmetic objects in that group. The process of counting a group is the following: When the counting is finished, the last value of the count will be the final count. This count is equal to the number of objects in the group. Often, when counting objects, one does not keep track of what numerical label corresponds to which object: one only keeps track of the subgroup of objects which have already been labeled, so as to be able to identify unlabeled objects necessary for Step 2. However, if one is counting persons, then one can ask the persons who are being

neg: Speed of light light as measured directly by Fizeau. The following year Gustav Kirchhoff calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at this speed. In the early 1860s, Maxwell showed that, according to the theory of electromagnetism he was working on, electromagnetic waves propagate in empty space at a speed equal to the above Weber/Kohlrausch ratio, and drawing attention to the numerical proximity of this value to the speed of light as measured by Fizeau, he proposed that light is in fact an electromagnetic wave. It was thought at the time that empty space was filled with

neg: Minimum orbit intersection distance perturbed into a different orbit with a different MOID value. Two Objects gravitationally locked in orbital resonance may never approach one another. Numerical integrations become increasingly divergent as trajectories are projected further forward in time, especially beyond times where the smaller body is repeatedly perturbed by other planets. MOID has the convenience that it is obtained directly from the orbital elements of the body and no numerical integration into the future is used. The only object that has ever been rated at 4 on the Torino Scale (since downgraded), the Aten asteroid (99942) Apophis, has an Earth MOID of 0.000316

neg: Mass–energy equivalence no net momentum). The rest and invariant masses are the smallest possible value of the mass of the object or system. They also are conserved quantities, so long as the system is isolated. Because of the way they are calculated, the effects of moving observers are subtracted, so these quantities do not change with the motion of the observer. The rest mass is almost never additive: the rest mass of an object is not the sum of the rest masses of its parts. The rest mass of an object is the total energy of all the parts, including kinetic energy,

neg: Aerodynamics be considered the fastest speed that "information" can travel in the flow. This difference most obviously manifests itself in the case of a fluid striking an object. In front of that object, the fluid builds up a stagnation pressure as impact with the object brings the moving fluid to rest. In fluid traveling at subsonic speed, this pressure disturbance can propagate upstream, changing the flow pattern ahead of the object and giving the impression that the fluid "knows" the object is there by seemingly adjusting its movement and is flowing around it. In a supersonic flow however, the pressure disturbance

neg: Minkowski diagram referred to as 'at rest', and who is positioned at . This observer's world line is identical with the time axis. Each parallel line to this axis would correspond also to an object at rest but at another position. The blue line describes an object moving with constant speed to the right, such as a moving observer. This blue line labelled may be interpreted as the time axis for the second observer. Together with the axis, which is identical for both observers, it represents their coordinate system. Since the reference frames are in standard configuration, both observers agree on the

neg: Rendering (computer graphics) faces and the other method on others based on the angle at which that face meets other joined faces, thus increasing speed and not hurting the overall effect. In ray casting the geometry which has been modeled is parsed pixel by pixel, line by line, from the point of view outward, as if casting rays out from the point of view. Where an object is intersected, the color value at the point may be evaluated using several methods. In the simplest, the color value of the object at the point of intersection becomes the value of that pixel. The color

neg: Eudaimonia view that pleasure is the only intrinsic good and that pain is the only intrinsic bad. An object, experience or state of affairs is intrinsically valuable if it is good simply because of what it is. Intrinsic value is to be contrasted with instrumental value. An object, experience or state of affairs is instrumentally valuable if it serves as a means to what is intrinsically valuable. To see this, consider the following example. Suppose a person spends their days and nights in an office, working at not entirely pleasant activities for the purpose of receiving money. Someone asks them "why

neg: Enterprise Objects Framework by also designing enterprise objects that map to multiple tables or particular views of a database table. An Enterprise Object is analogous to what is often known in object-oriented programming as a business object — a class which models a physical or conceptual object in the business domain (e.g. a customer, an order, an item, etc.). What makes an EO different from other objects is that its instance data maps to a data store. Typically, an enterprise object contains key-value pairs that represent a row in a relational database. The key is basically the column name, and the value is

neg: Theory of value (economics) called "theory of objective value"), intrinsic value characterizes—in terms of the value—that something has “in itself”, or “its own sake”, or “in its own right”. It is an express to a concept other than the one just discussed. It is the value that an entity has in itself as well, for what it is, or as an end. This value is not physical, saying that this value is physical is the same as saying our minds are physical. The value does not exist as an object, however it is the properties of an object. The value is created through the

neg: Electron rest mass moving relative to that object (or if the object is moving in a given frame of reference). Most practical measurements are carried out on moving electrons. If the electron is moving at a relativistic velocity, any measurement must use the correct expression for mass. Such correction is only substantial for electrons accelerated by voltages of well over 100 kV. For example, the relativistic expression for the total energy, formula_1, of an electron moving at speed formula_2 is where the Lorentz factor is formula_4. In this expression formula_5 is the "rest mass", or more simply just the "mass" of the electron.

neg: Numerical relativity can give the remnant hole a speed of up to 4000 km/s that can allow it to escape from any known galaxy. The simulations also predict an enormous release of gravitational energy in this merger process, amounting up to 8% of its total rest mass. Numerical relativity Numerical relativity is one of the branches of general relativity that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems. To this end, supercomputers are often employed to study black holes, gravitational waves, neutron stars and many other phenomena governed by Einstein's theory of general relativity. A currently active field of research

neg: Rest frame gas molecules are not at rest, but are no more likely to be traveling in one direction as another. The rest frame of a river would be the frame of an unpowered boat, in which the mean velocity of the water is zero. This frame is also called the center-of-mass frame, or center-of-momentum frame. The center-of-momentum frame is notable for being the reference frame in which the total energy (total relativistic energy) of a particle or compound object, is also the invariant mass (times the scale-factor speed of light squared). It is also the reference frame in which the object

neg: Molar mass constant is defined. It is possible to quote the value of the molar mass constant in other units: for example, it is equal to (1/453.592 37) lb/mol ~ 2.204 623 262 × 10 lb/mol. Because the new SI definitions include a new definition of the mole through giving the Avogadro constant an exact numerical value, the value of the molar mass constant will no longer have an exactly defined value, assuming that the definition of a dalton (one twelfth of the rest mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state) does not change. Therefore,

neg: Liquid mirror telescope density of the liquid, for example, has no effect on the focal length of the paraboloid. The units must be consistent, e.g. formula_16 may be in metres, formula_2 in radians per second, and formula_1 in metres per second-squared. The angle unit in formula_2 must be radians. If we write formula_26 for the numerical value of the focal length in metres, and formula_27 for the numerical value of the rotation speed in revolutions per minute (RPM). then on the Earth's surface, where formula_1 is approximately 9.81 metres per second-squared, the last equation reduces to the approximation: If the focal length is

neg: Mass–energy equivalence first system. When an object is pushed in the direction of motion, it gains momentum and energy, but when the object is already traveling near the speed of light, it cannot move much faster, no matter how much energy it absorbs. Its momentum and energy continue to increase without bounds, whereas its speed approaches (but never reaches) a constant value—the speed of light. This implies that in relativity the momentum of an object cannot be a constant times the velocity, nor can the kinetic energy be a constant times the square of the velocity. A property called the relativistic mass

neg: Lorentz transformation the corresponding properties in a frame moving relative to the object with constant velocity. This breaks some notions taken for granted in non-relativistic physics. For example, the energy of an object is a scalar in non-relativistic mechanics, but not in relativistic mechanics because energy changes under Lorentz transformations; its value is different for various inertial frames. In the rest frame of an object, it has a rest energy and zero momentum. In a boosted frame its energy is different and it appears to have a momentum. Similarly, in non-relativistic quantum mechanics the spin of a particle is a constant vector,

neg: Value theory Value theory Value theory is a range of approaches to understanding how, why, and to what degree persons value things; whether the object or subject of valuing is a person, idea, object, or anything else. This investigation began in ancient philosophy, where it is called axiology or ethics. Early philosophical investigations sought to understand good and evil and the concept of "the good". Today, much of value theory aspires to the scientifically empirical, recording what people do value and attempting to understand why they value it in the context of psychology, sociology, and economics. At the general level, there is

neg: Value theory the sense that Kant intended. Value theory Value theory is a range of approaches to understanding how, why, and to what degree persons value things; whether the object or subject of valuing is a person, idea, object, or anything else. This investigation began in ancient philosophy, where it is called axiology or ethics. Early philosophical investigations sought to understand good and evil and the concept of "the good". Today, much of value theory aspires to the scientifically empirical, recording what people do value and attempting to understand why they value it in the context of psychology, sociology, and economics. At

neg: Newton's laws of motion both its speed and the direction of its motion are constant. The first law can be stated mathematically when the mass is a non-zero constant, as, Consequently, This is known as "uniform motion". An object "continues" to do whatever it happens to be doing unless a force is exerted upon it. If it is at rest, it continues in a state of rest (demonstrated when a tablecloth is skilfully whipped from under dishes on a tabletop and the dishes remain in their initial state of rest). If an object is moving, it continues to move without turning or changing its

neg: Speed of light permeability or magnetic constant, "ε" for the vacuum permittivity or electric constant, and "Z" for the impedance of free space. This article uses exclusively for the speed of light in vacuum. Since 1983, the metre has been defined in the International System of Units (SI) as the distance light travels in vacuum in of a second. This definition fixes the speed of light in vacuum at exactly . As a dimensional physical constant, the numerical value of is different for different unit systems. In branches of physics in which appears often, such as in relativity, it is common to use

neg: Relative velocity the magnitude of a vector, and hence relative speed is symmetrical. In the case where two objects are traveling in parallel directions, the relativistic formula for relative velocity is similar in form to the formula for addition of relativistic velocities. The relative speed is given by the formula: In the case where two objects are traveling in perpendicular directions, the relativistic relative velocity formula_28 is given by the formula: where The relative speed is given by the formula The general formula for the relative velocity formula_28 of an object or observer B in the rest frame of another object or

neg: Smalltalk other object and can be created dynamically at execution time. When an object receives a message, a method matching the message name is invoked. The following code defines a method publish, and so defines what will happen when this object receives the 'publish' message. The following method demonstrates receiving multiple arguments and returning a value: The method's name is codice_25. The return value is specified with the codice_26 operator. Note that objects are responsible for determining dynamically at runtime which method to execute in response to a message—while in many languages this may be (sometimes, or even always) determined statically

neg: Severe weather terminology (United States) ice crystals at atmospheric levels. Larger hailstones are capable of producing damage to property, and particularly with very large hailstones, resulting in serious injury or death due to blunt-force trauma induced by the impact of the hailstones. Hailstone size is typically correspondent to the size of an object for comparative purposes. <nowiki>*</nowiki> <br> The Beaufort scale is an empirical measure that correlates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land. The Enhanced Fujita scale, an updated version of the original Fujita scale that was developed by Ted Fujita with Allen Pearson, assigns a numerical rating from EF0 to

neg: Aerodynamics density change occurs at the stagnation point (the point on the object where flow speed is zero), while the density changes around the rest of the object will be significantly lower. Transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flows are all compressible flows. The term Transonic refers to a range of flow velocities just below and above the local speed of sound (generally taken as Mach 0.8–1.2). It is defined as the range of speeds between the critical Mach number, when some parts of the airflow over an aircraft become supersonic, and a higher speed, typically near Mach 1.2, when all of the

neg: 2019 redefinition of SI base units in 2017, and the redefinition was adopted at the 26th CGPM (13–16 November 2018). Following the successful 1983 redefinition of the metre in terms of an exact numerical value for the speed of light, the BIPM's Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) recommended, and the BIPM proposed, that four further constants of nature should be defined to have exact values. These are: These constants were described in the 2006 version of the SI manual, but in that version the latter three were defined as "constants to be obtained by experiment" rather than as "defining constants". The redefinition retains unchanged the numerical

neg: Special relativity (alternative formulations) speed. The numerical value of the parameter in these transformations is determined by experiment, just as the numerical values of the parameter pair c and the permittivity of free space are left to be determined by experiment even when using Einstein's original postulates. When the numerical values in both Einstein's and these other approaches have been found then these different approaches result in the same theory. So the end result of the interlocking trio of theory+Maxwell+experiment is the same either way. This is the sense in which universal lightspeed can be deduced rather than postulated. For some historical information, see:

neg: Introduction to quantum mechanics change in electric potential in some cell of a CCD. Because of the [[uncertainty principle]], statements about both the position and momentum of particles can only assign a [[probability]] that the position or momentum has some numerical value. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate clearly the difference between the state of something that is indeterminate, such as an electron in a probability cloud, and the state of something having a definite value. When an object can definitely be "pinned-down" in some respect, it is said to possess an [[eigenstate]]. In the Stern-Gerlach experiment discussed [[#Spin|above]], the spin of the atom

neg: Spacetime measures an object moving with velocity . What is its velocity "u" with respect to frame S? Since , , and , we can write = = . This leads to and ultimately which is the common-sense Galilean law for the addition of velocities. The composition of velocities is quite different in relativistic spacetime. To reduce the complexity of the equations slightly, we introduce a common shorthand for the ratio of the speed of an object relative to light, Fig. 3-2a illustrates a red train that is moving forward at a speed given by . From the primed frame of

neg: Null object pattern what is in fact the empty list (and not anything resembling a null reference to a list type), so the caller does not need to test the value to see whether or not it has a list. The null object pattern is also supported in multiple value processing. If the program attempts to extract a value from an expression which returns no values, the behavior is that the null object codice_1 is substituted. Thus codice_33 returns codice_34 (a one-element list containing nil). The codice_35 expression returns no values at all, but since the function call to codice_36 needs to reduce

neg: Mass–energy equivalence and neutrons as they would weigh separately, one gets the exact binding energy available in an atomic nucleus. This is used to calculate the energy released in any nuclear reaction, as the difference in the total mass of the nuclei that enter and exit the reaction. Einstein used the CGS system of units (centimeters, grams, seconds, dynes, and ergs), but the formula is independent of the system of units. In natural units, the numerical value of the speed of light is set to equal 1, and the formula expresses an equality of numerical values: . In the SI system (expressing

neg: Cnoidal wave "λ" is the wavelength and "c" is the phase speed of the wave. Further, "K"("m") and "E"("m") are complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind, respectively. Searching for the elliptic parameter "m" can be done by trial and error, or by use of a numerical root-finding algorithm. In this case, starting from an initial guess "m" = 0.99, by trial and error the answer is found. Within the process, the wavelength "λ" and phase speed "c" have been computed: The phase speed "c" can be compared with its value formula_66 according to the shallow water equations: showing a

neg: Git or "cache") that caches information about the working directory and the next revision to be committed; and an immutable, append-only "object database". The index serves as connection point between the object database and the working tree. The object database contains four types of objects: Each object is identified by a SHA-1 hash of its contents. Git computes the hash and uses this value for the object's name. The object is put into a directory matching the first two characters of its hash. The rest of the hash is used as the file name for that object. Git stores each revision

neg: Relative velocity Relative velocity The "relative velocity" formula_1 (also formula_2 or formula_3) is the velocity of an object or observer B in the rest frame of another object or observer A. We begin with relative motion in the classical, (or non-relativistic, or the Newtonian approximation) that all speeds are much less than the speed of light. This limit is associated with the Galilean transformation. The figure shows a man on top of a train, at the back edge. At 1:00 pm he begins to walk forward at a walking speed of 10 km/h (kilometers per hour). The train is moving at 40

neg: R-value (insulation) formula_1 divided by the R-value and then multiplied by the surface area of the object's side gives the "total rate of heat flow through the object" (as measured in Watts or in BTUs per hour). Moreover, as long as the materials involved are dense solids in direct mutual contact, R-values are additive; for example, the total R-value of an object composed of several layers of material is the sum of the R-values of the individual Note that the R-value is the building industry term for what is in other contexts called ″thermal resistance per unit It is sometimes denoted RSI-value

neg: Polymorphism (computer science) passed a Number. The actual type of the object can be hidden from clients into a black box, and accessed via object identity. In fact, if the Number type is "abstract", it may not even be possible to get your hands on an object whose "most-derived" type is Number (see abstract data type, abstract class). This particular kind of type hierarchy is known—especially in the context of the Scheme programming language—as a "numerical tower", and usually contains many more types. Object-oriented programming languages offer subtype polymorphism using "subclassing" (also known as "inheritance"). In typical implementations, each class contains what is

neg: The Sense of Beauty take any value is: What happens if an object's expression is negative? Santayana's answer is that the object itself may nonetheless be beautiful (§50) and thus even if the evil is portrayed, e.g. in a play or novel, we can experience beauty in spite of the suggestion of evil (§56). The expression of - or the association with - monetary value is one Santayana addresses very directly. To him, the price of an object per se cannot add to its aesthetic value; only if the observer re-interprets the price as the human work and craft invested in that object can

neg: Relative velocity observer A is given by the formula: where The relative speed is given by the formula Relative velocity The "relative velocity" formula_1 (also formula_2 or formula_3) is the velocity of an object or observer B in the rest frame of another object or observer A. We begin with relative motion in the classical, (or non-relativistic, or the Newtonian approximation) that all speeds are much less than the speed of light. This limit is associated with the Galilean transformation. The figure shows a man on top of a train, at the back edge. At 1:00 pm he begins to walk forward

neg: Fast marching method Fast marching method The fast marching method is a numerical method created by James Sethian for solving boundary value problems of the Eikonal equation: Typically, such a problem describes the evolution of a closed surface as a function of time formula_3 with speed formula_4 in the normal direction at a point formula_5 on the propagating surface. The speed function is specified, and the time at which the contour crosses a point formula_5 is obtained by solving the equation. Alternatively, formula_7 can be thought of as the minimum amount of time it would take to reach formula_8 starting from the point

neg: Value (ethics) be regarded as the prevalence of the good, the object having the value. It should not be confused with the amount of value per object, although the latter may vary too, e.g. because of instrumental value conditionality. For example, taking a fictional life-stance of accepting waffle-eating as being the end-in-itself, the intensity may be the speed that waffles are eaten, and is zero when no waffles are eaten, e.g. if no waffles are present. Still, each waffle that had been present would still have value, no matter if it was being eaten or not, independent on intensity. "Instrumental value conditionality"

neg: Astronomical unit constant of the universe, the distance of an object from the probe is calculated as the product of the speed of light and the measured time. However, for precision the calculations require adjustment for things such as the motions of the probe and object while the photons are transiting. In addition, the measurement of the time itself must be translated to a standard scale that accounts for relativistic time dilation. Comparison of the ephemeris positions with time measurements expressed in the TDB scale leads to a value for the speed of light in astronomical units per day (of ). By

neg: Spline (mathematics) a physical object are available, spline interpolation is an approach to creating a spline that approximates those data. The classical spline type of degree "n" used in numerical analysis has continuity which means that every two adjacent polynomial pieces meet in their value and first "n" - 1 derivatives at each knot. The mathematical spline that most closely models the flat spline is a cubic ("n" = 3), twice continuously differentiable ("C"), natural spline, which is a spline of this classical type with additional conditions imposed at endpoints "a" and "b". Another type of spline that is much used in

neg: Property who modified Proudhon's ideas, as well as antagonizing theorists like Karl Marx. Frédéric Bastiat's main treatise on property can be found in chapter 8 of his book "Economic Harmonies" (1850). In a radical departure from traditional property theory, he defines property not as a physical object, but rather as a relationship between people with respect to an object. Thus, saying one owns a glass of water is merely verbal shorthand for "I may justly gift or trade this water to another person". In essence, what one owns is not the object but the value of the object. By "value," Bastiat

neg: Speed of light equivalently, that it would take light 8 minutes 12 seconds to travel from the Sun to the Earth. In the 19th century Hippolyte Fizeau developed a method to determine the speed of light based on time-of-flight measurements on Earth and reported a value of . His method was improved upon by Léon Foucault who obtained a value of in 1862. In the year 1856, Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch measured the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge, 1/, by discharging a Leyden jar, and found that its numerical value was very close to the speed of

neg: Dimensional analysis the acceleration of gravity is 32 feet per second per second and the initial upward speed is 500 feet per second. It is not even necessary for "t" to be in "seconds". For example, suppose "t" = 0.01 minutes. Then the first term would be The value of a dimensional physical quantity "Z" is written as the product of a unit ["Z"] within the dimension and a dimensionless numerical factor, "n". When like-dimensioned quantities are added or subtracted or compared, it is convenient to express them in consistent units so that the numerical values of these quantities may be directly

neg: Motion (physics) quantity: it has the same value, irrespective of the position or speed of the observer. This property makes the speed of light "c" a natural measurement unit for speed. Motion (physics) In physics, motion is a change in position of an object over time. Motion is mathematically described in terms of displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, time, and speed. Motion of a body is observed by attaching a frame of reference to an observer and measuring the change in position of the body relative to that frame. If the position of a body is not changing with respect to a given

neg: Hubble's law a unit of distance in cosmology, defined as formula_77 — the speed of light multiplied by the Hubble time. It is equivalent to 4,550 million parsecs or 14.4 billion light years. (The numerical value of the Hubble length in light years is, by definition, equal to that of the Hubble time in years.) The Hubble distance would be the distance between the Earth and the galaxies which are "currently" receding from us at the speed of light, as can be seen by substituting formula_78 into the equation for Hubble's law, . The Hubble volume is sometimes defined as a volume

neg: Value (ethics) Value (ethics) In ethics, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining what actions are best to do or what way is best to live (normative ethics), or to describe the significance of different actions. Value systems are proscriptive and prescriptive beliefs, they affect ethical behavior of a person or are the basis of their intentional activities. Often primary values are strong and secondary values are suitable for changes, What makes an action valuable may in turn depend on the ethical values of the objects it increases, decreases or alters. An object

neg: Electronic shelf label communication must support reasonable range, speed, battery life, and reliability. The means of wireless communication can be based on radio, infrared or even visible light communication. Currently, the ESL market leans heavily towards radio frequency based ESL solutions with additional integrations. Liquid crystal display ESL tags similar to how a calculator displays the numerical values. Each number on an liquid crystal display ESL tag is made up of seven bars and segments. The numerical value to display on the tags itself are then shown based on activating a different combinations of these seven bars and segments. A disadvantage of using

neg: Numerical relativity and time. This was first published by Richard Arnowitt, Stanley Deser, and Charles W. Misner in the late 1950s in what has become known as the ADM formalism. Although for technical reasons the precise equations formulated in the original ADM paper are rarely used in numerical simulations, most or all practical approaches to numerical relativity use a "3+1 decomposition" of spacetime into three-dimensional space and one-dimensional time that is closely related to the ADM formulation, because the ADM procedure reformulates the Einstein field equations into a constrained initial value problem that can be addressed using computational methodologies. At the time

neg: Escape velocity parameter. The same result is obtained by a relativistic calculation, in which case the variable "r" represents the "radial coordinate" or "reduced circumference" of the Schwarzschild metric. Defined a little more formally, "escape velocity" is the initial speed required to go from an initial point in a gravitational potential field to infinity and end at infinity with a residual speed of zero, without any additional acceleration. All speeds and velocities measured with respect to the field. Additionally, the escape velocity at a point in space is equal to the speed that an object would have if it started at rest

neg: Physical constant Physical constant A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that is generally believed to be both universal in nature and have constant value in time. It is contrasted with a mathematical constant, which has a fixed numerical value, but does not directly involve any physical measurement. There are many physical constants in science, some of the most widely recognized being the speed of light in vacuum "c", the gravitational constant "G", the Planck constant "h", the electric constant "ε", and the elementary charge "e". Physical constants can take many dimensional forms: the speed

neg: Principle of relativity This principle is used in both Newtonian mechanics and the theory of special relativity. Its influence in the latter is so strong that Max Planck named the theory after the principle. The principle requires physical laws to be the same for any body moving at constant velocity as they are for a body at rest. A consequence is that an observer in an inertial reference frame cannot determine an absolute speed or direction of travel in space, and may only speak of speed or direction relative to some other object. The principle does not extend to non-inertial reference frames because

neg: Differential of a function in numerical analysis to study the propagation of experimental errors in a calculation, and thus the overall numerical stability of a problem . Suppose that the variable "x" represents the outcome of an experiment and "y" is the result of a numerical computation applied to "x". The question is to what extent errors in the measurement of "x" influence the outcome of the computation of "y". If the "x" is known to within Δ"x" of its true value, then Taylor's theorem gives the following estimate on the error Δ"y" in the computation of "y": where ξ = "x" + θΔ"x"

neg: Lax equivalence theorem Lax equivalence theorem In numerical analysis, the Lax equivalence theorem is the fundamental theorem in the analysis of finite difference methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. It states that for a consistent finite difference method for a well-posed linear initial value problem, the method is convergent if and only if it is stable. The importance of the theorem is that while convergence of the solution of the finite difference method to the solution of the partial differential equation is what is desired, it is ordinarily difficult to establish because the numerical method is defined by a recurrence

neg: Value-form four steps in the development of the form of value are mainly an "analytical" or logical progression, which may not always conform to the "actual" historical processes by which objects begin to acquire a relatively stable value and are traded as commodities. Three reasons are: It is just that, typically, what the socially accepted value of a wholly new kind of object will be, requires the practical "test" of a regular trading process, assuming a regular supply by producers and a regular demand for it, which establishes a trading "norm" consistent with production costs. A new object that wasn't traded

neg: Greenhouse debt Greenhouse debt Greenhouse debt is the measure to which an individual person, incorporated association, business enterprise, government instrumentality or / [and] (per Neb., USA) geographic community exceeds its permitted greenhouse footprint and contributes greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate change. The concept makes no sense without a clear numerical value for the permitted greenhouse footprint. It is not clear what this value is. Friends of the Earth and similar organisations put forward the concept to define specifically the environmental harm caused by developed countries' past and present policies. Some governments, at least the Australian Labor leadership, have

neg: ISO 31-0 all other quantities in the same category can be expressed in terms of this unit, multiplied by a number called the "numerical value". For example, if we write then ""λ"" is the symbol for the physical quantity (wavelength), "m" is the symbol for the unit (metre), and "6.982 × 10" is the numerical value of the wavelength in metres. More generally, we can write where "A" is the symbol for the quantity, {"A"} symbolizes the numerical value of "A", and ["A"] represents the corresponding unit in which "A" is expressed here. Both the numerical value and the unit symbol are

neg: Speed of light zero, "γ" is equal to one, giving rise to the famous formula for mass–energy equivalence. The "γ" factor approaches infinity as "v" approaches "c", and it would take an infinite amount of energy to accelerate an object with mass to the speed of light. The speed of light is the upper limit for the speeds of objects with positive rest mass, and individual photons cannot travel faster than the speed of light. This is experimentally established in many tests of relativistic energy and momentum. More generally, it is normally impossible for information or energy to travel faster than "c". One

neg: James Clerk Maxwell Foundation that the numerical value of this ratio was equal to the speed of electromagnetic waves. Maxwell recognised that the speed of electromagnetic waves (as derived from his equations) was also equal to the speed of light as measured by Fizeau and as previously measured in the 17th century by Ole Roemer. In his 1865 paper, Maxwell stated the immortal words "“…it seems we have strong reason to conclude that light itself (including radiant heat and other radiations if any) is an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated …according the electromagnetic laws”". This was stated by the Nobel Laureate

neg: Experimental aesthetics items such as websites or other IT products is studied. Data can be examined and analyzed at three levels: Here it is difficult to assign an absolute value to the aesthetics of an object. However, one can measure, for example, what percentage of subjects classify an object as beautiful or how many prefer this object to others. Depending on the approach, a number of different methods are used in experimental aesthetics, such as pairwise comparisons, rank order methods, Likert scales and semantic differentials, production methods, statistical comparisons of groups, reaction time measurements, and also more complex methods such as eye

neg: Work measurement 1.2 Performance rating Time Study is based on a record of observed times for doing a job together with an assessment by the observer of the speed and effectiveness of the worker in relation to the observer's concept of Standard Rating. This assessment is known as rating, the definition being given in BS 3138 (1979): The numerical value or symbol used to denote a rate of working. Standard rating is also defined (in this British Standard BS3138) as: "The rating corresponding to the average rate at which qualified workers will naturally work, provided that they adhere to the specified method

neg: Absolute magnitude for different wavelength ranges corresponding to specified filter bands or passbands; for stars a commonly quoted absolute magnitude is the absolute visual magnitude, which uses the visual (V) band of the spectrum (in the UBV photometric system). Absolute magnitudes are denoted by a capital M, with a subscript representing the filter band used for measurement, such as M for absolute magnitude in the V band. The more luminous an object, the smaller the numerical value of its absolute magnitude. A difference of 5 magnitudes between the absolute magnitudes of two objects corresponds to a ratio of 100 in their luminosities,

neg: One-way speed of light speed of light. They concluded :""...one cannot hope even to test the isotropy of the speed of light without, in the course of the same experiment, deriving a one-way numerical value at least in principle, which then would contradict the conventionality of synchrony."" Using generalizations of Lorentz transformations with anisotropic one-way speeds, Zhang and Anderson pointed out that all events and experimental results compatible with the Lorentz transformation and the isotropic one-way speed of light must also be compatible with transformations preserving two-way light speed constancy and isotropy, while allowing anisotropic one-way speeds. The way in which distant clocks are

neg: Good and evil philosophers often distinguish the experience, which they call an intrinsic good, from the things that seem to cause the experience, which they call "inherent" goods. Failing to distinguish the two leads to a subject–object problem in which it is not clear who is evaluating what object. Some theories describe no higher collective value than that of maximizing "pleasure" for individual(s). Some even define goodness and intrinsic value as the experience of pleasure, and bad as the experience of pain. This view is called hedonism, a "monistic theory of value". It has two main varieties: simple, and Epicurean. "Simple hedonism" is

neg: Weight there is no acceleration in the body. So, there exists opposite and equal force by the support on the body. Also it is equal to the force exerted by the body on its support because action and reaction have same numerical value and opposite direction. This can make a considerable difference, depending on the details; for example, an object in free fall exerts little if any force on its support, a situation that is commonly referred to as weightlessness. However, being in free fall does not affect the weight according to the gravitational definition. Therefore, the operational definition is sometimes

neg: Special relativity separate in Newtonian mechanics, form a four-vector in relativity, and this relates the time component (the energy) to the space components (the momentum) in a non-trivial way. For an object at rest, the energy–momentum four-vector is : it has a time component which is the energy, and three space components which are zero. By changing frames with a Lorentz transformation in the x direction with a small value of the velocity v, the energy momentum four-vector becomes . The momentum is equal to the energy multiplied by the velocity divided by "c". As such, the Newtonian mass of an object,

neg: Object (philosophy) Object (philosophy) An object is a technical term in modern philosophy often used in contrast to the term "subject". A subject is an observer and an object is a thing observed. For modern philosophers like Descartes, consciousness is a state of cognition that includes the subject—which can never be doubted as only it can be the one who doubts—and some object(S) that may be considered as not having real or full existence or value independent of the subject who observes it. Metaphysical frameworks also differ in whether they consider objects existing independently of their properties and, if so, in what

neg: Shutter speed while the rest remains sharp; or if the camera is panned to follow a moving subject, the background is blurred while the subject remains relatively sharp. The exact point at which the background or subject will start to blur depends on the speed at which the object is moving, the angle that the object is moving in relation to the camera, the distance it is from the camera and the focal length of the lens in relation to the size of the digital sensor or film. When slower shutter-speeds, in excess of about half a second, are used on running

neg: Free-fall time get a sense of its application, we may write Here we have estimated the numerical value for the free-fall time as roughly 35 minutes for a body of mean density 1 g/cm. For an object falling from infinity in a capture orbit, the time it takes from a given position to fall to the central point mass is the same as the free-fall time, except for a constant formula_30 ≈ 0.42. Free-fall time The free-fall time is the characteristic time that would take a body to collapse under its own gravitational attraction, if no other forces existed to oppose the

neg: Numerical aperture exit the lens. In general, this is the angle of the real marginal ray in the system. Because the index of refraction is included, the NA of a pencil of rays is an invariant as a pencil of rays passes from one material to another through a flat surface. This is easily shown by rearranging Snell's law to find that is constant across an interface. In air, the angular aperture of the lens is approximately twice this value (within the paraxial approximation). The NA is generally measured with respect to a particular object or image point and will vary as

neg: Speeds and feeds different. This rotational speed (RPM) is what we are calculating, given a fixed surface speed (speed along the road) and known values for their wheel sizes (cutter or workpiece). The following formulae may be used to estimate this value. The exact RPM is not always needed, a close approximation will work (using 3 for the value of formula_1). e.g. for a cutting speed of 100 ft/min (a plain HSS steel cutter on mild steel) and diameter of 10 inches (the cutter or the work piece) and, for an example using metric values, where the cutting speed is 30 m/min and

neg: Dimensionless physical constant Dimensionless physical constant In physics, a dimensionless physical constant, sometimes called a fundamental physical constant, is a physical constant that is dimensionless. It has no units attached and has a numerical value that is independent of the system of units used. Perhaps the best-known example is the fine-structure constant, α, which has an approximate value of . The term "fundamental physical constant" is often used to refer to the dimensionless constants, but has also been used (primarily by NIST and CODATA) to refer to certain universal dimensioned physical constants, such as the speed of light "c", vacuum permittivity "ε", Planck

neg: Object language have gone to great lengths to simplify the programmer's task. For example, a high level programming language may allow a programmer to assign a value to a variable without specifying a memory location or a CPU instruction. In this context, the high level programming language is the "source language", which is then translated by a compiler into object code that the CPU can read directly. This object code is the "object language", and varies depending on what CPU is being given the instructions. "Object language" in this context means something akin to "the object of what the programmer is trying

neg: Mass in special relativity be smaller). In general, relativistic and rest masses are equal only in systems which have no net momentum and the system center of mass is at rest; otherwise they may be different. The invariant mass is proportional to the value of the total energy in one reference frame, the frame where the object as a whole is at rest (as defined below in terms of center of mass). This is why the invariant mass is the same as the rest mass for single particles. However, the invariant mass also represents the measured mass when the center of mass is at

neg: Bertil Gustafsson Bertil Gustafsson Bertil Gustafsson (born 1939) is a Swedish applied mathematician and numerical analyst. He is currently a Professor emeritus in the Department of Information Technology at Uppsala University, Sweden. Gustafsson is known for his work in numerical methods for time-dependent partial differential equations and its applications in fluid dynamics. He is the G in GKS (Gustafsson–Kreiss–Sundstrom) theory for initial-boundary value problems which discusses the stability criterion for numerical approximations of initial–boundary value problems. Gustafsson has also authored a couple of books on the topic numerical methods applied to PDE. Gustafsson attended senior high school in Norrköping, a city in

neg: Numerical analysis it reduces the necessary number of multiplications and additions. Generally, it is important to estimate and control round-off errors arising from the use of floating point arithmetic. Interpolation solves the following problem: given the value of some unknown function at a number of points, what value does that function have at some other point between the given points? Extrapolation is very similar to interpolation, except that now we want to find the value of the unknown function at a point which is outside the given points. Regression is also similar, but it takes into account that the data is imprecise.

neg: Exponential integrator Exponential integrator Exponential integrators are a class of numerical methods for the solution of ordinary differential equations, specifically initial value problems. This large class of methods from numerical analysis is based on the exact integration of the linear part of the initial value problem. Because the linear part is integrated exactly, this can help to mitigate the stiffness of a differential equation. Exponential integrators can be constructed to be explicit or implicit for numerical ordinary differential equations or serve as the time integrator for numerical partial differential equations. Dating back to at least the 1960s, these methods were recognized by

neg: 2019 redefinition of SI base units permeability () was fixed at exactly . Since the speed of light in vacuum () is also fixed, it followed from the relationship that the vacuum permittivity () had a fixed value, and from that the impedance of free space () likewise had a fixed value. A consequence of the revised definition is that the ampere no longer depends on the definitions of the kilogram and the metre, but does still depend on the definition of the second. In addition, the numerical values of the vacuum permeability, vacuum permittivity, and impedance of free space, which were exact before the redefinition,