query: how much of the us national debt does china own

pos: National debt of the United States held by the public was $15.8 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.8 trillion, for a total or "National Debt" of $21.6 trillion. Debt held by the public was approximately 77% of GDP in 2017, ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries. The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100% by 2028, perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date. As of December 2017, $9.3 trillion or approximately 45% of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors, the largest being China (about $1.18 trillion) then

neg: United States debt ceiling United States debt ceiling The United States debt ceiling or debt limit is a legislative limit on the amount of national debt that can be incurred by the US Treasury, thus limiting how much money the federal government may borrow. The debt ceiling is an aggregate figure which applies to the gross debt, which includes debt in the hands of the public and in intra-government accounts. (About 0.5% of debt is not covered by the ceiling.) Because expenditures are authorized by separate legislation, the debt ceiling does not directly limit government deficits. In effect, it can only restrain the Treasury

neg: National debt of China still has room to increase government debt." Finance Minister Lou Jiwei stated that China's "fiscal income is in a severe situation," yet the government "need[s] to expand the fiscal deficit, but it is hard to say how much room is appropriate." Former Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke, earlier in 2016, commented that "the...debt pile facing China [is] an 'internal' problem, given the majority of the borrowings was issued in local currency. Many economists have expressed the same views, dismissing worries over the size of Chinese government debt, either in absolute terms or in proportion to the nation's GDP, as "nonsensical". By

neg: Chimerica a member, to its own informal nascent empire in commodity-rich Africa." The accumulation of American debt, which has been estimated at over $800 billion, suggests the two nations are intrinsically linked; the economic symbiosis prevalent between the two suggests that separation would harm both countries and be disastrous for the global economy. Another way to measure this integration is the trade deficit. The US trade deficit with China was $295 billion in 2011, meaning the US imported that much more goods and services from China than it exported to China. The Economic Policy Institute estimated that from 2001–2011, 2.7 million

neg: South Sudan including such member nations as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Canada, while non-Paris Club bilateral creditors refers to any entity that does not enjoy permanent/associated status as a Paris Club member. Private bilateral creditors (i.e. private commercial banks and private credit suppliers) account for the majority of the remainder (approximately US$6 billion of the total debt). While it is possible to arrive at a relatively accurate determination of the region's total debt accumulation, it is not yet possible to determine precisely how much debt the newly formed nation of South Sudan independently carries, as an agreement

neg: United States debt ceiling be increased periodically creates unneeded uncertainty and can potentially lead to worse fiscal outcomes." Only one member of the panel, Luigi Zingales, disagreed with the statement. Rating agency Moody's has stated that "the debt limit creates a high level of uncertainty" and that the government should change "its framework for managing government debt to lessen or eliminate that uncertainty". United States debt ceiling The United States debt ceiling or debt limit is a legislative limit on the amount of national debt that can be incurred by the US Treasury, thus limiting how much money the federal government may borrow. The

neg: National debt of China sources, such as the Article IV Consultation Reports, state that, at the end of 2014, the "general government gross debt"-to-GDP ratio for China was 41.54 percent. With China's 2014 GDP being 10,356.508 billion, this makes the government debt of China approximately 4.3 trillion. The foreign debt of China, by June 2015, stood at around 1.68 trillion, according to data from the country's State Administration of Foreign Exchange as quoted by the State Council. The figure does not include Hong Kong, Macau or that of Taiwan. Chinese foreign debt denominated in the U.S. dollar was 80 percent of the total, euros

neg: Government debt are often considered "risk free" in the U.S. This disregards the risk to foreign purchasers of depreciation in the dollar relative to the lender's currency. In addition, a risk-free status implicitly assumes the stability of the US government and its ability to continue repayments during any financial crisis. Lending to a national government in a currency other than its own does not give the same confidence in the ability to repay, but this may be offset by reducing the exchange rate risk to foreign lenders. On the other hand, national debt in foreign currency cannot be disposed of by starting

neg: Racial polarization the other," "We have little appreciation for each other’s religion and culture." "Our education system does not inculcate these attitudes in us but instead tends to polarise us. We have little appreciation for each other’s religion and culture. In China, there is a strong interaction between Islam and Chinese culture." He also said "Dialogue is a matter of national integration but the Malaysian education system does not inculcate the three pre-requisites for inter-religious cooperation and relations". When asked why this was so, Rais stated that in national schools, there is "too much religion, too much Islam. They became frightened. That

neg: China–Mozambique relations trade, China has begun providing development aid to Mozambique as well. The Export-Import Bank of China have made soft loans to Mozambique for infrastructure construction, for example providing US$60 million in 2006, and have twice cancelled large proportions of the country's debt to China, forgiving US$22 million in 2001 and US$30 million in 2007. They have also built a number of government buildings and public facilities free of charge, such as the national parliament building and the national stadium. According to AidData, from 2000 to 2012, there are approximately 52 Chinese official development finance projects identified in Zimbabwe through various

neg: Peak debt their maximum debt limit. The timeframe for reaching this limit is always unknown but some believe we are at that limit already, or very close, in many countries. Ron Laszewski attempts to determine the peak debt limit for America in his 2008 Peak Debt paper. Since the Bureau of Economic Analysis has statistics on how much Americans earn, how much they save, and how much they spend on debt servicing, it was possible for Laszewski to estimate how close America might be to a peak debt limit. The term 'peak debt' has similar origins to other 'peaks' such as peak

neg: Sleep to homeostatic sleep pressure. There is disagreement on how much sleep debt it is possible to accumulate, and whether sleep debt is accumulated against an individual's average sleep or some other benchmark. It is also unclear whether the prevalence of sleep debt among adults has changed appreciably in the industrialized world in recent decades. Sleep debt does show some evidence of being cumulative. Subjectively, however, humans seem to reach maximum sleepiness after 30 hours of waking. It is likely that in Western societies, children are sleeping less than they previously have. One neurochemical indicator of sleep debt is adenosine, a

neg: Financial position of the United States exposure of the US financial system to derivatives by more than 90%, as compared to 50.6% at the beginning of 1998. Derivatives contracts are overwhelmingly held by large financial institutions. The five largest US banks hold 97% of derivatives by notional value; the top 25 hold nearly 100%. Banks currently hold collateral against their derivative exposures amounting to 67% of their net current credit exposure. Foreign holdings of US assets are concentrated in debt. Americans own more foreign equity and foreign direct investment than foreigners own in the United States, but foreigners hold nearly four times as much US debt

neg: Debt settlement amount of reportable income on this form. However, the IRS does not require taxpayers to report forgiven debt if the tax payer was insolvent at the time the creditor forgave the debt. Being insolvent means that the amount of a debtor’s debts are greater than his/her assets (how much money and property the debtor owns). However, the IRS adds that “you cannot exclude any amount of canceled debt that is more than the amount by which you are insolvent.” For example, if a taxpayer is $10,000 in debt and owns $3,000 in assets, he/she cannot exclude more than $7,000 of

neg: China–United States relations the purchase of shares of the United States debt during the Great Recession. Due to this purchase, the two nations share a deeply rooted economic relationship. US depends on China for holding their debt and, in turn, China cannot sell their debt without decreasing the value of the US dollar in which the Chinese depend on for economic development. As result, the two countries depend on each other for further economic development. The economic connection between China and the United states is a powerful factor in reducing conflict between the two nations. Cooperation is essential between China and the US

neg: Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France due to the king's own financial resources are limited;the king cannot pay back for example, the national debt, nor pay for a modern army out of his own personal resources, which can amount to trillions of US Dollars out of his own personal finances, that would be both impracticable and impossible. "The Birth of Biopolitics" develops further the notion of biopolitics that Foucault introduced in his lectures on "Society must be defended". It traces how eighteenth-century political economy marked the birth of a new governmental rationality and raises questions of political philosophy and social policy about the role and status

neg: United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011 overnight, leading to a corresponding fall in aggregate demand. Economists believe that such a significant shock, if sustained, would reverse the economic recovery and send the country into a recession. Congress considered whether and by how much to extend the debt ceiling (or eliminate it), and what long-term policy changes (if any) should be made concurrently. The Republican positions on raising the debt ceiling included: The Democratic positions on raising the debt ceiling included: The US House of Representatives originally refused to raise the debt ceiling without deficit reduction, voting down a "clean" bill to increase the debt ceiling without

neg: Huseyincan Celil him one last time." Article 3 of the nationality law of the People's Republic of China states, "The People's Republic of China does not recognize dual nationality for any Chinese national." Article 9 states, "Any Chinese national who has settled abroad and who has been naturalized as a foreign national or has acquired foreign nationality of his own free will shall automatically lose Chinese nationality." Article 10 describes how a Chinese citizen may renounce Chinese nationality, and Article 11 states, "Any person who applies for renunciation of Chinese nationality shall lose Chinese nationality upon approval of his application." Throughout his

neg: Cambodia–China relations US$600 million in loans and grants. China has canceled much of Cambodia's debt and granted a fresh loan of US$12.4 million for the construction of the building housing the Cambodian government's council of ministers and the restoration of the Angkor Wat temple and heritage site. About $200 million has been earmarked as a low-interest loan for the construction of bridges spanning the Mekong and Tonle Sap rivers. China has cultivated strong ties with Cambodia, gaining access to its sea ports that can allow China to exploit oil reserves in the Gulf of Tonkin. During the visit, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun

neg: Intrapsychic humanism research, they addressed these questions, such as: What is a baby’s basic nature at birth? How much happiness can humans rightfully expect? How and why does happiness transform itself into unhappiness? In the Piepers’ words: “… [W]e set out on our own to find answers that would allow us to be better parents and more effective professionals. We learned from the insights and dilemmas of the many parents we counseled, from our own clients, and from supervising the caseloads of other mental health professionals. We evaluated the results of the counsel we gave to parents and to foster care and

neg: National debt of China National debt of China The national debt (or government debt) of the People's Republic of China is the total amount of money owed by the government and all state organizations and government branches of China. As of October 2018, it stands at approximately 36 trillion ( 5.2 trillion), equivalent to about 47.6% of GDP. Standard & Poor's Global Ratings has stated Chinese local governments may have an additional 40 trillion ($5.8 trillion) in off-balance sheet debt. The high debt level is a current economic issue facing China. The International Monetary Fund, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and other

neg: Debt-to-GDP ratio 103.8%. The level of public debt in Japan was 246.1% of GDP, in China 16.5% and in India 61.8%, in 2017 according to the IMF, while the public debt-to-GDP ratio at the end of the 2nd quarter of 2016 was at 70.1% of GDP in Germany, 89.1% in the United Kingdom, 98.2% in France and 135.5% in Italy, according to Eurostat. Two thirds of US public debt is owned by US citizens, banks, corporations, and the Federal Reserve Bank; approximately one third of US public debt is held by foreign countries – particularly China and Japan. Conversely, less than 5%

neg: China estimated $1.6 trillion of US securities, and was also the largest foreign holder of US public debt, owning over $1.16 trillion in US Treasury bonds. China's undervalued exchange rate has caused friction with other major economies, and it has also been widely criticized for manufacturing large quantities of counterfeit goods. According to consulting firm McKinsey, total outstanding debt in China increased from $7.4 trillion in 2007 to $28.2 trillion in 2014, which reflects 228% of China's GDP. In 2017 the Institute of International Finance reported that China's debt had reached 304% of its GDP. China ranked 29th in the Global

neg: China the world. By 2014, China hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential than the U.S., the historical leader in terms of installed telecommunication bandwidth (China: 29% versus US:13% of the global total). China Telecom and China Unicom, the world's two largest broadband providers, accounted for 20% of global broadband subscribers. China Telecom alone serves more than 50 million broadband subscribers, while China Unicom serves more than 40 million. Several Chinese telecommunications companies, most notably Huawei and ZTE, have been accused of spying for the Chinese military. China is developing its own satellite navigation system, dubbed Beidou, which began

neg: Debt levels and flows Debt levels and flows Debt levels and flows are a measure of the levels of debt – how much debt is outstanding – and the flows of debt – how much the level of debt changes over time. This is basic macroeconomic data, and varies between countries. Debt is used to finance enterprises and business around the world. Within mainstream economics, levels and flows of "public" debt (government debt) are a cause of concern, while levels and flows of "private" debt (especially households and corporations) are not seen as being of central importance. In measuring debt, stocks and flows are

neg: System of National Accounts total labour costs to the employer rather than the "factor income" which workers actually get. If one is interested in what incomes people actually get, how much they own or how much they borrow, national accounts often do not provide the required information. Additionally, it is argued by Marxists that the SNA aggregate "compensation of employees" does not distinguish adequately between pre-tax and post-tax wage income, the income of higher corporate officers, and deferred income (employee and employer contributions to social insurance schemes of various kinds). "Compensation of employees" may also include the value of stock-options received as income by

neg: Debt-trap diplomacy Times" argues that debt-trap diplomacy does not exist and accused Western governments of hypocrisy by ignoring Japanese-owned Sri Lankan debt. Carnegie-Tsinghua scholar Matt Ferchen argues that the concept of debt-trap diplomacy symbolizes a backlash against assertive Chinese international economic policies that assumes China of practicing neomercantilist trade policies. Rwandan President Paul Kagame has stated that "talk of "debt traps" were attempts to discourage African-Chinese interactions." One of the most cited examples of alleged debt-trap diplomacy by China is a loan given to the Sri Lankan government by the Exim Bank of China to build the Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port and

neg: United States debt ceiling Nixon Administration the US Congress began passing comprehensive budget resolutions that specify exactly how much money the government could spend. The apparent redundancy of the debt ceiling has led to suggestions that it should be abolished altogether. Several Democratic House members, including Peter Welch, proposed abolishing the debt ceiling. The proposal found support from some economists such as Jacob Funk Kirkegaard, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. In January 2013, a survey of 38 highly regarded economists found that 84% agreed that, since Congress already approves spending and taxation, "a separate debt ceiling that has to

neg: Pelagianism to do one of the two, being always able to do either." "Nothing impossible has been commanded by the God of justice and majesty...Why do we indulge in pointless evasions, advancing the frailty of our own nature as an objection to the one who commands us? No one knows better the true measure of our strength than he who has given it to us nor does anyone understand better how much we are able to do than he who has given us this very capacity of ours to be able; nor has he who is just wished to command anything

neg: Debt levels and flows lending party) value. Numbers are end-of-year levels, unless otherwise stated. Credit market debt Households Non-financial corporations Government Credit market debt Households Non-financial corporations Government Dollar amounts are debt owed by each sector (amounts borrowed by each sector) Credit market debt Household sector Domestic Financial sectors Nonfinancial corporate business Nonfarm noncorporate business Farm business Government Federal government State and local governments Specific: Debt levels and flows Debt levels and flows are a measure of the levels of debt – how much debt is outstanding – and the flows of debt – how much the level of debt changes over time. This

neg: United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011 "The debt limit does not control or limit the ability of the federal government to run deficits or incur obligations. Rather, it is a limit on the ability to pay obligations already incurred." The apparent redundancy of the debt ceiling has led to suggestions that it should be abolished altogether. The US has had public debt since its inception. Debts incurred during the American Revolutionary War and under the Articles of Confederation led to the first yearly report on the amount of the debt ($75,463,476.52 on January 1, 1791). Every president since Harry Truman has added to the national debt.

neg: National debt of the United States and the effect would be limited even if carried out, it does not offer China deterrence options, whether in the diplomatic, military, or economic realms, and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war." The 112th United States Congress introduced legislation commissioning an assessment of the implications of China's ownership of U.S. debt. The 2013 Report claimed that "[a] potentially serious short-term problem would emerge if China decided to "suddenly" reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly" [emphasis in the original text], noting, also, that Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had, in 2007,

neg: Premiership of Tony Blair reserves at $275 an ounce. It was later attacked as a "disastrous foray into international asset management" as he had sold at close to a 20-year low. The UK eventually sold about 395 tons of gold over 17 auctions from July 1999 to March 2002, at an average price of about US$275 per ounce, raising approximately US$3,500,000,000. By 2011, that quantity of gold would be worth over $19,000,000,000. He pressured the IMF to do the same, but it resisted. Brown believes it is appropriate to remove much of the unpayable Third World debt but does not think all debt should

neg: Foreign relations of China 1.5% over 15 years to 20 years) have taken the place of the more restricted and conditional Western loans. Since 2000, more than US$10 thousand million in debt owed by African nations to China has been canceled. Even though Africa has gained from commodity exports to China, Chinese exports to Africa as well as Chinese business practices isn't helping so much, says Mohamed Gueye. Problem, what problem? Military cooperation goes back to the Cold War period when China was keen to help African liberation movements. Apart from some traditional allies such as Somalia and Uganda, China also had military ties

neg: Economy of the United States budget, total national debt will grow to nearly 100% of GDP, versus a level of approximately 80% in early 2009. The White House estimates that the government's tab for servicing the debt will exceed $700 billion a year in 2019, up from $202 billion in 2009. The U.S. Treasury statistics indicate that, at the end of 2006, non-US citizens and institutions held 44% of federal debt held by the public. , China, holding $1.26 trillion in treasury bonds, is the largest foreign financier of the U.S. public debt. The overall financial position of the United States as of 2014 includes

neg: First Report on the Public Credit tradesmen, compensating them with IOU's of uncertain value. By the end of the war, over $90 million in state debt was outstanding. Much of the state and national fiscal disorder, exacerbated by an economic crisis in urban commercial centers, remained unresolved at the time the "Report" was issued. With ratification of the US Constitution in 1787, Congress became empowered to impose import duties and levy taxes to raise revenue to honor these financial obligations. The national debt of the United States, according to the "Report", included $40 million in domestic debt as well as a foreign debt $12 million, both

neg: Rusal massive overcapacity in the aluminium market due to China increasing its output of primary aluminium, global aluminium prices fell in the years 2007 to 2013, leading Rusal to report a loss of US$3.2bn in 2014. The company asked creditors to agree to delay payments on part of its US$10bn net debt pile. In August that year, national and international lenders agreed to allow the restructuring of its debt. In November 2014, Vladislav Soloviev was appointed as Rusal's CEO, while Deripaska assumed the role of company president. In 2016, UC Rusal signed another joint venture agreement with a Chinese firm, Hebei

neg: Heard 'em All importance? Well, it gets a few seconds in the bridge. But in the end, Amerie does her own reputation a disservice, urging us to forget that she'd heard us all talk about how much we wanted her." In August 2009, the song leaked featuring only Amerie on vocals. Later that month, an amended version surfaced featuring rapper Lil Wayne. In September 2009, a rock remix of the song, sampling AC/DC's "Back in Black" and featuring labelmate Kain, was released for promo. A remix of the track is featured on the Asian edition of "In Love & War". Amerie collaborated with

neg: China–Panama relations the railway, saying that "i believe Panama has the ability to pay off it's debt." (Even though Panama has over US$20 billion dollars in debt and presumably none of it has been paid in the last few years) Worries about the economic viability of the train are on the rise as similar projects built by China in other countries have economically failed, and have left the host countries in debt with China, with China offering to forgive the debt in exchange for free natural resources, or building military bases, usually for 99 years (like Sri Lanka, Djibouti) or 35 years

neg: Capital structure of these imperfections, by relaxing assumptions made in the M&M model. Trade-off theory of capital structure allows bankruptcy cost to exist as an offset to the benefit of using debt as tax shield. It states that there is an advantage to financing with debt, namely, the tax benefits of debt and that there is a cost of financing with debt the bankruptcy costs and the financial distress costs of debt. This theory also refers to the idea that a company chooses how much equity finance and how much debt finance to use by considering both costs and benefits. The marginal

neg: Foreign trade of the United States economists are concerned over whether the current account deficit is unsustainable. A complicating factor is that trading partners such as China, depend for much of their economy on exports, especially to America. There are many controversies about the current trade and external debt situation, and it is arguable whether anyone understands how these dynamics will play out in a historically unprecedented floating exchange rate system. While various aspects of the U.S. economic profile have precedents in the situations of other countries (notably government debt as a percentage of GDP), the sheer size of the U.S., and the integral role of

neg: Tina Fey to downplay her own physical appearance: "She mocks her own appearance, sure, but she does so in a way that consistently shows up our culture for placing so much importance on how women look, as if that’s the most interesting thing about us ... Her comic persona on "30 Rock", Liz Lemon, can be laughed at for many things, but her career managerial style and ability is not one of them." Caldecott concluded, "In reality, self-deprecation is an art that comedians everywhere dabble in ... In fact, I defy you to find a good male comedian who isn’t a master

neg: Foreclosure will be unable to ever own anything—even a car. Spanish mortgage holders are responsible for the full amount of the loan to the bank in addition to penalty interest charges, and court fees. Much of this can be attributed to Spain having the highest unemployment rate in the “euro zone.” Unlike in the US, bankruptcy is not an adequate solution since mortgage debt is specifically excluded. Unlike other European countries, you cannot go to the courts for any sort of debt relief. There has been much contention over these policies in the Spanish Parliament but the government is convinced that

neg: Chindia well over a billion people each, and barriers to their mutual isolation are coming down as China races to develop and hold on to Tibet, meanwhile India is countering with its own policies to hold on to underdeveloped fringe areas, especially the Northeast and Himalayan areas. Additionally the developments in neighboring countries, such as the political and economic opening up of Myanmar, are sparking ideas regarding regional connectivity. China is seen to assert its global leadership. Many countries in the world are now counting on China to lead the recovery from the recent US economic crisis and the European debt

neg: Foreign-exchange reserves of China included a provision requiring the Secretary of Defense to conduct a "national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China." The Defense Department issued its report in July 2012, stating that “attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States. As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out, it does not offer China deterrence options, whether in the diplomatic, military, or economic realms, and this would remain true both in peacetime and

neg: International relations, 1648–1814 slave, sugar, and commercial trades originating in West Africa and the West Indies. China would be next on the agenda. Other powers set up similar monopolies on a much smaller scale; only the Netherlands emphasized trade as much as England. London’s financial system proved strikingly competent in funding not only the English forces, but its allies as well. The Treasury raised £46,000,000 in loans to pay for the wars with France of 1689–97 and 1702–13; by 1714 the national debt stood at £40,000,000, with a sinking fund operating to retire the debt. Queen Anne was dead, and her successor King

neg: Chinese Century diffusion of power across the world." Paul Kipchumba in "Africa in China's 21st Century: In Search of a Strategy" predicts a deadly cold war between the US and China in the 21st century, and, if that cold war does not occur, he predicts China will supplant the US in all aspects of global hegemony. Chinese Century The Chinese Century () is a neologism suggesting that the 21st century will be geopolitically dominated by the People's Republic of China, similar to how "the American Century" refers to the 20th century and "Pax Britannica" ("British Peace") refers to the 19th. The phrase

neg: China–United States relations and the second largest foreign holder of US public debt and has been critical of US deficits and fiscal policy, advising for policies that maintain the purchasing value of the dollar although it had little few options other than to continue to buy United States Treasury bonds. China condemned the US monetary policy of quantitative easing, responding to S&P's downgrade of U.S. credit rating, and advised the United States not to continue with the accumulation of debt, concluding with the statement that America cannot continue to borrow to solve financial problems. Chinese dependency on the US dollar became prevalent after

neg: The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics to south and west Asia. As the U.S. pivots toward (East) Asia, Andrew Small shows us how China is moving beyond traditional concepts of Asia.’ — Barnett Rubin, Senior Fellow and Director at the Center on International Cooperation, New York University ‘Andrew Small’s remarkable book paints a vivid picture of twenty-first century geopolitics by uncovering one of the most important and under-explored relationships. A gripping narrative of how China’s rise meets nukes, terrorists and the Taliban.’ — Mark Leonard, Director of the European Council on Foreign Relations and author of What Does China Think? ‘A ground-breaking book... [Small] has had

neg: Timeline of events associated with Anonymous leaking classified related government documents and taking down the National Education Centre website, after the Hong Kong government has repeatedly ignored months of wide-scale protests against the establishment of a new core Moral and National Education curriculum for children from 6–18 years of age. The new syllabus has come under heavy criticism and international media attention, as it does not award students based on how much factual information is learned, but instead grades and evaluates students based on their level of emotional attachment and approval of the Communist Party of China. Anonymous Philippines launched a series of attacks against several

neg: Foreign trade of the United States long as the US maintains an imbalance in trade, when the value of imports substantially outweighs the value of exports. This external debt does not result mostly from loans to Americans or the American government, nor is it consumer debt owed to non-US creditors. It is an accounting entry that largely represents US domestic assets purchased with trade dollars and owned overseas, largely by US trading partners. For countries like the United States, a large net external debt is created when the value of foreign assets (debt and equity) held by domestic residents is less than the value of domestic

neg: Green certificate electricity generation closer to a market economy instead of more bureaucratic investment support and feed-in tariffs. Such national trading schemes are in use in e.g. Poland, Sweden, the UK, Italy, Belgium (Wallonia and Flanders), and some US states. Once in the grid, renewable energy is impossible to separate from the conventionally generated energy. This makes purchasing of a green certificate equal to purchasing a claim, that the certificate owner consumed energy from the renewable portion of the whole energy in the grid. Therefore certificate purchase does not affect how much renewable energy was actually generated – only how it was

neg: Senate career of John McCain, 2001–2014 against McCain. The primary challenge helped account for McCain's sometimes awkward reversals or mutings of past stances on issues such as the bank bailouts, national security, campaign finance reform, creation of a national debt commission, and gays in the military. Hayworth said, "John is undergoing a campaign conversion." The changes were pronounced enough to cause "Newsweek"s David Margolick to write: "His dramatic shifts raise several questions: How much of his maverick persona over the years has been real and how much simply tactical? Is he in the midst of some struggle for his soul, or is this evolution simply the

neg: National debt of the United States government debt rates will continue to stay this low. Between 1946 and 1974, the US debt-to-GDP ratio fell from 121% to 32% even though there were surpluses in only eight of those years which were much smaller than the deficits. Two economists, Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof, working for the International Monetary Fund, published a working paper called "The Chicago Plan Revisited" suggesting that the debt could be eliminated by raising bank reserve requirements and converting from fractional reserve banking to full reserve banking. Economists at the Paris School of Economics have commented on the plan, stating that it is

neg: Government debt US dollars. Government bonds are sometimes regarded as risk-free bonds, because national governments can if necessary create money de novo to redeem the bond in their own currency at maturity. Although many governments are prohibited by law from creating money directly (that function having been delegated to their central banks), central banks may provide finance by buying government bonds, sometimes referred to as monetizing the debt. Government debt, synonymous to sovereign debt, can be issued either in domestic or foreign currencies. Investors in sovereign bonds denominated in foreign currency have exchange rate risk: the foreign currency might depreciate against the

neg: DMFAS debt rescheduling negotiations in 1979, data were needed to make calculations. The first difficulty the Trade and Projections Branch staffs encountered was the lack of information on external debt of debtor countries: they did not know how much they owed, to what countries and what creditors, in what currencies the loans had to be repaid, when the payments were falling due and who the national debtors were. The idea of creating a Computer Based Debt Management System (CBDMS) came out very naturally after this experience. The Branch staffs representing UNCTAD at the Paris Club in the early 1980s confirmed this

neg: Foreign-exchange reserves of China without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations." A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concerns over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. Dollars, including China's holdings. Foreign-exchange reserves of China The foreign-exchange reserves of China are the state of the People's Republic of China holdings of cash, bank deposits, bonds, and other financial assets denominated in currencies other than China's national currency (renminbi). In October 2016 China's foreign exchange reserves totaled US$3.12 trillion, the lowest total since 2011, but remained higher than the foreign exchange reserves of any other nation. The

neg: Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac of considered separately and would mean that the debt of those two programs would be included in the national debt. These programs themselves would not be changed, but how they are accounted for in the United States federal budget would be. The goal of the bill is to improve the accuracy of how some programs are accounted for in the federal budget. Many commercial banks in the United States own Freddie and Fannie preferred shares. Those shares have had their dividends suspended, and are junior to the senior preferred stock issued to the Treasury in the restructuring of the two

neg: Uni-President China Uni-President China Holding Group started construction in Changning District, Shanghai. On May of 2014, the Uni-President China Holding Group came back to Taipei Exchange to issue Baodao Debt, becoming the first Taishang company to issue the Baodao Debt. In 2013, the UK’s “Economist” reported that researchers found that the mainland China government’s subsidy for unified control accounted for 18.2% of its 2011 net profit, which was approximately US$ 9 million (approximately NT$ 276 million). Uni-President China Uni-President China Holdings Limited () () is the largest juice drinks producer and the third largest instant noodles supplier in China. It is the

neg: China–United States relations Lee Kexin said that "the day when any US warship will enter the port of Taiwan Kaohsiung, the CPLA forces will unite China". On 13 March 2018, the out-going US Secretary of State, Rex Tillerson, said: "Much work remains to establish a clear view of the nature of our future relationship with China, how shall we deal with one-another over the next fifty years, and ensure a period of prosperity for all of our peoples, free of conflict between two very powerful nations." China enforced punitive tariffs on 128 categories of American goods on April 1, 2018 in retaliation for

neg: Come with Me (TV series) to cling onto him until he repays her. Tai-hung helps Cheung repay his debt to Siu-tou, Cheung does not learn his lesson and uses Siu-tou's identity as a co-signer when he takes out a loan from loan sharks. Meanwhile, Ching-yee's uncle Liu Chun-cheung (Benz Hui), who is in his late middle age is getting married for the first time. His much younger newly wed wife Tong Tim-tim (May Chan) just immigrated to Hong Kong from mainland China, not long after marrying Chun-cheung. Ching-yee's mother Liu Doi-lam, who has taken care of her dependent older brother all her life does not

neg: National Health Service (England) are in training) being led by consultants, each of whom is trained to provide expert advice and treatment within a specific speciality. From 2017 NHS doctors will have to reveal how much money they make from private practice. General Practitioners, dentists, optometrists (opticians) and other providers of local health care are almost all self-employed, and contract their services back to the NHS. They may operate in partnership with other professionals, own and operate their own surgeries and clinics, and employ their own staff, including other doctors etc. However, the NHS does sometimes provide centrally employed health care professionals and facilities

neg: External debt of the Philippines total debt of US$60.2 billion. Domestic debt was US$32.06 billion, while external debt totaled around US$28.2 billion. The external debt problem was inherited from the Marcos regime. Aquino had the choice to repudiate the debts acquired by the Marcos regime due to their fraudulent nature. The NEDA secretary believed that, in order to restore growth, the country should not repay the debt. Creditors did not give much consideration to the country's situation and initially refused any renegotiation. On the other hand, Jaime Ongpin, the finance secretary, and José B. Fernández, Jr., Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas governor, together with World Bank

neg: National debt of the United States US national debt can be divided between intragovernmental debt and publicly held debt. There are two components of gross national debt: In general, government debt increases as a result of government spending, and decreases from tax or other receipts, both of which fluctuate during the course of a fiscal year. In practice, Treasury securities are not issued or redeemed on a day-by-day basis, and may also be issued or redeemed as part of the federal government's macroeconomic management operations. Historically, the US public debt as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) has increased during wars and recessions, and subsequently

neg: Bankruptcy coming closest to the US system (Reifner et al., 2003; Gerhardt, 2009; Frade, 2010). The Other Member States do not provide the option of a debt discharge. Spain, for example, passed a bankruptcy law ("ley concurs") in 2003 which provides for debt settlement plans that can result in a reduction of the debt (maximally half of the amount) or an extension of the payment period of maximally five years (Gerhardt, 2009), but it does not foresee debt discharge. In the US, it is very difficult to discharge federal or federally guaranteed student loan debt by filing bankruptcy. Unlike most other

neg: National debt of Japan National debt of Japan The Japanese public debt exceeded one quadrillion yen or about US$10.46 trillion in 2013, more than twice the country's annual gross domestic product. By 2015, the figure rose to US$11.06 trillion. As the country adopted key economic initiatives, this figure start to dip so that by the end of December 2017, the debt stood at US$9.94 trillion. In August 2011, Moody's rating cuts Japan's long-term sovereign debt rating by one notch to Aa3 from Aa2 in line with the size of the country's deficit and borrowing level. The large budget deficits and government debt since the

neg: South Sudan barrels per day, this was costing over a million dollars per day. In January 2012, South Sudan suspended oil production, causing a dramatic reduction in revenue and food costs to rise by 120%. China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) is a major investor in South Sudan's oil sector. South Sudan's economy is under pressure to diversify away from oil as oil reserves will likely halve by 2020 if no new finds are made, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In terms of South Sudan's external debt, Sudan and South Sudan maintain a shared debt of approximately US$38 billion, all of

neg: History of the United States public debt national government. Hamilton proposed to pay off the new bonds with revenue from a new tariff on imports. Jefferson originally approved the scheme, but Madison had turned him around by arguing that federal control of debt would consolidate too much power in the national government. Edling points out that after its passage in 1790, the assumption was accepted. Madison did try to pay speculators below 100%, but they were paid the face value of the state debts they held regardless of how little they paid for them. When Jefferson became president he continued the system. The credit of the U.S.

neg: Robert McNamara nuclear missile capacity. McNamara's staff stressed systems analysis as an aid in decision making on weapon development and many other budget issues. The secretary believed that the United States could afford any amount needed for national security, but that "this ability does not excuse us from applying strict standards of effectiveness and efficiency to the way we spend our defense dollars... You have to make a judgment on how much is enough." Acting on these principles, McNamara instituted a much-publicized cost reduction program, which, he reported, saved $14 billion in the five-year period beginning in 1961. Although he had to

neg: Proview International Holdings Ltd to its significant debt and impending collapse. Apple ended the dispute paying $60 million to Proview. Proview International Holdings Ltd Proview International Holdings (; ) is a Hong Kong-based manufacturer of computer monitors and other media devices. The company markets its products under its own and other brand name through its extensive distribution network over the world. Proview manufactures CRT and LCD monitors, LCD TVs, Plasma TVs and DVD players. Proview has production facilities located in Shenzhen, Wuhan in China, and in Brazil and Taiwan. Proview holds the "iPad" trademark for China and has sued Apple for US$1.6 billion in

neg: Global shipping network transport of a DVD player costs only $1.5 to reach Europe. Today’s most crowded sea route is between China and the US, which is also quite unbalanced, as the amount of goods travelling from China to the US are four times higher than the opposite direction. Also new routes can be opened – for example Russia’s Northeast Passage is a quicker way to get to Europe from China. High-tech Ports are also having ever better services. (automated terminals etc.) Until recently one could not really know much about how these ports and kilometer long ferries are related from a network

neg: Early Irish law Patrick, future murderers were to be pardoned as Patrick would not be around to assure their forgiveness and ascent to heaven. There is, however, no reason to think that the events described actually occurred although they do provide insight into how the Brehons thought about their own law. Literally the four paths of distraint, a process by which one could, under certain circumstances, seize goods owed by another. However, in Brehon law one does not immediately own the property, rather animals are taken to an intermediary land to wait in case the original owner pays the debt. As time passes,

neg: Til Debt Do Us Part an amount up to $5,000, depending on how well they did during the challenges. A 52-Week Life Planner based on the television series was released in 2013 and offers day-by-day, step-by-step strategies and tips for successfully managing household finances. Prince$$ Til Debt Do Us Part Til Debt Do Us Part is a Canadian television series produced by Frantic Films for Slice in Canada, Zone Reality in the United Kingdom and AmericanLife TV Network and CNBC in the United States. It is hosted by Gail Vaz-Oxlade, who each week visits a couple who are in debt and having relationship troubles. The

neg: B.J. Lawson bailout plan assumes we need to fight a necessary reduction in debt with yet more debt. To use a medical analogy, debt is like amphetamines. It takes from the future to stimulate you today, and too much of it can kill you. We've become addicted to debt – why do we need more debt-fueled growth, and how much more can we tolerate? We need sustainable, long-term growth fueled by people saving and creating value in their communities – not artificial growth fueled by still more government debt that creates additional burdens for the future." Lawson has said that he would

neg: History of United States debt ceiling such as interest and inflation and the size of the economy that generated a debt. 2. The debt ceiling is an aggregate of gross debt, which includes debt in hands of public and in Intragovernment accounts. 3. The debt ceiling does not necessarily reflect the level of actual debt. 4. From March 15 to October 30, 2015 there was a de facto debt limit of $18.153 trillion, due to use of Extraordinary measures. This is how a crisis was avoided. History of United States debt ceiling The history of United States debt ceiling deals with movements in the United States

neg: The Furys Chronicle loneliness. Because Fanny sends Peter to Mrs Ragner as her go-between, he learns of the debt, and realises how much his education in Ireland contributed to this situation. Furthermore, Mrs Ragner falls in love with Peter and pays him for sexual favours. Peter is flattered by having two women interested in him, though Mrs Ragner also disgusts him, but because of her interest in Peter Mrs Ragner does not foreclose on his mother, to the disgust of her factotum Daniel Corkran. Another important plot-line involves the relation of Maureen's relationship with the much-older Joe Kilkey, who she only married so

neg: History of the British national debt loan for $586 million (about £145 million at 1945 exchange rates), and in addition a further $3.7 billion line of credit (about £930m at 1945 exchange rates). The debt was to be paid off in 50 annual repayments commencing in 1950. Some of these loans were only paid off in the early 21st century. On 31 December 2006, Britain made a final payment of about $83m (£45.5m) and thereby discharged the last of its war loans from the US. By the end of World War II Britain had amassed an immense debt of £21 billion. Much of this was held

neg: George Washington's Farewell Address paying off any national debt accumulated in times of war as quickly as possible in times of peace so that future generations do not have to take on the financial burdens that others have taken on themselves. Despite his warnings to avoid taking on debt, Washington does state his belief that sometimes it is necessary to spend money to prevent dangers or wars that will in the end cost more if not properly prepared for. At these times, he argues, it is necessary for the people to cooperate by paying taxes created to cover these precautionary expenses. He emphasizes how

neg: Trompenaars' model of national culture differences In an achievement culture, people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions. In an ascription culture, status is based on who or what a person is. Does one have to prove himself to receive status or is it given to him? Achievement cultures include the US, Austria, Israel, Switzerland and the UK. Some ascription cultures are Venezuela, Indonesia, and China. When people from an achievement culture do business in an ascription culture it is important to have older, senior members with formal titles and respect should be shown to their counterparts. However, for an ascription culture

neg: National debt of the United States approximately 47 percent of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34 percent of the total debt of $17.8 trillion. , the largest holders were China, Japan, Ireland, and Brazil. The share held by foreign governments has grown over time, rising from 13 percent of the public debt in 1988 to 25 percent in 2007. As of September 2014, the largest single holder of U.S. government debt was China, with 21 percent of all foreign-held U.S. Treasury securities (10 percent of total U.S. public debt). China's holdings of government debt as a percentage of all foreign-held government

neg: Fearless (Taylor Swift album) does to us and how we treat people and how they treat us. So pretty much every song on the album has a face that I associate with it." Despite her revelation of not having kissed a male in two years, Swift said the album was not wrung dry of such inspiration because she still underwent breakups and felt its core emotions. Adding it did not "take much [for her] to get that sort of emotion out in a song", she explained physical intimacy did not have to resort to kissing to feel disappointment, frustration, or heartbreak. Although she had

neg: Historiens 100 viktigaste svenskar were:"How much, how long, and how many people has the person influenced - primarily domestically but also internationally - with his thoughts, his reign, his deeds or his example? And how much does this person mean to us living here today, in 2009?" Criticism has been voiced over the list, both in terms of selection and ranking. It has been argued that the following people should have made it to the list: The ranking has been hotly contested and arguments include: Historiens 100 viktigaste svenskar Historiens 100 viktigaste svenskar ("The 100 Greatest Swedes") is a book by Niklas Ekdal and

neg: Energy policy of Venezuela Itochu Corp. and Marubeni Corp. have signed on to, or are in negotiations to sign on to, joint-ventures with PdVSA. China National Petroleum Corp., or CNPC, also signed a $16.3 billion joint-venture agreement for a project that will eventually pump an additional for Asian refineries. Separately, Venezuela has been exporting of crude to China to repay $20 billion of loans extended by the China Development Bank Corp. in April 2010 to finance much-needed infrastructure projects in Venezuela. PdVSA is selling oil at market prices to repay the 10-year loan. Shipments to repay the debt represent half Venezuela’s daily crude exports

neg: Unearthed: Trail of Ibn Battuta somewhere deep down I had hoped that it would force us to reject those prejudices, and stand high in its own right. "Unearthed", unfortunately, does none of that and fails resoundingly." The Sixth Axis gave the game a 1 out of 10; "It’s all just laughably bad, so much so that there were a few times I couldn't help but explode with laughter at how terrible the animations, gameplay or everything else was." Unearthed: Trail of Ibn Battuta Unearthed: Trail of Ibn Battuta () is an episodic action-adventure video game developed by Saudi Arabian game developer Semaphore, and published by

neg: Forgive Us Our Debts Forgive Us Our Debts Forgive Us Our Debts (Italian: Rimetti a noi i nostri debiti) is a 2018 Italian drama film about a man struggling under the crushing weight of debt who has to work as a debt collector to pay off his creditors. The film was released on May 4, 2018, by Netflix. Forgive Us Our Debts (Rimetti A Noi I Nostri Debiti) follows the story of a man who, newly unemployed and struggling under the weight of debt, agrees to start working as a debt collector. Although the intention is to be able to pay off his own

neg: Rush Limbaugh–Sandra Fluke controversy pay her to have sex. What does that make us? We're the pimps. (interruption) The johns? We would be the johns? No! We're not the johns. (interruption) Yeah, that's right. Pimp's not the right word. Okay, so she's not a slut. She's "round heeled". I take it back. He continued that day and stated: Can you imagine if you're her parents how proud of Sandra Fluke you would be? Your daughter goes up to a congressional hearing conducted by the Botox-filled Nancy Pelosi and testifies she's having so much sex she can't afford her own birth control pills and she

neg: History of the Republic of China would advance defense capabilities of the Republic of China through the purchase of weaponry, such as sub-hunting P-3 Orions, from the US government, and banking reform legislation, which would help in the consolidation of the many banks in the Republic of China, none of which hold even 10% shares of the local market. It is important to note that the president of the Republic of China, unlike the president of the United States, does not wield veto power, providing him with little to no leverage in negotiating with an opposition legislature, regardless of how slim the majority. The constitution was

neg: Geography of the United States making it the world's third or fourth largest country. China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area, but are larger than Brazil. By land area only (exclusive of waters), the United States is the world's third largest country, after Russia and China, with Canada in fourth. Whether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors: (1) The validity of China's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. Both these territories are also claimed by India, so are not counted; and (2) How US calculates its own

neg: Robert Lighthizer quotas on imported steel, protected Harley-Davidson from Japanese competition, restrained import of semiconductors and automobiles, and took myriad similar steps to keep American industry strong. How does allowing China to constantly rig trade in its favor advance the core conservative goal of making markets more efficient? Markets do not run better when manufacturing shifts to China largely because of the actions of its government." Lighthizer suggested that the U.S. should bring more cases against China for failure to comply with the regulations of the World Trade Organization. In testimony before the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission in 2010, Lighthizer

neg: National debt of the United States economic analysts have expressed concerns on account of the People's Republic of China's "extensive" holdings of United States government debt, as part of their reserves. The National Defense Authorization Act of the fiscal year 2012 included a provision requiring the Secretary of Defense to conduct a "national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China." The Department issued its report in July 2012, stating that "attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States. As the threat is not credible

neg: China Zhongwang him and Liu existed, through which Zhongwang had exported aluminium to the US through a network of American affiliates. He also claimed he was forced through “physical intimidation” to sign a Certificate of Debt that required him to remain permanently in Liu’s debt. In a separate court case in Australia, Zhongwang representatives were alleged to have threatened the director of Alfield Group, against which Zhongwang won an arbitration ruling. China Zhongwang China Zhongwang Holdings Limited (Chinese: 中国忠旺控股有限公司) () is the second largest industrial aluminium extrusion product developer and manufacturer in the world and the biggest one in Asia and China.

neg: Payyans plans does not work out the way he planned it to be. Josy starts to hate John and on one night when he was drunk, he asks his dad to walk out. Josy later understands how much his dad loved him. He searches for him unsuccessfully. On fathers' day when Josy was anchoring a show about it, John calls to the show and tells his experience of a dad as how much he loved his kid when he was young and how much the kid dislikes him when he grew older. Josy saw that the call came from his own

neg: Lismore High School so much about China? What does China mean to you?", Chow responded "Sir, you were born in Australia, but you are always telling us about Home Rule for Ireland. What does Ireland mean to you?" The second site of LHS was on Magellan Street in the city precinct. By 1957 LHS was one of the largest secondary schools in the state, with an enrolment of 1,438 students and a staff of 67 teachers. This represented the zenith of its enrolments as the establishment of other high schools took effect: Kyogle (1955), Mullumbimby (1955), Ballina (1956) and Richmond River (1958). The

neg: Nationality law of the People's Republic of China 5 also states that a person born outside China to parent(s) with Chinese nationality, does not have Chinese nationality if a foreign nationality is acquired at birth and one of the Chinese national parents (or both) has gained that country's permanent residency. An example involving nationality by birth in "jus soli" countries, including the US, would be that if a child was born in the United States by two Chinese-national parents, and one of them has already acquired US permanent residency, but the other one has only temporary status in the US (e.g.: F-1 or H-1B), then the child "is

neg: European debt crisis euro currency system from the beginning because it ceded national monetary and economic sovereignty but lacked a central fiscal authority. When faced with economic problems, they maintained, "Without such an institution, EMU would prevent effective action by individual countries and put nothing in its place." US economist Martin Feldstein went so far to call the euro "an experiment that failed". Some non-Keynesian economists, such as Luca A. Ricci of the IMF, contend that the eurozone does not fulfil the necessary criteria for an optimum currency area, though it is moving in that direction. As the debt crisis expanded beyond Greece,

neg: Yubitsume Problem," Pam refers to members of the yakuza as "those pinky-less bastards." In episode three of season 5, ""Archer Vice: A Debt Of Honor"", Pam uses counterfeit money to buy amphetamines from the Yakuza to which Cyril fearfully exclaims "Oh my god, they chop off their OWN fingers!" In the 2010 film "Predators", one of the characters is Hanzo, a yakuza assassin who does not speak much throughout the film, and when asked why, he responds, "Because I talk too much" and showed that he is missing the ring and little fingers of his left hand, revealing he had committed

neg: New York Local Government Assistance Corporation 1993-94 fiscal year. As of March 31, 2018, there was $1.758 billion in debt outstanding. There is ongoing debate in New York State politics regarding the size and scope of New York State public benefit corporations, i.e., how many there are, how much debt they carry, how much power they wield to issue bonds for funding, who they are accountable to, etc. For example, the New York Local Government Assistance Corporation has a 24-member staff to oversee the operations of an organization that no longer serves a purpose, according to the New York State Comptroller's office, other than to reduce

neg: Profanatica a bible and Ledney licking it up; the latter claims they are "definitely not homos". Asked how deeply he is into Satanism, Ledney replied Profanatica were "into our own deal" and had their own beliefs, making "our own Satanism" and being "into black perversion. We shit on God. We are larger than God and he is smaller than us. That's the way we think. We put down false religions." He does consider himself a Satanist, while "a lot of other people wouldn't". He believes he is his own God and does not "believe Satan is an actual entity. It's just

neg: Susan Binau families and children", advocating and participating as much as possible in the media, and on national television and radio to build awareness about the needs and challenges of families facing terminal or serious illness. After facing serious illness in their own relationship and understanding that sharing their own experience may help other couples with the difficult challenges encountered during the illness of a partner, Binau and her husband Alan Binau co-authored the book "Till Sickness Do Us Part - How Love Survives in Difficult Times", published by . Addressing the difficult topics of illness, death and dying in her books

neg: Wang Yongchen money to recover their health. The Green Earth Volunteers is a big family of nature lovers. If you are interested in our goals, just join us and you will be surprised at how much you will enjoy." Wang publishes articles for chinadialogue, which are available in Chinese and English. Wang Yongchen Wang Yongchen () is the Senior Environment Reporter for China National Radio. Wang founded Green Earth Volunteers, a Chinese environmental NGO, in 1996. She is the president of the group and organizes many of its activities. Wang Yongchen received her graduates' degree at Peking University. She worked as a