query: the testing technique that deals with the internal logic and structure of the code is called

pos: Database testing box test cases is lower than development of white box test cases. The major drawback of black box testing is that it is unknown how much of the program is being tested. Also, certain errors cannot be detected. White-box testing mainly deals with the internal structure of the database. The specification details are hidden from the user. The main advantage of white box testing in database testing is that coding error are detected, so internal bugs in the database can be eliminated. The limitation of white box testing is that SQL statements are not covered. While generating test cases for

pos: Database testing box test cases is lower than development of white box test cases. The major drawback of black box testing is that it is unknown how much of the program is being tested. Also, certain errors cannot be detected. White-box testing mainly deals with the internal structure of the database. The specification details are hidden from the user. The main advantage of white box testing in database testing is that coding error are detected, so internal bugs in the database can be eliminated. The limitation of white box testing is that SQL statements are not covered. While generating test cases for

pos: Gray box testing below which are needed for the application of use gray-box testing. Cem Kaner defines "gray-box testing as involving inputs and outputs, but test design is educated by information about the code or the program operation of a kind that would normally be out of view of the tester". Gray-box testing techniques are: The distributed nature of Web services allows gray-box testing to detect defects within a service-oriented architecture (SOA). As we know, white-box testing is not suitable for Web services as it deals directly with the internal structures. White-box testing can be used for state art methods; for example, message

pos: Gray box testing mutation which generates the automatic tests for large arrays to help exception handling states, flow without source code or binaries. Such a strategy is useful to push gray-box testing nearer to the outcomes of white-box testing. Gray box testing Gray-box testing (International English spelling: grey-box testing) is a combination of white-box testing and black-box testing. The aim of this testing is to search for the defects if any due to improper structure or improper usage of applications. A black-box tester is unaware of the internal structure of the application to be tested, while a white-box tester has access to the

pos: Gray box testing Gray box testing Gray-box testing (International English spelling: grey-box testing) is a combination of white-box testing and black-box testing. The aim of this testing is to search for the defects if any due to improper structure or improper usage of applications. A black-box tester is unaware of the internal structure of the application to be tested, while a white-box tester has access to the internal structure of the application. A gray-box tester partially knows the internal structure, which includes access to the documentation of internal data structures as well as the algorithms used. Gray-box testers require both high-level and detailed

pos: Software testing called grey-box testing may also be applied to software testing methodology. With the concept of grey-box testing—which develops tests from specific design elements—gaining prominence, this "arbitrary distinction" between black- and white-box testing has faded somewhat. White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing, and structural testing) verifies the internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing, an internal perspective of the system (the source code), as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths

pos: Software testing tactics designing test cases. White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, by seeing the source code) tests internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT). While white-box testing can be applied at the unit, integration

pos: White-box testing White-box testing White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing, and structural testing) is a method of testing software that tests internal structures or workings of an application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the expected outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT). White-box testing can be applied at the unit, integration and

pos: White-box testing is to simulate a malicious insider who has knowledge of and possibly basic credentials for the target system. White-box testing White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing, and structural testing) is a method of testing software that tests internal structures or workings of an application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the expected outputs. This is analogous to testing

pos: Gray box testing documents describing the application, which they collect in order to define test cases. Gray-box testing is beneficial because it takes the straightforward technique of black-box testing and combines it with the code-targeted systems in white-box testing. Gray-box testing is based on requirement test case generation because it presents all the conditions before the program is tested by using the assertion method. A requirement specification language is used to make it easy to understand the requirements and verify its correctness. Object-oriented software consists primarily of objects; where objects are single indivisible units having executable code and/or data. Some assumptions are stated

pos: Functional testing Functional testing Functional testing is a quality assurance (QA) process and a type of black-box testing that bases its test cases on the specifications of the software component under test. Functions are tested by feeding them input and examining the output, and internal program structure is rarely considered (unlike white-box testing). Functional testing usually describes "what" the system does. Functional testing does not imply that you are testing a function (method) of your module or class. Functional testing tests a slice of functionality of the whole system. Functional testing differs from system testing in that functional testing ""verifies" a program

pos: ISO/IEC 29119 techniques are based on the (internal) structure of the system under test. They are also called white-box testing techniques. Suggested test design techniques in this group are: These exploratory testing techniques rely on the experience of the human tester. Suggested test design techniques in this group are: This standard covers keyword-driven testing, an approach to specifying software tests (normally automated) used in the software testing industry. This standard is intended for users "who want to create keyword-driven test specifications, create corresponding frameworks, or build test automation based on keywords." Upon introduction of ISO/IEC/IEEE 29119, culminating in the summer of 2014,

neg: Concolic testing DART and SAGE, have not been made available to the public at large. Note however that for instance SAGE is "used daily" for internal security testing at Microsoft. Concolic testing Concolic testing (a portmanteau of "concrete" and "symbolic") is a hybrid software verification technique that performs symbolic execution, a classical technique that treats program variables as symbolic variables, along a "concrete execution" (testing on particular inputs) path. Symbolic execution is used in conjunction with an automated theorem prover or constraint solver based on constraint logic programming to generate new concrete inputs (test cases) with the aim of maximizing code coverage.

neg: Concolic testing Concolic testing Concolic testing (a portmanteau of "concrete" and "symbolic") is a hybrid software verification technique that performs symbolic execution, a classical technique that treats program variables as symbolic variables, along a "concrete execution" (testing on particular inputs) path. Symbolic execution is used in conjunction with an automated theorem prover or constraint solver based on constraint logic programming to generate new concrete inputs (test cases) with the aim of maximizing code coverage. Its main focus is finding bugs in real-world software, rather than demonstrating program correctness. A description and discussion of the concept was introduced in "DART: Directed Automated Random

neg: Optimizing compiler compile large, complex programming languages, they can have bugs which introduce errors in the generated code or cause internal errors during compilation. Compiler errors of any kind can be disconcerting to the user, but especially so in this case, since it may not be clear that the optimization logic is at fault. In the case of internal errors, the problem can be partially ameliorated by a "fail-safe" programming technique in which the optimization logic in the compiler is coded such that a failure is trapped, a warning message issued, and the rest of the compilation proceeds to successful completion. Work

neg: Black-box testing Black-box testing Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings. This method of test can be applied virtually to every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. It is sometimes referred to as specification-based testing. Specific knowledge of the application's code, internal structure and programming knowledge in general is not required. The tester is aware of "what" the software is supposed to do but is not aware of "how" it does it. For instance, the tester is aware that a particular input returns

neg: SOX 404 top–down risk assessment testing a given control should increase proportionally to the ICFR risk related to that control. Therefore, techniques such as self-assessment are appropriate for lower-risk areas, while internal auditors (or the equivalent) generally should test higher-risk areas. An intermediate technique in practice is "quality assurance," where manager A tests manager B's work, and vice versa. The external auditors ability to rely on management's testing follows similar logic. Reliance is proportional to the competence and objectivity of the management person that completed the testing, also in the context of risk. For the highest risk areas, such as the control environment and period-end

neg: Logic built-in self-test tests the integrated circuit with known-good test circuitry. Other, related technologies are MBIST (a BIST optimized for testing internal memory) and ABIST (either a BIST optimized for testing arrays or a BIST that is optimized for testing analog circuitry). The two uses may be distinguished by considering whether the integrated circuit being tested has an internal array or analog functions. Logic built-in self-test Logic built-in self-test (or LBIST) is a form of built-in self-test (BIST) in which hardware and/or software is built into integrated circuits allowing them to test their own operation, as opposed to reliance on external automated test

neg: Differential testing Differential testing Differential testing, also known as differential fuzzing, is a popular software testing technique that attempts to detect bugs, by providing the same input to a series of similar applications (or to different implementations of the same application), and observing differences in their execution. Differential testing complements traditional software testing, because it is well-suited to find semantic or logic bugs that do not exhibit explicit erroneous behaviors like crashes or assertion failures. Differential testing is sometimes called back-to-back testing. Differential testing finds semantic bugs by using different implementations of the same functionality as cross-referencing oracles, pinpointing differences in their

neg: Scan chain logic circuit. These factors make the complexity of sequential ATPG much higher than that of combinational ATPG. There are many variants: Scan chain Scan chain is a technique used in design for testing. The objective is to make testing easier by providing a simple way to set and observe every flip-flop in an IC.The basic structure of scan include the following set of signals in order to control and observe the scan mechanism. In a full scan design, automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) is particularly simple. No sequential pattern generation is required - combinatorial tests, which are much easier to

neg: Transparency (human–computer interaction) Also temporarily used later around 1969 in IBM and Honeywell programming manuals the term referred to a certain computer programming technique. An application code was transparent when it was clear of the low-level detail (such as device-specific management) and contained only the logic solving a main problem. It was achieved through encapsulation – putting the code into modules that hid internal details, making them invisible for the main application. For example, the Network File System is transparent, because it introduces the access to files stored remotely on the network in a way uniform with previous local access to a file

neg: Business logic management system (BRMS). The business rules approach of software development uses BRMSs and enforces a very strong separation of business logic from other code. User interface management systems are another technology used to enforce a strong separation between business logic and other code. The magic pushbutton is considered an "anti-pattern": a technique that in this case creates undesirable constraints which make it difficult to code business logic in an easy-to-maintain way. A domain model is an abstract representation of the data storage types required by business rules. Business logic In computer software, business logic or domain logic is the part

neg: Tax protester statutory arguments Code section 3401(c) does not include a regular, private-sector employee. The courts have uniformly rejected this argument. The text of section 3401(c), which deals only with the employer's withholding requirements and not with the employee's requirement to report Internal Revenue Code section 61 compensation for personal services (whether called wages, salaries, or any other term), is as follows: In "Sullivan v. United States", taxpayer Grant W. Sullivan argued that he had not received "wages" and was not an "employee" under Internal Revenue Code section 3401(c). The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ruled against Sullivan, stating: In

neg: Ignacio Matte Blanco "The Unconscious as Infinite Sets", Matte Blanco proposes that the structure of the unconscious can be summarised by the principles of Generalisation and of Symmetry: 1) The principle of Generalization: here logic does not take account of individuals as such, it deals with them only as members of classes, and of classes of classes. 2) The principle of Symmetry: here the logic treats the converse of any relation as identical to it; that is, it deals with relationships as symmetrical'. While the principle of Generalisation might be compatible with conventional logic, discontinuity is introduced by the principle of Symmetry under

neg: Lock (computer science) temporarily—but this technique does not work for multiprocessor shared-memory machines. Proper support for locks in a multiprocessor environment can require quite complex hardware or software support, with substantial synchronization issues. The reason an atomic operation is required is because of concurrency, where more than one task executes the same logic. For example, consider the following C code: The above example does not guarantee that the task has the lock, since more than one task can be testing the lock at the same time. Since both tasks will detect that the lock is free, both tasks will attempt to set the

neg: Fault injection be useful for assessing software systems. Collectively these techniques are known as Software Implemented Fault Injection (SWIFI). SWIFI techniques for software fault injection can be categorized into two types: compile-time injection and runtime injection. Compile-time injection is an injection technique where source code is modified to inject simulated faults into a system. One method is called mutation testing which changes existing lines of code so that they contain faults. A simple example of this technique could be changing codice_1 to codice_2 Code mutation produces faults which are very similar to those unintentionally added by programmers. A refinement of code mutation

neg: Seqlock In this case, using read-copy-update synchronization is preferred. This was first applied to system time counter updating. Each time interrupt updates the time of the day; there may be many readers of the time for operating system internal use and applications, but writes are relatively infrequent and only occur one at a time. The BSD timecounter code for instance appears to use a similar technique. One subtle issue of using seqlocks for a time counter is that it is impossible to step through it with a debugger. The retry logic will trigger all the time because the debugger is slow

neg: Orthogonal array testing Orthogonal array testing Orthogonal array testing is a black box testing technique that is a systematic, statistical way of software testing. It is used when the number of inputs to the system is relatively small, but too large to allow for exhaustive testing of every possible input to the systems. It is particularly effective in finding errors associated with faulty logic within computer software systems. Orthogonal arrays can be applied in user interface testing, system testing, regression testing, configuration testing and performance testing. The permutations of factor levels comprising a single treatment are so chosen that their responses are uncorrelated

neg: Fuzzing Fuzzing Fuzzing or fuzz testing is an automated software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as inputs to a computer program. The program is then monitored for exceptions such as crashes, failing built-in code assertions, or potential memory leaks. Typically, fuzzers are used to test programs that take structured inputs. This structure is specified, e.g., in a file format or protocol and distinguishes valid from invalid input. An effective fuzzer generates semi-valid inputs that are "valid enough" in that they are not directly rejected by the parser, but do create unexpected behaviors deeper in the program

neg: Compiler correctness Compiler correctness In computing, compiler correctness is the branch of computer science that deals with trying to show that a compiler behaves according to its language specification. Techniques include developing the compiler using formal methods and using rigorous testing (often called compiler validation) on an existing compiler. Compiler validation with formal methods involves a long chain of formal, deductive logic. However, since the tool to find the proof (theorem prover) is implemented in software and is complex, there is a high probability it will contain errors. One approach has been to use a tool that verifies the proof (a proof

neg: Logic bomb Logic bomb A logic bomb is a piece of code intentionally inserted into a software system that will set off a malicious function when specified conditions are met. For example, a programmer may hide a piece of code that starts deleting files (such as a salary database trigger), should they ever be terminated from the company. Software that is inherently malicious, such as viruses and worms, often contain logic bombs that execute a certain payload at a pre-defined time or when some other condition is met. This technique can be used by a virus or worm to gain momentum and

neg: Resource acquisition is initialization realistic systems, there are far more resource acquisitions than kinds of resources, so the 'resource acquisition is initialization' technique leads to less code than use of a 'finally' construct.” The RAII design is often used for controlling mutex locks in multi-threaded applications. In that use, the object releases the lock when destroyed. Without RAII in this scenario the potential for deadlock would be high and the logic to lock the mutex would be far from the logic to unlock it. With RAII, the code that locks the mutex essentially includes the logic that the lock will be released when execution

neg: Orthogonal array testing given L9 Orthogonal Array assess result of test cases as follows: <br> Refer the following link for more details: http://www.51testing.com/ddimg/uploadsoft/20090113/OATSEN.pdf Orthogonal array testing Orthogonal array testing is a black box testing technique that is a systematic, statistical way of software testing. It is used when the number of inputs to the system is relatively small, but too large to allow for exhaustive testing of every possible input to the systems. It is particularly effective in finding errors associated with faulty logic within computer software systems. Orthogonal arrays can be applied in user interface testing, system testing, regression testing, configuration testing

neg: Judy array of expensive cache-line fills from RAM, and so the algorithm contains much complex logic to avoid cache misses as often as possible. Due to these cache optimizations, Judy arrays are fast, especially for very large datasets. On data sets that are sequential or nearly sequential, Judy arrays can even outperform hash tables, since, unlike hash tables, the internal tree structure of Judy arrays maintains the ordering of the keys. Judy arrays are extremely complicated. The smallest implementations are thousands of lines of code. Judy array In computer science, a Judy array is a data structure implementing a type of associative

neg: Continuous test-driven development (initially failing) test, after producing the minimal amount of code for the test to pass and after refactoring the code. Continuous test-driven development Continuous test-driven development (CTDD) is a software development practice that extends test-driven development by means of automatic test execution in the background (sometimes called continuous testing). In CTDD the developer writes a test first but is not forced to execute the tests manually. The tests are run automatically by a continuous testing tool (see external links for examples) running in the background. This technique can potentially reduce the time waste resulting from manual test execution by eliminating

neg: Differential testing symbolic-execution-assisted testing tools—path explosion and scalability—is magnified especially in the context of differential testing where multiple test programs are used. Therefore, it is very hard to scale symbolic execution techniques to perform differential testing of multiple large programs. Differential testing Differential testing, also known as differential fuzzing, is a popular software testing technique that attempts to detect bugs, by providing the same input to a series of similar applications (or to different implementations of the same application), and observing differences in their execution. Differential testing complements traditional software testing, because it is well-suited to find semantic or logic bugs that

neg: Fault injection Fault injection In software testing, fault injection is a technique for improving the coverage of a test by introducing faults to test code paths, in particular error handling code paths, that might otherwise rarely be followed. It is often used with stress testing and is widely considered to be an important part of developing robust software. Robustness testing (also known as Syntax Testing, Fuzzing or Fuzz testing) is a type of fault injection commonly used to test for vulnerabilities in communication interfaces such as protocols, command line parameters, or APIs. The propagation of a fault through to an observable failure

neg: Infrared and thermal testing Infrared and thermal testing Infrared and thermal testing is one of many nondestructive testing techniques designated by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT). Infrared thermography is the science of measuring and mapping surface temperatures. "Infrared thermography, a nondestructive, remote sensing technique, has proved to be an effective, convenient, and economical method of testing concrete. It can detect internal voids, delaminations, and cracks in concrete structures such as bridge decks, highway pavements, garage floors, parking lot pavements, and building walls. As a testing technique, some of its most important qualities are that (1) it is accurate; (2) it is repeatable;

neg: Tax Reform Act of 1986 file a return was admitted. Section 2(a) of the Act also officially changed the name of the Internal Revenue Code from the "Internal Revenue Code of 1954" to the "Internal Revenue Code of 1986". Although the Act made numerous amendments to the 1954 Code, it was not a re-enactment or a substantial re-codification or reorganization of the overall structure of the 1954 Code. Thus, the tax laws since 1954 (including those after 1986) have taken the form of amendments to the 1954 Code, although it is now called the 1986 Code. Tax Reform Act of 1986 The U.S. Congress passed

neg: Propositional calculus algorithm, 1962; Chaff algorithm, 2001) that are very fast for many useful cases. Recent work has extended the SAT solver algorithms to work with propositions containing arithmetic expressions; these are the SMT solvers. Propositional calculus Propositional calculus is a branch of logic. It is also called propositional logic, statement logic, sentential calculus, sentential logic, or sometimes zeroth-order logic. It deals with propositions (which can be true or false) and argument flow. Compound propositions are formed by connecting propositions by logical connectives. The propositions without logical connectives are called atomic propositions. Unlike first-order logic, propositional logic does "not" deal with non-logical

neg: Code page 437 characters has some internal logic: Most fonts for Microsoft Windows include the special graphic characters at the Unicode indexes shown, as they are part of the WGL4 set that Microsoft encourages font designers to support. (The monospaced raster font family Terminal was an early font that replicated all code page 437 characters, at least at some resolutions.) To draw these characters directly from these code points, a Microsoft Windows font called MS Linedraw replicates all of the code page 437 characters, thus providing one way to display DOS text on a modern Windows machine as it was shown in DOS,

neg: Gray code extensively for passing multi-bit count information between synchronous logic that operates at different clock frequencies. The logic is considered operating in different "clock domains". It is fundamental to the design of large chips that operate with many different clocking frequencies. If a system has to cycle through all possible combinations of on-off states of some set of controls, and the changes of the controls require non-trivial expense (e.g. time, wear, human work), a Gray code minimizes the number of setting changes to just one change for each combination of states. An example would be testing a piping system for all

neg: Internal code form of the internal code called the "kuten form"; this kind of input method is called "quwei" on GB-based systems (Chinese). Although the kuten (quwei) form is related to the internal code, such input methods are not usually referred as “internal code” input methods. The use of an “internal code” input method to input characters would not be normally very practical. However, it is useful for inputting special symbols that may otherwise be impossible to input using other input methods. However, the user would need to have a table of characters with their internal codes. Internal code The term internal

neg: Fault injection the assert, whereas this would never happen in normal operation. Fault-injection can be used at testing time, during the execution of test cases. For example, the short-circuit testing algorithm injects exceptions during test suite execution so as to simulate unanticipated errors. This algorithm collects data for verifying two resilience properties. Fault injection In software testing, fault injection is a technique for improving the coverage of a test by introducing faults to test code paths, in particular error handling code paths, that might otherwise rarely be followed. It is often used with stress testing and is widely considered to be an

neg: Design by contract Asserts are by default compiled away in release mode in C/C++, and similarly deactivated in C# and Java. This effectively eliminates the run-time costs of contracts in release. Design by contract does not replace regular testing strategies, such as unit testing, integration testing and system testing. Rather, it complements external testing with internal self-tests that can be activated both for isolated tests and in production code during a test-phase. The advantage of internal self-tests is that they can detect errors before they manifest themselves as invalid results observed by the client. This leads to earlier and more specific error detection.

neg: Propositional calculus Propositional calculus Propositional calculus is a branch of logic. It is also called propositional logic, statement logic, sentential calculus, sentential logic, or sometimes zeroth-order logic. It deals with propositions (which can be true or false) and argument flow. Compound propositions are formed by connecting propositions by logical connectives. The propositions without logical connectives are called atomic propositions. Unlike first-order logic, propositional logic does "not" deal with non-logical objects, predicates about them, or quantifiers. However, all the machinery of propositional logic is included in first-order logic and higher-order logics. In this sense, propositional logic is the foundation of first-order logic and

neg: Culture Industry Reconsidered of incorporation of the industrial forms of organization, even though nothing is manufactured. He also makes clear the difference between the technique used in cultural industry and the technique used in works of art. In the works of art the technique refers to the formal organization of the object, with its inner logic, whereas in cultural industry it refers to the distribution and the mechanical production. Thus technique in cultural industry is external to the object, whereas in the works of art it is internal. Adorno says that the masses are secondary and are "an appendage of the machinery" in

neg: Presuppositional apologetics worldview that results from the axiom may be tested for consistency and comprehensiveness. Testing for internal contradiction exemplifies Clark's strict reliance on the laws of logic (he famously translates the first verse of the Gospel of John as "In the beginning was the Logic, and the Logic was with God, and the Logic was God.") Thus, in order to invalidate non-Christian worldviews, one must simply show how a different presupposition results in necessary logical contradictions, while showing that presupposing the Bible leads to no logical contradiction. By contrast, some Van Tillians have suggested that God as He has revealed Himself

neg: Transport/protocol abstraction also be augmented with another service implementation in a differing protocol, configured to offer the same business logic implementations or a subset thereof. This architectural abstraction also allows alternative environments (e.g. development, testing, etc.) to simplify deployment configuration without change to the business logic implementation code. Transport/protocol abstraction Transport abstraction is the ability to "change" service transport protocol implementations in a configuration file with no change to business logic implementation code. Transport abstraction may be achieved through the use of standardized connectivity interfaces within for all service transport protocol implementations. This architectural abstraction offers great benefit to architects and developers,

neg: Finite model theory Narrative data contains no defined relations. Thus the logical structure of text search queries can be expressed in Propositional Logic, like in: Note that the challenges in full text search are different from database querying, like ranking of results. Finite model theory Finite model theory (FMT) is a subarea of model theory (MT). MT is the branch of mathematical logic which deals with the relation between a formal language (syntax) and its interpretations (semantics). FMT is a restriction of MT to interpretations on finite structures, which have a finite universe. A single finite structure can always be axiomatized in first-order

neg: Compiler should be enabled. The back end is responsible for the CPU architecture specific optimizations and for code generation"." The main phases of the back end include the following: Compiler correctness is the branch of software engineering that deals with trying to show that a compiler behaves according to its language specification. Techniques include developing the compiler using formal methods and using rigorous testing (often called compiler validation) on an existing compiler. Higher-level programming languages usually appear with a type of translation in mind: either designed as compiled language or interpreted language. However, in practice there is rarely anything about a

neg: Hypersequent the sequents can be classical or intuitionistic. The rules for the propositional connectives usually are adaptions of the corresponding standard sequent rules with an additional side hypersequent, also called hypersequent context. E.g., a common set of rules for the functionally complete set of connectives formula_5 for classical propositional logic is given by the following four rules: formula_9 Due to the additional structure in the hypersequent setting the structural rules are considered in their internal and external variants. The internal weakening and internal contraction rules are the adaptions of the corresponding sequent rules with an added hypersequent context: formula_11 formula_12 The

neg: Electoral fraud Logic & Accuracy Testing (L&A), pre-election testing of voting machines using test votes to determine if they are functioning correctly. Another method to ensure the integrity of electronic voting machines is independent software verification and certification. Once a software is certified, code signing can ensure the software certified is identical to that which is used on election day. Some argue certification would be more effective if voting machine software was publicly available or open source. Certification and testing processes conducted publicly and with oversight from interested parties can promote transparency in the election process. The integrity of those conducting testing

neg: Span and div internal structure (or Document Object Model) of the web page. The most common reason for this is that the page is delivered with client-side JavaScript that will produce on-going dynamic behavior after the page is rendered. For example, if rolling the mouse over a 'Buy now' link is meant to make the price, elsewhere on the page, become emphasized, JavaScript code can do this, but JavaScript needs to identify the price element, wherever it is in the markup. The following markup would suffice: . Another example is the Ajax programming technique, where, for example, clicking a hypertext link may cause

neg: Show control Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) was accepted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). SMPTE time code, usually a variant called LTC (linear time code), is an analog recording of a bi-phase modulated square wave, whose internal transitions encode hours, minutes, seconds, and frames. MIDI time code (MTC) is actually a digital representation of SMPTE time code encapsulated as a series of quarter-frame MIDI messages. MTC was developed in 1986. The beginnings of show control technology can probably be traced to the use of relay logic in other industries, most prominently elevators. The electric elevator was invented in 1880,

neg: Ontario Human Rights Code interpreted and applied. Part III explains the role and structure of the Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC). Part IV explains the role and structure of the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario (HRTO). Part IV.1 establishes the Human Rights Legal Support Centre (HRLSC) and sets out its governance. Part V deals with general matters such as the power to make regulations and sets out that the Human Rights Code has primacy over other provincial legislation (section 47(2)). Part VI of the Code deals with the transition from the "old" system, where complaints were investigated by the Ontario Human Rights Commission to

neg: Interpreter (computing) to run a stack of self-interpreters as "N" goes to infinity. This value does not depend on the program being run. The book "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs" presents examples of meta-circular interpretation for Scheme and its dialects. Other examples of languages with a self-interpreter are Forth and Pascal. Microcode is a very commonly used technique "that imposes an interpreter between the hardware and the architectural level of a computer". As such, the microcode is a layer of hardware-level instructions that implement higher-level machine code instructions or internal state machine sequencing in many digital processing elements. Microcode is used

neg: Programmable logic device internal SRAM cells every time they start up, and EPROM cells are more expensive due to their ceramic package with a quartz window. Many PAL programming devices accept input in a standard file format, commonly referred to as 'JEDEC files'.They are analogous to software compilers. The languages used as source code for logic compilers are called hardware description languages, or HDLs. PALASM, ABEL and CUPL are frequently used for low-complexity devices, while Verilog and VHDL are popular higher-level description languages for more complex devices. The more limited ABEL is often used for historical reasons, but for new designs VHDL is

neg: Berkeley RISC logic. This simple technique yielded a surprising 30% improvement in code density, making an otherwise identical program on Blue run faster than on Gold due to the decreased number of memory accesses. RISC II proved to be much more successful in silicon and in testing outperformed almost all minicomputers on almost all tasks. For instance, performance ranged from 85% of VAX speed to 256% on a variety of loads. RISC II was also benched against the famous Motorola 68000, then considered to be the best commercial chip implementation, and outperformed it by 140% to 420%. Work on the original RISC

neg: Synopsys firm that specializes in source-code static analysis and penetration testing. In November 2017, Synopsys acquired Black Duck Software, a software firm based in Burlington, MA that focuses on Software Composition Analysis. The Black Duck Hub solution scans source and binary code for open source libraries and components, providing visibility into license and security risks that may impact organizations in a major way. Synopsys Synopsys is an American company. Synopsys' first and best-known product is Design Compiler, a logic-synthesis tool. Synopsys offers a wide range of other products used in the design of an application-specific integrated circuit. Products include logic synthesis,

neg: Blame! human warriors called the Electro-Fishers. Cibo and Killy are often pursued by the Safeguard, who view any human without Net Terminal Genes as a threat to be extinguished on sight. Because of the size and nature of The City and the violent lives led by its inhabitants, there are virtually no recurring characters and any alliances made are short-lived. The City is actually a structure that began on Earth. The mechanical beings known as Builders, which move around renovating and creating new landscapes, appear to have begun building without end, creating an enormous structure with little internal logic or coherence.

neg: Presenter first (software approach) for the model. Unit testing the view is usually impractical or impossible; thus, view code is left as "thin" and devoid of logic as possible (i.e. the "view" is a wrapper around widget library calls and presentation logic is contained in the presenter). The Presenter first approach applied to the MVP pattern allows the vast majority of application logic to be tested under automation leaving only simple on-screen verification testing of the view and its widgets. The test cases for the presenter are determined from the customer requirements or stories. A customer will generally explain features in terms of 'when'

neg: Tree testing Tree testing Tree testing is a usability technique for evaluating the findability of topics in a website. It is also known as reverse card sorting or card-based classification. A large website is typically organized into a hierarchy (a "tree") of topics and subtopics. Tree testing provides a way to measure how well users can find items in this hierarchy. Unlike traditional usability testing, tree testing is not done on the website itself; instead, a simplified text version of the site structure is used. This ensures that the structure is evaluated in isolation, nullifying the effects of navigational aids, visual design,

neg: Hilary Putnam logic and by some ideas of Quine, Putnam abandoned his long-standing defence of metaphysical realism—the view that the categories and structures of the external world are both causally and ontologically independent of the conceptualizations of the human mind. He adopted a rather different view, which he called "internal realism". Internal realism was the view that, although the world may be "causally" independent of the human mind, the structure of the world—its division into kinds, individuals and categories—is a function of the human mind, and hence the world is not "ontologically" independent. The general idea is influenced by Kant's idea of

neg: Java ConcurrentMap Threads will sometimes give unpredictable results to the reader, although the Map's internal consistency will not be destroyed. Using external program logic to prevent concurrent modification increases code complexity and creates an unpredictable risk of errors in existing and future code, although it enables non-concurrent Collections to be used. However, either locks or program logic cannot coordinate external threads which may come in contact with the Collection. In order to help with the concurrent modification problem, the non-concurrent Map implementations and other Collections use internal modification counters which are consulted before and after a read to watch for changes: the

neg: Metalogic with "constructing a model". In metalogic, formal languages are sometimes called "object languages". The language used to make statements about an object language is called a "metalanguage". This distinction is a key difference between logic and metalogic. While logic deals with "proofs in a formal system", expressed in some formal language, metalogic deals with "proofs about a formal system" which are expressed in a metalanguage about some object language. In metalogic, 'syntax' has to do with formal languages or formal systems without regard to any interpretation of them, whereas, 'semantics' has to do with interpretations of formal languages. The term

neg: Architecture of Windows NT NTOSKRNL.EXE. It deals with I/O, object management, security and process management. These are divided into several "subsystems", among which are "Cache Manager", "Configuration Manager", "I/O Manager", "Local Procedure Call (LPC)", "Memory Manager", "Object Manager", "Process Structure" and "Security Reference Monitor (SRM)". Grouped together, the components can be called "Executive services" (internal name "Ex"). "System Services" (internal name "Nt"), i.e., system calls, are implemented at this level, too, except very few that call directly into the kernel layer for better performance. The term "service" in this context generally refers to a callable routine, or set of callable routines. This is distinct

neg: Black-box testing any knowledge of the test object's internal structure. Typical black-box test design techniques include: In penetration testing, black-box testing refers to a methodology where an ethical hacker has no knowledge of the system being attacked. The goal of a black-box penetration test is to simulate an external hacking or cyber warfare attack. Black-box testing Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings. This method of test can be applied virtually to every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. It is sometimes referred

neg: Interface (computing) progress before the final implementation is available. In another case, a fake or mock implementation may be substituted during testing. Such stub implementations are replaced by real code later in the development process. Usually a method defined in an interface contains no code and thus cannot itself be called; it must be implemented by non-abstract code to be run when it is invoked. An interface called "codice_1" might define two methods: codice_2 and codice_3. It can be implemented in different ways, for example, codice_4 and codice_5—the first being fast, working with a data structure of fixed size, and the second

neg: Group testing defective items. In addition to this, non-adaptive methods are often useful in practice because one can proceed with successive tests without first analysing the results of all previous tests, allowing for the effective distribution of the testing process. There are many ways to extend the problem of group testing. One of the most important is called "noisy" group testing, and deals with a big assumption of the original problem: that testing is error-free. A group-testing problem is called noisy when there is some chance that the result of a group test is erroneous (e.g. comes out positive when the test

neg: Presenter first (software approach) programming can be tested via unit tests in an automated test suite. In so doing, the reliance on GUI testing tools to perform extensive system testing can be reduced to verifying basic GUI operation or eliminated entirely. The MVP design pattern decouples on-screen widgets, presentation logic, and business logic. Presenter first starts the development process with the presenter component of an MVP axis. Test-driven development is accomplished by mocking the view and model and writing unit tests for the presenter. Production code for the presenter is then written and revised until the presenter unit tests pass. The cycle is repeated

neg: Software testing Static testing is often implicit, like proofreading, plus when programming tools/text editors check source code structure or compilers (pre-compilers) check syntax and data flow as static program analysis. Dynamic testing takes place when the program itself is run. Dynamic testing may begin before the program is 100% complete in order to test particular sections of code and are applied to discrete functions or modules. Typical techniques for this are either using stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment. Static testing involves verification, whereas dynamic testing also involves validation. Exploratory testing is an approach to software testing that is concisely described

neg: Regression testing test cases. The various regression testing techniques are: This technique checks all the test cases on the current program to check its integrity. Though it is expensive as it needs to re-run all the cases, it ensures that there are no errors because of the modified code. Unlike Retest all, this technique runs a part of the test suite (owing to the cost of retest all) if the cost of selecting the part of the test suite is less than the Retest all technique. Prioritize the test cases so as to increase a test suite's rate of fault detection. Test

neg: Software testing tactics and ensures that the most important function points have been tested. Code coverage as a software metric can be reported as a percentage for: 100% statement coverage ensures that all code paths or branches (in terms of control flow) are executed at least once. This is helpful in ensuring correct functionality, but not sufficient since the same code may process different inputs correctly or incorrectly. Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do,

neg: Interface Logic Model Interface Logic Model The Interface Logic Model (ILM) is a technique to model blocks in hierarchal VLSI implementation flow. It is a gate level model of a physical block where only the connections from the inputs to the first stage of flip-flops, and the connections from the last stage of flip-flops to the outputs are in the model, including the flip-flops and the clock tree driving these flip-flops. All other internal flip-flop to flip-flop paths are stripped out of the ILM. The advantage of ILM is that the entire path (clock to clock path) is visible at top level for

neg: Morphology (biology) Morphology (biology) Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern, size), i.e. external morphology (or eidonomy), as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs, i.e. internal morphology (or anatomy). This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science dealing with the study of gross structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts. The word "morphology" is from

neg: Software testing Grey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester will often have access to both "the source code and the executable binary." Grey-box testing may also include reverse engineering (using dynamic code analysis) to determine, for instance, boundary values or error messages. Manipulating input data and formatting output do not qualify as grey-box, as the input and output are clearly outside of the "black box" that we are calling the system under test. This distinction is particularly

neg: Google Web Toolkit RIAs can be tested using JUnit testing framework and code coverage tools. Because GWT allows compile time verification of images, CSS, and business logic, many common development defects are automatically discovered without need of the manual testing commonly required by RIAs. Google has noted that some of its products are GWT-based: Blogger, AdWords, Flights, Wallet, Offers, Groups, Inbox. On Dec 08, 2009 Google launched Google Web Toolkit 2.0 with Speed Tracer. Version 2.0 of GWT offers a number of new features, including: Since the new development mode removed most platform-specific code, the new version will be distributed as a unique

neg: Hardware Trojan a customized scanning technique. Where DFT usually coordinates with some external testing mechanism, BIST-enabled chips incorporate custom test-pattern generators. BIST functionality often exists to perform at-speed (high speed) verification where it is not possible to use scan chains or other low-speed DFT capabilities. Both methods were originally developed to detect manufacturing errors, but also have the double-edged potential to detect some effects of malicious logic on the chip, or to be exploited by malicious logic to covertly inspect remote state within the chip. Consider how DFT recognizes unintended logic. When driven by DFT inputs, a genuine chip generates a familiar

neg: Mobile application testing use your app or game simultaneously, slow load times or crashes can occur causing many customers to abandon your app, game, or website. In-country human testing done manually is the most effective way to test load. 13. Black box Testing: This type of testing doesn't include the internally coding logic of the application. Tester tests the application with functionality without peering with internally structure of the application. This method of test can be applied virtually to every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. 14. CrowdSourced Testing: In recent years, crowdsourced testing has become popular as companies can

neg: GNU Compiler Collection All have a common internal structure. A per-language front end parses the source code in that language and produces an abstract syntax tree ("tree" for short). These are, if necessary, converted to the middle end's input representation, called "GENERIC" form; the middle end then gradually transforms the program towards its final form. Compiler optimizations and static code analysis techniques (such as FORTIFY_SOURCE, a compiler directive that attempts to discover some buffer overflows) are applied to the code. These work on multiple representations, mostly the architecture-independent GIMPLE representation and the architecture-dependent RTL representation. Finally, machine code is produced using architecture-specific pattern

neg: Structure (mathematical logic) query. This shows that the conjunctive query problem is also equivalent to the homomorphism problem. Structures are sometimes referred to as "first-order structures". This is misleading, as nothing in their definition ties them to any specific logic, and in fact they are suitable as semantic objects both for very restricted fragments of first-order logic such as that used in universal algebra, and for second-order logic. In connection with first-order logic and model theory, structures are often called models, even when the question "models of what?" has no obvious answer. Each first-order structure formula_83 has a satisfaction relation formula_84 defined for

neg: Software testing are those that are covered but not specified (it is possible to remove their body without breaking any test case). Black-box testing (also known as functional testing) treats the software as a "black box," examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, state transition tables, decision table testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, use case testing, exploratory testing, and specification-based testing. Specification-based testing aims to test the

neg: Passive data structure nontrivial constructors or destructors. This restriction is imposed because the compiler cannot determine which constructor or destructor should be called for a union. PDS types can also be used for interfacing with C, which supports only PDS. In Java, some developers consider that the PDS concept corresponds to a class with public data members and no methods (Java Code Conventions 10.1), i.e., a data transfer object. Others would also include Plain old Java objects (POJOs), a class that has methods but only getters and setters, with no logic, and JavaBeans to fall under the PDS concept if they do not

neg: Internal Revenue Code 26 of the United States Code), retains the basic structure of the 1954 Code. The Internal Revenue Code includes most but not all federal tax statutes. Some tax statutes are found in other provisions of the United States Code including title 11 (related to bankruptcy) and title 28 (related to the judiciary). Further, some tax statutes are not codified at all (for example, the provisions of tax statutes that list the effective dates of Internal Revenue Code amendments). Section 1 of the Internal Revenue Code imposes the federal income tax on the taxable income of U.S. citizens and residents, and

neg: Commissioner v. Idaho Power Co. cost of acquiring a capital asset. Thus, construction-related depreciation should also be capitalized. §161 and §261 of the Internal Revenue Code require that the capitalization provision of §263(a) take precedence, on the facts here, over §167(a) The equipment depreciation allocable to taxpayer’s construction of capital facilities is to be capitalized. This case deals with the costs and tax consequences related to producing real and tangible personal property, when a taxpayer constructs property instead of purchasing it. This result was codified in §263A of the Internal Revenue Code (known as the uniform capitalization rules or the Unicap rules). This requires the

neg: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is not numbered in the traditional method (Part 1, Part 2 etc.) but is structured with Subsections and Parts which consist of letters followed by a number. The structure is as follows: This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and nonmandatory guidance for materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports,overpressure protection and certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 3000 psi (20700 kPa) but less than 10,000 psi. The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may be from external sources, or by the application of heating from an

neg: Internal monologue method that attempts to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind. However, the "Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms" suggests, that "they can also be distinguished psychologically and literarily. In a psychological sense, stream of consciousness is the subject‐matter, while interior monologue is the technique for presenting it". And for literature, "while an interior monologue always presents a character's thoughts 'directly', without the apparent intervention of a summarizing and selecting narrator, it does not necessarily mingle them with impressions and perceptions, nor does it necessarily violate the norms of grammar, or logic—but the stream of consciousness technique

neg: Finite model theory Finite model theory Finite model theory (FMT) is a subarea of model theory (MT). MT is the branch of mathematical logic which deals with the relation between a formal language (syntax) and its interpretations (semantics). FMT is a restriction of MT to interpretations on finite structures, which have a finite universe. A single finite structure can always be axiomatized in first-order logic, where axiomatized in a language L means described uniquely up to isomorphism by a single L-sentence. Similarly, any finite collection of finite structures can always be axiomatized in first-order logic. Some, but not all, infinite collections of finite

neg: MilkDrop custom shapes and custom waves. Code in the per_frame section is executed once for each frame, modifying variables which affect different parameters that can be passed to other areas of code. Trigonometric functions which modify MilkDrop's internal looping time variable, systems of logic, and interaction with the audio information received from Winamp or other applicable media player's Fast Fourier transform (FFT) can be used to govern how these parameters evolve through time. Code in the per_pixel section of MilkDrop is not actually re-evaluated at every pixel as the name would suggest, rather the screen is divided into a grid and

neg: Code Age Commanders: Tsugu Mono Tsuga Reru Mono and taken. When replaying completed stages, the amount of Code Points earned is the difference between the player's highest past score for the mission and the new score obtained. "Code Age Commanders" is set in an , a fictional hollow world similar to a Dyson sphere, with people living on its internal surface. The center of the sphere is occupied by the "Central Code", a spherical structure which goes through a transformation called "Reborn" about every ten thousand years, destroying all life on the globe and allowing for the birth of a new one. The game begins near the end

neg: Logic built-in self-test compared to DES technique. It can handle the data size up to 128, 192 and 256 bits. Hackers cannot hack the data even if key and algorithm are known. LBIST that requires additional circuitry (or read-only memory) increases the cost of the integrated circuit. LBIST that only requires temporary changes to programmable logic or rewritable memory avoids this extra cost, but requires more time to first program in the BIST and then to remove it and program in the final configuration. Another disadvantage of LBIST is the possibility that the on-chip testing hardware itself can fail; external automated test equipment

neg: Post-politics age-old adage that, contrary to this logic, 'the whole is more than the sum of its parts', the very existence of "les sans-parts" as "excess" therefore radically negates the police logic of the proper. There would seem to be a contradiction that appears in Rancière's schema (outlined above): political subjectivation entails assertion of a place, yet it also negates the very logic of places, of the proper. Rancière deals with this by specifying that the political moment is called forth only to the extent that the 'part of the no-part' is asserted in such a way that it forms an

neg: Epistemic modal logic results from the combining of K, T, 4, 5, and the Knowledge Generalization Rule, is primarily known as S5. This is why the properties of knowledge described above are often called the S5 Properties. Epistemic logic also deals with belief, not just knowledge. The basic modal operator is usually written "B" instead of "K". In this case though, the knowledge axiom no longer seems right—agents only sometimes believe the truth—so it is usually replaced with the Consistency Axiom, traditionally called D: which states that the agent does not believe a contradiction, or that which is false. When D replaces T

neg: Source Code in Database Source Code in Database Source Code in Database (SCID) is a technique of code manipulation where the code is parsed and stored in a database. This allows many productivity-enhancing shortcuts which were otherwise not possible. A drawback of SCID systems is that code with syntax errors or other code that cannot be parsed, cannot be imported into a SCID system directly. One workaround for this is to comment out code that doesn't parse correctly. visual programming tools may store programs as databases, since specialized structure editor are required to edit visual code. IBM VisualAge Java is an example of an

neg: All-pairs testing progressively less common and also progressively more expensive to find---such testing has as its limit the testing of all possible inputs. Thus, a combinatorial technique for picking test cases like all-pairs testing is a useful cost-benefit compromise that enables a significant reduction in the number of test cases without drastically compromising functional coverage. More rigorously, if we assume that a test case has formula_1 parameters given in a set formula_2. The range of the parameters are given by formula_3. Let's assume that formula_4. We note that the number of all possible test cases is a formula_5. Imagining that the code

neg: Hybrid Artworks in an alternating sequence by two actors, it was composed into what has been called a lineal narrative that deals with the ambiguous nature of memory. Following this script, the two actors continually repeated and re-used the same words and images in different contexts. Continuously placing the events retold in conflicting and contradictory perspectives, this narrative strategy was intended to instigate multiple different interpretations of the same basic text. The fragmentary and semi post-structural logic behind this narrative structure was repeated in the treatment of the gallery space used. In this case, The European Illustration Collection Gallery, Kingston upon Hull.

neg: Internal code "一" (Chinese, lit. "one") has the internal code of A440 (hexadecimal); in the GB encoding, the same character has the internal code of D2BB. The internal code can be used as an input method for inputting Han characters. This input method is usually called 內碼 in Chinese and is usually provided for Big5 and GB internal codes; in English, it may be variously called “neima”, “internal code”, “raw code”, or other similar names. For example, in a Big5-based system, one can input the character 一 by typing “A440” using the “internal code” input method. On the other hand, in a

neg: Return to Nevèrÿon (series) of an internal structure that allows it to interpret signs—i.e., its internal structure must be one that allows it to perform some sort of semiosis." To the extent that Return to Nevèrÿon deals with narrativity and writing, this would explain one of Delany's most often quoted comments about this major project, that Return to Nevèrÿon was conceived as "a child’s garden of semiotics." <BR> Return to Nevèrÿon (series) Return to Nevèrÿon is a series of eleven sword and sorcery stories by Samuel R. Delany, originally published in four volumes during the years 1979-1987. Those volumes are: The eleven tales are

neg: Internal set Internal set In mathematical logic, in particular in model theory and non-standard analysis, an internal set is a set that is a member of a model. The concept of internal sets is a tool in formulating the transfer principle, which concerns the logical relation between the properties of the real numbers R, and the properties of a larger field denoted *R called the hyperreal numbers. The field *R includes, in particular, infinitesimal ("infinitely small") numbers, providing a rigorous mathematical justification for their use. Roughly speaking, the idea is to express analysis over R in a suitable language of mathematical logic,

neg: The Open Organisation Of Lockpickers using them unlawfully. TOOOL members have to adhere to a code of conduct that includes, among other things, to remain professional in their activities and not to use the skills learned for anti-social activities. In 2005, the technique of lock bumping was brought to public attention when members of TOOOL first drafted a white paper describing the technique, then went on a Dutch national television show, Nova, to describe the technique to the general public. TOOOL has since cooperated with consumer groups in testing the resistance of various locks to the technique. TOOOL is responsible for hosting or co-hosting many