query: explain what the british understood by the term terra nullius

pos: Terra nullius colonization in 1885. The court found in its advisory opinion that Western Sahara was not "terra nullius" at that time. Terra nullius Terra nullius (, plural "terrae nullius") is a Latin expression meaning "nobody's land", and is a principle sometimes used in international law to describe territory that may be acquired by a state's occupation of it. "Terra nullius" stems from the Roman law term "res nullius", meaning "nobody's thing". According to the Roman law "res nullius", or things without an owner, such as wild animals ("ferae beastiae"), lost slaves and abandoned buildings could be taken as property by anyone

pos: Terra nullius Terra nullius Terra nullius (, plural "terrae nullius") is a Latin expression meaning "nobody's land", and is a principle sometimes used in international law to describe territory that may be acquired by a state's occupation of it. "Terra nullius" stems from the Roman law term "res nullius", meaning "nobody's thing". According to the Roman law "res nullius", or things without an owner, such as wild animals ("ferae beastiae"), lost slaves and abandoned buildings could be taken as property by anyone by seizure. A part of the debate over the history of "terra nullius" is when the term itself was first

pos: Genocide of indigenous peoples by over half after becoming a British colony. Foreign land viewed as attractive for settlement was declared as terra nullius or "nobody's land". The indigenous inhabitants were therefore denied any sovereignty or property rights in the eyes of the British. This justified invasion and the violent seizure of native land to create colonies populated by British settlers. Colonization like this usually caused a large decrease in the indigenous population from war, newly introduced diseases, massacre by colonists and attempts at forced assimilation. The settlers from Britain and Europe grew rapidly in number and created entirely new societies. The indigenous population

pos: Aboriginal peoples of South Australia Mula, Maralinga Tjarutja, Mirning, Mulbarapa, Narungga, Ngaanyatjarra, Ngadjuri, Ngarrindjeri, Nukunu, Parnkalla, Peramangk, Pitjantjatjara, Ramindjeri, Spinifex people, Warki. The South Australia Act 1834 described the land as "waste" and "uninhabited", but unlike other colonies in Australia, the British settlement of South Australia did not assume the principle of "terra nullius" (Latin for nobody's land) when the colonists originally arrived. The Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia issued in February 1836 "Provided always that nothing in those our Letters Patent contained shall affect or be construed to affect the rights of any Aboriginal Natives of the said Province to the

neg: Imperialism and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical description". British imperialism in some sparsely-inhabited regions appears to have applied a principle now termed Terra nullius (Latin expression which stems from Roman law meaning 'empty land'). The country of Australia serves as a case study in relation to British settlement and colonial rule of the continent in the eighteenth century, that was arguably premised on "terra nullius", as its settlers considered it unused by its original inhabitants. Imperial control, territorial and cultural, is justified through discourses about the imperialists' understanding of different spaces. Conceptually, imagined geographies explain the limitations of the

neg: Res nullius control of an unclaimed territory by occupying it. This "terra nullius" principle was used to justify colonization of much of the world, as exemplified in the competition for influence within Africa by the European powers (see Scramble for Africa). The concept was applied even where there were indigenous peoples residing in what Europeans considered newly discovered land, as in Australia. Res nullius Res nullius (lit: "nobody's thing") is a Latin term derived from private Roman law whereby "res" (an object in the legal sense, anything that can be owned, even a slave, but not a subject in law such as

neg: Terra nullius At the point when it was taken over, the tower had been abandoned by the Royal Navy and was outside British territorial waters. Paddy Roy Bates, who styled himself Prince, claimed that it was "terra nullius". Despite rejecting this claim on the basis that the tower is an artificial structure, the British government has never attempted to evict the Sealanders, and a court in 1968 confirmed that at that point, the tower was outside British jurisdiction. At the request of Morocco, the International Court of Justice in 1975 addressed whether Western Sahara was "terra nullius" at the time of Spanish

neg: Res communis space law. The term can be contrasted with res nullius, the concept of ownerless property, associated for example with terra nullius, the concept of unowned territory by which British settlement in Australia was arguably based, despite being home to indigenous peoples. Res communis Res communis is a Latin term derived from Roman law that preceded today’s concepts of the commons and common heritage of mankind. It has relevance in international law and common law. In sixth century C.E., the Institutes of Justinian codified the relevant Roman law as: “By the law of nature these things are common to mankind -

neg: Terra nullius owner can be taken by the first taker. Michael Connor in his book "The Invention of Terra Nullius" takes an even more extreme view and argues that no one in the 19th century thought of Australia as being "terra nullius". He calls the concept a legal fiction, a straw man developed in the late 20th century: Few territories are currently considered "terra nullius". Bir Tawil is an example of a territory often claimed to be "terra nullius". Between Egypt and Sudan is the landlocked territory of Bir Tawil, which was created by a discrepancy between borders drawn in 1899 and

neg: Terra nullius of November 17, 1858.' The Mexican claim was rejected for lack of proof of prior Spanish discovery and, in any event, no effective occupation by Mexico before 1858, when the island was therefore "territorium nullius", and the French occupation then was sufficient and legally continuing." According to Ian Mitchell, Rockall was "terra nullius" until it was claimed by the United Kingdom in 1955. It was formally annexed in 1972. One of the few micronations to control a physical location, the Principality of Sealand has existed de facto since 1967 on an abandoned British anti-aircraft gun tower in the North Sea.

neg: Terra nullius used. According to historian of ideas Andrew Fitzmaurice, "territorium nullius" and "terra nullius" were two different, albeit related, legal terms. He claims that "territorium nullius" was first used in a meeting of the Institut de Droit International in 1888 where the legal principles of the Berlin conference discussed and that "terra nullius" was introduced twenty years later during legal disputes over the polar regions. Historian Michael Connor on the other hand, argues that "territorium nullius" and "terra nullius" are the same thing. Both scholars are active in the Australian history wars debate. There is considerable debate among historians about how

neg: Terra nullius years before European settlement, which commenced in 1788. Indigenous customs, rituals and laws were unwritten. It has been claimed that Australia was considered "terra nullius" at the time of settlement. In 1971, in the controversial case of "Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd", popularly known as the Gove land rights case, Justice Richard Blackburn ruled that Australia had been considered "desert and uncultivated" (a term which included territory in which resided "uncivilized inhabitants in a primitive state of society") before European settlement, and therefore, by the law that applied at the time, open to be claimed by right of occupancy, and

neg: Terra nullius location for another one. Chinese ships have been seen in the vicinity of the shoal. Observers of the photos have concluded that the ships lack dredging equipment and therefore represent no imminent threat of reclamation work. In 1840, Lieutenant William Hobson, following instructions of the British government, pronounced the southern island of New Zealand to be uninhabited by civilized peoples, which qualified the land to be "terra nullius", and therefore fit for the Crown's political occupation. Hobson's decision was also influenced by a small party of French settlers heading towards Akaroa on Banks Peninsula to settle in 1840. Joseph Trutch,

neg: Australian frontier wars his voyage up the east coast of Australia, observed no signs of agriculture or other development by its inhabitants. Some historians argue that under prevailing European law such land was deemed "terra nullius" or land belonging to nobody or land 'empty of inhabitants' (as defined by Emerich de Vattel). Cook wrote that he formally took possession of the east coast of New Holland on 22 August 1770 when on Possession Island off the west coast of Cape York Peninsula. The British Government decided to establish a prison colony in Australia in 1786. Under the European legal doctrine of "terra nullius",

neg: Terra nullius and when the "terra nullius" concepts were used. The debate has been especially prevalent in Australia where it was ignited by the history wars caused by the Mabo case in 1992. The history wars caused Australian historians to reevaluate the country's history, the dispossession of Aborigines and whether the land should best be characterized as having been "settled" or "conquered". A part of this debate concerned whether "terra nullius" as a concept was ever used by England and other European powers to justify territorial conquest. On one side of the debate are historians such as Alan Frost and Henry Reynolds

neg: Eddie Mabo the legal doctrine of "terra nullius" – which is a term applied to the attitude of the British towards land ownership on the continent of Australia. That decision, formally "Mabo v Queensland (No 2)", now commonly called "Mabo" in Australia, is recognised for its landmark status. Three years after Mabo died, that being the traditional mourning period for the people of Murray Island, a gathering was held in Townsville for a memorial service. Overnight, Mabo's gravesite was attacked by vandals who spray-painted swastikas and the word "Abo" (a derogatory slang term for an Aboriginal person) on his tombstone and removed

neg: Terra nullius that there was no such thing as native title in Australian law. The concept of "terra nullius" was not considered in this case, however. Court cases in 1977, 1979, and 1982 – brought by or on behalf of Aboriginal activists – challenged Australian sovereignty on the grounds that "terra nullius" had been improperly applied, therefore Aboriginal sovereignty should still be regarded as being intact. The courts rejected these cases, but the Australian High Court left the door open for a reassessment of whether the continent should be considered "settled" or "conquered". Later, on 1 February 2014, the traditional owners of

neg: Terra nullius Spitzbergen, as it was then known, as "terra nullius": The territorial dispute was eventually resolved by the Svalbard Treaty of 9 February 1920 which recognized Norwegian sovereignty over the islands. Norway occupied and claimed parts of (then uninhabited) Eastern Greenland in 1931, claiming that it constituted "terra nullius" and calling the territory Erik the Red's Land. The Permanent Court of International Justice ruled against the Norwegian claim. The Norwegians accepted the ruling and withdrew their claim. The Philippines and the People's Republic of China both claim the Scarborough Shoal or Panatag Shoal or Huangyan Island (黄岩岛), nearest to the island

neg: Terra nullius in the first half of the 20th century, the remainder, including most of Marie Byrd Land (the portion east from 150°W to 90°W), has not been claimed by any sovereign nation. Signatories to the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 agreed not to make such claims, except the Soviet Union and the United States, who reserved the right to make a claim. Several territories have been claimed to be "terra nullius". In a minority of those claims, international and domestic courts have ruled on whether the territory is or was "terra nullius" or not. Australian Aborigines had inhabited Australia for over 65,000

neg: Liancourt Rocks dispute law."" From 1947 to 1954, the Japanese government's claim shifted from "prior occupation of a terra nullius" to "effective occupation" by "executing state intention to acquire territory". Not later than 1962, Japan again shifted its claim to ""[the 1905] reconfirmation of title to an inherent/ancient territory"", all based on Japan's changing interpretation of the same Cabinet decision document, all the while carefully avoiding its previous claim of incorporation on grounds of "prior occupation of a terra nullius". Korea also claims that Japan's 1905 claim to terra nullius conflicts with its previous recognition (i.e., the 1877 Daijō-kan order) of the islets

neg: Terra nullius who claims that in the 15th and 16th century, European writers adopted the "res nullius" concept for territorial conquest. Frost writes: Historians debate whether "first discovery and effective occupation" was applied to territory inhabited by indigenous people that European empires sought to acquire or not. According to Frost: On the other side of the debate are historians which claim that "terra nullius" is a much younger concept, which did not become formalized before the end of the 19th century. Historian Merete Borch writes: These historians claim instead that territorial conquest was justified from natural law — that which has no

neg: Institutional racism lawyer, who suggested there should be a test case to claim land rights through the court system. Ten years later, five months after Eddie Mabo died, on 3 June 1992, the High Court announced its historic decision, namely overturning the legal doctrine of terra nullius – which is a term applied to the attitude of the British towards land ownership by Indigenous Australians on the continent of Australia. Public interest in the Mabo case had the side effect of throwing the media spotlight on all issues related to Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia, and most notably the Stolen

neg: Terra nullius of Luzon, located in the South China Sea. The Philippines claims it under the principles of "terra nullius" and EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone). China's claim refers to its discovery in the 13th century by Chinese fishermen. The former Nationalist government on the Chinese mainland had also claimed this territory after the founding of the Republic of China in 1911. However, despite China's position of non-participation based on the UNCLOS, the 2016 PCA denied the lawfulness of China's "Nine Dash Line" claim. Despite this, China continues to build artificial islands in the South China Sea and Scarborough Shoal is a prime

neg: Terra nullius enabled citizens of the U.S. to take possession of islands containing guano deposits. The islands can be located anywhere, so long as they are not occupied and not within the jurisdiction of other governments. It also empowers the President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests, and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States. A disputed archipelago in the East China Sea, the uninhabited Senkaku Islands, are claimed by Japan to have become part of its territory as "terra nullius" in January 1895, following the First Sino-Japanese War. However, this interpretation is not accepted

neg: Yasuní-ITT Initiative for Life), which brought environmental problems in the Amazon to the forefront of the media. This began the open discourse between the Waorani against oil activities in their land. Before oil exploitation began, however, the Ecuadorian government enacted the doctrine of terra nullius, a racist doctrine that provided legal justification for Europeans to annex territories that were inhabited by indigenous people. The terra nullius asserted legal and political rule over the indigenous, and gave them no property or political rights. It claimed that they were "savages" who could not exercise political power over their land. Thus, the land was claimed

neg: Roger Cribb research projects and programs. Rapid developments in computer technologies and programming quickly overtook him, yet he continued for many years to work in those areas, with those peoples whose cultural landscapes he was most keen to understand, document, and help reveal to the world. From Dr Cribb's works and his writings, it can be seen 'terra nullius' myths offended his belief in pre-existing, largely unrevealed human heritage deeply imprinted into otherwise apparently 'empty' landscapes It might be said, Dr Cribb's most enduring professional contribution over a lifetime, was his work to counter all sense of 'terra nullius by recording large

neg: Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art) which 10-metre-long paintings have been presented to the Court, as evidence of the tribe's title deed after "terra nullius" was struck down during the tenure of Chief Justice Gerard Brennan. Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art) In Australian Aboriginal art, a Dreaming is a totemistic design or artwork, which can be owned by a tribal group or individual. This usage of Stanner's term was popularised by Geoffrey Bardon in the context of the Papunya Tula artist collective he established in the 1970s. "Dreamtime" is commonly used as a term for the animist creation narrative of indigenous Australians for a personal, or group,

neg: Res nullius hived. An exception is the mute swan: the Monarch retains the right to assert ownership of unmarked mute swans, which she currently does on stretches of the Thames and its tributaries. Likewise in English law, abandoned things are generally the property of the owner of the land in which they are found. Exceptions include treasure trove, for which specific law applies, generally making it Crown property; and some types of shipwreck: see Flotsam, jetsam, lagan, and derelict. The law is different in Scotland. A concept derived from "res nullius" by allegory is "terra nullius". Using it, a state may assert

neg: Terra nullius Indigenous Australians. The controversy over Australian land ownership erupted into the so-called "history wars". The 1992 Mabo decision overturned the doctrine of "terra nullius" in Australia. Scotland or Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Denmark–Norway all claimed sovereignty over the archipelago of Svalbard in the seventeenth century, but none permanently occupied it. Expeditions from each of these polities visited Svalbard principally during the summer for whaling, with the first two sending a few wintering parties in the 1620s and 1630s. During the 19th century, both Norway and Russia made strong claims to the archipelago. In 1909, Italian jurist Camille Piccioni described

neg: European Australians recorded separately from the people of "Ireland". The British Colonial Office in 1835 issued the "Proclamation of Governor Bourke", implementing the legal doctrine of "terra nullius" upon which British settlement was based, reinforcing the notion that the land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession of it and quashing earlier treaties with Aboriginal peoples, such as that signed by John Batman. Its publication meant that from then, "all" people found occupying land without the authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers. Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in

neg: Wurundjeri took place with the Parramatta Aborigines with Batman's party dancing a corroboree. The treaty was significant as it was the first and only documented time when European settlers negotiated their presence and occupation of Aboriginal lands. The Treaty was immediately repudiated by the colonial government in Sydney. The 1835 proclamation by Governor Richard Bourke implemented the doctrine of " "terra nullius" " upon which British settlement was based, reinforcing the concept that there was no land owner before British possession and that Aboriginal people could not sell or assign the land, and individuals could only acquire it through distribution by

neg: Billibellary occupation of aboriginal lands. The Treaty was immediately repudiated by the colonial government in Sydney. The 1835 proclamation by Governor Richard Bourke implemented the doctrine of ""terra nullius"" upon which British settlement was based, reinforcing the concept that there was no prior land owner to British possession and that Aboriginal people could not sell or assign the land, and individuals could only acquire it through distribution by the Crown. In response to tending an injury and caring for his son Simon Wonga for a period of two months in 1840, Billibellary named his newly born daughter Susannah in honour of

neg: The Difference Engine United States on the world stage. Counterpart successor states to our world's United States include: a (truncated) United States; the Confederate States of America; the Republic of Texas; the Republic of California; a Communist Manhattan Island commune (with Karl Marx as a leading light); British North America (analogous to Canada, albeit slightly larger in this world); Russian America (Alaska); and "terra nullius". Napoleon III's French Empire holds an entente with the British and Napoleon is even married to a British woman. In the world of "The Difference Engine", it occupies Mexico, as it did briefly in reality during the American

neg: Take Us to Your Chief: and Other Stories stories, including time travel, alien contact, and superpowers. Many reviews of the books have noted Taylor's use of humor to examine dark subject matter, such as the heritage of Canadian Indian residential schools, First Nations suicide rates, or the water quality crisis on Canadian reserves. In his foreword, Taylor describes the genesis of "Take Us to Your Chief: and Other Stories" and invites readers into, in his term, a “new terra nullius.” He begins by describing his biracial upbringing and heritage. He points out that First Nations people are rarely associated with technology or science fiction, in part because indigenous

neg: Indigenous Australians Station in protest against poor pay and conditions (later the subject of the Paul Kelly song "From Little Things Big Things Grow"). The landmark 1967 referendum called by Prime Minister Harold Holt allowed the Commonwealth to make laws with respect to Aboriginal people by modifying section 51(xxvi) of the Constitution, and for Aboriginal people to be included when the country does a count to determine electoral representation by repealing section 127. The referendum passed with 90.77% voter support. In the controversial 1971 Gove land rights case, Justice Blackburn ruled that Australia had been "terra nullius" before British settlement, and that

neg: Terra nullius the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, insisted that First Nations had never owned land, and thus could safely be ignored. It is for this reason that most of British Columbia remains unceded land. In "Guerin v. The Queen", a Supreme Court of Canada decision on aboriginal rights, the Court stated that the government has a fiduciary duty toward the First Nations of Canada and established aboriginal title to be a sui generis right. Since, there has been a more complicated debate and a general narrowing of the definition of "fiduciary duty". The Guano Islands Act of 18 August 1856

neg: English land law paid sufficient attention to how the land was in fact being used, and therefore the former owner did not deserve to keep it. Before 2002, time was seen to cure everything. The rule's function was to ensure land was used efficiently. The darker side, was that this idea was also very convenient for an age when land was often taken by force, and when doctrines like "terra nullius" were espoused by imperialists as justifications for colonisation in British Empire. Before the considerable hurdle of giving a registered owner notice was introduced, the particular requirements of adverse possession were reasonably straight

neg: Pedra Branca dispute the Court rejected the argument that Pedra Branca was "terra nullius" in 1847, Singapore contended that the selection of Pedra Branca as the site for Horsburgh Lighthouse and the construction of the lighthouse between 1847 and 1851 constituted a taking of possession of the island "à titre de souverain" (with the title of a sovereign). The British Crown obtained title over the island in accordance with legal principles governing the acquisition of territory at that time. This title was maintained by the United Kingdom and its lawful successor, the Republic of Singapore. Singapore claimed that it and its predecessor the

neg: Ngadjuri "terra nullius" did not apply to the new province. The Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia attached to the Act acknowledged Aboriginal ownership and stated that no actions could be undertaken that would "affect the rights of any Aboriginal natives of the said province to the actual occupation and enjoyment in their own persons or in the persons of their descendants of any land therein now actually occupied or enjoyed by such natives". Under the act the native inhabitants were assumed to have become British subjects. Although the patent guaranteed land rights under force of law for the

neg: Rockall "Two Royal Marines and a civilian naturalist, led by Royal Navy officer Lieutenant Commander Desmond Scott, raised a Union flag on the island and cemented a plaque into the rock". Prior to this the island was legally "terra nullius". In 1972, the British Island of Rockall Act formally annexed Rockall to the United Kingdom. The UK considers the island administratively part of the Isle of Harris and, under the Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999 a large sea area around it was declared to be under the jurisdiction of Scots law. A navigational beacon was installed on the island in

neg: Murray Island, Queensland Australia in the 1980s was due to the government failing to provide basic infrastructure on the island. Murray Island's most famous resident was trade unionist Eddie Mabo, whose decision to sue the Queensland Government to secure ownership of his land, which had been removed from his ancestors by the British colonial powers using the "terra nullius" legal concept, ultimately led to the High Court of Australia, on appeal from the Supreme Court of the State of Queensland, issue the "Mabo decision" to finally recognise Mabo's rights on his land on 3 June 1992. This decision continues to have ramifications for

neg: Our Generation (film) Indigenous people. British colonisers avoided the creation of a treaty by falsely claiming that Australia was terra nullius or uninhabited when they arrived. Many Aboriginal people feel that their sovereignty was not and still is not respected and that a treaty should be created. "Our Generation" was created as a response to the Howard Government’s controversial ‘Emergency Intervention’ into remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory and the lack of mainstream media coverage of the voices and plight of people in these communities. The intervention, which was supposedly undertaken solely to protect children from abuse, saw the removal of all

neg: Land ownership in Canada Crown, and this has been true since Britain acquired much of Eastern Canada from France by the Treaty of Paris (1763). However, the British and Canadian authorities recognized that indigenous peoples already on the lands had a prior claim, aboriginal title, which was not extinguished by the arrival of the Europeans. This is in direct contrast to the situation in Australia where the continent was declared terra nullius, or vacant land, and was seized from Aboriginal peoples without compensation. In consequence, all of Canada, save a section of southern Quebec exempted by the Royal Proclamation of 1763, is subject to

neg: History of British Columbia the proceeds, for example, violence-prevention projects at six schools, an anti-gang campaign, women and family violence programs and a workshop on sexual exploitation awareness. Justice Minister Suzanne Anton expressed unreserved support for the CFO and CFA in a January 2014 interview. The legacy of British Imperialism in BC is unusual in that neither conquest nor treaties were undertaken as settlement occurred under the doctrine of Terra Nullius. With few exceptions (the Douglas Treaties of Fort Rupert and southern Vancouver Island) no treaties were signed. Some early settlers assumed, based on the catastrophic population crash of First Nations peoples linked to

neg: Vít Jedlička described himself as a Bastiat-influenced anarcho-capitalist in a podcast. Jedlička is a eurosceptic and points to the huge difference between a free market and an internal market. He has also sought to raise awareness of the democratic deficit in the institution of the EU and of the abuse of basic moral rules by EU institutions and EU member states. Jedlička described the European Stability Mechanism as a protectorate. On 13 April 2015, Vít Jedlička proclaimed the Free Republic of Liberland on what he considered an unclaimed land lot (terra nullius) known as Siga between Serbia and Croatia. The Preparatory Committee

neg: Pedra Branca dispute territorial waters. Malaysia's case was that it had original title to Pedra Branca "from time immemorial". The island could not at any relevant time have been "terra nullius" as it is and had always been part of Johor, which is now a state of Malaysia. Nothing that the United Kingdom or Singapore had done had displaced its sovereignty over it. Contrary to what Singapore had claimed, there had been no break between the old Sultanate of Johor and the new Johor Sultanate ruled by Sultan Hussein that came into existence after the signing of the 1824 Anglo–Dutch Treaty. The Treaty

neg: Constitutional history of Australia legal systems. This position was further reinforced by the decisions of "R v Ballard" and "R v Boatman". In 1835, Governor Bourke issued a proclamation which showed the implication of the doctrine of "terra nullius". He proclaimed that Indigenous Australians could not sell or assign land, nor could an individual person or group acquire land, other than through distribution by the Crown. During the 19th century, separate British colonies were formed in Australia. In 1825, Tasmania, named Van Diemen's Land, was proclaimed a separate colony from the colony of New South Wales. The Swan River Colony of Western Australia was

neg: Egocentric bias verbal questionnaires, based on the subject's personal life or their decision in various hypothetical scenarios. The term "egocentric bias" was first coined in 1980 by Anthony Greenwald, a psychologist at Ohio State University. He described it as a phenomenon in which people skew their beliefs so that what they recall from their memory or what they initially understood is different than what actually occurred. He cites research by Rogers, Kuiper, and Kirker, who explain that the self-reference effect is the ability of people to recall information better if they think about how the information will affect them during the encoding

neg: Clunies-Ross family Clunies-Ross family The Clunies-Ross family were the original settlers of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, a small archipelago in the Indian Ocean. From 1827 to 1978, the family ruled the previously uninhabited islands as a private fiefdom, initially as "terra nullius" and then later under British (1857–1955) and Australian (1955–1978) sovereignty. The head of the family was usually recognised as the resident magistrate, and was sometimes styled as the "King of the Cocos Islands" – a title given by the press. John Clunies-Ross was a merchant originating from the Shetland Islands. In 1813 he was at Timor as Third Mate on

neg: Economic history of Australia the new pastoral economy, on government reserves, or in the arid parts of the continent least touched by white settlement. The process would be repeated in northern Australia during the second half of the century. For the colonists this could happen because Australia was considered terra nullius, vacant land freely available for occupation and exploitation. The encouragement of private enterprise, the reception of Wakefieldian ideas, and the wholesale spread of white settlement were all part of a profound transformation in official and private perceptions of Australia's prospects and economic value as a British colony. Millennia of fire-stick management to assist

neg: Racism in Australia ethnic origin (the majority partnered with persons of Australian or Anglo-Celtic background, which constitutes the majority ethnic grouping in Australia). In 2009, about 25.6 per cent of the estimated resident population of Australia comprised those born overseas. Indigenous peoples of Australia who had lived in Australia for at least 65,000+ years before the arrival of British settlers in 1788, were dispossessed from their land in 1788 by Britain, which claimed Eastern Australia as its own on the basis of the now discredited doctrine of "terra nullius". Initially, indigenous Australians were in most states deprived of the rights of full citizenship

neg: History of Indigenous Australians or "Return to Country movement" as "a concerted attempt by Aboriginal people in the 'remote' areas of Australia to leave government settlements, reserves, missions and non-Aboriginal townships and to re-occupy their traditional country." In 1992, the Australian High Court handed down its decision in the Mabo Case, declaring the previous legal concept of "terra nullius" to be invalid. This decision legally recognised certain land claims of Indigenous Australians in Australia prior to British Settlement. Legislation was subsequently enacted and later amended to recognise Native Title claims over land in Australia. In 1998, as the result of an inquiry into the

neg: Principality of Trinidad Portuguese into Spanish, and not English. Earlier, nearby Ascension Island had been renamed from its original Portuguese name "Ascensão" when it passed into British hands. While traveling to Tibet before his marriage, Harden-Hickey noticed the tiny island of Trindade in the South Atlantic Ocean, which had never been claimed by any country and was, legally, "terra nullius". In 1893, wanting an independent state where he could serve as its ruler, he claimed the island and proclaimed himself James I, the Prince of Trinidad. He designed postage stamps, a national flag and coat of arms, and established a chivalric order, the

neg: South Australia British Parliament passed the South Australia Act 1834 ("Foundation Act"), which empowered His Majesty to erect and establish a province or provinces in southern Australia. The act stated that would be allotted to the colony and it would be convict-free. In contrast to the rest of Australia, "terra nullius" did not apply to the new province. The Letters Patent, which used the enabling provisions of the South Australia Act 1834 to fix the boundaries of the Province of South Australia, provided that "nothing in those our Letters Patent shall affect or be construed to affect the rights of any Aboriginal

neg: Island of Palmas Case treaties from the original discoverer of the island, Spain. The United States argued that Spain acquired title to Palmas when Spain discovered the island and the island was "terra nullius". Spain's title to the island, because it was a part of the Philippines, was then ceded to the United States under the Treaty of Paris (1898) after Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War. The arbitrator noted that no new international law invalidated the legal transfer of territory via cession. However, the arbitrator noted that Spain could not legally grant what it did not hold and the Treaty of Paris could

neg: William Dampier Nevertheless, it has been claimed that Dampier set the tone for future explorers and colonisers of Australia, which led to the law of terra nullius, the view that the land was unoccupied and there for the taking. The following geographical places/features are named after William Dampier: William Dampier William Dampier (baptised 5 September 1651; died March 1715) was an English explorer, ex-pirate and navigator who became the first Englishman to explore parts of what is today Australia, and the first person to circumnavigate the world three times. He has also been described as Australia's first natural historian, as well as

neg: Res nullius Res nullius Res nullius (lit: "nobody's thing") is a Latin term derived from private Roman law whereby "res" (an object in the legal sense, anything that can be owned, even a slave, but not a subject in law such as a citizen nor land) is not yet the object of rights of any specific subject. Such items are considered ownerless property and are free to be acquired by means of "occupatio". Examples of "res nullius" in the socio-economic sphere are wild animals ("ferae naturae") or abandoned property ("res derelictae"). Finding can also be a means of occupation (i.e. vesting ownership),

neg: Public domain had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned" as "res nullius", "res communes", "res publicae" and "res universitatis". The term "res nullius" was defined as things not yet appropriated. The term "res communes" was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean." The term "res publicae" referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term "res universitatis" meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome. When looking at it from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of

neg: Native title in Australia 1971, in "Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd" (the "Gove land rights case") in the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory, Justice Richard Blackburn explicitly rejected the concept of native title, ruling against the claimants on a number of issues of law and fact, but rejecting the doctrine of Aboriginal title in favor of "terra nullius", which held that land belonged to no one at the time of British settlement. In the wake of "Milirrpum" and the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972, the Aboriginal Land Rights Commission (also known as the Woodward Royal Commission) was established in 1973 to

neg: Racism in Australia an Australian citizenship, but which co-existed with the continuing status of British subject. Aborigines became Australian citizens under the 1948 Act in the same way as other Australians (though Aborigines were not counted in the Australian population until after the 1967 referendum). The same applied to Torres Strait Islanders and the indigenous population of the Territory of Papua (then a part of Australia). In 1770 and again in 1788, Britain claimed Eastern Australia as its own on the basis of the now discredited doctrine of "terra nullius". The implication of the doctrine became evident when John Batman purported to make

neg: Mabo v Queensland (No 2) and legal" claim to their lands, to overturn the specious notion of "terra nullius" (embedded in Australian law since the Privy Council decision in "Cooper v Stuart" in 1889) and that it was time for the common law to be "put to rights". The action was brought as a test case to determine the legal rights of the Meriam people to land on the islands of Mer, Dauar and Waier in the Torres Strait, which were annexed to the state of Queensland in 1879. Prior to British contact the Meriam people had lived on the islands in a subsistence economy

neg: Law of Australia Australia is the highest court in Australia, and hears appeals from federal and State courts on matters of both federal and State law. Unlike the United States, there is only one common law of Australia rather than common laws for each of the several jurisdictions of the states and territories. The legal institutions and traditions of Australian law are monocultural in character, reflecting its English origins. When the British arrived in Australia, they considered the continent to be "terra nullius", or land belonging to no-one, on the basis that the Aboriginal peoples already inhabiting the continent were too primitive to

neg: Noogony Noogony Noogony is a general term for any theory of knowledge that attempts to explain the origin of concepts in the human mind by considering sense or "a posteriori" data as solely relevant. The word was used, famously, by Kant in his "Critique of Pure Reason" to refer to what he understood to be Locke's account of the origin of concepts. While Kant himself maintained that some concepts, e.g. cause and effect, did not "arise" from experience, he took Locke to be suggesting that "all" concepts came from experience. Historically, Kant presents a caricature of Locke's position, not a completely

neg: Epistemic Injustice not believed because that person is the member of a particular social group (such as a woman, or African-American). A hermeneutical injustice occurs when someone's experience is not understood (by them or by others) because there are no concepts available that can adequately identify or explain that experience. Other scholars have expanded what the term epistemic injustice includes. These contributions have included naming kinds of epistemic injustice such as epistemic oppression , epistemic exploitation , silencing as testimonial quieting and as testimonial smothering , contributory injustice , distributive epistemic injustice , and epistemic trust injustice. Developments in the literature on

neg: Epistemic injustice because that person is the member of a particular social group (such as a woman, or African-American). A hermeneutical injustice occurs when someone's experience is not understood (by them or by others) because there are no concepts available that can adequately identify or explain that experience. Other scholars have expanded what the term epistemic injustice includes. These contributions have included naming kinds of epistemic injustice such as epistemic oppression , epistemic exploitation , silencing as testimonial quieting and as testimonial smothering , contributory injustice , distributive epistemic injustice , and epistemic trust injustice. Developments in the literature on epistemic injustice

neg: Knowledge organization of S. R. Ranganathan’s Colon Classification in 1933. The approach has been further developed by, in particular, the British Classification Research Group. In many ways this approach has dominated what might be termed “modern classification theory.” The best way to explain this approach is probably to explain its analytico-synthetic methodology. The meaning of the term “analysis” is: Breaking down each subject into its basic concepts. The meaning of the term synthesis is: Combining the relevant units and concepts to describe the subject matter of the information package in hand. Given subjects (as they appear in, for example, book titles) are

neg: New Holland (Australia) continent. In 1804, the British navigator Matthew Flinders proposed the names "Terra Australis" or "Australia" for the whole continent, reserving "New Holland" for the western part of the continent. He continued to use "Australia" in his correspondence, while attempting to gather support for the term. Flinders explained in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks: The propriety of the name Australia or Terra Australis, which I have applied to the whole body of what has generally been called New Holland, must be submitted to the approbation of the Admiralty and the learned in geography. It seems to me an inconsistent thing

neg: Dispositional attribution Dispositional attribution Dispositional attribution is a poorly understood phenomenon in personality psychology that is thought to explain human behavior at the level of an individual social actor. It is thought to be caused by internal characteristics that reside within the individual, as opposed to external (situational) influences that stem from the environment or culture in which that individual is found. Another term for dispositional attribution is "internal attribution", or inferring that personal factors are the cause of an event or behavior. Attributions refer to influences that you make regarding what caused an event or behavior and they are your attempt

neg: Labor theory of value in the second sense to represent "exchange value". Since the term "value" is understood in the LTV as denoting something created by labor, and its "magnitude" as something proportional to the quantity of labor performed, it is important to explain how the labor process both preserves value and adds new value in the commodities it creates. The value of a commodity increases in proportion to the duration and intensity of labor performed on average for its production. Part of what the LTV means by "socially necessary" is that the value only increases in proportion to this labor as it is

neg: Jean-Claude Juncker never confirmed by the politicians in question. Once Juncker had been nominated by the Council he started visiting all of the political groups of the European Parliament in order to explain his visions as well as gain their support in order to get appointed as Commission President. The purpose was also to show that he had understood some criticism levelled by Eurosceptics in Brussels. This was demonstrated when the former Prime Minister of Luxembourg told the ECR lawmakers that "[d]espite what you may read in the British press, I do not want a United States of Europe," as well as

neg: William Waldegrave, Baron Waldegrave of North Hill children, Katherine, Elizabeth, James and Harriet. Waldegrave is a trustee of Cumberland Lodge, an educational charity. He is an active member of the Board of Managers for the Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University. He offered a prize for the best lay explanation of the Higgs Boson. In 1993, when he was the British science minister, he observed that British taxpayers were paying a lot of money (in contributions to CERN) for something very few of them understood, and he challenged UK particle physicists to explain, in a simple manner on one piece of paper, 'What is the Higgs Boson, and

neg: Matthew Flinders the whole of this great body of land should be distinguished by one general term, and under the circumstances of the discovery of the different parts, the original Terra Australis has been judged the most proper. Of this term, therefore, we shall hereafter make use when speaking of New Holland and New South Wales in a collective sense; and when using it in an extensive signification, the adjacent isles, including that of Van Diemen, must be understood to be comprehended. Although Thevenot said that he had taken his chart from the one inlaid into the floor of the Amsterdam Town

neg: Robertson Land Acts acquisition of land by various schemes, such as the commissioning of selections to be passed eventually to squatters and the selection of key land such as land with access to water by squatters to maintain the viability of their pastoral leases. The Land Acts accelerated the alienation of crown land that had been acquired under the principle of terra nullius, and hence accelerated the dispossession of indigenous Australians. The Land Acts paralleled the demands for similar legislation amending the United States Preemption Act of 1841, culminating in the Homestead Act of 1862, and was succeeded by similar legislation in other

neg: Legal fiction abolished by statute or by reforms in civil procedure in every common law jurisdiction. The business about Doe and Roe being the guardians of undisclosed parties who wish to bring suit, or the names of parties unknown, remains in some jurisdictions (although not in England). The doctrine of survival, although still existing in England, has been abolished in many U.S. states by the Uniform Simultaneous Death Act. Also, legal fictions have been invalidated as being contrary to public policy, as, for example, in the High Court of Australia's rejection in the "Mabo" cases of the doctrine of "terra nullius", the

neg: Terra nullius by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (Taiwan), both of whom claim sovereignty over the islands. A narrow strip of land adjacent to two territorial markers along the Burkina Faso–Niger border was claimed by neither country until the International Court of Justice settled a more extensive territorial dispute in 2013. The former unclaimed territory was awarded to Niger. The sovereignty of Clipperton Island was settled by arbitration between France and Mexico. King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy rendered a decision in 1931 that " 'the sovereignty of Clipperton Island belongs to France from the date

neg: Greenland in July 1931, claiming that it constituted "terra nullius". Norway and Denmark agreed to submit the matter in 1933 to the Permanent Court of International Justice, which decided against Norway. Greenland's connection to Denmark was severed on 9 April 1940, early in World War II, after Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany. On 8 April 1941, the United States occupied Greenland to defend it against a possible invasion by Germany. The United States occupation of Greenland continued until 1945. Greenland was able to buy goods from the United States and Canada by selling cryolite from the mine at Ivittuut. The

neg: Richard Bourke Bourke presented evidence that magistrates were exceeding their powers and passing illegal sentences, in part because regulations were complex and confusing. However, furious magistrates and employers petitioned the crown against this interference with their legal rights, fearing that a reduction in punishments would cease to provide enough deterrence to the convicts, and this issue was exploited by his opponents. In 1835, Bourke issued a proclamation through the Colonial Office, implementing the doctrine of "terra nullius" by proclaiming that Indigenous Australians could not sell or assign land, nor could an individual person acquire it, other than through distribution by the Crown.

neg: Cannabis in Svalbard The seeds were provided by Alchimia, a Spanish seed bank. This will ensure the survival of cannabis, for use by future generations. Cannabis in Svalbard Cannabis in Svalbard is illegal. Practically functioning as ungoverned terra nullius prior to the Svalbard Treaty of 1920, the Arctic Ocean archipelago dominated by glaciers and barren rock, is part of Norway, and hence Norwegian law applies. Under it, there is a sliding scale approach to cannabis legislation. Possession for personal use, defined as up to 15 grams, is punished with a fine of between roughly 1,500 and 15,000 Norwegian kroner. Possession of amounts larger

neg: Cannabis in Svalbard Cannabis in Svalbard Cannabis in Svalbard is illegal. Practically functioning as ungoverned terra nullius prior to the Svalbard Treaty of 1920, the Arctic Ocean archipelago dominated by glaciers and barren rock, is part of Norway, and hence Norwegian law applies. Under it, there is a sliding scale approach to cannabis legislation. Possession for personal use, defined as up to 15 grams, is punished with a fine of between roughly 1,500 and 15,000 Norwegian kroner. Possession of amounts larger than that is punished by jail, ranging from 6 months all the way up to 21 years. These laws are enforced by

neg: Terra nullius 1903. One border placed Bir Tawil under Sudan's control and the Hala'ib Triangle under Egypt's; the other border did the reverse. Both countries assert the border that lets them claim Hala'ib, which is significantly larger and next to the Red Sea, with the side effect that Bir Tawil is unclaimed by either nation. The area is, however, under the "de facto" control of Egypt, although it is not shown on official Egyptian maps. Bir Tawil has no settled population but the land is used by Bedouins who roam the area. While several countries have made claims to parts of Antarctica

neg: Bir Tawil officially or otherwise, by any government or international organization. Bir Tawil Bir Tawil or Bi'r Tawīl ( ' or ', meaning "tall water well") is a area along the border between Egypt and Sudan, which is uninhabited and claimed by neither country. When spoken of in association with the neighbouring Hala'ib Triangle, it is sometimes referred to as the Bir Tawil Triangle, despite the area's quadrilateral shape; the two "triangles" border at a quadripoint. Its "terra nullius" status results from a discrepancy between the straight political boundary between Egypt and Sudan established in 1899, and the irregular administrative boundary established

neg: Pedra Branca dispute 24 November. The ICJ rendered its decision on 23 May 2008. It held by 12 votes to four that sovereignty over Pedra Branca belongs to Singapore. It further held, by 15 votes to one, that sovereignty over Middle Rocks belongs to Malaysia, and sovereignty over South Ledge belongs to the state in the territorial waters of which it is located. The Court agreed with Malaysia that the Johor Sultanate had original title to Pedra Branca, rejecting Singapore's argument that the island was "terra nullius". It found it was not disputed that Johor had established itself as a sovereign state with

neg: Terra Sancta Chapel, Jerusalem Italy was an enemy state of the British Empire, who at that time ruled what was known as Mandatory Palestine, it was changed to a Latin version, Terra Sancta. Both names translate as Holy Land, referring to the name that Christians give to the Land of Israel described in the bible. The church is used by Christian students, the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception and the Franciscan Fraternity. Terra Sancta Chapel, Jerusalem The Terra Sancta Chapel () or Chapel of Terra Sancta is the name of a religious building affiliated to the Catholic Church that is located inside the

neg: Group of Seven (artists) are buried onsite at the McMichael Canadian Art Collection in the small patch of consecrated land bordered by trees, with graves marked by large chunks of the Canadian Shield. Contemporary painter Rae Johnson has derived much of her style from the Group of Seven. The Group of Seven has received criticism for its reinforcement of terra nullius presenting the region as pristine and untouched by humans when in fact the areas depicted have been lived in for many centuries. This sentiment was expressed by Jackson, who in his 1958 autobiography wrote, On 18 September 1970 Canada Post issued 'The Group

neg: Native title in Australia decided as to the existence or nature of such rights, no doubt the sooner they are decided the better, but the resolution of such questions by the courts will not be assisted by imprecise, emotional or intemperate claims. In this, as in any other litigation, the claimants will be best served if their claims are put before the court dispassionately, lucidly and in proper form'. In 1992 the doctrine of "terra nullius" confirmed in "Milirrpum v Nabalco" was overruled by the High Court in "Mabo v Queensland (No 2)", which recognised the Meriam People of Murray Island in the Torres

neg: Archaeology of Svalbard of Svalbard is responsible for all historical sites and all archaeological work on Svalbard, much as the Sami Parliament is responsible for managing Sami-related cultural heritage. All cultural heritage sites or objects originating from 1946 or before are automatically protected by law, a rule applying to all types of remains. The scientific field of archaeology has a relatively long history in Svalbard, beginning as early as 1861. At the time, Svalbard was legally "terra nullius", historically claimed by many countries but controlled by none. A decade before the first attempt at a permanent settlement in the archipelago, amateur research was

neg: Melbourne City Centre as the founding charter of the settlement. Upon returning to Van Diemen's Land, Batman's treaty was deemed invalid by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, under the "" in August 1835. It was the belief of Governor Bourke, as well as the Governor of Van Diemen's Land, Sir George Arthur, that the Aboriginal people did not have any official claims to the lands of the Australian continent. The proclamation formally declared, under the doctrine of "terra nullius", that The Crown owned the whole of the Australian continent and that only it alone could sell and distribute land.

neg: Melbourne Day journal entry on this day became famous as the founding charter of the settlement. Upon returning to Van Diemen's Land, Batman's treaty was deemed invalid by the Governor of New South Wales, Richard Bourke, under the "" in August. It was the belief of Governor Bourke, as well as the Governor of Van Diemen's Land, George Arthur, that the Aboriginal people did not have any official claims to the lands of the Australian continent. The proclamation formally declared, under the doctrine of "terra nullius", that The Crown owned the whole of the Australian continent and that only it alone could

neg: Norrbotten County has increased during the last hundred years. The estimated 2002 population was 250,000. In the 1912 census, the population was 166,641, (4,000 more males than females), and of this, around 120,000 belonged to the Norrbotten province part. Twenty years earlier, in 1892, the population was only 110,000. Since the 1960s, however, most municipalities of the county have experienced a decrease in population figures, particularly in the inland. During the Middle Ages, Norrbotten was considered to be terra nullius ("no man's land"). The area was sparsely populated by Sami, Kvens and different tribes/people related to the Finns. From the Middle Ages

neg: Pedra Branca dispute South Ledge (Malaysia v. Singapore)". Singapore argued that Pedra Branca was "terra nullius", and that there was no evidence the island had ever been under the sovereignty of the Johor Sultanate. In the event the Court did not accept this argument, Singapore contended that sovereignty over the island had passed to Singapore due to the consistent exercise of authority over the island by Singapore and its predecessor, the United Kingdom. The actions taken included selecting Pedra Branca as the site for Horsburgh Lighthouse and constructing the lighthouse, requiring Malaysian officials wishing to visit the island to obtain permits, installing a

neg: Senkaku Islands dispute by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs is that the Senkaku Islands are clearly an inherent territory of Japan, in light of historical facts and based upon international law, and the Senkaku Islands are under the valid control of Japan. They also state "there exists no issue of territorial sovereignty to be resolved concerning the Senkaku Islands." The following points are given: After the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government surveyed the islands in 1885, which found that the islands were "terra nullius" and that there was no evidence to suggest that they had ever been under Chinese control. At the

neg: Uti possidetis emerged. The newly formulated principle has been applied in numerous regions, e.g. South America, Africa, Yugoslavia, and Soviet Union, where centralized governments were broken up, following decolonization or a mandate, or where imperial rulers were overthrown. This use originated in South America in the 19th century with the withdrawal of the Spanish Empire. By declaring that "uti possidetis" applied, the new states sought to ensure that there was no "terra nullius" in South America when the Spanish withdrew and to reduce the likelihood of border wars between the newly independent states and the establishment of new European colonies. The same

neg: Kaurna it is known that the Kaurna shared a common Dreaming with these peoples it is likely they shared the Mura-Muras as well. By way of contrast, the travels of Tjilbruke are well known from Norman Tindales research. Unlike the rest of Australia, South Australia was not considered to be terra nullius. The enactment of the South Australia Act 1834 which enabled the province of South Australia to be established, acknowledged Aboriginal ownership and stated that no actions could be undertaken that would "affect the rights of any Aboriginal natives of the said province to the actual occupation and enjoyment in

neg: Vacant Possession (film) is very much the result of that which passed before. This is a film about memory - personal and collective. To quote the director: 'the story of a house, land and two families - one white, one Aboriginal - both living in the shadow of the past'. The deliberately ambiguous title could refer to the house itself, but also the history of White Australia (see Terra nullius). Nominations Vacant Possession (film) Vacant Possession is a 1995 Australian drama film, directed and written by Margot Nash. The film was nominated for 5 awards at the 1995 Australian Film Institute Awards. Following

neg: Bear Island (Norway) Bear Island (Norway) Bear Island (, ) is the southernmost island of the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago. The island is located in the western part of the Barents Sea, approximately halfway between Spitsbergen and the North Cape. Bear Island was discovered by the Dutch explorers Willem Barents and Jacob van Heemskerk on 10 June 1596. It was named after a polar bear that was seen swimming nearby. The island was considered terra nullius until the Spitsbergen Treaty of 1920 placed it under Norwegian sovereignty. Despite its remote location and barren nature, the island has seen commercial activities in past centuries, such

neg: Indigenous land rights customarily held and managed land is a significant source of underdevelopment, conflict, and environmental degradation. Indigenous land rights have historically been undermined by a variety of doctrines such as "terra nullius". The foundational documents for indigenous land rights in international law include Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 ("ILO 169"), the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the American Convention on Human Rights. Aboriginal title is the common law doctrine that the land rights of indigenous peoples to customary

neg: Indigenous peoples exceptions are the Sakha and Komi peoples (two of the northern indigenous peoples of Russia), who now control their own autonomous republics within the Russian state, and the Canadian Inuit, who form a majority of the territory of Nunavut (created in 1999). In Australia, a landmark case, Mabo v Queensland (No 2), saw the High Court of Australia reject the idea of terra nullius. This rejection ended up recognizing that there was a pre-existing system of law practiced by the Meriam people. It is also sometimes argued that it is important for the human species as a whole to preserve

neg: Merri Creek recognize and allow the aborigines the right to use and control their own land as they saw fit, thus implementing the doctrine of "terra nullius". The largest recorded meeting of Aboriginal people in Victoria occurred at Merri Creek in January 1844. The Wurundjeri-willam hosted an immense gathering of tribes which came from all over central Victoria. An estimated 800 people journeyed to the district to witness important judicial proceedings carried out according to traditions of Aboriginal law. Since European settlement, the lower reaches of the creek have been seriously degraded by human activity. In the early history of Melbourne, numerous

neg: Rastoke due to their rather isolated position. In medieval times, the region around Slunj was known as no man's land (Latin "terra nullius"), an uncertain border region between Europe and the Ottoman Empire. Slunj later became a stronghold of the Military Frontier. The fortification of "Slovin" built by the noble Frankopan family was an esteemed secure refuge, around which the town of Slunj evolved. The fortress was destroyed in 1578 and later rebuilt. A period of increasing resettlement and economic prosperity followed the Treaty of Sistova in 1791. Slunj was under French reign from 1809 until 1813. During this time, Croatian

neg: Townsville University in the 1970s and 1980s. It was at the university in 1974 that he first learned of the implications of the "terra nullius" doctrine that meant he did not legally own the land he believed was his under the traditional land inheritance system of his people. Alexandra Hotel, a significant hotel on Flinders Street, was lost to demolition in the 1970s. Buchanan's Hotel in Flinders Street was regarded by architectural historians as Australia's most significant building in the Filigree style was lost to fire in 1982. In 1981 a land rights conference was held at James Cook University and