query: when did mlk lead protesters through memphis in support of sanitation workers

pos: Memphis sanitation strike Memphis sanitation strike The Memphis sanitation strike began in February 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. Following years of poor pay and dangerous working conditions, and provoked by the crushing to death of workers Echol Cole and Robert Walker in garbage compactors, over 700 of the 1300 black sanitation workers met on Sunday, February 11, and agreed to strike. They then did not turn out for work on the following day. They also sought to join the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) Local 1733. The sanitation strike was also the reason for Martin Luther King Jr.'s presence in

pos: Memphis sanitation strike and Coretta Scott King attracted 42,000 participants. The strike ended on April 16, 1968, with a settlement that included union recognition and wage increases, although additional strikes had to be threatened to force the City of Memphis to honor its agreements. The period was a turning point for black activism and union activity in Memphis. Memphis sanitation strike The Memphis sanitation strike began in February 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. Following years of poor pay and dangerous working conditions, and provoked by the crushing to death of workers Echol Cole and Robert Walker in garbage compactors, over 700 of the 1300

neg: Memphis sanitation strike replace the defective equipment. On February 12, hundreds of workers came to a meeting at the Memphis Labor Temple, furious with their working conditions. The workers left the meeting with no organized plan, but a feeling that something had to be done—immediately. On Monday, February 12, 1,375 men (mostly sanitation and sewage workers but also other employees of Memphis' Department of Public Works) did not show up for work. Some of those who did show up walked off when they found out about the apparent strike. Mayor Loeb, infuriated, refused to meet with the strikers. The workers marched from their

neg: Memphis sanitation strike Memphis during this period. Memphis sanitation workers were mostly black. They enjoyed few of the protections that other workers had; their pay was low and they could be fired (usually by white supervisors) without warning. In 1968, these workers were earning between $1.60 and $1.90 an hour. In addition to their sanitation work, often including unpaid overtime, many worked other jobs or appealed to welfare and public housing. Black sanitation workers had been attempting to organize since 1960, when T. O. Jones and O. Z. Evers began signing workers up with the Teamsters. However, many blacks were afraid to unionize

neg: Memphis sanitation strike not succeed. P. J. Ciampa, a field organizer for the AFL–CIO, reportedly reacted to news of the strike saying, "Good God Almighty, I need a strike in Memphis like I need another hole in the head!" However, both AFSCME and the AFL–CIO sent representatives to Memphis; these organizers came to support the strike upon recognizing the determination of the workers. Jones, Lucy, Ciampa, and other union leaders, asked the striking workers to focus on labor solidarity and downplay racism. The workers refused. During the strike, Local 1733 received direct support from URW Local 186. Local 186 had the largest black

neg: St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968 Jr.'s assassination in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was supporting a citywide labor strike by black sanitation workers (see also Memphis Sanitation Strike). Similarly, other sanitation worker strikes were taking place in New York City and Tampa. The sanitation workers' strike of 1968 was a response to a restructuring of hours resulting in a new system of pay for the sanitation workers. This new pay plan effectively reduced weekly wages for sanitation workers from $101.40 for 6 days of work (which included time and a half for Saturday) to $73 for 5 days of work. This new plan amounted to a

neg: Lucius E. Burch Jr. Jesse Johnson and John Porter, Burch was to lead the firm, now named Burch, Porter, and Johnson, for some fifty years. Burch became one of the most active trial lawyers of his era, participating in many well-known trials. He was active in political affairs, opposing the Memphis political machine of E. H. Crump and supporting the civil rights movement. In 1968, he worked on behalf of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in a successful effort to lift a U.S. District Court injunction against a planned march in support of the striking workers in the Memphis Sanitation Strike. Burch was a

neg: Clayborn Temple injustices in the city became increasingly apparent. Memphis Labor Unions had tried for years to reform Memphis Public Works policies that included discrimination, unfair working conditions, and drastically insufficient wages. The deaths of two city sanitation workers, Echol Cole and Robert Walker on February 1, 1968, united the Sanitation Workers, labor unions, religious communities, and the black middle class to work together and create a grassroots movement in Memphis. On February 12, 1968, 1,300 Sanitation Workers went on strike from Memphis City Department of Public Works, led by T.O. Jones, a union organizer for AFSCME Local 1733, and Jerry Wurf,

neg: WMC-TV When Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. came to Memphis to support the sanitation workers' strike that set the stage for his assassination in 1968, then-station general manager Mori Greiner established an unprecedented program called "The 40% Speaks", in an effort to promote racial healing in the community. In an odd illustration of how little real integration had occurred in local television, the first host of this program was news anchor Dave Patterson, who himself was Caucasian. When Patterson left WMC-TV, his replacement was a white professor from Memphis State University, now the University of Memphis. After many years of solid

neg: Memphis sanitation strike later Martin Luther King Jr.) as meddling outsiders. "The Commercial Appeal" wrote editorials (and published cartoons) praising the mayor for his toughness. Newspapers and television stations generally portrayed the mayor as calm and reasonable, and the protesters and organizers as unruly and disorganized. The "Tri-State Defender", an African American newspaper, and "The Sou'wester", a local college newspaper, reported the events of the strike from the sanitation workers' perspective. These publications emphasized the brutality of the police reactions to the protestors. From the beginning, strikers refused to erase the racial dimension of the issues at hand. Various speakers from the NAACP

neg: James Lawson (activist) met with Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and, in September 1961, President John F. Kennedy ordered that passengers be able to sit anywhere. Lawson became pastor of Centenary Methodist Church in Memphis, Tennessee in 1962. In 1968, when black sanitation workers began the Memphis Sanitation Strike for higher wages and union recognition after two of their co-workers were accidentally crushed to death, Reverend Lawson served as chairman of their strike committee. He co-founded the Committee on the Move to Equality (COME). Lawson extended an invitation to Dr. King to speak in Memphis. King delivered his famous "Mountaintop" speech, and was

neg: History of Memphis, Tennessee 1968, the Memphis sanitation strike began for living wages and better working conditions; the workers were overwhelmingly African American. They marched to gain public awareness and support for their plight: the danger of their work, and the struggles to support families with their low pay. Their drive for better pay had been met with resistance by the city government. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, known for his leadership in the non-violent movement, came to lend his support to the workers' cause. He stayed at the Lorraine Motel in the city, where he was assassinated

neg: Memphis sanitation strike more support. On a February 23 demonstration, police changed their demands midway through the event, leading to conflict with the protesters. On February 24, black leaders came together to form Community on the Move for Equality (COME). Due to the efforts of COME, the strike grew into an important event during the Civil Rights Movement, attracting the attention of the NAACP, the national news media, and Martin Luther King Jr. Local clergy members and community leaders also undertook an active campaign, including boycotts and civil disobedience. Civil Rights leaders Roy Wilkins, James Lawson, and Bayard Rustin all participated over the

neg: Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. that murder could not stop the struggle for equal rights. After the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, King told his wife Coretta, "This is what is going to happen to me also. I keep telling you, this is a sick society." King traveled to Memphis, Tennessee, in support of striking African American city sanitation workers. The workers had staged a walkout on February 11, 1968, to protest unequal wages and working conditions imposed by then-mayor Henry Loeb. At the time, Memphis paid black workers significantly lower wages than white workers. There were no city-issued uniforms, no restrooms, no recognized

neg: Clayborn Temple in their home, the family held the funeral at Clayborn and had an open casket. Dr. King was rushed back to his hotel when the strike erupted into a riot on March 28, 1968. He vowed he would return to Memphis to lead a successfully peaceful march. King returned to Memphis a week later, but was assassinated on April 4, 1968 before his second march from Clayborn took place. On April 16, a deal was finally negotiated for union recognition and better wages for the sanitation workers. The strike had come to an official end. After King's assassination, Clayborn Temple

neg: Memphis sanitation strike housing and education across the city for black Memphians. <poem>"Our Henry, who art in City Hall," "Hard-headed be thy name." "Thy kingdom C.O.M.E." "Our will be done," "In Memphis, as it is in heaven." "Give us this day our Dues Checkoff," "And forgive us our boycott," "As we forgive those who spray MACE against us." "And lead us not into shame," "But deliver us from LOEB!" "For OURS is justice, jobs, and dignity," "Forever and ever. Amen. FREEDOM!"</poem> — "Sanitation Workers' Prayer" recited by Reverend Malcolm Blackburn The local news media were generally favorable to Loeb, portraying union leaders (and

neg: National Civil Rights Museum Room 306 (where Dr. King was staying when he died), the replica sanitation truck (Dr. King came to Memphis to support an AFSCME sanitation workers' strike), and the replica of the bus Rosa Parks rode in Montgomery, Alabama, before initiating the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955-56. The original bus resides at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. In the 2014 reopening, a major new exhibit featured is a replica of the U.S. Supreme Court room where oral argument was heard in 1954 in the seminal "Brown v. Board of Education," in which the Court ruled that segregation in public

neg: James J. Reynolds James J. Reynolds James Joseph Reynolds Jr. (January 8, 1907 – October 9, 1986) was the Undersecretary of Labor for Labor-Management relations during the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration in the United States. Earlier he served as Assistant Secretary for Labor-Management Relations from 1961 to 1965, initially for President John F. Kennedy. Reynolds was an industrialist, and had been a member of the National Labor Relations Board under President Harry S. Truman. One of Reynolds' most well-known moments came in April 1968, when Martin Luther King had gone to Memphis, Tennessee to support African-American garbage workers during the Memphis Sanitation Strike.

neg: Memphis sanitation strike course of the strike. The strike thus came to represent the broader struggle for equality within Memphis, whose many black residents lived disproportionately in poverty. "I Am A Man!" emerged as a unifying civil rights theme. Before he died on April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. also took an active role in mass meetings and street actions. He first visited the Memphis strike on March 18, speaking to an audience of thousands at Mason Temple. A demonstration on March 28 (with King in attendance) turned violent when some protesters started breaking windows. Some held signs reading "LOEB EAT SHIT".

neg: St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968 May 9, 1968, strike leaders, including sanitation crew chief Joe Savage, encouraged sanitation workers to return to work. That morning, over 100 sanitation workers reported to the sanitation department. 35 workers had come with the anticipation to work, while others showed up to protest. Police Sergeant Ray Stewart had also come to the sanitation compound along with other officers equipped with riot gear. At approximately 7:10 a.m., the first of five garbage trucks attempted to leave the compound under police escort, but was met with a human blockade of protesters barricading the exit. At the advice of attorney James Sanderlin

neg: History of Memphis, Tennessee the world's largest spot cotton market and the world's largest hardwood lumber market. During the 1960s the city was at the center of civil rights actions, with a major strike by city sanitation workers in 1968. Having come to the city to support the workers, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated by a lone sniper on April 4, 1968, at the Lorraine Motel. Many notable blues musicians grew up in and around the Memphis and northern Mississippi area. These included such musical greats as Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson, B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, Isaac Hayes and Elvis Presley From about

neg: Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 40,000 in a silent march through the streets of Memphis to honor the fallen leader and support the cause of the city's black sanitation workers. The next day, funeral rites for King were held in his hometown of Atlanta, Georgia. The service at Ebenezer Baptist Church was nationally televised, as were these other events. A funeral procession transported King's body for 3.5 miles through the streets of Atlanta, followed by more than 100,000 mourners, from the church to his alma mater of Morehouse College. A second service was held there before the burial. In the wake of King's assassination, journalists

neg: OyamO monitor for the NEA and vice president of the Board of Directors of Theatre Communications Group. "I Am a Man" tells the true story of T.O. Jones., who led the 1968 strike by sanitation workers against the anti-union, segregationist city of Memphis, Tennessee. The strike was precipitated by the death of two black sanitation workers. They were accidentally crushed when their foreman instructed them to wait out a rainstorm by sitting in the back of a garbage truck instead of in the garage with the white workers. Jones stands up to the mayor and fights for the day-to-day struggles of

neg: Compactor compactors that can hold the equivalent of 200 gallons of trash before they need to be emptied. The large compactors in garbage trucks can be dangerous for workers, and played a role in the US Civil Rights Movement. The 1968 Memphis sanitation strike took place when two sanitation workers were crushed to death in garbage compactors, after which 700 of their 1300 black coworkers decided to strike. Baler-wrapper compactors are used for efficient storage and transport of materials like RDF (refuse-derived fuel) and bin waste, as well as compost and saw dust, enabling higher rates of recycling. In construction, there

neg: Memphis sanitation strike a person. You are human beings. You are men. You deserve dignity." Rev. Lawson's comments embody the message behind the iconic placards from the sanitation workers' strike, "I Am A Man". On the evening of February 26, Clayborn Temple held over a thousand supporters of the movement. Reverend Ralph Jackson charged the crowd to not rest until "justice and jobs" prevailed for all black Americans. That night they raised $1,600 to support the Movement. Rev. Jackson declared further that once the immediate demands of the strikers were met, the movement would focus on ending police brutality, as well as improving

neg: Civil rights movement that the United States was moving toward separate white and black societies. Rev. James Lawson invited King to Memphis, Tennessee, in March 1968 to support a sanitation workers' strike. These workers launched a campaign for union representation after two workers were accidentally killed on the job; they were seeking fair wages and improved working conditions. King considered their struggle to be a vital part of the Poor People's Campaign he was planning. A day after delivering his stirring "I've Been to the Mountaintop" sermon, which has become famous for his vision of American society, King was assassinated on April 4,

neg: Memphis sanitation strike addressed the strikers in the union hall. Many of these leaders, including Reverend Samuel Kyles, opposed the alliance with white union leaders who seemed to be riding the strikers' coattails. Support for the strike in Memphis was divided heavily along racial lines. White strikebreakers increased the workers' resentment. The wider black community became directly involved on Saturday, February 17, with a widely attended meeting at Charles Mason Temple. Bishop J. O. Patterson pledged to help the strikers with food; others present followed his example. On Sunday, February 18, supporters of the strike visited black churches around the city, successfully garnering

neg: Henry Loeb Henry Loeb Henry Loeb III (December 9, 1920 – September 8, 1992) was an American politician of the Democratic party, who was mayor of Memphis, Tennessee for two separate terms in the 1960s, from 1960 through 1963, and 1968 through 1971. He gained national notoriety in his second term for his role in opposing the demands of striking sanitation workers in early 1968. Loeb's grandparents were Jewish Germans who migrated from Germany to Memphis in the 1860s. His grandfather, Henry Loeb, founded Loeb's Laundry. Loeb III attended Phillips Academy and Brown University. He then served on a patrol boat in

neg: American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees was racially integrated in the 1960s under Wurf and began to grow more quickly. Under Wurf, who initiated the most aggressive unionizing campaign in the organization's history, AFSCME broke from earlier patterns of civil service reform and initiated a more militant form of unionization designed to achieve parity with private sector workers. During Wurf's tenure, AFSCME became known as a pioneer in aggressively recruiting women and blacks. In 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated while in Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike by the African-American sanitation workers' union, AFSCME Local 1733. By 1969, AFSCME was unionizing 1,000 new workers

neg: William Lucy (labor leader) serve in that capacity until 2013, when the role was assumed by Terrence Melvin. Lucy was elected president of Public Services International in 1994, the first African American to hold the post. In 1995, he was appointed to the AFL-CIO executive council. He has also served as vice-president for the AFL-CIO's Maritime Trades, Professional Employees, and Industrial Union departments. In 1968, as part of his leadership role with AFSCME, Lucy lent his support to Martin Luther King Jr. and the mostly black sanitation and other service workers in Memphis who were striking for better wages and benefits. In spite of

neg: Henry Loeb black union workers. He won the election despite intense opposition from Memphis's black community. The especially harsh conditions he imposed at the start of his 1968 term were a trigger for the Memphis Sanitation Strike. Loeb was mayor during what came to be known as the Memphis Sanitation Strike of 1968. About 1,300 African-American members of Local 1733 of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) engaged in a 64-day strike for improved wages, working conditions, and union recognition. Loeb had served previously as the head of the sanitation division (as the elected Public Works Commissioner), and

neg: Memphis sanitation strike due to fear of persecution. This fear proved justified in 1963, when 33 workers (including Jones) were all fired immediately after an organizing meeting they attended. Nevertheless, AFSCME Local 1733 was successfully formed in November 1964. A strike in August 1966 was thwarted before it began when the city prepared strikebreakers and threatened to jail leaders. At the end of 1967, Henry Loeb was elected as mayor against the opposition of Memphis's black community. Loeb had served previously as the head of the sanitation division (as the elected Public Works Commissioner), and during his tenure oversaw grueling work conditions —

neg: Church of God in Christ Memphis. Holy Temple COGIC was the first church to open its doors to the garbage workers. On April 3, 1968 MLK delivered his final speech "I've Been To The Mountaintop" at Mason Temple Church Of God In Christ in Memphis, Tennessee. He was assassinated the next day, April 4, 1968 on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel. Throughout the seventies and eighties, as COGIC continued to grow to millions of members nationwide, COGIC ministers all over the country continued to advance civil rights in their communities. As the International Holy Convocation grew to thousands, COGIC leaders had to negotiate with

neg: African Americans in Tennessee riders from Washington, D.C., were stopped in Birmingham, Alabama. A sanitation workers' strike in Memphis in 1968 was linked to both the Civil Rights Movement and the Poor People's Campaign. Martin Luther King, Jr., who had come to the city in support of the striking workers, was assassinated on April 4, 1968, at the Lorraine Motel, the day after giving his prophetic "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech at the Mason Temple. The assassin, James Earl Ray, was a racist escaped convict who had no previous connection to the city. African Americans, most of whom were then enslaved, were politically

neg: The Mountaintop a demonstration through downtown Memphis which resulted in the death of one reporter as well as a multitude of injuries and property damages. The poor work conditions and pay the sanitation workers suffered angered the black community and encouraged them to speak out on the behalf of other issues concerning civil rights. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 3rd, the night before his assassination, gave his speech, "I've Been to the Mountaintop", where he declared, "We've got to give ourselves to this struggle until the end. Nothing would be more tragic than to stop at this point in Memphis. We've

neg: Cotton pickers strike of 1891 River and across from Memphis, Tennessee. Workers for planter Colonel H.P. Rodgers struck on September 20, demanding higher wages, and began traveling through the county looking for support. These workers were from Memphis, led by a Ben Patterson. Among other workers in the county they found no support. A brawl between striking and non-striking workers killed two on September 25. On the 28th the strikers killed a notorious plantation manager named Miller and burned a cotton gin. A posse, with some black members, was organized under Sheriff Derrick of Marianna to track down the remaining strikers and Patterson, partly on

neg: The Mountaintop The Mountaintop The Mountaintop is a play by American playwright Katori Hall. It is a fictional depiction of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.'s last night on earth set entirely in Room 306 of the Lorraine Motel on the eve of his assassination in 1968 In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was in Memphis, Tennessee to speak out on the behalf of the Memphis sanitation workers who went on strike regarding the death of two workers crushed by a malfunctioning truck. The workers dealt with continuous mistreatment and denial of their civil rights. A week before his assassination, King led

neg: The Mountaintop Musical, Children of the Killers, The Blood Quilt, Saturday Night Sunday Morning, and WHADDABLOODCLOT!!!. Katori Hall bases many of her works on her experiences in Memphis, Tennessee. Katori Hall's mother was still a young girl when Martin Luther King Jr. arrived in Memphis, Tennessee to speak out on the behalf of the sanitation workers. Hall's mother was influenced by the works of King and wanted to see his speech at Mason Temple in 1968, however was refused the chance by her mother; Katori Hall's grandmother. The reasoning behind why Hall's mother could not go to see Martin Luther King give

neg: 1971 May Day protests While the troops secured the major intersections and bridges, the police roamed through the city making massive arrest sweeps and used tear gas. They arrested anyone who looked like a demonstrator, including construction workers who had come out to support the government. By 8 am 7,000 protesters had been arrested. The city's prisons did not have the capacity to handle that many people thus an emergency detention center surrounded by an fence was set up next to RFK Stadium. No food, water, or sanitary facilities were made available by authorities but sympathetic local residents brought supplies. Skirmishes between protesters and

neg: Temple Israel (Memphis, Tennessee) members and controlling funds led to the group's dissolution in . Ingram lauded Wax's efforts on behalf of the group. Wax was also active in other civil rights groups, including the Tennessee Council on Human Relations, the American Civil Liberties Union, the Memphis Urban League, and the Program of Progress, a group that worked to reform local government. He was elected president of the Memphis Ministers Association in , even though he was its only Jewish member. On January 31, 1968, two Memphis sanitation workers were crushed to death in a malfunctioning garbage compactor, prompting the start of the Memphis

neg: Temple Israel (Memphis, Tennessee) Sanitation Strike on . The mostly black sanitation workers were Memphis's lowest paid civil servants, and received no overtime or holiday pay. Memphis's mayor was now Henry Loeb, a former member of Temple Israel, who converted to Christianity soon after starting his term in 1968, after marrying an Episcopalian woman. He refused to negotiate with the workers, and the strike soon came to national attention as a civil rights issue. After being contacted by black ministers, Wax arranged a meeting on between Loeb, local union leaders, and Jerry Wurf, head of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees.

neg: July Days is handed to you!" The crowd continued to hold Chernov hostage until Trotsky made his way through the crowd, urging the crowd to release the man, which they did. The protesters, most of them Bolshevik supporters, attempted to gain support from the Bolshevik party. But when they gathered near the Bolshevik headquarters, Lenin initially refused to see them. In the end, he simply gave them a brief speech, yet refused to give them his support, with the Bolshevik party pulling their support soon after. Without any leadership to support them, the protesters soon dispersed. At midnight on July 3, the

neg: Clayborn Temple speeches to the supporters of the strike at Clayborn. The most consistent white supporter of the movement was Clayborn's pastor, Rev. Malcolm Blackburn. He opened Clayborn's offices, classrooms, and sanctuary to host the strategy meetings and community gatherings throughout the strike. In March 1968, after weeks of marching to City Hall from Clayborn Temple, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., came to Memphis in support of the sanitation workers’ efforts. He had been invited by Reverend Lawson and C.O.M.E. to shine a national spotlight on their efforts in the fight for economic justice. Dr. King and organizers of the Southern Christian

neg: St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968 May 23, Ike Williams encouraged a "selective buying" campaign, advocating an economic boycott of white owned businesses. Subsequently, St. Petersburg Mayor Don Jones sided with the sanitation workers. Later in the duration of the strike, Alfred Daniel Williams King, brother of the recently murdered Martin Luther King Jr., flew to St. Petersburg to march alongside Joe Savage and other nonviolent protesters. Marchers were met with riot police and many were arrested. While few trucks were able to leave the sanitation compound under police escort to service the city, residential pick up remained slow. Most of the uncollected garbage remained in

neg: Memphis sanitation strike including no city-issued uniforms, no restrooms, and no grievance procedure for the numerous occasions on which they were underpaid. Upon taking office, Loeb increased regulations on the city's workers and appointed Charles Blackburn as the Public Works Commissioner. Loeb ordered Jones and the union to deal with Blackburn; Blackburn said he had no authority to change the city's policies. On February 1, Echol Cole and Robert Walker, two sanitation workers, were crushed to death in a garbage compactor where they were taking shelter from the rain. Two other men had died this way in 1964, but the city refused to

neg: Occupy Wall Street to prevent the cleaning effort from proceeding, some protesters clashed with police in riot gear outside City Hall after it was canceled. MTV followed two protesters for their series "True Life"; one of whom, Bryan, was on the sanitation crew. Filming took place during the time when the cleanup happened. On October 20, residents at a community board meeting complained about inadequate sanitation, verbal taunts and harassment by protesters, noise, and related issues. One resident angrily complained that the protesters "[a]re defecating on our doorsteps"; board member Tricia Joyce said, "They have to have some parameters. That doesn't mean the

neg: Ralph Abernathy served as Southern Christian Leadership Conference's first Financial Secretary/Treasurer and Vice President At-Large. After King's death, Abernathy assumed the presidency of the SCLC. One of his first roles was to take up the role of leading a march to support striking sanitation workers in Memphis, Tennessee which King and Abernathy had planned before King's assassination. In May 1968, Abernathy led the Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C. On the eve of the Apollo 11 launch, July 15, 1969, Abernathy arrived at Cape Canaveral with several hundred members of the poor people campaign to protest spending of government space exploration, while

neg: History of Ford Motor Company organizing the Ford Hunger March. On March 7, 1932 some 3,000 - 5,000 unemployed workers assembled in West Detroit to march on Ford's River Rouge plant to deliver a petition demanding more support. As the march moved up Miller Road and approached Gate 3 the protest turned ugly. The police fired tear gas into the crowd and fire trucks were used to soak the protesters with icy water. When the protesters responded by throwing rocks, the violence escalated rapidly and culminated in the police and plant security guards firing live rounds through the gates of the plant at the unarmed

neg: J. Wyeth Chandler J. Wyeth Chandler J. Wyeth Chandler (ca. 1930 – November 11, 2004) served as mayor of Memphis, Tennessee from 1972 to 1982. He was the adopted son of former Memphis mayor and U.S. Representative Walter Chandler. Chandler succeeded the controversial Henry Loeb, who battled local sanitation workers during a strike that brought Martin Luther King, Jr. to Memphis in April 1968. This violence-ridden episode in the city's history resulted in King's death by assassin James Earl Ray on April 4. Chandler spent much of his tenure dealing with the economic and social fallout from the strike and the killing, as

neg: New York City Department of Sanitation New York City Department of Sanitation The New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY) is the department of the government of New York City responsible for garbage collection, recycling collection, street cleaning, and snow removal. The New York City Department of Sanitation is the largest sanitation department in the world, with 7,201 uniformed sanitation workers and supervisors, 2,041 civilian workers, 2,230 general collection trucks, 275 specialized collection trucks, 450 street sweepers, 365 salt and sand spreaders, 298 front end loaders, and 2,360 support vehicles. It handles over 12,000 tons of residential and institutional refuse and recyclables a day. It has

neg: St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968 1968, fired sanitation workers and City Manager Andrews came to a public agreement and brought an end to the strike. As terms of the settlement, strikers would return as new employees, losing accumulated sick pay, vacation, and seniority. Workers would return to a six-day 48-hour work week, however, if a crew was able to finish their routes early they would be given the opportunity to clock out and receive a full day's pay. On October 1, 1968, sanitation workers were given an 8-cents raise per hour, while foreman received an additional 14-cents per hour. While returning sanitation workers did not

neg: Up to the Mountain (MLK Song) Up to the Mountain (MLK Song) "Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)" is a contemporary folk song written by Patty Griffin. The song touches upon emotions surrounding Martin Luther King, Jr.'s famous 1968 "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech, given the day before his assassination in Memphis, Tennessee. Originally recorded by Solomon Burke in 2006 and Griffin herself in 2007, it has found greater prominence in performances and recordings since then by Kelly Clarkson and Jeff Beck, Susan Boyle, Crystal Bowersox, and Kree Harrison. The song has been variously described as "gospely" or "folkie spiritual". In writing about King, Griffin

neg: Jerry Horan did not become publicly involved in the strike until the fifth day. He issued no press releases, made no speeches, and pledged no support. When Horan finally did make a statement, he pledged to lead all building workers nationwide out on strike in support of the New York City workers. His statement was considered so preposterous, however, that a day later he withdrew his promise and said that BSEIU would merely pledge "unlimited" funds to support the strike (yet another claim few believed). On the sixth day of the strike it became clear that George Scalise and not Jerry Horan

neg: J. Wyeth Chandler was Richard Hackett, who served from 1983-91. J. Wyeth Chandler J. Wyeth Chandler (ca. 1930 – November 11, 2004) served as mayor of Memphis, Tennessee from 1972 to 1982. He was the adopted son of former Memphis mayor and U.S. Representative Walter Chandler. Chandler succeeded the controversial Henry Loeb, who battled local sanitation workers during a strike that brought Martin Luther King, Jr. to Memphis in April 1968. This violence-ridden episode in the city's history resulted in King's death by assassin James Earl Ray on April 4. Chandler spent much of his tenure dealing with the economic and social fallout

neg: Protests against Faure Gnassingbé 2011, about 15,000 opposition protesters marched through Lomé and called for the resignation of Gnassingbé. Claude Améganvi of the Workers' Party said the march was also in support of the Egyptian revolution of 2011. On 17 March 2011, security forces fired tear gas and rubber bullets on protesters in Lomé, who threw stones at them and burned tires. In early June 2012, the Togolese parliament amended the country's electoral code. The opposition criticised these changes, saying they favoured the ruling party. Thousands of protesters gathered in Lomé on 12–14 June 2012, forcing the city's main market to close. Protesters threw

neg: James Peck (pacifist) by traveling to Memphis on April 8 to join 40,000 other demonstrators in marching in support of the Memphis Sanitation strike that King had supported prior to his death. After the Memphis March, Peck traveled to Atlanta for King's funeral, which concluded with 50,000 demonstrators marching over four miles. In May 1969, Peck joined Coretta King and Ralph Abernathy in Charleston, South Carolina, to support black nurses on strike. Peck continued civil rights activism into the 1970s. On March 8, 1975, he joined 3,000 people in Selma, Alabama, to commemorate the ten-year anniversary of Bloody Sunday. Peck also joined the

neg: I Dream (opera) I Dream (opera) I Dream is a fully through-composed Opera by Douglas Tappin (librettist, lyricist, composer), based on the life of Martin Luther King, Jr.. The world premiere of this "Rhythm and Blues Opera" opened in July 2010 on the Alliance Stage of the Woodruff Arts Center in Atlanta, Georgia. ACT 1 On the morning of April 3, 1968, a young preacher from Atlanta prepares for a journey to Memphis, Tennessee to join striking sanitation workers. During the night he has experienced a recurring dream – one that is a disconcerting mix of reminiscence and premonition. Always, at the center

neg: University of Arizona Students Campaign Against Sweatshop Apparel 1997-1999 were provided with food and a single police officer was stationed to watch and protect the students overnight. During these ten days Likins met with the protesters and agreed to support the SAS's campaign against the sweatshop manufactured clothing sold on campus, but was unable to give them an exact deadline. As a result, the protesters continued their sit-in. After ten full days had passed, Likins met with the protesters again, at which point he signed documents intended to improve and increase workers' rights. He also agreed to withdraw from the FLA by August 1, 2000 if they did not

neg: Community-led total sanitation to the local situation. There are many challenges that occur in the post-triggering phase. These are mainly related to the supply of durable and affordable latrine hardware and technical support on latrine construction. Toilet owners may need advice how to upgrade and improve sanitation and handwashing facilities using local materials. The original concept of CLTS did not include subsidies for toilets. CLTS proponents at that time believed that provoking behavior change in the people alone would be sufficient to lead them to take ownership of their own sanitation situation, including paying for and constructing their own toilets. This was not

neg: St. Petersburg, Florida for higher wages. The strike began approximately one month after Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination in Memphis, Tennessee while supporting that city's sanitation workers strike. In 1984, a full-scale flying replica of the Benoist XIV flying boat was constructed by Florida Aviation Historical Society for the 70th anniversary of the flight. This aircraft is now on loan to the St. Petersburg Museum of History in St. Petersburg, Florida. Development of the first Major League Baseball team to be located in the Tampa Bay area began in St. Petersburg throughout the 1970s. The city tried to encourage numerous teams through the

neg: Memphis sanitation strike They were not well received by the strikers, and the strikers assaulted the strikebreakers in some cases. As of February 21, 1968, the sanitation workers established a daily routine of meeting at noon with nearly a thousand strikers and then marching from Clayborn Temple to downtown. The marchers faced police brutality in the forms of mace, tear gas, and billy clubs. On February 24, while addressing the strikers after a "police assault" on their protests, Reverend James Lawson said, "For at the heart of racism is the idea that a man is not a man, that a person is not

neg: King assassination riots the Memphis Sanitation Strike, which was already underway, took on a new level of urgency. It was to these striking workers that King delivered his final speech, and in Memphis that he was killed. Negotiations on April 16 brought an end to the strike and a promise of better wages. In Oakland, increasing friction between Black Panthers and the police led to the death of Bobby Hutton. Dozens of people were killed, and thousands of people injured, in the rioting over April 4 to 5. Some areas were heavily damaged by the riots, and recovered slowly. In Washington DC, poor

neg: Gilbert E. Patterson buried at Memorial Park Funeral Home & Cemetery after all of the home going services were concluded. 1968: Distinguishes himself as an ardent fighter for human rights and other civil conflicts and becomes a part of the Civil Rights Movement, preaching fervently that love and peace must prevail if America is to survive. Involved in the strike of 1968 that centered on black sanitation workers in Memphis. Mr. Chairman I Nominate Jesus is recorded in Memphis during a live broadcast of the G. E. Patterson Evangelistic Crusade hour. In this particular infamous sermon that is appropriate for any political season,

neg: Church of God in Christ E. Blake, (current COGIC Presiding Bishop) was studying at the Interdenominational Theological Center (ITC) in Atlanta, GA. He led a group of students to participate in the March on Selma. In 1968, Two sanitation workers who were also COGIC members, Echol Cole and Robert Walker, were crushed to death in a garbage compactor where they were taking shelter from the rain. Their pastor was then elder Gilbert Earl Patterson, who also became a COGIC Presiding Bishop, at Holy Temple COGIC in Memphis, TN. He was one of the nine members of the strategy committee the organized the sanitation strike in

neg: Memphis sanitation strike Police responded with batons and tear gas, killing Larry Payne, a sixteen-year-old boy, with a shotgun. Payne's funeral was held in Clayborn Temple. Despite police pressure to have a private closed-casket funeral in their home, the family held the funeral at Clayborn and had an open casket. Following the funeral the sanitation workers marched peacefully downtown. Membership in Local 1733 increased substantially during the course of the strike, more than doubling in the first few days. Its relationship with other unions was complex. The AFSCME leadership in Washington was initially upset to learn of the strike, which they thought would

neg: Memphis sanitation strike Memphis, where he was assassinated. Memphis's mayor, Henry Loeb, declared the strike illegal and refused to meet with local black leaders (he did meet with AFSCME's national officers). Heavily redacted files released in 2012 suggest that the FBI monitored the strike and increased its operations in Memphis during 1968. The city of Memphis had a long history of segregation and unfair treatment for black residents. The influential politician E. H. Crump had created a city police force, much of it culled from the Ku Klux Klan, that acted violently toward the black population and maintained Jim Crow. Blacks were excluded

neg: Fight for $15 by over 40 personnel from New York Communities for Change, Service Employees International Union, UnitedNY, and the Black Institute. On April 4, 2013 (the 45th anniversary of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Memphis Sanitation Strike) more than 200 fast-food workers went on strike in New York City. Hundreds of other workers went on strike in Chicago on April 24, in Detroit on May 10, in St. Louis on May 9 and May 10, in Milwaukee on May 15 and in Seattle on May 30. On July 29, approximately 2,200 workers went on strike in all of

neg: Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial oratory. In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other nonviolent means. At the time of his death, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and stopping the Vietnam War. King was backing the Memphis Sanitation Strike and organizing a mass occupation of Washington, D.C. – the Poor People's Campaign – when he was killed in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968. The official vision statement for the King Memorial notes: Harry E. Johnson, the President and Chief Executive Officer

neg: Water supply and sanitation in Ghana and sanitation sector in Ghana's northern regions through three projects: Germany supports rural water supply and sanitation as part of its support for Ghana's decentralization program. Together with other donors Germany supports the District Development Facility since 2009, established under the lead of the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development. Until 2014, Germany cofinances up to 36 million euros of a total 210 million euros. The remainder is financed by other donors and the Ghanaian Government, which provides a third of the funding. The District Development Facility provides funds to District Assemblies that have to follow strict rules concerning

neg: The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306 sanitation workers who participated in the strike for better working conditions and had marched alongside King and Kyles. "The Witness" is a regular feature at the National Civil Rights Museum that is situated at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, where a wreath marks the location of the balcony outside of Room 306 where King was standing when he was shot and period automobiles adorn the parking lot below. Filming began in February 2008, with an April 1, 2008 deadline for completion in time for the 40th memorial of King's death. It was done on location at the Lorraine Motel

neg: The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306 King's work from the perspective of a friend and one of the last surviving eyewitnesses (Rev. Kyles). The film contributes original personal interviews along with a local perspective. Shot on-location in Memphis at several historic sites, it highlights King's efforts to improve physical safety and financial conditions of the sanitation workers in the city where he ultimately met his untimely death. In addition to Kyles, others interviewed for the film include Benjamin Hooks, Civil Rights Leader and former Executive Director of the NAACP, Maxine Smith, previous Executive Secretary for the NAACP Memphis Branch, and Taylor Rodgers, one of the original

neg: Memphis, Tennessee counties. Before that, the city had to get state bills approved in order to change its charter and for other policies and programs. Since 1963, it can change the charter by popular approval of the electorate. During the 1960s, the city was at the center of the Civil Rights Movement, as its large African-American population had been affected by state segregation practices and disenfranchisement in the early 20th century. African-American residents drew from the civil rights movement to improve their lives. In 1968, the Memphis sanitation strike began for living wages and better working conditions; the workers were overwhelmingly African

neg: Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. people know that they have to get guns. White America will live to cry that she killed Dr. King last night. It would have been better if she had killed Rap Brown and/or Stokely Carmichael, but when she killed Dr. King, she lost. Despite the urging for calm by many leaders, a nationwide wave of riots erupted in more than 100 cities. After the assassination, the city of Memphis quickly settled the strike on favorable terms to the sanitation workers. On April 8, King's widow, Coretta Scott King, together with the couple's four small children, led a crowd estimated at

neg: James J. Reynolds They had walked off the job to "protest unsafe conditions, abusive white supervisors, low wages, and to gain recognition for their union." King was assassinated on April 4. The next day, President Johnson instructed Undersecretary Reynolds to go to Memphis to mediate the conflict and settle the strike. It took him two weeks. The strike had been at a standoff given Memphis Mayor Henry Loeb's adamant refusal to authorize automatic payment of union dues from the sanitation-workers' paycheck. Reynolds solved the impasse by using the Federal Credit Union, which is employee-owned but federally administered. Reynolds argued that the City of

neg: Lubna al-Hussein a month in jail instead. This third appearance again featured diplomats and human rights workers observing the case in court, and protesters outside. Journalists counted about 150 of the latter, who were heckled by a smaller number of counter-protesters and beaten by riot police. At least 40 protesters were arrested and released on bail. When Hussein tried to fly to Lebanon in early August for an interview about this case, the Sudanese authorities prevented her from leaving the country. Outside Sudan, support for her case developed slowly, despite her intimate knowledge of how the media works and her international contacts.

neg: Occupy movement in cities and on college campuses across the country. Thousands of union workers joined protesters marching through the Financial District. The march was mostly peaceful—until after nightfall, when scuffles erupted. About 200 protesters tried to storm barricades blocking them from Wall Street and the Stock Exchange. Police responded with pepper spray and penned the protesters in with orange netting. Inspired by Occupy Wall Street, British protesters organized an occupation of the London Stock Exchange to bring attention to what they saw as unethical behavior on the part of banks. One of the organizers of the protest said the protests were

neg: Jasic Incident Jasic Incident The Jasic Incident started in Pingshan District, Shenzhen, China on July 27, 2018 when some workers of Jasic Technology Co., Ltd.(abbr. Jasic) who had attempted to form a labour union were laid off. This sparked two weeks of protests and few university students in China wrote to support the protesters. On August 6, the university students gathered outside a police station where the workers were detained. A spokesperson from Jasic denied wrongdoing, stating that it had not mistreated workers, but had fired them when they had tried to form a union. Jasic was founded in 2005 and later

neg: Baltimore municipal strike of 1974 until after the turbulent events of spring 1968 (see Memphis Sanitation Strike and Baltimore riot of 1968). The city itself, losing many tax-paying residents to the suburbs, was already suffering from budget shortfalls and beginning to shift toward privatization of services. The 1971 election of Mayor William Donald Schaefer consolidated this trend and signaled the erosion of what small gains in black control had already been won. The 1960s and early 1970s saw radicalization among public sector workers across the United States. In many cities, following a pattern similar to Baltimore's, these workers became politicized and began to demand collective

neg: Water supply and sanitation in the Dominican Republic IDB has played an important role in the sector through its reform and modernization program mentioned above. However, the program has been stalled for many years after Congress did not approve the water and sanitation reform law that was a condition for the program's effectiveness. In October 2010 the IDB approved a US$35m loan to support the Decentralization and Strengthening of INAPA. Since 1998 USAID has provided technical assistance to INAPA to introduce what it calls a Total Community Participation approach in rural water supply and sanitation. The project served as a laboratory for INAPA, whose activities in rural areas

neg: Hard Hat Riot break through the police line. After two minutes, however, they broke through the police line and began chasing students through the streets. The workers chose those with the longest hair and beat them with their hard hats and other weapons, including clubs and steel-toe boots. Onlookers reported that the police stood by and did nothing. Some of the construction workers and counter-protesters moved across City Hall Park toward city hall. They mounted the steps, planted their flags at the top of the steps, then attempted to gain entrance. Police on duty at city hall initially barred them, but soon the

neg: Memphis sanitation strike union hall to a meeting at the City Council chamber; there, they were met with 40–50 police officers. Loeb led the workers to a nearby auditorium, where he asked them to return to work. They laughed and booed him, then applauded union leaders who spoke. At one point, Loeb grabbed the microphone from AFSCME International organizer Bill Lucy and shouted "Go back to work!", storming out of the meeting soon after. The workers declined. By February 15, piles of trash (10,000 tons worth) were noticeable, and Loeb began to hire strikebreakers. These individuals were white and traveled with police escorts.

neg: Tunis Tram Boycott tram driven by an Italian knocked down and killed an eight-year-old Tunisian Arab child at Bab Saadoun. Tunisian observers claimed that the driver was drunk and had struck the child deliberately. Protesters demanded that the operating company, the Compagnie des tramways de Tunis, should pay damages. Until it did so, protesters declared that they would boycott not only the trams, but all Italian-owned businesses. The protesters also demanded that all Italian workers should be dismissed from the company, and that Tunisian and French workers should earn equal pay. The company rejected all the protesters' demands, and the boycott was pursued

neg: Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania Ruvu plant to 196,000 cubic meters from the current 82,000 cubic meters a day and to construct a new transmission line from the plant to the city. As of 2012, some parts of the city received water twice a week while others did not get any. The Government of the Netherlands provided funding for the WSDP Water Basket (through a mandate to KfW). In addition, the Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV) provides support in three main areas of the water and sanitation sector: (a) improving the functionality of existing water points through water point mapping (carried out in cooperation with WaterAid),

neg: Larry Payne mother, moved to Flint, Michigan. Larry Payne Larry Payne was a sixteen-year old African American teenager who was killed following a march in support of the Memphis Sanitation Strike on Thursday, March 28, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee He was the only fatality on that day although the "New Pittsburgh Courier" reported 60 injured and 276 arrested. Martin Luther King Jr. called Payne's mother, Lizzie Payne, on the phone to console her after her son's brutal death at the hands of Patrolman Leslie Dean Jones. Conflicting accounts describe the looting that occurred in tandem with the march on Thursday March 28

neg: Larry Payne Larry Payne Larry Payne was a sixteen-year old African American teenager who was killed following a march in support of the Memphis Sanitation Strike on Thursday, March 28, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee He was the only fatality on that day although the "New Pittsburgh Courier" reported 60 injured and 276 arrested. Martin Luther King Jr. called Payne's mother, Lizzie Payne, on the phone to console her after her son's brutal death at the hands of Patrolman Leslie Dean Jones. Conflicting accounts describe the looting that occurred in tandem with the march on Thursday March 28 1968 that led to a

neg: Kenya Economic Stimulus Program Employment of 20 nurses on contract level per constituency • Purchase 5 motor cycles and 20 bicycles for community health workers The ministry of Public Health and Sanitation and KEMSA are lead implementing agencies. This project aims at increasing availability and accessibility of maize/rice crop and increasing and stabilising the strategic grain reserve through rehabilitation and expansion of irrigable land. Ministry of Agriculture Kenya, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Ministry of Regional Development and Ministry of Youth Affairs are lead agents in this project. The project aims at constructing 200 farming ponds for 140 constituencies. Ponds are to be stocked

neg: St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968 strikes, asked the strikers to take the day off and come back Tuesday while claiming he was in no position to grant any wage increases. Andrews labeled this work stoppage a "wildcat walkout" strike provoked by a "few dissident workers" at an afternoon press conference. Attorney James Sanderlin, representing the strikers, quickly asserted that all sanitation workers wanted an increase in pay. At an emergency city council meeting later that night, Andrews warned workers who did not show up for work the next day would be fired. Andrews offered an immediate increase of 5-cents per hour, falling short of the

neg: Greensboro massacre its findings and conclusions. It noted that both the Communist Workers Party and the Klan contributed in varying degrees to the violence, especially given the violent rhetoric which they had been espousing for months leading up to the confrontation at the march. It said that the protesters, most of whom did not live in Greensboro or the county, had not fully secured the community support of the Morningside Homes residents for holding the event there. Many of the residents did not approve of the protest because they feared it had the risk of catalyzing violence on their doorsteps. The Commission

neg: Nathan Bedford Forrest Monument Confederacy. A 2015 attempt by the Memphis City Council to remove the statue was blocked by the Tennessee Historical Commission in 2016. In September 2017, the Memphis City Council passed an ordinance to remove Confederate statues from public parks, including the Nathan Bedford Forrest Monument and the Jefferson Davis Monument, after October 13, 2017, due in part to increased police expenditure, to control protesters and anti-protesters, since the Unite the Right rally of August. On December 20, 2017, the Memphis City Council unanimously approved the sale of Health Sciences Park to Memphis Greenspace for $1,000.00, allowing Memphis Greenspace to remove

neg: Occupy Minneapolis public spaces and towards addressing the foreclosure crisis through the Occupy Homes movement. along with creating active support networks for other locally-based movements and issues. The initial occupation of Hennepin County Government Center's plaza in downtown Minneapolis on October 7, 2011 was under the name OccupyMN. The plaza, located off the light rail station and adjacent to City Hall, was renamed The People's Plaza by rally organizers. Hundreds of protesters showed up at the plaza, including union members from United Steelworkers, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, UNITE HERE, AFSCME, and the Sheet Metal Workers. On October 13, Occupy protester

neg: Coxey's Army Northwest centers such as Butte, Tacoma, Spokane, and Portland. Many of these protesters were unemployed railroad workers who blamed railroad companies, President Cleveland's monetary policies, and excessive freight rates for their plight. The climax of this movement was perhaps on April 21, 1894, when William Hogan and approximately 500 followers commandeered a Northern Pacific Railway train for their trek to Washington, D.C. They enjoyed support along the way, which enabled them to fight off the federal marshals attempting to stop them. Federal troops finally apprehended the Hoganites near Forsyth, Montana. While the protesters never made it to the capital, the

neg: Santa Clara cannery strike protested wars in general, and specifically wars on protesters. There was no violence against the protesters this day. Newspapers reacted to the protests predicting a major revolution afoot. At the Richmond Case Cannery, where over 15,000 workers stepped out alone displayed machine guns at their entrances, warning protesters to stay away. Other cannery owners brought in scabs to replace strikers. Many people were out of work during this time and were willing to work for lesser pay. Within a few days, the strike dissolved with none of the workers’ demands met. Although this strike did not result in employers acquiescing

neg: The Hyatt 100 to train the workers that replaced them under the pretense that these workers could fill in for them when they were sick or on vacation. The housekeepers originally earned around $14–16 per hour, while the replacement workers are paid $8 per hour. The layoffs generated widespread public outrage. Rallies in support of the fired housekeepers were attended by hundreds of protesters. Governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts called for state employees to boycott of the Hyatt in response to the layoffs, and Representative Michael Capuano also criticized the layoffs Other organizations and groups boycotting the Hyatt include the Jewish Labor Committee,

neg: Poor People's Campaign home. Local bureaus reported particular success for intimidation campaigns in Birmingham, Alabama, Savannah, Georgia, and Cleveland, Ohio. In Richmond, Virginia, the FBI collaborated with the John Birch Society to set up an organization called Truth About Civil Turmoil (TACT). TACT held events featuring a Black woman named Julia Brown who claimed to have infiltrated the civil rights movement and exposed its Communist leadership. In February–March 1968, King directed his attention to the Memphis Sanitation Strike. Although King continued to tour to raise support for the marches to Washington, he declared the Memphis strike to be a major part of the

neg: Energy Efficient Homes Package of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities). The Home Insulation Program was beset by controversy when the deaths of four workers in separate incidents were linked to the program and electricians warned that poor installation of metallic foil insulation could lead to further deaths or injury through electrocution. In response, the program was discontinued on 19 February 2010 and was replaced, for the interim, by the Insulation Workers' Adjustment Package which provided assistance to support the retention of insulation workers in the insulation industry or related industries until the Renewable Energy Bonus Scheme commenced on 1 June 2010. Four workers

neg: Young People's Socialist League (1907) and the American Student Union (ASU). With the ever-growing YCL, YPSL help founding the Youth Committee Against War (YCAW), which became an organization in which YPSL members voiced their politics about the peace movement. While ultimately did not lead to much more support, which would have been seen as one of socialisms biggest failures in the United States, to not be able to gain popular support from young workers and college students, losing many left-leaning supporters to the Communists. When Nazi Germany started World War II, the SPA firmely said that they did not want the United States to participate

neg: Free Ai Weiwei street art campaign Cheuk-yan of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China organised about 200 Hong Kong protesters in Victoria Park using chairs to create a formation represents the Chinese word "prisoner" (Chinese:囚), and they then broke through the chair barrier, "as though they were breaking down the one-party prison. " On 8 May 2011, Hong Kong police arrested two League of Social Democrats protesters for using chalk to write "Free Ai Weiwei" slogans on the street, when more than 100 protesters took part in "All Hong Kong support graffiti" activities and were encouraged to create graffiti on

neg: Reactions to Occupy Wall Street demonstrators. Union leaders say that unions and OWS can offer mutual support, with OWS gaining from the union's money, stature, and large membership, and the weakened labor movement absorbing the protesters vitality. The Industrial Workers of the World announced on September 28, 2011, that its General Executive Board (GEB), and the General Defense Committee (GDC) had issued statements of support for Occupy Wall Street. After numerous arrests of protesters on the Brooklyn Bridge, police commandeered city buses to pick up detained protesters and union drivers later sued the New York Police Department. Union President John Samuelsen said, "We're down with

neg: St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968 St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968 The St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968 (May 6, 1968 – August 30, 1968) was a labor strike by city sanitation workers in St. Petersburg, Florida that lasted an estimated four months. The strike of 1968 was one of three labor strikes that took place within three years by city sanitation workers, who cited grievances of pay inequality and poor working conditions. A wage dispute over a newly implemented 48-hour work week triggered the sanitation strike which lasted 116 days. 211 sanitation workers participated in the work stoppage, 210 of whom were African-American. The

neg: RapidRide G Line was historically served by cable car service from 1890 until 1940, when they were scrapped and replaced with motor buses and trolleybuses on modern-day routes 11 and 12. A design concept for the service was first presented for public comment in 2014, featuring two options for the eastern terminus, at 23rd Avenue or Martin Luther King Jr Way (MLK Way). A public survey was conducted and found higher support for the MLK Way terminus, as well as preferences for station locations and transfers to other transit routes. In February 2016, the Seattle City Council approved a locally preferred alternative for