query: cgi programs can be written in which languages

pos: Common Gateway Interface especially when the program still needs to be interpreted or compiled. If the command is called often, the resulting workload can quickly overwhelm the server. The overhead involved in process creation can be reduced by techniques such as FastCGI that "prefork" interpreter processes, or by running the application code entirely within the web server, using extension modules such as mod_perl or mod_php. Another way to reduce the overhead is to use precompiled CGI programs, e.g. by writing them in languages such as C or C++, rather than interpreted or compiled-on-the-fly languages such as Perl or PHP, or by implementing the

pos: Perl to this overhead. A number of tools have been introduced to improve this situation. The first such tool was Apache's mod perl, which sought to address one of the most-common reasons that small Perl programs were invoked rapidly: CGI Web development. ActivePerl, via Microsoft ISAPI, provides similar performance improvements. Once Perl code is compiled, there is additional overhead during the execution phase that typically isn't present for programs written in compiled languages such as C or C++. Examples of such overhead include bytecode interpretation, reference-counting memory management, and dynamic type-checking. Because Perl is an interpreted language, it can give problems

pos: SWIG SWIG The Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator (SWIG) is an open-source software tool used to connect computer programs or libraries written in C or C++ with scripting languages such as Lua, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, Tcl, and other languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Go, Modula-3, OCaml, Octave, Scilab and Scheme. Output can also be in the form of XML or Lisp S-expressions. The aim is to allow the calling of native functions (that were written in C or C++) by other programming languages, passing complex data types to those functions, keeping memory from being inappropriately freed, inheriting object classes

neg: Netscape Server Application Programming Interface CGI programs, NSAPI plug-ins run inside the server process. Because CGI programs run outside of the server process, CGI programs are generally slower than NSAPI plug-ins. However, running outside of the server process can improve server reliability by isolating potentially buggy applications from the server software and from each other. In contrast to CGI programs, NSAPI SAFs can be configured to run at different stages of request processing. For example, while processing a single HTTP request, different NSAPI SAFs can be used to authenticate and authorize the remote user, map the requested URI to a local file system path, generate

neg: Windows Script Host and as a server and client side CGI engine (*.xgi). When a server implementing CGI such as the Windows Internet Information Server, ports of Apache and others, all or most of the engines can be used; the most commonly used are VBScript, JScript, PythonScript, PerlScript, ActivePHPScript, and ooRexxScript. The MKS Toolkit PScript programme also runs Perl. Command shells like cmd.exe, 4NT, ksh, and scripting languages with string processing and preferably socket functionality are also able to be used for CGI scripting; compiled languages like C++, Visual Basic, and Java can also be used like this. All Perl interpreters, ooRexx, PHP,

neg: MTS system architecture are written in higher level languages such as Plus or GOM. User programs are written in a wide range of languages from assembler to any of the higher level languages that are available. Most components of the system, including user programs, CLSs, and subroutines loaded in shared virtual memory, can be debugged and new versions of many can be installed while the system is running without requiring a system shutdown. It is possible to substitute a private copy of all components except the supervisor and parts of some job programs. A "test" version of the MTS job program (TMTS) is

neg: Termination analysis on new methods that can show (non)termination. Many researchers include these methods into programs that try to analyze the termination behavior automatically (so without human interaction). An ongoing aspect of research is to allow the existing methods to be used to analyze termination behavior of programs written in "real world" programming languages. For declarative languages like Haskell, Mercury and Prolog, many results exist (mainly because of the strong mathematical background of these languages). The research community also works on new methods to analyze termination behavior of programs written in imperative languages like C and Java. Because of the undecidability of

neg: TI-84 Plus series only significant difference from the CE model is the addition of an LED that blinks while the calculator is in Press-to-Test mode. There are three different types of programs which can be downloaded or programmed into the calculators: TI-BASIC, Z80 assembly language, and Flash applications (also written in Z80 assembly). The TI84+CE is different in that programs are written in TI-BASIC, eZ80 assembly language, or in the C programming language. In addition, there are programs available that are able to compile or interpret other programming languages. Also, there are several languages developed by community members for the calculators, notably ICE,

neg: Flowgorithm Flowgorithm Flowgorithm is a graphical authoring tool which allows users to write and execute programs using flowcharts. The approach is designed to emphasize the algorithm rather than the syntax of a specific programming language. The flowchart can be converted to several major programming languages. Flowgorithm was created at Sacramento State University. The name is a portmanteau of "flowchart" and "algorithm". Flowgorithm can interactively translate flowchart programs into source code written in other programming languages. As the user steps through their flowchart, the related code in the translated program is automatically highlighted. The following programming languages are supported: Besides English, Flowgorithm

neg: Program optimization can be used instead of floating-point, and so on. (See algorithmic efficiency article for these and other techniques.) Performance bottlenecks can be due to language limitations rather than algorithms or data structures used in the program. Sometimes, a critical part of the program can be re-written in a different programming language that gives more direct access to the underlying machine. For example, it is common for very high-level languages like Python to have modules written in C for greater speed. Programs already written in C can have modules written in assembly. Programs written in D can use the inline assembler.

neg: Computer so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember – a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They

neg: Stack-oriented programming model provided in a stack-oriented language allows expressions and programs to be interpreted simply and theoretically evaluated much faster, since no syntax analysis need be done, only lexical analysis. The way such programs are written facilitates being interpreted by machines, which is why PostScript suits printers well for its use. However, the slightly artificial way of writing PostScript programs can form an initial barrier to understanding stack-oriented languages such as PostScript. While the ability to shadow by overriding inbuilt and other definitions can make programs hard to debug, and irresponsible use of this feature can cause unpredictable behaviour, it can

neg: IBM RPG functions (BIFs). It has the ability to link to Java objects, and i5/OS APIs; it can be used to write CGI programs with the help of IBM's Cgidev2 web toolkit, the Cozzi cozTools (a collection of RPG and CGI routines for RPG IV), CGILIB, the RPG Toolbox, and other commercial Web-enabled packages. Even with the changes, it retains a great deal of backward compatibility, so an RPG program written 37 years ago could run today with little or no modification. The SQL precompiler allows current RPG developers to take advantage of IBM's cost-based SQE (SQL Query Engine). With the traditional

neg: CGIProxy CGIProxy CGIProxy is, as its name suggests, a CGI proxy software package. A CGI (Common Gateway Interface) proxy appears to a user as a web page that allows the user to access a different site through it, in most cases anonymously. An anonymous CGI Proxy is a type of proxy server that works through an encrypted web form embedded on another web page hosted securely using SSL (Secure Socket Layering), also often called a "Web proxy". CGIProxy is written in the Perl programming language. It can be installed on any web server which can execute a Perl program via CGI,

neg: Windows Runtime ecosystem through the metadata format and libraries. The CLR provides services like JIT-compilation code and garbage collection. WinRT applications using .NET languages use the new Windows Runtime XAML Framework, and are primarily written in C#, VB.NET, and for the first time for XAML, with native code using C++/CX. Although not yet officially supported, programs can also be written in other .NET languages. Classes defined in WinRT components that are built in managed .NET languages must be declared as codice_16, so they cannot be derived from. However, non-sealed WinRT classes defined elsewhere can be inherited from in .NET, their virtual methods

neg: Mutual recursion Male sequences are an example of a pair of integer sequences defined in a mutually recursive manner. Fractals can be computed (up to a given resolution) by recursive functions. This can sometimes be done more elegantly via mutually recursive functions; the Sierpiński curve is a good example. Mutual recursion is very common in the functional programming style, and is often used for programs written in LISP, Scheme, ML, and similar languages. In languages such as Prolog, mutual recursion is almost unavoidable. Some programming styles discourage mutual recursion, claiming that it can be confusing to distinguish the conditions which will return

neg: Windows Script Host be utilised in CGI programming under Windows with any number of programmes and set up, meaning that the source code files for a scipt used on a server for CGI purposes could bear other file extensions such as .cgi and so on. The aforementioned ability of the Windows Script Host to run a script with multiple languages in it in files with a .wsh extension. Extended Html and XML also add to the additional possibilities when working with scripts for network use, as do Active Server Pages and so forth. Moreover, Windows shell scripts and scripts written in shells with

neg: Reserved word users to learn because of a long list of reserved words to memorize which can't be used as identifiers. It may be difficult to extend the language because addition of reserved words for new features might invalidate existing programs or, conversely, "overloading" of existing reserved words with new meanings can be confusing. Porting programs can be problematic because a word not reserved by one system/compiler might be reserved by another. Microsoft’s .NET Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) specification allows code written in 40+ different programming languages to be combined together into a final product. Because of this, identifier/reserved word collisions can

neg: BlooP and FlooP BlooP and FlooP FlooP is identical to BlooP except that it supports unbounded loops; it is a Turing-complete language and can express all computable functions. For example, it can express the Ackermann function, which (not being primitive recursive) cannot be written in BlooP. Borrowing from standard terminology in mathematical logic, Hofstadter calls FlooP's unbounded loops MU-loops. Like all Turing-complete programming languages, FlooP suffers from the halting problem: programs might not terminate, and it is not possible, in general, to decide which programs do. BlooP and FlooP can be regarded as models of computation, and have sometimes been used in teaching

neg: Arachnophilia 1.5 or later. The program was licensed as Careware software, now as LGPL with the source available on the website. The program can import and convert to HTML various RTF documents, tables and outlines from any Windows 95 (and above) compliant application. The output of the code can be previewed in up to six different web browsers. It supports CGI, frames and other languages beside HTML, for instance PHP, Perl, C++, Java, and JavaScript development. Other features include: Arachnophilia Arachnophilia is a source code editor written in Java by Paul Lutus. It is the successor to another HTML editor, WebThing.

neg: Software devices were instead rewired in order to "reprogram" them. On virtually all computer platforms, software can be grouped into a few broad categories. Based on the goal, computer software can be divided into: Programming tools are also software in the form of programs or applications that software developers (also known as "programmers, coders, hackers" or "software engineers") use to create, debug, maintain (i.e. improve or fix), or otherwise support software. Software is written in one or more programming languages; there are many programming languages in existence, and each has at least one implementation, each of which consists of its own

neg: Proprietary software code is made available. Governments have also been accused of adding such malware to software themselves. According to documents released by Edward Snowden, the NSA has used covert partnerships with software companies to make commercial encryption software exploitable to eavesdropping, or to insert backdoors. Software vendors sometimes use obfuscated code to impede users who would reverse engineer the software. This is particularly common with certain programming languages. For example, the bytecode for programs written in Java can be easily decompiled to somewhat usable code, and the source code for programs written in scripting languages such as PHP or JavaScript is

neg: English as a second or foreign language as a lingua franca in a multilingual country. The term can be a misnomer for some students who have learned several languages before learning English. The terms "English language learners" (ELL), and, more recently, "English learners" (EL), have been used instead, and the students' native languages and cultures are considered important. Methods of learning English are highly variable depending on the student's level of English proficiency and the manner and setting in which they are taught, which can range from required classes in school to self-directed study at home. In some programs, educational materials (including spoken lectures and written assignments)

neg: Symphony OS which is being written for Symphony OS. It allows programs composed of HTML and CGI-style Perl to run as local GUI applications. Orchestra is made up of two main parts: a lightweight localhost-only HTTP server written in Perl, and a slimmed down Mozilla renderer. Because Mozilla is used as the base for rendering Orchestra, applications can utilize the following technologies: Mezzo is the desktop environment created by Ryan Quinn based on designs by Jason Spisak. Added to Symphony OS, it aims to pose a new way of presenting data to the user. Mezzo disposes of standard concepts like ""The desktop

neg: Purely functional programming are non-functional, but they may not be the most efficient tool available, especially if persistency is not required. A purely functional language is a language which only admits purely functional programming. Purely functional programs can however be written in languages which are not purely functional. Purely functional programming In computer science, purely functional programming usually designates a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that treats all computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions. Purely functional programming may also be defined by forbidding changing-state and mutable data. Purely functional programming consists in ensuring that functions, inside

neg: FastCGI FastCGI FastCGI is a binary protocol for interfacing interactive programs with a web server. FastCGI is a variation on the earlier Common Gateway Interface (CGI); FastCGI's main aim is to reduce the overhead associated with interfacing the web server and CGI programs, allowing a server to handle more web page requests per same amount of time. CGI is a protocol for interfacing external applications to web servers. CGI applications run in separate processes, which are created at the start of each request and torn down at the end. This "one new process per request" model makes CGI programs very simple

neg: Industrial robot robotics applications. It can also increase the level of safety associated with robotic equipment since various "what if" scenarios can be tried and tested before the system is activated.[8] Robot simulation software provides a platform to teach, test, run, and debug programs that have been written in a variety of programming languages. "Robot simulation" tools allow for robotics programs to be conveniently written and debugged off-line with the final version of the program tested on an actual robot. The ability to preview the behavior of a robotic system in a virtual world allows for a variety of mechanisms, devices, configurations

neg: Enterprise (computer) editor, which doubles as a simple word processor. It can edit text files and BASIC programs, as well as programs written in other languages. The editor uses the joystick for cursor control. Enterprise does not include BASIC or any other programming language in its internal ROM, unlike most other home computers of the time. Its BASIC interpreter was supplied on a 16k ROM cartridge, and the language can be changed by switching the cartridge, a system similar to that of Acorn's BBC Micro. IS-Basic adheres to the ANSI BASIC standard. It is a fully structured language whose wide set of

neg: Visual Prolog Visual Prolog Visual Prolog, also formerly known as PDC Prolog and Turbo Prolog, is a strongly typed object-oriented extension of Prolog. As Turbo Prolog, it was marketed by Borland but it is now developed and marketed by the Danish firm Prolog Development Center (PDC) that originally developed it. Visual Prolog can build Microsoft Windows GUI-applications, console applications, DLLs (dynamic link libraries), and CGI-programs. It can also link to COM components and to databases by means of ODBC. Logic languages are traditionally interpreted, but Visual Prolog is compiled. This provides the important improvement of converting traditional Prolog-typical run-time errors to compiler

neg: ABC Software Metric / ABC score". Programs written in different languages can be compared with the help of ABC scores because most languages use assignments, branches and conditional statements. The information on the count of the individual parameters (number of assignments, branches and conditions) can help classify the program as ‘data strong’ or ‘function strong’ or ‘logic strong’. The vector form of an ABC score can provide insight into the driving principles behind the application, whereas the details are lost in the scalar form of the score. ABC scores are linear, so any file, module, class, function or method can be scored. For

neg: .NET Framework platforms can be problematic. Some alternative implementations of parts of the framework are listed here. Microsoft managed code frameworks and their components are licensed as follows: .NET Framework .NET Framework (pronounced "dot net") is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large class library named Framework Class Library (FCL) and provides language interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages) across several programming languages. Programs written for .NET Framework execute in a software environment (in contrast to a hardware environment) named Common Language Runtime (CLR), an application virtual machine that

neg: Mason (Perl) can be used with Apache HTTP Server via mod_perl – for which Mason provides its own handler, HTML::Mason::ApacheHandler. It also has support for Common Gateway Interface (CGI), and can therefore run on any CGI-enabled web server. Mason (Perl) HTML::Mason, or Mason for short, is a web application framework written in Perl. It is distributed on CPAN. It has features which make it a suitable backend for high-load sites serving dynamic content, such as online newspapers or database-driven e-commerce sites. Several popular web sites including Amazon.com and Delicious are or were powered by Mason. An extensive list of sites using Mason

neg: Lighttpd distributed under the BSD license. It runs natively on Unix-like operating systems, as well as Microsoft Windows. lighttpd supports the FastCGI, SCGI and CGI interfaces to external programs, allowing web applications written in any programming language to be used with the server. As a particularly popular language, PHP performance has received special attention. Lighttpd's FastCGI can be configured to support PHP with opcode caches (like APC) properly and efficiently. Additionally, it has received attention from its popularity within the Python, Perl, Ruby and Lua communities. Lighttpd also supports WebDNA, the resilient in-memory database system designed to build database-driven websites. It

neg: C (programming language) can be used for most purposes, yet when needed, system-specific code can be used to access specific hardware addresses and to perform type punning to match externally imposed interface requirements, with a low run-time demand on system resources. C can also be used for website programming using CGI as a "gateway" for information between the Web application, the server, and the browser. C is often chosen over interpreted languages because of its speed, stability, and near-universal availability. One consequence of C's wide availability and efficiency is that compilers, libraries and interpreters of other programming languages are often implemented in C.

neg: Ousterhout's dichotomy high performance. Prototypical examples of system programming languages include C and Modula-2. By contrast, scripting languages (or "glue languages") tend to have the following properties: Scripting languages tend to be used for applications where most of the functionality comes from other programs (often implemented in system programming languages); the scripts are used to "glue" together other programs or add additional layers of functionality on top of existing programs. Ousterhout claims that scripts tend to be short and are often written by less sophisticated programmers, so execution efficiency is less important than simplicity and ease of interaction with other programs. Common

neg: Java virtual machine of the program can then be executed much more quickly than they could be interpreted. This technique gets applied to those parts of a program frequently executed. This way a JIT compiler can significantly speed up the overall execution time. There is no necessary connection between the Java programming language and Java bytecode. A program written in Java can be compiled directly into the machine language of a real computer and programs written in other languages than Java can be compiled into Java bytecode. Java bytecode is intended to be platform-independent and secure. Some JVM implementations do not include an

neg: Mod perl Perl using mod_perl. mod_perl can emulate a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) environment, so that existing Perl CGI scripts can benefit from the performance boost without having to be re-written. Unlike CGI (and most other web application environments), mod_perl provides complete access to the Apache API, allowing programmers to write handlers for all phases in the Apache request cycle, manipulate Apache's internal tables and state mechanisms, share data between Apache processes or threads, alter or extend the Apache configuration file parser, and add Perl code to the configuration file itself, among other things. Mod perl mod_perl is an optional module for

neg: PROIV as the timing cycle). Procedural subroutines can be added by the programmer; these are written in a 3GL-like language which PROIV calls "Logic". Note that in PROIV programs are referred to as "functions", which can be confusing as it differs from the more usual use of that term in programming languages. PROIV was developed by Sushil K. Garg working in Hawaii in 1976 on a General Automation System. In the early 1980s it was licensed to McDonnell Information Systems (MDIS). MDIS converted PROIV to run on their Pick-based systems and this spin off was known as ALL (Application Language Liberator).

neg: P* from the shell, or placing the scripts inside CGI-configured directories of a webserver. An interpreter module for the Apache web server is also available. P* P* (pronounced "P-star") is a programming language meant to be useful in web development for creating dynamic HTML documents. The language provides syntax for templates and prepared SQL-statements. P* programs are scripts which are run by the P* interpreter. The syntax is inspired from other C-family languages. Program Blocks starts with the open curly bracket codice_1 and ends with the close curly bracket codice_2. The code of a P* program is placed into scenes ,

neg: Assembly language other languages, can be lengthy "programs" by themselves, executed by interpretation by the assembler during assembly. Since macros can have 'short' names but expand to several or indeed many lines of code, they can be used to make assembly language programs appear to be far shorter, requiring fewer lines of source code, as with higher level languages. They can also be used to add higher levels of structure to assembly programs, optionally introduce embedded debugging code via parameters and other similar features. Macro assemblers often allow macros to take parameters. Some assemblers include quite sophisticated macro languages, incorporating such high-level

neg: Scheme (programming language) Scheme code in programs written in other languages is also common, as the relative simplicity of Scheme implementations makes it a popular choice for adding scripting capabilities to larger systems developed in languages such as C. The Gambit, Chicken, and Bigloo Scheme interpreters compile Scheme to C, which makes embedding particularly easy. In addition, Bigloo's compiler can be configured to generate JVM bytecode, and it also features an experimental bytecode generator for .NET. Some implementations support additional features. For example, Kawa and JScheme provide integration with Java classes, and the Scheme to C compilers often make it easy to use

neg: CLIST language. That is, the computer must translate a CLIST every time the program is executed. CLISTs therefore tend to be slower than programs written in compiled languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, or PL/1. (A program written in a compiled language is translated once to create a "load module" or executable.) CLIST can read/write MVS files and read/write from/to a TSO terminal. It can read parameters from the caller and also features a function to hold global variables and pass them between CLISTs. A CLIST can also call an MVS application program (written in COBOL or PL/I, for example). CLISTs can

neg: Server-side scripting web application. The application takes an input, computes a result, and returns the result back to the client. In the earlier days of the web, server-side scripting was almost exclusively performed by using a combination of C programs, Perl scripts, and shell scripts using the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). Those scripts were executed by the operating system, and the results were served back by the web server. Many modern web servers can directly execute on-line scripting languages such as ASP, JSP, Perl, PHP and Ruby either by the web server itself or via extension modules (e.g. mod_perl or mod_php) to

neg: Data then constructed from the binary alphabet. Some special forms of data are distinguished. A computer program is a collection of data, which can be interpreted as instructions. Most computer languages make a distinction between programs and the other data on which programs operate, but in some languages, notably Lisp and similar languages, programs are essentially indistinguishable from other data. It is also useful to distinguish metadata, that is, a description of other data. A similar yet earlier term for metadata is "ancillary data." The prototypical example of metadata is the library catalog, which is a description of the contents of

neg: Form (HTML) introduced in PHP 5.2. Users of earlier PHP versions could use the codice_19 function, or regular expressions to sanitize the user input before doing anything with it. Perl is another language often used for web development. Perl scripts are traditionally used as Common Gateway Interface applications (CGIs). In fact, Perl is such a common way to write CGIs that the two are often confused. CGIs may be written in other languages than Perl (compatibility with multiple languages is a design goal of the CGI protocol) and there are other ways to make Perl scripts interoperate with a web server than

neg: Asm.js but which have a level of complexity for which a direct port to JavaScript would be infeasible. So far, a number of programming languages, application frameworks, programs, libraries, games, game engines and other software have already been ported. Some of them are given below. Asm.js asm.js is a subset of JavaScript designed to allow computer software written in languages such as C to be run as web applications while maintaining performance characteristics considerably better than standard JavaScript, which is the typical language used for such applications. asm.js consists of a strict subset of JavaScript, to which code written in statically-typed

neg: Programming paradigm execute and chooses the order on its own. More at Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages. Just as software engineering (as a process) is defined by differing "methodologies", so the programming languages (as models of computation) are defined by differing "paradigms". Some languages are designed to support one paradigm (Smalltalk supports object-oriented programming, Haskell supports functional programming), while other programming languages support multiple paradigms (such as Object Pascal, C++, Java, C#, Scala, Visual Basic, Common Lisp, Scheme, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Wolfram Language, Oz, and F#). For example, programs written in C++, Object Pascal or PHP can be purely procedural, purely

neg: Ronia, the Robber's Daughter performed in 1993 and 2004 with its musical director Ralf Linke, Oberkirch (Baden) in 2006. The German adaptation was written by Barbara Hass. A CGI television series from Japan, which debuted on October 11, 2014. Titled "Sanzoku no Musume Ronia", the show is being produced by Dwango, NHK, NHK Enterprises, Polygon Pictures and Studio Ghibli. The show will be directed by Goro Miyazaki and scripted by . Ronia, the Robber's Daughter has been translated into 39 languages. The two English versions translate the Swedish names differently. Ronia, the Robber's Daughter Ronia, the Robber's Daughter (Swedish: "Ronja rövardotter") is a children's

neg: Lego Mindstorms NXT Developer Studio) enable programming the NXT using the C# language. Other supported languages include IronPython and VB.NET. Bricx Command Center (BricxCC) is the integrated development environment (IDE) used to write, compile, and edit NBC and NXC programs for the NXT. Also, as BricxCC was originally made for the RCX, programs for it can be written using NQC via BricxCC. Different firmware versions can be flashed to the NXT using BricxCC. BricxCC has many utilities such as NeXTExplorer (upload/download files, defragment the NXT, use file hex viewer), NeXTScreen (view what's on the NXT's LCD, and capture images and video). Next Byte

neg: Low-level programming language Low-level programming language A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture—commands or functions in the language map closely to processor instructions. Generally this refers to either machine code or assembly language. The word "low" refers to the small or nonexistent amount of abstraction between the language and machine language; because of this, low-level languages are sometimes described as being "close to the hardware". Programs written in low-level languages tend to be relatively non-portable. Low-level languages can convert to machine code without a compiler or interpreter— second-generation programming languages

neg: Head-mounted display as augmented reality or mixed reality. Combining real-world view with CGI can be done by projecting the CGI through a partially reflective mirror and viewing the real world directly. This method is often called "optical see-through". Combining real-world view with CGI can also be done electronically by accepting video from a camera and mixing it electronically with CGI. This method is often called "video see-through". An optical head-mounted display uses an optical mixer which is made of partly silvered mirrors. It can reflect artificial images, and let real images cross the lens, and let a user look through it. Various

neg: Greymatter (software) options and extensibility, with a focus on customization and user control. Its current version is 1.8.2. Greymatter is written in Perl, designed as a CGI script placed in the cgi-bin directory of a website. The blog can be displayed on the website's homepage or in a subdirectory. The archives are in a user customized folder on the server, typically called "archives". The main, archive, and entry pages are written in HTML. Greymatter creates static pages. Therefore, when an entry is edited, only the main page and the entry's page are rebuilt (but not the monthly or weekly archive file). While

neg: Nemiver be added in the future) that could be re-used by other projects seeking to implement a debugger as a part of an integrated development environment (IDE), for example. Nemiver is written in C++, and heavily relies on many components of the GNOME platform, such as Gtkmm. Nemiver Nemiver is computer software, a graphical standalone debugger for the programming languages C and C++, which integrates in the GNOME desktop environment. It currently features a backend which uses the well known GNU Debugger (GDB). The creator and the current lead developer is Dodji Seketeli. Users can start debugging programs with Nemiver either

neg: Machine code it is possible to write programs directly in machine code, it is tedious and error prone to manage individual bits and calculate numerical addresses and constants manually. For this reason, programs are very rarely written directly in machine code in modern contexts, but may be done for low level debugging, program patching, and assembly language disassembly. The overwhelming majority of practical programs today are written in higher-level languages or assembly language. The source code is then translated to executable machine code by utilities such as compilers, assemblers, and linkers, with the important exception of interpreted programs, which are not translated

neg: Homoiconicity by S-expressions that take the form of nested lists. Lisp programs are written in the form of lists; the result is that the program can access its own functions and procedures while running, and programmatically alter itself on the fly. Homoiconic languages typically include full support of syntactic macros, allowing the programmer to express transformations of programs in a concise way. Examples are the programming languages Clojure (a contemporary dialect of Lisp), Rebol (also its successor Red), Refal, and more recently Julia. The original source is the paper "Macro Instruction Extensions of Compiler Languages", according to the early and influential

neg: Cache control instruction processor, and some embedded systems. These allow greater control over memory traffic and locality (as the working set is managed by explicit transfers), and eliminates the need for expensive cache coherency in a manycore machine. The disadvantage is it requires significantly different programming techniques to use. It is very hard to adapt programs written in traditional languages such as C and C++ which present the programmer with a uniform view of a large address space (which is an illusion simulated by caches). A traditional microprocessor can more easily run legacy code, which may then be accelerated by cache control instructions,

neg: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project programs for personal computers. Although the programs are written in SAS, they are distributed in ASCII so that they can be readily adapted to other programming languages. The first program, Creation of Format Library for Elixhauser Comorbidity Groups, generates a SAS format library that maps diagnosis codes into comorbidity indicators. Additional formats are created to exclude conditions that may be complications or that may be related to the principal diagnosis. The second SAS program, Creation of Elixhauser Comorbidity Variables, applies these formats to a data set containing administrative data and then creates the 29 comorbidity variables. The Elixhauser Comorbidity Software

neg: Burroughs large systems code tailored for the tables and indexes specified. Administrators never need to write DMALGOL themselves. Normal user-level programs obtain database access by using code written in application languages, mainly ALGOL and COBOL, extended with database instructions and transaction processing directives. The most notable feature of DMALGOL is its preprocessing mechanisms to generate code for handling tables and indices. DMALGOL preprocessing includes variables and loops, and can generate names based on compile-time variables. This enables tailoring far beyond what can be done by preprocessing facilities which lack loops. DMALGOL is used to provide tailored access routines for DMSII databases. After a

neg: Hierarchy 1950s, laid the empirical foundations for a field that would be, from the 1980s, hierarchical ecology. The theoretical foundations are summarized by Thermodynamics. When biological systems are modeled as physical systems, in its most general abstraction, they are thermodynamic open systems that exhibit self-organised behavior, and the set/subset relations between dissipative structures can be characterized in a hierarchy. CGI and computer animation programs mostly use hierarchies for models. On a 3D model of a human for example, the chest is a parent of the upper left arm, which is a parent of the lower left arm, which is a parent

neg: XML schema Features available in XSD that are missing from DTDs include: XSD schemas are conventionally written as XML documents, so familiar editing and transformation tools can be used. As well as validation, XSD allows XML instances to be annotated with type information (the Post-Schema-Validation Infoset (PSVI)) which is designed to make manipulation of the XML instance easier in application programs. This may be by mapping the XSD-defined types to types in a programming language such as Java ("data binding") or by enriching the type system of XML processing languages such as XSLT and XQuery (known as "schema-awareness"). RELAX NG and W3C

neg: Standard ML 1997). Standard ML is a functional programming language with some impure features. Programs written in Standard ML consist of expressions to be evaluated, as opposed to statements or commands, although some expressions return a trivial "unit" value and are only evaluated for their side-effects. Like all functional programming languages, a key feature of Standard ML is the function, which is used for abstraction. For instance, the factorial function can be expressed as: A Standard ML compiler is required to infer the static type int -> int of this function without user-supplied type annotations. I.e., it has to deduce that "n"

neg: Compiler compilers were designed. Therefore, the compilation process needed to be divided into several small programs. The front end programs produce the analysis products used by the back end programs to generate target code. As computer technology provided more resources, compiler designs could align better with the compilation process. The human mind can design better solutions as the language moves from the machine to a higher level. So the development of high-level languages followed naturally from the capabilities offered by the digital computers. High-level languages are formal languages that are strictly defined by their syntax and semantics which form the high-level

neg: Scripting language Scripting language A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports scripts — programs written for a special run-time environment that automate the execution of tasks that could alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human operator. Scripting languages are often interpreted (rather than compiled). Primitives are usually the elementary tasks or API calls, and the language allows them to be combined into more complex programs. Environments that can be automated through scripting include software applications, web pages within a web browser, usage of the shells of operating systems (OS), embedded systems, as well as numerous games. A scripting

neg: Third-generation programming language independent from a particular type of computer. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages, and hence require compilation or interpretation. In contrast, machine languages are considered as low-level because they are designed for and executed by physical hardware without further translation required. The main advantage of high-level languages over low-level languages is that they are easier to read, write, and maintain. Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or directly into behaviour by an interpreter. These programs could run on different

neg: Dynamic web page HTML (DHTML) and Flash technologies respectively, are frequently used to orchestrate media types (sound, animations, changing text, etc.) of the presentation. The scripting also allows use of remote scripting, a technique by which the DHTML page requests additional information from a server, using a hidden Frame, XMLHttpRequests, or a web service. Web pages that use server-side scripting are often created with the help of server-side languages such as PHP, Perl, ASP, ASP.NET, JSP, ColdFusion and other languages. These server-side languages typically use the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) to produce "dynamic web pages". These kinds of pages can also use, on

neg: Graphing calculator processing programs. The second option is being able to code the programs on board the calculator itself. This option is facilitated by the inclusion of full-screen text editors and other programming tools in the default feature set of the calculator or as optional items. Some calculators have QWERTY keyboards and others can be attached to an external keyboard which can be close to the size of a regular 102-key computer keyboard. Programming is a major use for the software and cables used to connect calculators to computers. The most common programming languages used for calculators are similar to keystroke-macro languages

neg: Common Gateway Interface Common Gateway Interface In computing, Common Gateway Interface (CGI) offers a standard protocol for web servers to execute programs that execute like console applications (also called command-line interface programs) running on a server that generates web pages dynamically. Such programs are known as "CGI scripts" or simply as "CGIs". The specifics of how the script is executed by the server are determined by the server. In the common case, a CGI script executes at the time a request is made and generates HTML. In brief, an HTTP POST request from the client will send the CGI program HTML form data

neg: Procedural programming example: The main difference between the styles is that functional programming languages remove or at least deemphasize the imperative elements of procedural programming. The feature set of functional languages is therefore designed to support writing programs as much as possible in terms of pure functions: Many functional languages, however, are in fact impurely functional and offer imperative/procedural constructs that allow the programmer to write programs in procedural style, or in a combination of both styles. It is common for input/output code in functional languages to be written in a procedural style. There do exist a few esoteric functional languages (like

neg: High-level programming language or more others with the goal of aggregating the most popular constructs with new or improved features. An example of this is Scala which maintains backward compatibility with Java which means that programs and libraries written in Java will continue to be usable even if a programming shop switches to Scala; this makes the transition easier and the lifespan of such high-level coding indefinite. In contrast, low-level programs rarely survive beyond the system architecture which they were written for without major revision. This is the engineering 'trade-off' for the 'Abstraction Penalty'. Examples of high-level programming languages in active use today

neg: Common Type System Common Type System In Microsoft's .NET Framework, the Common Type System (CTS) is a standard that specifies how type definitions and specific values of types are represented in computer memory. It is intended to allow programs written in different programming languages to easily share information. As used in programming languages, a type can be described as a definition of a set of values (for example, "all integers between 0 and 10"), and the allowable operations on those values (for example, addition and subtraction). The specification for the CTS is contained in Ecma standard 335, "Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) Partitions I

neg: .NET Framework .NET Framework .NET Framework (pronounced "dot net") is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large class library named Framework Class Library (FCL) and provides language interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages) across several programming languages. Programs written for .NET Framework execute in a software environment (in contrast to a hardware environment) named Common Language Runtime (CLR), an application virtual machine that provides services such as security, memory management, and exception handling. As such, computer code written using .NET Framework is called "managed code". FCL and CLR together

neg: PHP a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. The web server combines the results of the interpreted and executed PHP code, which may be any type of data, including images, with the generated web page. PHP code may also be executed with a command-line interface (CLI) and can be used to implement standalone graphical applications. The standard PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under the PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge. The PHP language evolved without a written

neg: TUX web server issues. TUX is capable of launching CGI programs to provide dynamic content. However, CGI suffers from significant performance limitations, so a CGI-heavy site would gain no performance advantage from using TUX. TUX can also redirect any request it cannot process to a traditional userspace web server daemon, for example Apache or lighttpd. This allows TUX to handle both dynamic content and errors in a safer, faster, and RFC-correct manner. TUX has never been an integrated part of the official Linux kernel, although it has been shipped in some distributions, notably Red Hat, SuSE and Fedora. It served as a test

neg: 3D computer graphics graphics software produces computer-generated imagery (CGI) through 3D modeling and 3D rendering or produces 3D models for analytic, scientific and industrial purposes. 3D modeling software is a class of 3D computer graphics software used to produce 3D models. Individual programs of this class are called modeling applications or modelers. 3D modelers allow users to create and alter models via their 3D mesh. Users can add, subtract, stretch and otherwise change the mesh to their desire. Models can be viewed from a variety of angles, usually simultaneously. Models can be rotated and the view can be zoomed in and out. 3D

neg: Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International and Nokia. Due to the worldwide audience, a number of programs are simultaneously translated into different languages such as English, German, Bengali, French, Urdu and others. An example of this is the program Friday Sermon which is translated live simultaneously in at least 8 languages including Arabic, Swahili and Indonesian. This is later translated into more languages like Russian and Spanish etc. All together there can be 16 translations (more or less) per sermon. For the benefit of MTA’s viewers, all of its channels can be watched on YouTube, Facebook as well as on their official website. Viewers can also

neg: FormMail FormMail Formmail and its many variants, is a free open source web server CGI script that captures and processes form contents and then typically e-mails them to one or more recipients. The script, originally created in Perl, was originally written in early 1993 by Reuven M. Lerner, as part of his work on The Tech, and was included in the archive of CGI programs made available by NCSA HTTPd. In its original form, it was called "form-mail.pl", and was released under the GNU General Public License. The program was subsequently stripped of its copyright and authorship, renamed "FormMail", and publicized

neg: Phonemic orthography a number of other languages. The sounds of speech of all languages of the world can be written by a rather small universal phonetic alphabet. A standard for this is the International Phonetic Alphabet. Phonemic orthography In linguistics, a phonemic orthography is an orthography (system for writing a language) in which the graphemes (written symbols) correspond to the phonemes (significant spoken sounds) of the language. Languages rarely have perfectly phonemic orthographies; a high degree of grapheme-phoneme correspondence can be expected in orthographies based on alphabetic writing systems, but they differ in how complete this correspondence is. English orthography, for example,

neg: Blosxom flavours. Blosxom can operate as a CGI script or produce static HTML files. By default, Blosxom supports showing recent posts, doing content categorization, content retrieval by date (and permalinking based on that), and RSS feeds. It can be extended with dozens of available plugins. Blosxom has inspired derivatives in various languages, including PyBlosxom (in Python), Blojsom (in Java), Clojsom (in Clojure), Blosxonomy (in Ruby), Blosxom.PHP (in PHP), and Hobix (in Ruby). Blosxom and its derivatives tend to be used by people who prefer to write weblog postings with their favourite text editor instead of using a web-based interface. However, there

neg: Freespire other elements, which Linspire itself licenses but does not own, like the Windows Media Audio compatibility libraries, remain proprietary, closed source. Consequently, there are two versions of Freespire, one with the proprietary, closed source libraries, and one, called Freespire OSS Edition, that includes mostly open-source components. Freespire has a number of in-house programs written in Haskell and OCaml, such as its ISO image builder, its hardware detection and autoconfiguration, its package autobuilder and "Debian library", and also the programs managing the CGI. Freespire Freespire is a community-driven Linux distribution currently owned by PC/Open Systems LLC. It is derived from Linspire

neg: Language immersion and other similar programs that might not fully reach their projected goals can also be seen in the same light. Programs with the goal of preserving heritage languages, such as Hawaii's language immersion program, have also reported initial outcomes of below average test scores on standardized tests. However, it is possible that these low test scores were not caused by purely language-related factors. For example, there was initially a lack of curriculum material written in the Hawaiian language and many of the teachers were inexperienced or unaccustomed to teaching in Hawaiian. Despite initial drawbacks, the Hawaiian program was overall successful

neg: Racket features new students while providing them with helpful error messages that fit the student's level of knowledge. This approach is heavily used in How to Design Programs, the textbook that several PLT developers have authored, as well as in the ProgramByDesign project. The following program uses the codice_24—the "beginning student language". It uses the codice_9 library for creating pictures in the teaching languages, and the codice_26 library for interactive animations. Racket comes with a complete implementation of the ALGOL 60 language. Another supported language is plai which like racket can be typed or untyped. "Modules written in plai export every definition

neg: Fortran such as Matlab, Python, or R are becoming popular in particular areas of computational science. Consequently, a growing fraction of scientific programs are also written in these languages. For this reason, facilities for inter-operation with C were added to Fortran 2003 and enhanced by ISO/IEC technical specification 29113, which will be incorporated into Fortran 2018. This shift in the popularity of programming languages is also evident in the selection of applications between the SPEC CPU 2000 and SPEC CPU 2006 floating point benchmarks. Software for NASA probes Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 was originally written in FORTRAN 5, and later

neg: Q'eqchi' language Mayan groups. Although it was later followed by the brutal policies of the late-19th-century liberals and the late-20th century military governments, it largely explains the status of Q'eqchi' as the 3rd largest Mayan language in Guatemala and the 4th across the Mayan region. The relatively recent, postcolonial expansion is also the reason that Q'eqchi' is perhaps the most homogeneous of the larger Mayan languages. Q'eqchi is taught in public schools through Guatemala's intercultural bilingual education programs. Like most other Mayan languages, Q'eqchi' is still in the process of becoming a written and literary language. Existing texts can roughly be divided

neg: URL redirection an example of a simple HTML document that uses this technique: This technique can be used by web authors because the meta tag is contained inside the document itself. The meta tag must be placed in the "head" section of the HTML file. The number "0" in this example may be replaced by another number to achieve a delay of that many seconds. The anchor in the "body" section is for users whose browsers do not support this feature. The same effect can be achieved with an HTTP codice_9 header: This response is easier to generate by CGI programs because

neg: MINC been for all intents and purposes superseded by modern scripting languages such as Perl, Python, and Tcl. A controversial aspect of the language is whether it is pronounced "mink" or "min-see". MINC MINC ("MINC is not C") is a data specification language written in the mid-1980s by a Princeton University graduate student named Lars Graf. This kind of naming is known as a "recursive acronym". It contains many (though not all) of the syntactical capabilities of the C programming language, and can be used to implement simple procedural programs that can be executed by a runtime parser (that is to

neg: Conditional (computer programming) evaluate only the condition and proper branch (where a strict language would evaluate all three). It can be written like this: if' :: Bool -> a -> a -> a if' True x _ = x if' False _ y = y C and C-like languages have a special ternary operator () for conditional expressions with a function that may be described by a template like this: This means that it can be inlined into expressions, unlike if-statements, in C-like languages: my_variable = x > 10 ? "foo" : "bar"; // In C-like languages which can be compared to the

neg: SuEXEC then wraps the CGI scripts and executes it under the user account of the server process (virtual host) defined in the virtual host directive. Additionally, suEXEC perform a multi-step check on the executed CGI to ensure security for the server (including path-checks, a limit of permitted commands, etc.) User "Alice" has a website including some CGI scripts in her own public_html folder, which can be accessed by <nowiki>http://server/~alice</nowiki>. Bob now views Alice's webpage, which requires Apache to run one of these CGI scripts. Instead of running all scripts as "wwwrun" (which results in the need that all scripts have to

neg: European ordering rules European ordering rules The European ordering rules (EOR / EN 13710), define an ordering for strings written in languages that are written with the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic alphabets. The standard covers languages used by the European Union, the European Free Trade Association, and parts of the former Soviet Union. It is a tailoring of the "Common Tailorable Template" of ISO/IEC 14651. EOR can in turn be tailored for different (European) languages. But in inter-European contexts, EOR can be used without further tailoring. Just as for ISO/IEC 14651, upon which EOR is based, EOR has 4 levels of weights. Level

neg: DIGITAL Command Language CGI capabilities distributed by Advanced System Concepts Inc. from 1997. For the OpenVMS implementation, the command line parser is a runtime library (CLI$) that can be compiled into user applications and therefore gives a consistent command line interface for both OS supplied commands and user written commands. The command line must start with a verb and is then followed by arguments or qualifiers (switches in Unix terminology) which begin with a '/' character. Unlike Unix (but similar to DOS), a space is not required before the '/'. Qualifiers can be position independent (occurring anywhere on the command line) or position

neg: Asterisk Gateway Interface is implemented as an Asterisk loadable module ("res_agi"). The features may be access by a variety of application programming interfaces in various languages, such as phpagi, Perl AGI Library, CAGI, NanoAGI, and PyST Asterisk Gateway Interface Asterisk Gateway Interface (AGI) is a software interface and communications protocol for application level control of selected features of the Asterisk PBX. AGI allows an external, user-written program, launched from the Asterisk dial plan via pipes to control telephony operations on its associated control and voice channels. It is similar to the CGI feature of web servers in allowing any language to be used

neg: Lego sensors that detect touch, light, sound and ultrasonic waves, with several others being sold separately, including an RFID reader. The intelligent brick can be programmed using official software available for Windows and Mac computers, and is downloaded onto the brick via Bluetooth or a USB cable. There are also several unofficial programs and compatible programming languages that have been made to work with the brick, and many books have been written to support this community. There are several robotics competitions which use the Lego robotics sets. The earliest is Botball, a national U.S. middle- and high-school competition stemming from the

neg: Esoteric programming language the reverse of many traditional languages, which do not distinguish between different whitespace characters, treating tab and space the same. It also allows Whitespace programs to be hidden in the source code of programs in languages like C. ~ath is an esoteric programming language used by the Earthlings and Alternians in the webcomic Homestuck. The name when spoken is "tilde ath", a pun on "til death." It is known to be insufferable to work with, despite its relative simplistic syntax. The language can only compile when using infinite loops. In the context of the story, it has the capability to

neg: Async/await A significant benefit of the async/await pattern in languages that support it is that asynchronous, non-blocking code can be written, with minimal overhead, and looking almost like traditional synchronous, blocking code. In particular, it has been argued that await is the best way of writing asynchronous code in message-passing programs; in particular, being close to blocking code, readability and the minimal amount of boilerplate code were cited as await benefits. As a result, async/await makes it easier for most programmers to reason about their programs, and await tends to promote better, more robust non-blocking code in applications that require it.

neg: Google App Engine to be language independent. Arbitrary Docker containers are also supported. Python web frameworks that run on Google App Engine include Django, CherryPy, Pyramid, Flask, web2py and webapp2, as well as a custom Google-written webapp framework and several others designed specifically for the platform that emerged since the release. Any Python framework that supports the WSGI using the CGI adapter can be used to create an application; the framework can be uploaded with the developed application. Third-party libraries written in pure Python may also be uploaded. Google App Engine supports many Java standards and frameworks. Core to this is the servlet

neg: 99 Bottles of Beer Cantor set, the Fibonacci sequence, and the continuum hypothesis, among others. The computer scientist Donald Knuth proved that the song has a complexity of formula_1 in his in-joke-article "The Complexity of Songs". Numerous computer programs exist to output the lyrics to the song. This is analogous to "Hello, World!" programs, with the addition of a loop. As with "Hello World!", this can be a practice exercise for those studying computer programming, and a demonstration of different programming paradigms dealing with looping constructs and syntactic differences between programming languages within a paradigm. The program has been written in over 1500 different

neg: Common Gateway Interface supports CGI can be configured to interpret a URL that it serves as a reference to a CGI script. A common convention is to have a codice_42 directory at the base of the directory tree and treat all executable files within this directory (and no other, for security) as CGI scripts. Another popular convention is to use filename extensions; for instance, if CGI scripts are consistently given the extension codice_43, the web server can be configured to interpret all such files as CGI scripts. While convenient, and required by many prepackaged scripts, it opens the server to attack if a

neg: CGI Group firm in Canada. In September 2012, CGI Federal won a $143 million contract to provide operational support for the Army's training elements, the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, and the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. Also that September, it was announced that CGI Federal's "health and compliance programs business unit" had been given the highest rating possible by the Software Engineering Institute. In doing so, CGI Federal became the tenth company in the United States to receive the Level 5 rating for CMMI Development, which notes "success in establishing a culture based on continuous improvement of robust,

neg: Macro (computer science) written in C, Fortran, Pascal and others. These languages, at the time, used different calling conventions. Macros could be used to interface routines written in assembly language to the front end of applications written in almost any language. Again, the basic assembly language code remained the same, only the macro libraries needed to be written for each target language. In modern operating systems such as Unix and its derivatives, operating system access is provided through subroutines, usually provided by dynamic libraries. High-level languages such as C offer comprehensive access to operating system functions, obviating the need for assembler language programs

neg: Polyglot markup Polyglot markup In computing, a polyglot markup is a document or script written in a valid form of multiple markup languages, which performs the same output, independent of the markup's parser, layout engine, or interpreter. In general, the "polyglot markup" is a common subset of two or more languages, that can be used as a robust or simplified profile. Polyglot HTML is HTML that has been written to conform to both the HTML and XHTML specifications. A polyglot document can therefore be parsed as either HTML (which is SGML-compatible) or XML, and will produce the same DOM structure either way.

neg: Software modernization more and more applications that were written in so called modern languages like java are becoming legacy. Whereas 'legacy' languages such as COBOL are top on the list for what would be considered legacy, software written in newer languages can be just as monolithic, hard to modify, and thus, be candidates of modernization projects. Re-implementing applications on new platforms in this way can reduce operational costs, and the additional capabilities of new technologies can provide access to functions such as web services and integrated development environments. Once transformation is complete and functional equivalence has been reached the applications can be