query: what type of warfare was going on in the battle of britain

pos: Battle of Britain Battle of Britain The Battle of Britain (, literally "The Air Battle for England") was a military campaign of the Second World War, in which the Royal Air Force (RAF) defended the United Kingdom (UK) against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe. It has been described as the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces. The British officially recognise the battle's duration as being from 10 July until 31 October 1940, which overlaps the period of large-scale night attacks known as the Blitz, that lasted from 7 September 1940 to 11 May 1941. German historians

pos: Industrial warfare was also important in amphibious warfare, where aircraft carriers could provide support for soldiers landing on the beaches. Strategic bombing, by contrast, was unlike anything the world has seen before or since. In 1940, the Germans attempted to force Britain to surrender through attacks on its airfields and factories, and then on its cities in The Blitz in what became the Battle of Britain, the first major battle whose outcome was determined primarily in the air. The campaigns conducted in Europe and Asia could involve thousands of aircraft dropping tens of thousands of tons of munitions over a single city.

pos: Battle of Britain from a speech given by Prime Minister Winston Churchill to the House of Commons on 18 June: "What General Weygand called the 'Battle of France' is over. I expect that the battle of Britain is about to begin." Strategic bombing during World War I introduced air attacks intended to panic civilian targets and led in 1918 to the amalgamation of British army and navy air services into the Royal Air Force (RAF). Its first Chief of the Air Staff Hugh Trenchard was among the military strategists in the 1920s like Giulio Douhet who saw air warfare as a new way

pos: Hawker Hector major warfare, but still relied almost totally on military supplies from Britain. The defence of Ireland was also in the British interest, but with the Battle of Britain raging in the skies, could afford to sell the Irish Government nothing better than the Hector. The type was deeply unpopular with ground crews due to the complicated and unreliable nature of the Dagger engine, which had 24 cylinders in a very compact unit that made access difficult. In the mid-1990s, an ex Irish Air Corps Hector was recovered for restoration near Dundrum in Ireland. Parts of Hector "K8096" still lie on

pos: Aircraft in fiction very strongly linked to the Battle of Britain in summer 1940, where the Royal Air Force fought the German Luftwaffe over the skies of Britain for air superiority. As such it has been featured in many works of fiction related to the Battle of Britain. A number of Hawker Hurricanes, including the last one built, registered G-AMAU, "The Last of the Many", and five provided by the Portuguese Air Force, which flew the type until mid-1954, were utilized in the making of the Templar Productions Ltd. production provisionally titled ""Hawks in the Sun"", based on the book "What Are Your

pos: Clash of Wings Po-2 and P-39 Airacobra. The Pacific War: The air war in the Pacific is launched commencing with a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. This campaign saw the involvement of carrier-based aerial warfare with great battles raging between the aircraft carriers of Japan and the United States. Aircraft featured: Mitsubishi A6M Zero, G4M Betty and G3M Type 96 Bomber, Aichi D3A Val, Douglas SBD Dauntless, B-25 Mitchell, P-40, F4F Wildcat, F6F Hellcat, F4U Corsair and PBY Catalina. The Mediterranean Theatre: Britain faced Germany and its Italian allies in the battle for supremacy over the Mediterranean and Northern Africa. American airmen later

pos: No. 92 Squadron RAF the transfer to RAF Valley of the 4 FTS, the squadron disbanded on 30 September 1994. In Nov 2008 it was announced that the Tactics and Training Wing of the Air Warfare Centre was to become No. 92 (Reserve) Tactics and Training Squadron. In 1950 the Battle of Britain class steam locomotive No. 34081 was named "92 Squadron". This locomotive was saved from the scrapyard in 1976 and is now owned and operated by The Battle of Britain Locomotive Society and having been based on the North Norfolk Railway in recent years, has returned to the Nene Valley Railway –

pos: Battle of Britain much territory as possible in the Netherlands, Belgium, and northern France to serve as a base for the successful prosecution of the air and sea war against England". On 29 November OKW "Directive No. 9 – Instructions For Warfare Against The Economy Of The Enemy" stated that once this coastline had been secured, the Luftwaffe together with the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) was to blockade UK ports with sea mines, attack shipping and warships, and make air attacks on shore installations and industrial production. This directive remained in force in the first phase of the Battle of Britain. It was reinforced

pos: History of aerial warfare Battle of France (1940) . Hitler determined air superiority was essential for the invasion of Britain. When this was not achieved in the Battle of Britain, the invasion was canceled, making this the first major battle whose outcome was determined primarily in the air. The war in Russia forced the Luftwaffe to devote the majority of its resources to providing tactical air support for the beleaguered German army. In that role, the Luftwaffe used the Junkers Ju 87, Henschel Hs 123 and modified fighters such as Messerschmitt Bf 109s and Focke-Wulf Fw 190s. The Red Air Force was also primarily

pos: Air supremacy saw it as a helpful tool to support the German Army, in an approach dubbed "flying artillery". The Allies saw it, specifically long-range strategic bombing, as being a more important part of warfare which they believed capable of crippling Germany's industrial centers. After the Battle of France, the German air force (Luftwaffe) achieved "air supremacy" over Western Europe. The Battle of Britain represented a concerted attempt by Germany to establish "air superiority" over Britain, which it never achieved. Through home-territory advantage and Germany's failure to push home its strategy of targeting Britain's air defenses, Britain was able to establish air

pos: Air force months. In the end Britain emerged victorious, and this caused Adolf Hitler to give up his plan to invade Britain. Other prominent air force operations during the Second World War include the Allied bombing of Germany during 1942–1944, and the Red Air Force operations in support of strategic ground offensives on the Eastern Front. The aerial warfare in Pacific Ocean theatre was of a comparable strategic significance to the Battle of Britain but was largely conducted by the US and Japanese naval aviation services and not by air forces. The air force's role of strategic bombing against enemy infrastructure was

pos: Battle of Britain report on 22 November 1939, stating that "Of all Germany's possible enemies, Britain is the most dangerous." This "Proposal for the Conduct of Air Warfare" argued for a counter to the British blockade and said "Key is to paralyse the British trade". Instead of the Wehrmacht attacking the French, the Luftwaffe with naval assistance was to block imports to Britain and attack seaports. "Should the enemy resort to terror measures—for example, to attack our towns in western Germany" they could retaliate by bombing industrial centres and London. Parts of this appeared on 29 November in "Directive No. 9" as future

pos: Possible results of a German victory at the Battle of Britain being the American Civil War). Such writings express ideas of what the world would be like had the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan won World War II. Possible results of a German victory at the Battle of Britain There is much speculation on the possible results of a German victory at the Battle of Britain including how the war might have progressed if the Germans had achieved their objective of suppressing the British air defences. The Battle of Britain (German: "Luftschlacht um England" or "Luftschlacht um Großbritannien", literally "Air battle for England" or "Air battle for Great Britain")

pos: Carrier battle group or standing organization of combatant ships, other than carriers, tailored for a specific tactical mission." China plans to set up several carrier battle groups in the future. At present China's only aircraft carrier, the CNS "Liaoning" uses Type 052C or Type 052D destroyers for air defense, Type 054A frigates for anti-submarine and anti-ship warfare, 1-2 Type 093 Shang nuclear submarines and 1 supply ship. China launched its second carrier in April 2017. It will enter service by 2020. China is also building a new larger type of air defense destroyers, the Type 055. The only serving French carrier is the

pos: Battle of Britain argued that Britain was holding out in hope of assistance from Russia, and the Soviet Union was to be invaded by mid 1941. Göring met his air fleet commanders, and on 24 July issued "Tasks and Goals" of firstly gaining air supremacy, secondly protecting invasion forces and attacking the Royal Navy's ships. Thirdly, they were to blockade imports, bombing harbours and stores of supplies. Hitler's "Directive No. 17 – For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England" issued on 1 August attempted to keep all the options open. The Luftwaffe's "Adlertag" campaign was to start around 5 August,

pos: Battle of Britain the critical period because during these two weeks Germany destroyed far more aircraft through its attacks on 11 Group's southeast bases than Britain was producing. Three more weeks of such a pace would indeed have exhausted aircraft reserves. Germany had seen heavy losses of pilots and aircraft as well, thus its shift to night-time attacks in September. On 7 September RAF aircraft losses fell below British production and remained so until the end of the war. Hitler's "Directive No. 17 – For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England" issued on 1 August 1940, reserved to himself the

pos: Kampfgeschwader 76 Channel, known as the Kanalkampf phase of what became known as the Battle of Britain. 76 was placed under the control of Albert Kesselring's "Luftflotte" 2 based in Brussels. A fourth unit, "Lehrstaffel" (training squadron) was added, and based at Beaumont-le-Roger. While the "Geschwader" prepared for the main air offensive to begin, it carried out preliminary attacks on southern England. III. "Gruppe" moved to Cormeilles-en-Vexin. The formation flew very few sorties in July 1940. One reason for this was the conversion and re-training of crews onto the Ju 88A-4. The first recorded loss of this type occurred over Dungeness on

pos: Battle of Britain weapon against England is the Air Force, then the Navy, followed by the landing forces and the Army." In 1940, the Luftwaffe would undertake a ""strategic offensive" ... on its own and independent of the other services", according to an April 1944 German account of their military mission. Göring was convinced that strategic bombing could win objectives which were beyond the army and navy, and gain political advantages in the Third Reich for the Luftwaffe and himself. He expected air warfare to decisively force Britain to negotiate, as all in the OKW hoped, and the Luftwaffe took little interest to

pos: Battles of the Kinarot Valley in the Deganias). After the battle, British observers became convinced that the Arabs were not going to win the war, and compared the battle to the Luftwaffe's failure in the Battle of Britain in 1940, which showed that Germany was not going to win the air war. The observers said that "A greater edge than the [Syrians] enjoyed at Degania they won't have again". The first Syrian tank damaged near Degania Alef's gates, which has been preserved on the location, was the subject of a historiographic dispute when Baruch "Burke" Bar-Lev, a retired IDF colonel and one of Degania's native

pos: Trench warfare these underground fixed positions. The Americans eventually used flamethrowers and systematic hand-to-hand fighting to oust the defenders. The American ground forces were supported by extensive naval artillery, and had complete air supremacy provided by U.S. Navy and Marine Corps aviators throughout the entire battle. Trench warfare has been infrequent in recent wars. When two large armoured armies meet, the result has generally been mobile warfare of the type which developed in World War II. However, trench warfare reemerged in the latter stages of the Chinese Civil War (Huaihai Campaign), the Korean War (from July 1951 to its end), and at

pos: No. 1 Squadron RAF return to Tangmere on 23 June. (The autobiographical book "Fighter Pilot" by Paul Richey, a pilot with 1 Squadron during the Battle of France, is widely regarded as a classic of air warfare literature.) In August 1940 the squadron entered the Battle of Britain and was heavily engaged until 9 September, when the squadron was transferred to 12 Group was sent to RAF Wittering to refit, rest and recuperate. It returned to 11 Group in early 1941 and was employed in fighter sweeps and bomber escort duties. In February, it began "Rhubarb" (low-level sweeps over occupied territory) and night flying

pos: Aviation in World War II Aviation in World War II During World War II, aviation firmly established itself as a critical component of modern warfare from the Battle of Britain in the early stages to the great aircraft carrier battles between American and Japanese Pacific fleets and the final delivery of nuclear weapons. The major combatants – Germany and Japan on the one side and Britain, the United States and the USSR on the other – manufactured huge air forces which engaged in pitched battles both with each other and with the opposing ground forces. Bombing established itself as a major strategic force, and this

neg: SM U-31 (Germany) SM U-31 (Germany) SM "U-31" was one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I. "U-31" was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic. "U-31" sailed from Wilhelmshaven on 13 January 1915 but disappeared shortly thereafter. It was assumed, correctly, she had struck a mine, and sunk with all hands somewhere in the North Sea. German Type U 31 submarines were double-hulled ocean-going submarines similar to Type 23 and Type 27 subs in dimensions and differed only slightly in propulsion and speed. They were considered very

neg: Battle of Hampton Roads Britain and France had been engaged in an iron clad arms race since the 1830s, The Battle of Hampton Roads signalled a new age of naval warfare had arrived for the whole world. A new type of warship, monitor, was produced based on the principle of the original. The use of a small number of very heavy guns, mounted so that they could fire in all directions was first demonstrated by "Monitor" but soon became standard in warships of all types. Shipbuilders also incorporated rams into the designs of warship hulls for the rest of the century. On April 19,

neg: SM U-37 SM U-37 SM "U-37" was one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I. U-37 was engaged in naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic. German Type U 31 submarines were double-hulled ocean-going submarines similar to Type 23 and Type 27 subs in dimensions and differed only slightly in propulsion and speed. They were considered very good high sea boats with average manoeuvrability and good surface steering. "U-37" had an overall length of , her pressure hull was long. The boat's beam was (o/a), while the pressure hull measured

neg: SM U-37 torpedo tubes, two fitted in the bow and two in the stern, and carried 6 torpedoes. Additionally "U-37" was equipped in 1915 with two Uk L/30 deck guns. The boat's complement was 4 officers and 31 enlisted. SM U-37 SM "U-37" was one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I. U-37 was engaged in naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic. German Type U 31 submarines were double-hulled ocean-going submarines similar to Type 23 and Type 27 subs in dimensions and differed only slightly in propulsion and speed.

neg: Battle royal (professional wrestling) Battle royal (professional wrestling) In professional wrestling, a battle royal (sometimes battle royale; plural battles royal or battle royals) is a multi-competitor match type in which wrestlers are eliminated until one is left and declared winner. Typical battle royals begin with a number of participants in the ring, who are then eliminated by going over the top rope and having both feet touch the venue floor. Aztec Warfare is the Lucha Underground variation of the battle royal match. Upwards to 20 participants enter every 90 seconds and elimination occurs by either pinfall or submission and has to take place inside

neg: SM U-41 (Germany) SM U-41 (Germany) SM "U-41" was one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I. "U-41" engaged in naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic. German Type U 31 submarines were double-hulled ocean-going submarines similar to Type 23 and Type 27 subs in dimensions and differed only slightly in propulsion and speed. They were considered very good high sea boats with average manoeuvrability and good surface steering. "U-41" had an overall length of , her pressure hull was long. The boat's beam was (o/a), while the pressure hull measured

neg: SM U-41 (Germany) itself before initiating hostilities. The event generated widespread outrage in Germany, especially among "Kriegsmarine" officers. The sinking was also commemorated in a propaganda medal designed by the German medallist Karl Goetz. SM U-41 (Germany) SM "U-41" was one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I. "U-41" engaged in naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic. German Type U 31 submarines were double-hulled ocean-going submarines similar to Type 23 and Type 27 subs in dimensions and differed only slightly in propulsion and speed. They were considered very good high

neg: Naval strategy component of imperial defence; his brother, Admiral Phillip Colomb (1831–1899), sought to establish from history general rules applicable to modern naval warfare in his "Naval Warfare" (1891). But their writings achieved nothing like the fame achieved by Mahan. Sir Julian Corbett (1854–1922) was a British naval historian who became a lecturer at the Royal Naval War College in Great Britain. Corbett differed from Mahan in placing much less emphasis on fleet battle. Corbett emphasized the interdependence of naval and land warfare and tended to concentrate on the importance of sea communications rather than battle. Battle at sea was not an

neg: Entomological warfare Entomological warfare Entomological warfare (EW) is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to attack the enemy. The concept has existed for centuries and research and development have continued into the modern era. EW has been used in battle by Japan and several other nations have developed and been accused of using an entomological warfare program. Entomological warfare (EW) is a specific type of biological warfare (BW) that uses insects in a direct attack or as vectors to deliver a biological agent, such as plague or cholera. Essentially, EW exists in three varieties. One type of EW involves infecting

neg: Orders in Council (1807) were most inflammatory to the Americans. By 1806, Napoleon was master of continental Europe, effectively locking Great Britain out of the continent. However, the defeat of the French and Spanish navies at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) ended any thoughts of an invasion of Great Britain. Napoleon, aware of British commercial strength, thus resorted to a policy of economic warfare, in what became known as the Continental System. In response to a British Order in Council of 16 May 1806, which had declared all ports from Brest to the Elbe to be under a state of blockade, Napoleon issued the

neg: Unrestricted submarine warfare have been four major campaigns of unrestricted submarine warfare: The four cases were attempts to impose a naval blockade on countries, especially those heavily dependent on merchant shipping to supply their war industries and feed their populations (such as Britain and Japan), even though the countries waging the unrestricted submarine warfare were unable to institute a typical naval blockade. Unrestricted submarine warfare Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as "cruiser rules"). Prize rules call for submarines

neg: Extreme Warfare decide what matches were to take place and who was going to win them but also involved some simple financial elements, such as the wages of wrestlers. Due to limitations in QBasic, Ryland moved the series over to Turbo Pascal where further incarnations of the game were created, including: Extreme Warfare 2, Extreme Warfare 2000, Extreme Warfare 2001, Extreme Warfare 2002, Extreme Warfare 5000, Extreme Warfare 6000, Extreme Warfare 7500, and Extreme Warfare 9000. Each version of the game was an upgrade of the previous and continually built on the ideas of booking matches and running the business side of

neg: Celtic warfare of warfare. At the beginning of the La Tène period warfare was likely conducted on a small scale between élite warriors, perhaps in chariots, wielding a new type of Celtic longsword. During the succeeding centuries the design of the sword changed, characteristically becoming shorter, single-edged and lacking a thrusting point, designed purely to make a cut (although the Hallstatt era sword had also been primarily a slashing weapon) and greater regional variation in swords appeared: in Britain and Ireland even the longer sword designs were shorter and thinner than their Continental counterparts. It is possible that in the later La

neg: History of Oceania States and Britain, eventually resulting, via the Tripartite Convention of 1899, in the partition of the Samoan Islands into American Samoa and German Samoa. The Asian and Pacific Theatre of World War I was a conquest of German colonial possession in the Pacific Ocean and China. The most significant military action was the Siege of Tsingtao in what is now China, but smaller actions were also fought at Battle of Bita Paka and Siege of Toma in German New Guinea. All other German and Austrian possessions in Asia and the Pacific fell without bloodshed. Naval warfare was common; all of

neg: John Eldredge enemy and a real battle going on within, and around, us. The fact of warfare is, according to Eldredge, assumed by Scripture, and a denial of this fact causes the "problem" of Theodicy. A fundamental tenet of Eldredge's theology is that men and women possess the Imago Dei — they are created in the image of God. For him, on the basis of Genesis 1:27, the core of what it means to be image-bearers is found in gender. God intentionally created mankind as male and female, placing different aspects of His character into each, so that the full expression of

neg: Type 10 Type 10 The is a next generation main battle tank of JSDF produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force. Compared with other currently-serving main battle tanks in the JGSDF, the Type 10 has been equipped with enhancements in its capability to respond to anti-tank warfare and other contingencies. The TK-X (MBT-X) project aims to produce the new Type 10 main battle tank, to replace or complement the existing Type 74 and Type 90 main battle tanks that are currently in service with the Japan Ground Self Defense Force. Development began in the 1990s, and production

neg: Battle of Britain battle. A fictional version of the battle is shown in the 2001 movie, "Pearl Harbor", in which the battle is depicted as still going on into 1941. It has also been the subject of many documentaries, including the 1941 Allied propaganda film "Churchill's Island", winner of the first Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. There was also the 1943 "The Battle of Britain" in Frank Capra's "Why We Fight" series. It was included in an episode of 2004 BBC television documentary series "Battlefield Britain". In 2010, actor Julian Glover played a 101-year-old Polish veteran RAF pilot in the short film

neg: Battle the use of Greek fire by the Byzantines, which was used to set enemy fleets on fire. Empty demolition ships utilized the tactic to crash into opposing ships and set it afire with an explosion. After the invention of cannons, naval warfare became useful as support units for land warfare. During the 19th century, the development of mines led to a new type of naval warfare. The ironclad, first used in the American Civil War, resistant to cannons, soon made the wooden ship obsolete. The invention of military submarines, during World War I, brought naval warfare to both above and

neg: Intelligence dissemination management the warfighters' needs? What are the lessons we have learned and where are the lessons to be learned? Priorities, all intelligence-dependent, seem to include: surveillance and precision strike capabilities, information technology and warfare, advanced battle management, and mutually supportive assets, the latter including military and national intelligence. Post Cold War games at the Naval War College indicated that aircraft carriers had to be faster than cruisers in order to survive. Similar survival-type games are needed to test current and planned precision strike platforms and systems, such as the survival of carrier battle groups in the littoral, a comparison of carrier

neg: Battle of Britain Britain reached its peak in October and November 1940. In post war interrogation, Wilhelm Keitel described the aims as economic blockade, in conjunction with submarine warfare, and attrition of Britain's military and economic resources. The Luftwaffe wanted to achieve victory on its own, and was reluctant to cooperate with the navy. Their strategy for blockade was to destroy ports and storage facilities in towns and cities. Priorities were based on the pattern of trade and distribution, so for these months London was the main target. In November their attention turned to other ports and industrial targets around Britain. Hitler postponed

neg: The Few five Spitfires in the Memorial Flight). As the Hurricane was the last production model of that type, it did not itself fly in the Battle. The Battle of Britain was considered officially by the RAF to have been fought between 10 July and 31 October 1940. The leading aces of the Battle of Britain (between 10 July and 31 October 1940) were: "The Few", a novel by Alex Kershaw, tells the stories of the men who flew in the Battle of Britain. , a Hollywood film similarly named "The Few" was in preparation for release in 2008, based on the

neg: Tank warfare in the Chaco War the Type A was placed in an open area to hold off any Paraguayan counterattack from the nearby woods; while the Type B returned to the rearguard, due to mechanical failure. 15 November saw the last operational use of the Vickers, when the Type A's machine guns defeated an assault of the Paraguayan infantry near Alihuatá. On 10 December 1933, during the battle of Campo Vía, the two remainings Vickers tanks were ambushed and captured by a squadron of the Cavalry Regiment "General San Martin" (made up mostly of Argentine volunteers). On 27 December 1933, during the battle of Kilometer

neg: Battle of Bourgthéroulde for anyone other than himself to keep the title of Duke of Normandy, including William. Hill, Paul (2015). "The Norman Commanders: Masters of Warfare 911-1135." Pen and Sword. pp. 142, 143. . Freeman, Edward Augustus (1876). "The History of the Norman Conquest of England: The effects of the Norman conquest 1876." Clarendon Press. pp. 133,132. A Brace of Battles: Bremule (1119) and Bourgtheroulde (1124) The Myths of Medieval Warfare (Paragraphs 24 & 25) Killing or Clemency? Ransom, Chivalry and Changing Attitudes to Defeated Opponents in Britain and Northern France, 7-12th centuries (Paragraph 28) Battle of Bourgthéroulde The Battle of Bourgthéroulde

neg: Tanks in the Japanese Army allows the use of a smaller turret. The is a 4th generation main battle tank produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force (JGSDF). Compared with other currently-serving main battle tanks in the JGSDF, the Type 10 has been equipped with enhancements in its capability to respond to anti-tank warfare and other contingencies. The Type 10 is to replace or complement the existing Type 74 and Type 90 main battle tanks that are currently in service. Development began in the 1990s, with a prototype revealed in February 2008. In January 2012, thirteen Type 10 tanks entered

neg: The Battle of Brains "impregnable" Maginot Line. In 1940, the static Maginot fortifications were easily outflanked by Nazi Germany's rapid mechanized legions. In modern mechanized ground warfare, both Great Britain and Canada learned the principles of tactical warfare and applied them in training and in battle. In Africa, Empire armoured units were successful in traversing large expanses of the Sahara Desert, successfully launching surprise attacks against Axis forces. War has not only become a battle of "men and machines" but also of "brains". In Canada, scientists at the National Research Council (NRC), university and industrial laboratories are in the forefront of research. The close

neg: Jagdgeschwader 26 aircraft shot down, for relatively light losses of 17 pilots killed. After the fall of France JG 26 took part in the Battle of Britain, located in the Pas-de-Calais region. In late August it was becoming apparent to the German High Command that the Battle of Britain was not going as planned. A frustrated Göring relieved several "Geschwaderkommodore" of their commands, and appointed younger, more aggressive men in their place. Thus Major Adolf Galland was given command of JG 26 on 22 August 1940. During the Battle of Britain, the Geschwader claimed 285 fighters shot down, for losses of 76

neg: Biological warfare hundreds of miles. The secret program was code-named "Ecology". During the Mau Mau Uprising in 1952, the poisonous latex of the African milk bush was used to kill cattle. Entomological warfare (EW) is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to attack the enemy. The concept has existed for centuries and research and development have continued into the modern era. EW has been used in battle by Japan and several other nations have developed and been accused of using an entomological warfare program. EW may employ insects in a direct attack or as vectors to deliver a biological agent,

neg: Siege later, during the War of the Spanish Succession, the Duke of Marlborough preferred to engage the enemy in pitched battles, rather than engage in siege warfare, although he was very proficient in both types of warfare. On 15 April 1746, the day before the Battle of Culloden, at Dunrobin Castle, a party of William Sutherland's militia conducted the last siege fought on the mainland of Great Britain against Jacobite members of Clan MacLeod. In the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, new techniques stressed the division of armies into all-arms corps that would march separately and only come together on the

neg: Cruiser rules for them, but in reality it contributed to their defeat by causing the US to enter the war on the side of the Allies. Despite the experience of World War I, Britain initially expected that German submarines would fight under the cruiser rules in World War II. However, in September 1939 German submarine "U-30" sunk the British passenger liner SS "Athenia" apparently mistaking it for a military ship. Admiral Dönitz pressed for unrestricted submarine warfare. However, Dönitz was starved of resources until after the Battle of Britain in 1940 when it became clear that Britain could not be successfully invaded.

neg: Tanks of the post–Cold War era with a height of 2.33 meters, a width of 3.33 meters, and weighing in at 50.2 tonnes. The Japanese is a 4th generation main battle tank produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force (JGSDF). Compared with other currently-serving main battle tanks in the JGSDF, the Type 10 has been equipped with enhancements in its capability to respond to anti-tank warfare and other contingencies. The Type 10 is to replace or complement the existing Type 74 and Type 90 main battle tanks that are currently in service. Development began in the 1990s, with a prototype revealed

neg: Battle of Marawi it, I call upon the Congress to extend until 31 December 2017 or for such a period of time as the Congress may determine the proclamation of martial law and the suspension of privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in the whole of Mindanao,"" he added. Duterte said the Marawi crisis birthed a "newly evolving type of urban warfare" and his declaration of martial law in Mindanao is meant to fight this menace. In the full text of his letter to Congress released on that day, Duterte said this type of warfare is "characterized by the rebels' total disregard

neg: Battle of Jobourg was one final naval engagement of the long Napoleonic Wars during the Hundred Days in 1815, when the ship of the line HMS "Rivoli" intercepted and defeated the Napoleonic frigate "Melpomène" on 30 April. "Hebrus"'s battle with "Etoile" was however the final encounter of dozens between individual frigates in the almost continuous 23-years of warfare between Britain and France. Battle of Jobourg The Battle of Jobourg was a minor naval engagement between British and French frigate squadrons during the last weeks of the War of the Sixth Coalition in the 22nd and penultimate year of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic

neg: Esan people Onokpogua, the Ezomo of Uromi. This succeeded in napping Prince Okojie out of the forest and deported to the British offices at Calabar. This process was duplicated in most of the kingdoms that fought with Britain: guerilla warfare was excessively used by the Esans, resulting in prolonged battle time in spite of inferior weapons, and reinforcements from Benin City for the British. Even when villages were conquered, internal resistance was fierce: continued geurilla warfare in Uromi forced the British to release Prince Okojie. However, excessive cruelty on Britain’s part razed many villages and displaced many people. Finally, in 1906, Esanland

neg: Esanland out of the forest and deported to the British offices at Calabar. This process was duplicated in most of the kingdoms that fought with Britain: guerilla warfare was excessively used by the Esans, resulting in prolonged battle time in spite of inferior weapons, and reinforcements from Benin City for the British. Even when villages were conquered, internal resistance was fierce: continued geurilla warfare in Uromi forced the British to release Prince Okojie. However, excessive cruelty on Britain's part razed many villages and displaced many people. Finally, in 1906, Esanland submitted to British rule, and the thirty-four kingdoms became the Ishan

neg: Naval warfare of World War I in the world. For the first time since Trafalgar, Britain had an aggressive and truly dangerous rival to worry about. Mahan wrote in his book that not only world peace or the empire, but Britain’s very survival depended on the Royal Navy ruling the waves. Indeed, the Cambridge 1895 Latin essay prize was called "Britannici maris", or "British Sea Power". So when the great naval review of June 1897 for the Queen’s diamond Jubilee took place, it was in an atmosphere of unease and uncertainty. The question everyone wanted to know the answer to was how Britain was going to

neg: Paul Wild (Australian scientist) of the time on mathematics, with a little physics and world affairs. In free periods he and his friends would play bridge, under the chestnut trees in summertime. In an interview in 1992 he said: "We had three specialist mathematics teachers covering analysis, calculus and modern geometry, and I think I owe a lot to them." Whitgift School is near what was then Croydon Aerodrome. In the summer of 1940, real excitement was added to the lives of the bridge-playing mathematics students: the Battle of Britain was going on overhead. "There was no sense of danger, it was all marvellous

neg: What the Industrial Revolution Did for Us idea and inventions of the Industrial Revolution that created the features of modern transportation. Cruickshank travels around Britain to introduce the idea and inventions of the Industrial Revolution that created the features of modern medicine. Cruickshank travels around Britain to introduce the idea and inventions of the Industrial Revolution that created the features of modern warfare. Cruickshank travels around Britain to introduce the idea and inventions of the Industrial Revolution that created the features of modern city life. What the Industrial Revolution Did for Us What the Industrial Revolution Did for Us is a BBC documentary series produced in conjunction

neg: Tank warfare in the Chaco War troops. The Carden-Lloyd had been supporting infantry patrols in no-man's-land before the battle. In July 1933, at the Second Battle of Nanawa, the Vickers 6-ton achieved some success when a Type B tank broke into the core of the Paraguayan defenses, after wiping out a number of wooden pillboxes. The other Type B was left behind by the Bolivian Army, after its transmission was damaged by an artillery round. The derelict tank was ultimately blown up by Paraguayan sappers on 8 July. Although the Paraguayan infantry was no match for the Vickers, Bolivian reports acknowledge that small-arms fire ricocheting off

neg: Early modern Britain a neutral observer. She had a vested interest in what happened on slave ships." In addition to sales to the Spanish colonies, England had its own sugar islands in the Caribbean, especially Jamaica, Barbados, Nevis, and Antigua, which provided a steady flow of profits from the slave labor that produced the sugar. From 1700 to 1850, Britain was involved in 137 wars or rebellions. Apart from losing the American War of Independence, it was generally successful in warfare, and was especially successful in financing its military commitments. France and Spain, by contrast, went bankrupt. Britain maintained a relatively large and

neg: Attack! The Battle of New Britain Attack! The Battle of New Britain Attack! The Battle of New Britain is a documentary/propaganda film produced by the US military in 1944. It details, as its name implies, the New Britain campaign, which was part of the New Guinea and Solomon Islands Campaigns during World War II. The film follows a rather standard format: it is a chronological narrative of the campaign from the arrival of the soldiers in New Guinea to their capture of most of the island. Opening with travelers book pictures of the area, reminding the audience what the average soldier image of what the South

neg: Hymn to the Fallen (Jiu Ge) the "Hymn to the Fallen" poem involves the ancient type of warfare practiced in ancient China. Included are references to arms and weapons, ancient states or areas, and the mixed use of chariots in warfare. A good historical example of this type of contest is the "Battle of Yanling", which features similar characteristics and problems experienced by participants in this type of fighting, such as greatly elevated mortality rates for both horses and humans. As is generally the in the case of "Chu ci" poems, it is concerned with events or matters relating to Chu, whether considered as a political

neg: Armoured warfare trench warfare. The first French employment of tanks, on 16 April 1917, using the Schneider CA, was also a failure. In the Battle of Cambrai (1917) British tanks were more successful, and broke a German trenchline system, the Hindenburg Line. Despite the generally unpromising beginnings, the military and political leadership in both Britain and France during 1917 backed large investments into armoured vehicle production. This led to a sharp increase in the number of available tanks for 1918. The German Empire to the contrary, produced only a few tanks, late in the war. Twenty German A7V tanks were produced during

neg: Anti-aircraft warfare for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called, could be used for anti-aircraft barrages. A 2-inch rocket using HE or wire obstacle warheads was introduced first to deal with low-level or dive bombing attacks on smaller targets such as airfields. The 3-inch was in development at the end of the inter-war period. Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940.

neg: Type 10 was expected to start in 2010–2011. A prototype was revealed on February 13, 2008 at the Technology Research and Development Institute (TRDI) in Sagamihara. Heavy emphasis was placed on C4I capabilities as well as on performance, firepower, protection and mobility. In the early 2000s, Japan decided to update its tank force to better prepare for 21st Century warfare. One of the most important requirements for the new tank is the capability of having a C4I (Command, Control, Communication and Computing) system. After assessing the upgrade potential of current Type 74 and Type 90 main battle tanks, the Ministry of Defence

neg: French submarines of World War II replacing them. To this end the French Navy made plans for a fleet of vessels in three Types: Type I ocean-going / grand patrol; Type 2 coastal defence; Type 3 mine layers. At the same time, the major powers were negotiating an arms limitation treaty at the 1922 Washington Naval Conference. There was discussion of banning submarines altogether, and to outlaw their use (a course favoured by Britain) both France and Italy opposed this. However the conference did place restrictions on the number and size of warships of various types that nations could build. The ocean-going submarine was restricted to

neg: Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict capital Addis Ababa. The occupied country was annexed into the Italian East African colony together with the other Italian east African colonies. On 10June 1940, Italy declared war on Britain and France; in March 1941 Britain began a campaign to capture the Italian-held territory in the region. By November, the British had occupied the whole Italian East African colony. However thousands Italian soldiers started a guerrilla warfare in their former colony which lasted until October 1943. Ethiopia regained its independence, and Eritrea was placed under Britain military administration. After the war there was a debate as to what would happen

neg: Ardeatine massacre what is needed, in the aftermath of such a sobering recognition, is an attempt to create a new international law for the more efficient regulation of this type of horrible warfare." Robert Katz's book, "The Battle for Rome", Deák concludes, "provides fine arguments for this necessary debate". Immediately after the war Roman Partisan leaders, including Rosario Bentivegna, the medical student who had set off the Via Rasella bomb, were recipients of medals conferred by the post-war Italian government. Both Priebke and Kappler sought Vatican assistance after the war. Priebke escaped from a British prison camp in 1946 and fled, first

neg: William Morris (British Army officer) "Slacks". Morris commanded a troop of the 16th through the First Anglo-Sikh War, serving at the Battle of Buddiwal on 11 January 1846, at the Battle of Aliwal on 28 January, where he was wounded, and at the Battle of Sobraon on 10 February. After the conclusion of the war he applied for leave, and returned to England in May 1846, going on half-pay. During his time in India he became a "firm friend" of Louis Nolan, an officer with a keen interest in cavalry warfare but whose regiment, the 15th Hussars, was stationed at Bangalore and had not participated

neg: Battle of Arfderydd "Three Faithful Warbands of the Island of Britain", going on to say that they "continued to battle for a fortnight and a month after their lord was slain." The retinue of Dreon the Brave "at the Dyke of Arfderydd" is named as one of the "Three Noble Retinues", while a listing of the three "Horse-Burdens" of Britain relates that Gwrgi, Peredur, Dunawd the Stout and Cynfelyn Drwsgl were carried by a horse called Corvan, which enabled them to watch the clouds of dust ("battle-fog") coming from Gwenddolau and his (mounted) forces in the battle of Arfderydd. "The Dialogue of Myrddin

neg: Maya society siege of cities and the formation of alliances with lesser enemies to defeat more prominent ones. There is evidence that canoes were used to attack cities, located on lakes and rivers. In the late Classic period, destructive warfare methods, such as burning, became more prevalent. Warfare was a ritual process, which was believed to be sanctioned by the gods. Military leaders, in many instances, also had religious authority. Before going into battle, the armies would call upon the gods with dances and music of drums, whistles, conch shell horns and singing. The drumming and war cries would signify the start

neg: Warfare in Medieval Scotland around an enclosure. Forts of the Early Medieval era were often smaller, more compact, "nucleated" constructions, sometimes utilising major geographical features, as at Dunadd and Dunbarton. The large number of hill forts in Scotland may have made open battle less important than it was in contemporaneous Anglo-Saxon England, and the relatively high proportion of kings who are recorded as dying in fires, suggest that sieges were a more important part of warfare in Northern Britain. Sea power may also have been important. Irish annals record an attack by the Picts on Orkney in 682, which must have necessitated a large

neg: Horses in warfare Greek cavalry officer Xenophon had written an extensive treatise on horsemanship. The effectiveness of horses in battle was also revolutionized by improvements in technology, including the invention of the saddle, the stirrup, and later, the horse collar. Many different types and sizes of horse were used in war, depending on the form of warfare. The type used varied with whether the horse was being ridden or driven, and whether they were being used for reconnaissance, cavalry charges, raiding, communication, or supply. Throughout history, mules and donkeys as well as horses played a crucial role in providing support to armies in

neg: Battle of the Brule all from his secure vantage point. Although it had more casualties than typical Dakota-Ojibwe warfare, the Battle of the Brule was an example of the type of ongoing conflict the two nations were engaged in during the 18th and early 19th centuries. This continued warfare between the Dakota and Ojibwe figured heavily in U.S. government policy in the Wisconsin Territory. The Treaty of Prairie du Chien (1825) had been arranged with the pretext of creating peace between the two nations, and in later treaties and negotiations the government repeatedly demanded the two groups end hostilities so white settlers would see

neg: Type 10 the Turkish Altay indigenous tank. However, negotiations broke down and the deal was "off the agenda" by March 2014. Reasons included Japan's stringent arms export ban laws, the intention of Turkey to attempt to export the Altay, and Japan’s reluctance to license the joint engine. Type 10 The is a next generation main battle tank of JSDF produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force. Compared with other currently-serving main battle tanks in the JGSDF, the Type 10 has been equipped with enhancements in its capability to respond to anti-tank warfare and other contingencies. The TK-X

neg: Close Quarters Battle Receiver has taken off on its own. Like the proposed Special Purpose Receiver, the Close Quarters Battle Receiver has been more or less taken on by the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division (often referred to as NSWC-Crane or just "Crane") as its own project following the CQBR's removal from the SOPMOD program. Just as the Special Purpose Receiver morphed into the Special Purpose Rifle, and was type-classified as Mk 12 Mod 0/1, the complete CQBR-equipped carbine has been type-classified as the Mk 18 Mod 0, or the Mk 18 Mod 1 with a sightless gas block and full-length accessory rail

neg: Close Quarters Battle Receiver kit. The purpose of the CQBR remains to provide operators with a weapon of submachine gun size, but firing a rifle cartridge, for scenarios such as VIP protection, urban warfare, and other close quarters battle (CQB) situations. The CQBR is designed to provide improvement over previous AR-15/M16-type weapons in this category. The CQBR is usually issued as a complete weapon system, and not just an upper receiver. The CQBR was once only available to Naval Special Warfare units (and by extension, other US Special Operations Forces units), but the Mk 18 Mod 0 has become general issue for Visit, Board,

neg: Tom Weal of the damage that New Zealand would suffer if Britain joined the Common Market without safeguards for her primary produce. He spent three weeks talking to anti-market groups in England. He promoted a special arrangement for New Zealand if Britain entered the EEC. Weal said he had found that very few people knew exactly what joining the EEC meant for Britain. He thought that that was why there was a great fear of going into Europe at the time. He said: "The public just doesn't know what's going on in Brussels. For this reason they're interested in hearing the Commonwealth

neg: Keith Park and in every one of our services. Keith Park's name is carved into history alongside those of his peers." Although Park has not received widespread public recognition, either in Britain or his native New Zealand, he has a claim to be one of the greatest commanders in the history of aerial warfare. Keith Park Crescent, a residential road near the former RAF Biggin Hill, is named after Park, as is Keith Park Road within RAF Uxbridge. A Southern Railway (Great Britain) West Country Class/Battle of Britain Class locomotive, no. 21C153 / 34053 was named after him in 1948. This locomotive

neg: Rothesay-class frigate Rothesay-class frigate The "Rothesay" class, or Type 12M frigates were a class of frigates serving with the Royal Navy, South African Navy (where they were called President-class frigates) and the Royal New Zealand Navy. The original Type 12 frigates, the , were designed as first-rate ocean-going convoy escorts in the light of experience gained during World War II. However, such were the capabilities and potential of the design that it was deemed suitable for use as a fast fleet anti-submarine warfare escort. As such, a repeat and improved Type 12 design was prepared, known as the Type 12M (M for

neg: Battle of the Coral Sea as a staging post during the preparation for the Battle of Tarawa and the Battle of Makin that commenced on 20 November 1943, which was the implementation of Operation "Galvanic". The battle was the first naval engagement in history in which the participating ships never sighted or fired directly at each other. Instead, manned aircraft acted as the offensive artillery for the ships involved. Thus, the respective commanders were participating in a new type of warfare, carrier-versus-carrier, with which neither had any experience. In H. P. Willmot's words, the commanders "had to contend with uncertain and poor communications in situations

neg: Aircraft of the Battle of Britain "Department of Defence Co-Ordination", 'Proposals for securing adequate supplies of 100 octane fuel to meet war requirements', 23 December 1938, noted that there was a need to increase supplies of 100 octane fuel and discussed ways in which this could be achieved. A meeting was held on 16 March 1939 to consider the question of when the 100 octane fuel should be introduced to general use for all RAF aircraft, and what squadrons, number and type, were to be supplied. The decision taken was that there would be an initial delivery to 16 fighter and two twin-engined bomber squadrons by

neg: SM U-166 SM U-166 SM "U-166" was one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy. She was a Type Mittel U submarine, launched in 1918. She was engaged in the naval warfare of World War I and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic. She surrendered on 21 March 1919 and became the French submarine "Jean Roulier" until 24 July 1935. "U-166" was broken up. German Type U 93 submarines were preceded by the shorter Type U 87 submarines. "U-166" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of

neg: SM U-96 SM U-96 SM "U-96" was a Type U 93 submarine and one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I. "U-96" was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic. She was launched in 1917. On 6 December 1917, she collided with the submarine at Barfleur, France (); "UC-69" sank with the loss of eleven of her crew. "U-96" survived the war. German Type U 93 submarines were preceded by the shorter Type U 87 submarines. "U-96" had a displacement of when at the surface and while

neg: Political warfare or immobilize the resistance. The history of political warfare can be traced to antiquity. The Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu captures its essence in the ancient Chinese military strategy book, "The Art of War": "So to win a hundred victories in a hundred battles is not the highest excellence; the highest excellence is to subdue the enemy's army without fighting at all...The expert in using the military subdues the enemy's forces without going to battle, takes the enemy's walled cities without launching an attack, and crushes the enemy's state without protracted war." There are abundant examples of political warfare

neg: Line of battle permanent fleets led by a corps of professional officers. These officers were better able to manage and communicate between the ships they commanded than the merchant crews that often comprised large parts of a navy's force. The new type of warfare that developed during the early modern period was marked by a successively stricter organization. Battle formations became standardized, based on mathematically calculated ideal models. The increased power of states at the expense of individual landowners led to increasingly larger armies and navies. The line of battle was marked by tactical ridigity and often resulted in indecisive engagements. Fleet commanders

neg: British Iron Age higher for men throughout the Middle Iron Age in most areas, on account of the high mortality rate of young women during childbirth; however, the average age for the two sexes would be roughly equal for the Late Iron Age. This interpretation depends on the view that warfare and social strife increased in the Late Iron Age, which seems to be fairly well attested in the archaeological record, for Southern Britain at least. Early in the Iron Age, the widespread Wessex pottery of Southern Britain, such as the type style from All Cannings Cross, may suggest a consolidated socio-economic group

neg: Jiu Ge it as "surely one of the most beautiful laments for fallen soldiers in any language". The meter is a regular seven-character verse, with three characters separated by the exclamatory particle "兮" followed by three more characters, each composing a half line, for a total of nine lines of 126 characters.(國殤) The historical background of the poem involves the ancient type of warfare practiced in ancient China. Included are references to arms and weapons, ancient states or areas, and the mixed use of chariots in warfare. A good historical example of this type of contest is the "Battle of Yanling", which

neg: Pathos going to grow up, hopefully. He's going to want to know what happened. And is going to know what happened to his baby sister and his mother. He is going to want to know what type of justice was done. He is going to want to know what happened. With your , you will provide the answer." Perhaps, the Jury's purpose while creating a connection with the victim's mother was to persuade her to give her verdict. Moreover, the successful use of Pathos, in this case, could change the outcome of the case, and the Death Penalty could apply as

neg: Cáin Adomnáin lessen the savagery of warfare among Christians, a remarkable achievement for a churchman on the remote outer edge of Europe. In it, he gave local expression, in the context of the Gaelic legal tradition, to a wider Christian movement to restrain violence. It was an early example of international law in that it was to be enforced in Ériu and Albu, (Ireland and Britain) although Britain refers to only what is now northern Scotland for it was the kings of that region who were guarantors of the Law. As with later clerical efforts, such as the Peace and Truce of

neg: H/ZKJ Ethernet and video feed, incorporating dozens of software packages and data banks. ZKJ-5 is installed onboard Type 052 destroyers and Type 054A frigates, and as older ships of PLAN receive their upgrade, earlier CDS such as ZKJ-4 series have been replaced by ZKJ-5 CDS. ZKJ-5 CDS is able to receive orders from higher level on the chain of command, and coordinate the battle plan as whole, as well as providing the battle plan of the ship to the high level in the chain of command, which is essential in network centric warfare. In addition to ZKJ series CDS, China has

neg: Rhodesian African Rifles or even a much more sophisticated enemy. "In my professional judgement, based on more than 20 years' experience, from lieutenant to general, of counter-insurgency and guerrilla-type operations, there is no doubt that Rhodesia now have the most professional and battle worthy army in the world today for this particular type of warfare." After an unrestricted visit to the operational area, General Walker found troop morale to be "sky high", while the terrorists are "terrified of meeting them in pitched battle". "Here is a breed of men the like of which has not been seen for many a long age…" he

neg: Horses in warfare BC), although they continued in use up until the 2nd century BC. Descriptions of the tactical role of chariots in Ancient Greece and Rome are rare. The Iliad, possibly referring to Mycenaen practices used c. 1250 BC, describes the use of chariots for transporting warriors to and from battle, rather than for actual fighting. Later, Julius Caesar, invading Britain in 55 and 54 BC, noted British charioteers throwing javelins, then leaving their chariots to fight on foot. Some of the earliest examples of horses being ridden in warfare were horse-mounted archers or spear-throwers, dating to the reigns of the Assyrian

neg: Somme (department) the British had learned many lessons in modern warfare while the Germans had suffered irreplaceable losses. British historian Sir James Edmonds stated, "It is not too much to claim that the foundations of the final victory on the Western Front were laid by the Somme offensive of 1916". For the first time the home front in Britain was exposed to the horrors of modern war with the release of the propaganda film "The Battle of the Somme", which used actual footage from the first days of the battle. The Somme experienced war twice more in the First and Second Battles

neg: Type 4 grenade employed at the Battle of Iwo Jima and Battle of Okinawa. Type 4 grenade The was a “last-ditch” hand grenade developed by the Imperial Japanese Navy in the closing stages of World War II. By late 1944 and early 1945, much of the industrial infrastructure of Japan had been destroyed by Allied strategic bombing, and there was a growing shortage of raw materials due to Allied naval blockades and submarine warfare. Lacking in metals to mass-produce hand grenades in the vast quantities that would be needed against the projected Allied invasion of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Navy Technical Bureau developed

neg: Ernest Swinton occurred to him only as he drove from St. Omer to Calais on the morning of 19 October. In Britain, David Roberts of Richard Hornsby & Sons had attempted starting in 1911 to interest British military officials in a tracked vehicle, but failed. Benjamin Holt of the Holt Manufacturing Company bought the patents related to the "chain track" track-type tractor from Richard Hornsby & Sons in 1914 for £4,000. When World War I broke out, with the problem of trench warfare and the difficulty of transporting supplies to the front, the pulling power of crawling-type tractors drew the attention of

neg: Air warfare of World War II for most of the British kills throughout the battle because it made up the majority of the RAF fighter force—however, its kill-loss ratio was inferior to that of its counterpart the Spitfire. Of the three aircraft, the Hurricane was designed much earlier and was generally considered the least capable. Despite the high numbers of Hurricanes in the RAF at that time, the Spitfire became synonymous with the Battle of Britain and was somewhat of a symbol of resistance in the minds of the British public through the battle. The Bf 109E subtype's short combat radius of 330 km (205 mi)

neg: 125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade the command of the Regular 29th Division. It then reverted to 42nd Division, and took part in the Third Battle of Krithia and Battle of Krithia Vineyard. The fighting was 'a singularly brainless and suicidal type of warfare', and virtually nothing was achieved in any of these attacks, at the cost of heavy casualties. Two brigades (the other being 126th (1/1st East Lancashire) Brigade) of 42nd Division attacked on the second day of the Krithia Vineyard battle: 'By nightfall both brigades were back in their old lines, with the exception of some parties of the 6th and 7th Lancashire Fusiliers,

neg: Battle of Turnhout (1597) Elizabeth I herself wrote to Vere on February 7, 1597, in the following terms: At the time the battle had great importance for the evolution of mounted warfare for two reasons. The first impact was that Maurice's army had demonstrated the superiority of the new type of cavalry, the cuirassiers or reiters, as used by Henry IV of France at the battle of Ivry. The cuirassiers wore half armour and a light headpiece and were armed with several pistols but also carried carbines as well as a sword. No lance was carried so instead of being arrayed in a thin

neg: Flame fougasse Flame fougasse A flame fougasse (sometimes contracted to fougasse and may be spelled foo gas) is a type of mine or improvised explosive device which uses an explosive charge to project burning liquid onto a target. The flame fougasse was developed by the Petroleum Warfare Department in Britain as an anti-tank weapon during the invasion crisis of 1940. During that period, about 50,000 flame fougasse barrels were deployed in some 7,000 batteries, mostly in southern England and a little later at 2,000 sites in Scotland. Although never used in combat in Britain, the design saw action later in Greece. Later