query: 2 countries that make up the british isles

pos: British Isles British Isles The British Isles are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consists of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and over six thousand smaller isles. They have a total area of about 315,159 km and a combined population of just under 70 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island of Ireland) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The islands of Alderney, Jersey, Guernsey and Sark, and their neighbouring smaller islands, are sometimes

pos: History of the British Isles one point. The history of the formation of the United Kingdom is very complex. The British monarch was head of state of all of the countries of the British Isles from the Union of the Crowns in 1603 until the enactment of the Republic of Ireland Act in 1949, although the term "British Isles" was not used in 1603. Additionally, since the independence of most of Ireland, historians of the region often avoid the term "British Isles" due to the complexity of relations between the peoples of the archipelago (see: "Terminology of the British Isles"). The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, also

pos: Politics in the British Isles Crown dependencies have been treated as part of the United Kingdom for British nationality law purposes. However, each dependency maintains local controls over housing and employment, with special rules applying to British citizens without specified connections to that dependency (as well as to non-British citizens). An important political movement in several countries in the Isles is British unionism, an ideology favouring the continued union of the United Kingdom. It is most prevalent in Scotland, England, and Northern Ireland. British unionism has close ties to British nationalism. Another movement is Loyalism, which manifests itself as loyalism to the British Crown. The

pos: Davis Cup in all rounds, and the Davis Cup was awarded to the tournament champion. Up until 1973, the Davis Cup had only ever been won by the United States, Great Britain/British Isles, France and Australia/Australasia. Their domination was eventually broken in 1974 when South Africa and India made the final; however the final was scratched and South Africa awarded the cup after India refused to travel to South Africa in protest at South Africa's apartheid policies. The following year saw the first actual final between two "outsider" nations, when Sweden beat Czechoslovakia 3–2, and since then, many other countries have gone

pos: Politics in the British Isles dependencies participate. Additionally, there are numerous relations between the countries in the British Isles, including formal and informal bilateral and multilateral relations between Ireland, the devolved administrations of the UK, and the crown dependencies, as well as shared cultural and economic links. The British Isles contain two sovereign states: The archipelago also contains three Crown dependencies: The Crown dependencies are constitutionally linked to the United Kingdom but independent of it. Ireland is a parliamentary republic comprising approximately five sixths of the island of Ireland in the west of the archipelago. The island of Ireland was partitioned in 1920 with the

pos: British Isles the island called Great Britain. The earliest known use of the phrase "Brytish Iles" in the English language is dated 1577 in a work by John Dee. Today, this name is seen by some as carrying imperialist overtones although it is still commonly used. Other names used to describe the islands include the "Anglo-Celtic Isles", "Atlantic archipelago", "British-Irish Isles", "Britain and Ireland", "UK and Ireland", and "British Isles and Ireland". Owing to political and national associations with the word "British", the Government of Ireland does not use the term "British Isles" and in documents drawn up jointly between the British

pos: Home International Regatta winner in each of the event categories: Senior Men (SM), Senior Women (SW), Junior Men (JM), and Junior Women (JW). The match winners are found from calculating the total amount of points won by each country in each section (e.g. Junior Women). Countries receive 4 points for 1st place, 3 points for 2nd place, 2 points for 3rd place and 1 point for 4th. Home International Regatta The Home International Regatta is a rowing regatta held every year for the countries of the British Isles - England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Events are held for both men and women at

pos: Politics in the British Isles projects amongst the various countries in the Isles have been undertaken, often around infrastructure and energy. For example, the governments of Ireland, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are collaborating on the ISLES project, which will facilitate the development of offshore renewable energy sources, such as wind, wave and tidal energy, and renewable energy trade between Scotland, Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Through the auspices of the British-Irish council, Ministers from the UK, Ireland, Isle of Man and the Channel Islands have agreed to work on energy cooperation and development through what is called the All Islands Approach (AIA), facilitating closer

pos: History of Australia since 1945 two million people immigrated to Australia from Europe during the 20 years after the end of the war. From the outset, it was intended that the bulk of these immigrants should be mainly from the British Isles, and that the post-war immigration scheme would preserve the British character of Australian society. Although Great Britain remained the predominant source of immigrants, the pool of source countries was expanded to include Continental European countries in order to meet Australia's ambitious immigration targets. From the late 1940s onwards, Australia received significant waves of people from countries such as Greece, Italy, Malta, Germany, Yugoslavia

pos: Nicola Sturgeon that is it "important for Ireland and Scotland and the whole of the British Isles that Ireland has a strong ally in Scotland". During the same engagement, Sturgeon became the first head of government to address the Seanad Éireann, the Upper House of the Irish Parliament. Sturgeon used her speech to the house to highlights the troubles ahead for both the Irish and Scottish Governments posed by the Brexit vote, but vowed to "bring benefits" to the British Isles and to "make new work" for both Ireland and Scotland. In August 2016, Sturgeon travelled to Germany to meet with the

pos: Michelin Guide Italy, Switzerland, Bavaria, and the Netherlands) (1908); Germany, Spain, and Portugal (1910); Ireland and the British Isles (1911); and "The Countries of the Sun" (") (Northern Africa, Southern Italy and Corsica) (1911). In 1909, an English-language version of the guide to France was published. During World War I, publication of the guide was suspended. After the war, revised editions of the guide continued to be given away until 1920. It is said that André Michelin, whilst visiting a tire merchant, noticed copies of the guide being used to prop up a workbench. Based on the principle that "man only truly

pos: Gold working in the Bronze Age British Isles Gold working in the Bronze Age British Isles Gold working in the Bronze Age British Isles refers to the use of gold to produce ornaments and other prestige items in the British Isles during the Bronze Age, between circa 2500 and c.800 BCE in Britain, and up to about 550 BCE in Ireland. In this period, communities in Britain and Ireland first learned how to work metal, leading to the widespread creation of not only gold but also copper and bronze items as well. Gold artefacts in particular were prestige items used to designate the high status of those individuals

pos: Anglosphere another article: Anglosphere The Anglosphere is the set of English-speaking nations that share common cultural and historical roots with the British Isles, and which today maintain close cultural, political, diplomatic and military cooperation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, although the nations that are commonly included were all once part of the British Empire. Most definitions include the five main countries, namely Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The term can also cover the Republic of Ireland

pos: Anglosphere Anglosphere The Anglosphere is the set of English-speaking nations that share common cultural and historical roots with the British Isles, and which today maintain close cultural, political, diplomatic and military cooperation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, although the nations that are commonly included were all once part of the British Empire. Most definitions include the five main countries, namely Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The term can also cover the Republic of Ireland and English-speaking

pos: 2 Hearts (Kylie Minogue song) position of number 12 in the Ireland the following week, and remained in the top 50 for seven weeks. Outside the British Isles, the song became a number-one hit in Spain, debuting at the top spot on 18 November 2007 and staying in the top 20 for 10 non-consecutive weeks. In Italy, the song debuted at number 10 on the Italian Singles Chart, then peaked at number two the next week. The song also charted in several other European countries, including Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. The music video for "2 Hearts" was directed by Dawn Shadforth

pos: Haplogroup G-P303 9 represents a rare multi-step mutation. This DYS439=9 subgroup is predominantly German, and the mutation is probably over 2,000 years old based on number of marker value differences in 67-marker STR samples. The Haplogroup G Project has indicated among its large G collection that likely or proven DYS568=9 samples comprise the following percentages of available G samples in the following countries [in descending order]: Ireland, 12%...England, 9%...Netherlands, 5%...Poland, 5%...Italy, 4%...Germany, 3%...Spain, 3%...France, 2% Within the Z724 subgroup is a subgroup of G-L640+. This is a small group of men presently all from the British Isles. This SNP was identified in

pos: Cardamine pratensis water. Its common name "cuckooflower" derives from the formation of the plant's flowers at around the same time as the arrival each spring of the first cuckoos in the British Isles. The species is commonly found throughout the British Isles. Recorded in Ireland from all 40 of the "vice-counties" (a system adopted by Praeger in 1901). It is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, and has become naturalised in North America as a result of cultivation. In some European countries, including parts of Germany, the plant is now under threat. It is a food plant for the orange tip

pos: Polystichum aculeatum in gardens, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Ireland. Counties:Down, Antrim and Londonderry. Throughout the British Isles and Europe except for the northern countries. It is found in mountain limestone screes in the Jura and the alps, and on alpine and subalpine limestone cliffs. Polystichum aculeatum Polystichum aculeatum, the hard shield-fern, is an evergreen fern native to Europe. It is most abundant in upland regions of the British Isles and western France, where it benefits from the combination of mild winters and moist summers, but also occurs more locally across most of Europe except northern

pos: Invasions of the British Isles Invasions of the British Isles Invasions of the British Isles have occurred throughout history. Various sovereign states within the territorial space that constitutes the British Isles were invaded several times; by the Romans, Germanic peoples, Vikings and Norsemen that came from Sweden, Denmark and Norway, the French and the Dutch. Before the Romans came to Britain, and with them the advent of written records of the region, the majority of Britain was Celtic. How and when these peoples arrived in the British Isles is a matter of much conjecture; see Celtic settlement of Great Britain and Ireland for more details.

pos: International Football Association Board the voting power. As a legacy of association football's origins in the British Isles, the other organisations represented are the governing bodies of the game in the four countries of the United Kingdom. Amendments to the Laws require a three-quarter supermajority vote, meaning that FIFA's support is necessary but not sufficient for a motion to pass. IFAB is made up of representatives from each of the United Kingdom's pioneering football associations—England's Football Association (The FA), the Scottish Football Association (SFA), the Football Association of Wales (FAW) and Northern Ireland's Irish Football Association (IFA)—and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the

pos: Ireland–United Kingdom relations the isles, especially Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, Isle of Man, and Scotland share a common Celtic heritage, and all of these countries have branches of the Celtic league. Due to the linguistic, cultural and legal (both as common law countries) similarities between the UK and Ireland, many businesses in both countries have operations in each other country. Both countries have each other as their biggest business partner, and both in the same trade organisations include the European Union and World Trade Organization. Examples of notable British companies that have an Irish operations come as diverse as the supermarket chain Tesco (Tesco

pos: Politics in the British Isles present in all of the countries, but several Irish parties such as Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil have won seats in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, and both of these parties have established offices in Britain in order to raise funds and win additional supporters. Several academic perspectives are important in the politics and relations in the British isles. Important strands of scholarship include research on identity, especially Britishness and Irish identity, and studies of the major political movements, such as separatism, unionism and nationalism. The concept of post-nationalism is also a contemporary trend in studies of

pos: Global storm activity of 2008 Windstorm Emma was a severe extratropical cyclone which passed through several mainly Central European countries, most devastatingly on Saturday March 1, 200, killing at least twelve people in Austria, Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic. Wind speeds reached up to in Austria, and up to elsewhere. Major infrastructure disruptions and some injuries were also reported in Belgium, France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. Many trees were also bought down in SW British Isles as it passed over with winds at about 100 mph, affecting counties in Ireland, Wales and S. Western England. A Lufthansa jet almost crashed attempting to land in

pos: British Isles naming dispute terminology) was also discussed by the columnist Marcel Berlins, writing in "The Guardian" in 2006. Beginning with "At last, someone has had the sense to abolish the British Isles", he opines that "although purely a geographical definition, it is frequently mixed up with the political entities Great Britain, or the United Kingdom. Even when used geographically, its exact scope is widely misunderstood". He also acknowledges that some view the term as representing Britain's imperial past, when it ruled the whole of Ireland. Another historian of British and Irish history has described the term as "politically loaded". From the Irish perspective,

pos: Ten Pound Poms While the term "Ten Pound Pom" is in common use, the scheme was not limited to migrants from the United Kingdom. Persons born in the Irish Free State or in the southern counties of Ireland prior to the establishment of the Republic of Ireland in 1949 were also classified as British subjects. In fact most British subjects were eligible and, at the time, that included not only those from the British Isles but also residents of British colonies such as Malta and Cyprus. Australia also operated schemes to assist selected migrants from other countries, notably the Netherlands (1951), Italy (1951),

pos: Promises (The Cranberries song) number 13 on the UK Singles Charts and number 19 in Ireland. Outside the British Isles, the song peaked atop the charts of Spain and reached the top 20 in Canada, New Zealand, Norway, and Switzerland, while also charting in several other European countries. CD single 1 (UK) CD single 2 (UK) Maxi-single Promises (The Cranberries song) "Promises" is a rock song by Irish band The Cranberries. It is the first single from the band's fourth album, "Bury the Hatchet", released in 1999. The song was the only single from the album to chart in the US and the last

pos: Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles criterion. The idea of the Simm was introduced by Alan Dawson in June 2010, who noted that a Simm was the "broadest credible definition of what could be objectively conceived as a mountain in Britain". , 6,414 people had registered themselves as having climbed all 282 Scottish Munros, over 270 people had registeted climbing all 1,552 Marilyns of Great Britain, while only 2 people had registered completion of the 2,529 Simms of Great Britain, and no one had yet declared completion of all 2,754 Simms of the British Isles. In 2010, Mark Jackson further expanded the HuMPS and compiled the

pos: British Primitive goat primitives in Scotland and Northern England, and half a million in Ireland. It was the only variety of goat established in the British Isles up until that era. The native goat became less and less popular as agricultural practices shifted, because of their small size, coarse hair, and large horns. By the time of the 1870s resurgence in goat-keeping, foreign hornless breeds from India, the Middle East, and Switzerland began to dominate, with shorter, smoother coats, and greater milk production, forming the basis of the modern, standardised breeds of the British Isles. The primitive variety would have become extinct in

pos: Neolithic British Isles no doubt that these great tombs, far more impressive than would be required of mere repositories for bones, were the centres of ritual activity in the early Neolithic: they were shrines as well as mausoleums. For some reason, the success of farming and the veneration of ancestral and more recent bones had become bound up together in the minds of the people." Although there is disputed radiocarbon dates indicating that the chambered tomb at Carrowmore in Ireland dates to circa 5000 BCE, the majority of such monuments in the British Isles appear to have been built between 4000 and 3200

neg: British Isles reduced the Irish population and permanently altered the demographic make-up of the British Isles. On a global scale, this disaster led to the creation of an Irish diaspora that numbers fifteen times the current population of the island. The linguistic heritage of the British Isles is rich, with twelve languages from six groups across four branches of the Indo-European family. The Insular Celtic languages of the Goidelic sub-group (Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic) and the Brittonic sub-group (Cornish, Welsh and Breton, spoken in north-western France) are the only remaining Celtic languages—the last of their continental relations were extinct before the

neg: Engrailed (moth) Engrailed (moth) The engrailed and small engrailed ("Ectropis crepuscularia") are moths of the family Geometridae found from the British Isles through Central and Eastern Europe to the Russian Far East and Kazakhstan. The western Mediterranean and Asia Minor and the Caucasus represent the southern limit of the distribution (with the Balkan countries). In the north, the distribution area ends at the Arctic circle. It also occurs in North America. Debate exists as to whether they make up one species, or whether "E. crepuscularia" actually refers only to the small engrailed, with the engrailed proper being separable as E. bistortata. The

neg: Engrailed (moth) range of plants. The species overwinters as a pupa. Engrailed (moth) The engrailed and small engrailed ("Ectropis crepuscularia") are moths of the family Geometridae found from the British Isles through Central and Eastern Europe to the Russian Far East and Kazakhstan. The western Mediterranean and Asia Minor and the Caucasus represent the southern limit of the distribution (with the Balkan countries). In the north, the distribution area ends at the Arctic circle. It also occurs in North America. Debate exists as to whether they make up one species, or whether "E. crepuscularia" actually refers only to the small engrailed, with

neg: The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles Spirit" noted that Hutton had become a "well-known and much loved figure" in the British Pagan community. The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy is a book of religious history and archaeology written by the English historian Ronald Hutton, first published by Blackwell in 1991. It was the first published synthesis of the entirety of pre-Christian religion in the British Isles, dealing with the subject during the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman occupation and Anglo-Saxon period. It then proceeds to make a brief examination of

neg: Songs from the British Isles plenty of similarities; with both performers taught by their mothers, and now mothers themselves, there is a personal understanding that finds its way into the music they make together. Katie added "Both of us in our music making focus on a really pure sound, her on the guitar and me on the voice, We really like to get into the minutiae of dynamics. That's a big part of our approach." The two continued to cross paths until they decided to tour singing songs from the British Isles Songs from the British Isles Songs from the British Isles is a collobrative

neg: Paul Jennings (musician) Paul Jennings (musician) Paul Jennings (born 2 September 1981) is a British drummer and percussionist and the creator of the popular percussion education website playcajon.org Paul Jennings is the author of Hal Leonard Cajon Method and Hal Leonard Djembe Method. Paul began playing music on the remote Shitland or (shetland) Isles in northern Europe where he grew up. At the age of just 17 he began touring the world with many of Scotland’s top acts. Paul has performed in over 25 countries with bands such as Jethro Tull, James Devine’s TAPERIE, Treacherous Orchestra, and many more. He has played a

neg: Carex hirta taxon. The culms bear 2–3 lateral female spikes, each long, and on half-ensheathed peduncles up to twice the length of the spike. There are 2–3 male spikes at the end of the culm, each long. The hairy utricles, male glumes and leaves make it hard to confuse "Carex hirta" with any other "Carex" species. "Carex hirta" is native to Europe, and is found across the British Isles, albeit with records becoming very scarce in the far north. It has been introduced to North America. It was first recorded in Amherst, Massachusetts in 1877, and has since been found across much

neg: Bahá'í Faith in Denmark war spread ye the synopsis of the divine teachings in the British Isles, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Portugal, Rumania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, San Marino, Balearic Isles, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete, Malta, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Shetland Islands, Hebrides and Orkney Islands." Following the release of these tablets a few Bahá'ís began moving to Scandinavian countries: Starting in 1946, following World War II, Shoghi Effendi drew up plans for the American (US and Canada) Bahá'í community to send pioneers to Europe including Denmark; the pioneers set up a European

neg: Marlborough (1876 ship) weeks prior to publication, which would make the ships finding as being the late July to early August 1913 period. The points against this story are that: Another account of this story was published in 1929. In this account the "Marlborough" was found adrift in January 1899 by the ship "British Isles" under Captain Hadrop. The "British Isles" was purportedly sailing from Lyttleton to England. She was a little north of Cape Horn by Staten Island when the "Marlborough" was sighted and boarded. This story was discounted because there were no reports of the "British Isles" visiting Lyttleton in the

neg: Politics in the British Isles converse of unionism, nationalism, is also an important factor for politics in the Isles. Nationalism can take the form of Welsh nationalism, Cornish nationalism, English nationalism, Irish nationalism, Scottish nationalism, Ulster nationalism or independence movements in the Isle of Man or Channel Islands. Identity is intertwined with politics, especially in the case of nationalism and independence movements. Details on identity formation in the British Isles can be found at Britishness, Scottish identity, Irish people. Pan-Celticism is also a movement which is present in several of the countries which have a Celtic heritage. There are no major political parties that are

neg: Acer pseudoplatanus in coastal localities. It is cultivated and widely naturalised north of its native range in Northern Europe, notably in the British Isles and Scandinavia north to Tromsø, Norway (seeds can ripen as far north as Vesterålen); Reykjavík, Iceland; and Tórshavn on the Faroe Islands. It now occurs throughout the British Isles, having been introduced in the 16th century. Sycamores make new growth from the stump or roots if cut down and can therefore be coppiced to produce poles and other types of small timber. Its coppice stools grow comparatively rapidly, reaching up to in diameter in 450 years. It is

neg: Bermuda Agreement the rapidly advancing technology of the time, the British delegation arrived in January by Boeing 314 flying boats, and departed in February by Lockheed 049 Constellation pressurized landplanes. Unlike the existing bilateral and multilateral aviation agreements, the Bermuda Agreement defined specific routes on which each countries' carriers could fly, with the right to pick up or discharge international traffic (but no cabotage rights) at any point along the routes: The inclusion of many fifth freedom routes (beyond the United States and British Isles) reflected the fact that many territories such as Hong Kong, Singapore and India were still British colonies

neg: The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy is a book of religious history and archaeology written by the English historian Ronald Hutton, first published by Blackwell in 1991. It was the first published synthesis of the entirety of pre-Christian religion in the British Isles, dealing with the subject during the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman occupation and Anglo-Saxon period. It then proceeds to make a brief examination of their influence on folklore and contemporary Paganism. In keeping with what was by then the prevailing academic

neg: MV Caledonian Isles stern. The next deck up has the forward observation lounge at the bow and crew accommodation. An open deck extends right around the vessel on this level, including forward of the observation lounge and overlooking the bow. The upper deck has the bridge and outside seating from the huge red funnel towards the stern. Also on this level are the four enclosed lifeboats – 2 larger and 2 smaller boats mounted on davits. The 2 larger lifeboats were replaced in 2017 to make way for the new MES system. "Caledonian Isles" has only ever operated between Ardrossan and Brodick on

neg: Aristolochia rotunda a beautiful uncommon butterfly ("Zerynthia polyxena"). Eating the leaves of the plant the larvae this insect ingest aristolochic acid that make them poisonous to birds. This plant is common in Mediterranean countries. It is rarely naturalized in the British Isles. These plants occur along the banks of canals, edges of ditches and fields, sides of roads, meadows, slopes and forests. They prefer chalky soils and moist, shady areas, at an altitude of above sea level. "A. rotunda" contains aristolochic acids which are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and nephrotoxic. Aristolochia rotunda Aristolochia rotunda, commonly known as smearwort or round-leaved birthwort, is a herbaceous

neg: Songs from the British Isles Songs from the British Isles Songs from the British Isles is a collobrative extended play by Australian singer songwriter Katie Noonan and Australian classical guitarist Karin Schaupp, available only from Katie Noonan webshop. It was released to support the tour 'Songs from the British Isles'. Katie said; "[it's] a chance to rediscover the Celtic music I grew up around, the classical music I fell in love with and the pop music that has informed my voice as a songwriter in more recent years." Karin Schaupp said; “For years we’ve been saying ‘We must do something together one day…’ and finally

neg: Ulva lactuca British Isles, the coast of France, the Low Countries and up to Denmark. It is particularly prolific in areas where nutrients are abundant. This has been the case off the coast of Brittany where a high level of nitrates, from the intensive farming there, washes out to sea. The result is that large quantities of "Ulva lactuca" are washed up on beaches, where their decay produces methane, hydrogen sulfide, and other gases. Certain environmental conditions can lead to the algae spreading over large areas. In August 2009, unprecedented levels of the algae washed up on the beaches of Brittany, France,

neg: History of the British Isles leaders argued that cutting the British off from the European mainland would end their economic hegemony, but the United Kingdom possessed the greatest industrial capacity in the world, and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economic strength through trade to its possessions from its rapidly expanding new Empire. In terms of economic damage to Britain, the blockade was largely ineffective. As Napoleon realized that extensive trade was going through Spain and Russia, he invaded those two countries. He tied down his forces in Spain, and lost very badly in Russia in 1812. The Spanish uprising

neg: Institute of Historical Research sources for the History of Western Europe and areas affected by the European expansion. It now contains over 190,000 volumes. There are sizable holdings for the British Isles, as well as for Germany, Austria, France, the Low Countries, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Latin America, the US and colonial history, ecclesiastical, Byzantine and crusader history as well as small holdings for Eastern Europe, Switzerland and Scandinavia. The library is particularly good for sources on local history both of the British Isles and Europe. It contains the largest collection of Low Countries material outside of the region (due to gifts from the Netherlands

neg: Merseyside derby A total of 30 non-British (Isles) players from 19 different countries have scored in the derby (not including own goals, which add three countries to the list) since Liverpool's Craig Johnston became the first such player to do so, in the 1986 Cup final (though Bruce Grobbelaar was the first non-British Isles player to get on the derby scoresheet with his own-goal in the 1984 Charity Shield). Most recently Everton's Gylfi Sigurðsson added the newest country (Iceland) to this list. Everton's Tim Cahill and Liverpool's Dirk Kuyt, who both left their respective clubs after the 2012 season, along with Luis

neg: British Isles – A Natural History a companion series about British wildlife called "The Nature of Britain", also presented by Titchmarsh. A 3-disc Region 2 and 4 DVD set (BBCDVD1506) featuring all eight episodes was released on 29 November 2004. Titchmarsh wrote an accompanying book, also called "British Isles: A Natural History", and released by BBC Books on 1 October 2004. () British Isles – A Natural History British Isles – A Natural History is an eight-part documentary series produced by the BBC Natural History Unit and presented by Alan Titchmarsh. Originally broadcast in the UK on BBC1 from September to November 2004, it took viewers

neg: Variations in published cricket statistics journal that there could ever be a generally acknowledged list of first-class matches. In 1976, the ACS produced a booklet, "A Guide to First-class Cricket Matches played in the British Isles", outlining its view of the first-class matches played from 1864 to 1946. This was followed by booklets covering other countries and, in 1981, "A Guide to Important Cricket Matches played in the British Isles 1709–1863". From 1996, the ACS produced a further series of booklets giving complete scorecards of matches from 1801 that it now considered first-class. The ACS gave in its journal a number of reasons for taking

neg: Old European hydronymy Old European hydronymy Old European () is the term used by Hans Krahe (1964) for the language of the oldest reconstructed stratum of European hydronymy (river names) in Central and Western Europe. Krahe writes in A1, chapter III, "Introducing preface" Number 2 that the old European hydronomy extended from Scandinavia to South Italy, from Western Europe including the British Isles to the Baltic countries. Of the three Mediterranean peninsulas, Italy was most completely included, whilst the Balkan Peninsula was only scarcely covered. He writes that what he presents for hydronomy also applies to mountains and ranges of mountains, and continues

neg: St. Louis County Library countries that fed migration into Missouri. History & Genealogy offers access to substantial holdings for Atlantic states, the Northwest Territory, the Louisiana Purchase, and sources for Canada, Germany, Switzerland, France, and the British Isles. At its core are the collections of the St. Louis County Library and the St. Louis Genealogical Society. In 2002, History & Genealogy at St. Louis County Library became the official home of the National Genealogical Society Collection, which includes over 30,000 items available for circulation or by inter-library loan. Other collections have followed including the William C.E. and Bessie Becker Collection (German, Swiss, British Isles),

neg: White Africans of European ancestry dominant white ethnic group in KwaZulu-Natal, while in Gauteng and the Western Cape they also contribute to a large percentage of the English-speaking population. It is here that they challenge the Afrikaans in being the white dominant ethnic group. English is a second language of many non-British white Africans with higher education in almost all non-English-speaking African nations. Outside of South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, British Africans make up a large minority in Zambia, Kenya, Botswana, and Swaziland, therefore growing the presence of English in these countries. German is spoken by 32% of Namibia's white population (making up 2% of

neg: St Andrews Trophy on the second. All matches were over 36 holes. The British Isles used the same ten players on both days, while the Rest of Europe used a total of twelve players. The British Isles won all five matches on the first day and finished 12½–2½ winners. The second event was held at Golf de Saint-Cloud in France on 2 and 3 October 1958, retaining the same format as in 1956. Britain used 11 players while the Rest of Europe used 12 as they had in 1956. The British Isles won four of the five foursomes on the first day and,

neg: Lord of the Isles (David Drake) Lord of the Isles (David Drake) A series of books by author David Drake. In 1997, Drake began his largest fantasy series, Lord of the Isles, using elements of Sumerian religion and medieval era technology. The series consists of nine books broken into two distinct parts, the Lord of the Isles consisting of the first six books, and a final trilogy dubbed the Crown of the Isles. The books center on the lives of four youths from a small village on one of the islands that make up the archipelago of the book's world, known as the Isles. In the

neg: Stuart period the building a worldwide trading network for its merchants, manufacturers, shippers and financiers. This required a hegemonic Royal Navy so powerful that no rival could sweep its ships from the world's trading routes, or invade the British Isles. Wool was the great commercial product. Home production of wool supplied internal needs, while raw wool and wool cloth made up 75–90% of exports. Trade was extensive with France, the Low Countries, and the Baltic. The Hanseatic League of German trading cities had once controlled 40% of the English trade, but it rapidly lost that role after 1500 and was expelled from

neg: Job Edward Lousley reputation. He published two papers in 1939 and 1944 that settled the differences between Patience Dock ("Rumex patientia") and "Rumex cristatus" and found aliens such as "Rumex confertus" hybridizing with native species. He named "Rumex wrightii" ("R conglomeratus x R frutescens" and "R cuneifolius"), as new to science. Up until the Second World War he gained his knowledge of the British flora by travelling to every part of the British Isles collecting what was to be the largest private herbarium in the British Isles. He first visited the Isles of Scilly in September 1936 and added Western Ramping–fumitory ("Fumaria occidentalis")

neg: Suillus luteus with a DNA-based method that is sensitive enough to detect the addition of 1–2% of "S. luteus" to "B. edulis" powder. Suillus luteus Suillus luteus is a bolete fungus, and the type species of the genus "Suillus". A common fungus native to Eurasia, from the British Isles to Korea, it has been introduced widely elsewhere, including North and South America, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Commonly referred to as slippery jack or sticky bun in English-speaking countries, its names refer to the brown cap, which is characteristically slimy in wet conditions. The fungus, initially described as "Boletus luteus" by

neg: Neolithic British Isles use basic stone tools and crops have shown that it is a much more labour-intensive way of life than that of hunter-gatherers. It would have involved deforesting an area, digging and tilling the soil, storing seeds, and then guarding the growing crops from other animal species before eventually harvesting them. In the cases of grains, the crop produced then has to be processed to make it edible, including grinding, milling and cooking; all of this involves far more preparation and work than either hunting or gathering. The Neolithic agriculturalists deforested areas of woodland in the British Isles in order to

neg: British Isles fixed sea link connections suggested the idea "would be a huge boost to the economies of both countries, opening up trade and putting the otherwise neglected far South West of Scotland in the centre of a major route". It did however also state that "There would have to be massive investment in infrastructure to upgrade the road and rail connections, especially on the Scottish side. [As] The main roads leading to Stranraer are narrow, twisting, and unsuited for the amount of traffic that they currently have, never mind the increased traffic that would be generated by a fixed link. The single rail line from

neg: Lord of the Isles (David Drake) the Classical world. Lord of the Isles (David Drake) A series of books by author David Drake. In 1997, Drake began his largest fantasy series, Lord of the Isles, using elements of Sumerian religion and medieval era technology. The series consists of nine books broken into two distinct parts, the Lord of the Isles consisting of the first six books, and a final trilogy dubbed the Crown of the Isles. The books center on the lives of four youths from a small village on one of the islands that make up the archipelago of the book's world, known as the

neg: New Mexico in the same general area, but of varying extensions. With a total area of , the state is the fifth-largest state of the US, and slightly larger than British Isles. New Mexico's eastern border lies along 103°W longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and (due to a 19th-century surveying error) west of 103°W longitude with Texas. On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western third, with Chihuahua making up about 90% of that. The western border with Arizona runs along the 109° 03'W longitude. The southwestern

neg: Neolithic British Isles what language these early farming people spoke. These migrants brought new ideas, leading to a radical transformation of society and landscape that has been called the Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic period in the British Isles was characterised by the adoption of agriculture and sedentary living. To make room for the new farmland, these early agricultural communities undertook mass deforestation across the islands, dramatically and permanently transforming the landscape. At the same time, new types of stone tools requiring more skill began to be produced; new technologies included polishing. The Neolithic also saw the construction of a wide variety of monuments

neg: Hillclimbing in the British Isles always related, to share the same car at a hillclimb. Such entries are known as "dual-driven" (or, occasionally, "double-driven") cars. Usually drivers considered the slower in such partnerships will make the climb first, before the bulk of the class for which they have been entered. This therefore allows their companions to make their ascent within the same time frame as the competitors, to ensure similar track conditions. Other than this, there is no special consideration for drivers in dual-driven cars, and both drivers count their results (and, if appropriate, score points) individually. Hillclimbing in the British Isles Hillclimbing in the

neg: Bar billiards 200 hole having been played off either side cushion. The Bar Billiards World Championship (called the British Isles Open up to 1999) is held every year in Jersey. This is a list of past winners and runners up: Kevin Tunstall 5, Jim Millward 4, Trevor Gallienne 3, Peter Noel 2, Steve Ahier 2, Bernie McCluskey 2, Terry Race 2, Mark Trafford 2, Paul Sainsbury. Bar billiards Bar billiards is a form of billiards which developed from the French/Belgian game billiard russe, of Russian origin. Bar billiards in its current form started in the UK in the 1930s when Englishman, David

neg: Zostera noltei a tuft of up to four short roots that anchor the plant in the sediment. The leaves have three irregular, longitudinal veins and blunt, notched ends. They are up to long and contain air spaces which make them buoyant. Several separate male and female flowers grow on a short, spear-shaped lateral stem. The smooth white seeds develop inside a green capsule with membranous walls and are about long. "Zostera noltii" is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean along the coasts of Europe as far north as Norway, Sweden and the Baltic Sea. Around the British Isles it grows extensively in

neg: Magmatic underplating is the greatest, where it is possible that the magma is being fed to the Rajmahal Traps up above. In the British Isles, (Paleogene) denudation is linked with magmatic underplating. It has been shown that the wavelength and amplitude of denudation can be determined by the density and distribution of the underplating in a given area. Modeling of data brought on by studies of the British Isles shows that a large amount of high velocity material occurs around the Mohorovičić discontinuity under the Irish Sea. Epeirogenic uplift is a long-wavelength form of uplift and be split up into two separate

neg: Neolithic British Isles of material-culture, such as the megalithic funerary and ceremonial monuments. Neolithic British Isles The Neolithic British Isles refers to the period of British, Irish and Manx history that spanned from circa 4000 to circa 2,500 BCE. The final part of the Stone Age in the British Isles, it was a part of the greater Neolithic, or "New Stone Age", across Europe. During the preceding Mesolithic period, the inhabitants of the British Isles had been Mesolithic European hunter-gatherers. Around 4000 BCE migrants began arriving from central Europe. Although the earliest indisputably acknowledged languages spoken in the British Isles belonged to the

neg: Neolithic British Isles Neolithic British Isles The Neolithic British Isles refers to the period of British, Irish and Manx history that spanned from circa 4000 to circa 2,500 BCE. The final part of the Stone Age in the British Isles, it was a part of the greater Neolithic, or "New Stone Age", across Europe. During the preceding Mesolithic period, the inhabitants of the British Isles had been Mesolithic European hunter-gatherers. Around 4000 BCE migrants began arriving from central Europe. Although the earliest indisputably acknowledged languages spoken in the British Isles belonged to the Celtic branch of the Indo-European family it is not known

neg: European dark bee British (and Irish) Black Bees of the British Isles: 2) "the Spanish flu which wiped out...every single bee in the UK", no beekeepers at the time made this claim, what was claimed was that the original pure "A. m. mellifera" of the British Isles was wiped out, hybrids with other non-"A. m. mellifera" bees often survived, notably the "A. m. ligustica" and later the "Buckfast bee" bred by Brother Adam of Buckfast Abbey, also continental "A. m. mellifera", imported in subsequent years to repopulate the country, showed strong resistance to the "Isle of Wight Disease": 3) "The British Black bee

neg: 1904 International Lawn Tennis Challenge Malcolm Whitman giving his word that an American team would enter, the Americans failed to make a challenge before the 7 March deadline. 1904 International Lawn Tennis Challenge The 1904 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the fourth edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup, and the first edition to be played outside American soil. As defending champions, the British Isles team played host to the competition, which featured teams from Belgium and France for the first time. Belgium and France would play for the right to challenge the British Isles for the cup. The ties were played

neg: Isles of Scilly around the Isles of Scilly. "The Riddle of Samson", a novel by Andrew Garve (a pen name of Paul Winterton) is set mainly around the Isles of Scilly. In "Jacob's Room", by Virginia Woolf, the hero and a friend of his sail around the islands. The novels that make up "The Cortes Trilogy" by John Paul Davis take place in the Isles of Scilly. "Stone In the Blood" by Colin Jordan and David England is set on the islands both in 1974 and the Iron Age, when most of Scilly was still one joined landmass. Scilly is mentioned in the

neg: History of the Episcopal Church (United States) of Supremacy prevented Seabury's consecration in England, so he went to Scotland where the non-juring Scottish bishops consecrated him in Aberdeen on November 14, 1784. He became, in the words of scholar Arthur Carl Piepkorn, "the first Anglican bishop appointed to minister outside the British Isles". In return, the Scottish bishops requested that the Episcopal Church use the longer Scottish prayer of consecration during the Eucharist, instead of the English prayer. Seabury promised that he would endeavor to make it so. Seabury returned to Connecticut in 1785. At an August 2, 1785, reception at Christ Church on the South Green

neg: 2018–19 European windstorm season up to , unseasonably strong for the time of year. The heavy rainfall from the remnants of Ernesto caused some flooding across the two countries. Additionally, Ernesto dragged up warm tropical air over the British Isles, resulting in unusually warm and humid weather. No warnings were issued in advance of Ernesto by either Met Eireann or the Met Office, and no damage was reported. Cyclone Fabienne, named by the Free University of Berlin, affected Germany on 23 September with winds of up to , causing widespread damage across southern and central Germany. One person, a 78-year-old woman, was killed after

neg: Nobility of the British Isles are deemed titled gentry. Most nations traditionally had an untitled lower nobility in addition to titled nobles. An example is the landed gentry of the British Isles. Unlike England's gentry, the "Junkers" of Germany, the "noblesse de robe" of France, the "hidalgos" of Spain and the "nobili" of Italy were explicitly acknowledged by the monarchs of those countries as members of the nobility, although untitled. In Scandinavia, the Benelux nations and Spain there are still untitled as well as titled families recognised in law as noble. In Hungary members of the nobility always theoretically enjoyed the

neg: Demography of the United Kingdom predominantly White British. Being located close to continental Europe, the countries that formed the United Kingdom were subject to many invasions and migrations from the continent, especially from Scandinavia, including Roman occupation for several centuries. Historically, British people were therefore thought to be descended mainly from the different ethnic stocks that settled there before the 11th century: pre-Celtic, Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, Viking and Norman. However, recent genetic testing has revealed that these migrations contributed very little to the British genepool, with around 80% of white British DNA coming from an ancestral population who settled in the British Isles 12,000 years ago.

neg: British Isles naming dispute "British-Irish Isles" and the Islands of the North Atlantic. In documents drawn up jointly between the British and Irish governments, the archipelago is referred to simply as "these islands". To some, the dispute is partly semantic, and the term is a value-free geographic one, while, to others, it is a value-laden political one. The Crown dependencies of the Channel Islands may also for geo-political reasons be included in the British Isles, despite not being geographically part of the archipelago. United Kingdom law uses the term British Islands to refer to the UK, Channel Islands, and Isle of Man as a

neg: Kelp and certain invasive species. Species of "Laminaria" in the British Isles; Species of "Laminaria" worldwide, listing of species at AlgaeBase: Other species in the Laminariales that may be considered as kelp: Non-Laminariales species that may be considered as kelp: Some animals are named after the kelp, either because they inhabit the same habitat as kelp or because they feed on kelp. These include: Kelp Kelps are large brown algae seaweeds that make up the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genera. Kelp grows in "underwater forests" (kelp forests) in shallow oceans, and is thought to have appeared in the

neg: Porgy fishing popular game and food fish in Mediterranean countries, with delicate white flesh. The common dentex is found in the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Eastern Atlantic Ocean from the British Isles to Mauretania, sometimes up to Senegal and Canary Islands. It lives in sandy or stony deeps, to 200 m, and is an active predator, feeding on other fish, mollusca and cephalopods. It is usually solitary, although younger dentex form schools and are less elusive. Adult dentex can reach a length of one metre, and weigh up to 14 kg. The black seabream live in northern Europe and

neg: Tommy Haslam offered a place as part of the British Isles team to tour Australia and New Zealand, signing the contract in January. Although the tour was not recognised by the Rugby Football Union, being set up as a private venture, the game is now retrospectively acknowledged as the very first tour of the British and Irish Lions. Haslam was one of two full backs chosen for the tour along with Swinton's Arthur Paul. Haslam played his first game for the British Isles against Otago on 28 April 1888, the opening game of the tour. The British Isles won 8-3 but without

neg: Telegraph, Isles of Scilly Telegraph, Isles of Scilly Telegraph is a settlement on St Mary's, the largest of the Isles of Scilly, England. Telegraph is located in the north west of the island and is the highest point on St Mary's and in the Isles of Scilly, at above sea level. This elevation made it (and continues to make it) an ideal spot for communications (transmitting within the islands and with the British mainland too). The settlement takes its name from Telegraph Tower, situated at the summit of the hill. In the late 1860s, Mr. Buxton of Scilly attempted to persuade the Post Office

neg: History of phycology Botany at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and Professor Emeritus in 1931 wrote: "A Handbook of the British Seaweeds." This was the first, and for quite a time, the only book for identification of seaweeds in the British Isles using a botanical key. In 1962 Eifion Jones published: "A key to the genera of the British seaweeds". This small booklet provided a valuable source in the period before the valuable series "Seaweeds of the British Isles" was produced by the British Museum (Natural History) or The Natural History Museum. Research advanced so quickly that the need for an up-to-date

neg: Tom Banks (rugby) Tom Banks (rugby) Thomas Banks (born 17 August 1858 – death unknown), also known by the nickname of "Tom", was an English rugby union footballer who played in the 1880s and 1890s. He played at representative level for British Isles (Heritage № 2), and Lancashire, and at club level for Swinton, as a half-back, three-quarters, or forward. Prior to Tuesday 2 June 1896, Swinton were a rugby union club. Thomas Banks' birth was registered in Salford, Lancashire. Tom Banks won cap(s) for British Isles while at Swinton on the 1888 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia, against Otago

neg: North Atlantic Igneous Province Ocean. The igneous province is the origin of the Giant's Causeway and Fingal's Cave. The province is also known as Brito-Arctic province (also known as the North Atlantic Tertiary Volcanic Province) and the portions of the province in the British Isles is also called the British Tertiary Volcanic Province or British Tertiary Igneous Province. Isotopic dating indicates the most active magmatic phase of the NAIP was between ca. 60.5 and ca. 54.5 Ma (million years ago) (mid-Paleocene to early Eocene) - further divided into Phase 1 (pre-break-up phase) dated to ca. 62-58 Ma and Phase 2 (syn-break-up phase) dated to

neg: Maerl Channel, Irish Sea and North Sea. The distribution of maerl is dependent on water movement, light and salinity concentration. Maerl beds occur in the photic zone, and can be found to around 30 m depth in the British Isles and up to 120 m deep in the Mediterranean. Maerl deposits can reach up to 10 m thick, but are usually much thinner; carbon dating has shown that they can be more than 5500 years old. In the British Isles maerl is composed of three species of coralline algae growing loose in beds of fragmented nodules in the sub-littoral. The species

neg: Anglian stage Anglian stage The Anglian Stage is the name used in the British Isles for a middle Pleistocene glaciation. It precedes the Hoxnian Stage and follows the Cromerian Stage in the British Isles. The Anglian Stage is equivalent to the Elsterian Stage of northern Continental Europe, the Mindel Stage in the Alps and Marine Isotope Stage 12. The Anglian Stage and Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 12 started about 478,000 years ago and ended about 424,000 years ago. The Anglian was the most extreme glaciation during the last 2 million years. In Britain the ice sheet reached the Isles of Scilly and

neg: History of the British Isles known as the Old and Middle Stone Ages, were characterised by a hunter-gatherer economy and a reliance on stone tool technologies. The Lower Palaeolithic period in the British Isles saw the region's first known habitation by early hominids, specifically the extinct Homo heidelbergensis. One of the most prominent archaeological sites dating to this period is that of Boxgrove Quarry in West Sussex, southern England. By the Mesolithic, "Homo sapiens", or modern humans, were the only hominid species to still survive in the British Isles. British Isles were linked to continental Europe by a territory named Doggerland. In the British Isles,

neg: Weather lore in the majority of years, holds reasonably steady until the end of August. When the jet stream lies north of the British Isles then continental high pressure is able to move in; when it lies across or south of the British Isles, Arctic air and Atlantic weather systems predominate. In France, Saint Medard (June 8), Urban of Langres (April 2), and Saint Gervase and Saint Protais (June 19) are credited with an influence on the weather almost identical with that attributed to St Swithun in England, while in Flanders there is St Godelieve (July 6) and in Germany the Seven

neg: Willie Burnet Wyoming, where he and Alex Laing set up a successful sheep farming ranch. He did make return trips to Scotland, residing for a while in Edinburgh where his daughter Ellen Joanna lived, but returning to the USA in 1914. He later returned to Scotland and died at the Lauderdale Temperance Hotel in Lauder on 16 April 1944. Willie Burnet Willie Burnet (1862–1944), was a Scottish rugby union footballer of the 1880s, who played in Scotland for Hawick, and was selected to play at a representative level for the British Isles on the 1888 British Lions tour to New Zealand and

neg: Volunteer Force Empire on garrison duty, it had insufficient forces available to quickly compose and despatch an effective expeditionary force to a new area of conflict, unless it was to reduce the British Isles' own defences. During the Crimean War, the War Office had been forced to send militia and yeomanry to make up the shortfall of soldiers in the Regular Army. The situation had been complicated by the fact that both auxiliary forces were under the control of the Home Office until 1855. Tensions rose between the United Kingdom and France following the Orsini affair, an assassination attempt on Emperor Napoleon

neg: Sub-Roman Britain Romans have had a significant impact on the gene pool of the British Isles, and that the inhabitants from prehistoric times belong to an Iberian genetic grouping. He says that most people in the British Isles are genetically similar to the Basque people of northern Spain and southwestern France, from 90% in Wales to 66% in East Anglia. Oppenheimer suggests that the division between the West and the East of England is not due to the Anglo-Saxon invasion but originates with two main routes of genetic flow – one up the Atlantic coast, the other from neighbouring areas of Continental

neg: Lendore Isles prevent any contact with outsiders. Lendorian Elvish, a language unique among the other fictional languages in the World of Greyhawk, is also introduced. "", published in 1998, and which advances the fictional timeline further, gives few details about the islands themselves due to the isolationist policies of the inhabitants but makes note of increased activity by elven mariners from the Spindrifts. In the latest official published work describing the Lendore Isles, more details are given of the islands, including that they make up a nation officially known as the Radiant and Transformed Domain of Sehanine of the Lendore Isles. The

neg: Leyland-MCW Olympic was built over three series from 1949. Only 90 of the early version were registered in the British Isles from 1950-2, but thousands of all marks were sold for export, 1,192 to Cuba alone, the other major customer countries being South Africa, Jamaica, Argentina, Turkey and Uruguay. A body frame comprising welded steel tube longitudinals, uprights and diagonals to the waistrail: with heavy duty stress-panels and aluminium upper frame sections riveted thereupon was constructed to a joint design by either Weymann or Metro-Cammell in England or by the MCW group's South African subsidiary Bus Bodies (South Africa) in Port Elizabeth;

neg: Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain that none of the invasions since the Romans have had a significant impact on the gene pool of the British Isles, and that the inhabitants from prehistoric times belong to an Iberian genetic grouping. He says that most people in the British Isles are genetically similar to the Basque people of northern Spain and southwestern France, from 90% in Wales to 66% in East Anglia. Oppenheimer suggests that the division between the West and the East of England is not due to the Anglo-Saxon invasion but originates with two main routes of genetic flow – one up the Atlantic coast,

neg: Flatworm countries usually cannot afford the cost of fuel required to cook food thoroughly enough to kill parasites. Controlling parasites that infect humans and livestock has become more difficult, as many species have become resistant to drugs that used to be effective, mainly for killing juveniles in meat. While poorer countries still struggle with unintentional infection, cases have been reported of intentional infection in the US by dieters who are desperate for rapid weight-loss. There is concern in northwest Europe (including the British Isles) regarding the possible proliferation of the New Zealand planarian "Arthurdendyus triangulatus" and the Australian flatworm "Australoplana sanguinea",

neg: The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles the university's archaeologist Glyn Daniel, an expert on the Neolithic. From Cambridge, he went on to study at Oxford University, where he held a fellowship at Magdalen College. In 1981, Hutton moved to the University of Bristol where he took up the position of reader of History. In that year he also published his first book, "The Royalist War Effort 1642–1646", and followed it with three more books on 17th century British history by 1990. In this work, Hutton attempted to "set out what is at present known about the religious beliefs and practices of the British Isles before their

neg: Cuisine of Antebellum America separately from that of the rest of the world. Under colonization, gastronomical traditions in the Americas were derived mostly from the colonialists' home countries, specifically the British Isles. However, due to an abundance in vegetation and land for meat, Americans' diet was healthier than that of their British counterparts. By eve of the Revolution the average American soldier stood 5 feet, 8 inches, several inches taller than the average British soldier. The United States quickly established themselves as differing in their eating habits from Europe. American mannerisms were viewed by foreign travelers as crude and barbaric. Writer James Fenimore Cooper

neg: Planned French invasion of Britain (1744) particularly alarmed by extensive fortifications in the French port of Dunkirk. British and French troops had already fought in Europe at battles such as Dettingen and the two countries were in a state of "de facto" war by late 1743. In January 1744 the French King Louis XV formally declared war on Britain. His Ministers were convinced that a strong, immediate strike was needed against Britain and began advocating an invasion of the British Isles. British financial subsidies were essential to keeping its continental allies Austria, Hanover and the Dutch Republic afloat. France believed that by invading Britain and knocking

neg: Invasions of the British Isles This latter period of the conflict is sometimes referred to as a proxy war, fought by Scottish factions on behalf of France and England. Invasions of the British Isles Invasions of the British Isles have occurred throughout history. Various sovereign states within the territorial space that constitutes the British Isles were invaded several times; by the Romans, Germanic peoples, Vikings and Norsemen that came from Sweden, Denmark and Norway, the French and the Dutch. Before the Romans came to Britain, and with them the advent of written records of the region, the majority of Britain was Celtic. How and when

neg: British Turks people were resident in the UK. According to the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria, Bulgarian Turks make up 12% of short term migration, 13% of long term migration, and 12% of the labour migration. However, the number of Bulgarian Turks in the United Kingdom may be much higher; Bulgarian citizens of Turkish origin make up entire majorities in some countries. For example, in the Netherlands Bulgarian Turks make up about 80% of Bulgarian citizens. The total number of Turkish-speaking Muslims who have emigrated from Western Thrace, that is, the province of East Macedonia and Thrace in Northern Greece is unknown;