query: who was fighting in the russian civil war

pos: Russian Civil War Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War (; 7 November 1917 – 25 October 1922) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests favoring political monarchism, economic capitalism and alternative forms of socialism, each with democratic and antidemocratic variants. In addition, rival militant socialists and nonideological Green armies

pos: Far Eastern Front in the Russian Civil War decade, as seen during the Battle of Lake Khasan in 1938 and the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939. Far Eastern Front in the Russian Civil War During the Russian Civil War, the Far Eastern part of the former Russian Empire was a battleground for violence between the Communists and the remnants of the Whites. The fighting in this front expanded from Outer Mongolia, through Eastern Siberia, and in the Ussuri and Amur districts of Outer Manchuria in Russia. The fighting forces on the Communist side were the Red Army, Kuban Cossacks, Communist Mongolian militias, and the Far Eastern Republic.

pos: Far Eastern Front in the Russian Civil War Far Eastern Front in the Russian Civil War During the Russian Civil War, the Far Eastern part of the former Russian Empire was a battleground for violence between the Communists and the remnants of the Whites. The fighting in this front expanded from Outer Mongolia, through Eastern Siberia, and in the Ussuri and Amur districts of Outer Manchuria in Russia. The fighting forces on the Communist side were the Red Army, Kuban Cossacks, Communist Mongolian militias, and the Far Eastern Republic. On the White side, there were local White Army units, pro-white Mongolian militias, Mongolian government forces, and the Beiyang

pos: Pyotr Kuryshko Pyotr Kuryshko Pyotr Vasilyevich Kuryshko () (1894 – 1921) was a Soviet Russian military commander ("comdiv") involved in the Russian Civil War. A World War I-veteran, Kuryshko joined the Red Army in 1918 and rose through the ranks during the civil war which followed the Russian Revolution of 1917. He fought a series of campaigns in the North Caucasus, ending up his career as a commander of cavalry division. He participated in the campaign in Armenia in 1920. During the war with Georgia in 1921, Kuryshko commanded the easternmost Russian contingent to have invaded that country. He was killed fighting

pos: Women's Battalion on to fight on both sides of the Russian Civil War, women's battalions were never part of the White Army, Green Army, or Black Army, other Russian political groups fighting against the Bolsheviks. In May 1917, Maria Bochkareva, a peasant woman who had served in the Russian army since November 1914 and had risen to the rank of non-commissioned officer, petitioned the government to establish a battalion of female soldiers under her command. At the end of May, the Minister of War of the Russian Provisional Government, Alexander Kerensky, authorized the formation of the 1st Russian Women's Battalion of Death

pos: Joseph Stalin in the Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, and Polish–Soviet War surrender to avoid a bloodbath. The Bolsheviks then seized Petrograd and Stalin was appointed People's Commissar for Nationalities' Affairs. In the civil war that followed between Lenin's Red Army against the White Army, Stalin formed alliances with Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny while leading troops in the Caucasus. There, he ordered the killings of former Tsarist officers and counter-revolutionaries and burned villages to intimidate the peasantry into submission and discourage food bandit raids. After their Civil War victory, the Bolsheviks moved to expand the revolution into Europe, starting with Poland, which was fighting the Red Army in Ukraine. As joint

pos: Prokofy Romanenko Prokofy Romanenko Prokofy Logvinovich Romanenko (; – 10 March 1949) was a Ukrainian Soviet Army colonel general. Serving in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I, Romanenko joined the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, becoming a cavalry commander. He quickly moved up in rank during the interwar period, fighting in the Spanish Civil War as an adviser and in the Winter War as commander of the 10th Tank Corps. After commanding a rifle corps and the 1st Mechanized Corps, he led the 17th Army in the Soviet Far East from early 1941. He was sent west to

pos: Pyotr Berestov Pyotr Berestov Pyotr Filippovich Berestov (; , Berestovo – November 26, 1961, Zaporozhye) was a Red Army major general during the Second World War. Drafted into the Imperial Russian Army in 1917, Berestov participated in the Russian Revolution. He was drafted into the Red Army, fighting in the Russian Civil War and the Polish–Soviet War. He became a Red Army officer and served in several positions during the interwar period. Berestov was arrested and released during the Great Purge. He fought in the Winter War as a regimental commander. In the early days after the German invasion of the Soviet

pos: Ion Dic Dicescu Ion Dic Dicescu Ion Dic-Dicescu (born Ion Dicescu; ; May 1893 – January 4, 1938) was a Romanian socialist journalist and officer and later Bolshevik activist who held command positions in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. After the war, he held research positions in the economical domain at several Soviet universities and research institutes, before being executed on accusations of espionage during the Great Purge. His elder son, Iosif Dik, although losing both hands and an eye fighting in the Red Army during World War II, was a successful children's writer in the post-war Soviet Union. Ion

pos: Mikhail Dratvin the conclusion of the war. Mikhail Dratvin was born on 21 November 1897, in the village of Ekimovo, Galichsky District, Kostroma Oblast of the Russian Empire. In 1911, he graduated from a vocational school and subsequently worked in a Saint Petersburg telegraph company. In 1914, he acquired a telegraphist diploma. In 1916, he was drafted into the Russian army and fought in World War I as a functionary of the post–telegraph service. In 1918, he enlisted into the Red Army fighting in various campaigns of the Russian Civil War, including the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion. At the conclusion of

pos: Georgy Rodin Georgy Rodin Georgy Semyonovich Rodin (Russian: Георгий Семёнович Родин; 19 November 1897 – 6 January 1976) was a Red Army lieutenant general. Rodin fought in World War I as a non-commissioned officer of the Imperial Russian Army. He joined the Red Army in 1918 and became an officer, fighting in the Russian Civil War. In 1938, he was transferred to the reserve but returned to active duty in 1939 and led a tank battalion in the Soviet invasion of Poland. Rodin led a tank regiment in the Winter War and became commander of a brigade in December 1940. The brigade

pos: Croatia–Russia relations the USSR, from 1943 conducted successful tactical operations in Croatia against both Communist partisans and — from late 1944 — the Red Army. The fighting between the Cossack forces under Helmuth von Pannwitz and the Red Army in northern Slavonia in December 1944 is viewed by Russian historians as last battles of the Russian Civil War. Also fighting on the territory of the NDH from October 1944 — against the Communist partisans and the Soviet troops — were the retreating units of the Russian Protective Corps, whose commander, Russian general Boris Shteifon, died in Zagreb on 30 April 1945. In

pos: Gatchina Palace Gatchina Palace that night, which was occupied by Red troops the following day, and the museum was later opened on 19 May 1918. Gatchina Palace was the site of fighting in 1919, when White Army troops led by Nikolai Yudenich entered Gatchina in an attempt to take the town from the Red Army. The White forces were defeated, and Red soldiers who died in the battle were buried in the parade grounds. After the Russian Civil War ended in Soviet Russian victory, the Gatchina Palace returned to its function as a museum. The data on attendance in the first years

pos: Pavel Lagutin Pavel Lagutin Pavel Filippovich Lagutin (Russian: Павел Филиппович Лагутин; 1896–1975) was a Soviet Army Lieutenant general who commanded the 293rd Rifle Division. He led the 293rd through its fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad. For its actions at Stalingrad, the division became the 66th Guards Rifle Division. He continued to command the division until 1944, when he became the deputy commander of the 6th Guards Army. Lagutin was born in 1896 in Kalyaninskoye in what is now the Duhovitsky District of Moscow Oblast. He served in the Red Army from 1918 and fought in the Russian Civil War. In July

pos: Nikolay Pukhov Nikolay Pukhov Nikolay Pavlovich Pukhov (; –March 28, 1958) was a Soviet Army colonel general and a Hero of the Soviet Union who commanded troops during World War II. Pukhov fought in World War I as a junior officer, afterwards joining the Red Army and fighting in the Russian Civil War, rising to become chief of staff of a division. During the interwar period he served as an instructor at several military academies, and following the Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, he was given command of the 304th Rifle Division. In January 1942 Pukhov was promoted

pos: Rise of Joseph Stalin and the highest echelons of the Bolshevik hierarchy. His pseudonym, Stalin, means "man of the steel hand". The October Revolution took place in the Russian capital of Petrograd on 7 November 1917 (O.S. 25 October 1917), which saw the transfer of all political power to the Soviets. In the Russian Civil War that followed, Stalin forged connections with various Red Army generals and eventually acquired military powers of his own. He brutally suppressed counter-revolutionaries and bandits. After winning the civil war, the Bolsheviks moved to expand the revolution into Europe, starting with Poland, which was fighting the Red Army in

pos: Ivan Strod Ivan Strod Ivan Yakovlevich Strod (, ) (April 10, 1894 – February 4, 1938) was a Red Army officer during the Russian Civil War in the Russian Far East from 1918 to 1923. Ivan Strod was born in Ludza into the medical attendant's Latvian family. He participated in World War I and served in the army of the Russian Empire. Ivan Strod volunteered the Red Army in 1918 fighting against the Whites in Siberia. From November 1918 to December 1919 he was in the Olyokminsk prison. After the release, Ivan Strod headed the Volunteer Revolutionary Detachment. In October 1920 he

pos: Georgy Rodin a member of the CPSU regional committee. On 2 November 1972 he was declared an honorary citizen of Oryol. Rodin died on 6 January 1976. Rodin married Militsa Georgiyevna. Georgy Rodin Georgy Semyonovich Rodin (Russian: Георгий Семёнович Родин; 19 November 1897 – 6 January 1976) was a Red Army lieutenant general. Rodin fought in World War I as a non-commissioned officer of the Imperial Russian Army. He joined the Red Army in 1918 and became an officer, fighting in the Russian Civil War. In 1938, he was transferred to the reserve but returned to active duty in 1939 and led

pos: Alexey Rodin (general) Alexey Rodin (general) Alexey Grigoryevich Rodin (Russian: Алексей Григорьевич Родин; 17 February 1902 – 27 May 1955) was a Soviet Army colonel general and Hero of the Soviet Union. Born in 1902 to a peasant family, Rodin was drafted into the Red Army in 1920. After fighting in the Russian Civil War, he became an officer and rose to command 50th Rifle Corps Armored and Mechanized forces during the Winter War. After the end of the war, Rodin became deputy commander of the 24th Tank Division and fought in the Baltic Operation and Leningrad Strategic Defensive. Given command of the

pos: Ukrainian People's Republic its Soviet successors. These two entities, plus the White Movement, Poland, Green armies and the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, fought constantly with each other, which resulted in many casualties among Ukrainians fighting in a Ukrainian civil war (1917-1921) as part of the wider Russian Civil War of 1917-1922. The Soviet Union would (after the 1921 Treaty of Riga) extend control over what would ultimately become the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and (in 1922) a founding member of the Soviet Union. On 10 June 1917, the Ukrainian Central Council declared its autonomy as part of the Russian Republic by its

pos: Ion Dic Dicescu a Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party in April 1968. Ion Dic Dicescu Ion Dic-Dicescu (born Ion Dicescu; ; May 1893 – January 4, 1938) was a Romanian socialist journalist and officer and later Bolshevik activist who held command positions in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. After the war, he held research positions in the economical domain at several Soviet universities and research institutes, before being executed on accusations of espionage during the Great Purge. His elder son, Iosif Dik, although losing both hands and an eye fighting in the Red Army

pos: Alexey Tereshkov Alexey Tereshkov Alexey Dmitrievich Tereshkov (; ; 17 March 189318 March 1960) was a Belarusian Soviet Army Lieutenant general and a Hero of the Soviet Union. Tereshkov fought in World War I as a non-commissioned officer and then as a platoon leader. After the February Revolution he joined the Bolshevik party and became a partisan fighting against German troops in Belarus. Tereshkov became a Red Army officer and fought in the Russian Civil War as a company commander. He fought in the Spanish Civil War and after Operation Barbarossa was commander of the 413th Rifle Division in the Far East.

pos: Vladimir Kryukov (general) Vladimir Kryukov (general) Vladimir Vikotorovich Kryukov (; – 16 August 1959) was a Soviet Army lieutenant general and a Hero of the Soviet Union. Kryukov joined the Imperial Russian Army after the beginning of World War I, fighting on the Western Front and becoming an officer by his demobilization in December 1917. He commanded a Red Guard detachment during the early stages of the Russian Civil War, but soon transferred to the Red Army. Kryukov commanded cavalry units on the Southern Front, and continued his service during the interwar period. He led a rifle regiment during the Winter War, and

pos: Mikhail Meshcheryakov Mikhail Meshcheryakov Mikhail Mikhailovich Meshcheryakov (; November 20, 1896 – May 13, 1970) was a Red Army major general and a Hero of the Soviet Union. Drafted into the Imperial Russian Army in World War I, Meshcheryakov became a non-commissioned officer and was decorated for his actions. He became a machine gun instructor in 1917 and joined the Red Army, fighting in the Russian Civil War. Demobilized in the mid-1920s, Meshcheryakov was a worker and a teacher during the interwar period. He was called up again and became a Red Army officer after Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the

pos: Nikolay Kuibyshev the Russian Imperial Army with the rank of Second lieutenant. He served with the 10th Malorossiya Grenadier Regiment as a company and then battalion commander. Kuibyshev was wounded three times during the war and after the February Revolution of 1917 was elected a member of the regimental committee. In November 1917, he became the regimental adjutant with the rank of captain. Kuibyshev served in the Red Army from the beginning of its existence, fighting on the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War. Between July and December 1918, Kuibyshev was a member of the Supreme Military Inspectorate. In January 1919,

pos: Leonid Govorov conscripted into the White Guard army of Aleksandr Kolchak in October 1918, serving in an artillery battery with the 8th Kama Rifle Division of the 2nd Ufa Army Corps in the Western Army, fighting in the Russian Civil War. Govorov fought in the Spring Offensive of the Russian Army, a general drive westwards by White forces in the east. He deserted in November 1919, fleeing to Tomsk, where he took part in an uprising against White authorities as part of a fighting squad. Govorov joined the Red Army in January 1920, serving in the 51st Rifle Division as an artillery

pos: Modern history Civil War|Allied Forces]], yet many volunteer foreigners fought in both sides of the Russian Civil War. Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war, including the Ukrainian nationalist [[Green armies|Green Army]], the Ukrainian anarchist [[Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine|Black Army]] and [[Black Guards]], and warlords such as [[Ungern von Sternberg]]. The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920. Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied [[Vladivostok]], previously held by the [[Provisional Priamur Government]]. The last enclave of the White Forces was the [[Ayano-Maysky District]] on the Pacific coast. The

pos: Grigory Karizhsky Grigory Karizhsky Grigory Ivanovich Karizhsky (Russian: Григорий Иванович Карижский; 21 November 1895 – 5 February 1971) was a Soviet Army Major general and Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1915, he was drafted into the Imperial Russian Army and graduated from warrant officer school before being demobilized after the October Revolution. Karizhsky joined the Red Army soon after and became a cavalry commander, fighting in the Russian Civil War. He eventually became a regimental commander by 1932, and was still in that position at the beginning of the Great Purge. In 1938 he was dismissed from the army and imprisoned

pos: Vasili Komaroff World War I when troops of the German Empire entered the Baltic, Komaroff and his family moved to the Volga region in Russia. When the Russian Empire began to collapse in 1917, Komaroff joined the Red Army during October Revolution, learning to read and write and rising to the position of platoon commander. While fighting in the Russian Civil War, he was captured by the White Army troops of General Denikin. Komaroff managed to escape, but to avoid the judgement of the Military Revolutionary Tribunal he changed his name to Vasili Ivanovich Komaroff (alternately spelled Komarov), and in 1920 moved

pos: Ivan Boldin January 7, 1919. He joined the Communist Party in June 1918, and attended the All-Russian Congress of Soviets in July, representing Penza. Following this he served in several positions in local administration and in the Party. In October 1919, Boldin restarted his military career by volunteering for service in the Red Army in the ongoing Civil War. At its height, he served as a company commander fighting Finnish forces on the Karelian peninsula. He then went to Western Front, fighting in defense of Petrograd against White Russian forces, and later against Polish forces near Polotsk and Lepel in the Polish–Soviet

neg: Angel-Warrior Monument Angel-Warrior Monument Angel-Warrior Monument () is a monument dedicated to Czechs and Slovaks, who were taken prisoner during World War I and Russian Civil War. It is situated in the city of Taganrog, Rostov Oblast, Russia at Taganrog Old Cemetery. In 1918, 1700 Czechs and Slovaks who were captured during the First World War, worked at the Russian-Baltic Plant (Combine Plant, JSC) in Taganrog. A large number of these workers died during the Civil War, fighting on the side of Bolsheviks. To honor their memory, in 1927 a monument made of red sandstone was erected on the project of J.

neg: Ukraine during World War I destroyed in the crossfire. Ukrainians could be found participating on both sides of the conflict. In Galicia, over twenty thousand Ukrainians who were suspected of being sympathetic to Russian interests were arrested and placed in Austrian concentration camps, both in Talerhof, Styria and in Terezín fortress (now in the Czech Republic). The brutality did not end with the end of the First World War for Ukrainians. Fighting actually escalated with the beginning of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The revolution began a civil war within the Russian Empire and much of the fighting took place in the Ukrainian provinces. Many

neg: Alexei Ivanovich Avtonomov and who was replaced in turn by Sorokin. After this, Avtonomov commanded a detachment in the fighting on the Terek River, and at Svyatoy Krest (Holy Cross, now named Budyonnovsk) in January 1919. He died of typhus on February 2, 1919 during the Red's retreat from the North Caucasus. Alexei Ivanovich Avtonomov Alexei Ivanovich Avtonomov () (1890–1919) was a Russian Red military commander during the Russian Civil War. Avtonomov was a Kuban Cossack. He fought in World War I with the rank of Cornet (sub-lieutenant) but rose quickly during the civil war. In January 1918, Avtonomov was made Commander of

neg: Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War USSR. In March 2012, critics saw the position of the naval facility in Tartus as a chief motivating factor for Russia to speak out in favor of the Assad government maintaining stability in the region. At least since mid 2013, Chechen and other Russian North Caucasus volunteers have been fighting in the Syrian Civil War against the government of Bashar al-Assad. "The Washington Post" in 2014 reported that Moscow was concerned about such fighters returning to Russia after having picked up militant contacts in Syria. As of September 2015, an estimated 2,500 Russian nationals were fighting alongside ISIL, and President

neg: Southern Front of the Russian Civil War in the Kazan-Dzhik area (2-7 December 1919), and by February 1920 it had officially ceased to exist. Hard fighting and heavy losses left the White Armies in the South facing defeat. The Reds had almost destroyed the Army of the Don by 1920, and the survivors fled in the direction of the Crimea and of Wrangel's newly formed army. In April 1920 Denikin, the Commander-in-chief of the AFSR, passed all his powers to General Wrangel, who re-formed these units into his "Russian Army". The formation of Wrangel's "Russian Army" heralded the last phase of the Russian Civil War in the

neg: Trans-Siberian Railway Omsk, and White Russian soldiers fighting the Bolsheviks on the Ural front. The intervention was weakened, and ultimately defeated, by partisan fighters who blew up bridges and sections of track, particularly in the volatile region between Krasnoyarsk and Chita. The Trans-Siberian Railway also played a very direct role during parts of Russia's history, with the Czechoslovak Legion using heavily armed and armoured trains to control large amounts of the railway (and of Russia itself) during the Russian Civil War at the end of World War I. As one of the few organised fighting forces left in the aftermath of the

neg: Mikhail Alekseyev Mikhail Alekseyev Mikhail Vasilyevich Alekseyev () (3 November 1857 – 8 October 1918) was an Imperial Russian Army general during World War I and the Russian Civil War. Between 1915 and 1917 he served as Tsar Nicholas II's Chief of Staff of the Stavka, and after the February Revolution, was its commander-in-chief under the Russian Provisional Government from March to May 1917. He later played a principal role in founding the Volunteer Army in the Russian Civil War and died in 1918 of heart failure while fighting the Bolsheviks in the Volga region. Alekseyev was born in Vyazma, in the

neg: National Alliance of Russian Solidarists National Alliance of Russian Solidarists The National Alliance of Russian Solidarists ( or ), known by its Russian abbreviation "NTS" (НТС), is a Russian anticommunist organization founded in 1930 by a group of young Russian anticommunist White emigres in Belgrade, Serbia (then part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The organization was formed in response to the older generation of Russian emigres (veterans of the White movement) who were perceived as being stagnant and resigned to their loss in the Russian Civil War. The youth which formed NTS decided to take an active role in fighting communism by studying the newly emerging

neg: Soviet occupation of Mongolia over the region, under the pretext of Protection from spill over from the Russian Civil War. This led to the creation of the Mongolian People's Party as a revolutionary group fighting against the Chinese. As the Soviets began the hard push eastward against the Whites, White high command demanded that the Chinese government do something about their struggle. After Chinese refusal of the plans, The Russian Asiatic cavalry under General Roman von Ungern-Sternberg invaded in October 1920, pushing out undersupplied Beiyang troops in February 1921, who had mostly headed south, as the first stages of the Chinese Civil War began

neg: Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War these killings were officially instigated (however, they were never officially repudiated either). However, later Soviet authors would claim central responsibility for these actions, including Yemelyan Yaroslavsky (who was a participant in these killings) who justified the campaign by claiming that the church was fighting against them. Many monasteries were attacked. Holy Mountain Monastery near Kharkov was plundered very early in the civil war. In a nearby skete in the village of Gorokhova a monk named Izrail was murdered for refusing to hand over the keys to the skete cellars. In the same area, a religious procession was attacked on its

neg: Martyrs' Lane Martyrs' Lane Martyrs' Lane, Alley of Martyrs or Şəhidlər Xiyabanı (transliterated to Shehidler Khiyabani), formerly The Kirov Park, is a cemetery and memorial in Baku, Azerbaijan dedicated to those killed by the Soviet Army during Black January and later to those killed in Nagorno-Karabakh War. In the closing days of World War I fighting broke up as a result of Russian Civil War. Four groups fought for control of the area when the Russian Empire collapsed. Fighting each other were the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Armenians and Azeris. Many people were killed in the fighting including men from a small British force

neg: Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War to lay at least part of the responsibility for the Syrian Civil War with unnamed powers that had been "pushing" for "democratic revolution" in Syria: Putin again called for cooperation with the Syrian government in fighting terrorism: "we should acknowledge that no-one except for Assad and his militia are truly fighting Isis in Syria." On 1 October 2015, President Vladimir Putin dismissed unidentified media reports of alleged casualties among civilians caused by Russian airstrikes in Syria as "information warfare" against Russia, stating that the claims had begun before the planes used in the airstrikes had even taken off. On 12

neg: Czechoslovak Legion Štefánik, they grew into a force of over 100,000 strong. In Russia, they took part in several victorious battles of the war, including the Zborov and Bakhmach against the Central Powers, and were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War fighting Bolsheviks, at times controlling the entire Trans-Siberian railway and several major cities in Siberia. After three years of existence as a small unit in the Imperial Russian Army, the Legion in Russia was established in 1917, with other troops fighting in France since the beginning of the war as the "Nazdar" company, and similar units later emerging in Italy

neg: New Economic Policy workers were ordered to produce, and food and goods were seized and issued by decree. While this policy enabled the Bolshevik regime to overcome some initial difficulties, it soon caused economic disruptions and hardships. Producers who were not directly compensated for their labor often stopped working, leading to widespread shortages. Combined with the devastation of the war, these were major hardships for the Russian people and diminished popular support for the Bolsheviks. At the end of the Civil War, the Bolsheviks controlled Russian cities, but 80% of the Russian population were peasants. Although almost all the fighting had occurred outside

neg: History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union to have leftist and revolutionary sympathies as the ethnically Russian intelligentsia. In the chaos of the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed it, many ethnic Germans were displaced within Russia or emigrated from Russia altogether. The chaos surrounding the Russian Civil War was devastating to many German communities, particularly to religious dissenters like the Mennonites. Many Mennonites hold the forces of Nestor Makhno in Ukraine particularly responsible for large-scale violence against their community. This period was also one of regular food shortages, caused by famine and the lack of long distance transportation of food during the fighting. Coupled

neg: Type 30 rifle of Type 30s rifles and Carbines, Type 35 rifles and Type 38 rifles and carbines from Japan. A number of these rifles ended up being left behind in Finland or captured from Red Finns in the Finnish Civil War as the Soviets armed them with Arisakas. Later on Finland gave some of these rifles to Estonia who also received others from other sources. Estonia later converted some or all to take .303 British as Britain had also supplied Estonia with Vickers machine guns and P14 rifles. The Czechoslovak Legion fighting in the Russian Civil War was also armed with Japanese

neg: Barnaul copper in the mountains, and soon found substantial deposits of silver as well. In 1747, the Demidovs' factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became the center of silver production of the entire Russian Empire. In 1914, Barnaul was the site of the largest draft riot in Russia during World War I. There were more than 100 casualties from the fighting. Street fighting also took place between anti-Communist White Russians and Reds during the Russian Civil War in 1918. Maria Stepanovna (née Zudilova) (1912-1996) was born and lived as a child in this city. She later became the mother

neg: Gatchina 1917, the Russian Empire collapsed upon the abdication of Nicholas II following the February Revolution, leading to a decline in Gatchina's importance as the town and its palace became state property of the Russian Provisional Government, who converted it to a museum. Shortly afterwards, the outbreak of the Russian Civil War saw Gatchina loyal to the White Movement, and the palace was visited by President Alexander Kerensky on October 27, 1917. During Kerensky's visit, fighting broke out in Gatchina between detachments of the Red Guards and Cossack units of General Pyotr Krasnov. The Reds won the battle, which had avoided

neg: Caucasus Greeks previous involvement their ancestors may have had in the Tsarist army or administration during the Russian occupation of the Transcaucasus region. For those communist Caucasus Greeks who following the 1946-49 Greek Civil War settled as refugees in the Eastern Block, particularly the USSR and Czechoslovakia, playing down or concealing their community's previous links with the Russian Empire was an essential tactic to ensure a safe, secure, and flourishing life in a communist state and society. One example of a high ranking Caucasus Greek from Kars Oblast who spent much of his life fighting and propagandizing against Soviet communism, after having

neg: Caucasus Grenadier Division (Russian Empire) Caucasus Grenadier Division (Russian Empire) The Caucasus Grenadier Division () was an infantry unit of the Russian Imperial Army. By the time of World War I, it was garrisoned at Tiflis and was part of the 2nd Caucasus Army Corps. It would later also take part in the Russian Civil War on the side of the White movement. The Caucasus Grenadier Division saw action since the first days of World War I. In October–September 1914 the division took part in fighting against the German Army in the Augustów Forest (in modern day Poland) during the East Prussia Operation, and later

neg: Russian Empire–United States relations World War I the United States declaration of war on Germany (1917) came after the Czar was overthrown in the February Revolution. Because of it, The United States used this new provisional government to describe how the new democratic nations are fighting against autocratic old empires of Germany and Austria-Hungary. During the war, the American Expeditionary Forces were just starting to see battle when the October Revolution removed Russia from the war. Even before Germany surrendered, the US participated in Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War with the Polar Bear Expedition and the American Expeditionary Force Siberia. Russian Empire–United

neg: Nyenschantz of civil war. In 1605, following the death of "de facto" ruler Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky came to power, triggering a conflict with a pretender to the Russian throne, False Dmitry II. Additionally, Russia began fighting the Polish–Muscovite War following invasion of the country by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the same year. Sweden themselves were fighting against the Poles in the Polish–Swedish War, and viewed their eastward expansion into Russian lands as a security threat. The terms of the Vyborg Treaty stipulated that Sweden would supply a corps of mercenaries to Shuisky to fight False Dmitry II and the Poles, in

neg: Ivan Papanin Ivan Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin (, – 30 January 1986) was a Soviet polar explorer, scientist, Counter Admiral, and twice Hero of the Soviet Union, who was awarded nine Orders of Lenin. Ivan was born in Sevastopol into the family of a sailor. In 1914 he was conscripted into the Imperial Russian Navy. He took part in the Russian Civil War on the Bolshevik side, fighting in Ukraine. In 1920 he was sent to the Crimea to organize a guerrilla movement against the forces of the White Movement leader General Baron Pyotr Wrangel. In 1923-1932 he worked for Narkomat of

neg: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War stationed in Syria. Prior to the intervention, Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War had mainly consisted of supplying the Syrian Army. At the end of December 2017, Russia said its troops would be based in Syria permanently. Shortly after the operation began, Russian officials were cited as saying that, apart from fighting terrorist organisations such as ISIL, Russia′s goals included helping the Syrian government retake territory from various anti-government groups that are labelled by the U.S. and its coalition as ″moderate opposition″, a broader geopolitical objective being to roll back U.S. influence. In his televised interview broadcast on 11

neg: Raymond Collishaw was signed. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel during this time. He took some leave in Canada in December before returning to England. He was planning on attempting to fly across the Atlantic using a long-range bomber, but his plans were interrupted by events. The decision was made to send a squadron to help General Denikin's White Russian forces in the Russian Civil War and Collishaw was chosen to be in command. His squadron found itself fighting against the Bolsheviks, who had skilled German pilots manning some of their aircraft. This campaign initially went well but eventually turned into a

neg: Wagner Group June 2018, the SBU also published telephone conversations between Utkin and Igor Plotnitsky from January 2015, as well as conversations between Utkin and Russian GRU officer Oleg Ivannikov who was using the pseudonym Andrei Ivanovich. Ivannikov, according to a Wagner PMC, supervised both their forces, as well as that of the LPR separatists, during the fighting in 2014 and 2015. Wagner left Ukraine and returned to Russia in autumn of 2015, with the start of the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War. The presence of the PMCs in Syria was first reported in late October 2015, almost a

neg: Karel Kramář went to his Finance Minister Alois Rašin and Antonín Švehla. Kramář, a strong Russophile who was married to a Russian, represented Czechoslovakia at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 but resigned over Foreign Minister Beneš's failure to support anticommunst forces in Russia. Kramář wanted to keep the Czechoslovak Legions fighting in the Russian Civil War until all of Russia was "liberated" from the Bolsheviks, arguing the Czechoslovak Legion should be headed towards Moscow, not Vladivostok. Kramář further believed that once all of Russia came under the rule of Admiral Alexander Kolchak, a "Slavic federation" would be created uniting Russia, Poland and

neg: Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War October, Putin appealed to members of the American-led intervention in Syria to join the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War, highlighting the legality of Russia's intervention at Syria's request and questioning whether the U.S. one was valid at all. He highlighted the legitimate authority of Syria's fledgling constitutional democracy and lambasted the scrapped Pentagon program funding rebel training in Syria, saying "It would have been better to give us $500 million. At least we would have used it more effectively from the point of view of fighting international terrorism." On 13 October, Putin criticized the leaders of the

neg: Russian Civil War in power in the West who recognized the USSR and began trade with them saving them from self annihilation, the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar on Russian society and had permanent effects on the development of the Soviet Union. British historian Orlando Figes has contended that the root of the Whites' defeat was their inability to dispel the popular image that they were dually associated with Tsarist Russia and supportive of a Tsarist restoration. Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War (; 7 November 1917 – 25 October 1922) was a

neg: Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars War veterans. As of September 2015, according to Russian Civic Chamber's commission on public diplomacy and compatriots abroad, approximately 2,500 Russian nationals and 7,000 citizens of other post-Soviet republics were fighting alongside ISIL. As well as the large number of Russians fighting for al-Qaeda or ISIS, thousands have fought on the government side. Up until 2015, Russia provided military assistance and private contractors (at least 1,700 Russian contractors had reportedly been deployed to Syria up 2017), but from September 2015 formal Russian military intervention began, after an official request by the Syrian government for military aid against rebel and jihadist

neg: Amga (rural locality) in the area since 1695; it was the first place in Yakutia used for growing crops. Amga was a place of political exile in the Russian Empire, with the most famous exile being Vladimir Korolenko, who was exiled here for six years in 1879. It was also the site for fighting during the Russian Civil War. Somewhere in the area was the old river crossing of Amginsk. From about 1750 to 1850, a horse track led northwest to Yakutsk. Across the river, one route led south to Uda Bay and the other went southeast to Ust-Maya and from there south

neg: Mikhail Sholokhov with the experiences of the Cossacks before and during World War I and the Russian Civil War. "Virgin Soil Upturned", which earned the Lenin Prize, took 28 years to complete. It was composed of two parts: "Seeds of Tomorrow" (1932) and "Harvest on the Don" (1960), and reflects life during collectivization in the Don area. The short story "The Fate of a Man" (1957) was made into a popular Russian film. His unfinished novel "They Fought for Their Country" is about World War II fighting in the USSR (in Russia the Soviet-German war during World War II is commonly referred

neg: Nabat under a unified platform to take advantage of the opportunities for societal reform offered by the ongoing Russian Civil War. The decisions made at the Assembly embraced the issues that dealt with involving anarchists in the ideological effort and affirming the need to fight against the "reactionary" forces that were fighting the civil war in the Ukraine. At the Assembly, Volin was tasked with creating a "declaration of principles" that would be agreeable to all of the major schools of anarchism. During the actions of the civil war, the Bolsheviks found it expedient to create an alliance with Nabat and

neg: Southern Front of the Russian Civil War Southern Front of the Russian Civil War The Southern Front of the Russian Civil War was a theatre of the Russian Civil War. Many opponents of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks fled to the Don region, hoping to gain influence and the support of the Don Cossacks. One of these was the former Tsarist General Mikhail Alekseev, who began raising troops in order to crush the Bolsheviks. Within time, his force grew to 400 men. With these experienced and well-motivated soldiers, Alekseev was able to influence the Don Cossack Council greatly. Alekseev was soon joined by the charismatic general

neg: Chaco War military after the defeat of Campo Vía. Paraguay was getting input from 80 former White Russian officers, including two generals, Nikolai Ern and Ivan Belaieff; the latter was part of Gen. Pyotr Wrangel's staff during the Russian Civil War. In the later phase of the war Paraguay would receive training from a large-scale Italian mission. Bolivia had more than 107 Chileans fighting on its side. Three died from different causes in the last year of the conflict. The Chileans involved in the war enrolled privately and were mostly military and police officers. They were partly motivated by the unemployment caused

neg: Peter Abrassimov was a farmer who fought in the First World War and in the ensuing Civil War that followed it in the Russian Empire. He was killed in fighting near Orsha while a member of a Red Guardbattalion, leaving his widow to bring up Peter and his sister. In 1933 Abrassimov's own specialty had become the electro-technical industrial sector. By 1939, however, he was attending the Belarusian State University in Minsk, studying History. It was only in 1940, as the worst of the Stalinist purges were coming to an end, that he joined the Communist Party. Till 1941 Abrassimov worked in

neg: Kakhovka in the Russian Civil War to drive the Whites under Wrangel out of the Crimea, Ieronim Uborevich established a bridgehead at Kakhovka, which became the site of fierce battles, "probably the closest the Civil War came to world war trench fighting." During World War II, Kakhovka was captured by the German Army on August 30, 1941. It was released by the 4th Ukrainian Front during the Melitopol offensive on November 2, 1943. In 1972 the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR gave the city the rank of "city of oblast subordinance" within Kherson Oblast. The 1935 film "Three Friends" (Три

neg: Alagir populated by Georgians and Russians who came to work there. During the Russian Civil War, in January 1919, Alagir was a scene of intense fighting, which resulted in heavy casualties in Georgian population and difficult flight of the survivors through the mountainous passes into Georgia. The Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin commented on the incident, blaming "counter-revolutionaries" for atrocities in Alagir, which Georgians tend to attribute to the Ossetian radicals. Alagir was granted town status in 1938. During World War II, on November 5, 1942, the German III Panzer Corps and Romanian 2nd Mountain Division (under von Kleist) captured the town

neg: Lionel Sadleir-Jackson Arkhangelsk and Murmansk open for Allied cargo ships supplying the White Russian armies fighting in the region as part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. In the event, Sadleir-Jackson found himself operating independently and frequently in overall charge of the North Russia Campaign which suffered from poor morale and supply and a lack of political direction. In a matter of months the situation was so critical that by September 1919 the entire force was evacuated, abandoning the region to the Bolshevik armies. Nevertheless, in the months of fighting which became particularly desperate in August 1919, Sadleir-Jackson's men

neg: Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War civil war. The rebel Free Syrian Army was created on 29 July 2011 and from then on, the struggle took the shape of an armed insurgency, with civil resistance disbanded and opposition members turning to arms. Many factions arose, either as break offs of the Free Syrian Army or spontaneously in their own rights. By 2012 it was reported the U.S was running a covert operation in aid of militant groups fighting the Assad government. On 6 March 2013, the Arab League gave its members the green light to arm the Syrian rebels. On 26 March 2013, at the Arab

neg: Battle of Ruovesi who were suspected as White collaborators or spies. The Whites, in turn, killed at least four civilians, but the number is most likely much higher since these cases were never officially documented. Battle of Ruovesi The Battle of Ruovesi was a major battle during the Finnish Civil War and on the Eastern Front of World War I fought in Ruovesi, Finland from 5 February to 19 March 1918 between the Whites and the Reds with support from Russian volunteers. The fighting took mostly place in the villages of Pekkala, Jäminkipohja ja Pihlajalahti in the southern part of the Ruovesi municipality.

neg: Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Powers to withdraw from North Russia and Siberia in 1920, though Japanese forces occupied parts of Siberia until 1922 and the northern half of Sakhalin until 1925. In 1917, Russia was in a state of political strife, and public support for World War I and the Tsar was dwindling. The country was on the brink of revolution. The February Revolution changed the course of the war; under intense political pressure, the Tsar abdicated and the Russian Provisional Government was formed, led initially by Georgy Lvov and later by Alexander Kerensky. The Provisional Government pledged to continue fighting the Germans on

neg: BM-30 Smerch used the system against rebel forces during the Syrian civil war, including in fighting in Jobar. It was also used by Russia-backed militants to deliver explosive and cluster munitions to Ukrainian military positions and by Ukrainian Army at populated areas of Donetsk and Lugansk regions in the War in Donbass. Several have been seen in use by pro-Russian rebels. The Russian Ground Forces used the BM-30 in Syria in October 2015 during the Russian intervention in Syria. The main components of the RSZO 9K58 "Smerch" system are the following: The 300mm rockets with a firing range of 70 and 90

neg: Sergei Suvorov Yaroslavl Soviet of Workers' Deputies. He died in the fighting in that city during the Russian Civil War. Sergei Suvorov Sergey Alexandrovich Suvorov (; 1869–1918) was a Russian statistician, philosopher and revolutionary. Suvorov was attracted to the revolutionary movement in the 1890s and he participated in a Marxist study circle with Nikolai Fedoseev. He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1900. He took part in the 1905 Revolution. He was a delegate to the 4th Congress of the RSDLP in 1906. Here he spoke about the Agrarian programme. He was one of the Russian Machists contributing several

neg: Georgi Atarbekov Georgi Atarbekov Georgiy Aleksandrovich Atarbekov (), born Atarbekyan (December 2, 1892 – March 22, 1925) was an Armenian Bolshevik and Soviet security police official. Born in Echmiadzin (near Yerevan, Armenia), then part of the Russian Empire, Atarbekov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1908 and studied at the Moscow University from 1910 to 1911. During the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War, he took part in the Bolshevik attempts at gaining footholds in Alexandropol and Sukhumi. He then worked for the North Caucasus Cheka and took part in fighting with the White Russian forces

neg: HMS Cricket (1915) HMS Cricket (1915) HMS Cricket was a Royal Navy Insect-class gunboat. She was built by Barclay Curle and launched on 17 December 1915. During the First World War, "Cricket" took part in the Mesopotamian Campaign as part of the gunboat squadron operating on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. During the Russian Civil War, "Cricket" served as part of the British intervention forces fighting in support of White Russian forces on the Dvina River during 1919-1920. During the Second World War, "Cricket" was at China until 1940 then transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet's Inshore Squadron. On 12 July 1941 she was

neg: 4th Rifle Division (Poland) division was relieved and finally transported to Poland. It was the only major Polish military formation that took part in the Russian Civil War and managed to return to Poland as a functioning unit. The division then took part in the last phase of the ongoing Polish-Ukrainian War, starting from the area near Chernivtsi and Stanyslaviv. This time it was not fighting Petliura (who was soon to become a Polish ally), but one of the other Ukrainian factions, the West Ukrainian National Republic. From 11 to 13 July the division fought its first (and victorious) battle near a town with

neg: Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye hostage crisis said the prisoners were "12 Russian soldiers and six police officers". On January 27 the bodies of 26 dead Chechen fighters, swapped for civilian hostages and returned by Russian authorities through Dagestani intermediaries, were buried at the Tsotsin-Yurt village cemetery for the 400 Chechens killed fighting Russian forces during the Russian Civil War in 1919. The hostages "freed" in Pervomayskoye were interned in poor conditions in Russian filtration camps. The Russian government reacted hawkishly to the "liberation of Pervomayskoye"; Yelstin initially said that "all the bandits have been destroyed, unless there are some still hiding underground", the operation was "planned

neg: Sergei Khudyakov he was in Astrakhan during the Russian Civil War, he was saved from drowning in a steamer sunk by a British gunboat by his friend, Sergei Khudyakov, who was later be killed fighting the Whites. Khanferiants adopted Sergei's name as his own as memorial to the man who saved his life. He continued to serve as a cavalry officer until 1920. In 1929, Khudyakov was admitted to the Tiflis Cavalry School, and in 1931 went to Moscow to attend the Zhukovskii Military Air Academy. He graduated with honors in 1936. Khudyakov became head of the Operations Branch of the Air

neg: Almaty soldiers of an Almaty infantry unit who died fighting Nazi German invaders outside of Moscow in World War II. The group takes its name from Ivan Panfilov, the General commanding the 316th division which, in spite of heavy casualties, believed at that time managed to significantly delay the Germans' advance on the capital, buying time for the defenders of the city. An eternal flame commemorating the fallen of the Russian Civil War and the Great Patriotic War burns in front of the giant black monument of soldiers from all 15 Soviet republics. The closest airport to Almaty is Almaty International

neg: Sretensk prisoner of war camp of prisoners joined rival factions during the Russian Civil War while those who remained came under fire when the fighting spread to the camp. The last prisoners were evacuated from the camp in the middle of 1921. The 28 June 1914 assassination of Austro-Hungarian heir presumptive Archduke Franz Ferdinand precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. The conflict quickly attracted the involvement of all major European countries, pitting the Central Powers against the Entente coalition and starting World War I. Russia fought on the side of the Entente, engaging the German Empire and Austria-Hungary on the Eastern Front. Russia took

neg: Foreign policy of the Russian Empire Financial help came from its allies Britain and France. The Russian military failed, as did the political and economic system. Russians lost faith in the failed tsar. The result was two revolutions in 1917 that destroyed the Russian Empire, and led to independence for the Baltic states, Poland and (briefly) Ukraine and a host of smaller nation-states such as Georgia. After sharp fighting in the Russian Civil War with international involvement, a new regime of Communism took over and established the Soviet Union (USSR). Geographical expansion by warfare and treaty was the central strategy of Russian foreign policy from the

neg: World War I fighting, famine, or disease during World War I; these claims are rejected by most historians. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Greeks, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. At least 250,000 Assyrian Christians, about half of the population, and 350,000–750,000 Anatolian and Pontic Greeks were killed between 1915 and 1922. Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War. 60,000–200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale

neg: St. Nicholas' Church (Gukovo) by residents of other local villages. The church, unlike many others who were destroyed on the orders of Soviet authorities or during the fighting, survived revolutionary years and both Civil War and World War II. In 1978-1986 the church was reconstructed and significantly expanded. A new foundation was dug, the walls were lined with brick. In 1992, artist L.N. Sharhun finished painting of the interior walls in the church. St. Nicholas' Church (Gukovo) The Church of St. Nicholas () is a Russian Orthodox church in the village of Gukovo, Krasnosulinsky District, Rostov Oblast, Russia. It belongs to Shakhty Diocese of

neg: Southern Front of the Russian Civil War fighting against the Ukrainians, as well as the Poles. With the defeat of Germany in the First World War, the pro-German Government, The Hetmanate, under Pavlo Skoropadsky was overthrown and the relative safety Ukraine had under German occupation and protection was gone. The Reds set up their own Bolshevik Ukrainian government. The Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) faced many enemies from late 1918 onwards. It faced the Reds to the north-east, Whites (who were against Ukrainian separation) to the south-east marching northwards against Moscow and the Anarchist Black Army of Nestor Makhno springing up all over Ukraine. The UNR came to

neg: Directorate of Ukraine State Pavlo Skoropadskyi was deposed and the Directorate was established. With the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, Skoropadsky could no longer rely on Germany and Austria-Hungary's support. On November 13, 1918 Skoropadky's opponents set up a rival body known as the Directory, whose forces were headed by the newly reformed Sich Rifles. Most of Skoropadsky's troops joined with the Directory during a month long the Ukrainian Civil War. Skoropadsky then turned to some of the Russian officers who were fighting alongside Denikin, forming them into a Special Corps, but these troops were not able to face

neg: Bald Knobbers states: The Bald Knobbers, who for the most part had sided with the North in the American Civil War, were opposed by the Anti-Bald Knobbers, who for the most part had sided with the Confederates. Hernando summarizes their political role: During the Civil War, Missouri as a border state was hard hit by neighbor against neighbor bushwhacker fighting. After the war the neighbor versus neighbor fighting continued throughout the state with perhaps the most famous being the actions of the James-Younger Gang. Authorities had a difficult time bringing the criminal fighting under control because both sides still held strong partisan

neg: Invasion of Åland Invasion of Åland The Invasion of Åland was a 1918 military campaign of World War I in the Åland Islands, Finland. The islands occupied by the proto-Soviet Union (Soviet Russia) were first invaded by Kingdom of Sweden in late February and then by the German Empire in early March. The conflict was also related to the Finnish Civil War including minor fighting between the Finnish Whites and the Finnish Reds. As Germany took control over Åland in March 1918, Russian troops were captured and the Swedish troops left the islands by the end of the Finnish Civil War in May.

neg: Libyan Islamic Fighting Group Libyan Islamic Fighting Group The Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG), also known as "Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyyah al-Muqatilah bi-Libya" (), was an armed Islamist group. Militants participated in the 2011 Libyan Civil War as the Libyan Islamic Movement ("al-Harakat al-Islamiya al-Libiya"), and are involved in the Libyan Civil War as members of the Libya Shield Force. Alleged militants include alleged Al Qaeda organizer Abd al-Muhsin Al-Libi who now holds a key command position in the Libya Shield Force. In the 2011 civil war, members claim to have played a key role in deposing Muammar Gaddafi. The force allied itself with the National

neg: History of rail transport in Russia cheat and pay no fare at all (including bribing the ticket inspector). In 1916, just at the start of First World War (during which Germany invaded Russia) freight traffic on Russian Railway reached nearly 100 billion tonne-kilometers (traffic on United States railways was about five times higher). But due to the war, a few years later Russian traffic had crashed to about 20 billion ton-km. Then the civil war started with the reds fighting the whites, which delayed the recovery of rail traffic. The reds (communists) won, resulting in the formation of the Soviet Union (USSR) and a new chapter

neg: Dagestan uprising Dagestan uprising The Dagestan uprising of 1920-1921 was an event during the Russian Civil War (the Murid War of 1830-1859 took place in the same area). By the spring of 1920 Bolshevik forces controlled most of the Caucasus area except Georgia. The uprising began in September 1920 and by the end of the year the rebels controlled most of mountain Dagestan. The Reds brought in more and more troops and defeated the rebels by March 1921, but fighting went on until the end of May. The Bolshevik troops greatly outnumbered the rebels, but most were Russians who knew little of

neg: Eric Gascoigne Robinson Class. Returning to England in the summer of 1917, he narrowly missed selection for Keyes's operations against Zeebrugge and Ostend owing to his war wounds, and instead trained crews of coastal torpedo boats, a role which led to a distant posting in the Caspian Sea during the Russian Civil War, fighting the Bolshevik forces along the Russian coastline. Robinson commanded a squadron of coastal torpedo boats in the Caspian and forced the surrender of several enemy forts through aggressive tactics. These achievements would later win him the Imperial Russian Order of St. Anne, 2nd Class. His most notable achievement at

neg: What If (comics) hero known as "The Devil Who Dares" appears. It is also the realm where characters are given alternative life histories and where they proceed in alternative historical periods. Examples from volume 4 include, Captain America battling the "White Skull" during the American Civil War; Wolverine taking the role of the Punisher and fighting mobsters in 1920s Chicago; Sub-Mariner being raised by his father on the surface during World War II; Thor becoming a herald of Galactus; and a Russian version of the Fantastic Four, known as the "Ultimate Federalist Freedom Fighters", during the Cold War. In 2006, Marvel published another

neg: Little Russian identity and Pan-Russian views were among the social groups who suffered the most during the Revolution, and the troubles of the Civil War; many of whom were killed during the war or forced to emigrate. After the end of the Civil War, the process of Ukrainian nation-building was resumed in the territory of Ukrainian SSR by the Bolshevik party and the Soviet authorities, who introduced the policy of korenizatsiya, the implementation of which in the Ukrainian SSR was called Ukrainization. As a result, the term "Little Russian" was marginalized and remained in usage only among White emigres. The Little Russian political

neg: Council of Labor and Defense and Peasants' Defense was originally conceived as an emergency body dedicated solely to the mobilization of Russia's resources for the fighting of the civil war. Lenin himself was named as chairman, Leon Trotsky sat as the People's Commissar of War, Leonid Krassin as head of the extraordinary commission of supply, and Joseph Stalin as the representative of the All-Russian Executive Committee. The organization quickly emerged as what historian Alec Nove has called the "effective economic cabinet" of the nation, with the power to issue legally binding decrees. For the duration of the civil war, running up to early 1921, the

neg: Joint Services School for Linguists and colourful figures, including an aged, wooden-legged "colonel of cavalry" who claimed to have lost his leg while fighting against the Reds in the Russian Civil war. Another, a mysterious 'Countess', always dressed from head to toe in black, "in permanent mourning' for the tsar and his family". One set of statistics from Bodmin listed the teaching staff as comprising: Probably the most important member of the teaching staff was Professor (later Dame) Elizabeth Hill, who was director of the JSSL through its working life. One major teaching tool was the "Anna H Semeonoff Grammar" textbook, informally known as "The

neg: Igor Kholin Igor Kholin Igor Sergeyevich Kholin (11 January 1920, Moscow - 15 June 1999, Moscow) was a Russian poet and fiction writer and a member of the 'Lianozovo Group'. Igor Kholin was born in Moscow in a family of a seamstress and an officer in the Imperial Russian Army, whose surname was, according to different versions, either Lvov or Kholin. The account of his father’s death is also controversial - one version says he died of typhoid, the other that he was fighting for the White Movement in the Russian Civil War, then turned Bolshevik, was taken hostage and executed by

neg: Usein Bodaninsky Usein Bodaninsky Usein Bodaninsky (; ; 1 December 1877 – 17 April 1938) was Crimean Tatar historian, artist, art critic, and ethnographer, and the first director of the Bakhchisaray Palace Museum. His surname is of Russian-language toponymic derivation and means "from Bodana". "Üsein" is a variant of Hussein. He was born in Crimea, in the village Bodana of Simferopol "uyezd" (district), Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire, now Perovo (Simferopol District). In 1917 he was appointed director of Bakhchisaray Palace. Bodaninsky's brother died fighting for the Bolsheviks during the Russian civil war in 1920. In the mid 1920's he led a major

neg: Cherry (Moiseyenko painting) grass... They are pure-minded dreamers and with a great idea," the author explained his message. Cherry (Moiseyenko painting) Cherry () is a painting by Russian artist Yevsey Moiseyenko (1916–1988). Painted in 1969, "Cherry" became a peculiar philosophical essay about evil and good of the war. It is one of the most important works by Moiseyenko. This one belongs to the series called "Years of Fighting" - a historical epopee, which brought the Lenin Prize to the author in 1974. It was again a theme of Russian Civil War in this painting (before there were "Cavalry the First" (1957), "Here Reds

neg: Cherry (Moiseyenko painting) Cherry (Moiseyenko painting) Cherry () is a painting by Russian artist Yevsey Moiseyenko (1916–1988). Painted in 1969, "Cherry" became a peculiar philosophical essay about evil and good of the war. It is one of the most important works by Moiseyenko. This one belongs to the series called "Years of Fighting" - a historical epopee, which brought the Lenin Prize to the author in 1974. It was again a theme of Russian Civil War in this painting (before there were "Cavalry the First" (1957), "Here Reds are" (1961), "Friends" (1964), "Son" (1969) and others). Moiseyenko began to make studies for his