query: a proposed law or amendment placed on the ballot by citizen petition is called a ( n )

pos: Initiatives and referendums in the United States Diaz wrote in an editorial for the "San Francisco Chronicle" in 2008: In some cases, voters have passed initiatives that were subsequently repealed or drastically changed by the legislature. For instance, legislation passed by the voters as an Arizonan medical cannabis initiative was subsequently gutted by the Arizona legislature. To prevent such occurrences, initiatives are sometimes used to amend the state constitution and thus prevent the legislature from changing it without sending a referendum to the voters; however, this produces the problems of inflexibility mentioned above. Accordingly, some states are seeking a middle route. For example, Colorado's Referendum O would

pos: California ballot proposition constitutional amendment or a proposed law change on the ballot as a referendum to be approved by voters. Under the state constitution, certain proposed changes to state laws may require mandatory referenda, and must be approved by voters before they can take effect. A measure placed on the ballot via petition can either be a vote to veto a law that has been adopted by the legislature (an optional referendum or "people's veto") or a new proposed law (initiative). There are three forms of direct democracy in California state elections: the initiative, the mandatory referendum, and the optional referendum. Mandatory

pos: California ballot proposition referenda have been a part of the Constitution of California since 1856. The initiative and optional (or facultative) referendum were introduced in 1911, by a constitutional amendment called Proposition 7. California Senate Bill 202, passed in 2011, mandated that initiatives and optional referenda can appear only on the November general election ballot. A ballot proposition enacted by the initiative process can alter the Constitution of California, the California Codes, or another law in the California Statutes. An initiative is brought about by writing a proposed law as a petition, and submitting the petition to the California Attorney General along with

pos: 2008 Washington State local elections 2008 Washington State local elections Eight proposed charter amendments appeared on the ballot for King County voters. The amendments proposed changes to the King County Charter. Two of the proposed amendments (Charter Amendments 1 and 8) were placed on the ballot through the citizen initiative process. Six of the amendments (Charter Amendments 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) were placed on the ballot by a vote of the King County Council. All proposed amendments passed with the exception of Charter Amendment 7. King County Charter Amendment 1 King County Charter Amendment 2 King County Charter Amendment 3 King County County

pos: History of direct democracy in the United States an average of 57%. Proposition 13 received an enormous amount of publicity, not only in California, but throughout the United States. Its passage presaged a "taxpayer revolt" throughout the country. Proposition 13 was officially titled the "People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation." It passed with 65% of voters in favor and 35% against, with 70% of registered voters participating. It was placed on the ballot through the California initiative (or referendum) process under which a proposed law or constitutional amendment, termed a "proposition," is placed on the ballot once its backers gather a sufficient number of signatures on a petition.

pos: Initiatives and referendums in the United States the ballot alongside the direct citizen proposal. The following US states allow indirect initiated state constitutional amendments: An initiated constitutional amendment is an amendment to a state's constitution that results from petitioning by a state's citizens. By utilizing this initiative process, citizens can propose and vote on constitutional amendments directly, without need of legislative referral. When a sufficient number of citizens have signed a petition requesting it, a proposed constitutional amendment is then put to the vote. In the United States, while no court or legislature needs to approve a proposal or the resultant initiated constitutional amendment, such amendments may

pos: Colorado Amendment 41 finance the implementation of Amendment 41. But, this proposal was invalidated by the body that oversees the initiative process in Colorado for failing to state a single subject, and did not make it onto the ballot as a result. No ballot issues to interpret Amendment 41 will be placed before Colorado voters in 2008. The Colorado General Assembly did not propose any referrenda to do so, and no citizen initiated ballot issues were proposed and had titles approved in time to be included on the November 2008 ballot. The Ethics Commission has handled fewer complaints than opponents of Amendment 41

pos: Defend Colorado Now Defend Colorado Now Defend Colorado Now (DCN) was a ballot initiative introduced in January 2006 to amend the constitution of Colorado to deny non-emergency public services that are not required by federal law to illegal immigrants in Colorado. It was similar to the recently approved Arizona Proposition 200 (2004), which denied public services to illegal aliens and California Proposition 187 (1994) which was declared unconstitutional by the Federal Appeals Court. Had DCN supporters collected the required number of petition signatures, the proposed amendment would be placed on the ballot for voter approval in November 2006. In Colorado, approximately 68,000 valid

pos: Colorado Amendment 46 Colorado Amendment 46 Amendment 46, also known as the "Colorado Civil Rights Initiative, was a proposed initiative on the Colorado ballot for 2008. If ratified, Article II of the Colorado Constitution would have stated: The State shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting. The proposed initiative was sponsored by Californian Ward Connerly. In April, 2008, a Colorado group sued, claiming that over 69,000 signatures on the ballot petition were invalid. Some citizens

pos: Constitution of Oregon ratification by three-fourths of the states. In Oregon, once an initiative amendment to its constitution has been placed on the ballot by initiative petition, or once a legislative amendment has been referred to the people by a simple majority vote in the state legislature, a simple majority of favorable votes is enough to ratify it. Placing a petition for an amendment on the ballot requires a number of valid signatures of registered voters equal to eight percent of the total number of votes cast in the last gubernatorial election, higher than the six percent required for a change in statute.

pos: Colorado Amendment 47 The backers of Amendment 47 have been found to have violated campaign finance laws: Amendment 47 backers run afoul of campaign finance law One organization which supports Amendment 47 is called For A Better Colorado. An organization in opposition is called Protect Colorado. Colorado Amendment 47 Amendment 47 was a proposed initiative on the Colorado ballot for 2008. It was defeated. The initiative was proposed jointly by Ryan Frazier of Aurora and Julian Jay Cole of Golden. According to the Blue Book, the state-provided ballot guide, Amendment 47 "proposes amending the Colorado Constitution to: prohibit requiring an employee to join

pos: 1978 California Proposition 13 anger started to form into a backlash against property taxes which coalesced around Howard Jarvis, a former newspaperman and appliance manufacturer, turned taxpayer activist in retirement. Howard Jarvis and Paul Gann were the most vocal and visible advocates of Proposition 13. Officially named the "People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation," and known popularly as the "Jarvis-Gann Amendment," Proposition 13 was listed on the ballot through the California ballot initiative process, a provision of the California Constitution that allows a proposed law or constitutional amendment to be offered to voters if advocates collect a sufficient number of signatures on a petition.

pos: Governorship of Mitt Romney in two consecutive sessions of the Massachusetts General Court to be placed on the ballot. The Massachusetts legislature however declined to vote on the initiative in two consecutive sessions held on July 12, 2006 and November 9, 2006. Romney responded by joining former Boston Mayor Raymond Flynn and eight others to file a complaint with the state's Supreme Judicial Court to force the legislature to vote on the proposed amendment. The petition also asked the court to instruct the Massachusetts Secretary of State to place the referendum on the 2008 ballot if the legislature failed to vote on the amendment

pos: 2014 Florida Amendment 2 candidate, former governor, and Morgan & Morgan employee Charlie Crist(D) supported by donating a large sum of his own money to the effort, while the incumbent governor Rick Scott(R) is opposed to it. Attorney General Pam Bondi lead an effort to keep the measure off the ballot, ultimately failing when the state's Supreme Court ruled in favor of the proposed ballot measure. Bondi, backed by Rick Scott, filed suit to prevent the proposed constitutional amendment from appearing on the ballot. This is the third citizen backed initiative to amend the Florida Constitution to allow for the medical use of cannabis

pos: Direct democracy This form of direct democracy effectively grants the voting public a veto on laws adopted by the elected legislature, as is done in Switzerland. A 'citizen-initiated referendum' (also called an initiative) empowers members of the general public to propose, by petition, specific statutory measures or constitutional reforms to the government and, as with referendums, the vote may be binding or simply advisory. Initiatives may be direct or indirect: With the direct initiative, a successful proposition is placed directly on the ballot to be subject to vote (as exemplified by California's system). With an indirect initiative, a successful proposition is first

pos: 1986 Massachusetts general election would also provide that the state constitution does not require public or private funding of abortions, or the provision of services of facilities for performing abortions, beyond what is required by the United States Constitution. The provisions of this amendment would not apply to abortions required to prevent the death of the mother. Proposed Legislative Amendment to the Constitution - The proposed constitutional amendment would allow the expenditure of public funds for private schools and private school students. Law Proposed by Initiative Petition - The proposed law would reduced then repeal the 7% surtax on Massachusetts state income taxes and

pos: Colorado Amendment 47 Colorado Amendment 47 Amendment 47 was a proposed initiative on the Colorado ballot for 2008. It was defeated. The initiative was proposed jointly by Ryan Frazier of Aurora and Julian Jay Cole of Golden. According to the Blue Book, the state-provided ballot guide, Amendment 47 "proposes amending the Colorado Constitution to: prohibit requiring an employee to join and pay any dues or fees to a labor union as a condition of employment; and create a misdemeanor penalty for violation of this law." If ratified, Amendment 47 would have added a new section to the Colorado Constitution, which would state, in

pos: Inclusionary zoning on rental units, as the state law supersedes local ordinances. Citizen groups and developers have also sought other ways to strengthen or defeat inclusionary zoning laws. For example, the initiative and referendum process in California allows citizen groups or developers to change local ordinances on affordable housing by popular vote. Any citizens or interest groups can participate in this process by gathering at least the required number of signatures so that the measure proposed can quality to be on the ballot; once enough signatures are submitted and the ballot measure is cleared by election officials, the ballot measure is typically

pos: Initiatives and referendums in the United States and to be voted upon in a future election. (These may be further divided into constitutional amendments and statutory initiatives. Statutory initiatives typically require fewer signatures to qualify to be placed on a future ballot.) The following US states allow initiated state statutes, also called initiative (direct) state statutes: The following US states allow indirect state statutes: While the following US states allow legislative action to void a petition: The initiative process, for proposing constitutional amendments, may be "direct" or "indirect". States that permit indirect constitutional amendments, like Mississippi, permit legislators to propose an alternative amendment which is placed on

pos: Initiative against the proposed amendment, and these opinions will be published. The parliament may also pass an alternative amendment suggestion which will also be included on the ballot; in this case, the voters cast two votes, one for whether or not they want an amendment, and one for which one they want, the original one from the initiative or the one introduced in parliament, in case a majority decides for amending. A citizen-proposed change to the constitution in Switzerland at the national level needs to achieve both a majority of the national popular vote and a majority of the canton-wide vote

pos: Constitution of Arkansas the state budget, though other issues may be brought before the houses via approval of a two-thirds vote of the membership. Section 1 allows for passage of laws or constitutional amendments by initiative. Petitions require signatures equal to eight percent of registered voters to appear on the ballot for a law, or ten percent for a constitutional amendment (see below). Section 1 also allows, by six percent of voters placing a petition, for a statewide referendum on any law or any part of a law. The petition must be filed no later than 90 days after final adjournment of the

pos: Arizona ballot proposition amendment to the Secretary of State. This petition must then be signed by 10% of the registered voters who actually voted in the most recent gubernatorial election for statutory amendments; this percentage increases to 15% for constitutional amendments. If enough signatures are obtained the initiative will appear on the subsequent general ballot for voter approval. A 50% majority is required for a ballot proposal to pass and become law. Referendum is the process wherein current legislation is referred to the voting public for approval. The legislature may choose to refer any legislation, however any bills proposing an amendment to the

pos: Colorado Amendment 41 order for production of executive session tapes and an award of attorneys' fees. After these two legal losses, the Ethics Commission took steps to improve its compliance with Colorado's transparency laws. In 2013, Secretary of State Scott Gessler filed suit against the Ethics Commission, arguing that Amendment 41 is impermissibly vague and that the Commission's hearing process violates due process. The case has not been decided. Amendment 41 supporters proposed a clarifying citizen initiative aimed at the November 2007 ballot, which escapes a usual ban on non-fiscal citizen initiatives at odd numbered elections by including a tax on lobbyists to

pos: California ballot proposition submit the request to the Attorney General for a circulating title and summary, gather the signatures, and file the petitions with the county elections officials (otherwise, it must go through the initiative process, submitted as a proposed amendment). Laws that are ineligible for optional referenda include urgency statutes, statutes calling elections, and statutes providing for tax levies or appropriations for usual, current state expenses. To qualify on the ballot, a referendum petition must have the signatures of at least five percent of the number of voters in the previous gubernatorial election. The signature checking process by the counties is basically

pos: Defend Colorado Now petition signatures are required to place a proposed constitutional amendment on the ballot. The current registered agent for the Defend Colorado Now initiative is former Colorado Governor Richard Lamm, and its director is Fred Elbel, head of Colorado Alliance for Immigration Reform. The language of the ballot initiative is as follows: "[Shall there be] an amendment to the Colorado constitution concerning the restriction of non-emergency government services to certain persons who are lawfully present in the United States, and, in connection therewith, restricting the provision of non-emergency services by the State and local governments to United States citizens and aliens

pos: California ballot proposition California ballot proposition In California, a ballot proposition can be a referendum or an initiative measure that is submitted to the electorate for a direct decision or direct vote (or plebiscite). If passed, it can alter one or more of the articles of the Constitution of California, one or more of the 29 California Codes, or another law in the California Statutes by clarifying current or adding statute(s) or removing current statute(s). Measures can be placed on the ballot either by the California State Legislature or via a petition signed by registered voters. The state legislature can place a state

pos: Arizona ballot proposition 1912 reflects the sentiment that direct democracy was sacred. The first section of the constitution dealing with the powers of the Legislature is quick to reserve the rights of initiative and referendum for the people. These rights are also granted specific protections, being exempt from veto by the governor as well as not being subject to repeal by the legislature. Citizen initiatives may only be overturned by subsequent initiatives. Initiative is the process wherein either the state statutes or the state constitution is amended through citizen action. This process begins when qualified voters (electors) submit a petition outlining the proposed

pos: 2002 Massachusetts ballot measures the ordering of questions on the ballot. Source: 2002 Massachusetts ballot measures The Massachusetts general election held on November 5, 2002, included three ballot measures that were voted on by the public. The Constitution of Massachusetts can be amended through initiative, and state statutes can be proposed through initiative. The first two ballot measures were citizen-initiated and proposed statutes (not constitutional amendments). The third ballot measure was a non-binding Legislative Advisory Question, placed on the ballot by the state legislature. In Massachusetts, after the state determines which measures will appear on the ballot, official names are assigned to each question.

pos: Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation, Inc. about county annexations, which originated as an initiative; and the Gallagher Amendment on property taxes, in 1982. Under "Meyer v. Grant", decided by the Supreme Court in 1988, proponents of an initiative are allowed to hire others to circulate that initiative. By law, a circulator is any "person who presents to other persons for possible signature a petition to place a measure on the ballot by initiative or referendum", whether paid or not. Nevertheless, the power to hire circulators is subject to restrictions; under state law, proponents and circulators are subject to a number of requirements: for example, all proponents

pos: 2002 Massachusetts ballot measures 2002 Massachusetts ballot measures The Massachusetts general election held on November 5, 2002, included three ballot measures that were voted on by the public. The Constitution of Massachusetts can be amended through initiative, and state statutes can be proposed through initiative. The first two ballot measures were citizen-initiated and proposed statutes (not constitutional amendments). The third ballot measure was a non-binding Legislative Advisory Question, placed on the ballot by the state legislature. In Massachusetts, after the state determines which measures will appear on the ballot, official names are assigned to each question. The Secretary of the Commonwealth has discretion over

pos: 1990 Massachusetts general election Independent candidate Steven K. Sherman. Proposed Amendment to the Constitution – The proposed constitutional amendment would repeal the constitutional provision that a state census be taken and used as the basis for determining state representative, senatorial, and councilor districts. The proposed constitutional amendment would provide that the federal census shall be the basis for determining such districts. Law Proposed by Initiative Petition - The proposed law sought to place restrictions on the State’s use of consultants. It sought various limits on the amount of profit, overhead charges and expenses that the State could pay consultants. The duration of consultant contracts

pos: 2008 Massachusetts ballot measures of Secretary William F. Galvin said that the income tax question was placed first "based on the perceived relative importance of the proposed laws." Source: Note:: "This article was taken from Ballotpedia's article about the Massachusetts 2008 ballot measures 2008 Massachusetts ballot measures Three citizen-initiated measures appeared on the November 4, 2008, ballot in Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Constitution can be amended through initiative and state statutes can be proposed through initiative. All three statewide ballot measures that are on the November 2008 ballot by collecting signatures are proposed statutes (not constitutional amendments). In Massachusetts, after the state determines which initiatives

pos: Colorado Amendment 38 Colorado Amendment 38 Amendment 38 was a measure on the 2006 ballot in Colorado. If passed, it would have amended the Colorado Constitution. It would have extend the petition process to all levels of state government to expand citizens' ability to propose changes to state laws and local ordinances or resolutions. Amendment 38 would have made the process of getting an initiative on to a state or local ballot significantly easier. It would have expanded the ability of citizens to propose new laws, and limits government’s ability to change or repeal measures that voters have decided. Ballot measure proponents would

pos: Cal 3 gave approval for Draper to begin collecting petition signatures; under California state law, to qualify for the ballot, valid signatures of at least 365,880 registered California voters (five percent of the total votes cast for the Governor of California in the November 2014 general election) were required to be submitted by April 23, 2018. Because Cal 3 is an initiative to change a California statute instead of a state constitutional amendment, it requires fewer petition signatures to qualify for the ballot than the 807,615 that the Six Californias plan needed. On April 12, 2018, eleven days before the deadline, Draper

pos: 2010 Massachusetts ballot measures 2010 Massachusetts ballot measures Three citizen-initiated measures appeared on the November 2, 2010, ballot in Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Constitution can be amended through initiative and state statutes can be proposed through initiative. All three statewide ballot measures that were on the November 2010 ballot by collecting signatures are proposed statutes (not constitutional amendments). In Massachusetts, after the state determines which initiatives have succeeded in collecting enough signatures to be placed on the ballot, official numbers/names are assigned to each of the successful initiatives. The Secretary of the Commonwealth has discretion over the order of questions on the ballot. Sources: A

pos: 2006 Massachusetts ballot measures 2006 Massachusetts ballot measures Three citizen-initiated measures appeared on the November 7, 2006 ballot in Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Constitution can be amended through the initiative and state statutes can be proposed through initiative. All three statewide ballot measures that were on the November 2006 ballot by collecting signatures were proposed statutes (not constitutional amendments). In Massachusetts, after the state determines which initiatives have succeeded in collecting enough signatures to be placed on the ballot, official numbers/names are assigned to each of the successful initiatives. The Secretary of the Commonwealth has discretion over the order of questions on the ballot. Source:

pos: 2008 Massachusetts ballot measures 2008 Massachusetts ballot measures Three citizen-initiated measures appeared on the November 4, 2008, ballot in Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Constitution can be amended through initiative and state statutes can be proposed through initiative. All three statewide ballot measures that are on the November 2008 ballot by collecting signatures are proposed statutes (not constitutional amendments). In Massachusetts, after the state determines which initiatives have succeeded in collecting enough signatures to be placed on the ballot, official numbers/names are assigned to each of the successful initiatives. The Secretary of the Commonwealth has discretion over the order of questions on the ballot. The office

pos: 2010 Massachusetts ballot measures number of local non-binding questions were also on the ballot, but not statewide. 2010 Massachusetts ballot measures Three citizen-initiated measures appeared on the November 2, 2010, ballot in Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Constitution can be amended through initiative and state statutes can be proposed through initiative. All three statewide ballot measures that were on the November 2010 ballot by collecting signatures are proposed statutes (not constitutional amendments). In Massachusetts, after the state determines which initiatives have succeeded in collecting enough signatures to be placed on the ballot, official numbers/names are assigned to each of the successful initiatives. The Secretary of the

pos: South Dakota Open and Clean Government Act South Dakota Open and Clean Government Act The South Dakota Open and Clean Government Act, or Initiated Measure 10, was a South Dakota initiative that would ban taxpayer-funded lobbying, stop the exchange of campaign donations for state contracts, and open a website with information on state contracts. The Open and Clean Government Act was proposed as a citizen-initiated state statute and appeared on the November 4, 2008 ballot. These results are based on the Elections Division of South Dakota. National Ballot Access was the signature vendor for this petition drive. The text of the initiative reads: No public body, public

pos: FAIR Education Act have other opportunities to overturn the law via a ballot initiative or a constitutional amendment. The constitutional amendment option demands even more signatures and is thus more costly. The repeal campaign has been accused of exaggerating the bill's effects in order to convince people to sign petitions. The Courage Campaign filed a formal complaint with the California Attorney General, District Attorney, and the Oceanside City Attorney on behalf of the witness, Max Disposti. The Courage campaign also started an online petition asking for an investigation into the tactics of Stop SB 48. In November 2011, Stop SB 48 sent out

pos: Home Rule Cities Act (Michigan) electors residing within the city. An amendment can be proposed either by the governing body of the city, typically called the city council, or by an initiative petition signed by a certain number of registered voters. A revision of a city charter is a more comprehensive process which replaces the existing charter with a new one. The decision to revise a city charter must be approved by the voters of the city and can be proposed by the city council or by an initiative petition. A special commission is elected to conduct the work of writing a new charter and

pos: Yes California they want to do." Yes California The Yes California Independence Campaign is an American political action committee, founded by Louis J. Marinelli, that promotes the secession of the state of California from the United States. The organization promoted a proposed initiative to be placed on the 2018 California state ballot, which, if it had passed, would have required an independence plebiscite to be held in March 2019 on the question of California's independence. In order to comply with federal law, however, it would have still required an amendment to the United States Constitution. In January 2017, the office of California

pos: Yes California Yes California The Yes California Independence Campaign is an American political action committee, founded by Louis J. Marinelli, that promotes the secession of the state of California from the United States. The organization promoted a proposed initiative to be placed on the 2018 California state ballot, which, if it had passed, would have required an independence plebiscite to be held in March 2019 on the question of California's independence. In order to comply with federal law, however, it would have still required an amendment to the United States Constitution. In January 2017, the office of California Secretary of State Alex

pos: 1994 Massachusetts general election Geoff M. Weil. Law Proposed by Initiative Petition - This initiative sought to limit the way in which business and certain nonprofit corporations could contribute to and spend money on campaigns involving an initiative, referendum or other question submitted to the voters at a state or local election. The initiative would require ballot committees organized to support or oppose any question to the voters to disclose promptly certain contributions made late in the campaign; would establish procedures that business and certain nonprofit corporations would have to follow in order to spend money on ballot question campaigns; and would establish voluntary

pos: Michigan Civil Rights Initiative so many minority students applied early, the drop cannot necessarily be attributed to the amendment itself. Notable endorsers of the MCRI include: Notable opponents of the MCRI include: Michigan Civil Rights Initiative The Michigan Civil Rights Initiative (MCRI), or Proposal 2 (Michigan 06-2), was a ballot initiative in the U.S. state of Michigan that passed into Michigan Constitutional law by a 58% to 42% margin on November 7, 2006, according to results officially certified by the Michigan Secretary of State. By Michigan law, the Proposal became law on December 22, 2006. MCRI was a citizen initiative aimed at stopping discrimination

pos: Initiative may be on a proposed statute, constitutional amendment, charter amendment or local ordinance, or to simply oblige the executive or legislature to consider the subject by submitting it to the order of the day. It is a form of direct democracy. The Canadian province of British Columbia has a citizen initiative law known as the Recall and Initiative Act. The original proposal was put to voters in a referendum held in October 1991 and was supported by over 83% of voters. It was subsequently put into force by the incoming NDP government. Since it came into force in 1995, several

pos: Mello-Roos to increase or extend a Mello-Roos tax. Proposition 218 was an initiative constitutional amendment approved by California voters on November 5, 1996. Called the "Right to Vote on Taxes Act," Proposition 218 was a constitutional follow-up to Proposition 13. Proposition 218 includes a provision constitutionally reserving to local voters the right to use the initiative power to reduce or repeal any local tax, assessment, fee or charge, including provision for a "significantly reduced" petition signature requirement to qualify a measure on the ballot. A Mello-Roos tax or charge levied to finance a "service" is generally subject to reduction or repeal

pos: 1940 Oregon Ballot Measure 7 1940 Oregon Ballot Measure 7 Oregon Ballot Mesure 7 (1940) was an initiative proposed for the general election on the November 5, 1940, ballot to repeal the present liquor law, and allow private sales, with regulation and tax. The official ballot title states its intention as "BILL REPEALING PRESENT LIQUOR LAW; AUTHORIZING PRIVATE SALE, LICENSED, TAXED." It was defeated with 309,183 no votes, to only 90,681 votes in favor. After the repeal of prohibition by the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 5, 1933, the Oregon Liquor Control Commission (OLCC) was established to regulate and control the

pos: 1994 Massachusetts general election rates for taxpayers in higher income brackets to be higher than the rates for taxpayers in lower income brackets. The proposed amendment would also allow the state Legislature to grant reasonable exemptions and abatements and establish the number and range of tax brackets. The proposed amendment would eliminate from the Massachusetts Constitution the present requirement that income taxes must be levied at a uniform rate throughout the state upon incomes derived from the same class of property. Law Proposed by Initiative Petition - This initiative sought to change the state personal income tax laws if a proposed amendment to the

pos: Petition can be a write-in candidate, a candidate desiring that his or her name appear on printed ballots and other official election materials must gather a certain number of valid signatures from registered voters. In jurisdictions whose laws allow for ballot initiatives, the gathering of a sufficient number of voter signatures qualilfies a proposed initiative to be placed on the ballot. The 2003 California recall election, which culminated in the recall of Governor Gray Davis and the election of Arnold Schwarzenegger, began when U.S. Representative Darrell Issa employed paid signature gatherers who obtained millions of signatures at a cost to Issa

pos: California ballot proposition bond measures and amendments to previously approved voter initiatives. More than 50 percent of the voters must then support these amendments or new laws on the ballot for them to go into effect. Laws already adopted by the state legislature may be vetoed by means of a referendum. This is also known as a "petition referendum" or "people's veto". The process is similar to an initiative as noted above, except that it is an already passed law submitted as a petition to the Attorney General. The proponent, however, only has 90 days after the law in question is enacted to

pos: 2014 Florida Amendment 2 A poll conducted by Quinnipiac University and released on July 28, 2014, indicated that 88 percent of Florida's voters favor legalization of medical marijuana. Amendment 2 failed, receiving 57.6% of the vote. This was short of the 60% supermajority required for constitutional amendments in Florida. 2014 Florida Amendment 2 Florida Amendment 2, Use of Marijuana for Certain Medical Conditions, is an initiative that appeared on the November 4, 2014, ballot in the state of Florida as a citizen initiated state constitutional amendment. It was officially certified by the state's secretary of state to appear on the 2014 November ballot and

pos: Oregon Ballot Measures 47 and 50 or additions, to 3 percent per year. It also instituted a "double majority" rule requiring at least a 50-percent voter turnout for all local tax measures in most elections (partially repealed in 2008 by Measure 56). It strengthened state constitutional limits, first imposed by Measure 5, on property taxes on real estate. Measure 47 was placed on the ballot by initiative petition by anti-tax activist Bill Sizemore and approved by voters in the November 1996 general election, with 704,554 votes in favor and 642,613 votes against. The law enacted by Measure 47 was amended in 1997, when the Oregon Legislative

pos: Ward Connerly that the process at the University of Michigan law school could continue. Jennifer Gratz invited Connerly to Michigan to support a referendum measure similar to the 1996 California amendment. The Michigan Civil Rights Initiative appeared on the November 2006 Michigan ballot and was passed 58% to 42%. For the 2008 elections, Connerly headed a campaign which he called "Super Tuesday for Equal Rights". It was directed at dismantling affirmative action programs in five different states via ballot measures. In three of the states, Connerly's initiatives failed to make it onto the ballot. In Colorado, voters rejected Amendment 46 (or the

pos: 2014 Florida Amendment 2 2014 Florida Amendment 2 Florida Amendment 2, Use of Marijuana for Certain Medical Conditions, is an initiative that appeared on the November 4, 2014, ballot in the state of Florida as a citizen initiated state constitutional amendment. It was officially certified by the state's secretary of state to appear on the 2014 November ballot and numbered Amendment 2, not to be confused with the 2008 ban on same-sex marriage of the same name. If it had been enacted, the measure would have allowed for the cultivation, purchase, possession and use of medical cannabis to treat certain medical conditions when recommended

pos: 2008 California Proposition 4 2008 California Proposition 4 Proposition 4, or the Abortion Waiting Period and Parental Notification Initiative, also known to its supporters as Sarah's Law, was an initiative state constitutional amendment on the 2008 California General Election ballot The initiative would prohibit abortion for un-emancipated minors until 48 hours after physician notifies minor’s parent, legal guardian or, if parental abuse has been reported, an alternative adult family member. Proposition 4 was rejected by voters on November 4, 2008. The proposed initiative, if enacted as a constitutional amendment, would: Notable arguments that have been made in favor of Prop. 4 include: As of

neg: Colorado Amendment 44 Colorado Amendment 44 Amendment 44 was a proposed amendment to the state statutes submitted for referendum in the 2006 general elections in the U.S. state of Colorado. The amendment proposed the legalization of the possession of one ounce or less of marijuana for any person twenty-one years of age and over, as long as marijuana use does not occur in public. The measure was eventually defeated at the polls by 60-40 percent. Amendment 44 was placed on the ballot in August, after the group Safer Alternative For Enjoyable Recreation (SAFER) obtained over 129,000 petition signatures through a largely grassroots organization.

neg: Horace Sheffield III legal requirement. Conyers, along with the ACLU filed a Federal lawsuit that challenged the Michigan law that required petition circulators to be registered voters. They argued that the law was unconstitutional, since petition gathering is political speech and voter registration is not a requirement to exercise First Amendment rights. Detroit Federal District Judge Matthew Leittman agreed and placed Conyers back on the ballot. On August 5, 2014, John Conyers won the primary election, receiving 86% of the vote. Horace Sheffield III Horace Sheffield III (born December 28, 1954) is an American pastor and media personality. As of 2018 he resides

neg: Charlie Crist care reform legislation championed by President Obama. In 2006, as a proposed state constitutional amendment banning same-sex unions was headed to the ballot in Florida, Crist said that such an amendment was unnecessary because state law already barred same-sex marriages. During the Republican primary, however, Crist went on to sign the petition for the amendment in September 2005 at the request of the Christian Coalition. Crist said in campaign materials at the time that he supported "traditional marriage." In 2008, Crist said that he voted for the Florida amendment, which passed. In a debate and a radio talk show appearance

neg: Ham and eggs in California, and John Burroughs often hosted meetings on the East Coast. The Ham and Eggs Movement was a grassroots movement and organization in California that placed a billion-dollar pension plan on the state ballot in 1938 as a proposed state constitutional amendment, named Proposition 25. Under the proposal, the state would have issued scrip payments to unemployed residents over the age of 50. After 1,103,000 California residents signed a petition, the proposal was voted on a second time in a special election in 1939, but despite what the "New York Times" called a "huge off-year vote", it was defeated

neg: Minnesota Amendment 1 Minnesota Amendment 1 Minnesota Amendment 1 (also called Minnesota Marriage Amendment or Minnesota Gay Marriage Amendment) was a legislatively referred constitutional amendment proposed to ban marriage between same-sex couples in the state of Minnesota, that appeared on the ballot on November 6, 2012. It was rejected by 51.19% of voters. On May 11, 2011, the Minnesota Senate passed a bill to place a proposed amendment to the state constitution on the ballot that would ban same-sex marriage. The vote was 37–27, with all Republicans and one Democrat voting for the amendment. An identical bill was passed by the House on

neg: Honolulu Rail Transit the wording of the petition called for a special election. Stop Rail Now filed a lawsuit to force the city to accept the petition, and the courts ruled in Stop Rail Now's favor on August 14. Stop Rail Now's petition drive ultimately failed on September 4 when De Costa deemed only 35,056 of the signatures valid, well short of the 44,525 required. In response to the possibility that Stop Rail Now's petition would fail, the City Council had however voted on August 21 to place a proposed amendment to the city charter on the ballot, asking voters to decide the

neg: Nashville Community Oversight Board Nashville Community Oversight Board The Community Oversight Board (COB) of Nashville, Tennessee is a proposed independent body to review cases of alleged Metro Nashville police misconduct. It appears as Amendment 1 on the 6 November 2018 Davidson County ballot. The Board would have 11 members: 7 nominated by community organizations or private petitions of at least 50 Davidson County residents, 2 by City Council Representatives, and 2 by the Mayor. The Board would have the following powers. The Amendment was proposed based on a petition by Community Oversight Now. The Fraternal Order of Police sued claiming that the number of

neg: Hunter v. Erickson Mrs. Hunter's affidavit met with the reply that the fair housing ordinance was unavailable to her because of the charter amendment; the proposal for the charter amendment had been placed on the ballot at a general election upon petition of more than 10% of Akron's voters, and the amendment had been duly passed by a majority. This amendment provided: Any ordinance enacted by the Council of The City of Akron which regulates the use, sale, advertisement, transfer, listing assignment, lease, sublease or financing of real property of any kind or of any interest therein on the basis of race, color,

neg: Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act of patients and caregivers to medical marijuana through collective, cooperative cultivation projects." In 2016, the Adult Use of Marijuana Act was voted into law, legalizing recreational consumption for those over 21 in the state. On Nov. 6, 2012: After passing Amendment 64, Colorado became one of the first two states to legalize the recreational use of marijuana for individuals over the age of 21. On January 27, 2014, the Florida Supreme Court approved the ballot language for a proposed constitutional amendment allowing the medical use of marijuana, following a successful petition drive. The amendment proposal appeared on Florida's November 2014

neg: Constitution of Tennessee The amendment must then be published at least six months before the next legislative election, but it is not then placed on the ballot. Instead, once the legislative election is held, the proposed amendment must go another three readings, a three-day voting process. Then, the amendment now requires approval of two thirds of the legislature on each vote. Finally, the amendment is placed on the ballot as a referendum, coinciding with the next gubernatorial election. For the amendment to pass, the number of "yes" votes must both be greater than "no" votes must equal "a majority of all the citizens

neg: Randy D. Johnson sued to see the photos for stories about racing safety. In 2002, while Johnson was serving as Chairman of the Transportation and Economic Development Appropriations committee, voters approved an unfunded amendment to the Florida's Constitution that mandated the state build a 27-billion-dollar high-speed rail system. In response to the Amendment, Johnson proposed Amendment 2, which would require a financial impact statement to accompany any future constitutional amendment proposed by citizen petition, prior to the public voting on an amendment. The amendment passed overwhelmingly, receiving 78 percent of the vote, making Johnson the only sitting legislator to amend the State Constitution.

neg: Elections in California the Democratic Party and Republican Party currently have representation in the State Legislature. However, Audie Bock, a member of the Green Party, was elected in 1999 during what is known as special election musical chairs. Local elections in California at the county and city level are officially non-partisan and political party affiliations are not included on local election ballots. A ballot proposition is a proposed law that is submitted to the electorate for approval in a direct vote (or plebiscite). It may take the form of a constitutional amendment or an ordinary statute. A ballot proposition may be proposed by

neg: Colorado Amendment 38 have been able to write their own descriptions of the measure for the state’s Blue Book of ballot measure information. Currently the nonpartisan Legislative Council staff writes these descriptions. Under Amendment 38, any elected official or government employee who makes a public statement regarding any ballot measure would be subject to fines of $3,000 or more. Amendment 38 failed to pass 69.21% to 30.79%. Colorado Amendment 38 Amendment 38 was a measure on the 2006 ballot in Colorado. If passed, it would have amended the Colorado Constitution. It would have extend the petition process to all levels of state government

neg: 2014 Florida Amendment 2 however, several "hail-mary passes" which consisted of filing legal challenges with seconds remaining on the clock have successfully kept this matter off the ballot for years. Court documents alleged each year that the proposed amendment failed to meet the rules of statutory construction regarding vagueness and violated the single subject matter rule. A citizens for compassion petition for a proposed amendment to the Florida Constitution on the matter of decriminalizing the medicinal use of cannabis was drafted with a simplified statement using elementary language and petitioners began gathering the requisite minimum number of voter signatures well in advance of the

neg: Constitution of California as it is used for educational purposes. The constitution of California distinguishes between constitutional amendments and revisions, the latter of which is considered to be a "substantial change to the entire constitution, rather than ... a less extensive change in one or more of its provisions". Both require passage of a California ballot proposition by voters, but they differ in how they may be proposed. An amendment may be placed on the ballot by either a two-thirds vote in the California State Legislature or signatures equal to 8% of the votes cast in the last gubernatorial election, among the lowest

neg: Oregon Ballot Measure 106 on the ballot in 2018 after failures in the previous three election cycles. Planned Parenthood and other groups opposed the measure. Oregon Ballot Measure 106 Oregon Ballot Measure 106 was a ballot measure on the 2018 election ballot in the U.S. state of Oregon. The measure, a proposed amendment to the state Constitution, would have barred the use of public funds to pay for abortions in Oregon, "except when medically necessary or required by federal law." The measure would have affected persons with Medicaid health insurance coverage and state employees. The measure was defeated by a broad margin, with 1,195,718

neg: 2017 Maine Question 1 2017 Maine Question 1 Maine Question 1, formally An Act To Allow Slot Machines or a Casino in York County, was a citizen-initiated referendum question that appeared on the November 7, 2017, statewide ballot in Maine. It sought to award a license for the construction and operation of a casino in York County, Maine by a qualified entity as spelled out in the proposed law, with tax revenue generated by the casino to go to specific programs. The wording of the proposed law effectively permitted only one company, Capital 7, to be awarded the license. The ballot measure was defeated,

neg: Constitution of Maryland in public schools. The amendment was approved with 58.7% of the vote. In 2012, three constitutional amendments were proposed on the 2012 U.S. presidential election ballot for the state of Maryland. The first amendment proposed to require judges of the Orphans' Court for Prince George's County to have a Maryland state law license and to be a current member of the Maryland Bar Association. The amendment was approved with 87.8% of the vote. The second amendment proposed to require judges of the Orphans' Court for Baltimore County to have a Maryland state law license and to be a current member

neg: Oregon Ballot Measure 106 Oregon Ballot Measure 106 Oregon Ballot Measure 106 was a ballot measure on the 2018 election ballot in the U.S. state of Oregon. The measure, a proposed amendment to the state Constitution, would have barred the use of public funds to pay for abortions in Oregon, "except when medically necessary or required by federal law." The measure would have affected persons with Medicaid health insurance coverage and state employees. The measure was defeated by a broad margin, with 1,195,718 "no" votes (64%), and 658,793 "yes" (35%) votes. The measure was sponsored by anti-abortion activists, who succeeded in placing the measure

neg: Personhood instrumental in spawning the group Personhood USA and the various state personhood efforts that followed. Voters in 46 Georgia counties approved personhood during the 2010 primary election with 75% in favor of a non-binding resolution declaring the equal rights of all human beings from conception. During the 2012 Republican primary a similar question was placed on the ballot statewide and passed with a super-majority (66%) of the vote in 158 of 159 counties. The summer of 2008 a citizen initiated amendment was proposed for the Colorado constitution. Three attempts to enact the from-fertilization definition of personhood into U.S. state constitutions

neg: 2004 California Proposition 66 3-to-1 margin [6], Prop 66 failed to pass, with 5,604,060 voters (47.3 percent) voting for, 6,238,060 (52.7 percent) voting no, and 747,563 (5.9 percent) casting no vote. Mark DiCamillo, director of the Field Poll, called the come-from-behind campaign to defeat Prop 66 “unprecedented” in California electoral politics. 2004 California Proposition 66 Proposition 66 was a California ballot proposition on the November 2, 2004 ballot. It was a proposed amendment to the California three-strikes law (implemented in 1994 with Proposition 184). Prop 66 would have required the third felony charge against a suspect to be especially violent and/or serious crimes to

neg: 2002 California Proposition 48 of Legislative Analyst's Estimate of Net State and Local Government Fiscal Impact: 2002 California Proposition 48 Proposition 48 was a California ballot proposition on the November 5, 2002 ballot. It proposed an amendment to the California Constitution to remove obsolete references to municipal courts. It passed successfully with 4,750,367 (72.9%) votes in favor and 1,769,299 (27.1%) against. It was placed on the ballot by a vote of the California State Legislature on Assembly Constitutional Amendment 16 (ACA 16). The question before voters was: Amends Constitution to delete references to the municipal courts, which references are now obsolete due to the

neg: 2002 California Proposition 48 2002 California Proposition 48 Proposition 48 was a California ballot proposition on the November 5, 2002 ballot. It proposed an amendment to the California Constitution to remove obsolete references to municipal courts. It passed successfully with 4,750,367 (72.9%) votes in favor and 1,769,299 (27.1%) against. It was placed on the ballot by a vote of the California State Legislature on Assembly Constitutional Amendment 16 (ACA 16). The question before voters was: Amends Constitution to delete references to the municipal courts, which references are now obsolete due to the consolidation of superior and municipal trial courts into unified superior courts. Summary

neg: 2014 Florida Amendment 2 deadline in order to preemptively place the proposed ballot language before the Court anticipating the inevitable legal challenge. Under Florida's Constitution Florida's Supreme Court has ultimate authority and jurisdiction over proposed state constitutional amendment approval. Florida's top court ruled, in a split decision, that the language of the proposed amendment was not unconstitutionally vague nor confusing and the proposed amendment specifically addressed only one subject matter as required under the Florida Constitution and will be placed before the voters. The Court used not so subtle cues by citing the rules of review from an advisory opinion titled "Advisory Op. to

neg: Minnesota Amendment 2 Minnesota Amendment 2 Minnesota Amendment 2 (also called Voter ID Amendment) was a proposed legislatively referred constitutional amendment that was on the ballot on November 6, 2012. If approved, it would have required a form of photographic identification before being permitted to vote in Minnesota municipal, state, and federal elections. However, it was defeated with 53.84% voting against and 46.16% for the measure. The Minnesota Legislature approved the amendment for the ballot in April 2012 on essentially a party-line vote. The amendment was promoted by Rep. Mary Kiffmeyer, R-Big Lake, who had formerly served as Minnesota Secretary of State. Institutional

neg: 2005 Texas Proposition 2 amendment banning same-sex marriage. It was the most populous state to adopt a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage until California passed its ban in November 2008. Article 1, Section 32 of the Texas Constitution, as amended, states: The joint resolution proposing the amendment included additional language about rights that the ban on same-sex marriage was not meant to restrict: As provided in Article 17, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution, a proposed constitutional amendment is placed on the ballot only after the Texas legislature has proposed the amendment in a joint resolution of both the Texas senate and the Texas

neg: Constitutional amendment full text of the amendment must be posted by all county clerks for 30 days before the election. The only method for proposing an amendment to the Washington State Constitution is through the legislature and can originate in either branch. The proposal must be approved by a two-thirds majority of the legislature. The proposed amendment is placed on the ballot at the next general election, and must be approved by a majority of the electors. The procedure for amending the Constitution of Australia is detailed in Section 128 of the Constitution. It firstly requires that the proposal pass by absolute

neg: Hunter v. Erickson an amendment to the city charter, which had been placed on the ballot by petition, was passed. It provided that any ordinance (including any in effect) which regulates the use, sale, advertisement, transfer, listing assignment, lease, sublease, or financing of real property on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or ancestry must first be approved by a majority of the voters before becoming effective. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 4112.02(H) and 4112.02(H)(1) (1967) makes it unlawful for "any person" to refuse to sell or otherwise deny or withhold commercial housing from any person because of the race or

neg: Tim Hardaway of a petition to put a proposed amendment to the Florida State Constitution overturning Florida Amendment 2 and allowing same-sex marriage in his home state of Florida on the ballot in 2014. He has a wife, Yolanda, and two children, Tim Jr. and Nia. His son, Tim Jr., was drafted by the New York Knicks in 2013. Tim Hardaway currently lives in Miami, Florida. He was a player/head coach of the Florida Pit Bulls of the ABA in 2006. Tim Hardaway Timothy Duane Hardaway Sr. (born September 1, 1966) is an American retired basketball player. Standing at six feet (1.83

neg: Minnesota Amendment 1 May 21; the vote was 70–62 with two Democrats and all but four Republicans voting for the amendment. The proposed amendment was on the ballot on November 6, 2012. The proposed amendment read: "Only a union of one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in Minnesota." It did not refer to civil unions or domestic partnerships. The question being presented to voters on the ballot read: "Shall the Minnesota Constitution be amended to provide that only a union of one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in Minnesota?"

neg: 2012 Massachusetts ballot measures statewide ballot measures that were on the November 2012 ballot by collecting signatures are proposed statutes (not constitutional amendments). In Massachusetts, after the state determines which initiatives have succeeded in collecting enough signatures to be placed on the ballot, official numbers/names are assigned to each of the successful initiatives. The Secretary of the Commonwealth has discretion over the order of questions on the ballot. Source: A number of local non-binding questions are also on the ballot. 2012 Massachusetts ballot measures Three citizen-initiated measures were voted upon in the 2012 Massachusetts general election: a Right to Repair initiave, a proposal to

neg: 2012 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum cases, the judge will have the discretion of conceding or denying bail, after evaluating if the accused represents a risk to others or to the case. Both proposed amendments were presented to the voters in a ballot, with two questions. Each question asked if they approved the proposed amendment, to which the voters answered in a "Yes" or "No" checkbox to each question. Each ballot also presented the proposed amendment as it would have been featured in the Constitution of Puerto Rico, if it had won. The ballot format was criticized by various groups, who considered it "difficult to read",

neg: Constitution of California by California ballot proposition and voter initiatives, which take form as constitutional amendments. Initiatives can be proposed by the governor, legislature, or by popular petition, giving California one of the most flexible legal systems in the world. It is currently the 8th longest constitution in the world. Many of the individual rights clauses in the state constitution have been construed as protecting rights even broader than the United States Bill of Rights in the Federal Constitution. An example is the case of "Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins", in which "free speech" rights beyond those addressed by the First Amendment to

neg: Political positions of Jeb Bush marijuana legalization. He has opposed measures to allow either recreational or medical marijuana in his home state of Florida. In 2014, he opposed the "United For Care" amendment (Florida Amendment 2), a proposed state constitutional amendment on the ballot which would have "allow[ed] physicians to recommend medical marijuana to people with 'debilitating' medical conditions." Bush issued a statement reading, "I strongly urge Floridians to vote against Amendment 2." Bush is "conflicted" over whether the federal government should enforce federal marijuana laws in states in which medical marijuana is legal under state law, stating "I don't know. I'd have to sort

neg: Same-sex marriage in Iowa proposed several times in the State Legislature in the wake of the judicial rulings. To amend the Constitution, two consecutive sessions of the Legislature will need to approve the amendment, after which it would be placed on the ballot for final approval by the Iowa electorate. An amendment was first proposed in 2008 but did not pass. The Legislature did not vote on a constitutional amendment in 2009, and Senate Majority Leader Michael Gronstal said he would not allow one to be brought to the floor in 2010. In a joint press release with House Speaker Pat Murphy on April

neg: North Carolina Amendment 1 that the amendment shall be submitted to voters, and defines the ballot text. Specifies that a simple majority vote is required for approval. Specify that the amendment will become effective when it is certified by the Secretary of State. In a study by Maxine Eichner, Barbara Fedders, Holning Lau, and Rachel Blunk of the University of North Carolina School of Law, the authors discussed how the wording in the proposed amendment could have legal implications beyond banning marriage between same-sex couples. A white paper authored by Lynn Buzzard, William A. Woodruff, and Gregory Wallace of Campbell Law School disagreed with

neg: National American Woman Suffrage Association to overreact to those who differed with her had the effect of increasing organizational friction. Several members resigned from executive board in 1910, and the board saw significant changes in its composition every year after that through 1915. In 1914, Senator John Shafroth introduced a federal amendment that would require state legislatures to put women's suffrage on the state ballot if eight percent of the voters signed a petition to that effect. The NAWSA endorsed the proposed amendment, whereupon the CU accused it of abandoning the drive for a national suffrage amendment. Amid confusion among the membership, delegates at the

neg: Rose Bird and ideas for the laws and precedents upon which judicial decisions are supposed to be made. She also ruled that the State Constitution required that the state provide free abortions for poor women. In 1982, Bird ruled that the proposed California Proposition 8 (1982), known as The Victims' Bill of Rights, not be allowed on the ballot. A 4-3 majority of the Court allowed it to be voted on. In 1984, Bird and a majority of the court granted the American Federation of Labor's 1984 original petition to block a balanced budget amendment proposition from appearing on the ballot. In

neg: 2008 Florida Amendment 2 signatures and was placed on the ballot on February 2008. 60% of voters were required to pass the amendment in Florida. A Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll on September 8, 2008 showed that 55% favored the proposed amendment, while 41% oppose it. "Florida and Arizona joined 27 other states that previously approved such amendments." The amendment was ultimately passed by a margin of 61.9% in favor and 38.1% opposed. In the Florida 2008 election, Barack Obama voters as a whole voted 57% against Amendment 2 while John McCain voters voted 81% in favor of the legislation. Republican Governor Charlie Crist

neg: FDA citizen petition America requested various changes to the FDA petition process which the FDA declined. In November 2016 the FDA updated the citizen petition process. Most citizen petitions are filed by drug companies against other drug companies. Innovator companies may also present arguments to the FDA that the ANDA should not be accepted by filing a "citizen petition" with the FDA. Citizen petitions are part of the basic law governing everything the FDA does - at any time, any “interested person” can request that the FDA “issue, amend, or revoke a regulation or order,” or “take or refrain from taking any other

neg: FDA citizen petition this was shorted to 150 days in a 2011 amendment. In 2014 the FDA issued guidance to industry about submitting citizen petitions and how it would consider them. FDA citizen petition An FDA citizen petition is a process provided by the United States Food and Drug Administration for individuals and community organizations to make requests to the FDA for changes to health policy. It is described in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR Part 10). Pharmaceutical companies routinely use FDA citizen petitions to delay the entry of generic drugs into the United States marketplace. Companies use

neg: Antifeminism Amendment is a perennially proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that would grant equal rights and opportunities to every citizen of the United States, regardless of his or her sex. In 1950 and 1953, ERA was passed by the Senate with a provision known as "the Hayden rider", making it unacceptable to ERA supporters. The Hayden rider was included to keep special protections for women. A new section to the ERA was added, stating: "The provisions of this article shall not be construed to impair any rights, benefits, or exemptions now or hereafter conferred by law upon persons of

neg: 2008 Oregon Ballot Measure 54 in court decisions have made each of those requirements unconstitutional or a violation of federal law. The 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution prevents denial or abridgment of the voting rights of a citizen 18 years of age or older. Federal court decisions have held that residency requirements of the type which were set forth in section 6, violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. In addition, the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 generally prohibits literacy tests as a condition for eligibility to vote. Because of this, Oregon’s Attorney General in

neg: Wisconsin Referendum 1 text of the adopted amendment, which became Article XIII, Section 13 of the state constitution, reads: As required by the constitution, the amendment was approved by both houses of the legislature, in two consecutive sessions. The legislative history of the amendment is as follows: In April 2009 the Wisconsin Supreme Court was asked in "McConkey v. Van Hollen" to rule on whether the 2006 Referendum 1 was constitutional. William McConkey, a political science instructor, claimed that the measure violated the state's constitution because it proposed more than one question in a single ballot proposal, which is impermissible under Wisconsin law.