query: who was the doctor who identified the cause of the 1854 colera outbreak in england

pos: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak The Broad Street cholera outbreak (or Golden Square outbreak) was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) in the Soho district of the City of Westminster, London, England, and occurred during the 1846–1860 cholera pandemic happening worldwide. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snow's study of its causes and his hypothesis that germ-contaminated water was the source of cholera, rather than particles in the air (referred to as "miasmata"). This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of

pos: 1846–1860 cholera pandemic health care, and they lived near the waterways by which travelers and ships carried the disease. The 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) in the Soho district of London, England, and occurred during the third cholera pandemic. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snow's study of its causes and his hypothesis that germ-contaminated water was the source of cholera, rather than particles in the air (referred to as "miasmata"). Snow identified the source of an 1854 cholera outbreak

pos: Natural experiment of schooling in US adults). One of the best-known early natural experiments was the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak in London, England. On 31 August 1854, a major outbreak of cholera struck Soho. Over the next three days, 127 people near Broad Street died. By the end of the outbreak 616 people died. The physician John Snow identified the source of the outbreak as the nearest public water pump, using a map of deaths and illness that revealed a cluster of cases around the pump. In this example, Snow discovered a strong association between the use of the water from

pos: Soho area became known as London's French quarter. The French church in Soho Square was founded by Huguenots and opened on 25 March 1893, with a coloured brick and terracotta façade designed by Aston Webb. A significant event in the history of epidemiology and public health was Dr. John Snow's study of an 1854 outbreak of cholera in Soho. He identified the cause of the outbreak as water from the public pump at the junction of Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) and Cambridge Street (now Lexington Street), close to the rear wall of what is today the John Snow public house.

pos: 1846–1860 cholera pandemic had high fatalities among populations in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. In 1854, which was considered the worst year, 23,000 people died in Great Britain. That year, the British physician John Snow, who was working in a poor area of London, identified contaminated water as the means of transmission of the disease. After the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak he had mapped the cases of cholera in the Soho area in London, and noted a cluster of cases near a water pump in one neighborhood. To test his theory, he convinced officials to remove the pump handle, and the

pos: Cholera outbreaks and pandemics in June 1866, a localized epidemic in the East End claimed 5,596 lives, just as the city was completing construction of its major sewage and water treatment systems (see London sewerage system); the East End section was not quite complete. Epidemiologist William Farr identified the East London Water Company as the source of the contamination. Farr made use of prior work by John Snow and others pointing to contaminated drinking water as the likely cause of cholera in an 1854 outbreak. Quick action prevented further deaths. In the same year, the use of contaminated canal water in local water works

pos: Edwin Lankester in 1862. Dr. Lankester, like his predecessor, contributed greatly to our knowledge on the social problem of infanticide in nineteenth century Britain by producing a series of 'statistically detailed Annual Reports' on the phenomenon. The cause of London's cholera outbreaks had been identified by John Sutherland (1808–1891) and Dr John Snow (1813–1858; author of the famous map of water pumps near Broad Street) the matter was not decided until Lankester established a committee to look into the latest outbreak. The Committee's report (1854) had sections written by Snow and the Reverend Henry Whitehead, a local curate. They reached the conclusion

pos: United Kingdom enterprise law recurrence of water poisoning, and large public health crises were a part of people's ordinary existence until scientific advances of the 19th century. After the Broad Street cholera outbreak of 1854, John Snow first identified the cause of cholera as drinking water being polluted by excrement. Following the Great Stink of 1858, where the River Thames had become so bad smelling that it offended the Queen and forced Parliament to relocate, Joseph Bazalgette began to build the London sewerage system. Starting with the Public Health Act 1848 and its creation of a local board of health in each council, and

pos: Pikuach nefesh given the advent of public health, like the disablement of the Broad Street pump in the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, as reported by John Snow. The Broad Street Pump posed an immediate risk to many lives, with no specific individual identified as at threat. Instead, everyone living close enough to the Broad Street pump to draw water from the infective source was in life-threatening danger any time they grew thirsty and craved a drink of water. John Snow identified the Broad Street pump as problematic on a Thursday (September 7, 1854), and the pump handle was removed on a

pos: Cholera outbreaks and pandemics epidemic claimed 10,739 lives. The 1854 Broad Street Cholera outbreak in London ended after the physician John Snow identified a neighborhood Broad Street pump as contaminated and convinced officials to remove its handle. His study proved contaminated water was the main agent spreading cholera, although he did not identify the contaminant. It would take many years for this message to be believed and fully acted upon. In Spain, over 236,000 died of cholera in the epidemic of 1854–55. The disease reached South America in 1854 and 1855, with victims in Venezuela and Brazil. During the third pandemic, Tunisia, which had

pos: Victorian Undead their government's knowledge about the undead. In 1854, the Broad Street cholera outbreak was in fact a zombie outbreak, in which more than a thousand people were killed and turned into zombies in the Soho district. Initially the government failed to understand what they were dealing with until the aid of Dr. John Snow, who had prior experience with the undead, strenuously contained and culled the outbreak. In the aftermath, the entire events were covered up as a cholera outbreak and Snow kept his silence after promises were made in improving public sanitation. The source of the outbreak, however, remains

pos: History of surgery used by the American surgeon Crawford Long (1815–1878), and chloroform, discovered by James Young Simpson (1811–1870) and later pioneered in England by John Snow (1813–1858), physician to Queen Victoria, who in 1853 administered chloroform to her during childbirth, and in 1854 disproved the miasma theory of contagion by tracing a cholera outbreak in London to an infected water pump. In addition to relieving patient suffering, anaesthesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body. In addition, the discovery of muscle relaxants such as curare allowed for safer applications. American surgeon J. Marion Sims (1813–83) received credit

pos: Victorian Undead and Watson helping to track down the title character (Count Dracula) before he kills Queen Victoria. The first series ran in early 2010 and the second in early 2011 – as Wildstorm folded during that period, the last three issues were published directly by the parent company, DC Comics. In 1854, a strange comet enters over London, releasing little fragments in which one fragment penetrates into a street pump near Broad Street in Soho. Five months later, Soho suffers what appears to be a cholera outbreak. Doctor John Snow and Reverend Henry Whitehead investigate the outbreak. While Snow postulates the

neg: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak for Scientific Inquiries, Richard Dundas Thomson and Arthur Hill Hassall examined what Thomson referred to as "vibriones". Thomson examined the occurrence of vibriones in air samples from various cholera wards and Hassall observed vibriones in water samples. Neither identified vibriones as the cause of cholera. As part of their investigation of the cholera epidemic, the Board of Health sent physicians to examine in detail the conditions of the Golden Square neighbourhood and its inhabitants. The Board of Health ultimately attributed the 1854 epidemic to miasma. Dr Edwin Lankester was a physician on the local research conglomerate that studied the 1854

neg: Health in Cambodia massive outbreak of HIV stemming mostly from Roka occurred. The cause is thought to be the reuse of syringes by an unlicensed doctor operating in the region who has since been jailed. A survey from MOH, done in 2010, indicated that 2.9% of population among adults aged 25 – 64 years had diagnosed diabetes. Similar, 11.2% of the population among adults aged 25 – 64 years self-identified as having been diagnosed as having high blood pressure. Since 1996, reported incidences of death due to injury have increased drastically in corollary to increasing number of vehicles. According to the health data

neg: Ebola virus disease in the death of 4 and the second affected 24, resulting in the death of 17. The Sudan variant was responsible for both outbreaks. On 17 August 2012, the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported an outbreak of the Ebola-Bundibugyo variant in the eastern region. Other than its discovery in 2007, this was the only time that this variant has been identified as responsible for an outbreak. The WHO revealed that the virus had sickened 57 people and claimed 29 lives. The probable cause of the outbreak was tainted bush meat hunted by local villagers

neg: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak of the General Register's Office, believed that miasma arose from the soil surrounding the River Thames. It contained decaying organic matter which contained miasmatic particles and was released into the London air. Miasma theorists believed in "cleansing and scouring, rather than through the purer scientific approach of microbiology". Farr later agreed with Snow's germ theory following Snow's publications. In contrast, the germ theory held that the principal cause of cholera was a germ cell that had not yet been identified. Snow theorized that this unknown germ was transmitted from person to person by individuals ingesting water. John Simon, a pathologist

neg: Jean Victor Tharreau the legislature as a deputy from Maine-et-Loire in 1808-1812; Augustin, who was a doctor; and a third who died young... The Châtillon branch also had five sons: Pierre-Jean-François, born 1755, who became a legislative deputy, and a jurist; Jean-Victor, who became a general in Napoleon's army; and a third who died young. At the outbreak of the French Revolution, Tharreau enthusiastically adopted the revolutionary cause. In 1792, he joined the Maine-et-Loire volunteers and later that year he was an adjutant major of the 2nd battalion of volunteers of Mayence. In 1794, at the height of the French terror, he was

neg: Pontiac fever Legionnaires' outbreak in Philadelphia, the Michigan health department re-examined blood samples and discovered the workers had been infected with the newly identified "Legionella pneumophila". An outbreak caused by" Legionella micdadei" in early 1988 in the UK became known as Lochgoilhead fever. Since that time, other species of "Legionella" that cause Pontiac fever have been identified, most notably in New Zealand, in 2007 where "Legionella longbeachae" was discovered. The New Zealand outbreak also marked the first time Pontiac fever had been traced to potting soil. Species of "Legionella" known to cause Pontiac fever include "Legionella pneumophila", "Legionella longbeachae", "Legionella feeleii", "Legionella

neg: John Horden (b. ~1854), who became a physician and surgeon in Middlesex, England and to whose home his mother retired in later life, Christiana Seward Horden (b. 1856), who married William Kelk Broughton (District Manager and Chief Trader at Albany, Rupert's House and Moose Factory, awarded Gold medal and two bars), Beatrice Campbell Horden (b. 1863), and baby "Bertie", Herbert Henry Horden (b. 1866), who also became a doctor in Middlesex, England but died in 1904 from poisoning. Daughter Ellen Hudson Horden (1860–1861), named after her place of birth, was buried at Moose Factory. After delaying their plans of a furlough for

neg: Deaf Like Me with the addition of Lynn Spradley’s epilogue. In 1964, Bruce, who was only around three years old, contracted rubella or German measles. In 1964 and 1965, there was a large rubella outbreak where “20,000 babies were born with congenital rubella syndrome” and the vaccination was not put in use until 1969. Bruce quickly recovered, however, Tom and Louise are concerned that if Louise is pregnant and contracted the illness, it could cause their child to have birth defects like the doctor warned them. In April 1965, Louise gave birth to Lynn and the doctor performed various tests and assured the

neg: The Young Poisoner's Handbook his ambition in life was to create an untraceable poison based on thallium using his knowledge of chemistry; in reality his ambition was to become an infamous poisoner, an ambition he achieved. In real life also, his crimes were not discovered because of what happened with the cups; rather, he gave himself away during a talk given by a local doctor brought in to try and reassure the staff, who understandably were panicking and on the point of leaving. After the doctor said the most likely cause of the outbreak of illness the factory had been experiencing was a local

neg: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak have some sort of structure, most likely that of a cell." Even though Simon understood Snow's theory, he questioned its relation to the cause of cholera. The Broad Street outbreak was an effect rather than a cause of the epidemic. Snow's conclusions were not predominantly based on the Broad Street outbreak, as he noted that he hesitated to come to a conclusion based on a population that had predominantly fled the neighborhood and redistributed itself. He feared throwing off results of the study. Snow was skeptical of the prevailing miasma theory, which held that diseases such as cholera or the

neg: Caterina Dominici Caterina Dominici Blessed Caterina Dominici (10 October 1829 – 21 February 1894) was an Italian Roman Catholic nun who took the name of Maria Enrichetta after she became a nun of the Sisters of Saint Anne. She worked with cholera patients during the outbreak of 1854 and served for over three decades as the Superior General of her congregation. She was also a friend and advisor to Saint John Bosco. She was beatified in 1978 and the cause for sainthood still continues. Caterina Dominici was born on 10 October 1829 near Turin as the fourth daughter. One brother would become

neg: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak Broad Street Cholera Epidemic. In 1866, Lankester wrote about Snow's conclusion that the pump itself was the cause of the cholera outbreak. He agreed with Snow at the time; however, his opinion, like Snow's, was not publicly supported. Lankester subsequently closed the pump due to Snow's theory and data on the pattern of infection, and infection rates dropped significantly. Lankester eventually was named the first medical officer of health for the St. James District in London, the same area where the pump was located. A replica pump was installed in 1992 at the site of the 1854 pump. Every year

neg: 1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak entire family of eight had died. The plague serum was arrived in Los Angeles on November 5, which had been requested by the Los Angeles County General Hospital and the acting health officer of the City Health Department, but it was secured in time to be used and used in only one case. On October 30, 1924, the Los Angeles County Hospital pathologist, Dr. George Maner, identified plague as the cause of the illness. Dr. Maner identified it from a serum sample from a patient who had died after attending Lucena Samarano's funeral. He notified the City Health Department as

neg: Henipavirus from which Nipah virus was first isolated. Nipah virus is one of several viruses identified by WHO as a likely cause of a future epidemic in a new plan developed after the Ebola epidemic for urgent research and development before and during an epidemic toward new diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines. The outbreak was originally mistaken for Japanese encephalitis (JE), however, physicians in the area noted that persons who had been vaccinated against JE were not protected, and the number of cases among adults was unusual Despite the fact that these observations were recorded in the first month of the

neg: Félix O'Neill invaded the town earlier that month. Félix O'Neill Félix O'Neill (c. 1800 - c. 1870) was Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico, from 24 July 1854 to August 1856. He was a Spanish military officer with the rank of Coronel. He is well remembered for producing, on 20 August 1856, his 20-point edict titled "Disposiciones Acordadas Por la Municipalidad de esta Villa, que deben observarse en caso de ser invadida esta Poblacion por la epidemia del Colera-morbo" (Dispositions Agreed Upon by the Municipal Government of the Villa, to be observed in the event our People are invaded by the Cholera Morbus

neg: Félix O'Neill Félix O'Neill Félix O'Neill (c. 1800 - c. 1870) was Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico, from 24 July 1854 to August 1856. He was a Spanish military officer with the rank of Coronel. He is well remembered for producing, on 20 August 1856, his 20-point edict titled "Disposiciones Acordadas Por la Municipalidad de esta Villa, que deben observarse en caso de ser invadida esta Poblacion por la epidemia del Colera-morbo" (Dispositions Agreed Upon by the Municipal Government of the Villa, to be observed in the event our People are invaded by the Cholera Morbus epidemic). The gastroenteritis cholera had just

neg: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak behalf of the big companies that allowed the spread of cholera to progress rapidly. He went on to prove his theory through the observation of prisons in London, finding that cholera ceased in these places only a few days after switching to cleaner water sources. On 31 August 1854, after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city, a major outbreak of cholera occurred in Soho. Snow, the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water, later called it "the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in this kingdom." Over the next three days, 127 people

neg: Timeline of the SARS outbreak 16, the WHO issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. The virus was officially named the SARS virus. Doctors were surprised to discover the occurrence of at least two cases of SARS in Dinner, a village near Bangalore, India. Poor hygiene and a lack of adequate trash disposal seemed to have hastened the spread of the deadly disease. On April 19, Premier of the People's Republic of China Wen Jiabao announced that there would be severe consequences for local officials who do not report SARS cases in

neg: George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney of Rodney's captains, was indecisive. Following the outbreak of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War between Britain and the Dutch Republic Rodney, acting under orders from London, captured the valuable Dutch island of St Eustatius on 3 February 1781. Rodney had already identified several individuals on the island who were aiding the Americans, such as "... Mr Smith at the House of Jones - they (the Jews of St. Eustatius, Caribbean Antilles) cannot be too soon taken care of - they are notorious in the cause of America and France..." The island was also home to a Jewish community who were mainly

neg: Old Bayview Cemetery Captain Michael E. van Buren, who died in 1851 as a result of wounds suffered during a fight with Indians. There were two major outbreaks of yellow fever, in 1854 and 1867. Doctors could do little since neither its cause nor transmission were understood. Sources say measures against its spread consisted of burning victims' bedclothes and placing burning tar buckets about town. In the first outbreak about a third of the town's then 700 inhabitants perished and in the second 300 of a population of 1000. Hurricanes struck Corpus Christi in October 1871 and again in September 1874. They are

neg: Arthur A. Denny supported the right of women to vote, going so far as to introduce legislation in 1854 to allow white women of 18 years and older the right to vote. The resolution was voted down. This dour man is nonetheless remembered for at least one example of his wit. Also in his memoir, recounting his failure in 1853 to reach agreement with David Swinson "Doc" Maynard over what was intended to be a joint plat of the town of Seattle, he wrote, "it was found that the doctor, who occasionally stimulated a little, had that day taken enough to cause him

neg: 2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak were later identified as fake yellow fever vaccination certificates. All had been to the same restaurant, so food poisoning was initially suspected as the cause of the mystery illness. It was more than a month before blood samples from the Eritreans reached the Pasteur Institute lab and yellow fever was recognized. Public health experts identified that as one factor that delayed the response to the outbreak, which came close to being a much larger disaster, if vaccine supplies had not been successfully raised in time, or the disease had spread to other countries and continents. The concurrent Zika outbreak drew

neg: 2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak this outbreak. The first cases were identified on 16 September 2005, after 5 children had been admitted to a hospital in Merthyr Tydfil. The earliest sign of illness had been 10 September. Most cases had originated before the end of September, though the last case of the outbreak was identified on 8 November 2005. For many of those affected, the illness progressed with a typical process of vomiting and bloody diarrhoea, sometimes leading to renal failure. Afterwards, some of those affected spoke of long-lasting physical and psychological effects. The cause was a vacuum packing machine used to package both raw

neg: Chipotle Mexican Grill was the result of lax sick policy enforcement by store managers" and that the company believed that an employee was the cause of the outbreak. In late July 2018, Ohio public health officials launched an investigation after receiving 368 complaints from customers after they had eaten at a Powell, Ohio, location. By mid-August, the U.S. Center for Disease Control identified the bacteria that cause the outbreak which had affected over 700 persons as "clostridium perfringens". This food borne outbreak has been called the worst incident to date that can be traced to a single restaurant location. Chipotle had two known

neg: George Wakeman George Wakeman Sir George Wakeman (died 1688) was an English doctor, who was royal physician to Catherine of Braganza, Consort of Charles II of England. In 1678, on the outbreak of the fabricated Popish Plot, he was falsely accused of treason by Titus Oates, who had gained the backing of Thomas Osborne, 1st Earl of Danby, the effective head of the English government. Oates accused Wakeman of conspiring to kill the King with the help of the Jesuits, and to put his brother James, Duke of York on the throne in his place. At his trial in 1679 Wakeman was

neg: Cass Elliot buried in Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. An oft-repeated urban legend is that Elliot choked to death on a ham sandwich. The story spread soon after the discovery of her body and was based on speculation in the initial media coverage. A 2014 article in "Haaretz" identified the person who started the false rumor as follows: "Unfortunately, the first doctor [in London] who examined her speculated to the press about the cause of death, and that’s the version that stuck." An autopsy had not been performed when the physician was quoted, and London police told reporters

neg: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak on or near Broad Street died. During the next week, three quarters of the residents had fled the area. By 10 September, 500 people had died and the mortality rate was 12.8 percent in some parts of the city. By the end of the outbreak, 616 people had died. By talking to local residents (with the help of Reverend Henry Whitehead), Snow identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) at Cambridge Street. Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a sample of the water from this Broad Street pump water

neg: Lima, Ohio in quick order. The first school appeared in 1832. Lima's first surgeon, Doctor William McHenry arrived in 1834. 1836 brought the first newspaper to Lima. Lima was officially organized as a city in 1842. Henry DeVilliers Williams was its first mayor. The first public school opened in 1850. In 1854, the first train appeared in Lima, a harbinger of later economic success. Also in 1854, a cholera outbreak in Delphos (a town in Allen County northwest of Lima) spread throughout west central Ohio. Countywide problems caused by the contaminated water supply were not solved until 1886 when Lima started a

neg: The Doctor (Doctor Who) who is identified by American characters as "British", he seems only slightly conscious of the way he sounds, responding with "Yes, I suppose I am." When the accent of Eccleston's Doctor is clearly described as "Northern", he responds with the line "Lots of planets have a North." Capaldi's portrayal of the Doctor explicitly identified his own accent as "Scottish" after commenting on the English accents of his friends, Jenny Flint and Clara Oswald, while experiencing post-regeneration amnesia ("Deep Breath"). Whittaker's Thirteenth Doctor speaks with the actress' natural Yorkshire accent and is identified as British during a trip to America. Another

neg: The Monk (Doctor Who) will make mistakes and disrupt history, but his plan only succeeds when he switches the Fifth Doctor with the First, forcing the Fifth to let history be changed by escalating an outbreak of disease to the point where the Fifth must allow an advanced alien race to take action where the First was able to accept the historical consequences of a smaller outbreak. However, Sophia's abilities to see the future prompt her to restore the Fifth Doctor as she sees that the Monk's actions are making history worse in the absence of the Doctor, allowing the Fifth Doctor to arrange

neg: HIV/AIDS in Cambodia By 2014, HIV prevalence was reduced to 0.4 percent through a successful prevention program. However, in 2015 a massive outbreak of HIV stemming mostly from Roka occurred. The cause is thought to be the reuse of syringes by an unlicensed doctor operating in the region who has since been jailed. After the first case of HIV was detected in Cambodia in 1991, the prevalence of infection increased steadily to a high of 2 percent in 1998. In the general population, the prevalence declined to 0.5 percent in 2009, down from 1.2 percent in 2001. The prevalence of HIV infection among

neg: SARS coronavirus SARS coronavirus The SARS coronavirus, sometimes shortened to SARS-CoV, is the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. Samples of the virus are being held in laboratories in New York City, San Francisco, Manila, Hong Kong, and Toronto. On April 12, 2003, scientists working at the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre in Vancouver, British Columbia finished

neg: Horace Hodes Johns Hopkins Hospital as the dispensary director. In 1936, he developed a method that used ultraviolet light to reduce the infectiousness of viruses, a technique that later was used to create commercial vaccines against rabies and influenza. He became a pediatrician at Johns Hopkins in 1938 while also serving as the medical director of Sydenham Hospital for Communicable Diseases. During an outbreak of diarrhea in 1942, he isolated the first virus known to cause diarrhea, later identified as rotavirus. The same year, he became the first to isolate the measles virus from the brain of a child who had died

neg: Lassa fever 2018 and spread to 18 of the country's states; it was the largest outbreak of Lassa recorded. As of February 25, 2018, there were 1081 suspected cases and 90 reported deaths; 317 of the cases and 72 deaths were confirmed as Lassa. The Lassa virus is one of several viruses identified by WHO as a likely cause of a future epidemic. They therefore list it for urgent research and development to develop new diagnostic tests, vaccines, and medicines. Lassa fever Lassa fever, also known as Lassa hemorrhagic fever (LHF), is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa

neg: History of education in Scotland per cent of the nobility being literate by the end of the period. Until the fifteenth century, those who wished to attend university had to travel to England or the continent, and just over a 1,000 have been identified as doing so between the twelfth century and 1410. Among these the most important intellectual figure was John Duns Scotus, who studied at Oxford, Cambridge and Paris and probably died at Cologne in 1308, becoming a major influence on late medieval religious thought. After the outbreak of the Wars of Independence, with occasional exceptions under safe conduct, English universities were closed

neg: SARS coronavirus this task. In the development of therapeutics and next-generation vaccines, more work is required to determine the structure/ function relationships of critical enzymes and structural proteins. SARS coronavirus The SARS coronavirus, sometimes shortened to SARS-CoV, is the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. Samples of the virus are being held in laboratories in New York

neg: 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak The 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak was a significant distribution of the "Cryptosporidium" protozoan in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the largest waterborne disease outbreak in documented United States history. The Howard Avenue Water Purification Plant (see Town of Lake water tower) was contaminated, and treated water showed turbidity levels well above normal. It was one of two water treatment plants for Milwaukee. The root cause of epidemic was never officially identified; initially it was suspected to be caused by the cattle genotype due to runoff from pastures. It was also thought that melting ice and snowmelt carrying "Cryptosporidium"

neg: Timeline of the SARS outbreak and Canada are also identified. The alert included a rare emergency travel advisory to international travelers, healthcare professionals, and health authorities. CDC issued a travel advisory stating that persons considering travel to the affected areas in Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, Vietnam, and China). On March 17, an international network of 11 leading laboratories was established to determine the cause of SARS and develop potential treatments. CDC held its first briefing on SARS and said the first 14 suspected SARS cases were being investigated in the U.S. On March 20, WHO reported that several hospitals in Vietnam and Hong Kong were

neg: 2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak the yellow fever virus was closely related to a strain identified in a 1971 outbreak in Angola was confirmed in August 2016. Moderators from ProMED-mail stressed the importance of initiating a vaccination campaign immediately to prevent further spread. The CDC classified the outbreak as Watch Level 2 (Practice Enhanced Precautions) on 7 April 2016. The WHO declared it a grade 2 event on its emergency response framework having moderate public health consequences. At an emergency committee meeting in Geneva, Switzerland on 19 May 2016, the WHO declared that the outbreak was serious and might continue to spread, but decided not

neg: Penn Medical University the Arch Street home a dispensary was opened in 1860, and in 1862 a dental department was established. In 1874, the school moved to its final location at 1131 Brown Street. The school closed in 1881. In 1853 the school awarded the Honorary Doctor of Medicine degree to Samuel Gregory who had founded Boston's New England Female Medical College five years earlier. The Penn Medical University catalog for the year 1860 lists 27 female graduates including Dr. Elizabeth D. A. Cohen. The chartered name of the institution was Penn Medical College but it was changed on January 14, 1854, by

neg: Streptococcus suis bacterial isolates from the outbreak in detail. Physicians around the world should be aware of the possibility of "S. suis"-associated STSS when they see patients with unexplained sepsis who had been in contact with pigs. Streptococcus suis has also been identified as the most common cause of meningitis in Vietnam. The recent death of 64 of 66 children affected with a complex syndrome including menningitis and pneumonia in Cambodia has been linked to a multiple infection of the children with Dengue fever, Enterovirus 71 and Strep. suis. The use of steroids in the treatment of the severe illness has also

neg: 2009 flu pandemic in the United Kingdom 2009 flu pandemic in the United Kingdom The 2009 flu pandemic was a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, first identified in April 2009, termed Pandemic H1N1/09 virus by the World Health Organization (WHO) and colloquially called swine flu. The outbreak was first observed in Mexico, and quickly spread globally. On 11 June 2009, the WHO declared the outbreak to be a pandemic. The overwhelming majority of patients experience mild symptoms", but some persons are in higher risk groups, such as those with asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, or who are pregnant or have

neg: 2009 flu pandemic in Turkey 2009 flu pandemic in Turkey The 2009 flu pandemic was a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, first identified in April 2009, termed Pandemic H1N1/09 virus by the World Health Organization (WHO) and colloquially called swine flu. The outbreak was first observed in Mexico, and quickly spread globally. On 11 June 2009, WHO declared the outbreak to be a pandemic. The overwhelming majority of patients experience mild symptoms", but some persons are in higher risk groups, such as those with asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, or who are pregnant or have a weakened immune

neg: Hagley, Tasmania that is now cleared was dense forest. The Hagley Inn was opened c.1850, it was first called "The Country Inn", by James East, who had run the earlier inn in Hagley. Over time the inn has been extensively altered and it closed as a hotel in the late 1980s. In 1850 Hagley's buildings comprised Hagley's population increased significantly during the 1850s as people moved both to the village, and to farming properties in the district. A doctor was practicing in the area by 1854, and in 1855 a school opened in the Church of England; paid for with funds raised

neg: Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine possessions in the Electorate of the Palatinate. His older brother Henry Frederick had died in the Netherlands in 1629. Charles Louis and his younger brother Rupert spent much of the 1630s at the court of his maternal uncle, Charles I of England, hoping to enlist English support for his cause. The young Elector Palatine was largely unsuccessful in this, and became gradually estranged from the King, who feared that Charles Louis might become a focus for opposition forces in England. Indeed, in the English crisis leading up to the outbreak of the English Civil War, Charles Louis had considerable sympathy

neg: 2018 American salmonella outbreak 2018 American salmonella outbreak The 2018 American salmonella outbreak was an American disaster in which over 250 people were sickened by chicken salad contaminated with salmonella. Other outbreaks were confirmed with turkey identified as the cause. The chicken salad was made by an Iowa-based food processing company Triple T Specialty Meats and distributed in Fareway supermarket. One person in Iowa died, and more than 90 others were hospitalized. At least 48 lawsuits have been filed against Triple-T and Fareway from outbreak victims. It was reported by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention that since last November 164 people had

neg: Sydney Dacres and sailing her to Lisbon. She spent 1853 as part of the Channel squadron, then with the outbreak of the Crimean War Dacres sailed to the Black Sea in 1854 to support operations. Dacres remained in command until 22 November 1854, when he was succeeded by Acting-Captain Leopold George Heath. He was appointed a Companion of the Bath on 5 July 1855, and on 30 April 1857 he was among the British officers who fought in the Crimea who received permission from Queen Victoria to accept the award of Officer of the Légion d'honneur. Dacres then moved ashore, becoming Captain-Superintendent

neg: 2009 flu pandemic in Ukraine 2009 flu pandemic in Ukraine The 2009 flu pandemic is a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, first identified in April 2009, termed Pandemic H1N1/09 virus by the World Health Organization (WHO) and colloquially called swine flu. The outbreak was first observed in Mexico, and quickly spread globally. On the 11th June 2009, the WHO declared the outbreak to be a pandemic. The overwhelming majority of patients experience mild symptoms", but some persons are at higher risk of suffering more serious effects; such as those with asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, or those who

neg: Vaccine controversies measles had been confirmed in the state, 71 were unvaccinated and 65 were Somali-Americans. The outbreak has been attributed to low vaccination rates among Somali-American children, which can be traced back to 2008, when Somali parents began to express concern about disproportionately high numbers of Somali preschoolers in special education classes who were receiving services for autism spectrum disorder. Around the same time, disgraced former doctor Andrew Wakefield visited Minneapolis, teaming up with anti-vaccine groups to raise concerns that vaccines were the cause of autism, despite the fact that multiple studies have shown no connection between the MMR vaccine and

neg: Aminu Safana October 17, 2007, Safana collapsed on the assembly's floor; he was pronounced dead the same day at the Abuja National Hospital, the cause of death being identified as a heart attack. Aminu Safana Aminu Shuaibu Safana (April 1961 – October 17, 2007) was a Nigerian politician who represented the Batsari/Safana/Danmusa constituency of Katsina State in the House of Representatives. A doctor by training, Safana was a graduate of Ahmadu Bello University and the Universities of Leeds and London. He had been a confidant of President Umaru Yar'Adua, and had served as secretary of Katsina State's government while Yar'Adua was governor.

neg: John Leigh (doctor) scientific assessment of disease and the public health measures taken against it." To that end, he not merely attempted to document the outbreak of cholera itself but also the environmental context in which it occurred. He attempted to map the progress of the disease from one area to another and he tested various theories of probable cause. After rejecting suggestions that the cause may have lain in, for example, a deficiency of "atmospheric electricity" or the amount of ozone in the air, the conclusions drawn were that the outbreak had been mostly restricted to areas where the standards of sanitation

neg: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak cholera in the human body: miasma theory and germ theory. The London medical community debated between these causes for the persistent cholera outbreaks in the city. The cholera-causing bacterium "Vibrio cholerae" was isolated in 1854, but the finding did not become well-known and accepted until decades later. Miasma theorists concluded that cholera was caused by particles in the air, or "miasmata", which arose from decomposing matter or other dirty organic sources. "Miasma" particles were thought to travel through the air and infect individuals, and thus cause cholera. Dr. William Farr, the commissioner for the 1851 London census and a member

neg: ToyGuard ToyGuard ToyGuard works exclusively within the professional childcare sector within the UK. It was spun out of a specialist cleaning company ER Environmental, based near Cirencester in Gloucestershire. In 2006, ER Environmental was tasked to decontaminate a nursery on the grounds of Lauder College, Dunfermline, which had been infected with "E. Coli". At the time this was national news and headlined the BBC 6 o'clock news nationally at the time. The cause of the outbreak was never identified however the NHS report on the outbreak praised both the nursery and ER Environmental Services with the way in which the outbreak

neg: Emilio Castelar lost his father, who had taken an active part in the progressist agitations during the reign of Ferdinand VII, and had passed several years as an exile in England. He attended a grammar-school at Sax. In 1848 he began to study law in Madrid, but soon elected to compete for admittance at the school of philosophy and letters, where he took the degree of doctor in 1853. He was an obscure republican student when the Spanish revolutionary movement of 1854 took place, and the young liberals and democrats of that epoch decided to hold a meeting in the largest theatre

neg: Manuel Núñez Tovar as a doctor of health in 1908. In 1909, with Cesar Flamerich and Rafael Nuñez Isava, he was part of the Public Health Commission, and that same year began his studies in entomology. In this discipline he studied the importance of insects in the transmission of disease, was the author of numerous papers, and identified "Necator americanus" as the cause of anemia in patients who had suffered from malaria. After twenty years in Monagas state, Núñez Tovar lived temporarily in Caracas and La Victoria, settling permanently in Maracay after being appointed to the medical brigade in the garrison of the

neg: Ebola virus disease the WHO reported 1,716 confirmed cases. The largest outbreak to date was the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, which caused a large number of deaths in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. The first known outbreak of EVD was identified only after the fact. It occurred between June and November 1976 in Nzara, South Sudan (then part of Sudan), and was caused by Sudan virus (SUDV). The Sudan outbreak infected 284 people and killed 151. The first identifiable case in Sudan occurred on 27 June in a storekeeper in a cotton factory in Nzara, who was hospitalized on 30 June

neg: Francis Dixon and 1889 and also played for Nottingham Castle. His second first-class match was in 1891, for Mordecai Sherwin's Nottinghamshire XI against the Gentlemen of England. Dixon was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler Dixon was medical officer of Health for Eastwood UDC and served on the committee of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club for over 40 years. Dixon died in Eastwood aged 88. Francis Dixon Francis Dixon (2 November 1854 – 20 August 1943) was an English doctor and cricketer who played for Derbyshire in 1885. Dixon was born at Langley in Heanor, Derbyshire. He studied medecine in Edinburgh

neg: New England Compounding Center meningitis outbreak doctors were also reporting that some people that had been injected with the contaminated drugs had arachnoiditis, a nerve inflammation that can cause intense pain, bladder problems, and numbness. Once the infection and its source were identified, due to the rarity of fungal meningitis, few clinicians were accustomed to dealing with it. The CDC convened an expert advisory panel to develop recommended treatment guidelines. Many affected patients were elderly and had other existing health problems, further making the choice of treatment difficult. On October 23, 2012, the CDC issued an "Official Health Advisory Issuance of Guidance on Management of Asymptomatic

neg: Francis Joseph Dormer a moderate and an Anglo-Afrikaner - who saw his loyalty to the British empire as not incompatible with his South African identity. He was a supporter of the Uitlander cause in the Transvaal, and labelled himself as a "sane imperialist". Francis Joseph Dormer Francis Joseph Dormer (1854 – 31 November 1928) was an influential journalist and newspaper editor in southern Africa. He was born in Leicester, England, and emigrated to the Cape Colony in 1875, attracted by the economic boom that the Cape was undergoing at the time. He worked as a teacher at Oscar D'Alton Doualier's academy on Roeland

neg: Villa de Leyva In the same formation the fossil ichthyosaurs "Platypterygius sachicarum" and "Muiscasaurus catheti" and the brachiosaur "Padillasaurus leivaensis" and pliosaur "Brachauchenius", later reclassified as "Stenorhynchosaurus", have been discovered. Regarding the novel "Love in the time of Colera" . Florentino Ariza spent no time in Villa de Leyva, although he was supposed to go there to forget Fermina Daza and start his career in the new science of the telegraph. Florentino decided not to go to Villa de Leyva and convinced the boat captain to return him to his home town. Page 191 El amor en los tiempos del colera. Page 147

neg: Sharon (Doctor Who) Sharon (Doctor Who) Sharon (last name not given) is a fictional character who appeared in the "Doctor Who Magazine" comic strip based on the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". She was a companion of the Fourth Doctor. Sharon was introduced in "Doctor Who and the Star Beast", which ran in issues #19-#26 of "Doctor Who Weekly" (as it then was), written by Pat Mills and John Wagner, and drawn by Dave Gibbons. She was a secondary school student living in the city of Blackcastle, England. She was the first non-white companion, albeit not on television. One night,

neg: Jeanne Weber the door by a babysitter, "Madame Moulinet," who led him to the cot where nine-year-old Auguste Bavouzet lay dead, his throat badly bruised. The cause of death was listed as "convulsions," but the doctor changed his opinion on 4 May, when "Madame Moulinet" was identified as Jeanne Weber. Weber engaged the lawyer Henri-Robert once more. Held over for trial, Weber was released in December, after a second autopsy blamed the boy's death on typhoid. Weber quickly dropped from sight, surfacing next as an orderly at a children's hospital in Faucombault, moving on from there to the Children's Home in Orgeville,

neg: William Williams (doctor) Officers of Health and the Royal Sanitary Institute. He was a university examiner, examining in preventive medicine at Oxford and in state medicine at the University of London. In 1904, Williams delivered the Milroy Lectures at the Royal College of Physicians. His works included several publications on sanitation, water supplies and the adulteration of milk, and he helped to trace the cause of an outbreak of typhoid in Clydach to the milk supply. He died in Brighton after a short illness. William Williams (doctor) William Williams (1855 or 1856 – 1911) was a Welsh doctor with a particular interest in

neg: 2009 flu pandemic in the United Kingdom in several countries on the use of face masks has been summarised in an article, with many references, published on 4 June 2009. 2009 flu pandemic in the United Kingdom The 2009 flu pandemic was a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, first identified in April 2009, termed Pandemic H1N1/09 virus by the World Health Organization (WHO) and colloquially called swine flu. The outbreak was first observed in Mexico, and quickly spread globally. On 11 June 2009, the WHO declared the outbreak to be a pandemic. The overwhelming majority of patients experience mild symptoms",

neg: Edward Beadon Turner Edward Beadon Turner Edward Beadon Turner (September 1854 – 30 June 1931) was an English medical doctor and medical administrator. Turner was a powerful orator and made himself available to multiple medical committees. A staunch advocate of private medicine he disliked the movement to the nationalisation of medical health. A lifelong devotee of sport and athletics, he was a rugby union player of some note while a youth. He played club rugby for St. George's Hospital and gained his first of three international caps when he was selected for England in 1875. Turner was born in Chigwell, England in 1854.

neg: 1900 English beer poisoning eventually connected to cases of skin discolouration previously thought to be unrelated. Ernest Reynolds, the doctor responsible for making the connection, also noted that only one substance would cause these symptoms: arsenic. He also noted that heavy drinkers who drank mainly spirits seemed less affected than beer drinkers. He gathered samples for analysis from the taverns frequented by his patients, which confirmed the presence of arsenic in the beer they consumed. Once the breweries affected were identified, investigation as to where the arsenic came from were instituted. It was found that the arsenic was present in invert sugar provided to

neg: Germ theory of disease Soho, London epidemic of 1854. By talking to local residents, he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the Broad Street pump did not conclusively prove its danger, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to persuade the local council to disable the well pump by removing its handle. This action has been commonly credited as ending the outbreak, but Snow observed that the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline. Snow later used

neg: New England Compounding Center meningitis outbreak New England Compounding Center meningitis outbreak A New England Compounding Center meningitis outbreak that began in September 2012 sickened over 800 individuals and resulted in the deaths of 76. In September 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with state and local health departments and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), began investigating a multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis and other infections among patients who had received contaminated steroid injections from the New England Compounding Center (NECC) in Framingham, Massachusetts. The NECC was classified as a compounding pharmacy. Such pharmacies are authorized to combine, mix, or alter

neg: Robert Clark (missionary) and Ladakh, and penetrated some way into the Himalayas and western Tibet. At Peshawar, he worked with Karl Gottlieb Pfander, a Basel Mission missionary in Central Asia. He was sent back to England before the outbreak of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the Sepoy Mutiny. While in London, he married Elizabeth Mary Browne, daughter of a Scottish doctor who retired on 14 May 1858 after forty-four years of service in Calcutta. Elizabeth had corresponded with Clark as a "Collector" for the Peshawar mission. She was a linguist with experience in the Sanskrit, Urdu, French, German, and Italian languages. She

neg: 2018 American salmonella outbreak fallen ill in 35 states due to raw turkey. No products were recalled, and the CDC issued a reminder for individuals to properly cook and handle turkey. 2018 American salmonella outbreak The 2018 American salmonella outbreak was an American disaster in which over 250 people were sickened by chicken salad contaminated with salmonella. Other outbreaks were confirmed with turkey identified as the cause. The chicken salad was made by an Iowa-based food processing company Triple T Specialty Meats and distributed in Fareway supermarket. One person in Iowa died, and more than 90 others were hospitalized. At least 48 lawsuits have

neg: 2017–18 South African listeriosis outbreak 2017–18 South African listeriosis outbreak The 2017–18 South African listeriosis outbreak is an ongoing widespread outbreak of "Listeria monocytogenes" food poisoning that resulted from contaminated processed meats produced by Enterprise Foods, a subsidiary of Tiger Brands, in Polokwane. As of 12 March 2018, there have been 183 deaths and 973 confirmed infections. It is the world's worst ever listeriosis outbreak. The outbreak was first identified by doctors at Chris Hani and Steve Biko academic hospitals in July 2017, who notified the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) about an unusually high number of neonatal infections. Interviews conducted by the authorities

neg: Oakley Church of England Junior School a Doctor Who competition (Script to Screen). Some children won the competition and had it shown on "Doctor Who Confidential". The children are now the youngest people to have written a "Doctor Who" episode. Oakley Church of England Junior School Oakley Church of England Junior School was founded in 1962 and is a junior school that serves the village of Oakley, Hampshire, England. It has multiple facilities, including an outdoor swimming pool, IT suite, copse and a school choir that regularly participates in events at the Anvil Theatre, Basingstoke . The feeder school is Cranbourne Business and Enterprise College. The

neg: African tick bite fever tick bite, causing necrosis (cell death) and lymph node inflammation. This is the cause of the characteristic eschar. Many patients with ATBF who live in areas with a high number of infections (Africa and the West Indies) do not visit a doctor, as most patients only have mild symptoms. This disease can, however, cause more serious symptoms in travelers who have never been exposed to the "Rickettsia africae" bacterium before and are not immune. Travelers who present to a doctor after a trip to affected areas can be hard to diagnose, as many tropical diseases cause a fever similar to

neg: Francis Hacker Francis Hacker Colonel Francis Hacker (died 19 October 1660) was an English soldier who fought for Parliament during the English Civil War and one of the Regicides of King Charles I of England. Hacker was third son of Francis Hacker of East Bridgford and Colston Basset, Nottinghamshire, by Margaret, daughter of Walter Whalley of Cotgrave. From the outbreak of the English Civil War Hacker vehemently supported the Parliamentary cause, though the rest of his family seem to have been royalists. On 10 July 1644 he was appointed one of the militia committee for the county of Leicester, the scene of

neg: Tension myositis syndrome at all. The TMS theory has also been criticized as too simplistic to account for the complexity of pain syndromes. James Rainville, a medical doctor at New England Baptist Hospital, said that while TMS treatment works for some patients, Sarno mistakenly uses the TMS diagnosis for other patients who have real physical problems. Sarno response was that he had success with many patients who have exhausted every other means of treatment, which he said is proof that regression to the mean is not the cause. Tension myositis syndrome Tension myositis syndrome (TMS), also known as tension myoneural syndrome or mindbody

neg: The Last Voyage (Doctor Who) where people disappear without cause. Only for a twist in the solution. The Last Voyage (Doctor Who) The Last Voyage is an exclusive to audio "Doctor Who" story, produced as part of BBC Books' New Series Adventures line, and the sixth entry in the series to be produced. Written by author Dan Abnett and read by David Tennant, it features the Tenth Doctor travelling alone. It was released on 5 January 2010 and originally supposed to be the Tenth Doctor's final story, but was followed by Dead Air. The Doctor lands the TARDIS on a space cruiser on its maiden

neg: History of universities in Scotland to attend university had to travel to England, to Oxford or Cambridge, or to the Continent. Just over 1,000 students have been identified as doing so between the twelfth century and 1410. Among the destinations Paris was the most important, but also Cologne, Orléans, Wittenberg, Louvain and Vienna. Among these travelling scholars, the most important intellectual figure was John Duns Scotus (c. 1266–1308), who studied at Oxford, Cambridge and Paris. He probably died at Cologne in 1308, after becoming a major influence on late medieval religious thought. After the outbreak of the Wars of Independence (1296–1357), with occasional exceptions under

neg: William Morgan (of Tredegar) William Morgan (of Tredegar) Sir William Morgan (1560–1655) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons of England in 1624 and 1625. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Morgan was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Morgan (died 1603). He was knighted on 23 July 1603. In 1612 he was Sheriff of Monmouthshire. In 1624, Morgan was elected Member of Parliament for Monmouthshire. He was re-elected MP for Monmouthshire in 1625. On the outbreak of Civil War, Morgan was Commissioner of Array for King and became Governor of Newport. He received King Charles

neg: The Doctor (Doctor Who) the Damned". In the Virgin New Adventures, the Seventh Doctor is shown briefly interacting with a man who may be the Third Doctor in the Sherlock Holmes crossover novel "All-Consuming Fire", but the scene is narrated from the perspective of Dr. Watson and thus the other man is never expressly identified. The Virgin Missing Adventures novel "Cold Fusion" is a unique twist on the traditional multi-Doctor story as it focuses on the Fifth Doctor's adventures before he meets the Seventh, where normal stories treat the later Doctor as 'the' Doctor. The BBC novel "The Eight Doctors" was written by respected

neg: Scottish society in the Middle Ages attend grammar schools to learn "perfyct Latyne". All this resulted in an increase in literacy, but which was largely concentrated among a male and wealthy elite, with perhaps 60 per cent of the nobility being literate by the end of the period. Until the fifteenth century, those who wished to attend university had to travel to England or the continent, and just over a 1,000 have been identified as doing so between the twelfth century and 1410. After the outbreak of the Wars of Independence, with occasional exceptions under safe conduct, English universities were closed to Scots and continental universities

neg: Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham from £400 to £350, and Arthur Capell was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Capell of Hadham, in the County of Hertford, on 6 August 1641. However, Capell was openly allying himself with the King's cause by early 1642, on which side his sympathies were now engaged. On the outbreak of the English Civil War, he was appointed lieutenant-general of Shropshire, Cheshire, and North Wales, where he rendered useful military services, and was later made one of the Councillors of Prince Charles Stewart (who later became King Charles II of England), as well as a commissioner at

neg: Charles Ingram (cricketer) Charles Ingram (cricketer) Charles Penfold Ingram (24 April 1833 – 20 August 1868) was an English doctor of medicine and a cricketer who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University in 1854 and 1859. He was born at Steyning, West Sussex and died there as well. Ingram played as a lower order batsman and bowler for Cambridge against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in June 1854, scoring 14 and 10 and taking a single wicket; after this, he was picked for the 1854 University match against Oxford University where he played as an opening batsman, scoring 4 and 2, and did

neg: Else Ury her fellow Holocaust victims. An S-Bahn arch in Charlottenburg is named in her honor. A cenotaph in Berlin's Weissensee Jewish Cemetery (Jüdischer Friedhof Weißensee) commemorates her as well. Else Ury describes in "Nesthäkchen and the World War" the experiences of Annemarie Braun, who is eleven years old when the story begins and thirteen when it ends. Annemarie's father serves as an army doctor in France. Annemarie's mother is in England with relatives and is not able to return to Germany due to the outbreak of war. Annemarie and her two older brothers, Hans and Klaus, are cared for by a

neg: Jeptha Vining Harris (Mississippi) They had the following children who survived to adulthood: Mary O. Harris, Willis Banks Harris (who served on the staff of Confederate Brigadier General Jacob H. Sharp) and Lucy Harris Duncan. Harris was the uncle of Jeptha Vining Harris, a doctor who served in the Confederate States Army and was later a doctor, customs collector and school superintendent at Key West, Florida. At the outbreak of the Civil War, at his own expense, Jeptha Vining Harris equipped a company of soldiers for the Confederate Army. In August 1861 or 1862, Harris joined the Mississippi militia and was elected captain of

neg: Henryk IV Probus Rome. Following the version of Ottokar of Styria, should be sought among the Wrocław townspeople (just like Henry IV's father) two brothers, one of them was lawyer and the other doctor. The only two persons who could be identified as the brothers were John (who was an adviser of the Duchy and a lawyer) and Jakob (known as "Magister", so probably a doctor), sons of one Goćwina, who was a doctor in the court of Henry III the White. They still in their posts at the time of Henry IV's death. It's assumed that they acted on behalf of Henry

neg: Chipotle Mexican Grill proximity to someone who had gotten ill at Chipotle, such as a roommate or dorm-mate. Boston authorities traced the cause of the outbreak to a sick employee who was allowed to work on the day of the outbreak. Chipotle has since fired the employee and also the manager who knowingly allowed the ill worker to complete his shift instead of following health codes. On February 8, 2016, Chipotle closed all of its eateries nationwide for a few hours during the morning for an all-staff meeting on food safety. The company hired a new head of food safety, who instituted changes

neg: Influenza A virus subtype H3N8 virus to humans has not occurred during outbreaks of the disease in horses. The present day lineages of equine influenza poses no threat to people. H3N8 has been identified as the probable cause of the 1889–1890 flu pandemic in humans, and also another epidemic in 1898–1900. Before the identification of H3N8 as the likely cause of the 1889 pandemic, the H2N2 subtype was most commonly suggested as the likely cause. At this point, it is not possible to identify the viral subtype for either the 1889 or 1900 outbreak with certainty. A 1997 study found H3N8 was responsible for over