query: when were smart meters introduced in the uk

pos: Smart meter plan (in May 2009), technological uncertainties in terms of system communication, alleged supply problems of certified meters that were available only in June 2010 and ongoing negotiations with the regulators about the level of cost acceptance. In August 2007, the UK Government held a consultation on improving metering and information about power consumption. The consultation attached the necessary draft regulations and proposed that, from 2008, domestic customers should provide comparative historical consumption data and electricity suppliers should provide a real-time display unit within time limits. For business customers, it was proposed that gas and electricity suppliers should install smart meters

neg: Smart meter a mandatory roll-out smart meters are voluntary. By the end of 2016 there were 3 million households (39%) with smart meters installed. The Dutch government aims for a minimum of 80%, but preferably 100%, of households with smart meters installed in 2020. In November 2005, energy supplier Meridian Energy introduced the usage of smart meters in the Central Hawkes Bay area with more than 1,000 households participating. By late 2006, over 6,300 smart meters had been installed as part of the initial trial. On June 28, 2007, the first roll-out began for households in Christchurch and there were plans to

neg: Smart meter to "try and ensure there is a meter in every home" by 2020. The United Kingdom roll-out is considered to be the largest programme ever undertaken, involving visits to 30 million homes and 2 million small businesses to replace meters for both gas and electricity. Most households will have smart meters installed by their energy company before 2020. At the end of 2013 there were 295,700 smart meters installed in domestic properties in Great Britain. In March 2016, figures released by the Department for Energy and Climate Change showed that only 2.3 million smart meters had been installed in UK

neg: Smart meter than simple automated meter reading (AMR). They are similar in many respects to Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) meters. Interval and time-of-use meters historically have been installed to measure commercial and industrial customers, but may not have automatic reading. Research by the UK consumer group, showed that as many as one in three confuse smart meters with energy monitors, also known as in-home display monitors. The roll-out of smart meters is claimed to be one strategy for saving energy. While energy suppliers in the UK could save around £300 million a year from their introduction, benefits to users of electricity depends

neg: Smart meter design of the smart meter devices and for the transmission of data. The goal is to open up the energy market to digitalisation, while ensuring a high standard of data protection and ICT security. The Smart Meters Operation Act ("Messstellenbetriebsgesetz") sets out, in 77 sections, rules on the marketing and use of Smart Meters and Smart Meter Gateways. The Act introduced new regulated market roles, particularly the role of the Meter Operator, responsible the implementation, operation and maintenance of Smart Meters, with specific legal obligations in that role. The responsibility connected with the roll out of the Meter Operator rests

neg: Smart meter came in, but the reality is there are now at least five million and perhaps as many as 10 million Smets I meters." UK smart meters use the mobile phone network to communicate, so they do not work properly when coverage is weak. A solution has been proposed but was not operational as of March 2017. In March 2018 the National Audit Office, which watches over public spending, opened an investigation into the smart meter programme, which had cost £11bn by then, paid for by electricity users through higher bills. Ross Anderson and Alex Henney have written that "Ed Miliband

neg: Smart meter has launched a pilot program with 40,000 smart meters deployed as of the summer of 2011. CPS plans to complete installation of smart meters (electricity and gas) for all customers by the end of 2016. Each meter reports data to CPS every 15 minutes over a wireless network, making the data available to the customer through the CPS website. El Paso Electric does not have any plans to implement Smart Grid meters as of April 2014. Several retail electric providers including TXU Energy and Direct Energy introduced rate plans that encourage smart meter users to shift load to off-peak hours.

neg: Arc Innovations satellite for the meter’s two-way communication. Following Arc Innovation’s launch in 2003 the company spent two years researching and developing smart meters. The introduction of this first generation of smart meters saw 6,000 meters installed in Central Hawkes Bay over 2005 and 2006. Following this, 125,000 smart meters were deployed to the wider Christchurch area. In 2009, approximately 70% of Christchurch homes were installed with smart meters, making it the largest smart metering network in Australasia at that time. Following the two major earthquakes in September 2010 and February 2011, smart meters in Christchurch were able to be used to

neg: Electric Kiwi smart meters being rolled out countrywide. Despite smart meters being installed in a growing number of New Zealand households, electricity retailers were not using their capabilities for the benefit of customers. Consumer advocacy group Consumer NZ noted, "When we last wrote about smart meters in 2008, we predicted they’d be great for the electricity industry, but were sceptical about the benefits for consumers. Unfortunately, we were right – they’ve saved power companies money, but most of us are yet to enjoy lower costs or increased control over our electricity use." As its point of differentiation, Electric Kiwi set out to

neg: Smart meter the power retailers benefited, not consumers, nor the environment. In 2015 the New Zealand office of the Privacy Commissioner raised concerns that smart meters recorded personal information including the time that homeowners were home or not, the office said "the [smart meter] readings undoubtedly contained private information, and power companies needed to be more upfront about their handling of the torrent of personal information gathered by smart meters". Northern Europe became the hotspot for AMM (Advanced Metering Management) in Europe in 2003 when Sweden announced the decision to require monthly readings of all electricity meters by 2009. Soon activities spread

neg: Smart grids by country Department of Energy and Climate Change under the Cameron-Clegg coalition from 2010 - 2015 and now under Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and Office of Gas and Electricity Markets, the (rollout of) smart meters are estimated to cost £11 Billion, providing the British economy a net £6.7 Billion benefit. Smart Energy UK identifies the different roles of six stakeholders involved in the rollout of smart meters: Support for smart grids became federal policy with passage of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. The law, Title13, sets out $100 million in funding per fiscal year from 2008–2012,

neg: Smart meter meters provide any financial benefit to consumers, however, the cost of the installation of the new system is absorbed by those customers. Smart meters expose the power supply to cyberattacks that could lead to power outages, both by cutting off people's electricity and by overloading the grid. However many cyber security experts state that smart meters of UK and Germany have a relatively high cybersecurity and that any such attack there would thus require extraordinarily high efforts or financial resources. Implementing security protocols that protect these devices from malicious attacks been problematic, due to their limited computational resources and long

neg: Smart meter the car. A leading energy expert has expressed concerns that whatever system of smart metering arises in Ireland must give homeowners the possibility of automatically responding to fluctuating electricity prices by, for instance, buying electricity when at its cheapest, and selling micro-generated electricity from wind turbines or solar photovoltaic panels into the grid when the best price is available. Italy has already deployed smart electrical meters. Legislation forced gas utilities to deploy smart gas meters from large industrial consumers down to almost every residential customer by the end of 2016. Remote reading and management of smart gas meters must be

neg: Technological and industrial history of 21st-century Canada Government of Ontario instructed the provincial hydro utility to provide all of its customers with digital smart hydro meters by 2010 as a first step towards the creation of a Smart Grid, which would conserve electricity. The project had been largely completed as of that date. In BC, BC Hydro announced in 2010 the replacement of existing hydro metres with digital smart meters for its 1.8 million residential and commercial customers, by 2012. In Vancouver, the Vancouver Fuel Cell Vehicle Program, a pilot project, was introduced in 2005 to study the use of hydrogen as a power source for cars.

neg: Smart meter pre-Internet, Metretek utilized the IBM series 1 mini-computer. For this approach, Paraskevakos and Metretek were awarded multiple patents. Since the inception of electricity deregulation and market-driven pricing throughout the world, utilities have been looking for a means to match consumption with generation. Non-smart electrical and gas meters only measure total consumption, providing no information of when the energy was consumed. Smart meters provide a way of measuring this site-specific information, allowing utility companies to charge different prices for consumption according to the time of day and the season. Utility companies say that smart metering offers potential benefits to householders. These

neg: Smart meter install more than 112,000 smart meters by January 2009. These smart meters are made by a Christchurch-based company, Arc Innovations, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Meridian Energy. In June 2009, the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment released a report that was critical of the "lack of smartness" in the 150,000 smart meters installed in New Zealand thus far. Dr Jan Wright called for government leadership for this "infrastructure of national importance." Wright emphasised that the meters were capable of being smart, but that the failure to include the HAN chips at the initial installation meant that currently only

neg: Internet of things stated it would follow formal Privacy by Design principles when implementing their smart metering program. The program would lead to replacement of traditional power meters with smart power meters, which could track and manage energy usage more accurately. However the British Computer Society is doubtful these principles were ever actually implemented. In 2009 the Dutch Parliament rejected a similar smart metering program, basing their decision on privacy concerns. The Dutch program later revised and passed in 2011. A challenge for producers of IoT applications is to clean, process and interpret the vast amount of data which is gathered by the

neg: Hive Connected Home control to activate lighting, plugs and heating. On September 27, 2016, the company launched two new smart LED bulbs that can be controlled to alter the colour and tone of the bulbs. Energy efficiency targets set by UK energy industry regulator Ofgem aim to convert 53 million homes and small businesses to use smart gas and electricity meters by the end of 2020. Since this was announced, there has been an increase in partnerships between smart thermostat companies and utility companies. The company is the only UK-based, connected homes organisation that provides an end-to-end service, including the creation and installation

neg: Smart meter on their using the information to change their pattern of energy use. For example, smart meters may facilitate taking advantage of lower off-peak time tariffs, and selling electricity back to the grid with net metering. The installed base of smart meters in Europe at the end of 2008 was about 39 million units, according to analyst firm Berg Insight. Globally, Pike Research found that smart meter shipments were 17.4 million units for the first quarter of 2011. Visiongain determined that the value of the global smart meter market would reach US$7 billion in 2012. Smart meters may be part of

neg: Smart meter the province by the end of 2010. Notably, the addition of smart meters to the grid in Ontario has been financed, in part, by the Green Energy Act 2009 and the resulting tariff known as the Global Adjustment. This fee has played a major role in financing additional investments in the grid, such as smart meters and new high capacity transmission lines. BC Hydro in British Columbia, Canada supplied Itron smart meters to most of its customers by the end of 2012. Smart meter installations have been associated with several fires in Canada, but these were probably caused by pre-existing

neg: Overvoltage blew up the Smart meters, and sparks shot out of wall outlets. The overvoltage only ended when the Smart meters blew up, or after 90 minutes when the power was physically cut. The incident was not reported by PG&E to the California PUC, only that there was a day-long "outage" while the exploded system components were being restored. The transient pulses can get into the equipment either by power or data lines, or directly through space from a strong electromagnetic field change - an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). Filters are used to prevent spikes entering or leaving the equipment through wires,

neg: Smart shop supplements are appropriate for users of stimulants such as amphetamine. Vitamin B12 is depleted by recreational use of nitrous oxide, and is thereby useful. Smart shop is distinguished from head shops found in many countries. Head shops provide only paraphernalia, whereas smart shops usually sell at least some actual drugs. The term head shop is more common in the UK, though many British head shops sold magic mushrooms until July 2005 when the Government introduced a complete ban on magic mushrooms, putting them in the same category as heroin and crack cocaine. Many of the British head shops still sell

neg: Distribution Transformer Monitor GTM Research (a division of Greentech Media) expects strong growth from the U.S. market for transformer monitoring hardware, increasing its current valuation of $112 million annually to $755 million by 2020. To date, smart grid providers have presented electric utility operators with significant management and control tools for substations, and have introduced Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI, or smart meters) to improve data access at the beginning and endpoints within the distribution grid. However, the expansive, and arguably most vulnerable segment of the grid remains the section between substations and endpoint meters—comprising 2.2 million line miles (US grid), and 50 million

neg: Smart grid well as desynchronization attacks which affect when such information is delivered to the appropriate location. Additionally, intruders can again access via renewable energy generation systems and smart meters connected to the grid, taking advantage of more specialized weaknesses or ones whose security has not been prioritized. Because a smart grid has a large number of access points, like smart meters, defending all of its weak points can prove difficult. There is also concern on the security of the infrastructure, primarily that involving communications technology. Concerns chiefly center around the communications technology at the heart of the smart grid. Designed to

neg: Smart meter homes. This was well behind schedule to hit the government’s target to have 50 million in place by 2020. As of August 2018, 11 million SMETS1 devices were functioning normally, with 637,000 in "dumb" mode, according to the government. 42 million remained to be installed by the 2020 deadline. Until 2018, the vast majority of smart meters being installed were "first generation" SMETS1 types. If a user of one of these meters switches electricity supplier, the meter’s smart functions are lost, and it must be read manually. SMETS2 meters allow easy switching and better remote reading, but only 450 had

neg: Google PowerMeter eight million cars. It was hoped that this tool would raise the home-owner's awareness of how much energy they use and make users more energy efficient. PowerMeter was intended for use with smart meters able to track electricity usage in more detail than standard electric meters. According to Google, in 2009 there were approximately 40 million smart meters in use worldwide. By early 2009, approximately 7% of US homes had a smart meter installed. Some other types of electricity meters and in-home energy use displays could also be used with PowerMeter. In October 2009 Google PowerMeter announced their first "device

neg: Smart meter be minuscule compared to RF exposure to cell phones and microwave ovens. Issues surrounding smart meters causing fires have also been reported, particularly involving the manufacturer Sensus. In 2012. PECO Energy Company replaced the Sensus meters it had deployed in the Philadelphia region after reports that a number of the units had overheated and caused fires. In July 2014, SaskPower, the province-run utility company of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, halted its roll-out of Sensus meters after similar, isolated incidents were discovered. Shortly afterward, Portland General Electric announced that it would replace 70,000 smart meters that had been deployed in

neg: Smart meter meters in 2008. More than 165,000 two-way meters have been installed by spring 2009, and integration with AE's meter data management system is underway. A previous project in 2002 exchanged approximately 140,000 mechanical meters for smart meters at residential apartments, condominiums, and other high-meter-density locations. Centerpoint Energy in Houston, Texas, deployed smart meters to more than 2 million electricity customers in the Houston-Metro and Galveston service locations. Estimated completion of CenterPoint Energy's smart meter deployment was 2012. In October 2009, the U.S. Department of Energy awarded a $200 million grant for use in deployment of Centerpoint Energy's smart meter network.

neg: Smart Araneta Coliseum Smart Araneta Coliseum The Smart Araneta Coliseum, known as The Big Dome, is an indoor multi-purpose sports arena that is part of the Araneta Center in the Cubao area of Quezon City, Philippines. It is one of the largest indoor arenas in Asia, and it is also one of the largest clear span domes in the world. The dome measures approximately 108.0 meters making it the largest dome in Asia from its opening in 1960 until 2001 when it was surpassed by the Ōita Stadium in Japan with a dome measuring 274.0 meters. The Smart Araneta Coliseum is mostly used

neg: Eric Gioia lobbied Con Ed to implement a smart grid, commenting that "new digital technology - called Smart Meters - has allowed customers elsewhere to cut their bills by 10%, but here in New York, Con Ed continues to rely on 19th century technology to power a 21st century city." In August 2009, Con Ed launched a pilot smart grid project in Gioia's district in Western Queens. Fire Department of New York radios failed in the Twin Towers during the rescue operations immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. Council member Gioia introduced a measure to have

neg: Smart grid the smart grid. Smart grid technologies emerged from earlier attempts at using electronic control, metering, and monitoring. In the 1980s, automatic meter reading was used for monitoring loads from large customers, and evolved into the Advanced Metering Infrastructure of the 1990s, whose meters could store how electricity was used at different times of the day. Smart meters add continuous communications so that monitoring can be done in real time, and can be used as a gateway to demand response-aware devices and "smart sockets" in the home. Early forms of such demand side management technologies were dynamic demand aware devices that

neg: Smart grid money and help reduce emissions. Most opposition and concerns have centered on smart meters and the items (such as remote control, remote disconnect, and variable rate pricing) enabled by them. Where opposition to smart meters is encountered, they are often marketed as "smart grid" which connects smart grid to smart meters in the eyes of opponents. Specific points of opposition or concern include: While modernization of electrical grids into smart grids allows for optimization of everyday processes, a smart grid, being online, can be vulnerable to cyberattacks. Transformers which increase the voltage of electricity created at power plants for long-distance

neg: Smart meter submission to the Public Accounts Committee, Anderson wrote that Ofgem were "making all the classic mistakes which have been known for years to lead to public-sector IT project failures" and that the "most critical part of the project - how smart meters will talk to domestic appliances so as to facilitate demand response - is essentially ignored." The high number of SMETS1 meters installed has been criticised by Peter Earl, head of energy at the price comparison website comparethemarket.com. He said, "The Government expected there would only be a small number of the first-generation of smart meters before Smets II

neg: Smart meter the state of Oregon after similar reports. The company noted that it had been aware of the issues since at least 2013, and that they were limited to certain models it had installed between 2010 and 2012. On July 30, 2014, after a total of eight recent fire incidents involving the meters, SaskPower was ordered by the Government of Saskatchewan to immediately end its smart meter program, and remove the 105,000 smart meters it had installed. One technical reason for privacy concerns is that these meters send detailed information about how much electricity is being used each time. More frequent

neg: Smart doorbell a smart lock. One of the earliest smart doorbells that entered to the market is the Ring Video Doorbell which was created by entrepreneur James Siminoff in 2012. Since then, several smart doorbells have been introduced to the market, some of them with additional, unique features. Alarming concerns regarding the security of the smart doorbells have been raised. Researchers at Pen Test Partners in the UK have analyzed the Ring smart doorbell and concluded that it's possible for an attacker to gain access to the homeowner’s wireless network by unscrewing the Ring, pressing the setup button and accessing the configuration

neg: Smart meter been installed (80 in households); by June 2018 over 1,000 had been installed, increasing to 2,000 in August. SMETS1 meters are not allowed to be installed after 13 January 2019. The Home Area Network is implemented using ZigBee. This is the network your appliances use to communicate with your controller. Citizens Advice said in August 2018 that 80% of people with a smart meter were happy with them, but it had 1,000 calls in 2017 about problems, including first-generation smart meters losing their functionality, aggressive sales practices, and still having to send smart meter readings. Ross Anderson of the Foundation

neg: Smart grid "Smart" Meters, Customer Interface Systems, Distribution & Substation Automation, Volt/VAR Optimization Systems, over 1,000 Synchrophasors, Dynamic Line Rating, Cyber Security Projects, Advanced Distribution Management Systems, Energy Storage Systems, and Renewable Energy Integration Projects. This program consisted of Investment Grants (matching), Demonstration Projects, Consumer Acceptance Studies, and Workforce Education Programs. Reports from all individual utility programs as well as overall impact reports will be completed by the second quarter of 2015. Austin, Texas. In the US, the city of Austin, Texas has been working on building its smart grid since 2003, when its utility first replaced 1/3 of its manual meters

neg: Smart grids by country current electricity meters with smart meters by 2020 wherever cost-benefit analysis demonstrates a positive result. This smart metering and smart grids rollout can reduce emissions in the EU by up to 9% and annual household energy consumption by similar amounts. On 30 November 2016, the Commission published a proposal stating that all consumers should be entitled to request a smart meter from their supplier. Smart meters should allow consumers to reap the benefits of the progressive digitalisation of the energy market via several different functions. Consumers should also be able to access dynamic electricity price contracts. . A 2014 Commission

neg: Smart meter devices to show incorrect results, as well as teaching people how to do it themselves. Most health concerns about the meters arise from the pulsed radiofrequency (RF) radiation emitted by wireless smart meters. Members of the California State Assembly asked the California Council on Science and Technology (CCST) to study the issue of potential health impacts from smart meters. The CCST report in April 2011 found no health impacts, based both on lack of scientific evidence of harmful effects from radio frequency (RF) waves and that the RF exposure of people in their homes to smart meters is likely to

neg: Smart meter identify marijuana growing operations. Smart meter power data usage patterns can reveal much more than how much power is being used. Research has demonstrated that smart meters sampling power levels at two-second intervals can reliably identify when different electrical devices are in use. Ross Anderson has written about privacy concerns. He writes "It is not necessary for my meter to tell the power company, let alone the government, how much I used in every half-hour period last month"; that meters can provide "targeting information for burglars"; that detailed energy usage history can help energy companies to sell users exploitative countracts;

neg: Nova Scotia Power fully networked power grid far beyond the capabilities of typical "smart meters". The questions and answers on Nova Scotia Power's website suggest no clear or current plan to install smart meters, and a slow transition away from analog metering to digital meters that still require manual meter reads. In June 2017 NSP withdrew its application for a pilot project to test wireless smart meters, under criticism from consumer advocates. It instead proposed that it "would prepare a new application for provincewide installation of the meters, including a cost-benefit analysis, which it will submit to the board sometime this summer" i.e.

neg: Smart traffic light of cars had such technology. Meanwhile, in the United Kingdom, lights that change to red when sensing that an approaching motorist is traveling too fast are being trialled in Swindon to see if they are more effective at reducing the number of accidents on the road than the speed cameras that preceded them and which were removed following a council decision in 2008. These lights are more focused on encouraging motorists to obey the law but if they prove to be a success then they could pave the way for more sophisticated systems to be introduced in the UK. In

neg: Open Smart Grid Protocol Open Smart Grid Protocol The Open Smart Grid Protocol (OSGP) is a family of specifications published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) used in conjunction with the ISO/IEC 14908 control networking standard for smart grid applications. OSGP is optimized to provide reliable and efficient delivery of command and control information for smart meters, direct load control modules, solar panels, gateways, and other smart grid devices. With over 5 million OSGP based smart meters and devices deployed worldwide it is one of the most widely used smart meter and smart grid device networking standards. OSGP follows a modern, structured approach

neg: BC Hydro plan that will keep electricity rates as low as possible. Increases during the first five years will be between 9 and 3 percent annually. BC Hydro's profitability is affected by its large debt, estimated to reach five billion dollars by 2017. BC Hydro's Smart Metering Program in 2011 introduced the installation of Itron C2S0D Smart meters as mandatory. In 2013 BC Hydro offered the Meter Choices Program for $20 to $30 monthly. BC Hydro The BC Hydro and Power Authority is a Canadian electric utility in the province of British Columbia, generally known simply as BC Hydro. It is the

neg: Smart meter In 2007, the Dutch government proposed that all seven million households of the country should have a smart meter by 2013, as part of a national energy reduction plan. In August 2008 the roll out of these seven million meters was delayed for several reasons. Main reasons for the delay were that there was limited possibility foreseen to register small scale local energy production (e.g. by solar panels), and that there was uncertainty in parliament on future developments in smart meters. On April 7, 2009 the Dutch government had to back down after consumer groups raised privacy concerns. Instead of

neg: Smart meter the centralized IDS architecture is superior in terms of cost efficiency and security gains. In the United Kingdom, the Data Communication Company, which transports the commands from the supplier to the smart meter, performs an additional anomality check on commands issued (and signed) by the energy supplier. According to a report by Brian Krebs, in 2009 a Puerto Rico electricity supplier asked the FBI to investigate large-scale thefts of electricity related to its smart meters. The FBI found that former employees of the power company and the company that made the meters were being paid by consumers to reprogram the

neg: CGI Group to access a central network on smart meters. As of 2014 CGI has also been commissioned to build smart grids for high-profile projects such as Low Carbon London and InovGrid in Portugal. CGI has long been involved in the asset management market, developing a number of related software projects such as the PragmaCAD solution. CGI's ARM product suite is primarily used by US distribution companies, while CGI's Renewable Management System is used by companies such as EDP Renewables to "monitor and control energy production." CGI continues to be a member of the Institute of Asset Management (IAM) in the UK,

neg: Smart meter 2016, the 7 million smart meters in Texas had not persuaded many people to actually check their energy data as the process was too difficult. Smart meters can allow real-time pricing, and in theory this could help smooth power consumption as consumers adjust their demand in response to price changes. However, modelling by researchers at the University of Bremen suggests that in certain circumstances, "Power demand fluctuations are not dampened but amplified instead." In 2013, "Take Back Your Power", an independent Canadian documentary directed by Josh del Sol was released describing "dirty electricity" and the aforementioned issues with smart meters.

neg: Electric Kiwi Electric Kiwi Electric Kiwi is an independent online New Zealand electricity retailer. Established in 2014, the company is focused on using cloud computing and smart meters to more efficiently service customers in the major urban areas around the country. Its services depend on the presence of the smart meters in the customer's home; with over one million households in New Zealand equipped with smart meters as of January 2014, the majority of the country's population can be served by Electric Kiwi. As the smart meter rollout continues, the company's theoretical area of operation continues to expand. With its ‘no frills’

neg: Smart meter occurred in phases and every meter in Malta was to be 'smart' by 2012. The cost was approximately 40 million euros, paid by the Ministry of Infrastructure, Technology, and Communication. The 'smart meters' being used in Malta are manufactured by IBM. A pilot project is currently underway and more than 5,000 are being installed. The installation is paid for by the government, i.e. the taxpayers. Communication is a critical technological requirement for smart meters. Each meter must be able to reliably and securely communicate the information collected to some central location. Considering the varying environments and locations where meters are

neg: Smart grid in the United States or causes electricity disruptions. The smart grid grants will pay for installing more than 2.5 million smart meters, which allow utility customers to access dynamic pricing information and avoid periods of peak electricity use, when power is most expensive. The grants will also support the installation of other smart grid components, including more than 1 million in-home energy displays, 170,000 smart thermostats, and 175,000 other load control devices to enable consumers to reduce their energy use. The funding will help expand the market for smart washers, dryers, and dishwashers, so that U.S. residents can further control their energy use and

neg: Creos Luxembourg national territory, independently of the network operator. By the year 2020, Creos will thus install 300,000 smart meters that record detailed information on the consumption and production of energy throughout the entire territory of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, including 250,000 electricity meters and 50,000 gas meters. The installation of these new electricity and gas meters – called Smarty – in Luxembourg homes will enable the creation of networks with built-in real intelligence: smart grids. These smart grids are capable of monitoring decentralised electricity production (similarly to wind turbines and photovoltaic panels), directing the variations of the feeds into the

neg: Smart meter roll-out of smart meters was to get off to the best possible start and customers were to be sure of a quality service. In December 2013, the Government expected that the smart meter roll-outs would be completed by the end of 2020. Consumer groups such as Consumer Focus and the Consumers Association raised concerns about the extent to which consumer interests are protected during the roll-out, e.g., protection from pressure-selling while energy representatives are in their homes fitting meters. The Government banned sales activities during meter installation visits and put in place a number of consumer protection measures, including ensuring

neg: Water management device not have the means to meet their own needs). They have also been used to drastically reduce water demand during the Cape Town Water Crisis: devices were deployed on households which were not reducing their consumption below 10500 litres per month and were programmed to halt water flow if the household past 350 litres per day. Smart meters were also employed to help users identify maintenance issues in their water systems. A large effort was extended to install smart meters in schools around the city, enabling schools to detect leak and improve the maintenance of their system. The savings from

neg: Garmin while the UK version was supplied pre-loaded with maps of Western Europe. On June 2, 2011, Garmin introduced Astro 320. On June 12, 2014, Garmin introduced T5 and TT15 Collars for Astro and Alpha. On July 31, 2015, T5 mini and T15 mini collars were added. On June 16, 2016, Garmin introduced the Astro 430. On October 10, 2016, Garmin added pairing of the Astro 430 and Alpha 100 to Garmin Smart Watches. Garmin also manufactures a line of sonar fishfinders, including some units that also have GPS capability. In April 2008, Garmin launched Garmin Mobile PC, a GPS navigation

neg: Smart grid in China capacity will reach 400 GW, enough to connect all planned coal, hydro, nuclear and wind power to areas with high demand During 2011 SGCC took bids for 44 million smart meter units. In total, 65 companies received bids for smart meters from SGCC. The total smart meter market in China is estimated to be 330 million smart meter units worth approximately US$7.7 billion. By 2011, SGCC had deployed 45 million smart meter units. All SGCC users are expected to be equipped with smart meters by 2014. In December 2011 construction on battery energy storage station residing in Zhangbei, Hebei Province

neg: Smart grid with smart meters that communicate via a wireless mesh network. It currently manages 200,000 devices real-time (smart meters, smart thermostats, and sensors across its service area), and expects to be supporting 500,000 devices real-time in 2009 servicing 1 million consumers and 43,000 businesses. Boulder, Colorado completed the first phase of its smart grid project in August 2008. Both systems use the smart meter as a gateway to the home automation network (HAN) that controls smart sockets and devices. Some HAN designers favor decoupling control functions from the meter, out of concern of future mismatches with new standards and technologies available

neg: Smart meter options in common use include cellular communications (which can be expensive), Wi-Fi (readily available), wireless ad hoc networks over Wi-Fi, wireless mesh networks, low power long range wireless (LORA), ZigBee (low power, low data rate wireless), and Wi-SUN (Smart Utility Networks). The term "Smart Meter" often refers to an electricity meter, but it also may mean a device measuring natural gas or water consumption. Similar meters, usually referred to as interval or time-of-use meters, have existed for years, but "Smart Meters" usually involve real-time or near real-time sensors, power outage notification, and power quality monitoring. These additional features are more

neg: Machine to machine Meter collectors, which aggregate data relayed from the province's 3.8-million Smart Meters. In the UK, Telefonica won on a €1.78 billion ($2.4 billion) smart-meter contract to provide connectivity services over a period of 15 years in the central and southern regions of the country. The contract is the industry’s biggest deal yet. A third application is to use wireless networks to update digital billboards. This allows advertisers to display different messages based on time of day or day-of-week, and allows quick global changes for messages, such as pricing changes for gasoline. The industrial machine to machine market is undergoing a

neg: Vehicle-to-grid to increase the speed of adoption of EVs. This includes providing universal high-speed internet for use with smart grid meters, because most V2G-capable PEVs will not coordinate with the larger grid without it. The "Electric Delivery Plan for London" states that by 2015, there will be 500 on-road charging stations; 2,000 stations off-road in car parks; and 22,000 privately owned stations installed. Local grid substations will need to be upgraded for drivers who cannot park on their own property. By 2020 in the UK, every residential home will have been offered a smart meter, and about 1.7 million PEVs should

neg: Smart meter cooked the books" to make the case for smart meters appear economically viable. They say that the first three cost-benefit analyses of residential smart meters found that it would cost more than it would save, but "ministers kept on trying until they got a positive result... To achieve 'profitability' the previous government stretched the assumptions shamelessly". An economist at Ofgem who wanted to go public with his concerns about the smart meter programme was threatened with prosecution. On July 20, 2006, California's energy regulators approved a program to roll out conventional meters retrofit with communications co-processor electronics to 9 million

neg: Nova Scotia Power Lunenburg Electric Utility (TLEU) initiated a smart meter pilot project. Participating customers were provided with meters that could record power consumption in real time, and a wireless network was set up to communicate with the meters. Municipal Electric Utilities of Nova Scotia Cooperative Ltd. and the Nova Scotia Department of Energy had previously studied ways to reduce or shift demand during peak times as a way to reduce power costs for customers served by the municipal utilities. NSP had not piloted smart meters as of April 2013. As of 2014, time-of-day power rates are only available for customers using approved

neg: Smart meter metering and smart grid applications. Millions of smart meters based on OSGP are deployed worldwide. Numerous major security flaws in the OSGP protocol have been identified. There is a growing trend toward the use of TCP/IP technology as a common communication platform for Smart Meter applications, so that utilities can deploy multiple communication systems, while using IP technology as a common management platform. A universal metering interface would allow for development and mass production of smart meters and smart grid devices prior to the communication standards being set, and then for the relevant communication modules to be easily added or

neg: Smart meter Smart Meter In-Home Displays were being made available to Victorian consumers. At the beginning of 2014 there were three approved Smart Meter In-Home Displays directly available to consumers. Annual meter charge increases with smart meter costs in 2010 and projections to 2017 ($) The Ontario Energy Board in Ontario, Canada has worked to define the technology and develop the regulatory framework for its implementation. The Government of Ontario set a target of deploying smart meters to 800,000 homes and small businesses (i.e. small "general service" customers under 50 kW demand) by the end of 2007, which was surpassed, and throughout

neg: Smart meter smart meters and the remote controllable "kill switch" that is included with most of them. Many of these concerns regard wireless-only smart meters with no home energy monitoring or control or safety features. Metering-only solutions, while popular with utilities because they fit existing business models and have cheap up-front capital costs, often result in such "backlash". Often the entire smart grid and smart building concept is discredited in part by confusion about the difference between home control and home area network technology and AMI. The attorneys general of both Illinois and Connecticut have stated that they do not believe smart

neg: Quaianlagen (Zürich) the Enge port, was a considerable financial risk for the three communities that were involved. Smart financing models and the "unwavering optimism of the early years brilliantly mastered this challenge". The large-scale land reclamation works began in the area of Utoquai in the 1860s, requiring a total of 24.1 million cubic meters (850 million cu ft) of stone material and lake mud for an area of about . This was brought in by ship and introduced by machines specially designed for this purpose. The typical procedure was to construct a breakwater and then backfill it with less-stable lake marl. Railway

neg: Smart meter do not justify the cost. CL&P already offers its customers time-based rates. The state's Attorney General George Jepsen was quoted as saying the proposal would cause customers to spend upwards of $500 million on meters and get few benefits in return, a claim that Connecticut Light & Power disputed. There are questions whether electricity is or should be primarily a "when you need it" service where the inconvenience/cost-benefit ratio of time shifting of loads is poor. In the Chicago area, Commonwealth Edison ran a test installing smart meters on 8,000 randomly selected households together with variable rates and rebates to

neg: Commonwealth Edison General Assembly to over-ride Governor Quinn's Veto. When elected, Governor Rauner signed another bill favoring ComEd over the rights of citizens to have a choice to opt out from installation of Wireless Smart Meter. ComEd and the other primary utility company in Illinois have together installed more than 3 million smart meters—digital devices that collect information about how much electricity is used—at customer homes and businesses. The meters send that information to ComEd through wireless technology. ComEd has said that the technology "has avoided 7.6 million outages and generated $1.4 billion in societal savings." On February 28, 2018, Illinois utility

neg: Smart meter switched when they are. This would lower the risk of investing in the wrong standard as well as permit a single product to be used globally even if regional communication standards vary. Some smart meters may use a test IR LED to transmit non-encrypted usage data that bypasses meter security by transmitting lower level data in real time. The other critical technology for smart meter systems is the information technology at the utility that integrates the Smart Meter networks with the utility applications, such as billing and CIS. This includes the Meter Data Management system. It also is important for

neg: Electric Kiwi does not cause disruptions on their network. Electric Kiwi services customers in the following local lines company areas. Electric Kiwi Electric Kiwi is an independent online New Zealand electricity retailer. Established in 2014, the company is focused on using cloud computing and smart meters to more efficiently service customers in the major urban areas around the country. Its services depend on the presence of the smart meters in the customer's home; with over one million households in New Zealand equipped with smart meters as of January 2014, the majority of the country's population can be served by Electric Kiwi. As

neg: Home idle load single revolution of the spinning dial of an analog electric meter. Home idle load Home idle load is the continuous residential electric energy consumption as measured by smart meters. It differs from standby power (loads) in that it includes energy consumption by devices that cycle on and off within the hourly period of standard smart meters (such as fridges, aquarium heaters, wine coolers, etc.). As such, home idle loads can be measured accurately by smart meters. According to Stanford Sustainable Systems Lab, home idle load constitutes an average of 32% of household electricity consumption in the U.S. The primary categories

neg: Home idle load Home idle load Home idle load is the continuous residential electric energy consumption as measured by smart meters. It differs from standby power (loads) in that it includes energy consumption by devices that cycle on and off within the hourly period of standard smart meters (such as fridges, aquarium heaters, wine coolers, etc.). As such, home idle loads can be measured accurately by smart meters. According to Stanford Sustainable Systems Lab, home idle load constitutes an average of 32% of household electricity consumption in the U.S. The primary categories of devices that contribute to Home Idle Load include: Approaches to

neg: Smart meter industry and consumer groups for a national social marketing campaign to help raise awareness of smart metering and to give customers the information and support they need to become more energy efficient, and what changes they must make to realize the potential of proposed smart meters. In 2004, the Essential Services Commission of Victoria, Australia (ESC) released its changes to the Electricity Customer Metering Code and Procedure to implement its decision to mandate interval meters for 2.6 million Victorian electricity customers. The ESC's Final Paper titled "Mandatory Rollout of Interval Meters for Electricity Customers" foreshadowed the changes to be implemented

neg: Smart (marque) The electric, Brabus and Forfour versions are not available for the Brazilian market. Smart models were for sale in Australia from 2003 to 2015. It was announced in March 2015 that the Smart brand would be withdrawn from Australia due to poor sales. Launched in the United Kingdom in 2000, the current range features the Smart Fortwo convertible, and Smart Fortwo Coupé. Smart is available in the UK through Mercedes-Benz retailers. The UK is host to a number of annual events, both official and unofficial, including the Smart Festival, held annually at Mercedes-Benz World in Weybridge, near historic Brooklands -

neg: Smart meter Smart meter A smart meter is an electronic device that records consumption of electric energy and communicates the information to the electricity supplier for monitoring and billing. Smart meters typically record energy hourly or more frequently, and report at least daily. Smart meters enable two-way communication between the meter and the central system. Such an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) differs from automatic meter reading (AMR) in that it enables two-way communication between the meter and the supplier. Communications from the meter to the network may be wireless, or via fixed wired connections such as power line carrier (PLC). Wireless communication

neg: Google PowerMeter partner", The Energy Detective (TED 5000), an energy monitor from Energy Inc then only available only in North America, and their first UK partnership which was with AlertMe. In 2010 UK company Current Cost announced a collaboration with Google PowerMeter. San Diego Gas and Electric's Sempra Energy company announced plans to install 1.4 million smart meters in San Diego County and Southern Orange County by the end of 2011 and said that after they sent out 100,000 post cards to let consumers know they could use the Google PowerMeter service, about 6% had started to use it. In June 2011

neg: Baltimore Gas and Electric and distributing electricity during larger outages to the centralized electrical grid; however, in July 2016, the Maryland Public Service Commission rejected BGE’s request to construct microgrids. In 2012, the company began replacing analog electric meters with smart meters to create a more cost effective smart grid system. In June 2016, the Maryland Public Service Commission turned down BGE’s request for a rate increase to recover the $48 million cost of installing smart meters, granting them instead an increase that was only 50% of what the utility requested. The $2.80 rate increase went into effect in June 2016 and raised BGE

neg: Smart meter The film explores the various contexts of the health, legal, and economic concerns, and features narration from mayor of Peterborough, Ontario, Daryl Bennett, as well as American researcher De-Kun Li, journalist Blake Levitt, and Dr. Sam Milham. It won a Leo Award for best feature-length documentary and the Annual Humanitarian Award from Indie Fest the following year. Smart meter A smart meter is an electronic device that records consumption of electric energy and communicates the information to the electricity supplier for monitoring and billing. Smart meters typically record energy hourly or more frequently, and report at least daily. Smart meters

neg: Parking meter Parking meters in Santa Monica use vehicle detectors to prevent drivers from "feeding the meter" indefinitely, and to delete remaining time when a car departs so the next car cannot take any time without paying. Meters in Madrid give discounted and free parking to drivers of hybrid and electric vehicles, respectively. Drivers can reserve meters spots in Los Angeles by cellphone. Another advancement with parking meters are the new solar-powered meters that accept credit cards and still coins as well. The IPS Group, in San Diego, invented the credit card enabled solar powered “smart” single-space meter in 2007. IPS has

neg: Smart grid states in their efforts to modernize the electric grid. California was ranked number one. The other top states were Illinois, Texas, Maryland, Oregon, Arizona, the District of Columbia, New York, Nevada and Delaware. "The 30-plus page report from the GridWise Alliance, which represents stakeholders that design, build and operate the electric grid, takes a deep dive into grid modernization efforts across the country and ranks them by state." Smart grid A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operational and energy measures including smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy efficient resources. Electronic power

neg: VAZ-1151 VAZ-1151 VAZ-1151 or Гном (Gnome) is a city car concept from the Russian car company AvtoVAZ from 1990. Head designer was Petr Prusov. The car was very compact. Despite a length of 2.65 meters (slightly shorter than a Smart Fortwo at 2.69 meters) it was a four-seater (designed to fit 2 adults and 2 children). The total weight was 500 kg (compared to 730 kg for the Smart) and used small 12" wheels. The turning radius was exceptionally small, only 3.5 meters (compared with 6.95 for the Smart). The 1151 was powered by the small front-mounted 650cc 2-cylinder engine from

neg: Rod Smart history for a single season. He graduated with a degree in kinesiology. Smart was also a member of the track team at Western Kentucky, where he specialized in the 60 meters and 100 meters. Smart signed with the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted rookie free agent in 2000. He finished training camp with the team, but was released by the Chargers prior to the start of the 2000 NFL season. In the Spring of 2001, Smart joined the Las Vegas Outlaws of the XFL and adopted the nickname of "He Hate Me" which he wore on the back of

neg: Smart meter problems unrelated to the meters. BC Hydro says that "the risk of a smart meter installation causing an electrical problem is extremely low", and it assists homeowners if repairs are necessary for a safe installation. In November 2011, the Union of British Columbia Municipalities voted in favour of a moratorium to temporarily suspend smart meter installations. The provincial government insists that installations will proceed, based on global standards. As of May 2012, 39 municipalities in British Columbia have passed motions opposing the installation of smart meters. The utility company, BC Hydro, is not legally obliged to abide by these city

neg: Smart meter and contained the rollout timetable requiring interval meters to be installed for all small businesses and residences. The rollout commenced in mid-2009 and was completed at the end of 2013. The Commonwealth issued a Joint Communiqué at the Council of Australian Governments meeting in Canberra on 10 February 2006 committing all governments to the progressive rollout of smart metering technology from 2007. In 2009 the Victorian Auditor General undertook a review of the program and found that there were "significant inadequacies" in advice to government and that project governance "has not been appropriate". Meters installed in Victoria have been deployed

neg: Société de transport de l'Outaouais of 1988, the fleet had wheelchair accessible buses. These were of the 1995 first-generation LFS's, which have the more reusable flick-out rooms. Aside from these planes, wheelchair users rely on the paratransit service. A number of significant technology improvements and studies have been made over the past few decades by the STO. In 1998, The company introduced a smart-card fare system, making it the first company not only in the Americas but the entire Western Hemisphere to have a smart-card system. Paper card bus passes were gradually phased out until its official end in 2004 when smart cards became the

neg:
Committee on Climate Change on developing and deploying offshore wind, marine (wave and tidal), Carbon capture and storage, smart grids and meters, electric vehicles and aviation. Key recommendations:
 1. The impacts of climate change are already being felt in the UK
 2. The UK should act now to start to prepare itself for a warmer climate
 3. 5 Key priority areas for action are: buildings, land-use planning, emergency planning, infrastructure and natural resources Key recommendations:
 1. The scheme should be redesigned to reduce its complexity before the start of the 2nd phase
 2. Separate league tables should be established for the private and public

neg: Smart meter meter network as part of a broader program mostly unrelated to smart meters. The program was purchased as part of an unusual $1.7 million savings guarantee. The European Union has certain directives on smart meters that each member state must implement in its own legislation. According to Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council "Member States are required to ensure the implementation of smart metering systems that assist the active participation of consumers in the electricity supply and gas supply markets". There is a European Commission

neg: Smart meter technical documents all of the business and functional use cases, the conceptual architecture, mandatory international standards for electric, water and gas metering systems(for all types of consumers), telecommunication requirements, system interfaces and security mandates are defined. The ministry of energy decided to perform a pilot project called FAHAM-phase1 to test the technical and implementation challenges for implementing smart metering for all of the approximately thirty million electricity consumer. Malta is in the process of implementing smart meters in all commercial and private households. Enemalta, a governmental company responsible for electricity is responsible for the introduction of the smart meters. This

neg: Smart grid sharing utilizes GPS-clock-synchronized-fine-grain power grid measurements to provide increased grid stability and reliability. It does this through synchro-phasor requirements that are gathered by PMUs. Attestation for constrained smart meters faces a slightly different challenge, however. One of the biggest issues with attestation for constrained smart meters is that in order to prevent energy theft, and similar attacks, cyber security providers have to make sure that the devices’ software is authentic. To combat this problem, an architecture for constrained smart networks has been created and implemented at a low level in the embedded system. Before a utility installs an advanced metering

neg: Smart meter project called G.hnem, to address the home networking aspects of energy management, built upon existing Low Frequency Narrowband OFDM technologies. Google.org's PowerMeter, until its demise in 2011, was able to use a smart meter for tracking electricity usage, as can eMeter's Energy Engage as in, for example, the PowerCentsDC(TM) demand response program. "Advanced Metering Infrastructure" (AMI) refers to systems that measure, collect, and analyze energy usage, and communicate with metering devices such as electricity meters, gas meters, heat meters, and water meters, either on request or on a schedule. These systems include hardware, software, communications, consumer energy displays and controllers,

neg: Pacific Gas and Electric Company Smart Meter field tests, 611 meters were successfully tested and 100% passed Average Registration Accuracy. One meter was found to have serious errors and was malfunctioning on arrival, while another was found to have serious event errors upon installation. These meters were, therefore, excluded from testing. There were also complaints that the company did not honor customers' request not to have their mechanical meters replaced. Although the contractor that installed the meters would honor these requests, PG&E would eventually replace them anyway. In 2010, PG&E was accused of attempting to stifle competition with Proposition 16, which mandated approval from two-thirds

neg: Solar Cities in Australia audits, installation of smart meters and solar photovoltaic systems installed in selected homes and public buildings. Solar Cities in Australia Solar Cities is an innovative demonstration programme designed to promote solar power, smart meters, energy conservation and new approaches to electricity pricing to provide a sustainable energy future in urban locations throughout Australia. Adelaide, Alice Springs, Blacktown, Central Victoria and Townsville were nominated to be the first Solar Cities of Australia, in the 2007 election campaign the Labor government committed to expanding the programme to include Coburg and Perth. Solar Cities is an innovative program that aims to show how

neg: Smart meter Gas and Electric (BGE) of Maryland began installing or upgrading approximately two million electric and gas meters in every home and small business in their service area. This process was to take about three years to complete. The meters initially gave information to users on energy use. Some features, such as energy budgeting and tracking and personalized energy efficiency, were to be implemented by 2012, with further functions in 2013. Austin Energy, the nation's ninth-largest community-owned electric utility, with nearly 400,000 electricity customers in and around Austin, Texas, began deploying a two-way RF mesh network and approximately 260,000 residential smart

neg: Tata Power Delhi Distribution of select Industrial and Commercial Consumers of Tata Power Delhi Distribution. It is one of the first projects in the world where ADR and AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure for Smart Meters) were conceptualised together. The project was rolled out with approval from the Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC) Apart from ADR infrastructure, the projects components include Smart Meters, Radio Frequency (RF) Mesh Based Communication, Meter Data Management System (MDMS) and integration with other previously existing operational technology and IT systems like OMS and SAP. It covers over 100 km. of Industrial & Commercial Belt in North and North-West Delhi and

neg: Smart meter household used to reshape the energy consumption profile. In British Columbia the electric utility is government-owned and as such must comply with privacy laws that prevent the sale of data collected by smart meters; many parts of the world are serviced by private companies that are able to sell their data. In Australia debt collectors can make use of the data to know when people are at home. Used as evidence in a court case in Austin, Texas, police agencies secretly collected smart meter power usage data from thousands of residences to determine which used more power than "typical" to

neg: Nearables light sensor, humidity sensor or magnetometer. In the second interpretation the actual nearable devices can be part of an infinite array of smart interconnected objects, programmed to improve an individual's vicinity in every way, usually to be used in a smart home environment. Making today's homes smart by having nearable technologies creating these devices to act intuitively depending on the needs of individuals through self learning software. First examples of nearables were objects tagged with Bluetooth Smart beacons supporting accelerometer and temperature sensor and broadcasting their signal in range of approximately 50 meters. They can communicate with mobile applications installed

neg: Smart meter fully independent of the existing system of smart electrical meters. The technology intended to be used is mainly radio-based. More information can be found on the webpage published by the authority. Smart Grid implementation is underway in Iran. FAHAM is the National Smart Metering Program. The functional, technical, security, economic, and general requirements of this project were published as a document after a longtime workgroup of various stakeholders including representative of grid operators, meter manufactures, communication providers, business layer software providers, domestic and international consultants. The procedure of producing this document was base on EPRI Methodology (IEC 62559). In these

neg: Open metering system Open metering system The open metering system OMS stands for a manufacturer- and utilities-independent standardization for Meter-Bus based communication between utility meters (electricity, gas, water, district heat, heat cost allocators) and systems in the field of smart meters. With the starting point of the smart metering initiative driven by the European Union, several German multi utilities companies (public utility offering more than only one type of supply like electricity, gas, water and district heat) joined and asked international manufacturers of revenue meters to create a common standard. The goal was to have meters with standardized communication interfaces and systems in

neg: Gizmondo a trademark and company name were registered in the UK as "Smart Adds", though even Tiger Telematics occasionally slipped up and referred to it as Smart Ads in their publicity material. A "Smart Adds"-enabled Gizmondo cost less (£129/$229), but would display advertisements on the Gizmondo's screen at random intervals when the user entered the home screen. These advertisements would be downloaded via the device's GPRS data connection, and would be targeted based on data inputted to the device. A maximum of three ads would be shown per day. Some ads would include special offers in the form of vouchers or

neg: Brodie Clark gate. Newspaper coverage of smart gates was critical: John Vine, the Independent Chief Inspector of the UK Border Agency, inspected Manchester Airport between 5 and 7 May 2010. In his report, Mr Vine noted that: When face recognition was tested in the UK Passport Service Biometrics Enrolment Trial conducted in 2004, it failed with 31% of able-bodied participants and with 52% of disabled participants (para.1.2.1.4). On 5 February 2012, the "Financial Times" newspaper reported that the deployment of smart gates at UK airports had been "slowed", pending the findings of John Vine's report into the Brodie Clark affair. When flat