query: who became king after the english civil war

pos: English Civil War with his army from Scotland. On 4 April 1660, in the Declaration of Breda, Charles II made known the conditions of his acceptance of the Crown of England. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on 25 April 1660. On 8 May 1660, it declared that King Charles II had reigned as the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649. Charles returned from exile on 23 May 1660. On 29 May 1660, the populace in London acclaimed him as king. His coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661. These

pos: History of Christianity in Scotland the increasingly independent English New Model Army became strained and control of Scotland fell to those willing to compromise with the king. The resulting Engagement with the King led to a Second Civil War and a defeat for a Scottish invading army at Battle of Preston, by the New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell. After the coup of the Whiggamore Raid, the Kirk Party regained control in Scotland. After the execution of the king in January 1649 England was declared a commonwealth and the Scots declared his son king as Charles II. The English responded with an armed invasion

pos: The Laird o' Cockpen with an estate in Cockpen. Having fought on the Royalist side at the Battle of Worcester in 1651, the final battle of the English Civil War, he accompanied King Charles II to Holland after the defeat by Parliamentary forces. He became one of the King's favourites, but following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Cockpen discovered that his estate had been confiscated, and that an ungrateful King refused to answer his petitions for its return. But by a strategem he succeeded in re-establishing his familiarity with the King, who restored him to his lands. Nairne probably wrote "The Laird

pos: History of the Scots Guards (1642–1804) regiment took part in the fight against James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose who was fighting on the side of Charles I. In 1646, Montrose left Scotland upon the defeat of the King in England. In 1650, a year after the execution of King Charles I, his son, Charles II, arrived in Scotland to ascend to the throne of Scotland. That same year, the regiment became the Lyfe Guard of Foot of His Majesty King Charles II. In July that year, Oliver Cromwell, a leading figure of the English Civil War, and now leader of England, led an army into

pos: Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts The Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts consists of more than 22,000 pamphlets, broadsides, manuscripts, books, and news sheets, most of which were printed and distributed in London from 1640 to 1661. The collection represents a major primary source for the political, religious, military, and social history of England during the final years of the reign of King Charles I, the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the English Restoration of King Charles II. It is now held in the British Library. Bookseller and publisher George Thomason (died 1666), who maintained a shop in

pos: Thomas Stockton (judge) Thomas Stockton (judge) Thomas Stockton (1609–1674) was an English-born judge who held office in seventeenth-century Ireland. He was born at Cuddington Heath, Cheshire, the eldest son and heir of John Stockton (died 1643), who was Lord of the Manor of Cuddington, and his second wife Sarah. The Stockton family suffered heavily for their loyalty to the Crown during the English Civil War, but they recovered their estates after the Restoration of Charles II, when Thomas received high praise for his personal fidelity to the King. He entered Gray's Inn in 1634 and became an Ancient of the Inn in 1658.

pos: Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth Thomas Wentworth, KB, PC (bapt. 2 February 1612 – 1 March 1665) was an English soldier and politician who supported King Charles I in the English Civil War. He served the king during two parts of the English Civil War and accompanied the young Prince Charles (later King Charles II) in exile. Wentworth was born in 1612, the eldest son of the 1st Earl of Cleveland and his first wife, Anne. His exact birthdate is unknown, but parish records show that he was baptised on 2 February 1612. In 1640, he was elected Member of

pos: Oliver Cromwell's head Oliver Cromwell's head After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and Charles' subsequent beheading, Cromwell had become Lord Protector and ruler of the English Commonwealth. Following the death of Oliver Cromwell on 3 September 1658, he was given a public funeral at Westminster Abbey equal to those of the monarchs who came before him. His position passed to his son, Richard, who was overthrown by the army in 1659, after which the monarchy was re-established and King Charles II, who was living in exile, was recalled. Charles's new parliament ordered the disinterment of Cromwell's body

pos: Margaret Hughes Margaret Hughes Margaret Hughes (c. 1630 – 1 October 1719), also Peg Hughes or Margaret Hewes, is often credited as the first professional actress on the English stage. Hughes was also famous as the mistress of the English Civil War general and later Restoration admiral, Prince Rupert of the Rhine. Hughes became an actress during a period of great change in English drama. English drama had suffered greatly during the English Civil War and the Interregnum, being banned by the Puritan Long Parliament in 1642. This ban was finally lifted upon the Restoration of King Charles II. Charles was a

pos: Paulus Hook, Jersey City This was a trigger event for the Second Anglo-Dutch War in which the Dutch lost their North American territories. Charles II of England awarded territories to his brother James, Duke of York (who later became King James II), and the region between New England and Maryland became proprietary colonies (as opposed to a royal colony). James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River (the land that would become New Jersey) to two friends who had been loyal through the English Civil War: John Berkeley and George Carteret, who had been with the Duke in exile

pos: New Jersey purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. The entire region became a territory of England on June 24, 1664, after an English fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is today New York Harbor and took control of Fort Amsterdam, annexing the entire province. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and gave sanctuary to the King. It was from the Royal Square in Saint Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his

pos: English Civil War English Civil War The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") over, principally, the manner of England's governance. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. The overall outcome of the war was threefold: the trial and execution of Charles I

pos: Governor of Virginia crown colony. Governors continued to be appointed by the monarch for many years. Most often, the appointed governor would reside in England while a deputy or lieutenant governor actually exercised authority. Royal rule was interrupted during the English Civil War (1642-46 / 1648-49), after which governors were appointed by the Protectorate under Richard Cromwell (successor to Oliver Cromwell) in the interim Commonwealth of England until the English Restoration of the monarchy with King Charles II in 1660. Virginia became an independent sovereign state and Commonwealth during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), with Patrick Henry (1736-1799, served 1776-79 / 1786-89) as

pos: Thomas Gardiner (Royalist) her only child married an illegitimate son of King Charles II by Barbara Villiers, becoming Duchess of Southampton, but died of smallpox in 1680 at the age of seventeen. Thomas Gardiner (Royalist) Thomas Gardiner (1591–1652) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1640. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Gardiner was called to the bar ar Inner Temple in 1618. He became Recorder of London in 1636 and a bencher of his Inn. In 1639 he became treasurer of his Inn. In April 1640, Gardiner was elected Member of

pos: Church of King Charles the Martyr, Falmouth King Charles the Martyr, a title of King Charles I commemorating his execution on 30 January 1649 after the English Civil War. At the end of the war his heir, later Charles II, fled into exile via Pendennis Castle, a mile or so from where the church now stands, and planned to build "a chapel for public worship ... and when the wars ceased, to send an able and conscientious chaplain to preach God's word therein". Following the Restoration of the Monarchy however, it was Sir Peter Killigrew, of the nearby Arwenack Manor, who, having a long-standing ambition to found

pos: Third English Civil War Third English Civil War The Third English Civil War (1649–1651) was the last of the English Civil Wars (1642–1651), a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The Preston campaign of the Second Civil War was undertaken under the direction of the Scots Parliament, not the Kirk, and it took the execution of King Charles I to bring about a union of all Scottish parties against the English Independents. Even so, Charles II in exile had to submit to long negotiations and hard conditions before he was allowed to put himself at the head of the

pos: Edward Massey Edward Massey Sir Edward Massey () was an English soldier and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1646 and 1674. He fought for the Parliamentary cause for the first and second English Civil Wars before changing allegiance and fighting for King Charles II during the Third Civil War. During the Interregnum, he was active for the Royalist cause. After the Restoration, he was knighted and was active in public life, as a member of parliament and occasionally in military and administrative affairs. Edward Massie (frequently but erroneously spelled Massey) was the fifth son of

pos: James Hind James Hind James Hind (sometimes referred to as John Hind) (baptised 1616, died 1652) was a 17th-century highwayman and Royalist rabble rouser during the English Civil War. He came from the town of Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire. He fought in the English Civil War for the Royalist cause, some reports tell of him assisting the escape of King Charles II after his defeat Battle of Worcester. After the war he took up highway robbery against the Commonwealth forces with his exploits both real and embellished printed in numerous pamphlets that made him into a Royalist folk hero of the Robin Hood

pos: John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath to the peerage in 1660 as Earl of Bath and was also granted the reversion of the Duchy of Albemarle in the event of the failure of George Monck's male issue. Granville fought in the English Civil War in his father's regiment on the side of the defeated King Charles I (1625–1649). He was created a knight due to his bravery, and became a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to Prince Siarl II of Wales, later King Charles II of England (1660–1685). He accompanied the future King Charles II into exile, and mediated with the Long Parliament. After the Scilly Isles

pos: History of the formation of the United Kingdom expedition to Scotland in 1644, sparking the Scottish Civil War. In Scotland, the Royalists had a series of victories in 1644–45 but were crushed with the end of the first English Civil War and the return of the main Covenanter armies to Scotland. After the end of the second English Civil War, the victorious Parliamentary forces, now commanded by Oliver Cromwell, invaded Ireland and crushed the Royalist-Confederate alliance there in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649. Their alliance with the Scottish Covenanters had also broken down, and the Scots crowned Charles II as king. Cromwell therefore embarked on a

pos: Plymouth States of America. During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalists was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to

pos: John Strode (died 1679) John Strode (died 1679) Sir John Strode (11 August 1624 - 1679) supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. He held various official offices during the Protectorate and was knighted by Oliver Cromwell. After the Restoration he was a member of the Cavalier Parliament. He was knighted by King Charles II in 1662. Strode was the son of Sir John Strode who was MP for Bridport. He had a private education. In 1642 he succeeded his father and was a royalist commissioner in the Civil War. He compounded for his estate valued at £633 p.a. In 1652 he

neg: Vivian Molyneux 1622 and 1642. He travelled in foreign countries and became a Roman Catholic while in Rome (having been brought up a puritan). He returned to England and was knighted on 27 July 1639 by King Charles I at Berwick. In 1640 he was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the English army commanded by Earl of Northumberland (during the Second Bishops' War with Scotland). In the Civil War he suffered for the Royalist cause. https://archive.org/details/visitationofengl09howa Vivian Molyneux Sir Vivian Molyneux (born "c." 1596 – after 1642) was an English scholar and traveller, who supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Molyneux

neg: John Hampden 1810s, which campaigned for parliamentary reform, were named after Hampden. John Hampden John Hampden (ca. 1594 – 1643) was an English politician who was one of the leading parliamentarians involved in challenging the authority of Charles I of England in the run-up towards the English Civil War. He became a national figure when he stood trial in 1637 for his refusal to be taxed for ship money, and was one of the Five Members whose attempted unconstitutional arrest by King Charles I in the House of Commons of England in 1642 sparked the Civil War. Hampden died of wounds received

neg: Sir Edward Waldegrave, 1st Baronet Sir Edward Waldegrave, 1st Baronet Sir Edward Waldegrave, 1st Baronet (c. 1568 – c. 1650) was an English soldier, MP and Cavalier during the English Civil War and a grandson of Sir Edward Waldegrave. Waldegrave was knighted by King James I in 1607. In 1643, he was made a baronet by King Charles I, but the Rump Parliament later declared the creation invalid and it only became effective after the English Restoration. Though aged over seventy when civil war broke out in 1642, Waldegrave commanded a royalist horse regiment in Cornwall and secured the passage through Saltash against the 3rd

neg: Sir John Wolstenholme, 1st Baronet Sir John Wolstenholme, 1st Baronet Sir John Wolstenholme, 1st Baronet (died 1670) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1640. He supported the Royalist side in the English Civil War. Wolstenholme was the son of Sir John Wolstenholme and his wife Catherine Fanshaw. He became a customs farmer with his father and was knighted by King Charles I. In April 1640, Wolstenholme was elected Member of Parliament for Queenborough in the Short Parliament. He supported the king in the Civil War, selling property and incurring debts to provide finance for the Royalist cause. As a

neg: History of the Puritans under King Charles I History of the Puritans under King Charles I Under Charles I, the Puritans became a political force as well as a religious tendency in the country. Opponents of the royal prerogative became allies of Puritan reformers, who saw the Church of England moving in a direction opposite to what they wanted, and objected to increased Roman Faithful influence both at Court and (as they saw it) within the Church. After the First English Civil War political power was held by various factions of Puritans. The trials and executions of William Laud and then King Charles himself were decisive moves shaping

neg: Engagers Engagers The Engagers were a faction of the Scottish Covenanters, who made "The Engagement" with King Charles I in December 1647 while he was imprisoned in Carisbrooke Castle by the English Parliamentarians after his defeat in the First Civil War. The Covenanters, a national Presbyterian movement, governed Scotland from 1639–1651, during the civil Wars of the Three Kingdoms. They supported the English Parliamentarians in the First English Civil War in return for the Long Parliament agreeing to the Solemn League and Covenant, which promised reform in England and support for the Scottish church settlement. After the Scottish Covenants and their

neg: Edward King (Parliamentarian) Edward King (Parliamentarian) Edward King (c. 1606 – 1681) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War. He was a rigid Presbyterian and protector of Nonconformists after the Restoration. King was the son of Richard King of Ashby de la Launde and his wife Elizabeth Colly, daughter of Anthony Colly of Glaston, Rutland and MP for Rutland. He was a student of Gray's Inn in 1623 but delayed being called to the bar for over 20 years. On the outbreak of the Civil

neg: English literature became the standard Bible of the Church of England. The Metaphysical poets John Donne (1572–1631) and George Herbert (1593–1633) were still alive after 1625, and later in the 17th century a second generation of metaphysical poets were writing, including Richard Crashaw (1613–1649), Andrew Marvell (1621–1678), Thomas Traherne (1636 or 1637–1674) and Henry Vaughan (1622–1695). The Cavalier poets were another important group of 17th-century poets, who came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–51). (King Charles reigned from 1625 and was executed 1649). The best known of the Cavalier poets are Robert Herrick, Richard

neg: John Hampden John Hampden John Hampden (ca. 1594 – 1643) was an English politician who was one of the leading parliamentarians involved in challenging the authority of Charles I of England in the run-up towards the English Civil War. He became a national figure when he stood trial in 1637 for his refusal to be taxed for ship money, and was one of the Five Members whose attempted unconstitutional arrest by King Charles I in the House of Commons of England in 1642 sparked the Civil War. Hampden died of wounds received on Chalgrove Field during the war and was lionized as

neg: Third English Civil War and Duckenfield. After the Restoration, there was a Fifth Monarchist uprising in London by Thomas Venner in January 1661. After four days of skirmishes, Venner was captured and executed. Third English Civil War The Third English Civil War (1649–1651) was the last of the English Civil Wars (1642–1651), a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The Preston campaign of the Second Civil War was undertaken under the direction of the Scots Parliament, not the Kirk, and it took the execution of King Charles I to bring about a union of all Scottish parties against the

neg: Michael Hudson (royalist) Michael Hudson (royalist) Michael Hudson (1605–1648) was an English clergyman who supported the Royalist cause during the English Civil War. In 1628 Hudson graduated from Queen's College, Oxford with an M.A, and became fellow c. 1630. King Charles I gave him various livings; and he was one of the king's chaplains at Oxford. He was scoutmaster to the northern army (1643–1644) and, along with John Ashburnham, accompanied Charles I to Newark in 1646. At the end of the First English Civil War he was imprisoned. He escaped from prison, but was again captured, 1647, and sent to the Tower of

neg: Alice Lisle Edith Bond, daughter and co-heiress of William Bond of Blackmanston in Steeple, Dorset. She had a younger sister, Elizabeth, who married Sir Thomas Tipping of Wheatfield Park in Stoke Talmage in Oxfordshire. Alice became the second wife of Sir John Lisle (161011 August 1664), and bore him seven children. Lisle was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1640 and 1659. He supported the Parliamentarian cause in the English Civil War and was one of the regicides of King Charles I of England. Fearing for his life after the Restoration he

neg: First English Civil War after the conflict. Convention uses the name "The English Civil War" (1642–1651) to refer collectively to the civil wars in England and the Scottish Civil War, which began with the raising of King Charles I's standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642, and ended on 3 September 1651 at the Battle of Worcester. There was some continued organised Royalist resistance in Scotland, which lasted until the surrender of Dunnottar Castle to Parliament's troops in May 1652, but this resistance is not usually included as part of the English Civil War. The English Civil War can be divided into three: the

neg: Scottish Episcopal Church Bishops' Wars and this successful challenge of royal authority helped encourage many unhappy Irish Catholics into partaking in the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and the already increasingly uncooperative English Parliament into likewise declaring war on the king in the English Civil War. As a result of the weakness of the king, Presbyterian Covenanters were able to become the de facto government in Scotland until disagreement between the Scottish and English Parliaments over how to run Britain in terms of both civil and religious governance after the king was defeated led to another war and Scotland's conquest by the Covenanters' erstwhile

neg: History of Derry insurgents made a failed attack on the city. For the next ten years of war, Derry and its environs became a stronghold for the British Protestant settlers, who raised the "Lagan army" to defend themselves from the Irish Confederates. However, the Protestants were disunited about how to respond to the events of the English Civil War, with some of them supporting the King, some the English Parliament and some the Scottish Covenanters. In 1649 the city and its garrison, which supported the republican Parliament in London, were besieged by Scottish Presbyterian forces loyal to King Charles I. The Parliamentarians besieged

neg: William Morgan (of Tredegar) William Morgan (of Tredegar) Sir William Morgan (1560–1655) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons of England in 1624 and 1625. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Morgan was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Morgan (died 1603). He was knighted on 23 July 1603. In 1612 he was Sheriff of Monmouthshire. In 1624, Morgan was elected Member of Parliament for Monmouthshire. He was re-elected MP for Monmouthshire in 1625. On the outbreak of Civil War, Morgan was Commissioner of Array for King and became Governor of Newport. He received King Charles

neg: English Civil War led to many decisive victories. The English Civil War broke out less than forty years after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603. Elizabeth's death had resulted in the succession of her first cousin twice-removed, King James VI of Scotland, to the English throne as James I of England, creating the first personal union of the Scottish and English kingdoms. As King of Scots, James had become accustomed to Scotland's weak parliamentary tradition since assuming control of the Scottish government in 1583, so that upon assuming power south of the border, the new King of England was genuinely affronted

neg: Cornwall in the English Civil War Cornwall in the English Civil War Cornwall played a significant role in the English Civil War, being a Royalist enclave in the generally Parliamentarian south-west. The English Civil War lasted nearly nine years, having begun with the battle of Edgehill, in Warwickshire, on Sunday, 23 October 1642, and ended with the battle of Worcester, on 3 September 1651. The principal events in Cornwall happened in the following order. In October 1642, Cornwall was secured for the king when some 10,000 men rose under the command of the local Royalist gentry and drove out the small force of Cornish Parliamentarians who

neg: Shropshire in the English Civil War Shropshire in the English Civil War This is a timeline for the English Civil War in Shropshire. Politically, the English county of Shropshire was predominantly Royalist at the start of the civil war. Of the county's twelve Members at the Long Parliament called in 1640, eight would fight on the Royalist side and four for Parliament. Control of the area was important to the King as Shropshire was a gateway to predominantly Royalist Wales as well as to keep in contact with the north-western counties and the western port links with Ireland. Parliamentary control of Shropshire was achieved after the

neg: Aberystwyth Castle outer bailey were falling down. In 1404, Owain Glyndŵr captured the castle during a national uprising against English occupation. There would be a treaty signed between Glyndŵr & the King of France at the Castle. Four years later, it was retaken by the English, and became an important seat of the government. In 1637 Charles I turned the castle into a Royal mint, and it became a producer of silver shillings. The mint's operator raised a regiment of Royalist soldiers during the English Civil War. The mint closed down during the Civil War, but served as a warehouse for storing

neg: Mabel FitzRobert, Countess of Gloucester King Stephen of England. Throughout the civil war, he was a loyal supporter of his half-sister Empress Matilda who would make him the chief commander of her army. He had originally sworn fealty to King Stephen, but after quarrelling with him in 1137, his English and Welsh possessions were forfeited, and thus he joined forces with Matilda. Mabel brought to her husband the honours of Gloucester in England, Glamorgan in Wales, Sainte-Scholasse-sur-Sarthe, Evrecy and Creully in Normandy. By right of his wife, he became the 2nd Lord of Glamorgan, and gained possession of her father's castle of Cardiff in Wales.

neg: Clan Sweeney supporters of the powerful MacDougall Lords of Lorne who supported John Balliol as patriots, as long as John was king of Scotland. After the murder of John Comyn, the nephew of Balliol, by Bruce in 1306, the First War of Scottish Independence became at one and the same time a civil war. The Balliol and Comyn parties taking the side of the English in opposition to Bruce, crowned Robert I of Scotland on 25 March 1306. This was an era of constantly shifting alliances, and in 1301 John MacSween was in alliance with Aonghus Óg Mac Domhnaill, Lord of Islay

neg: John Tyler Linton school dropped the military program and became coeducational. John Tyler Linton John Tyler Linton (1796–1821) was a Virginia landowner and philanthropist whose landholdings were donated by his daughter, Sarah Elliott Graham Linton (1822–1901) for the establishment of schools for poor boys and girls in Bristow, Virginia. It is on this land that Linton Hall School (formerly Linton Hall Military School) was established. Linton's Ford was part of the land owned by a family of English "Cavaliers" (followers of King Charles I of England) who came to Virginia from Scotland just after the English Civil War and settled in Prince William

neg: Richard King (MP) Richard King (MP) Richard King was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1640 and 1643. He supported the Royalist side in the English Civil War. King was elected recorder of Melcombe Regis on 4 February 1628. In April 1640, King was elected Member of Parliament for Melcombe Regis in the Short Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Melcombe Regis in the Long Parliament in November 1640 King is recorded in an incident in 1641 after George Digby was accelerated to the House of Lords. Digby's younger brother John perched himself on a ladder

neg: Upon the Double Murder of King Charles of England in 1649 and the reaction of the populace to his death, specifically the disrespect offered his body and memory by the Parliamentarians. Katherine Philips is often associated with a class of poets termed Royalist or Cavalier denoting their political sympathy to the Royalist cause, those who supported the monarchy of King Charles I of England during the English Civil War and the following English Interregnum. However, while Philips is often classified among these writers, throughout the English Civil War and the English Interregnum she generally kept a relatively neutral political tone in her writings. This is a result

neg: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford at the height of the Civil War Parliament treated "that poor unfortunate family" with consideration. Sources: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (13 April 1593 (O.S.) – 12 May 1641) was an English statesman and a major figure in the period leading up to the English Civil War. He served in Parliament and was a supporter of King Charles I. From 1632–40 he was Lord Deputy of Ireland, where he established a strong authoritarian rule. Recalled to England, he became a leading advisor to the King, attempting to strengthen the royal position against Parliament.

neg: Mersea Fort privateers. During the First English Civil War between the supporters of King Charles I and Parliament, Mersea Fort saw no action; after the victory of Parliament in 1646, the fort's garrison was demobilised. Conflict flared again in 1648 with the outbreak of the Second English Civil War, and Colchester was taken by the Royalists. The town was immediately besieged by General Thomas Fairfax, who quickly seized Mersea Fort, which controlled the supply route by river into Colchester, before the Royalists could do so. The fort had contained five pieces of artillery: two culverins, two sakers and one drake. A Royalist

neg: Richard Aldborough quartered on his estates in 1644 the family supported the King during the Civil War. Aldborough was treated as a delinquent and his estates at Humberton were sequestrated. Following his death his son William begged Parliament for the release of the estates in 1650. Richard Aldborough Richard Aldborough (1607 – 1649) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1640. He supported the Royalist side in the English Civil War. Aldborough was the son of Arthur Aldborough (1585 - after 1653) and his wife Elizabeth Holland, daughter of Richard Holland of Denton, Lancashire. In April 1640,

neg: Ferdinando Stanhope Ferdinando Stanhope Ferdinando Stanhope (died 1643) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1643. He died fighting for the Royalist army during the English Civil War. Stanhope was born at Shelford Manor, Nottinghamshire. He was the ninth, (but fourth surviving) son of Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield and his wife Catherine, daughter of Francis Hastings, Lord Hastings. In November 1640, Stanhope was an elected Member of Parliament for Tamworth in the Long Parliament. At the start of the Civil War and after the Battle of Edgehill, he attended King Charles I at

neg: Stuart period the rising gentry class increasingly took power away from the static nobility, and generally reject it. Both the gentry and the nobility were gaining power, and the English Civil War was not a battle between them. In terms of religious affiliation in England, the Catholics were down to about 3% of the population, but comprised about 12% of the gentry and nobility. James VI, king of Scotland, also became king of the entirely separate kingdom of England when Elizabeth I of England died. He also became king of Ireland, but the English were just reestablishing lost control there. The English

neg: John Ashburnham (Royalist) John Ashburnham (Royalist) John Ashburnham (1603 – 15 June 1671) was an English courtier, diplomat and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1640 and 1667. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War and was an attendant on the King. Ashburnham was the eldest son of Sir John Ashburnham by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Thomas Beaumont. His father was a wastrel and died in 1620, but his mother was related to Lady Villiers, mother of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Under Buckingham's patronage Ashburnham became well known to the king Charles

neg: Second War of Scottish Independence their rights to Scottish lands. One of these "disinherited" was Edward Balliol, son of a former Scottish king. With the discreet backing of Edward III of England, Balliol demanded the return of his ancestral lands, and when these were not forthcoming invaded Scotland, following which he had himself crowned King of Scots, despite the young David II already holding the title. What followed became both a war of succession and civil war, as some Scottish citizens rose in defense of David II and others cast their lot with Edward Balliol, who was soon joined in his efforts by the English

neg: English Civil War King had received from his advisers had undermined before and during the "Eleven Years' Tyranny". The views of the members of Parliament ranged from unquestioning support of the King—at one point during the First Civil War, more members of the Commons and Lords gathered in the King's Oxford Parliament than at Westminster—through to radicals, who wanted major reforms in favour of religious independence and the redistribution of power at the national level. However, even the most radical supporters of the Parliamentarian cause still favoured the retention of Charles on the throne. After the debacle at Hull, Charles moved on to

neg: Rud Hud Hudibras Rud Hud Hudibras Rud Hud Hudibras ("Welsh:" Run baladr bras) was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He was the son of King Leil and ruled during a civil war. During the waning years of Leil's reign, the kingdom of the Britons became unstable, and civil war broke out. Rud Hud Hudibras became king after his father's death and reigned for 39 years, ending the civil war and restoring peace to the kingdom. During his reign, he founded Kaerreint, later renamed Canterbury by the Angles. He is also said to have founded Kaerguenit (Winchester)

neg: Philip King (priest) Philip King (priest) Philip King (1603–1667) was an English academic and churchman, Archdeacon of Lewes from 1660 until 1667. He was the fifth and youngest son of John King, the bishop of London. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1616, at age 13, and graduated B.A. in 1618. In 1623 he was M.A, and became Fellow of Exeter College. Having been public orator, he resigned his fellowship in 1629. King became rector of St Botolph, Billingsgate by 1636. At the outbreak of the First English Civil War his living was sequestered, and he went to Oxford. There he graduated

neg: First English Civil War, 1643 First English Civil War, 1643 1643 was the second year of the First English Civil War. Politically, the latter months of the year were the turning-point of the war. The King made a truce with the Irish rebels on 15 September which united against him nearly every class in Protestant England. Only ten days after the "Irish Cessation," Parliament at Westminster swore to the Solemn League and Covenant, and the die was cast. In the winter, while Essex's army lay inactive at Windsor, Charles by degrees consolidated his position in the region of Oxford. The city was fortified as a

neg: First English Civil War, 1643 struggle. The troops from Ireland, thus obtained at the cost of an enormous political blunder, proved to be untrustworthy after all. Those serving in Hopton's army were "mutinous and shrewdly infected with the rebellious humour of England". When Waller's Londoners surprised and routed a Royalist detachment at Alton on 13 December 1643, half the prisoners took the Covenant. First English Civil War, 1643 1643 was the second year of the First English Civil War. Politically, the latter months of the year were the turning-point of the war. The King made a truce with the Irish rebels on 15 September which

neg: George Thomason George Thomason George Thomason (died April 1666) was an English book collector. He is famous for assembling a collection of more than 22,000 books and pamphlets published during the time of the English Civil War and the interregnum. Thomason's collection was formerly known as the "King's Pamphlets" after King George III, but is now called the Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts. During the years just before the outbreak of war a great number of writings covering every phase of the questions in dispute between king and people were issued, and in 1641 Thomason began to collect these. Working diligently

neg: Stephen Goffe of Herstmonceaux from 1639. During the Civil War Goffe was arrested and charged with attempting to rescue the king, then a prisoner at Hampton Court. After the execution of the king (whose death-warrant was signed by Stephen's brother William), he went to France, where he became a Catholic. Dodd and other Catholics have disproved the story that the Sorbonne admitted the validity of his Anglican orders. Goffe became a member of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri on 14 January 1651, at Notre-Dame-des Vertues near Paris, where he became superior in 1655. Here he helped English exiles, both Protestants and

neg: Irish Rebellion of 1641 and the Scottish Covenanters, who were defying the authority of King Charles I (king of England, Scotland, and Ireland). In turn, the rebels' suspected association with Charles helped start the English Civil War. The English and Scottish Parliaments refused to raise an army to put down the rebellion unless it was under their command rather than the King's. The Irish rebellion broke out in October 1641 and was followed by several months of violent chaos before the Irish Catholic upper classes and clergy formed the Catholic Confederation in the summer of 1642. The Confederation became a de facto government of

neg: Sir Gilbert Hoghton, 2nd Baronet Sir Gilbert Hoghton, 2nd Baronet Sir Gilbert Hoghton, 2nd Baronet (1591 – April 1648) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1614 and 1640. He was a Royalist leader during the English Civil War. Hoghton was the son of Sir Richard Hoghton, 1st Baronet of Hoghton Tower, Lancashire. He became a courtier, and a favourite of King James I and was knighted by the king at Whitehall on 21 July 1604. In 1614, Hoghton was elected Member of Parliament for Clitheroe to the Addled Parliament. and was then elected in 1621 to hold the

neg: Standard Bearer of England II's standard bearer was not called Standard Bearer of England as he was only proclaimed King in 1661 long after the civil war had ended. It increasingly became an honorific rank, and in modern times it has been linked with the Queen's Champion. Standard Bearer of England The Standard Bearer of England was once an important office within the English army, especially during the times when Kings were still present on the battlefield. As standard-bearer Henry de Essex was greatly chastised when he threw down the English Standard and claimed his King was dead in 1153. During the Wars of

neg: J. H. Hexter out of simple self-interest. The Civil War needs, therefore, to be seen as the story of how such solid, service-minded and economically comfortable men were persuaded to resist the King, and not as any particular group's economically motivated power grab. His ultimate self-definition was overtly, unabashedly, and often polemically whiggish. For Hexter, the English Civil War was to be seen as the defence of traditional English liberties against an aggressive Crown. This position contrasted in the 1970s with the revisionist views of Conrad Russell and others who disputed both the uniqueness of the English Civil War and its connection with

neg: John Dixwell John Dixwell John Dixwell (1607 – 18 March 1689) was an English man who sat in Parliament, fought for the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War, and was one of the Commissioners who sat in judgement on King Charles I and condemned him to death. At the Restoration he fled to Connecticut where he lived out the rest of his life as John Davids untroubled by the authorities who thought him dead. He was the younger son of Edward Dixwell, but was raised by his uncle Basil Dixwell of Broome Park, near Canterbury in Kent. He became a colonel

neg: Battle of Stirling (1648) Independents in the Second English Civil War. Those that supported this engagement between the King became known as Engagers. The Engagers army under the command of the Duke of Hamilton was defeated by the New Model Army under the command of Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Preston (1648). Those Covenanters who had opposed the Engagement, seized the opportunity presented by the loss of credibility suffered by the Engagers and launched the Whiggamore Raid which led to their successful capture of Edinburgh. This initiated the short civil war between the Engagers and their opponents known as the Kirk party. The

neg: Behemoth (Hobbes book) to gather material and men for possible war. The Parliament sent a message to the king, a humble petition, with 19 propositions to prevent conflict. The nineteen points are: These nineteen points were rejected by the king as they would further weaken the authority of the crown. This left both Parliament and the king no choice but to go to war. "See the related article Nineteen Propositions for a further discussion of this aspect of the English Civil War. The discussion again continues after a break and now turns to the matter of the Civil war itself. The student is

neg: English Civil War kingdom. Specifically, Hobbes analyses the following aspects of English thought during the war (listed in order of his discussions in "Behemoth"): the opinions of divinity and politics that spurred rebellion; rhetoric and doctrine used by the rebels against the king; and how opinions about "taxation, the conscription of soldiers, and military strategy" affected the outcomes of battles and shifts of sovereignty. Hobbes offered a unique contribution to historical interpretation of the civil war through his "Behemoth" by connecting the civil war to the motivations of intellectuals who Hobbes reports caused it by trying to spread certain ideas throughout the nation,

neg: First English Civil War, 1646 seized upon the person of the King for the New Model Army on 3 June 1647, began at once to prepare for a fresh civil war, this time against Independency, as embodied in the New Model Army and after making use of its sword, its opponents attempted to disband it, to send it on foreign service, to cut off its arrears of pay, with the result that it was exasperated beyond control, and, remembering not merely its grievances but also the principle for which it had fought, soon became the most powerful political party in the realm. From 1646 to

neg: James Donnellan of Ireland, the Earl of Strafford, who hoped, rather cynically, to appease the Old Irish faction by appointing a few "token" judges of Gaelic origin. He became a judge of the High Court in 1637, being made third justice of the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland). When the English Civil War broke out Donnellan was initially a Royalist; he had long been close to Ulick Burke, 5th Earl of Clanricarde in whom Charles I placed great trust. The King summoned Donnellan to Oxford to treat with the Irish Confederacy. After the defeat of the Royalist cause, according to Henry Cromwell,

neg: Duke's Company the English Civil War and the Interregnum. The Duke's Company had the patronage of the King's younger brother Prince James, Duke of York and of Albany (later King James II & VII). It was managed by Sir William Davenant. The company started at the old Salisbury Court Theatre, and occasionally used the Cockpit in Drury Lane. After a year, the actors moved to a new theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, a building on Portugal Street that had previously been Lisle's Tennis Court (it opened on 18 June 1661). There they were joined by Thomas Betterton, who quickly became their star.

neg: Anglo-French War (1213–1214) with the decisive victory of Louis IX of France over Henry III of England at the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242. After the wars in France, the King of England became increasingly unpopular and England was split into civil war as lords challenged him. The lords were assisted by the Kingdom of Scotland and France. On 14 June 1216, Louis VIII of France captured Winchester and soon controlled over half of the English kingdom. But just when it seemed that England was his, King John's death in October 1216 caused many of the rebellious barons to desert Louis in favour

neg: Roundhead Roundhead Roundheads were supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1641–1652). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters, known as the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the principle of the 'divine right of kings'. The goal of the Roundhead party was to give the Parliament supreme control over executive administration of the country/kingdom. Most Roundheads sought constitutional monarchy in place of the absolutist monarchy sought by Charles. However, at the end of the English Civil War in 1649, public antipathy towards the king

neg: Alexander Radcliffe Alexander Radcliffe Sir Alexander Radcliffe (1608 – April 1654) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1628 to 1629. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Radcliffe was the son of Sir John Radcliffe of Ordsall Lancashire. He was appointed Knight of the Order of the Bath in 1625, when he was seventeen years old. In 1628, he was elected Member of Parliament for Lancashire and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided for eleven years to rule without parliament. Radcliffe supported the King in the Civil War and in 1642 he

neg: High Court of Justice for the trial of King Charles I High Court of Justice for the trial of King Charles I The High Court of Justice was the court established by the Rump Parliament to try King Charles I of England. This was an ad hoc tribunal created specifically for the purpose of trying the king, although the name was used for subsequent courts. After the first English Civil War, the parliamentarians accepted the premise that the King, although wrong, had been able to justify his fight, and that he would still be entitled to limited powers as King under a new constitutional settlement. By provoking the second Civil War

neg: Marian civil war Marian civil war The Marian civil war in Scotland (1568–1573) was a period of conflict which followed the abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her escape from Loch Leven Castle in May 1568. Those who ruled in the name of her infant son James VI fought against the supporters of the Queen, who was exiled in England. Edinburgh Castle, which was garrisoned in her name, became the focus of the conflict and surrendered only after an English intervention in May 1573. The conflict in 1570 was called an "intestine war in the bowels of this commonwealth", and the period

neg: Prince Rupert of the Rhine disguise itself behind enemy lines. After the end of the First English Civil War Rupert was employed by the young King Louis XIV of France to fight the Spanish during the final years of the Thirty Years' War. Rupert's military employment was complicated by his promises to the Holy Roman Emperor that had led to his release from captivity in 1642, and his ongoing commitment to the English Royalist faction in exile. He also became a Knight of the Garter in 1642. Throughout the period Rupert was inconvenienced by his lack of secure income, and his ongoing feuds with other

neg: Derek Gardner Derek Gardner Derek George Montague Gardner (13 February 1914 – 11 February 2007) is best known as an English painter. After a career as a civil engineer before and after serving in the Royal Navy in the Second World War, he became widely recognised as one of the leading English painters of marine subjects. Gardner was born in Buckinghamshire. His father was a civil engineer who worked for the Great Central Railway in the docks at Grimsby and became chief engineer of the Port of Glasgow in 1928, and Gardner developed a love of ships. He was educated at Oundle

neg: Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet he later became a long-serving Member of Parliament after the Restoration. Sir Alexander's half-brother, John, also became an MP, in 1647, and was one of the court that tried the King in 1649: being still alive at the collapse of the Commonwealth, he was hanged, drawn and quartered as a regicide. Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet (30 August 1609 – 23 December 1644), of Antony in Cornwall, was an English Member of Parliament executed for attempting to betray the Parliamentary cause during the English Civil War. Carew was the eldest son of Sir Richard Carew,

neg: John Hanbury (MP) John Hanbury (MP) John Hanbury (1574–1658) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1628 to 1629. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Hanbury was the eldest son of Richard Hanbury of Emley Lovett and was of Feckenham Worcestershire and Preston Gloucestershire. In 1628, he was elected Member of Parliament for Gloucester and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years. He supported the King in the Civil War. He compounded for delinquency on 1 May 1649 and was fined £100 on 29 May. Hanbury died

neg: History of the Puritans under King Charles I secret treaty with the group of Scottish Covenanters who became known as the Engagers. Under the Engagement, Charles agreed that episcopacy should be suppressed in the Church of England, and he agreed to support presbyterianism for three years, after which a permanent solution to the question of the church's polity could be worked out. In exchange, the Engagers agreed to bring an army of 20,000 into England in order to suppress the New Model Army and restore Charles to his throne. This led to the Second English Civil War. The royalist forces were defeated decisively at the Battle of Preston

neg: Mary Bankes Mary Bankes Mary, Lady Bankes "née" Hawtry (c. 1598 – 11 April 1661) was a Royalist who defended Corfe Castle from a three-year siege during the English Civil War from 1643 to 1645. She was married to Sir John Bankes, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and Attorney-General of King Charles I. Mary Hawtry was born in about 1598, the only daughter of Ralph Hawtry, Esquire of Ruislip, Middlesex, and Mary Altham. In about 1618, she married Sir John Bankes, who later became Attorney-General to King Charles I and Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. In 1635, Sir

neg: Francis Newport, 1st Earl of Bradford and Long Parliament. A royalist during the English Civil War, he fought in 1644 in the Battle of Oswestry on the side of King Charles I of England and was then imprisoned. After the restoration in 1660, Newport became Custos Rotulorum of Shropshire, fulfilling this office for his lifetime. In the same year, he had been appointed also Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire, but on the command of King James II of England was replaced by George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys in 1687. After Jeffrey's death and the Glorious Revolution in 1689, Newport was restored as Lord Lieutenant until 1704. Newport

neg: Michael Jones (soldier) Michael Jones (soldier) Lieutenant-General Michael Jones (died December 1649) was an Irish soldier who fought for King Charles I during the Irish Confederate War but joined the English Parliamentary side when the English Civil War started. He is noted for his victories at the Battle of Dungans Hill and the Battle of Rathmines, which facilitated the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. The son of Lewis Jones (1560–1646), a Welshman who settled in Ireland, becoming Bishop of Killaloe, the young Jones was a student at Lincoln's Inn when the Civil War began, but fought in the army of Charles I during the

neg: Michael Jones (soldier) poem on Jones's victory at Rathmines was printed by George Wither. Michael Jones (soldier) Lieutenant-General Michael Jones (died December 1649) was an Irish soldier who fought for King Charles I during the Irish Confederate War but joined the English Parliamentary side when the English Civil War started. He is noted for his victories at the Battle of Dungans Hill and the Battle of Rathmines, which facilitated the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. The son of Lewis Jones (1560–1646), a Welshman who settled in Ireland, becoming Bishop of Killaloe, the young Jones was a student at Lincoln's Inn when the Civil War

neg: Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine possessions in the Electorate of the Palatinate. His older brother Henry Frederick had died in the Netherlands in 1629. Charles Louis and his younger brother Rupert spent much of the 1630s at the court of his maternal uncle, Charles I of England, hoping to enlist English support for his cause. The young Elector Palatine was largely unsuccessful in this, and became gradually estranged from the King, who feared that Charles Louis might become a focus for opposition forces in England. Indeed, in the English crisis leading up to the outbreak of the English Civil War, Charles Louis had considerable sympathy

neg: Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet, K.B. (25 November 1587 – 28 June 1666) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1614 and 1666. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. In 1603, at the English coronation of King James I, Clifton was made a Knight of the Bath. He became a Justice of the Peace for Nottinghamshire in 1609, remaining until 1646. In 1611 he was third on the list of creations for the new order

neg: James Graham (speaker) James Graham (speaker) James Graham (1650 – January 27, 1701) was an English born colonial American politician who served as the Speaker of the New York General Assembly. Graham was born in Midlothian, Scotland in 1650 and was the son of John Graham and Isabella (née Affick) Graham. His paternal grandfather was Scottish nobleman James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, who supported King Charles I in the English Civil War, and was executed in Scotland in May 1650 after which the Montrose estates were forfeited. His father's older brother, James Graham, 2nd Marquess of Montrose, succeeded to the title after

neg: Chepstow Castle Monmouthshire, the castle became more designed for occupation as a great house. The castle saw action again during the English Civil War, when it was in the front line between Royalist Monmouthshire and Parliamentarian Gloucestershire. It was held by the Royalists and besieged in both 1645 and in 1648, eventually falling to the Parliamentarian forces on 25 May 1648. A memorial to Sir Nicholas Kemeys, who led the Royalist defence during the Second Civil war and was killed in combat after refusing to surrender after the castle's fall, lies within the keep. After the war, the castle was garrisoned and

neg: Independent (religion) being the most famous of them). In 1648, at end of the Second Civil War the Independents in the Army were strong enough to remove from Parliament all those who opposed them in what has become known as Pride's Purge. After Pride's Purge, the so-called Rump Parliament of around fifty Independent MPs sanctioned the trial and execution of King Charles I in January 1649 and the creation of the republican English Commonwealth. The Independents dominated English politics for the next decade, until shortly before the Restoration. After the Restoration, the English Parliament was dominated by Anglicans, supporters of both the

neg: Castilian Civil War Castilian Civil War The Castilian Civil War was a war of succession over the Kingdom of Castile that lasted from 1351 to 1369. The conflict started after the death of king Alfonso XI of Castile in March 1350. It became part of the larger conflict then raging between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France: the Hundred Years' War. It was fought primarily in Castile and its coastal waters between the local and allied forces of the reigning king, Peter, and his illegitimate brother Henry of Trastámara over the right to the crown. Peter was called by his

neg: Merevale time. Dugdale was a strong royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War, and was appointed as his 'Garter Principal King of Arms'. Many of his artefacts, including ceremonial clothes, can be seen at the hall. The village has its own parish called Merevale Civil Parish although for some purposes it is merged to form Bentley and Merevale Civil Parish. Merevale was part of the Atherstone Rural District. In 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 the Atherstone Rural District became part of the newly formed district of North Warwickshire. Inside North Warwickshire Merevale is part of

neg: Serbian civil war of 1331 Empire, and was crowned Emperor in 1346. Serbian civil war of 1331 The Serbian civil war of 1331 broke out following King Stefan Uroš III's decision not to continue campaigning against the Byzantine Empire when he had the chance following the victory at the Battle of Velbazhd against Bulgaria, alienating much of the nobility, which became divided supporting either Uroš III or his son, Stefan Dušan. In 1330, an alliance was formed by Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, which sought to invade Serbia. In 1330, "Young King" Dušan defeated Bulgarian Emperor Michael III Shishman at Velbazhd, after which King Uroš

neg: Serbian civil war of 1331 Serbian civil war of 1331 The Serbian civil war of 1331 broke out following King Stefan Uroš III's decision not to continue campaigning against the Byzantine Empire when he had the chance following the victory at the Battle of Velbazhd against Bulgaria, alienating much of the nobility, which became divided supporting either Uroš III or his son, Stefan Dušan. In 1330, an alliance was formed by Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, which sought to invade Serbia. In 1330, "Young King" Dušan defeated Bulgarian Emperor Michael III Shishman at Velbazhd, after which King Uroš III appointed his nephew Ivan Stefan at

neg: Berkhamsted Place events of the English Civil War came to Berkhamsted Place in the 1640s when the Murrays' daughter, Ann Murray, became in a Royalist plot to protect the life of the King's second surviving son, the young Duke of York (who was later to become King James II of England, from the Parliamentarian forces. King Charles was executed in 1648, and Ann, fearing for her life as a Royalist, fled from Berkhamsted Place. Possession of the house was taken by a Berkhamsted-born soldier in Cromwell's Army, Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Axtell. Aged only 26, Axtell was known for his ruthlessness and had

neg: Philip Massinger placed moral and religious concerns over political considerations, in ways that offended the interests of king and state in his generation. While not a "democrat" in any modern sense (no one in his society was), Massinger's political sympathies, insofar as we can determine them from his works, might have placed him in a predicament similar to that of the head of the house he revered, the Earl of Pembroke—who found that he could not support King Charles in the English Civil War, and became one of the few noblemen to back the Parliamentary side. Massinger did not live long enough

neg: Roger Jaques Roger Jaques Sir Roger Jaques (died 1653) was an English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1640. Jaques was a merchant and chief magistrate of York and purchased an estate at Elvington. He became an alderman of the city in 1638 and was Mayor of York in 1639. He was knighted, together with Thomas Widdrington on the visit of King Charles to York in March 1639. In April 1640, Jaques was elected Member of Parliament for York in the Short Parliament. Jaques supported the King in the Civil War, and in December 1644 was removed

neg: Thomas Ridell to satisfy composition. Ridell died in exile at Antwerp in 1652. Ridell married in 1629 Barbara Calverley widow of Ralph Calverley and daughter of Sir Alexander Davison of Blakiston. Thomas Ridell Sir Thomas Ridell (died 1652) was an English royalist Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Ridell was the son of Sir Thomas Ridel of Gateshead and his wife Elizabeth Conyers daughter of Sir John Conyers. He became recorder of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and was of Fenham. In the Civil War, Ridell espoused the royal cause with great zeal. He commanded a regiment of foot for the king and was governor

neg: Thomas Ridell Thomas Ridell Sir Thomas Ridell (died 1652) was an English royalist Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Ridell was the son of Sir Thomas Ridel of Gateshead and his wife Elizabeth Conyers daughter of Sir John Conyers. He became recorder of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and was of Fenham. In the Civil War, Ridell espoused the royal cause with great zeal. He commanded a regiment of foot for the king and was governor of Tynemouth Castle. A reward of one thousand pounds was offered for his capture. He escaped from Berwick in a small fishing smack. His lordship of Tunstal was sold

neg: Nicholas Kemeys Sheriff of Monmouthshire for 1631 and Sheriff of Glamorganshire for 1638. At the outbreak of the English Civil War he was created a Baronet by King Charles I of England. He was a passionate supporter of the King and monarchy and as Custos Rotulorum of Monmouthshire played a leading and high-profile part in Monmouthshire during the Civil War. He was appointed Governor of Cardiff castle. As an ally of Sir Trevor Williams, 1st Baronet of Llangibby, Sir Nicholas led the defence of Chepstow Castle and was killed there in combat on 25 May 1648 after refusing to surrender after the