query: where did the phrase innocent until proven guilty come from

pos: Presumption of innocence Spain. "Presumption of innocence" serves to emphasize that the prosecution has the obligation to prove each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt (or some other level of proof depending on the criminal justice system) and that the accused bears no burden of proof. This is often expressed in the phrase "innocent until proven guilty", coined by the English lawyer Sir William Garrow (1760–1840). Garrow insisted that accusers be robustly tested in court. An objective observer in the position of the juror must reasonably conclude that the defendant almost certainly committed the crime. The presumption of innocence was originally

neg: Guilty Until Proven Innocent but separate scenes. A-side B-side Guilty Until Proven Innocent "Guilty Until Proven Innocent" is the third and final single from rapper Jay-Z's 2000 album "". It features production by Rockwilder and a chorus sung by R. Kelly. The song's title flips the legal declaration "innocent until proven guilty" and its lyrics follow suit. Jay-Z's lyrics deal with how the press villainized Jay-Z by accusing him of stabbing his once business partner Lance "Un" Rivera. Jay-Z later admitted to stabbing Rivera and was sentenced to 3 years probation for the incident. "Guilty Until Proven Innocent" is also one of the first

neg: Guilty Until Proven Innocent Guilty Until Proven Innocent "Guilty Until Proven Innocent" is the third and final single from rapper Jay-Z's 2000 album "". It features production by Rockwilder and a chorus sung by R. Kelly. The song's title flips the legal declaration "innocent until proven guilty" and its lyrics follow suit. Jay-Z's lyrics deal with how the press villainized Jay-Z by accusing him of stabbing his once business partner Lance "Un" Rivera. Jay-Z later admitted to stabbing Rivera and was sentenced to 3 years probation for the incident. "Guilty Until Proven Innocent" is also one of the first collaborations between Jay-Z and R.

neg: Guilty Until Proven Innocent Kelly before they released two albums together. On June 12, 2001—three months after the release of the "Guilty Until Proven Innocent" single—a DVD named "The Making of Guilty Until Proven Innocent" was released. The DVD helps explain the making of the Paul Hunter-directed music video that shows R. Kelly and Jay-Z rapping in court. Buckshot and 9th Wonder sampled this song on their Food for Thought song from the album "Chemistry" in 2005. The music video for this song is directed by Paul Hunter. R. Kelly and Jay-Z do not have a scene where they are together in this video,

neg: Culture of England Wales. Due to the British Empire, it has been exported across the world: it is the basis of common law jurisprudence. The 18th century English jurist, judge and politician Sir William Blackstone is best known for his seminal work, "Commentaries on the Laws of England", containing his formulation: "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer", a principle that government and the courts must err on the side of innocence, which has remained constant. Sir William Garrow ushered in the adversarial court system in common law. He coined the phrase "presumed innocent until proven guilty",

neg: Proven Innocent Proven Innocent Proven Innocent is an upcoming American legal drama television series created by David Elliot that is set to premiere on February 15, 2019 on Fox. "Proven Innocent" is set in a "wrongful conviction firm. Led by a fierce and fearless female lawyer with a hunger for justice, the team reopens investigations, putting their own lives in danger to exonerate the innocent that were 'proven' guilty. Our lead's motivation comes from her infamous past; as a young adult she was found guilty and later exonerated in a high-profile case in which she became a tabloid sensation, household name and

neg: Burden of proof (law) summed up with "innocent until proven guilty," but is not upheld in all legal systems or jurisdictions. Where it is upheld, the accused will be found not guilty if this burden of proof is not sufficiently shown by the prosecution. The presumption of innocence means three things: For example, if the defendant (D) is charged with murder, the prosecutor (P) bears the burden of proof to show the jury that D did indeed murder someone. However, in England and Wales, the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980, s.101 stipulates that where a defendant relies on some "exception, exemption, proviso, excuse or qualification"

neg: S v Singo conviction despite the existence of a reasonable doubt. Section 72(4) also limited the right to be presumed innocent. The South African conception of justice and forensic fairness demands that an accused person be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and that the State be required to establish his or her guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Section 72(4) demanded the opposite, presuming the accused guilty and requiring the accused to establish his innocence on a balance of probabilities. It carried the risk that an innocent person might be sent to jail. That this may have been a rare occurrence did not matter.

neg: Gender inequality in India men are considered the culprit by default even if it was the woman that committed sexual abuse against men. Women can jail husband's family for dowry related cases by just filing an FIR. The law IPC 498A demands that the husband's family be considered guilty by default, unless proven otherwise, in other words it implements the doctrine of 'guilty unless proven innocent' defying the universally practiced doctrine of 'innocent until proven guilty'. According to one source, this provision is much abused as only four percent of the cases go to the court and the final conviction rate is as low

neg: William Garrow ways Garrow was far ahead of his time; he coined the phrase "innocent until proven guilty" in 1791, although the jury refused to accept this principle and it was not confirmed by the courts until much later. Garrow also influenced the rules of evidence, which were only just beginning to evolve when he started his career. His insistence that hearsay and copied documents could not be admitted in evidence led to the best evidence rule. He was crucial in insisting on the autonomy of lawyers when inducting evidence, in one case openly arguing with the trial judge to insist that

neg: Constitution of Canada of Quebec until 1774, when the British parliament passed the Quebec Act, which expanded the province's boundaries to the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, which was one of the grievances listed in the United States Declaration of Independence. Significantly, the Quebec Act also replaced the French criminal law presumption of guilty until proven innocent with the English criminal law presumption of innocent until proven guilty; but the French code or civil law system was retained for non-criminal matters. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the American War of Independence and sent a wave of British loyalist refugees northward to Quebec

neg: A Matter of Perspective of attempting to seduce Riker. In addition, the Enterprise is damaged by a mysterious radiation that the rest of crew works to resolve while the holodeck hearings are conducted. One of the themes is how people perceive reality and how they remember events. Another issue that is brought up is the idea of innocent until proven guilty, which is also a standard in Star Trek's Federation, but on the planet they are visiting they practice guilty until proven innocent. A trial with this structure is not actually conducted, rather, the Captain has authority over whether to hand someone over to

neg: William Garrow Lettsom phrase "presumed innocent until proven guilty" into the common law and whose life inspired the television drama series Garrow's Law. Lettsom was educated at Westminster School and Cambridge University. As an undergraduate at Cambridge University Lettsom befriended the author William Makepeace Thackeray and was the (or an) editor of "The Snob" in which some of Thackeray's earliest work appeared; Lettsom has been identified as the character Tapeworm in Thackeray's novel Vanity Fair. Lettsom was well acquainted with the cartoonist George Cruikshank, illustrator of the early works of Charles Dickens. Lettsom was a contributor to various literary periodicals under the pseudonym

neg: William Garrow William Garrow Sir William Garrow (13 April 1760 – 24 September 1840) was an English barrister, politician and judge known for his indirect reform of the advocacy system, which helped usher in the adversarial court system used in most common law nations today. He introduced the phrase "presumed innocent until proven guilty", insisting that defendants' accusers and their evidence be thoroughly tested in court. Born to a priest and his wife in Monken Hadley, then in Middlesex, Garrow was educated at his father's school in the village before being apprenticed to Thomas Southouse, an attorney in Cheapside, which preceded a

neg: Proven Innocent November 1, 2018, it was reported that Candice Coke had been cast in a recurring role. On May 14, 2018, Fox released the first trailer for the series. Proven Innocent Proven Innocent is an upcoming American legal drama television series created by David Elliot that is set to premiere on February 15, 2019 on Fox. "Proven Innocent" is set in a "wrongful conviction firm. Led by a fierce and fearless female lawyer with a hunger for justice, the team reopens investigations, putting their own lives in danger to exonerate the innocent that were 'proven' guilty. Our lead's motivation comes from

neg: Presumption of innocence expressed by the French cardinal and jurist Jean Lemoine in the phrase ""item quilbet presumitur innocens nisi probetur nocens" (a person is presumed innocent until proven guilty)", based on the legal inference that most people are not criminals. However, this referred not merely to the fact that the burden of proof rests on the prosecution in a criminal case, but the protections which a defendant should be given-prior notice of the accusation being made against them, the right of confrontation, right to counsel, etc. It is literally considered favorable evidence for the accused that automatically attaches at trial. It requires

neg: Capital punishment Act contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty". This refers to a situation when someone is caught with drugs. In this situation, in almost any jurisdiction, the prosecution has a prima facie case. Opponents of the death penalty argue that this punishment is being used more often against perpetrators from racial and ethnic minorities and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, than against those criminals who come from a privileged background; and that the background of the victim

neg: David Coburn (politician) resigned from his position in wake of the allegations which he denied and was defended by Coburn in a tweet where he stated that Thackeray was "Innocent until proven guilty." In January 2017, Thackeray pleaded guilty to making indecent phone-calls and was sentenced by Glasgow Sheriff Court in February 2017 to 270 hours of community service and will appear on the Sex Offenders Register for three years. After his sentencing, Thackeray continued his employment with Coburn until April of that year when he was eventually dismissed by Coburn for Gross Misconduct. David Coburn (politician) David Adam Coburn (born 11 February

neg: Business ethics conduct is criminal". Also, law presumes the accused is innocent until proven guilty and that the state must establish the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt. As per liberal laws followed in most of the democracies, until the government prosecutor proves the firm guilty with the limited resources available to her, the accused is considered to be innocent. Though the liberal premises of law is necessary to protect individuals from being persecuted by Government, it is not a sufficient mechanism to make firms morally accountable. As part of more comprehensive compliance and ethics programs, many companies have formulated internal

neg: Florida Central Voter File not to be convicted felons. As Civil Rights Commission attorney Bernard Quarterman put it during testimony in Miami on February 16, "They were guilty until proven innocent". At least 108 legitimate voters were not purged from the list until after the election. Some voters on the list did not receive advance notice that they were ineligible to vote until they appeared at the polls. Some had even received new voters cards in the mail. The problems with the list, and the process by which it was manufactured and deployed, as well as other issues related to the 2000 election controversy

neg: Presumption of guilt Presumption of guilt Presumption of guilt, in Latin, "ei incumbit probatio qui negat, non qui dicit" (the burden of proof is on the one who denies, not on one who declares), is the principle that one is considered guilty unless proven innocent. Generally, this is an argument from ignorance, a philosophical concept in which a thing is assumed to be true because not proved false. Presumption of guilt shifts the burden of proof onto the defendant, who must then prove a negative to achieve acquittal. The phrase has been in use since at least the 1840s. It is a default

neg: Valerio Fioravanti but the Italian state had been reluctant to pursue that line of enquiry because of dependence on Libya's oil, and blamed neo-fascists. The accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty, the prosecution can appeal against verdicts. If found guilty the accused is absolutely guaranteed an appeal to a trial of the second grade, which is similar to a trial de novo where all evidence and witnesses can be re-examined Either level can be appealed by the defence or the prosecution, and the Supreme court can order a re-trial. A conviction becomes definitive only after the appeal process has been exhausted.

neg: Prize (law) carrying enemy cargo, or running a blockade. Prize commissioners took custody of the vessel and its cargo, and gathered the ship's papers, charts, and other documents. They had a special duty to notify the prize court of perishable property, to be sold promptly to prevent spoilage and the proceeds held for whoever prevailed in the prize proceeding. One considerable difference between prize law and ordinary Anglo-American criminal law is the reversal of the normal "onus probandi" or burden of proof. While in criminal courts a defendant is innocent until proven guilty, in prize court a vessel is guilty unless proven

neg: Yevdokiya Rachkevich remains were found because they could have been captured, and Soviet prisoners of war were considered "guilty until proven innocent" of collaboration with the Axis, especially after Order No. 270 forbid surrender or retreat. Rachkevich was born on 22 December 1907 in what was then the village of Nadnestrryanskoye in the Russian Empire, now located within present-day Ukraine. In 1919 she graduated from a parish school in her hometown. In 1922 she worked as a janitor for the Kamyanets-Podilsky border guard where she worked until she became a member of the Communist party in 1926 and was transferred to work

neg: Vic Toews in its scope, and included vaguely defined categories in its list of serious offenses. Civil libertarian groups also argued that the bill threatened the constitutional principle of accused persons being presumed innocent until proven guilty, and suggested that it may not withstand a court challenge. Youth justice In August 2006, Toews told reporters that he was willing to consider lowering the age of criminal responsibility in Canada from twelve to ten. He indicated that his focus was on treatment rather than jail time, although he did not rule out jail sentences for ten-year-olds. A Justice Department spokesman later clarified that

neg: Atlanta murders of 1979–81 Killed Atlanta's Children?" Like "JFK", the film centered mainly around the possibility of a conspiracy. On June 10, 2010, CNN broadcast a documentary, "The Atlanta Child Murders", with interviews by Soledad O'Brien of some of the people involved including Wayne Williams. The two-hour CNN documentary invited viewers to weigh the evidence presented and then go to CNN.com to cast votes on whether Williams was "guilty," "innocent"—or the case is "not proven." 68.6% of respondents said Williams was guilty, 4.3% said he was innocent and 27.1% chose "not proven". In the song "The Ends" from rapper Travis Scott on his sophomore

neg: Guilt (emotion) as if they were so. By corollary, the ruling that such a person is "not guilty" may not be so taken, due to the asymmetry in the assumption that one is assumed innocent until proven guilty, and prefers to take the risk of freeing a guilty party over convicting innocents. Still others—often, but not always, theists of one type or another—believe that the origin of guilt comes from violating universal principles of right and wrong. In most instances, people who believe this also acknowledge that even though there is proper guilt from doing 'wrong' instead of doing 'right', people endure

neg: Reasonable doubt Blackstone's formulation "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer". Beyond a reasonable doubt is the highest burden of proof in any court in the United States. Criminal cases must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. In English common law prior to the "reasonable doubt" standard, passing judgment in criminal trials had severe religious repercussions for jurors. According to judicial law prior to the 1780s: "the Juryman who finds any other person guilty, is liable to the Vengeance of God upon his Family and Trade, Body and Soul, in this world and that to come."

neg: Konrad von Marburg Siegfried II, Konrad set to work seeking out heresy in both Thuringia and Hesse, and quickly gained a reputation for being unreasonable and unjust. According to most accounts, Konrad accepted almost any accusation as true, and regarded suspects as guilty until proven innocent. Those accused of being heretics were quickly sought out by Konrad's mobs, and told to repent or else be burnt at the stake. Those accused of heresy were also encouraged to denounce others, with the implication that their own lives might be spared if they did so. Konrad included commoners, nobles and priests in his inquisition: Heinrich

neg: Campbell Newman amount of criticism from law professionals to Amnesty International. In particular, the bill was criticised by Amnesty International for sweeping so broadly that innocent conduct may be caught and infringing the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, although Newman claimed that Queenslanders wanted the tough new laws. By September 2013, Newman's government had cut 12,282 public service jobs in Queensland. On 7 April 2014, the NSW Independent Commission Against Corruption heard that Newman wanted $5,000 to meet Sydney businessman Nick Di Girolamo when he was the Lord Mayor of Brisbane. On 21 July 2014, Newman was forced to

neg: Plea bargain This 'trial penalty' seeks to facilitate guilty pleas by guilty defendants [...and ironically...] disproportionately, collectively, penalizes innocents, who reject on fairness grounds some offers their guilty counterparts accept." The extent to which innocent people will accept a plea bargain and plead guilty is contentious and has been subjected to considerable research. Much research has focused on the relatively few actual cases where innocence was subsequently proven, such as successful appeals for murder and rape based upon DNA evidence, which tend to be atypical of trials as a whole (being by their nature only the most serious kinds of crime). Other

neg: Yusuf (surah) get food for their family. Upon seeing his brothers, Yusuf recognizes them though they did not recognize him. Yusuf, in a high position of authority, requests that the next time they come, they bring their youngest brother Benjamin or benyameen with them. When the brothers returned with their youngest brother, Yusuf takes him aside and tells him his identity. Yusuf plots a theft case where his youngest brother is found guilty of theft when he is truly innocent and is detained from his family, so he could stay with him. Later, when the father and brothers face poverty they come

neg: Iwao Hakamada three-judge panel found Hakamada guilty and sentenced him to death. The Japan Pro Boxing Association alleged that prejudice against boxers was involved, and said the principle of innocent until proven guilty had been violated because of rampant press reports declaring Hakamada guilty. A subsequent appeal to the Tokyo High Court was denied and the Supreme Court of Japan upheld the death sentence on November 11, 1980. Hakamada maintained his innocence, writing to his son in 1983: "I will prove to you that your dad never killed anybody, and it is the police who know it best and it is the

neg: Fahrenheit 9/11 controversies Press Secretary Ari Fleischer was holding up a legal pad upon which he had written a message telling Bush not to say anything yet. According to Christopher Hitchens, Moore had argued in a previous public debate that Osama bin Laden was to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and thus questions the treatment of bin Laden in the film. "Something – I cannot guess what, since we knew as much then as we do now – has since apparently persuaded Moore that Osama Bin Laden is as guilty as hell. Indeed, Osama is suddenly so guilty and so all-powerful that

neg: Vicious Lawless Association Disestablishment Act 2013 the time of its introduction the bill attracted a large amount of criticism from law professionals to Amnesty International. In particular, the bill was criticised by Amnesty International for sweeping so broadly that innocent conduct may be caught and infringing the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, A later official taskforce was established in June 2015 to conduct a review of the suite of legislation introduced in 2013 to combat organised crime, in particular outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs). Among many other criticisms, it noted that: Vicious Lawless Association Disestablishment Act 2013 Vicious Lawless Association Disestablishment Act 2013 was

neg: Unfinished Business (Jay-Z and R. Kelly album) where R. Kelly was accused of erratic behavior and was pepper sprayed by a Jay-Z associate. Jay-Z and the tour promoter then banned R. Kelly from the tour claiming "lack of professionalism". R. Kelly responded by suing his co-act and touring company for $75 million for breach of contract, among other things, on November 2. "Unfinished Business" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 1 for selling more than 1,000,000 copies in the US. R. Kelly appeared on Jay-Z's "Guilty Until Proven Innocent". In 2001, Jay-Z was featured on R. Kelly's popular single "Fiesta

neg: Mitchell v. United States (1999) on assumption. The court's decision supported that a ruling should be made based on facts. In addition, had the court allowed for an inference to be made from silence, suspicions would then inherently supersede and contradict the principle that defendants are innocent until proven guilty. Mitchell v. United States (1999) Mitchell v. United States, 526 U.S. 314 (1999), is a United States Supreme Court case that considered two Fifth Amendment privileges related to a criminal defendant’s rights against self-incrimination in a Federal District Court. First, does a defendant who waives the guilty plea also waive the privilege during the sentencing

neg: Miscarriage of justice Human Rights for breaking the principle of innocent until proven guilty. However, the maximum penalty in Norway is normally no longer than 21 years. Thereby, most of the victims have been acquitted after their release from prison. On December 31, 1996 in Miłoszyce, Poland, a 15-year-old girl was brutally raped and murdered. Tomasz Komenda, then 21, was arrested. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 25 years imprisonment. Komenda was regularly abused by fellow prisoners and guards, he tried to commit suicide 3 times. In 2018 when new evidence came out, Komenda was paroled and in May 2018 his conviction

neg: Bail limits have expired and otherwise ordinarily a right to bail unless there is sufficient reason not to grant it, Any person accused of committing a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. Therefore, a person charged with a crime should not be denied freedom unless there is a good reason. The main reasons for refusing bail are that the defendant is accused of an imprisonable offence and there are substantial grounds for believing that the defendant would: The court should take into account the: The court may also refuse bail: Where the accused has previous

neg: Sinner (film) finds a path to regain his honor and calling in a post-scandal world where priests are guilty until proven innocent. Sinner was chosen as an official selection in the 2007 Vail Film Festival, 2007 Newport Beach Film Festival, 41st Annual Brooklyn Arts Council Film and Video Festival, 2007 Palm Beach International Film Festival, 2007 Garden State Film Festival, 2007 Buffalo Niagara Film Festival, and the 2007 Boston International Film Festival. Sinner (film) Sinner is a 2007 drama film directed by Marc Benardout and starring Nick Chinlund, Georgina Cates, Michael E. Rodgers, Tom Wright, and Brad Dourif. The film debuted on

neg: Guilty Until Proven Insane Guilty Until Proven Insane Guilty Until Proven Insane is the fourth studio album released by Skyhooks on March 13, 1978. It was the first album that featured Bob Spencer, who replaced guitarist Red Symons in early 1977. Spencer originally played in Sydney rock band Finch and was later was a member of "The Angels". The album's name comes from a line in "Twisted Innocence", which states 'if I'm guilty until proven insane...' Originally released as a 12" vinyl LP and also on red vinyl as a 5000-copy limited release.. It is the first album to include an uncensored version of

neg: Murder of Meredith Kercher of any crime are considered innocent until proven guilty, although the defendant may be held in detention. Unless the accused opts for a fast-track trial, murder cases are heard by a "corte d'assise" (English translation: court of assizes — a court which has jurisdiction to try the most serious crimes, "i.e." those crimes whose maximum penalty "begins" at 24 years in prison). A guilty verdict is not regarded as a definitive conviction until the accused has exhausted the appeals process, irrespective of the number of times the defendant has been put on trial. Italian trials can last many months and

neg: Ryan White many that AIDS was not exclusive to homosexual men. In his advocacy for AIDS research, White always rejected any criticism of homosexuality, although not gay himself. Ryan White was seen by some as an "innocent victim" of the AIDS epidemic. Ryan White and his family strongly rejected the language of "innocent victim" because the phrase was often used to imply that gays with AIDS were "guilty". Ryan's mother told "The New York Times", Ryan always said, 'I'm just like everyone else with AIDS, no matter how I got it.' And he would never have lived as long as he did

neg: Louis Theroux: Miami Mega Jail Jail" (PTDC), one of the most notorious sections of the Miami jail system, including time on the fifth and sixth floors of the PTDC, where many of the most volatile inmates are incarcerated. Being held for pre-trial, the inmates are to be considered innocent until proven guilty. In part two, he also spends time in the Miami-Dade Boot Camp. Held in large cage-like dwellings, holding up to 24 men, the inmates have developed a strange and violent jail culture. The men remain in the cells almost all the time and may only leave for yard time twice a week, leading

neg: James Keegstra the grounds that Section 319(3)(a) of the Criminal Code, which states that a person cannot be convicted of promoting hatred if she or he establishes that the statement is true, but only where the accused proves the truth of the communicated statements on a balance of probabilities, was a violation of Section 11(d) of the Charter. That section guarantees "the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal." Keegstra was not able to demonstrate the truth of the many antisemitic statements he made to his

neg: Misuse of statistics (the significance level). This can be compared to the judicial process, where the accused is considered innocent (formula_3) until proven guilty (formula_5) beyond reasonable doubt (formula_7). But if data does not give us enough proof to reject that formula_3, this does not automatically prove that formula_3 is correct. If, for example, a tobacco producer wishes to demonstrate that its products are safe, it can easily conduct a test with a small sample of smokers versus a small sample of non-smokers. It is unlikely that any of them will develop lung cancer (and even if they do, the difference between the

neg: Men's rights movement in India hurt. The police finds 9% to be false or under the wrong law. Of the cases that go to trial, only 15% result in conviction. In July 2014, 3,72,706 cases under Section 498a were pending in Indian courts. According to SIFF, these laws don't follow conventional legal premises where a person is innocent until proven guilty. It has also pointed out that several of those who are arrested under this law are women themselves, i.e., female relatives of husbands. Former justice of Delhi High Court Shiv Narayan Dhingra has admitted that this law is being used by women to harass

neg: David Chipperfield were "uncomfortably prison-like, as if defendants were guilty until proven innocent," but he also found much to admire in Chipperfield's work: "He is much sought after for projects that help define cities' modern view of themselves, often in relation to a rich or fraught history. He deals in dignity, in gravitas, in memory and art. He likes "permanence", "substance", and "meaning", and dislikes designs that are spectacular for the hell of it...His buildings have a strong presence, with right angles and straight lines prominent. He likes solid masonry and concrete, where you seed that stuff that is holding the building

neg: Null hypothesis its place. If the data are consistent with the null hypothesis, then the null hypothesis is not rejected. In neither case is the null hypothesis or its alternative proven; the null hypothesis is tested with data and a decision is made based on how likely or unlikely the data are. This is analogous to the legal principle of presumption of innocence, in which a suspect or defendant is assumed to be innocent (null is not rejected) until proven guilty (null is rejected) beyond a reasonable doubt (to a statistically significant degree). In the hypothesis testing approach of Jerzy Neyman and

neg: Jury nullification defendant had killed the Earl. However, if the jury brought in a "proven" verdict they would in effect cause this innocent man to die. To avert this injustice, the jury decided to assert what it believed to be their "ancient right" to judge the whole case and not just the facts, rendering the verdict of "not guilty", which remains in Scotland to this day. Over time, however, juries have tended to favour the "not guilty" verdict over "not proven" and with this the interpretation has changed. Now the "not guilty" verdict has become the normal verdict when a jury is

neg: Photographic manipulation Neither Oprah Winfrey nor Ann-Margret had given permission for the composite to be created. OJ Simpson's June 17, 1994 mugshot was used on the cover of "Time" and "Newsweek" magazines. "Newsweek" used the mugshot unaltered whereas "Time" released one that made Simpson's face appear darker, blurrier and unshaven. This resulted in many people crying foul at "Time" for attempting to make Simpson appear guilty when in America a man is considered innocent until proven guilty. This picture was released to email and went viral after New York City was attacked on September 11, 2001. The title of the email was

neg: Bowmanville Zoo legally innocent, as accused persons are all innocent until proven guilty. On June 23, 2016, the zoo announced that it would close its doors at the end of the 2016 season, just three years short of its 100-year anniversary which was to occur in 2019. Zoo officials announced that the closure would occur as a result of financial issues caused by a catastrophic decline in attendance following the zoo's owner being charged with animal cruelty. The zoo officially closed its doors on October 10, 2016. In 2017 the property re-opened as Clarington Family Outdoor Adventure Park and still featured lions

neg: Lock-Up (TV series) the cornerstone of English and American jurisprudence: a person charged with a crime is innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. The series featured stories persons who were unjustly accused, usually due to circumstantial evidence. The program's primary theme is that when individuals are charged with a crime not all is as it first appears and a thorough investigation is duly warranted in order to uncover vital facts pertinent to the case. Herbert L. Maris had an uncanny sense about the honest, innocent persons who had been falsely accused. He was an attorney who spent his spare time

neg: Feminism in South Korea bitterness among women will only be resolved when we are able to make them feel that we are especially respectful of the senses of shame and dignity associated with women’s sexuality.” Many women have since argued that President Moon is incapable of addressing the issue of misogyny if he continues to regard women's demonstrations as an expression of "bitterness." fueling an already divisive subject. Some men's rights activist groups have started counter-protests of their own, advocating "guilty until proven innocent," and "release 10 criminals rather than charging one innocent man." These demonstrations are currently ongoing, with the next demonstrations planned

neg: Men's rights movement in India Amit Gupta, General Secretary of National Coalition for Men, said that even if the legal system of India and the UN Charter on Human Rights states that an accused is to be treated as innocent until proven guilty, Ganguly was being held as guilty and subjected to a media trial. On 16 February 2014, the members of Hridaya organised another protest against the Marriage Laws Amendment Bill (India) that would introduce no fault divorce in the Hindu Marriage Act by wearing saris. Amartya Talukdar voiced concern and said that if the government really intends to empower women, then the law

neg: Innocent Until Caught with all the bugs, I never felt inclined to stop playing. Jack's story is interesting enough ... the puzzles clever enough, and most of the graphics and sound good enough". Ardai concluded that "it is rare that a game startles me in the way this one did ... Unusual games earn points in my book, as do daring ones, and "Innocent" is both". Innocent Until Caught Innocent Until Caught is a graphical sci-fi adventure game, originally released in 1993 and published by Psygnosis. It was followed by "Guilty". The game takes place in a space-borne setting, in the year 2171.

neg: Infraud Organization Infraud and examples of some of the crimes each individual committed. The charges in the indictment are only allegations, and are presumed innocent until proven guilty. On 2 August 2017, an undercover Homeland Security Investigations agent posing as a member purchased 15 credit card dumps from Doe #6 and 15 from Novak. On 4 August 2017, the agent purchased 54 compromised credit card dumps from Novak and 15 more from Doe #6. A joint operation between the United States, European, Australian and Asian law enforcement agencies arrested thirteen defendants, as of 8 February 2018. The Infraud website was taken down

neg: A Matter of Perspective disrupting the transporter process. Tanugan investigator Krag comes aboard to accuse Riker of murder; under Tanugan law, Riker is guilty until proven innocent, and Krag demands Riker's extradition. Captain Picard requests that they hold a hearing aboard the "Enterprise" to determine Riker's guilt. This involves the use of a holodeck, recreating the events on the station from data logs and testimony from Riker, Dr. Apgar's wife Manua, and his research assistant, Tayna. In the holodeck recreation, Krag demonstrates that a directed energy beam - from Riker's location prior to transport - struck the Krieger wave converter, destroying it and the

neg: Windrush scandal Oxford, that up to 57,000 Commonwealth migrants could be affected, of whom 15,000 were from Jamaica alone. In addition to those from the Caribbean, cases of people affected who had been born in Kenya, Cyprus, Canada, and Sierra Leone were identified in the press. The press coverage accused Home Office agencies of operating a "guilty until proven innocent" and "deport first, appeal later" regime; of targeting the weakest groups, particularly those from the Caribbean; of inhumanely applying regulations by cutting off access to jobs, services, medical treatment, and bank accounts while cases were still being investigated; of losing large numbers

neg: Guilty Until Proven Insane patchy affair. Apart from the cracking "Women in Uniform" the album lacks the sparkle and wit of the stage act and the previous albums. I only hope Greg Macainsh goes back to writing songs about Australia. No one does it better." Guilty Until Proven Insane Guilty Until Proven Insane is the fourth studio album released by Skyhooks on March 13, 1978. It was the first album that featured Bob Spencer, who replaced guitarist Red Symons in early 1977. Spencer originally played in Sydney rock band Finch and was later was a member of "The Angels". The album's name comes from

neg: The Young and the Restless characters (2000s) on house-arrest at the Ranch, Victor would often walk into his bedroom without knocking. As soon as Rafe had left, Adam immediately called Heather and asked her to come over. Once she arrived, he almost immediately initiated sex with her—seemingly to get his mind off what had just happened between him and Rafe. As the story of Ashley's gaslighting continued (and was seemingly resolved—with his Aunt Estella being proven innocent and insane Patty Williams being wrongly accused instead of the guilty Adam), Rafe was not seen as often. Rafe has recently been acting as Billy Abbott's attorney, and has been

neg: Thomas Szasz to deal with those who erred from the medical norms concerning the weight the body should have. Thus, he underscores that in 1970, the American Society of Bariatric Physicians (from the Greek βάρος "baros," for "weight") had 30 members, and already 450 two years later. Just as legal systems work on the presumption that a person is innocent until proven guilty, individuals accused of crimes should not be presumed incompetent simply because a doctor or psychiatrist labels them as such. Mental incompetence should be assessed like any other form of incompetence, i.e., by purely legal and judicial means with the

neg: Status dynamic psychotherapy of observation. One person observes another and sees that she is a wife, a teacher, a pursuer of a distancing husband, a relentless critic of herself, and a peacemaker in her family of origin. However, SDT notes, statuses may also be assigned "a priori". For example, in the judicial system, jury members are instructed to regard the defendant, prior to the presentation of any evidence, as "innocent until proven guilty." A further example from the clinical domain comes from the work of Carl Rogers, who assigned to all of his clients the status of "unconditionally acceptable person," not on the

neg: Theresa May to be guilty until you were proven innocent, and told you were able to work with children." On 4 August 2010, it was reported that May was scrapping the former Labour government's proposed "go orders" scheme to protect women from domestic violence by banning abusers from the victim's home. In June 2010, May faced her first major national security incident as Home Secretary with the Cumbria shootings. She delivered her first major speech in the House of Commons as Home Secretary in a statement on this incident, later visiting the victims with the Prime Minister. Also in June 2010, May

neg: Helena Guergis was reticent with further details, saying only that Harper "acted quickly and appropriately" after being tipped off by an unknown "third party." Ignatieff has also linked the events to organized crime, due to the reports of cocaine being present: "I don’t want to make false accusations but you don’t get cocaine at a corner drug store, right? You have to get it from somewhere, from someone and usually that means organized crime". Some people have expressed concern that Guergis's right to due process (innocent until proven guilty) has been infringed upon. On "The Michael Coren Show", commentator Akaash Maharaj, former

neg: Remand (detention) the local legal system, but may include: In most countries, remand prisoners are considered innocent until proven guilty by a court and may be granted greater privileges than sentenced prisoners. For example, most jurisdictions that prohibit convicted criminals from voting in elections will still allow remand prisoners to vote, unless they have been disqualified from voting for some other reason. Other privileges commonly granted include: Not all remand prisons grant these privileges, in particular, remand prisoners are often forced to wear prison uniforms and denied additional visitation rights, supposedly for safety reasons, although some facilities allow remand prisoners to wear

neg: Cynthia McKinney–Capitol Hill police incident which the crime was committed. This would have delayed criminal proceedings until Congress next adjourned; although the grand jury could have indicted McKinney while Congress was in session, that warrant could not have been served until Congress was adjourned. It was suggested on Fox News that McKinney's allegations of racism and sexism were overplayed on her part and had a boomerang effect. McKinney's supporters argued that the reporting of the incident presumed her guilty until proven innocent, and that her conservative opponents overplayed their hand by attacking her in such vicious terms: On March 31, libertarian radio host Neal Boortz

neg: Evidence Conclusions drawn from evidence may be subject to criticism based on a perceived failure to fulfill the burden of proof. Two principal considerations are: The latter question depends on the nature of the point under contention and determines the quantity and quality of evidence required to meet the burden of proof. In a criminal trial in the United States, for example, the prosecution carries the burden of proof since the defendant is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Similarly, in most civil procedures, the plaintiff carries the burden of proof and must convince a judge or jury

neg: Foundations of statistics of the test is to reject the hypothesis (or not), a simple dichotomy. The test distinguish between truth of the hypothesis and insufficiency of evidence to disprove the hypothesis; so it is like a criminal trial in which the defendant's guilt is assessed in (so it is like a criminal trial in which the defendant is assumed innocent until proven guilty). Neyman & Pearson collaborated on a different, but related, problem – selecting among competing hypotheses based on the experimental evidence alone. Of their joint papers the most cited was from 1933. The famous result of that paper is the

neg: Nambaryn Enkhbayar required the rejection of Enkhbayar's application pending the case. However, Enkhbayar and his lawyers argue that the incumbent president, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, who took office in 2009, engineered the corruption case to keep him from running in the coming elections. They claim that the court gave them insufficient time to review the prosecutors' evidence and witness statements. The election authorities' denial of Enkhbayar's candidacy on 6 June, they say, violates his constitutional right to be considered innocent until proven guilty. According to a US-based independent trial observer, the five charges levelled against Enkhbayar seem overblown and unsubstantiated. One accuses him of

neg: Positively False states that the positive test was not "a positive" test at all,but was flawed and that his samples were mishandled by the French lab that carried out the tests. Landis describes how his defense team spent months going over the 370 page evidential packet from WADA and numbered many errors that the French lab appears to have made. He explains that he was seen by the USADA (United States anti doping agency) as "guilty until proven innocent" and warned by the UCI (world cycling federation) not to fight the case because he would lose and be bankrupted. Floyd does not

neg: James Forman Jr. in a contest from an essay written by Sherti Hendrix, a member of the class of 1999, the school's first graduating class. Forman was part of the 1999 documentary "Innocent Until Proven Guilty", which focused on his work as a public defender and with the See Forever Foundation. Forman has contributed writing about topics such as police brutality, mass incarceration, and the criminal justice system to "The Atlantic" and "The New York Times". In April 2017, Forman published his first book, "Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America". The book examines tough on crime policies that were

neg: Independent Safeguarding Authority the protection of children and vulnerable adults would from here on focus upon "common sense" rather than the measures Labour introduced. She said that "what we have got to do is actually trust people again [and that the philosophy behind the setting up of the ISA was based upon an assumption that] you were assumed to be guilty, in a sense, until you were proven innocent and told you were able to work with children." A review into the Vetting and Barring Scheme was published on 11 February 2011. This made recommendations for the merger of the Criminal Records Bureau

neg: Whistleblower confidence in their government" and "raise doubts about our reliability in the minds of other governments, friend and foe, and indeed about the stability of our political system." Emotional strain on the accused from the whistleblower is also unconstrained. When a leader challenges a whistleblower, there is an automatic indictment of the leader's character. Questioning the whistleblower makes the accused guilty until proven innocent. Whistleblowers are sometimes seen as selfless martyrs for public interest and organizational accountability; others view them as "traitors" or "defectors." Some even accuse them of solely pursuing personal glory and fame, or view their behavior as

neg: Sam Krone Skoric, described as "disgusting." Krone was charged in July 2016 with three felony and four misdemeanor counts of larceny by the Wyoming Attorney General's Office. Charging documents allege that Krone embezzled more than $9,600 from the Park County Bar Association between 2010-13 while he served as treasurer of the organization. During that time, he had sole control and access over the association's bank account, according to the charges filed against him. Krone told the Powell Tribune that he was "innocent until proven guilty." He made his initial appearance in Park County Circuit Court on August 16, the same day he

neg: Manjaagiin Ichinnorov through this strategic litigation case. The main goal of this case was to change old communist mentality of judges, promote the principle of "innocent until proven guilty", right to proper defense, principle of independence and fairness of the judiciary. As a result of this case, the procedures of trials have been changed and evidence must be compelling for the initiation of a trial. A young man died in a notorious detention center of Tuv aimag by contracting tuberculosis in his 2 years of lengthy detention while he confessed for his crime. The victim was never provided medical help from the

neg: ETrace in many other countries), anyone accused of a crime is "guilty until proven innocent", and cash bail may be the only option to avoid incarceration. ATF Project Gunrunner has a stated official objective to stop the sale and export of guns from the United States into Mexico in order to deny Mexican drug cartels the firearms considered "tools of the trade". However, under Project Gunrunner, Operations "Fast and Furious", "Too Hot to Handle" and others, are alleged to have done the opposite by ATF permitting and facilitating 'straw purchase' firearm sales to traffickers, and allowing the guns to 'walk' and

neg: Criminal Tribes Act since much of 'Habitual Offenders Act (1952)' is derived from the earlier 'Criminal Tribes Act 1871', it doesn't show a marked departure in its intent, only gives the formed notified tribes a new name i.e. "Denotified tribes", hence the stigma continues so does the oppression, as the law is being denounced on two counts, first that "all human beings are born free and equal", and second that it negates a valuable principle of the criminal justice system – innocent until proven guilty. In 2008, the National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (NCDNSNT) of Ministry of Social Justice and

neg: David Campos local authorities to wait for a criminal conviction before turning youth over to ICE. In an editorial for the "San Francisco Chronicle", Campos stated that his proposal "strikes a balance between the former city policy that failed to report people who should have been reported, and the current one, which in essence violates the right of these young people to a hearing on the accusations against them and can ultimately tear them from the protection of their families" and that he believed "every person has the right to a hearing before being punished and is innocent until proven guilty." Supervisor

neg: Michelle Park Steel million people in the 3rd district, which then included the entirety of Imperial, Orange, Riverside, and San Diego counties, as well as portions of Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties. Steel promised to protect taxpayers from the overbearing government that her family encountered. A signatory of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, she promised to oppose all new taxes and tax increases, and when adjudicating tax appeals, presume a taxpayer is innocent until proven guilty. In 2011, she was elected Vice Chair of the Board of Equalization. In 2014, she ran successfully to become a member of the Orange County Board of

neg: Kenja Communication the individual, ready to assist them be in charge of their own destiny. A former Liberal Party parliamentarian Stephen Mutch, with detailed knowledge of high-ranking members described Kenja as "a sinister organisation designed to fill the pockets and stroke the egos" Kenja training focuses on a form of meditation it calls Energy Conversion, which it describes as a way to "permanently eliminate the suppressed emotion, thought or energy that can divert us from what we want to achieve". For 10 years, the Kenja has produced, in Sydney, Melbourne, and Canberra, a theatre documentary called "Guilty Until Proven Innocent". The documentary

neg: Ken Coon However, we must remain calm and not overreact. Our system of government provides that a man, even the President is innocent until proven guilty," Coon said in a press release. Coon said that if Nixon resigned because of adverse poll ratings, the precedent would cause "irreparable damage" to the United States because "future presidents, if they made an unpopular decision, might also capitulate, leaving government solely in the hands of Congress." Coon's remarks came three days before Nixon resigned the presidency. Coon's gubernatorial opponent was former U.S. Representative David H. Pryor, originally from Camden, the seat of Ouachita County in

neg: Bowe Bergdahl in which he reported having become disillusioned with the war effort and bothered by the treatment of Afghans by American soldiers. He said in his e-mail he was ashamed to be American. Some sources stated he left an explanatory note before leaving, though this was denied. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Martin Dempsey said: "The questions about this particular soldier's conduct are separate from our effort to recover ANY U.S. service member in enemy captivity" and that the military will investigate how Bergdahl was captured. "Like any American, he is innocent until proven guilty.[...] Our Army’s leaders will

neg: United Arab Emirates Legal Process if charges will be pressed or dropped, which must be completed 14 days from receiving the case from the police. Once the prosecutor has decided if charges will be pressed, the parties can proceed in hiring an attorney. All attorneys must be licensed to practice law and must be approved by an official deed notarized by a notary public to try the case. (3) Under the United Arab Emirates constitution all defendants are innocent until proven guilty. All trials are public except for national security cases trials that the honoring judge can rule to be conducted in privates if any

neg: Me Too movement (India) notice on Vinta Nanda's post. The association asked why he should not be expelled from CINTAA. The actor urged that the notice be withdrawn, that he was innocent until proven guilty. In response to Alok Nath's lawsuit, on 15 October Vinta Nanda's lawyer responded: "She will not be intimidated by threats and defamation suits which are primarily meant to delay and distract from the gravity of the allegations." Alok Nath had earlier been quoted by ABP News as saying he could "neither deny nor agree" with Ms Nanda's account of rape and violation on Facebook. The writer had not named

neg: SWAT 4 the building and a timeline of events. Players can choose from two entry points in most operations. As all aggressors are innocent until proven guilty, hostiles are referred to as "suspects", in SWAT 4. Suspects range from being poorly-organised, ill-equipped and not resistant to arrest, to well-organised, well-equipped and being resistant to arrest as the game progresses. New equipment is available to use after every successful mission. Operators will listen for your commands before acting. For example, a suspect may have surrendered, but Operators will only take these suspects into custody only after the command to restrain them is given.

neg: Billy Hartung (actor) Billy Hartung (actor) Billy Hartung, also known as Bill Hartung and William Hartung, is an American actor and dancer with credits ranging from Broadway to film. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1971, Hartung is a graduate of Seton-La Salle Catholic High School and received a BFA from Point Park University. Billy Hartung (43) is a father of 6 children. He made his acting debut in 1991 in the made-for-TV movie Guilty Until Proven Innocent. In 1993, he made his big screen debut as a boat preppie in the movie Striking Distance, which was filmed in his hometown of Pittsburgh. Hartung

neg: The Lakeville Journal she teamed up with Donald S. Connery, author of 'Guilty Until Proven Innocent', to write a 30th anniversary article on the Reilly case. The state police initially rejected their request, which prompted a "New York Times" article on their reporting of the case. The Lakeville Journal The Lakeville Journal is an American weekly newspaper in Lakeville, Connecticut. It is published by The Lakeville Journal Company, which also publishes the "Millerton News" and published the "Winsted Journal" as a separate publication until it merged with the "Lakeville Journal" in 2017. The "Journal" was established in 1897 by Colvin Card as an

neg: Temptation (play) Foustka's girlfriend, Vilma, sees this. In her bedroom later that night, Vilma confronts Foustka about his interactions with Marketa. Foustka counters by bringing up the dancer, but they make up. When the dancer drops off flowers for Vilma, Foustka loses it and slaps her to the ground. Scene 5: back in the original room, a replay of the opening scene occurs up until the Director's announcement. He accuses Foustka of betraying the Institute's noble cause of science by studying and even using black magic. Foustka is guaranteed an "innocent until proven guilty" trial. Scene 6: returning to his study, Foustka

neg: Kristaps Porziņģis players such as Pau Gasol and Dirk Nowitzki, but also Darko Miličić, a former lottery selection widely considered a draft bust. Adrian Wojnarowski of Yahoo! Sports wrote, "Porziņģis has an innate awareness about the way the American public sees a young, long European teenager. He comes to the NBA with the full understanding that popular basketball culture declares him guilty until proven innocent of the basketball crimes of Darko Miličić and Nikoloz Tskitishvili and Andrea Bargnani. He's considered a stiff, a bust, a blown lottery pick until he doesn't become one..." On 25 June 2015, Porziņģis was selected with the

neg: Jesse Helms Arab allies under presidents Carter and Reagan, until his views on Israel shifted significantly in 1984. Helms and Bob Dole offered an amendment in 1973 that would have delayed cutting off funding for bombing in Cambodia if the President informed Congress that North Vietnam was not making an accounting "to the best of its ability" of US servicemen missing in Southeast Asia. The amendment was defeated by a vote of 56 to 25. Helms delivered a Senate speech blaming liberal media for distorting Watergate and questioned if President Nixon had a constitutional right to be considered innocent until proven guilty

neg: L'Idiote Magistrate to determine if there is enough evidence to take her to trial where, under the French legal system she will be considered guilty unless proven innocent. The Examining Magistrate, Paul Sevigne (William Shatner), is handling his first case since being promoted to Paris from the provinces. Before the case begins we learn he has an ambitious wife who adores living in Paris; she wants Paul to go along with whatever his bosses want him to do so they don't get sent back to the boondocks. Paul also gets a visit from his boss who advises him to "get a

neg: West Memphis Three expressed his doubts about the guilty verdicts on the West Memphis Three website. In 2007, Pamela Hobbs, the mother of victim Stevie Branch, joined those who have publicly questioned the verdicts, calling for a reopening of the verdicts and further investigation of the evidence. In late 2007, John Mark Byers—who was previously vehement in his belief that Echols, Misskelley, and Baldwin were guilty—also announced that he now believes that they are innocent. "I had made the comment if it were ever proven the three were innocent, I'd be the first to lead the charge for their freedom," said Byers, and

neg: Ordeal of the bitter water potential injury resulting from the drinking of certain potions, were common in antiquity; in parts of Europe, their judicial use even lasted until the late Middle Ages. Such ordeals were once believed to result in a direct decision by a deity, about the guilt or innocence of the party/parties undertaking the ordeal; typically divine intervention was believed to prevent the innocent being harmed, or to ensure that the guilty were, although in the case of some – witch ducking, for example – the innocent were more likely to come to harm. Ordeal of the bitter water A Sotah ( /

neg: R. Kelly #6, U.S. R&B: #1), which featured Jay-Z. In 2001, Kelly won the Outstanding Achievement Award at the MOBO Awards and "Billboard" magazine ranked "TP-2.com" at number 94 on the magazine's Top 200 Albums of the Decade. "The World's Greatest", from the Ali soundtrack, was a hit, and Kelly performed at the opening ceremonies of the Winter Olympics. In 2001, Kelly began discussing the possibility of a joint album with Jay-Z after the positive reception of Jay-Z's "Guilty Until Proven Innocent", which featured Kelly and the remix to "Fiesta" which featured Jay-Z. In December 2001 at the Billboard Music Awards, Kelly

neg: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia of a jail, some had derisively referred to the ICT as the "Hague Hilton". The reason for this luxury relative to other prisons is that the first president of the court wanted to emphasise that the indictees were innocent until proven guilty. The Tribunal indicted 161 individuals between 1997 and 2004 and completed proceedings with them as follows: The indictees ranged from common soldiers to generals and police commanders all the way to prime ministers. Slobodan Milošević was the first sitting head of state indicted for war crimes. Other "high level" indictees included Milan Babić, former President of the Republika

neg: Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990 the due process right of the accused to be assumed innocent until proven guilty. Also see, In part, the Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990 was designed to "correct[] the record keeping provisions of the Child Pornography and Obscenity Enforcement Act so that it will comply with a U.S. district court's decision in the case of American Library Association versus Thornburgh." According to the Bill's summary, apart from removing the unconstitutional provision, it was also intended: The Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990 was composed of two subtitles. After the amendments, the same Plaintiffs

neg: Burden of proof (law) not been met. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt, therefore, is proof of such a convincing character that one would be willing to rely and act upon it without hesitation in the most important of one's own affairs. However, it does not mean an absolute certainty. The standard that must be met by the prosecution's evidence in a criminal prosecution is that no other logical explanation can be derived from the facts except that the defendant committed the crime, thereby overcoming the presumption that a person is innocent unless and until proven guilty. If the trier of fact has no doubt

neg: Criminal law of Australia burden of proof lies with the prosecutor. The general rule is that an accused person is 'innocent until proven guilty'. The standard of proof is 'beyond reasonable doubt' which is the highest standard in law. Generally speaking, you have the right to remain silent if you are questioned by the police and you can not be forced to give evidence at your own trial. Australian criminal law was originally received from the English common law, which continues to evolve in Australian courts. Although all states now also have some criminal law legislation, in some states the criminal law has been

neg: Philippine Senate election, 2019 to run anymore unless pardoned or accepting an amnesty, these people have pending cases as of yet and are innocent until proven guilty. As this is a midterm election, it serves as a "de facto" referendum on the policies of the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte, such as pursuing the Philippine Drug War, federalism in the Philippines, and the Bangsamoro peace process, among other things. One of President Rodrigo Duterte's promises during the 2016 election campaign was to revise the current constitution and to shift the country from a unitary form to a federal form. On September 29, 2017, PDP-Laban presented