query: when did leningrad changed back to st petersburg

pos: Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg () is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city). Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on . On 1 September 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd (), on 26 January 1924 to Leningrad (), and on 1

neg: Nevaton Nevaton Nevaton is a Russian manufacturer of studio, film and broadcast microphones, headquartered in St. Petersburg. The company's name is derived from the Neva River, which flows through the city. The roots of Nevaton date back to 1947, when an acoustic laboratory was established at the Leningrad Optical and Mechanical Association (LOMO) in St. Petersburg. In 1954, the laboratory joined the newly formed scientific and industrial association, named EKRAN. Until 1987, this laboratory did research and design for microphones for the Soviet film, broadcast and defense industries. Notable microphones from this era include the LOMO 19A19. In 1991, Nevaton LTD

neg: Boris Schwanwitsch Boris Schwanwitsch Boris Nikolayevich Schwanwitsch (or Schwanwitz), , (1889, Poltava – 1957) was a Russian entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. He is best known for his studies of the colour pattern of the wings. Boris Schwanwitz graduated from the St. Petersburg University (1908–1913). After graduation, he changed a number of academic positions: assistant lecturer in Entomology at the Stebut Agricultural School (1915), assistant lecturer (1919) and private-docent (1926) at Petrograd (Leningrad) University, professor at the Perm University (1928–1930). In 1930, he returned to Leningrad (St. Petersburg) to take the position of the head of Entomology department of the Leningrad University

neg: Nikolskoye, Tosnensky District, Leningrad Oblast to Saint Nicholas and modern wooden church dedicated to Saint Tsar Nicholas II. Nikolskoye, Tosnensky District, Leningrad Oblast Nikolskoye (, ) is a town in Tosnensky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Tosna River southeast of the center of St. Petersburg. Population: It was founded in 1710, when Peter the Great resettled here a number of masons from Central Russia to serve newly founded St. Petersburg and surroundings. There were quarries around Nikolskoye and the settlement supplied stone, brick, and timber to St. Petersburg. The name was given because the settlers brought an icon of Saint Nicholas and

neg: Nikolskoye, Tosnensky District, Leningrad Oblast Nikolskoye, Tosnensky District, Leningrad Oblast Nikolskoye (, ) is a town in Tosnensky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Tosna River southeast of the center of St. Petersburg. Population: It was founded in 1710, when Peter the Great resettled here a number of masons from Central Russia to serve newly founded St. Petersburg and surroundings. There were quarries around Nikolskoye and the settlement supplied stone, brick, and timber to St. Petersburg. The name was given because the settlers brought an icon of Saint Nicholas and built a church to host the icon. In the course of the administrative

neg: Poliksena Shishkina-Iavein left St Petersburg after the October Revolution of 1917 and moved to newly independent Estonia, but Shishkina-Iavein was not allowed to practice medicine there. After her husband's death in 1920, she returned to Leningrad (as St Petersburg was now named). She survived the Siege of Leningrad during World War II and died there in March 1947. Shishkina-Iavein became chairwoman of the All-Russian League for Women's Equality () in 1910 and changed the policy of the League from a general goal of universal democracy to a more-focused pursuit of women's suffrage through legislative action. It became the "largest and most powerful

neg: St. Petersburg Institute of Jewish Studies St. Petersburg Institute of Jewish Studies St. Petersburg Institute of Jewish Studies (, also known as St. Petersburg Jewish University in 1991-1997 and Leningrad Jewish University in 1989-1991) is a private institution of higher education in the area of Jewish Studies in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Leningrad Jewish University was established in 1989 as a continuation of the Baron Günzburg's Courses for Oriental Studies (1907-1917) and the Petrograd / Leningrad Jewish University (1919-1925). The latter was closed by the Soviet Authorities as "unnecessary" in 1925. The new Leningrad Jewish University was created in 1989 during the new Soviet policy of Perestroika

neg: Saint Petersburg Police Saint Petersburg. During the Soviet era, from 1924 the service was known as the Leningrad Militsiya () until 1991, when it was changed to Saint Petersburg Militsiya (). The service adopted its current name in 2011 following reform in law enforcement agencies across Russia replacing the term ""militsiya"" with "police". The Saint Petersburg Police belongs to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, an agency of the Government of Russia, but is primarily subordinate to the state governments of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, respectively. The service is headed by a Commissioner appointed by the Governor of Saint Petersburg, and is then

neg: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University of the war the Institute was rebuilt. In 1988 the new "Physics-Technical" (Fiziko-Tekhnichesky) Department (faculty) of the Institute was created. The department is based on the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute and headed by the director of the Ioffe Institute Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (2000 recipient of the Nobel prize). In September 1991 Leningrad returned its historical name Saint Petersburg and the Institute was renamed St. Petersburg State Technical University (the word "Technical" was changed to "Polytechnic" in 2002). Finally, in 2015, the institute took its current name Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. However many people continue to call it Polytechnic

neg: Petersburg – Channel 5 Petersburg – Channel 5 Petersburg – Channel 5 or simply known as Channel Five (1938-1986 as Leningrad Television, 1987-2004 as Saint Petersburg Television), is a television channel based in St. Petersburg, Russia, also known simply as Channel 5 (Петербург–Пятый канал). Director General: Alexey Brodskiy, Producer General: Ljubov Sovershaeva. Channel 5 succeeded the nationwide Leningrad TV channel dating back to 1938, which was immensely popular throughout the Soviet Union during the last years of Perestroika with such programs as "600 Seconds" of its editor-in-chief, Alexander Nevzorov. However, later the channel lost much of its popularity. In 1997 its nationwide network was

neg: Aza Rakhmanova exiled to the same region. From 1949 to 1955 she studied in Leningrad before returning to work in Kazakhstan. Her family returned to Baku in 1959. She continued to study there and in Leningrad. In 1982 she became the Professor of Infectious Diseases at St. Petersburg Federal Medical University. Aza was Deputy Head of the St. Petersburg City AIDS Center. She was editor-in-chief of the journal "СПИД. Секс. Здоровье", which was the only journal in Russia on HIV / AIDS when it was first published in 1991. St Petersburg was a leader in Russia in dealing with AIiDS. She was

neg: HC Spartak St. Petersburg HC Spartak St. Petersburg HC Spartak St. Petersburg () was an ice hockey team in St. Petersburg, Russia. The club was founded in 1947 as HC Spartak Leningrad and began playing the second-level Soviet league, the II gruppa. They participated in the Soviet Championship League during the 1962-63 season, but were relegated back to the second-level league after only one season in the top league. The club played in the second-level league until it was disbanded in 1965. The club was revived as HC Spartak St. Petersburg in 1996. Initially operating only as a junior team, a senior team was

neg: Effect of siege on Leningrad Petersburg suburbs where buildings had stood before the siege. The siege caused major trauma for several generations after the war. Leningrad/St. Petersburg as the cultural capital, suffered incomparable human losses and the destruction of famous landmarks. While conditions in the city were appalling and starvation was constantly with the besieged, the city resisted for nearly three years. The pride of the city is unmistakable: "Troy fell, Rome fell, Leningrad did not fall." The Siege of Leningrad was commemorated in the late 1950s by the Green Belt of Glory, a circle of public parks and memorials along the historic front line.

neg: Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast metric tons. The town is on the railway line linking St. Petersburg to Vyborg. There is suburban train service to Finland Station in St. Petersburg. The town is connected by roads with Vyborg and with Zelenogorsk and is also linked by bus to other localities nearby. Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast Primorsk (; ; ) is a coastal town in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia and is the second largest Russian port on the Baltic, after St. Petersburg. It is located on the Karelian Isthmus, west of St. Petersburg, at the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, near Beryozovye Islands

neg: Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast Primorsk (; ; ) is a coastal town in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia and is the second largest Russian port on the Baltic, after St. Petersburg. It is located on the Karelian Isthmus, west of St. Petersburg, at the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, near Beryozovye Islands (; ) which are protected as a sea bird sanctuary. Population: It was first mentioned in Russian chronicles as Beryozovskoye (, lit. "birch settlement") in 1268, when the Hanseatic merchants from Gotland petitioned the Novgorod Republic to secure their passage to the Neva River. The original

neg: Volosovo, Volosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast Volosovo, Volosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast Volosovo () is a town and the administrative center of Volosovsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the railway between St. Petersburg and Tallinn, Estonia, southwest from St. Petersburg. Population: It was founded in 1870 as a settlement around the railway station on the railway connecting St. Petersburg and Revel. The name originates from the nearby village of Volosovo. Volosovo was a part of Petergofsky Uyezd of St. Petersburg Governorate). On February 14, 1923, Petergofsky Uyezd was merged with Detskoselsky Uyezd to form Gatchinsky Uyezd, with the administrative center located in Gatchina. On the

neg: St Petersburg Psychiatric Hospital of Specialized Type with Intense Observation St Petersburg Psychiatric Hospital of Specialized Type with Intense Observation St. Petersburg Psychiatric Hospital of Specialized Type with Intense Observation (SPbPBSTIN) () is one of eight Russian psychiatric hospitals under federal control for the treatment and rehabilitation of mentally ill persons who committed socially dangerous acts in a state of insanity and were released from criminal responsibility under court decision. In the Soviet time, the hospital was called the Leningrad Special Psychiatric Hospital of Prison Type of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. The year of the foundation of SPbPBSTIN is 1951 when the Leningrad Special Psychiatric Hospital Prison Type

neg: Saint Petersburg Police the functions of the Saint Petersburg Police. In 1924, following the renaming of Saint Petersburg to Leningrad in honor of Vladimir Lenin, the city police were known as the Leningrad Militsiya (. This name continued until 1991, shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, when it was changed to Saint Petersburg Militsiya (милицию Санкт-Петербурга) after the name of the city was reverted. The service adopted its current name in March 1, 2011, as part of wider law enforcement legislative reform backed by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, which abandoned usage of the term ""militsiya"" in favor of the re-adoption of

neg: Fine Art of Leningrad historical building of the Society for the Encouragement of the Arts being lost. In this period Leningrad practitioners of the fine arts, using their authority and the support of colleagues and the public, were able to preserve the unity of the St Petersburg Artists’ Union and the Academy of Arts as a school. Therein lies not only their great service to St Petersburg art but at the same time a symbolic handover from the Leningrad masters of the fine arts to new generations of St Petersburg artists. The contemporary development of the fine arts in Saint Petersburg demonstrates that in

neg: Russia men's national water polo team sport into their programme. P. Erofeev and A. Shemansky further populized water polo by publishing brochures with rules and hints. As previously, water polo was predominant in Moscow and Leningrad (formerly known as St. Petersburg). However, this changed when the water polo teams of the Black Sea Fleet, Baltic Fleet and Caspian Flotilla further spread water polo in Russia. In the early history, water polo was popular especially among sailors. The strongest teams were Delfin of Leningrad and the Moscow Life Saving Society and the Yacht-Club. Following the resolution by the organizing bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist

neg: Russia women's national water polo team organizations included this sport into their programme. P. Erofeev and A. Shemansky further populized water polo by publishing brochures with rules and hints. As previously, water polo was predominant in Moscow and Leningrad (formerly known as St. Petersburg). However, this changed when the water polo teams of the Black Sea Fleet, Baltic Fleet and Caspian Flotilla further spread water polo in Russia. In the early history, water polo was popular especially among sailors. The strongest teams were Delfin of Leningrad and the Moscow Life Saving Society and the Yacht-Club. Following the resolution by the organizing bureau of the Central Committee

neg: Kirill Lavrov he was baptized as a child. Kirill Lavrov was buried next to his wife in Bogoslovskoe Cemetery in St. Petersburg, Russia. Kirill Lavrov Kirill Yuryevich Lavrov (; 15 September 1925 – 27 April 2007) was a well-known Soviet and Russian film and theatre actor and director. Kirill Yuryevich Lavrov was born on 15 September 1925, in Leningrad, USSR (now St. Petersburg, Russia). He was baptized by the Russian Orthodox Church of St. John the Divine in Lavrushinskoe Podvorie Monastery in Leningrad. Young Kirill Lavrov was brought up in Leningrad, in a family with deep roots in St. Petersburg society. He

neg: Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod Petersburg (or Leningrad) are buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg, rather than in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom. During the Nazi occupation of Novgorod, the Kremlin was heavily damaged from the battles and from the Nazi abuse. However, the cathedral itself survived. The large cross on the main dome (which has a metal bird attached to it, perhaps symbolic of the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove) was removed by Spanish infantry. For over 60 years it resided in the Madrid's Military Engineering Academy Museum, until November 16, 2004 when it was handed over back

neg: State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg The State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg (), formerly the Museum of Leningrad History from 1955 to 1991, is a museum of the city history in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The headquarters of the museum are located in the Peter and Paul Fortress. It was established in 1938 as the Museum of History and Development of Leningrad. It is a successor of the City Museum and the Museum of Old St. Petersburg. During the second world war on the eastern front the content were moved to Sarapul. The first full historical

neg: St. Petersburg Institute of Jewish Studies on Jewish Studies") are published since 1993. The Institute for the Studies of Jewish Diaspora organized numerous expeditions and field trips to Ukraine, Belarus, Baltic States, the Central Asia and the Caucasus. The materials are kept in the Archive of the Institute. St. Petersburg Institute of Jewish Studies St. Petersburg Institute of Jewish Studies (, also known as St. Petersburg Jewish University in 1991-1997 and Leningrad Jewish University in 1989-1991) is a private institution of higher education in the area of Jewish Studies in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Leningrad Jewish University was established in 1989 as a continuation of the Baron

neg: Leningrad painting of 1950-1980s (Saint Petersburg, 1994) Leningrad painting of 1950-1980s (Saint Petersburg, 1994) Retrospective Exhibition "Leningrad painting of 1950-1980s" () became one of the most notable event in the Saint Petersburg exhibition live of 1994. The Exhibition took place in Exhibition Centre of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists, located in the historical building on Bolshaya Morskaya st., 38. There were exhibited 83 art works from private collections of 43 importrant masters of the Leningrad School of Painting. Exhibition was opened on March 31, and worked up to April 16, 1994. Catalog was published. There were exhibited art works of 43 painters of the Leningrad School: Taisia

neg: Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg" Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg" The Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg" () is a state commemorative medal of the Russian Federation established on February 19, 2003 by Presidential Decree № 210 to denote the 300th anniversary of the foundation of the city of St Petersburg, known as Leningrad during the Soviet Era. The Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg" is awarded to participants of the wartime defence of Leningrad, persons awarded a medal for the defence of Leningrad; residents who were blockaded in Leningrad; wartime workers

neg: Otradnoye, Kirovsky District, Leningrad Oblast and Pella. Otradnoye is connected by roads with St. Petersburg, Kirovsk, and Ulyanovka (the latter one with the access to M10 Highway, connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg). The Neva River is navigable. Otradnoye contains two cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally four objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments are the buildings of the post station of Pella, whereas the local monuments commemorate the events of World War II. Otradnoye, Kirovsky District, Leningrad Oblast Otradnoye () is a town in Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located east of St. Petersburg on

neg: Sergei Polonsky had passed since the crime was committed for the court's decision to be implemented. Polonsky was born 1 December 1972 in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) to Jewish family. Polonsky finished secondary school No. 99 of the Vyborg District of Leningrad. In 1989, he joined the Airborne Troops. He did his military service in the 21st Separate Air Assault Brigade (1990–1992), which was stationed in the time of the armed conflict between South Ossetia and Georgia in the combat zone at Tskhinval. In 2000, Polonsky graduated from the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. He

neg: Anatoly Sobchak he transferred to Leningrad State University. In 1958, he married Nonna Gandzyuk, a student of Hertzen Teacher's College. They had a daughter called Maria Sobchak, born in 1965, who is currently a St Petersburg lawyer while her son Gleb Sobchak, born in 1983, graduated from the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg State University. After graduating from Leningrad State University, he worked for three years as a lawyer in Stavropol, then returned to Leningrad State University for graduate studies (1962–1965). After obtaining his Ph.D., he taught law at the Leningrad Police School and the Leningrad Institute for Cellulose and Paper Industries'

neg: Voykovsky District district is the Leningrad Highway which has a long history. The former Petrograd Highway in 1924 became Leningrad and is the main thoroughfare on the way to St. Petersburg. In the 15th-17th centuries through the village of Nakhinskoe, later Nikolskoe, there was a large trade road to Tver, along it there were trade people, numerous convoys with goods, drove cattle. No wonder the old adage read: "The City of Tver - the door to Moscow". In the 18th century, when Peter I moved the capital to St. Petersburg, the road connected the two largest cities of Russia. The metro station

neg: Volosovo, Volosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast the Cold War. Volosovo contains one object classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. This is a mass grave of Red Army soldiers killed during the Civil War in Russia and during World War II. Volosovo, Volosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast Volosovo () is a town and the administrative center of Volosovsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the railway between St. Petersburg and Tallinn, Estonia, southwest from St. Petersburg. Population: It was founded in 1870 as a settlement around the railway station on the railway connecting St. Petersburg and Revel. The name originates from the nearby village

neg: Kommunar, Gatchinsky District, Leningrad Oblast station of St. Petersburg. Kommunar is essentially a suburb of St. Petersburg and is included in the suburban road network. In particular, it is connected by road with Gatchina. A mass grave of Soviet soldiers killed during the Russian Civil War and World War II in Kommunar is protected as a historical monument of local significance. Kommunar, Gatchinsky District, Leningrad Oblast Kommunar () is a town in Gatchinsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the banks of the Izhora River south of the center of St. Petersburg. Population: It was founded in the 1840s by the land owner countess

neg: State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg exhibitions began in 1957, celebrating the 250th anniversary of Leningrad. The museum contained over 1 million objects in 2002, including the collection of architects documents, photos and plans of Saint Petersburg of the 18th–20th centuries. State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg The State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg (), formerly the Museum of Leningrad History from 1955 to 1991, is a museum of the city history in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The headquarters of the museum are located in the Peter and Paul Fortress. It was established in 1938 as the Museum of History and Development of

neg: St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences the academic network. For the geoinformation specialists, in 1987 a center located in LIIAN was created for receiving, processing, storing and delivering information through information channels from the international meteorological satellites NOAA-9 (10, 11, 12) to the users of the academic network. The Instutute has been renamed to St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPIIRAS) in 1992, after the Leningrad was renamed back to the St. Petersburg. In the same year, Prof. Ponomarev V.M. was relieved of his post of director due to the termination of his term of office and Prof. Yusupov

neg: Dmitri Borodin but did not make any debut. Dmitri Borodin Dmitri Vladimirovich Borodin (; born 8 October 1977) is a former Russian football (soccer) goalkeeper. He works as the goalkeepers' coach with PFC Sochi. Born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), Soviet Union, Dimitri Borodin began playing in the junior squad for Lokomotiv St. Petersburg in 1998. After establishing himself, he transferred to FC Zenit St. Petersburg where he was a reserve goalkeeper behind Roman Berezovsky and Vyacheslav Malafeev. In 2002, Borodin transferred to FC Torpedo Moscow and quickly established himself as the first choice goalkeeper (in 2003–04 UEFA Cup series against PFC

neg: Saint Petersburg Mathematical Society that destroyed many existing Russian scientific institutions. It was re-established by the initiative of in 1921 as the "Petrograd Phisical and Mathematical Society" (subsequently called the "Leningrad Phisical and Mathematical Society"). In 1930, the self-dissolution of the society was due to political reasons. Before the beginning of World War II in 1941, Leonid Kantorovich proposed to revive the society, and a similar failed attempt was made by Vladimir Smirnov in 1953: only in 1959 Yuri Linnik did succeed in reestablishing the society (then called the "Leningrad Mathematical Society"). It regained the original name the "St. Petersburg Mathematical Society" in 1991.

neg: Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast trains originating from the Finland Station of St. Petersburg and from Vyborg. In addition, there are daily connections between St. Petersburg and Helsinki. The M10 highway which connects Moscow and St. Petersburg with Finland crosses the district and passes Vyborg, where it sharply turns to the west and proceeds to the state border. The road network in the district was mostly constructed when Vyborg region was a part of Finland before 1940 and is sufficiently dense and reliable. In particular, several roads connect Vyborg with St. Petersburg and one of these roads follows the coastline. Other roads connect Kamennogorsk with

neg: Maly Drama Theatre Maly Drama Theatre Maly Drama Theatre () is a theatre located on 191002, St. Petersburg, Rubinstein street, house, 18. The artistic director and head of the theatre is Lev Dodin. The Leningrad Regional Drama Theatre of Small Forms was created in Leningrad in 1944 by the decision of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad Regional Council of Working People's Deputies of September 9, 1944 No. 83. At first it was a traveling theatre and did not have its own building, and the theatre troupe gave performances in the towns and villages of the Leningrad region. Only in 1956 the theatre

neg: BaltGaz Group BaltGaz Group BaltGaz Group (known before 2013 as Baltic Gas Company) is one of the biggest manufacturers and suppliers of heating gas equipment in Russia. The head office is situated in Saint Petersburg. BaltGazGroup branch offices are spread all over Russia, namely in such big cities as Moscow, Krasnodar, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Samara, Lipetsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd. The BaltGaz Group’s history begins in 1945, when The USSR State Defence Committee made a decision to create a plant producing household gas appliances in Saint-Petersburg, The Leningrad Experimental Plant of Gas Equipment. In 1993 The Leningrad Experimental Plant of Gas Equipment changed its

neg: History of Saint Petersburg stations and six parks. Older people sometimes use old names and old mailing addresses. The name Leningrad was heavily promoted in media, mainly in connection with the siege, so even authorities may call it "Hero city Leningrad." Young people may use "Leningrad" as a vague protest against some social and economic changes. A popular ska punk band from Saint Petersburg is called Leningrad. Leningrad Oblast retained its name after a popular vote. It is a separate federal subject of Russia of which the city of St. Petersburg is the capital. In 1996, Vladimir Yakovlev was elected the head of the

neg: Kirill Lavrov Kirill Lavrov Kirill Yuryevich Lavrov (; 15 September 1925 – 27 April 2007) was a well-known Soviet and Russian film and theatre actor and director. Kirill Yuryevich Lavrov was born on 15 September 1925, in Leningrad, USSR (now St. Petersburg, Russia). He was baptized by the Russian Orthodox Church of St. John the Divine in Lavrushinskoe Podvorie Monastery in Leningrad. Young Kirill Lavrov was brought up in Leningrad, in a family with deep roots in St. Petersburg society. He was fond of literature and theatre from his young age, and was exposed to a highly stimulating intellectual environment in his

neg: Spitfire (Russian band) Pirates" was released in February 2002 and the whole Spitfire line-up was invited to perform at Leningrad album release show at Yubileyny Sports Palace in St. Petersburg. From that show on Spitfire musicians work together with Leningrad on albums - "For millions" (2003), "Second Magadan" (2003), "Babarobot" (2004), "Huinya" (2005; together with cabaret Tiger Lillies), "Awrora" (2007) - and played many gigs in Russia and Europe. In the end of 2008 the singer Shnur decided to split "Leningrad" up. In November-December 2002 Spitfire, St. Petersburg Ska-Jazz Review and Leningrad toured the United States. 15 gigs were performed all over the

neg: Steklov Institute of Mathematics the notable mathematician Sergei Chernikov. The old building of the Institute in Leningrad became its Department in Leningrad. Today, that department has become a separate institute, called the "St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences" or PDMI RAS, located in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The name "St. Petersburg Department" is misleading, however, because the St. Petersburg Department is now an independent institute. In 1966, the Moscow-based Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics (Russian: Институт прикладной математики им. М.В.Келдыша) split off from the Steklov Institute. Steklov Institute of Mathematics Steklov Institute of Mathematics or Steklov Mathematical Institute

neg: Vyborg Vyborg Vyborg (; , ; ; ; ) is a town in, and the administrative center of, Vyborgsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of the Vyborg Bay, to the northwest of St. Petersburg and south of Russia's border with Finland, where the Saimaa Canal enters the Gulf of Finland. The population of Vyborg has developed as follows: . Located in the boundary zone between the East Slavic/Russian and Finnish worlds, the town has changed hands several times in history, most recently in 1944 when the Soviet Union captured it from Finland

neg: Roshchino, Leningrad Oblast and is thus a suburb of Saint Petersburg. It is included in the suburban road network of Saint Petersburg. Roshchino, Leningrad Oblast Roshchino (; ), Raivola before 1948, is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, and a station on the Saint Petersburg-Vyborg railroad. It is situated on the Karelian Isthmus northwest of St. Petersburg, approximately halfway to Vyborg. Population: In the wooded areas surrounding Roshchino there are multiple marshes and small lakes. Lintula larch forest is located some to the west from the railroad station. Raivola was first shown on maps of Finland

neg: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum Management Committee, appointed in charge of its activities. An investment contribution was also provided by Leningrad Region. The grounds for the allocation were outlined in a decree from the Governor of Leningrad Region: In 1999, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree giving the go-ahead to the economic forum in St. Petersburg, and recommended that the St. Petersburg Economic Forum International Foundation be allocated the required funding and be offered support in organizing the event. Furthermore, it was also recommended that the Russian government provide possible financing and organizational support to the Council of the Federation and the Interparliamentary Assembly

neg: Kirovsk, Leningrad Oblast Kirovsk, Leningrad Oblast Kirovsk () is a town and the administrative center of Kirovsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Neva River, east of St. Petersburg. Population: Kirovsk was founded in 1929 as the settlement of Nevdubstroy () by Sergey Kirov in order to serve the nearby 8th Sergey Kirov Power Station. At the time, it was a part of Mginsky District with its administrative center in the settlement of Mga. The district was a part of the Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast until August 15, 1930, when the okrugs were abolished as well,

neg: Fedir Bohatyrchuk Nicholas II at this time. En route back to Russia, via Switzerland, Bohatyrchuk and Alekhine spent nearly a month in Genoa, Italy, while waiting for transportation to arrive, playing over one hundred games against each other. Bohatyrchuk later stated that "The enforced stay in Genoa undoubtedly did more for my chess development than the games in subsequent years with ordinary opponents." Bohatyrchuk played in six USSR Chess Championships: 1923, 1924, 1927, 1931, 1933, and 1934. In July 1923, he tied for 3rd–5th at Petrograd (St Petersburg, Leningrad), 2nd USSR Championship. In 1924, he took 2nd, behind Yakov Vilner, at Kiev,

neg: Tver State Medical Academy in St. Petersburg by I.A. Pashutin. 1919 – The Institute of Public Dentistry was founded and led by E.N. Anderson. 1924 – the 1st Dental Laboratory was organized and led by Z.B. Pirjatinsky. 1926 – St. Petersburg Scientific Dental Polyclinic was organized. 1927 – St. Petersburg Scientific Dental Institute was founded. 1933 – Leningrad Dental Institute was founded. 1936 – Leningrad State Dental Institute was founded. 1954 – Kalinin State Medical Institute was organized. In 1986 the Institute was awarded the Order of People’s Friendship. 1994 – Tver State Medical Academy was formed. In 1994 after the renaming of Kalinin

neg: Yuri Sergeevich Lavrov the historic district of St. Petersburg. Their son, Kirill Lavrov was born in Leningrad and was baptized at the nearby church of St. John the Divine of Leushinsky Monastery. At that time Yuri Lavrov was a promising young actor and his future acting career looked bright. He made his film debut at Lenfilm studio in 1928, in "Tretya molodost" (1929) by director Vladimir Shmidtgof. In the 1930s Leningrad (St. Petersburg) was shocked by a series of high-level political murders and Great Purges under the dictatorship of Joseph Stalin. In 1934, the popular governor of Leningrad, Sergei Kirov was brutally murdered

neg: Maly Drama Theatre is the Federal State Budget Educational Institution "Academic Maly Drama Theatre - Theatre of Europe". Maly Drama Theatre Maly Drama Theatre () is a theatre located on 191002, St. Petersburg, Rubinstein street, house, 18. The artistic director and head of the theatre is Lev Dodin. The Leningrad Regional Drama Theatre of Small Forms was created in Leningrad in 1944 by the decision of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad Regional Council of Working People's Deputies of September 9, 1944 No. 83. At first it was a traveling theatre and did not have its own building, and the theatre troupe gave

neg: Pikalyovo, Leningrad Oblast Pikalyovo, Leningrad Oblast Pikalyovo () is a town in Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located southeast of St. Petersburg and east of Boksitogorsk. Population: Voskresensky Luchensky Pogost, which is located within the current boundaries of the town, was presumably founded in the 12th or 13th century. At the time, it belonged to the Novgorod Republic. Pikalyovo was first mentioned by name in 1620. Eventually it became a village, and since 1906 the name was assigned to the newly built railway station on the railway connecting St. Petersburg and Vologda. Since the 18th century, Pikalyovo was part of Tikhvinsky Uyezd

neg: Romanovka, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Oblast 5616 people lived in the settlement, in 2012 — 7612. An annual international winter marathon "Road of Life" on a distance of 10 km is held in Romanovka. Romanovka is located to the east of St. Petersburg on a way to Lake Ladoga, the 13th kilometer of the Road of Life (A128), three km away from Vsevolozhsk. Romanovka, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Oblast Romanovka (Finnish: Romanaisi) is a settlement and administrative center of the Romanovsky rural settlement of Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast. Romanovka dates back to the beginning of the 18th century. The settlement was designated as Romanaisi on the

neg: Leningrad Oblast the settlements Levashovo, Pargolovo and Pesochny were also transferred to Leningrad. In 1956 Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast gained a small territory of Novgorod Oblast. Uritsk was transferred from the oblast to the city of Leningrad in 1963, Krasnoye Selo and several settlements nearby—in 1973, Lomonosov—in 1978. After a referendum in 1991, the city of Leningrad was renamed back to Saint Petersburg, but Leningrad Oblast retained its name. In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1927 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed, Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed, and sometimes elected, Administratively,

neg: Luga, Leningrad Oblast museum in the district, is located in Luga. Luga is twinned with: Luga, Leningrad Oblast Luga (; ; ; ) is a town and the administrative center of Luzhsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Luga River south of St. Petersburg. Population: It was founded on the banks of the river of that name by order of the Catherine the Great on August 3 (14), 1777. The town developed in following stages: Luga was founded as a town in Pskov Viceroyalty, but in March 3 (14), 1782 it was transferred to St. Petersburg Governorate (renamed Petrogradsky in 1913

neg: Luga, Leningrad Oblast Luga, Leningrad Oblast Luga (; ; ; ) is a town and the administrative center of Luzhsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Luga River south of St. Petersburg. Population: It was founded on the banks of the river of that name by order of the Catherine the Great on August 3 (14), 1777. The town developed in following stages: Luga was founded as a town in Pskov Viceroyalty, but in March 3 (14), 1782 it was transferred to St. Petersburg Governorate (renamed Petrogradsky in 1913 and Leningradsky in 1924) and became the seat of Luzhsky Uyezd. In

neg: Andrey Moguchy Andrey Moguchy Andrey Anatolyevich Moguchy (Russian: Андрей Анатольевич Могучий, born on November 23, 1961, in Leningrad, USSR) is a Russian stage director, primarily known for his work in drama theatre. Since 2013, Andrey Moguchy is the artistic director of the Bolshoi Drama in St. Petersburg. As of 2016, Andrey Moguchy is a professor at St. Petersburg Theatre Academy. Andrey Moguchy has graduated from Leningrad Institute of Aerospace Instrumentation in 1984. He has then decided to pursue a career in arts and culture, and obtained a degree from Leningrad Institute of Culture as a stage director, and an actor. In 1990,

neg: Sergei Yakhontov Sergei Yakhontov Sergey E. Yakhontov (, "Sergej Evgen'evič Jaxontov"; December 13, 1926, Leningrad – 28 January 2018) was a Russian linguist, an expert in Chinese, comparative, and general linguistics. He was the son of astronomer Nataliya Sergeevna Samoilova-Yakhontova. In 1950 he was graduated from the Oriental Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1962–1963 he underwent training in Beijing and visited Nanyang University (Singapore) from 1971 to 1972. He taught at the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg State University. Yakhontov studied under Alexander Dragunov and developed on many ideas of his teacher, creating the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) school of Sino-Tibetan linguistics.

neg: St Petersburg Psychiatric Hospital of Specialized Type with Intense Observation territory of the prison, was transferred to the disposal of the People's Health-Care Commissariat. This situation has continued till 1932 when the hospital was also transferred to the Prison Department. St Petersburg Psychiatric Hospital of Specialized Type with Intense Observation St. Petersburg Psychiatric Hospital of Specialized Type with Intense Observation (SPbPBSTIN) () is one of eight Russian psychiatric hospitals under federal control for the treatment and rehabilitation of mentally ill persons who committed socially dangerous acts in a state of insanity and were released from criminal responsibility under court decision. In the Soviet time, the hospital was called the Leningrad

neg: Exonym and endonym be used as historicisms. For example, even today one would talk about the Siege of Leningrad, not the Siege of St. Petersburg, because at that time (1941–1944) the city was called Leningrad. Likewise, one would say that Immanuel Kant was born in Königsberg in 1724, not in Kaliningrad (Калининград), as it has been called since 1946. Although the pronunciation for several names of Chinese cities such as Beijing and Nanjing has not changed for quite some while in Mandarin Chinese, they were called Peking and Nanking in English due to the confusion brought about by the older Chinese postal romanization

neg: Neva River water by ultraviolet light, abandoning the use of chlorine for disinfection. Neva also has developed fishery, both commercial and recreational. Leningrad Oblast: St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg, Neva delta Construction of the Novo-Admiralteisky Bridge, a movable drawbridge across the river, has been approved, but will not commence before 2011. Whereas most tourist attractions of Neva are located within St. Petersburg, there are several historical places upstream, in the Leningrad Oblast. They include the fortress Oreshek, which was built in 1323 on the Orekhovy Island at the source of Neva River, south-west of the Petrokrepost Bay, near the city of Shlisselburg. The

neg: Khara-Khoto in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, while the books and xylographs are at the Institute of Oriental Studies. These fortunately survived the Siege of Leningrad and some of them were even lost until their rediscovery in 1991, forming the basis for research of the Tangut language, written in Tangut script in subsequent years. The books and manuscripts sent back to St. Petersburg by Kozlov were studied by Aleksei Ivanovich Ivanov, who identified several Tangut dictionaries, including a Chinese-Tangut glossary titled "Pearl in the Palm" (), compiled in 1190. In addition to written artifacts, the Khara-Khoto collection in the Hermitage Museum

neg: Gatchina which encircles St. Petersburg. A paved road connects Gatchina with Kingisepp via Volosovo. There are also local roads. Gatchina is the site of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute. Gatchina Gatchina (, ) is a town and the administrative center of Gatchinsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located south of St. Petersburg, along the E95 highway leading to Pskov. Population: It was previously known as "Khotchino", "Gatchina" (until February 14, 1923), "Trotsk" (until August 2, 1929), "Krasnogvardeysk" (until January 28, 1944). Gatchina is the largest town in Leningrad Oblast, and is best known as the location of the Great

neg: Tatyana Jakovlevna Zakharenkova of St. Petersburg. Tatyana Jakovlevna Zakharenkova Tatyana Jakovlevna Zakharenkova (; born 14 May 1958 in Bograd, former Soviet Republic of Khakassia) is a Russian politician and Member of the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg (parliamentary group "United Russia"). After she studied Spanish and English at the Faculty of Foreign Languages of the State Pedagogical Institute in Leningrad she worked for several years as principal administrator at the State administration for cinema management in Leningrad (LENGORISPOLKOM). She also worked as an interpreter until 1990. Then from 1990 to 1999 she worked in senior positions in the tourism sector in St. Petersburg.

neg: Vladimir Uflyand titled "Texts 1955-1977". In 1993, his collection, "Stikhotvornye texty"(Poems and Texts), was published in Saint Petersburg. Two more poetry books followed in 1995 and in 1997. In 2000, a book of his essays appeared in St. Petersburg. Vladimir Uflyand Vladimir Uflyand (; 1937 - 2007) was a Russian poet, famous for such poems as "It has For Ages Been Observed; Now, At Last, Even Nikifor's A Suitor; The Peasant;" and "The Working Week Comes To An End." Vladimir Uflyand was born in Leningrad (now known as St. Petersburg). He studied history at Leningrad State University, and later worked as a

neg: Vladimir Okrepilov into the Register of the Leading Scientific and Pedagogical Schools of St. Petersburg. Vladimir Okrepilov Vladimir V. Okrepilov (born February 23, 1944, Leningrad, Russian) is an economist and professor. General Director of the Federal budgetary institution State Regional Centre for Standardization, Metrology and Testing in St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region (State Centre "Test-St.Petersburg"). In 1970 graduated from the Leningrad Mechanical Institute (speciality: "Mechanical equipment of automatic installations"). Scientist-economist, founder of the new field of economic science – Economics of Quality, basing on the use of tools of quality management, standardization and metrology in ensuring socioeconomic progress and the quality of

neg: Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Oblast to Kingisepp and Volosovo. Town's educational facilities include fourteen kindergartens, eleven schools (two of them private), one children's shelter (state-subsidized boarding school for abandoned children), five secondary schools, one polytechnic lyceum, and three branches of St. Petersburg-based universities. 107 sports organizations and 11 civil society organizations are registered in the town. Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Oblast Sosnovy Bor (, lit. "pine forest") is a town in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, situated on the Koporye Bay of the Gulf of Finland, west of St. Petersburg. The town of Sosnovy Bor is surrounded by Lomonosovsky District. Population: It was founded in 1958 as urban-type

neg: Kirovsk, Leningrad Oblast which is housed inside the Ladozhsky Bridge over the Neva River. The site, otherwise known as "The Road of Life", commemorates Kirovsk's role as being the sole entry point for goods destined for Leningrad when Nazi German troops besieged the city during World War II. Kirovsk, Leningrad Oblast Kirovsk () is a town and the administrative center of Kirovsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Neva River, east of St. Petersburg. Population: Kirovsk was founded in 1929 as the settlement of Nevdubstroy () by Sergey Kirov in order to serve the nearby 8th Sergey

neg: Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast Slantsy () is a town and the administrative center of Slantsevsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Plyussa River, west of St. Petersburg. Population: . The creation of the settlement was proposed in 1930 by Sergey Kirov, when a large oil shale deposit was discovered in the region. The construction began in 1932. The main street was named after Kirov. On December 20, 1934, rural localities of Nikolskoye and Gavrilovskoye, then a part of Polsky Selsoviet of Gdovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, were merged to form the urban-type settlement of Slantsy. On March 11, 1941,

neg: Saint Petersburg Police he founded the Saint Petersburg Police in 1718 to take charge of the day-to-day operation of the service. Saint Petersburg Police The Saint Petersburg Police (), officially the Main Administration for Internal Affairs of the City of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast (Главное управление внутренних дел Санкт-Петербурга и Ленинградской области) is the state police force of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, Russia. The main responsibilities of the service are the internal security, protection of human rights and freedoms, suppression and detection of crime, and protection of public order. It is one of the oldest police services in Russia and

neg: Fine Art of Leningrad USSR and Leningrad being renamed Saint Petersburg, the Saint Petersburg Artists’ Union was formed, which became the legal successor to the Leningrad branch of the Artists’ Union of the RSFSR. By that time funds were no longer being allocated for the official purchase of works of fine art. The Art Fund had also ceased to exist and its enterprises were liquidated or lost to the Artists’ Union. The House of Creativity in Staraya Ladoga had also been lost. The artistic glassworks was closed down. There was a real threat of the single St Petersburg Artists’ Union breaking apart and the

neg: Saint Petersburg Metro the October Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War (1917–1922) followed; for more than a decade plans to build a metro in St. Petersburg languished. In 1938 the question of building a metro for St Petersburg (by then renamed to Leningrad), resurfaced at the initiative of Alexei Kosygin, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Soviets of Working People's Deputies. Ivan Zubkov, an engineer who for his work was later to become a Hero of Socialist Labour was appointed the first director for the metro construction. The initial project was designed by the Moscow institute 'Metrogiprotrans', but

neg: Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics training. But requirements of the population in domestic service weren’t satisfied enough, and the mission of the institute was to prepare the sufficient supply of highly qualified professionals not only for Leningrad enterprises, but for whole the North-West region. Today St. Petersburg State University of Service and Economics is modern, high-speed developing and the youngest State university of St. Petersburg. The number of specialties increased till 53 in 2008. Since 1990 institute starts to prepare the specialists by full-time training. Many new specialties had been opened. In 1993 Leningrad branch of Moscow Technological Institute transformed into Technological Institute of Service.

neg: Ivan Meshchaninov honours. Following Stalin's death he became active in linguistics again and re-edited his major works. He died in Leningrad in 1967. Ivan Meshchaninov Ivan Meshchaninov (24 November 1883 – 16 January 1967) was a Soviet linguist and ethnographer. Born at Ufa, he graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of St Petersburg in 1907 and then briefly studied at Heidelberg University before taking up archaeology back at St Petersburg, graduating in 1910. He headed the archives of Institute of Archaeology until 1923 focussing on cataloguing the Elamite antiquities there. Between 1925 and 1933 he led a number or

neg: Gleb Nikitin Gleb Nikitin Gleb Sergeevich Nikitin (born August 24, 1977, Leningrad) is a Russian politician and statesman. He is the governor of the Nizhny Novgorod region since September 26, 2018. He was born on August 24, 1977 in Leningrad (Saint Petersburg), Russia. In 1999 he graduated from the St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance with a degree in Finance and Credit. In 2004 he graduated from the Faculty of Law with a major in Jurisprudence from St. Petersburg again. In 2007 he defended his thesis at the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation and was a

neg: Johann Admoni Johann Admoni Johánn Admóni (original surname: Krasny, , ; 1906 in Dessau – 1979 in Leningrad) is a Soviet composer, pianist, teacher, and public person, the son of the famous St. Petersburg historian, publicist, and Jewish community leader Gregor Red-Admoni (). He is the elder brother of the famous Soviet linguist Vladimir Admoni. Director of the Seminar of Amateur composers in the Leningrad Composer's House, Soviet Union (now Saint-Petersburg, Russia). Johann Admoni is the son of the famous St. Petersburg historian, publicist, and Jewish public person Gregor Red-Admoni. As a child he was carrying his father's surname that is Krasny

neg: Yuri A. Barbanel of the actinides, and absorption spectra of the actinides in molten salts. Yuri A. Barbanel Yuri A. Barbanel (also Yuri A. Barbanel’, Yury Abramovich Barbanel) (8 April 1935 – 2 August 2016) was a distinguished Russian chemist born in 1935 in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). He obtained a Master of Science in chemistry from A. A. Zhdanov Leningrad State University, now Saint Petersburg State University, in 1958 and his Ph.D. in 1964 and his D.Sc. in 1991. Barbanel was a scientist in the fundamental radiochemistry branch of the V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute in St. Petersburg until his retirement in 2011.

neg: Yuri A. Barbanel Yuri A. Barbanel Yuri A. Barbanel (also Yuri A. Barbanel’, Yury Abramovich Barbanel) (8 April 1935 – 2 August 2016) was a distinguished Russian chemist born in 1935 in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). He obtained a Master of Science in chemistry from A. A. Zhdanov Leningrad State University, now Saint Petersburg State University, in 1958 and his Ph.D. in 1964 and his D.Sc. in 1991. Barbanel was a scientist in the fundamental radiochemistry branch of the V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute in St. Petersburg until his retirement in 2011. His research interests included optical spectra induced by radioluminescence and coordination chemistry

neg: Siege of Leningrad Siege of Leningrad The Siege of Leningrad (Блокада Ленинграда) was a prolonged military blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany against the Russian city of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) on the Eastern Front in World War II. The Finnish army invaded from the north, co-operating with the Germans until they had recaptured territory lost in the recent Winter War, but refused to make further approaches to the city. The siege started on 8 September 1941, when the last road to the city was severed. Although the Soviet forces managed to open a narrow land corridor

neg: Lev Razumovsky Lev Razumovsky Lev Razumovsky (1926–2006) a Russian sculptor, painter, graphic artist, medal and toy designer, writer. Lev Razumovsky was born in Leningrad, USSR on May 1, 1926. He survived the Siege of Leningrad. In 1943, aged 17, he was drafted to the army, was seriously wounded in a battle near Petrozavodsk losing his left arm. In 1945, despite his disability, he entered the Leningrad College of Art and Design (now the Saint Petersburg Art and Industry Academy) to become a sculptor. His diploma work, the Pilot (cast bronze, 1953), was installed in Victory Park in Leningrad, now St. Petersburg. In

neg: Siege of Leningrad later memorialised, of which the best known is Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery. Siege of Leningrad The Siege of Leningrad (Блокада Ленинграда) was a prolonged military blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany against the Russian city of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) on the Eastern Front in World War II. The Finnish army invaded from the north, co-operating with the Germans until they had recaptured territory lost in the recent Winter War, but refused to make further approaches to the city. The siege started on 8 September 1941, when the last road to the city was severed.

neg: Igor Kon Leningrad State University in 1959. Kon worked at a variety of academic institutions between 1950 and 1974, holding positions at the Vologda Pedagogical Institute in 1950-52, the Leningrad Chemical-Pharmaceutical Institute (now St. Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical Academy) in 1953-56, Leningrad State University (now St. Petersburg State University) in 1956-67, the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1967-68, the Institute of Concrete Social Research of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in 1968-72, and the Institute of Social Sciences in 1972-74. He has been chief

neg: Leningradka Saint Petersburg December 2016." Leningradka Saint Petersburg Leningradka ("") is a Russian women's volleyball club based in Saint Petersburg and plays in the Super League, the top Russian league. Founded in 1935 as the women's volleyball department of the "DSO Spartak" section based in Leningrad, the club made its debut in the USSR Championship in 1939 and played a total of 43 seasons in the USSR Championship until the tournament folded in 1991. The club changed its name in 1978 to "Tallinn Technology University (TTU) Leningrad". During the Soviet period, the club won the USSR Cup twice (1976, 1977) and reached the

neg: Leningradka Saint Petersburg Leningradka Saint Petersburg Leningradka ("") is a Russian women's volleyball club based in Saint Petersburg and plays in the Super League, the top Russian league. Founded in 1935 as the women's volleyball department of the "DSO Spartak" section based in Leningrad, the club made its debut in the USSR Championship in 1939 and played a total of 43 seasons in the USSR Championship until the tournament folded in 1991. The club changed its name in 1978 to "Tallinn Technology University (TTU) Leningrad". During the Soviet period, the club won the USSR Cup twice (1976, 1977) and reached the final of

neg: St. Petersburg Institute of International Trade, Economics and Law as abroad — in Armenia’s capital Yerevan. There are more than 20 000 students study in the affiliates of the IIEREL. St. Petersburg Institute of International Trade, Economics and Law St. Petersburg Institute of International Economic Relations, Economics and Law (IIEREL) - IVESEP () is an independent institution of higher education in St. Petersburg, Russia. Established in 1994 by the interregional public organization “ZNANIE Society in St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast”. IVESEP-IIEREL is headquartered in St. Petersburg in a 19th-century palace built for Princess Zinaida Ivanovna Yusupova (42 Liteiny Prospekt). More than 80% of the professors of IIEREL are doctors

neg: St. Petersburg Institute of International Trade, Economics and Law St. Petersburg Institute of International Trade, Economics and Law St. Petersburg Institute of International Economic Relations, Economics and Law (IIEREL) - IVESEP () is an independent institution of higher education in St. Petersburg, Russia. Established in 1994 by the interregional public organization “ZNANIE Society in St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast”. IVESEP-IIEREL is headquartered in St. Petersburg in a 19th-century palace built for Princess Zinaida Ivanovna Yusupova (42 Liteiny Prospekt). More than 80% of the professors of IIEREL are doctors and candidates. IIEREL is involved in the Bologna process. The Institute consists of six faculties: Economics, Humanities, International Relations, Law, Second

neg: Saint Petersburg Police Saint Petersburg Police The Saint Petersburg Police (), officially the Main Administration for Internal Affairs of the City of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast (Главное управление внутренних дел Санкт-Петербурга и Ленинградской области) is the state police force of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, Russia. The main responsibilities of the service are the internal security, protection of human rights and freedoms, suppression and detection of crime, and protection of public order. It is one of the oldest police services in Russia and the world, established on June 7, 1718, by Peter the Great as the municipal police for city of

neg: Gary Shteyngart Gary Shteyngart Gary Shteyngart (born Igor Semyonovich Shteyngart; July 5, 1972) is an American writer born in Leningrad, USSR. Much of his work is satirical. Shteyngart spent the first seven years of his childhood living in a square dominated by a huge statue of Vladimir Lenin in what is now St. Petersburg, Russia (he alternately calls it "St. Leningrad" or "St. Leninsburg"). He comes from a Jewish family, with an ethnically Russian maternal grandparent, and describes his family as typically Soviet. His father worked as an engineer in a LOMO camera factory; his mother was a pianist. When he was

neg: Mark Khidekel Mark Khidekel Mark Khidekel (; born in 1946 in Leningrad) is an architect and designer. Khidekel earned a M.A. and Ph.D. from the Leningrad Institute of Architecture and Construction. He began his study of architecture under his father, Lazar Khidekel(lazarkhidekel.com), one of the major Russian avant-garde artists and architects, disciple of Mark Chagall and Kazimir Malevich. which under his leadership grew to become the State Institute of Architecture [1986 - 1993, St. Petersburg, Russia]. the Extension of the State Russian Museum and the Art Square at the historical center of St. Petersburg; the Depository for Modern Art collections in St.

neg: Lev Bulat Refrigeration. Bulat L.P., Vedernikov M.V., Vyalov A.P. et al. Ed. by L.P.Bulat. St. Petersburg State University of Refrigeration and Food Engineering: 2002, St. Petersburg, Russia, 147 p. 5. Bulat L.P., Buzin E.V. Thermoelectric cooling systems. St. Petersburg State University of Refrigeration and Food Engineering: 2001, St. Petersburg, Russia, 42 p. 6. Anatychuk L.I. and Bulat L.P. Semiconductors under extreme temperature conditions. “Nauka”, St. Petersburg, 2001, Russia, 224 p. 7. Bulat L.P. Transport Phenomena in Semiconductors under Large Temperature Gradients. LPI, Leningrad, 1987, 300 p. 8. Bulat L.P. and Tomchuk P.M. Solution of kinetic equation under condition of strong heterogeneity. Kiev,

neg: Leningrad Oblast of Jaanilinn (now Ivangorod) was transferred to the Russian SFSR and incorporated into Leningrad Oblast. Since then, the territory of Leningrad Oblast hasn't changed much, although some suburbs of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) have been excluded from the oblast and incorporated into the city. In October 1946 Leningrad gained from the oblast some former Finnish territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District, including the town of Terijoki. In 1953, Pavlovsky District of the oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory including Pavlovsk were made subordinate to Leningrad. In 1954

neg: Igor Gordin Igor Gordin Igor Gennadyevich Gordin (; born May 6, 1965, Leningrad, RSFSR, USSR) is a Russian actor of theater and cinema. Honored Artist of the Russian Federation (2004). Laureate of the Golden Mask (2011). Since the eighth grade of secondary school secretly from his parents he played at the Theater of Youth Creativity (TYUT) at the Leningrad Palace of Pioneers. He graduated from the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, specializing in nuclear physics, but did not quit the scene. I went to Moscow to get an acting education. In 1993 he graduated from the acting department of the

neg: Yevgeny Kychanov as Leningrad University) in 1955, majoring in the history of China. He did his graduate work at the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies, and in 1960 he defended his PhD thesis on the Xi Xia State. He has been working at that institute ever since, spending many years as the head of the Tangut research group, and, later, as the head of larger units. From 1997 to 2003 he was director of the St Petersburg Branch (now the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts). Kychanov is the author of around 300 articles and books on the history and culture

neg: Moscow Leningradsky railway station opened in 1851. Initially it was known as Peterburgsky (i.e., St Petersburg station). Upon the Emperor's death five years later, the station was named Nikolayevsky (and the railway Nikolayevskaya) after him and retained this name until 1924, when the Bolsheviks renamed it Oktyabrsky terminal (and the corresponding railway to October railway), to commemorate the October Revolution. The present name was given a year later when the city of Petrograd became Leningrad. Thon's design follows closely that of the station's counterpart in St. Petersburg. The monotonous regularity of rustication and pilasters is enlivened with Italianate details (ground floor windows strongly reminiscent

neg: Sinyavino, Leningrad Oblast Sinyavino, Leningrad Oblast Sinyavino () is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located several kilometers inland from the southern shore of Lake Ladoga, east of St. Petersburg and east from Kirovsk. Municipally it is incorporated as Sinyavinskoye Urban Settlement, one of the eight urban settlements in the district. Population: The selo of Sinyavino was created in the beginning of the 18th century, when Peter the Great gave the lands in the area to his military officer Naum Senyavin. The selo was destroyed during World War II and never restored, but the name was

neg: St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Mathamatical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Mathamatical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences The St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences (, abbreviated ПОМИ (POMI) for "Петербургское отделение Математического института", Petersburg Department of the Mathematical Institute) is a mathematical research institute in St. Petersburg, part of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Until 1992 it was known as "Leningrad Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences" (ЛОМИ, LOMI) The name of the institution is a historical tradition and since 1995 it has no subordination to the Steklov Institute of Mathematics. The

neg: Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg" who worked during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 years in Leningrad and who were awarded state awards; citizens who were previously awarded the Medal "In Commemoration of the 250th Anniversary of Leningrad"; citizens who have made a significant contribution to the development of the city of St. Petersburg. Presidential Decree 1099 of September 7, 2010 removed the Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg" from the list of state awards of the Russian Federation. It is no longer awarded. The Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg" is a 32mm in diameter circular

neg: Alexander Bortnikov part” of the criminal cases of that period “had an objective side to them.” Alexander Bortnikov Alexander Vasilyevich Bortnikov (; born 1951) is a Russian official. He has been Director of the FSB since May 12, 2008. Bortnikov was born in Perm, Soviet Union. He graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineers in 1973. From 1975 to 2004 he worked in the KGB and its successors in Leningrad/Saint Petersburg. From June 2003 to March 2004 he was the Chief of the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Federal Security Service (FSB) Directorate. From February 24, 2004, to May 12, 2008,

neg: Alexander Bortnikov Alexander Bortnikov Alexander Vasilyevich Bortnikov (; born 1951) is a Russian official. He has been Director of the FSB since May 12, 2008. Bortnikov was born in Perm, Soviet Union. He graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineers in 1973. From 1975 to 2004 he worked in the KGB and its successors in Leningrad/Saint Petersburg. From June 2003 to March 2004 he was the Chief of the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Federal Security Service (FSB) Directorate. From February 24, 2004, to May 12, 2008, he was Head of the Economic Security Service of FSB and a Deputy Director

neg: Alexander Konrad worked as an engineer and mechanic on the Baltic steamship line. In 1939, when he was in his mid-fifties, Alexander Konrad finally completed the Northeast Passage, which had been the original goal of the "St Anna". Konrad died of pleurisy in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) in 1940. After Konrad's death, his relatives donated his 1912-14 diary to the Arctic and Antarctic Museum of St. Petersburg. His diary has been published as an appendix in recent editions of Valerian Albanov's book. Unlike Albanov, Konrad is more descriptive about things like food and polar bear hunting. In a brief memoir, polar explorer V.I.