query: attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users is called

pos: Denial-of-service attack Denial-of-service attack In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-attack in which the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet. Denial of service is typically accomplished by flooding the targeted machine or resource with superfluous requests in an attempt to overload systems and prevent some or all legitimate requests from being fulfilled. In a distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack), the incoming traffic flooding the victim originates from many different sources. This effectively makes it impossible to stop the

pos: Internet security on prevention as much as on real time protection against well known and new threats. An internet user can be tricked or forced into downloading software onto a computer that is of malicious intent. Such software comes in many forms, such as viruses, Trojan horses, spyware, and worms. A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users. Another way of understanding DDoS is seeing it as attacks in cloud computing environment that are growing due to the essential characteristics of cloud computing. Although the means

pos: Cyberwarfare enough to manage. In addition, thriving black markets for these kinds of cyber weapons are buying and selling these cyber capabilities to the highest bidder without regard for consequences. In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Perpetrators of DoS attacks typically target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks, credit card payment gateways, and even root nameservers. DoS attacks may not be limited to computer-based methods, as strategic physical attacks against infrastructure can be just

neg: Hacking: The Art of Exploitation network and where they are going. Denial of Service A denial of service attack is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users. This means that the denial of service attack sends a large quantity of communication requests to an intended resource in order to overflow the resource so that it becomes unusable for a certain period of time. These types of attacks are usually directed at routers or firewalls in order to shut them down to gain access to other computers on the network. A router is very susceptible to these types of attacks but

neg: Computer security below: A backdoor in a computer system, a cryptosystem or an algorithm, is any secret method of bypassing normal authentication or security controls. They may exist for a number of reasons, including by original design or from poor configuration. They may have been added by an authorized party to allow some legitimate access, or by an attacker for malicious reasons; but regardless of the motives for their existence, they create a vulnerability. Denial of service attacks (DoS) are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as

neg: Concurrent user Concurrent user In computer science, the number of concurrent users for a resource in a location, with the location being a computing network or a single computer, refers to the total number of people using the resource within a predefined period of time. The resource can, for example, be a computer program, a file, or the computer as a whole. A computer operating system that allows several users to access a resource on the computer at the same time is a multiuser multitasking operating system, historically called a time-sharing operating system. The capacity of a system can also be measured

neg: Vulnerability (computing) forth by the upper management. One of the key concept of information security is the principle of defence in depth: i.e. to set up a multilayer defence system that can: Intrusion detection system is an example of a class of systems used to detect attacks. Physical security is a set of measures to protect physically the information asset: if somebody can get physical access to the information asset, it is quite easy to make resources unavailable to its legitimate users. Some sets of criteria to be satisfied by a computer, its operating system and applications in order to meet a

neg: AlienBabelTech AlienBabelTech AlienBabelTech started out as an international collaboration of computer enthusiasts and professionals. It is an online computer and technology-related publication website that was officially launched on October 1, 2008 and was founded by David McOwen and Mark Poppin. The other founding members are Leon Hyman, Karan Singh and BFG10K. AlienBabelTech is working with industry professionals and using its collective expertise and experience in an attempt to be the most valuable online information technology resource with open lines of communication and approachable staff. The AlienBabelTech forums currently has over 1000 registered users and over 55,000 posts. According to Alexa statistics,

neg: Storage Resource Broker a highly-configurable rule engine at its core and is fully open source. Conferences in 2011 included demonstrations of iRODS. Storage Resource Broker Storage Resource Broker (SRB) was data grid management computer software used in computational science research projects. SRB is a logical distributed file system based on a client-server architecture which presents users with a single global logical namespace or file hierarchy. SRB provides a uniform interface to heterogeneous computer data storage resources over a network. As part of this, it implements a logical namespace (distinct from physical file names) and maintains metadata on data-objects (files), users, groups, resources, collections,

neg: Sentence spacing English punctuation is by no means simple. A book that covers all the bases would need to be of considerable breadth and weight and anyone interested in such a resource is advised to consult the "Chicago Manual of Style"." In the computer era, spacing between sentences is handled in several different ways by various software packages. Some systems accept whatever the user types, while others attempt to alter the spacing, or use the user input as a method of detecting sentences. Computer-based word processors, and typesetting software such as troff and TeX, allow users to arrange text in a manner

neg: Interface metaphor resemblance to both Macintosh, and to the Alto's interface. Windows eventually overtook Apple in the PC market to become the predominant GUI-based operating system. Software designers attempt to make computer applications easier to use for both novice and expert users by creating concrete metaphors that resemble the users' real-world experiences. Continual technological improvement has made metaphors depict these real-world experiences more realistically to ultimately enhance interface performance. Beginning users, however, could use a sort of help box, because the metaphor is not always going to be clear enough for them to understand, no matter how much effort its programmers devote

neg: Resource that are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. Benefits of resource utilization may include increased wealth, proper functioning of a system, or enhanced well-being. From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants. From a broader biological or ecological perspective a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism (see biological resource). The concept of resources has been applied in diverse realms, with respect to economics, biology and ecology, computer science, management, and human resources, and is linked to the concepts of

neg: DocBook DocBook DocBook is a semantic markup language for technical documentation. It was originally intended for writing technical documents related to computer hardware and software but it can be used for any other sort of documentation. As a semantic language, DocBook enables its users to create document content in a presentation-neutral form that captures the logical structure of the content; that content can then be published in a variety of formats, including HTML, XHTML, EPUB, PDF, man pages, Web help and HTML Help, without requiring users to make any changes to the source. In other words, when a document is written

neg: Intel i960 432 was intended to directly support high-level languages that supported tagged, protected, garbage-collected memory—such as Ada and Lisp—in hardware. Because of its instruction-set complexity, its multi-chip implementation, and design flaws, the iAPX 432 was very slow in comparison to other processors of its time. In 1984, Intel and Siemens started a joint project, ultimately called BiiN, to create a high-end, fault-tolerant, object-oriented computer system programmed entirely in Ada. Many of the original i432 team members joined this project, although a new lead architect, Glenford Myers, was brought in from IBM. The intended market for the BiiN systems was high-reliability-computer users

neg: Storage Resource Broker Storage Resource Broker Storage Resource Broker (SRB) was data grid management computer software used in computational science research projects. SRB is a logical distributed file system based on a client-server architecture which presents users with a single global logical namespace or file hierarchy. SRB provides a uniform interface to heterogeneous computer data storage resources over a network. As part of this, it implements a logical namespace (distinct from physical file names) and maintains metadata on data-objects (files), users, groups, resources, collections, and other items in an SRB metadata catalog (MCAT) stored in a relational database management system. System and user-defined

neg: OpenURL OpenURL OpenURL is a standardized format for encoding a description of a resource within a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), intended to help Internet users to find a copy of the resource that they are allowed to access. Although OpenURL could be used with any kind of resource on the Internet, it is usually used by libraries to help connect patrons with such content as articles, books, or patents held in their collections or available by subscription. The National Information Standards Organization has developed standards for OpenURL and its data container (the ContextObject) as American National Standards Institute standard ANSI/NISO Z39.88-2004.

neg: Balls into bins load is similar to the finite version, both with random allocation and with partially random allocation. Dynamic resource allocation: consider a set of "n" identical computers. There are "n" users who need computing services. The users are not coordinated - each users comes on his own and selects which computer to use. Each user would of course like to select the least loaded computer, but this requires to check the load on each computer, which might take a long time. Another option is to select a computer at random; this leads, with high probability, to a maximum load of approximately

neg: Time-sharing a certain process. The first international conference on computer security in London in 1971 was primarily driven by the time-sharing industry and its customers. Significant early timesharing systems: Time-sharing In computing, time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking at the same time. Its introduction in the 1960s and emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s represented a major technological shift in the history of computing. By allowing a large number of users to interact concurrently with a single computer, time-sharing dramatically lowered the cost of providing computing

neg: Brain–computer interface addition, these patients could then be provided with BCI-based communication tools that could help them convey basic needs, adjust bed position and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), and otherwise empower them to make major life decisions and communicate. This research effort was supported in part by different EU-funded projects, such as the DECODER project led by Prof. Andrea Kuebler at the University of Wuerzburg. This project contributed to the first BCI system developed for DOC assessment and communication, called mindBEAGLE. This system is designed to help non-expert users work with DOC patients, but is not intended to replace medical

neg: Resource Central recruited s couple of GEnie denizens to create and publish "Open Windows" in an attempt to orient Apple users to Microsoft Windows. The Open Windows monthly publication lasted one year, and was delivered on a disk in executable zip format. When unzipped, the publication ran as a Windows Help file (.hlp) application. Although somewhat popular, it did nothing to revive Resource Central or prevent its demise. Resource Central went out of business in February 1995. In July 2010, it was announced that the entire Open-Apple and Resource Central catalog was reclassified to the Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution License. Resource Central

neg: Macintosh File System Macintosh File System Macintosh File System (MFS) is a volume format (or disk file system) created by Apple Computer for storing files on 400K floppy disks. MFS was introduced with the original Apple Macintosh computer in January 1984. MFS is notable both for introducing resource forks to allow storage of structured data, and for storing metadata needed to support the graphical user interface of Mac OS. MFS allows file names to be up to 255 characters in length, although Finder does not allow users to create names longer than 63 characters (31 characters in later versions). MFS is called a

neg: Phorm the British Computer Society has questioned whether the act of publishing a website on the net is the same as giving consent for advertisers to make use of the site's content or to monitor the site's interactions with its customers. Pete John created an add on, called Dephormation, for servers and web users to opt out and remain opted-out of the system; however, John ultimately recommends that users switch from Phorm-equipped Internet providers: "Dephormation is not a solution. Its a fig leaf for your privacy. Do not rely on Dephormation to protect your privacy and security. You need to find

neg: Time-sharing Time-sharing In computing, time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking at the same time. Its introduction in the 1960s and emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s represented a major technological shift in the history of computing. By allowing a large number of users to interact concurrently with a single computer, time-sharing dramatically lowered the cost of providing computing capability, made it possible for individuals and organizations to use a computer without owning one, and promoted the interactive use of computers and the development of new interactive

neg: Resource-oriented architecture the web seems to mostly reside in its ability to lower the barriers to entry for human users who may not be highly trained in using computing machinery. As such, the web widens the market reach for any business that decides to publish some of its content in electronic format. On the web, such published content is regarded as a web resource. Humans live in the world of representations. Representation, as a concept, is an attempt (arguably futile) to reach a certain acceptable level of objectivity. For example, if a person wants to buy a house, that person needs to

neg: RadioShack proprietary 8-bit computers to its proprietary IBM PC compatible Tandy computers, removing the "Radio Shack" name from the product in an attempt to shake off the long-running nicknames "Radio Scrap" and "Trash 80" to make the product appeal to business users. Poor compatibility, shrinking margins and a lack of economies of scale led Radio Shack to exit the computer-manufacturing market in the 1990s after losing much of the desktop PC market to newer, price-competitive rivals like Dell. Tandy acquired the Computer City chain in 1991, and sold the stores to CompUSA in 1998. In 1994, RadioShack began selling IBM's Aptiva

neg: Does the Job BBS was written for speed and ease of use. No Commodore-specific features (such as graphics) were supported. This was intended to make the system appealing to users of all computer types. The BBS was successful in this regard. DTJ systems tended to have a more diverse user base. Many users were surprised to find the software was not running on an IBM-PC but on a “toy” computer. Max Cottrell, editor of Commodore World's "Sysop's Corner", ran the software and regularly mentioned it in his magazine articles. DTJ-BBS had a freeform text editor that did not use line numbers. The user was

neg: Cyrillic script (2DE0 ... 2DFF) and Cyrillic Extended B (A640 ... A69F), significantly improve support for the early Cyrillic alphabet, Abkhaz, Aleut, Chuvash, Kurdish, and Moksha. Punctuation for Cyrillic text is similar to that used in European Latin-alphabet languages. Other character encoding systems for Cyrillic: Each language has its own standard keyboard layout, adopted from typewriters. With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also transliterating or phonetic/homophonic keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard. When practical Cyrillic keyboard layouts or fonts are unavailable, computer users sometimes use transliteration or

neg: Handle leak Handle leak A handle leak is a type of software bug that occurs when a computer program asks for a handle to a resource but does not free the handle when it is no longer used. If this occurs frequently or repeatedly over an extended period of time, a large number of handles may be marked in-use and thus unavailable, causing performance problems or a crash. The term is derived from memory leak. Handle leaks, like memory leaks, are specific instances of resource leaks. One cause of a handle leak is when a programmer mistakenly believes that retrieving a handle

neg: Software rot computer game designers used the CPU clock speed as a timer in the game, but newer CPU clocks were faster, so the gameplay speed increased accordingly, making the game less usable over time. There are changes in the environment not related to the program's designer, but its users. Initially, a user could bring the system into working order, and have it working flawlessly for a certain amount of time. But, when the system stops working correctly, or the users want to access the configuration controls, they cannot repeat that initial step because of the different context and the unavailable information

neg: Technology Resource Mobilization Unit Pakistan Linux Users' Club. The Pakistani government announced its intentions through the press and promoted the effort through an ad in the Karachi-based, English-language newspaper Dawn, which declared that the team "will come with proposals to the government [for] funding such as the creation of user-friendly client/server software, training strategies, local language software development, the induction of LINUX into [the] basic syllabi, etc." Technology Resource Mobilization Unit The Technology Resource Mobilization Unit, also known as "TReMU" or "Linux Force," is part of an effort to overcome proprietary computer technology in Pakistan. In 2002 the government initiated a task force, composed

neg: Union Malienne Des Aveugles the public and private sector. Since its creation, more than 25 classrooms have been built in Bamako and Gao. After its success, land was then purchased for the school in Segou. Two dormitories have since been built for boys and girls as some children had to travel far to get to the schools. Also, a round meeting hut, study room and resource center for training was built. Recently the computer room has been adapted for blind users, with a computer that prints braille, which is the only one of its kind in Mali. The musical duo Amadou & Mariam attended

neg: PARCC more than 200 postsecondary educators and administrators in the development of the assessments. The PARCC assessments cover two courses – English language arts/literacy and mathematics – for students between Grade 3 and Grade 11. These exams are intended to be used as indicators of student needs and progress for teachers to identify and address. PARCC has also developed a resource library called the Partnership Resource Center, which provides both teachers and parents with access to "computer-adaptive text complexity diagnostic tools". This initiative is designed to ensure students have access to appropriate-level texts and are prepared to enter college and careers

neg: OMeta to translate OMeta/JS into a C# functionality; as such, the design of OMeta# is based on Alessandro Warth’s OMeta/JS design.. The goal of the project is to give users the ability to make working languages with high simplicity. Specifically, OMeta# is intended to work as a single tool for .NET language development, reduce the steep learning curve of language development, become a useful teaching resource, and be practical for use in real applications. OMeta# currently uses C# 3.0 as OMeta’s host language rather than 4.0; because C# 3.0 is a static language rather than a dynamic one, recognition of the

neg: Color model ranging from black at lightness 0 or value 0, the bottom, to white at lightness 1 or value 1, the top. Most televisions, computer displays, and projectors produce colors by combining red, green, and blue light in varying intensities—the so-called RGB additive primary colors. However, the relationship between the constituent amounts of red, green, and blue light and the resulting color is unintuitive, especially for inexperienced users, and for users familiar with subtractive color mixing of paints or traditional artists’ models based on tints and shades. In an attempt to accommodate more traditional and intuitive color mixing models, computer graphics

neg: Top Trumps Skyscrapers, ODI Stars (Unavailable as packs), World Football Stars, NBA 2K9, Sharks and Star Wars, Armchair General (Unavailable as packs) and Bratz. Two LIVE games appeared on other websites. NASCAR appeared on the NASCAR website and The Boat That Rocked appeared on Facebook. Both are not available as packs. You have to log into both websites to play though. There is also a German Star Wars: Clone Wars game and upcoming Sealife in Danger and Wildlife in Danger. "Top Trumps" is available through a mobile gaming service, in which users can play single player against the computer, compete against up

neg: Semaphore (programming) how many units of a particular resource are available, coupled with operations to adjust that record "safely" (i.e. to avoid race conditions) as units are required or become free, and, if necessary, wait until a unit of the resource becomes available. Semaphores are a useful tool in the prevention of race conditions; however, their use is by no means a guarantee that a program is free from these problems. Semaphores which allow an arbitrary resource count are called counting semaphores, while semaphores which are restricted to the values 0 and 1 (or locked/unlocked, unavailable/available) are called binary semaphores and are

neg: Cruft accumulation may result in technical debt, which can subsequently make adding new features or modifying existing features—even to improve performance—more difficult and time-consuming. In the context of Internet or Web addresses (Uniform Resource Locators or "URLs"), cruft refers to the characters that are relevant or meaningful only to the people who created the site, such as implementation details of the computer system which serves the page. Examples of URL cruft include filename extensions such as ".php" or ".html", and internal organizational details such as "/public/" or "/Users/john/work/drafts/". Cruft may also refer to unused and out-of-date computer paraphernalia, collected through upgrading,

neg: Reification (computer science) RDF provides a built-in vocabulary intended for describing RDF statements. A description of a statement using this vocabulary is called a reification of the statement. The RDF reification vocabulary consists of the type codice_14, and the properties codice_15, codice_16, and codice_17. Using the reification vocabulary, a reification of the statement about the person's membership would be given by assigning the statement a URIref such as codice_18 so that describing statements can be written as follows: These statements say that the resource identified by the codice_19 is an RDF statement, that the subject of the statement refers to the resource identified

neg: Twinge attack Twinge attack In Internet-based computer-networking, a Twinge attack is a flood of false ICMP packets in an attempt to cripple a system. The attack is spoofed, that is, random fake Internet source addresses are used, which makes it difficult to identify the attacker. The idea of the attack is to either degrade the performance of the attacked computer or make it crash. The attacking program is called Twinge, but the ICMP packets have a particular signature which gives its identity away. As long as the computer is safely behind a router or a firewall, there is nothing to worry about

neg: Don't Make Me Think Don't Make Me Think Don't Make Me Think is a book by Steve Krug about human–computer interaction and web usability. The book's premise is that a good software program or web site should let users accomplish their intended tasks as easily and directly as possible. Krug points out that people are good at satisficing, or taking the first available solution to their problem, so design should take advantage of this. He frequently cites Amazon.com as an example of a well-designed web site that manages to allow high-quality interaction, even though the web site gets bigger and more complex every day.

neg: IP multicast service available to a wide array of end users. "CastGate" was an attempt from the ETRO-TELE research group at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel to adopt IP multicast on the Internet. Although multicast would have allowed an Internet user to receive rich media and other content without placing a high burden on the net, it was still unavailable to most Internet users. The CastGate project tried to fix this by allowing end users to connect through an automatically configured IP tunnel over networks which did not natively support IP multicast. The idea was that if more users have multicast capability, more

neg: Hands-on computing stylus pen, yet they do not respond directly to a user's touch. Touchscreen allow users to directly interact with computers by touching the screen with a finger. It is natural for humans to point to objects in order to show a preference or a selection. Touchscreens allow users to take this natural action and use it to interact with computers. Problems may arise due to inaccuracy: people attempt to make a selection, but due to incorrect calibration, the computer does not accurately process the touch. New developments in hands-on computing have led to the creation of interfaces that can respond

neg: Microsoft in 2009 that it was planning to drop its Microsoft solution and switch to a Linux-based one in 2010. In 2012, Microsoft hired a political pollster named Mark Penn, whom the "New York Times" called "famous for bulldozing" his political opponents as Executive Vice-President, Advertising and Strategy. Penn created a series of negative ads targeting one of Microsoft's chief competitors, Google. The ads, called "Scroogled", attempt to make the case that Google is "screwing" consumers with search results rigged to favor Google's paid advertisers, that Gmail violates the privacy of its users to place ad results related to the content

neg: Memento Project Memento Project Memento is a United States National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP)–funded project aimed at making Web-archived content more readily discoverable. The project is being led by the Los Alamos National Laboratory and Old Dominion University. Rather than expecting people to know about the growing number of Web archives, and to guess which archive might hold an older version of the resource they’re looking for, Memento proposes to make archived content discoverable via the original URL that the searcher already knew about. Essentially, Memento is an attempt to permit users to view any web page as it

neg: Aaron Cohen-Gadol brain aneurysms. The app also connects to the Brain Aneurysm Foundation patient forum so users can stay connected wherever they are. The tool is intended to empower patients about their condition and encourage them to make well-informed decisions about their aneurysm care. He founded the AANS Operative Grand Rounds in 2009, which is a comprehensive web-based resource for training neurosurgeons across the world. In addition, the AANS Grand Rounds apps contain a comprehensive collection of videos that were produced jointly by Dr. Cohen, the Neurosurgical Atlas, and the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS). These videos are in-depth discussions with

neg: United States v. Morris (1991) to disallow purposeful unauthorized access, not "mistaken, inadvertent, or careless" acts. The court reasoned that since this "intentionally" phrase was inserted into the law in order to avoid punishing users that had accidentally accessed a computer they did not have authorization to, it applied strictly to the "accesses" clause, not the "damages" one. There is no evidence that Congress intended to make it legal to accidentally damage another computer, therefore the "intentionally" specification was not made there. Additionally, the Government suggested that many other subsections of 1030, specifically (a)(1), continue to repeat the mental state requirement before each clause, indicating

neg: Starvation (computer science) Starvation (computer science) In computer science, resource starvation is a problem encountered in concurrent computing where a process is perpetually denied necessary resources to process its work. Starvation may be caused by errors in a scheduling or mutual exclusion algorithm, but can also be caused by resource leaks, and can be intentionally caused via a denial-of-service attack such as a fork bomb. When starvation is impossible in a concurrent algorithm, the algorithm is called starvation-free, lockout-freed or said to have finite bypass. This property is an instance of liveness, and is one of the two requirements for any mutual exclusion

neg: Client–server model peers offer it. Ideally, a peer does not need to achieve high availability because other, redundant peers make up for any resource downtime; as the availability and load capacity of peers change, the protocol reroutes requests. Both client-server and master-slave are regarded as sub-categories of distributed peer-to-peer systems. Client–server model Client–server model is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients. Often clients and servers communicate over a computer network on separate hardware, but both client and server may reside in the same system.

neg: World Computer Literacy Day computers". World Computer Literacy Day World Computer Literacy Day was launched by Indian computer company NIIT to mark , in response to research which suggested that the majority of computer users around the world were men. It occurs annually on 2 December, and is intended to encourage the development of technological skills, particularly among children and women in India. In its own words, it aims to "create awareness and drive digital literacy in underserved communities worldwide". It was originally founded by the NIIT The day is also directed at improving the teaching of Information Technology, and more generally, the "celebration

neg: World Computer Literacy Day World Computer Literacy Day World Computer Literacy Day was launched by Indian computer company NIIT to mark , in response to research which suggested that the majority of computer users around the world were men. It occurs annually on 2 December, and is intended to encourage the development of technological skills, particularly among children and women in India. In its own words, it aims to "create awareness and drive digital literacy in underserved communities worldwide". It was originally founded by the NIIT The day is also directed at improving the teaching of Information Technology, and more generally, the "celebration of

neg: Larch Prover by Stephen J. Garland and John V. Guttag at the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science. Larch Prover Larch Prover, or LP for short, is an interactive theorem proving system for multisorted first-order logic. It was used at MIT and elsewhere during the 1990s to reason about designs for circuits, concurrent algorithms, hardware, and software. Unlike most theorem provers, which attempt to find proofs automatically for correctly stated conjectures, LP is intended to assist users in finding and correcting flaws in conjectures — the predominant activity in the early stages of the design process. LP works efficiently on large problems, has

neg: Computer science Machine model. A distributed system extends the idea of concurrency onto multiple computers connected through a network. Computers within the same distributed system have their own private memory, and information is often exchanged among themselves to achieve a common goal. This branch of computer science aims to manage networks between computers worldwide. Computer security is a branch of computer technology with an objective of protecting information from unauthorized access, disruption, or modification while maintaining the accessibility and usability of the system for its intended users. Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding (encryption) and therefore deciphering (decryption) information. Modern

neg: Tiny Computers rather than at a computer desk as was typical during the 1990s. Bundles including a plasma television, and other home cinema equipment were also sold. Despite its innovative nature, the "Takami" was not a commercial success, with only 5,000 units being sold during 2001. In 2000, in an attempt to make computing easier for those who had little to no experience with PCs, Tiny commissioned e-learning company VSI Communications Group to create a 'virtual mentor' named Tiny Trainer. An interactive animation ran automatically when the PC first booted up and gave users a brief introduction to computers in general, the

neg: Exception handling a "catch". From the point of view of the author of a routine, raising an exception is a useful way to signal that a routine could not execute normally - for example, when an input argument is invalid (e.g. value is outside of the domain of a function) or when a resource it relies on is unavailable (like a missing file, a hard disk error, or out-of-memory errors). In systems without exceptions, routines would need to return some special error code. However, this is sometimes complicated by the semipredicate problem, in which users of the routine need to write extra

neg: Dumb pipe the end to end principle) was conceived of as an antithesis to the idea of a centralized intelligent computer network in which all applications were under central network control. A synthesis is taking place in the context aware networks. These networks allow intelligent devices to set up end-to-end applications as in the dumb network. However, they are aware of application needs and in the social and enterprise context in which the applications are being used. Thus the network can make decisions on resource allocation conflicts in light of the collective needs of all users and the purposes (social and enterprise)

neg: Pacific Biodiversity Information Forum data in an electronically accessible information system. The PBIF effort is not intended to replace any existing activity, but to complement, link and strengthen current regional activities. "The Pacific Biodiversity Information Forum seeks to develop a complete, scientifically sound, and electronically accessible Pacific biological knowledge base and make it widely available to local, national, regional and global users for decision-making." Geographic- Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Southeast Asia Thematic- Taxonomy, Invasive Species, Threatened and Endangered Species User Base- Resource managers, scientists, policy makers in the public, private, and civic sectors, and the general public Dr. Mark Fornwall serves as the Gateway

neg: Pseudonymity disclosed), and "unlinkable pseudonyms" (the link is not known to system operators and cannot be determined). For example, true anonymous remailer enables Internet users to establish unlinkable pseudonyms; those that employ non-public pseudonyms (such as the now-defunct Penet remailer) are called pseudonymous remailers. The continuum of unlinkability can also be seen, in part, on Wikipedia. Some registered users make no attempt to disguise their real identities (for example, by placing their real name on their user page). The pseudonym of unregistered users is their IP address, which can, in many cases, easily be linked to them. Other registered users prefer

neg: Computer security compromised by hardware failure Computer security compromised by hardware failure Computer security compromised by hardware failure is a branch of computer security applied to hardware. The objective of computer security includes protection of information and property from theft, corruption, or natural disaster, while allowing the information and property to remain accessible and productive to its intended users. Such secret information could be retrieved by different ways. This article focus on the retrieval of data thanks to misused hardware or hardware failure. Hardware could be misused or exploited to get secret data. This article collects main types of attack that can be lead in a

neg: Computer security compromised by hardware failure escalation attacks. Computer security compromised by hardware failure Computer security compromised by hardware failure is a branch of computer security applied to hardware. The objective of computer security includes protection of information and property from theft, corruption, or natural disaster, while allowing the information and property to remain accessible and productive to its intended users. Such secret information could be retrieved by different ways. This article focus on the retrieval of data thanks to misused hardware or hardware failure. Hardware could be misused or exploited to get secret data. This article collects main types of attack that can be lead

neg: Discoverability of users with navigating in the webpage or app environment varies a great deal, from individuals who are new to using these applications at one extreme to experienced computer users. For items that are searched for online, the goal of discoverability is to be at or near the top of the search results. Organizations may make efforts to make it more likely that "their" content or webpages are at the top, or close to the top, of search results; these approaches are often collectively called search engine optimization (SEO). Note that when an organization takes action to increase the SEO

neg: Micronet 800 horticultural market that EMAP served with a number of magazine titles, notably providing a 'Closed User Group' purchasing network for garden centre businesses, complementing EMAP's printed 'Garden Trade News' magazine. But horticulturalists and IT proved not to be a natural marriage, and the service had insufficient users to make it viable. Richard Hease, in 1982 Chairman of EMAP's Computer & Business Press which had acquired Electronic Insight, organised a pitch to the Telemap Group by David Babsky of a projected interactive online computer magazine to replace the existing content of Electronic Insight. Babsky showed a 'dummy issue' of the intended

neg: Portable Document Format security technique is called sandboxing. How secure is PDF? PDF security News Portable Document Format security Portable Document Format security is concerned with the protection of information and property from theft, corruption, and attack. Its main purpose it to make sure information is productive and accessible to its intended users. From its early stages of development in the 1990s, PDF started including security features. Over the years, several threats have been clearly identified including the following: attack technique. Adobe Reader and Acrobat products are supported by a large and complex code including several proprietary extensions. This apparent flexibility translates into a

neg: Sociedad General de Autores y Editores late-night slots, leaving tens of millions of dollars less each year for other parties whose music is played on Spanish TV. One of the main activities of the SGAE is the collection of a blank media tax called “canon”. This tax is aimed to compensate authors for private copies of their work and was incorporated into Spanish law by Law 22/1987 of November 11, Intellectual Property. This law recognized the right of users to make private copies. The fee was intended to levy countervailing audio and video devices such as tapes, stereos or televisions. Its latest version, called “digital canon”,

neg: Enterprise software Enterprise software Enterprise software, also known as enterprise application software (EAS), is computer software used to satisfy the needs of an organization rather than individual users. Such organizations include businesses, schools, interest-based user groups, clubs, charities, and governments. Enterprise software is an integral part of a (computer-based) information system. Services provided by enterprise software are typically business-oriented tools, such as online shopping, and online payment processing, interactive product catalogue, automated billing systems, security, Business Process Management, enterprise content management, IT Service Management, customer relationship management, enterprise resource planning, business intelligence, project management, collaboration, human resource management, manufacturing, occupational health and

neg: Forza Motorsport 3 of the best racing games of this generation'. Criticism mainly stemmed from the grid being much smaller than rival games (only 8 cars), the inability for users to tune their vehicles during public multiplayer racing, and the inability to create custom public multiplayer races. Turn 10 however is adding more modes to the online lobbies in an attempt to counter this problem, such as the Playground lobby which lets users play Tag Mode online in public races but custom public lobbies are currently unavailable. 411Mania gave the game a score of nine out of ten and said, "Turn 10 may

neg: Shared resource to public, i.e. to all logged in users. The exact procedure varies by platform. In operating system editions for homes and small offices, there may be a special "pre-shared folder" that is accessible to all users with a user account and password on the local computer. Network access to the pre-shared folder can be turned on. In the Windows XP Home Edition operating system, english version, the preshared folder is named "Shared documents", typically with the path "C:\Documents and Settings\All users\Shared documents". In Windows Vista and Windows 7, the pre-shared folder is named "public documents", typically with the path "C:\Users\Public\Public

neg: Computer Currents products, what products to buy, where to buy them, and how to use them. Computer Currents is fundamentally pro-consumerist, and we'll go undercover to ferret out sloppy service and scams. We're also not afraid to poke fun at the industry. In fact, our Gigglebytes column by Lincoln Spector makes a point of it.The ISSN for the original Bay Area edition was 1090-7572. Computer Currents Computer Currents was a freely distributed United States computer magazine, with local editions across the country. It was often described as a resource for computer shoppers and users, and compared to other regional computer magazines like

neg: Digital art a creative effort similar to the open source movement, and the creative commons in which users can collaborate in a project to create art. Pop surrealist artist Ray Caesar works in Maya (a 3D modeling software used for digital animation), using it to create his figures as well as the virtual realms in which they exist. Computer-generated animations are animations created with a computer, from digital models created by the 3D artists or procedurally generated. The term is usually applied to works created entirely with a computer. Movies make heavy use of computer-generated graphics; they are called computer-generated imagery (CGI)

neg: AveDesk to create an entirely new desklet, as in most other widget engines. However, due to the same reason, users cannot easily create custom-made desklets for AveDesk as other similar programs (such as Konfabulator and DesktopX). To work around this, AveDesk users usually use a plugin called SysStats, which allow users to easily create and run desklets for AveDesk using scripts (such as JavaScript and VBScript), coupled with specially structured INI files and computer image files that make up the look and functionality of the widget. With the release of version 1.3 of AveDesk, a new scripting engine, called AveScripter, will

neg: Usability testing Usability testing Usability testing is a technique used in user-centered interaction design to evaluate a product by testing it on users. This can be seen as an irreplaceable usability practice, since it gives direct input on how real users use the system. This is in contrast with usability inspection methods where experts use different methods to evaluate a user interface without involving users. Usability testing focuses on measuring a human-made product's capacity to meet its intended purpose. Examples of products that commonly benefit from usability testing are food, consumer products, web sites or web applications, computer interfaces, documents, and devices.

neg: Computer-generated imagery movement is achieved with television and motion pictures. A virtual world is a simulated environment, which allows the user to interact with animated characters, or interact with other users through the use of animated characters known as avatars. Virtual worlds are intended for its users to inhabit and interact, and the term today has become largely synonymous with interactive 3D virtual environments, where the users take the form of avatars visible to others graphically. These avatars are usually depicted as textual, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional graphical representations, although other forms are possible (auditory and touch sensations for example). Some, but not

neg: Tianhe-2 called the TH Express-2, designed by NUDT, utilized a fat tree topology with 13 switches each of 576 ports. Tianhe-2 ran on Kylin Linux, a version of the operating system developed by NUDT. Resource management is based on Slurm Workload Manager. Researchers have criticized Tianhe-2 for being difficult to use. "It is at the world's frontier in terms of calculation capacity, but the function of the supercomputer is still way behind the ones in the US and Japan", says Chi Xuebin, deputy director of the Computer Network and Information Centre. "Some users would need years or even a decade to

neg: Project Euler Project Euler Project Euler (named after Leonhard Euler) is a website dedicated to a series of computational problems intended to be solved with computer programs. The project attracts adults and students interested in mathematics and computer programming. Since its creation in 2001 by Colin Hughes, Project Euler has gained notability and popularity worldwide. It includes over 600 problems, with a new one added once every two weeks. Problems are of varying difficulty but each is solvable in less than a minute of CPU time using an efficient algorithm on a modestly powered computer. Project Euler has about 800,000 users, from

neg: Censorship in Venezuela manipulating the exchange rate. During the 2014 Venezuelan protests, it was reported that Internet access was unavailable in San Cristóbal, Táchira for up to about half a million citizens. Multiple sources claimed that the Venezuelan government blocked Internet access. Internet access was reported to be available again one day and a half later. Also during the 2014 Venezuelan protests, images on Twitter were reported to be unavailable for at least some users in Venezuela for 3 days (12–15 February), with claims that the Venezuelan government blocked them, indicating that it appeared to be an attempt to limit images of protests

neg: Computer virus system. The Bliss virus never became widespread, and remains chiefly a research curiosity. Its creator later posted the source code to Usenet, allowing researchers to see how it worked. Many users install antivirus software that can detect and eliminate known viruses when the computer attempts to download or run the executable file (which may be distributed as an email attachment, or on USB flash drives, for example). Some antivirus software blocks known malicious websites that attempt to install malware. Antivirus software does not change the underlying capability of hosts to transmit viruses. Users must update their software regularly to patch

neg: Andrew Fluegelman and after agreeing to publish and coauthor "Writing in the Computer Age" decided to purchase his first computer. In October Fluegelman received one of the first IBM PCs sold in San Francisco, and in two weeks began to write his own accounting program in IBM BASIC. In late 1982 Fluegelman developed PC-Talk, a very popular and successful communications software. He marketed it under a system he called "Freeware", which he characterized as "an experiment in economics more than altruism". Freeware was licensed under terms that encouraged users to make voluntary payments for the software, and it allowed users to copy

neg: Software widget dialog box for users to customize their computer screen appearances). A Widget toolkit is a set of programming tools that help developers reuse GUI widgets to build a user interface. A desktop widget is a specialized GUI widget intended to run on a computer desktop for computer users to control simple utility functions such as clocks, messaging services, and calendars. A mobile widget is the comparable equivalent for mobile devices (i.e. smart phones). A web widget is a portable application installed and executed, typically by non-expert webmasters on HTML-based web pages, to offer site visitors shopping, advertisements, videos, or other

neg: Fast user switching replaced by "Credential Providers", however they do not support programmatic initiation of fast user switching. In Windows XP, fast user switching was unavailable if the computer is on a Windows Server domain network or if Offline Files was enabled. Windows Vista and later no longer have these restrictions. Fast user switching Fast user switching is a feature, i.e. a term for some rather loosely specified functionality, of a multi-user operating system. It allows users to switch between user accounts on a single computer without quitting applications and logging out. The Linux kernel's VT subsystem (please consult the articles Pseudoterminal, Linux

neg: Rascal (single-board computer) Commons CC BY-SA license. Those design files have been posted to github. Rascal (single-board computer) Rascal is a single-board computer. It is designed by Brandon Stafford and sold by Rascal Micro LLC in Somerville, Massachusetts. The Rascal runs Linux. Its board design is compatible with Arduino shields. It includes web server software and is intended to be programmed in Python. The Rascal's web server includes an editor that lets users edit the Python programs running on the Rascal from any web browser, without needing to reflash anything. Most Arduino shields are compatible with the standard headers on the Rascal. The

neg: Domain Name System to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses 93.184.216.34 (IPv4) and 2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946 (IPv6). Unlike a phone book, DNS can be quickly updated, allowing a service's location on the network to change without affecting the end users, who continue to use the same hostname. Users take advantage of this when they use meaningful Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), and e-mail addresses without having to know how the computer actually locates the services. An important and

neg: Rascal (single-board computer) Rascal (single-board computer) Rascal is a single-board computer. It is designed by Brandon Stafford and sold by Rascal Micro LLC in Somerville, Massachusetts. The Rascal runs Linux. Its board design is compatible with Arduino shields. It includes web server software and is intended to be programmed in Python. The Rascal's web server includes an editor that lets users edit the Python programs running on the Rascal from any web browser, without needing to reflash anything. Most Arduino shields are compatible with the standard headers on the Rascal. The Rascal's design files have been released as Open Hardware under the Creative

neg: Folksonomy a couple of reasons. First, they help to structure and organize large amounts of digital resources in a manner that makes them easily accessible when users attempt to locate the resource at a later time. The second aspect is social in nature, that is to say that users may search for new resources and content based on the tags of other users. Even the act of browsing through common tags may lead to further resources for knowledge acquisition. Tags that occur more frequently with specific resources are said to be more strongly connected. Furthermore, tags may be connected to each

neg: History of Microsoft Flight Simulator hardware; the minimum requirements were only a Pentium 166 MHz computer, although 400–500 MHz computer was deemed necessary to have an even framerate. However, even on a high-end system, stuttering framerate was a problem, especially when performing sharp turns in graphically dense areas. Also, the visual damage effects introduced in FS5.0 were disabled, and continued to be unavailable in versions after FS2000. While the visual damage effects were still in the game, Microsoft disabled them from the game's configuration files. Users can re-enable the damage effects through modifications. FS2000 also introduced computer controlled aircraft in some airports. This version also

neg: ISP redirect page customers to translate domain names into IP addresses that computers understand and use. When an ISP's DNS server receives a request to translate a name, according to RFC the DNS server should return the associated IP address to the customer's computer which is then able to connect to the requested resource. When the ISP's DNS server receives a request for a name that is not recognized or is unavailable, some ISPs spoof the NX (null) response and instead return the IP address of a search or advertising page to the client. When the client is using a web browser, this

neg: Interactive design revolution with developing of Internet.This is a short history of Hypertext.In 1945, the first concept of Hypertext had originated by Vannevar Bush as he wrote in his article As We May Think. And a computer game called Adventure was invented as responding users’ needs via the first hypertextual narrative in the early 1960s. And then Douglas Engelbart and Theodor Holm Nelson who made Xanadu collaborated to make a system called FRESS in 1970’s. Their efforts brought immense political ramifications. By 1987, Computer Lib and Dream Machine were published by Microsoft Press. And Nelson joined Autodesk, which announced plans to support

neg: Technology Resource Mobilization Unit Technology Resource Mobilization Unit The Technology Resource Mobilization Unit, also known as "TReMU" or "Linux Force," is part of an effort to overcome proprietary computer technology in Pakistan. In 2002 the government initiated a task force, composed primarily of volunteers, to encourage the use of open source software, to disseminate information to private users and business about how to use Linux, and to convert government services to a free software basis. Each group has national and regional coordinators. Meetings, seminars and conferences are held to propose and debate public policy ideas. TReMU includes academics, developers, and technology professionals from the

neg: WUF Networks WUF Networks WUF Networks, Inc. was a software company that developed applications intended to simplify the control and access of digital content — music, photos,and video — among networked devices, including consumer electronics, mobile devices and personal computers. The company was founded by Turochas Fuad and Francois Dumas, and was acquired by Yahoo in late 2004. The company's software allowed digital content to follow its owner regardless of where the content was originally stored. It automatically aggregated and publicized the digital content across what the company called users' "personal network", including their home PC, media center computer or mobile phone.

neg: CapacityPlus for example, Capacity"Plus" is helping the Ministry of Health move its system from paper to computer, enabling the ministry to better manage its 98,000 employees. Because the iHRIS software is free, governments have saved almost $150 million in proprietary software fees. Capacity"Plus" hosts the HRH Global Resource Center (GRC) (launched in 2006 by the previous Capacity Project), a digital library and eLearning platform committed to reducing access barriers in developing countries to the best human resources for health information available. With over 4,000 resources and an average of 60,000 monthly users from 172 countries, the GRC provides the largest collection

neg: Google Duo on phone numbers, allowing users to call people from their contact list. The app automatically switches between Wi-Fi and cellular networks. In March 2017, it was announced that Google Duo would let users make audio-only calls. The feature was first launched in Brazil, with a global rollout in April. A year later in March 2018, video and voice messages were added to Duo. Users can leave messages up to 30 seconds long for contacts who are unavailable. These messages can then be viewed by the other party, with the option of calling afterwards. Google Duo Google Duo is a video

neg: DVD-Video Scramble System (CSS) encryption, which is intended to discourage people from copying the disc. Usually, users need to install software provided on the DVD or downloaded from the Internet such as MPlayer, TotalMedia Theatre, PowerDVD, VLC or WinDVD to be able to view the disc in a computer system. CSS does not make it difficult (any more) to copy the digital content now that a decoder (DeCSS) has been released, nor is it possible to distinguish between legal and illegal copies of a work, but CSS does restrict the playback software that may be used. CSS has caused major problems

neg: Resolvconf cannot be made from the sidelines.) Resolvconf In some FreeBSD, Linux distributions, and other Unix-like operating systems, the resolvconf program maintains the system information about the currently available name servers and manages the contents of the configuration file "resolv.conf", which determines Domain Name System (DNS) resolver parameters. Before a computer can connect to an external network resource by name, it must convert that alpha-numeric name (e.g., "wikipedia.org") into its corresponding network address called an IP address (e.g., "66.230.200.10"). The computer performs this conversion by contacting one of a number of special computers called name servers, which have tables of resource

neg: Resolvconf Resolvconf In some FreeBSD, Linux distributions, and other Unix-like operating systems, the resolvconf program maintains the system information about the currently available name servers and manages the contents of the configuration file "resolv.conf", which determines Domain Name System (DNS) resolver parameters. Before a computer can connect to an external network resource by name, it must convert that alpha-numeric name (e.g., "wikipedia.org") into its corresponding network address called an IP address (e.g., "66.230.200.10"). The computer performs this conversion by contacting one of a number of special computers called name servers, which have tables of resource names and corresponding IP addresses. The

neg: Peer exchange It also keep swarms together when the tracker is down. Peer exchange cannot be used on its own to introduce a new peer to a swarm. To make initial contact with a swarm, each peer must either connect to a tracker using a ".torrent" file, or else use a router computer called a bootstrap node to find a distributed hash table (DHT) which describes a swarm's list of peers. For most BitTorrent users, DHT and PEX will start to work automatically after the user launches a BitTorrent client and opens a .torrent file. A notable exception is "private torrents" which

neg: Lock (computer science) Lock (computer science) In computer science, a lock or mutex (from mutual exclusion) is a synchronization mechanism for enforcing limits on access to a resource in an environment where there are many threads of execution. A lock is designed to enforce a mutual exclusion concurrency control policy. Generally, locks are "advisory locks", where each thread cooperates by acquiring the lock before accessing the corresponding data. Some systems also implement "mandatory locks", where attempting unauthorized access to a locked resource will force an exception in the entity attempting to make the access. The simplest type of lock is a binary semaphore.

neg: Location transparency located. Depending on how the network is set, the user may be able to obtain files that reside on another computer connected to the particular network. This means that the location of a resource doesn't matter to either the software developers or the end-users. This creates the illusion that the entire system is located in a single computer, which greatly simplifies software development. An additional benefit is the flexibility it provides. Systems resources can be moved to a different computer at any time without disrupting any software systems running on them. By simply updating the location that goes with the

neg: IFolder IFolder iFolder is an open-source application, developed by Novell, Inc., intended to allow cross-platform file sharing across computer networks. iFolder operates on the concept of shared folders, where a folder is marked as shared and the contents of the folder are then synchronized to other computers over a network, either directly between computers in a peer-to-peer fashion or through a server. This is intended to allow a single user to synchronize files between different computers (for example between a work computer and a home computer) or share files with other users (for example a group of people who are collaborating

neg: Hosts (file) named networks is present that has similar to hosts file functions containing names of networks. In its function of resolving host names, the hosts file may be used to define any hostname or domain name for use in the local system. The hosts file may present an attack vector for malicious software. The file may be modified, for example, by adware, computer viruses, or trojan horse software to redirect traffic from the intended destination to sites hosting malicious or unwanted content. The widespread computer worm Mydoom.B blocked users from visiting sites about computer security and antivirus software and also affected

neg: DeCSS licensing restrictions on CSS make it impossible to create an open source implementation through official channels, and closed source drivers are unavailable for some operating systems, so some users need DeCSS to watch even legally obtained movies. The first legal threats against sites hosting DeCSS, and the beginning of the DeCSS mirroring campaign, began in early November 1999 ("Universal v. Reimerdes"). The preliminary injunction in "DVD Copy Control Association, Inc. v. Bunner" followed soon after, in January 2000. As a response to these threats a program also called DeCSS but with an unrelated function was developed. This program can be

neg: TRS-80 RAM. The Model 4 is also capable of running all Model III software when a Model III operating system disk is detected and loaded during bootup, with a 64×16 video mode and Model III ROMs mapped from address zero. Model 4 features, including the internal speaker, are unavailable in Model III mode. Users experienced in Z80 assembler could access Model 4 features like the larger screen and banked RAM in Model III mode through its machine I/O ports. TRSDOS 6 provided a host of utilities and filters to make the most of the Model 4's new hardware features. Its ramdisk

neg: Lease (computer science) Lease (computer science) In computer science, a Lease is a contract that gives its holder specified rights to some resource for a limited period. Because it is time-limited, a lease is an alternative to a lock for resource serialization. A traditional resource lock is granted until it is explicitly released by the locking client process. Reasons why a lock might not be released include: Any of these could end the availability of an important reusable resource until the system is reset. By contract, a lease is valid for a limited period, after which it automatically expires, making the resource available