query: what word comes last in the natos phonetic alphabet

pos: NATO phonetic alphabet by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel. The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: , Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, , Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Strict adherence to the prescribed spelling words is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the spelling alphabet is designed to overcome. As noted in a

pos: Ice Station Zebra from the film were re-used for the 1971 ABC made-for-television movie "Assault on the Wayne", starring Leonard Nimoy, Joseph Cotten, Keenan Wynn, William Windom, Sam Elliott, and Dewey Martin, which also featured "Zebra" cast members Lloyd Haynes and Ron Masak. The name "Zebra" comes from the representation of the letter Z in the Joint Army/Navy phonetic alphabet. In the modern NATO phonetic alphabet later adopted by aviation and navigation, "Zulu" is being used instead of "Zebra". In actuality, there was an Ice Station "Alpha" (phonetic for the letter "A") established by the US Air Force in 1957 as part of

neg: NATO phonetic alphabet underlined syllable of each letter word should be emphasized, and each syllable of the code words for the figures (1969–Present) should be equally emphasized. The Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet is used by the International Civil Aviation Organization for international aircraft communications. The ITU-R Radiotelephony Alphabet is used by the International Maritime Organization for international marine communications. NATO phonetic alphabet The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially denoted as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, and in a variation also known officially as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, is the most widely used radiotelephone

neg: G for George due to bad weather. G-George serves as a memorial to all Australians who flew with Bomber Command, and to the 1,018 dead of 460 Squadron. The designation 'G-George' comes from the RAF phonetic alphabet in use at the time. Individual aircraft on a squadron were allocated a letter and would be referred to using the corresponding word from the phonetic alphabet. Many other RAF squadrons would also have had a G-George but with different aircraft bearing that designation as they were lost in action or otherwise. G for George G for George is an Avro Lancaster Mk. I bomber, squadron

neg: Consonant alphabet, linguists have devised systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to assign a unique and unambiguous symbol to each attested consonant. In fact, the English alphabet has fewer consonant letters than English has consonant sounds, so digraphs like "ch", "sh", "th", and "zh" are used to extend the alphabet, and some letters and digraphs represent more than one consonant. For example, the sound spelled "th" in "this" is a different consonant than the "th" sound in "thin". (In the IPA, they are transcribed and , respectively.) The word "consonant" comes from Latin oblique stem "cōnsonant-," from "cōnsonāns (littera)"

neg: Phonetic representation noteworthy example is the word "colonel", which is not pronounced but . Phonetic representation Phonetic representation, or more commonly phonetic transcription is the representation of speech sounds using symbols in phonetic alphabet such as IPA, X-SAMPA, Kirshenbaum for linguistic studies (especially phonetics, phonology and speech processing) and for learning the pronunciation of languages. Among these systems, the International Phonetic Alphabet has been the most widely used so far, whose symbols are printed in most dictionaries and books on linguistics. In all languages, the letters in the orthography do not always have a one-to-one correspondence with the speech sounds in the

neg: NATO phonetic alphabet research, and published the new official phonetic alphabet in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations. NATO was in the process of adopting the ICAO spelling alphabet, and apparently felt enough urgency that it adopted the proposed new alphabet with changes based on NATO's own research, to become effective on January 1, 1956, but quickly issued a new directive on March 1, 1956 adopting the now official ICAO spelling alphabet, which had changed by one word (November) from NATO's earlier request to ICAO

neg: NATO phonetic alphabet NATO phonetic alphabet The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially denoted as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, and in a variation also known officially as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, is the most widely used radiotelephone spelling alphabet. Although often called "phonetic alphabets", spelling alphabets are unrelated to phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned codewords acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet, so that critical combinations of letters and numbers are most likely to be pronounced and understood

neg: Allied Military phonetic spelling alphabets final changes. 'Interrogatory' was used in place of 'Inter' in joint Army/Navy Operations. The U.S. Navy's first phonetic spelling alphabet was not used for radio, but was instead used on the deck of ships "in calling out flags to be hoisted in a signal". There were two alternative alphabets used, which were almost completely different to one another, with only the code word "Xray" in common. The U.S. Navy's first "radiotelephony" phonetic spelling alphabet was published in 1913, in the Naval Radio Service's Handbook of Regulations developed by Captain William H. G. Bullard. The Handbook's procedures were described in the

neg: History of the International Phonetic Alphabet approved in 1937. In the notes, the reference to , in regard to tonal notation was removed. A new chart appeared in 1947, reflecting minor developments up to the point. They were: The word "plosives" in the description of ejectives and the qualifier "slightly" in the definitions of were removed. The 1949 "Principles of the International Phonetic Association" was the last installment in the series until it was superseded by the "Handbook of the IPA" in 1999. It introduced some new specifications: None of these specifications were inherited in the subsequent charts. was defined as an indicator of "medium stress".

neg: IJ (digraph) which is used to represent the "Y". Dutch and Belgian armed forces use the official NATO phonetic alphabet, "Y" is "Yankee" and "IJ" is spelled out "India Juliet". In crossword puzzles (except for Scrabblesee next paragraph), and in the game Lingo, "IJ" is considered one letter, filling one square, but the "IJ" and the "Y" are considered distinct. In other word games, the rules may vary. The Dutch version of Scrabble has a "Y" with a face value of eight. Some players used it to represent "IJ" or "Y". The recent Dutch version comes with an example game, which clearly

neg: History of the International Phonetic Alphabet History of the International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet was created soon after the International Phonetic Association was established in the late 19th century. It was intended as an international system of phonetic transcription for oral languages, originally for pedagogical purposes. The Association was established in Paris in 1886 by French and British language teachers led by Paul Passy. The prototype of the alphabet appeared in . The Association based their alphabet upon the Romic alphabet of Henry Sweet, which in turn was based on the Phonotypic Alphabet of Isaac Pitman and the Palæotype of Alexander John Ellis. The

neg: Wolof language the spoken and written languages are mutually intelligible. Lebu Wolof, on the other hand, is unintelligible with standard Wolof, a distinction that has been obscured because all Lebu speakers are bilingual in standard Wolof. "Note:" Phonetic transcriptions are printed between square brackets [] following the rules of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The Latin orthography of Wolof in Senegal was set by government decrees between 1971 and 1985. The language institute "Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar" (CLAD) is widely acknowledged as an authority when it comes to spelling rules for Wolof. The complete alphabet is A, À, B, C,

neg: Turkish phonology whose foreign origin is not apparent. For example, the words "rahat" ('comfort') and "sanat" ('art') take back-vowel suffixes, even though they derive from Arabic "tāʾ marbūṭa". Turkish words are said to have an accent on one syllable of the word. In most words the accent comes on the last syllable of the word, but there are some words, such as place names, foreign borrowings, words containing certain suffixes, and certain adverbs, where the accent comes earlier in the word. A phonetic study by Susannah Levi (2005) shows that when a word has non-final accent, e.g. "banmamak" ('not to dip'), the

neg: Allied Military phonetic spelling alphabets being merged during World War II. The last WWII spelling alphabet continued to be used through the Korean War, being replaced in 1956 as a result of both countries adopting the ICAO/ITU Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, with the Allied nations calling their usage the "NATO Phonetic Alphabet". Sometime during WWII, the Allies had defined terminology to describe the scope of communications procedures among different services and nations. A summary of the terms used was published in a post-WWII NATO memo: Thus, the Combined Communications Board (CCB) spelling alphabet was mandated for use when any U.S. military branch was communicating with any

neg: Tlingit language compounds. The orthography does not reflect the in word-initial position, but either "." or "y" may be seen in medial position. For example, the word "khoowat'áa" "the weather is hot" ("khu-ÿu-ÿa-t'áa", --(0, -D, +I)-hot) is phonetically , but when the perfective prefix "ÿu-" is word initial in "uwat'áa" "it is hot" ("0-ÿu-ÿa-t'áa", 3--(0, -D, +I)-hot) the phonetic form is where the glottal stop appears to ensure that the word begins with a consonant. Until the late 1960s, Tlingit was written exclusively in phonetic transcription in the works of linguists and anthropologists, except for a little known Cyrillic alphabet used for

neg: Tajik alphabet the Persian (Arabic) alphabet. The Persian alphabet was introduced into education and public life, although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party in 1993 slowed down the adoption. In 1999, the word "Fârsi" was removed from the state-language law. the "de facto" standard in use is a Cyrillic alphabet, and only a very small part of the population can read the Persian alphabet. The letters of the major versions of the Tajik alphabet are presented below, along with their phonetic values. There is also a comparative table below. A variant of the Persian alphabet (technically an abjad) is used to

neg: RFE Phonetic Alphabet RFE Phonetic Alphabet The RFE Phonetic Alphabet, named for a journal of philology, Revista de Filología Española (RFE) is a phonetic alphabet originally developed in 1915 for the languages and dialects of Iberian origin, primarily Spanish. The alphabet was proposed by Tomás Navarro Tomás and adopted by the Centro de Estudios Históricos in Madrid for the RFE and by the Instituto de Filología de Buenos Aires. It is used solely in works based on Hispanic themes, such as the "Atlas Lingüístico de la Península Ibérica" (ALPI), as well as phonetics manuals. Additionally, this phonetic alphabet is taught at the universities

neg: International Phonetic Alphabet on the context and language. Occasionally letters or diacritics are added, removed or modified by the International Phonetic Association. As of the most recent change in 2005, there are 107 letters, 52 diacritics and four prosodic marks in the IPA. These are shown in the current IPA chart, posted below in this article and at the website of the IPA. In 1886, a group of French and British language teachers, led by the French linguist Paul Passy, formed what would come to be known from 1897 onwards as the International Phonetic Association (in French, ""). Their original alphabet was based

neg: History of the International Phonetic Alphabet though the space did not allow the back vowels to appear beneath the velars. A tie bar placed below symbols, as in , was mentioned again. was now attached to the preceding letter, as in . A few illustrations in the chart were changed: was added for rhoticity, and were replaced with . The word "etc." was dropped from the list of tones. The 1999 "Handbook of the International Phonetic Association" was the first book outlining the specifications of the alphabet in 50 years, superseding the 1949 "Principles of the IPA". It consisted of just over 200 pages, four times

neg: Å local varieties. The use of a single "å" letter to cover such pronunciations has been embraced by the new pan-Walloon orthography, with one orthography for words regardless of the local phonetic variations. The Waloon use of Å became the most popular use outside a Scandinavian language, even being used in the International Phonetic Alphabet drafted by Otto Jespersen. In standardized writings outside the Liège area, words containing "å" are written with "uh", "â" or "ô". For example, the word "måjhon" (house), in the standardized orthography is written "môjo", "mâhon", "mohone", "maujon" in dialectal writings. The Istro-Romanian alphabet is based on

neg: Fearn (letter) alder). dín cridi - "protection of the heart" in the Word Ogham of "Culainn". Fearn (letter) Fearn is the Irish name of the third letter of the Ogham alphabet, ᚃ, meaning "alder-tree". In Old Irish, the letter name was Fern, which is related to Welsh "gwern(en)". Its Primitive Irish root was *"wernā" and its phonetic value then was [w]. Its Old Irish and modern phonetic value is [f]. In the medieval kennings, called "Bríatharogam" or "Word Ogham" the verses associated with "Fearn" are: airenach fían - "vanguard of warriors" in the Word Ogham of "Morann mic Moín" comét lachta -

neg: Fearn (letter) Fearn (letter) Fearn is the Irish name of the third letter of the Ogham alphabet, ᚃ, meaning "alder-tree". In Old Irish, the letter name was Fern, which is related to Welsh "gwern(en)". Its Primitive Irish root was *"wernā" and its phonetic value then was [w]. Its Old Irish and modern phonetic value is [f]. In the medieval kennings, called "Bríatharogam" or "Word Ogham" the verses associated with "Fearn" are: airenach fían - "vanguard of warriors" in the Word Ogham of "Morann mic Moín" comét lachta - "milk container" in the Word Ogham of "Mac ind Óc" (vessels where made of

neg: Common Turkic Alphabet Common Turkic Alphabet The terms Common Turkic Alphabet or Turkic concil Alphabet refer to two different systems using the Latin alphabet to write various Turkic languages. The old system was developed in the Soviet Union and used in the 1930s; the current system is an alphabet with 34 letters recognized by the Turkic Council. Its letters are as follows: The orthographies of Turkic languages are largely phonetic, meaning that the pronunciation of a word can usually be determined from its spelling. For example, unlike English, Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation can almost always be determined by

neg: Alphabet with the contemporary spoken language. These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system itself, as when Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Latin-based Turkish alphabet. The standard system of symbols used by linguists to represent sounds in any language, independently of orthography, is called the International Phonetic Alphabet. Alphabet An alphabet is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or graphemes) that represent the phonemes (basic significant sounds) of any spoken language it is used to write. This is in contrast to other types of writing systems, such as

neg: Alphabetical order capital letters before lower-case ones. See ASCIIbetical order. A rhyming dictionary is based on sorting words in alphabetical order starting from the last to the first letter of the word. Alphabetical order Alphabetical order is a system whereby strings of characters are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. To determine which of two strings comes first in alphabetical order, their first letters are compared. If they differ, then the string whose first letter comes earlier in the alphabet comes before the

neg: NATO phonetic alphabet use of the procedure word FIGURES in many instances in which digits need to be read. After the phonetic alphabet was developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (see history below) it was adopted by many other international and national organizations, including the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United States Federal Government (as Federal Standard 1037C: Glossary of Telecommunications Terms, and its successor ANSI T1.523-2001, ATIS Telecom Glossary, both of which cite Joint Publication 1-02: Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, but incorrectly "correct" the spelling of alfa and juliett) and

neg: Phonetic Symbol Guide Phonetic Symbol Guide The Phonetic Symbol Guide is a book by Geoffrey Pullum and William Ladusaw that explains the histories and uses of symbols used in various phonetic transcription conventions. It was published in 1986, with a second edition in 1996, by the University of Chicago Press. Symbols include letters and diacritics of the International Phonetic Alphabet and Americanist phonetic notation, though not of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. The "Guide" was consulted by the International Phonetic Association when they established names and numerical codes for the International Phonetic Alphabet and was the basis for the characters of the TIPA set

neg: RFE Phonetic Alphabet of Spanish-speaking countries such as Mexico. RFE Phonetic Alphabet The RFE Phonetic Alphabet, named for a journal of philology, Revista de Filología Española (RFE) is a phonetic alphabet originally developed in 1915 for the languages and dialects of Iberian origin, primarily Spanish. The alphabet was proposed by Tomás Navarro Tomás and adopted by the Centro de Estudios Históricos in Madrid for the RFE and by the Instituto de Filología de Buenos Aires. It is used solely in works based on Hispanic themes, such as the "Atlas Lingüístico de la Península Ibérica" (ALPI), as well as phonetics manuals. Additionally, this phonetic

neg: Phonetic symbols in Unicode Phonetic symbols in Unicode Unicode supports several phonetic scripts and notations through the existing writing systems and the addition of extra blocks with phonetic characters. These phonetic extras are derived of an existing script, usually Latin, Greek or Cyrillic. In Unicode there is no "IPA script". Apart from IPA, extensions to the IPA and obsolete and nonstandard IPA symbols, these blocks also contain characters from the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet and the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) makes use of letters from other writing systems as most phonetic scripts do. IPA notably uses Latin, Greek and Cyrillic characters.

neg: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet Uralic Phonetic Alphabet The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) or Finno-Ugric transcription system is a phonetic transcription or notational system used predominantly for the transcription and reconstruction of Uralic languages. It was first published in 1901 by Eemil Nestor Setälä, a Finnish linguist. Unlike the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) notational standard which concentrates on accurately and uniquely transcribing the phonemes of a language, the UPA is also used to denote the functional categories of a language, as well as their phonetic quality. For this reason, it is not possible to automatically convert a UPA transcription into an IPA one. The basic

neg: Phonetic symbols in Unicode & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap (GNOME) or kcharselect (KDE) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Phonetic symbols in Unicode Unicode supports several phonetic scripts and notations through the existing writing systems and the addition of extra blocks with phonetic characters. These phonetic extras are derived of an existing script, usually Latin, Greek or Cyrillic. In Unicode there is no "IPA script". Apart from IPA, extensions to the IPA and obsolete and nonstandard IPA symbols, these blocks also contain characters from the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet and the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet. The International Phonetic Alphabet

neg: Palaeotype alphabet rising tone, (..·, ·..) -- the same, with longer time at low tone, (·.·) dipping tone, (.·.) peaking tone. (؛ ,·؛.) were high and low checked tones. Preceding a word, (·:·) and (.:.) meant to speak in high or low key. (‘’) meant to speak the following in a "subdued" tone. A hyphen indicated liaison, as in French (nuz- avoʌ) "nous avons". Palaeotype alphabet The Palaeotype alphabet is a phonetic alphabet used by Alexander John Ellis to describe the pronunciation of English. It was based on the theory of Bell's Visible Speech, but set in roman script, and attempted to

neg: Americanist phonetic notation Americanist phonetic notation Americanist phonetic notation, also known as the North American Phonetic Alphabet or NAPA, is a system of phonetic notation originally developed by European and American anthropologists and language scientists (many of whom were students of Neogrammarians) for the phonetic and phonemic transcription of indigenous languages of the Americas and for languages of Europe. It is still commonly used by linguists working on, among others, Slavic, Uralic, Semitic languages and for the languages of the Caucasus and of India (however, Uralists commonly use a variant known as the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet). The term "Americanist phonetic alphabet" is misleading

neg: The Phonetic Journal traditional spelling as well as in phonetic spelling, and phonetic shorthand. It also included news of the Phonetic Society and its members. The journal promoted "The Phonetic Alphabet". It explained the alphabet promoted as "consisting of 36 letters, namely the 23 useful letters of the common alphabet (c, q and x being rejected) and 13 new letters included. The vowels a, e, i, o, u were used for their short sound as in pat, pet, pit, pot and put and all the other letters having their usual signification". A proposed order of the alphabet was as follows: Consonants: p, b;

neg: Alphabet effect Alphabet effect The alphabet effect is a group of hypotheses in communication theory arguing that phonetic writing, and alphabetic scripts in particular, have served to promote and encourage the cognitive skills of abstraction, analysis, coding, decoding, and classification. Promoters of these hypotheses are associated with the Toronto School of Communication, such as Marshall McLuhan, Harold Innis, Walter Ong and more recently Robert K. Logan; the term "alphabet effect" comes from Logan's 1986 work (see the bibliography below which references the 2004 second edition). The theory claims that a greater level of abstraction is required due to the greater economy of

neg: Alphabet effect that propels a culture towards scientific thought. Alphabet effect The alphabet effect is a group of hypotheses in communication theory arguing that phonetic writing, and alphabetic scripts in particular, have served to promote and encourage the cognitive skills of abstraction, analysis, coding, decoding, and classification. Promoters of these hypotheses are associated with the Toronto School of Communication, such as Marshall McLuhan, Harold Innis, Walter Ong and more recently Robert K. Logan; the term "alphabet effect" comes from Logan's 1986 work (see the bibliography below which references the 2004 second edition). The theory claims that a greater level of abstraction is

neg: Spelling alphabet other scenarios where a spelling alphabet is useful. A spelling alphabet is also often called a phonetic alphabet, especially by amateur radio enthusiasts, recreational sailors in the US and Australia, and NATO military organizations. However, this conflicts with the usage of the same phrase in phonetics to mean a notation used for phonetic transcription or phonetic spelling, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet, which is used to indicate the sounds of human speech. Prior to spelling alphabets, the words used to indicate English letters were "a", "bee", "cee", "dee", "e", etc. Their spoken sounds are difficult to discriminate, particularly over

neg: APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet alphabet, both the everyday letter and its phonetic alphabet equivalent are spoken, such as “B as in boy”, “V as in Victor”, etc. On early seasons of "Wheel of Fortune", a close variant of the LAPD phonetic alphabet was used. APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet The APCO phonetic alphabet, a.k.a. LAPD radio alphabet, is the term for an old competing spelling alphabet to the ICAO radiotelephony alphabet, defined by the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International from 1941 to 1974, that is used by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and other local and state law enforcement agencies across the state of

neg: Palaeotype alphabet Palaeotype alphabet The Palaeotype alphabet is a phonetic alphabet used by Alexander John Ellis to describe the pronunciation of English. It was based on the theory of Bell's Visible Speech, but set in roman script, and attempted to include the sounds conveyed by Lepsius's Standard Alphabet as well. It in turn inspired Henry Sweet's 1877 Romic alphabet, which itself served as the basis for the International Phonetic Alphabet. It differs from previous phonetic alphabets, especially the English Phonotypic Alphabet of the same author, by maximal use of trivial changes to existing characters, including rotated letters (such as <ə>, <ɔ>), small

neg: Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) requires specific names for the symbols and diacritics used in the alphabet. It is often desirable to distinguish an IPA symbol from the sound it is intended to represent, since there is not a one-to-one correspondence between symbol and sound in broad transcription. The symbol's names and phonetic descriptions are described in the "Handbook of the International Phonetic Association". The symbols also have nonce names in the Unicode standard. In some cases, the Unicode names and the IPA names do not agree. For example, IPA calls "epsilon", but

neg: History of the International Phonetic Alphabet were slightly modified. In particular, was replaced by , with a continuous, slanted stroke. In 2018, another slightly modified chart in different fonts was released, this time also in TeX TIPA Roman developed by Rei Fukui, which was selected as best representing the IPA symbol set by the Association's Alphabet, Charts and Fonts committee, established the previous year. History of the International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet was created soon after the International Phonetic Association was established in the late 19th century. It was intended as an international system of phonetic transcription for oral languages, originally for pedagogical purposes.

neg: International Phonetic Alphabet in on-line text has to some extent been adopted in the context input methods, allowing convenient keying of IPA characters that would be otherwise unavailable on standard keyboard layouts. Online IPA keyboard utilities are available, and they cover the complete range of IPA symbols and diacritics. International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and

neg: Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet in the extIPA chart that do not occur in the IPA chart: "fricative lateral + median" (simultaneous grooved and lateral frication), "fricative nasal" (a.k.a. nareal fricative) and "percussive". A denasal row is added here. Several new columns appear as well, though the linguolabial column is the result of a standard-IPA diacritic. Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet The extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet, also extIPA symbols for disordered speech or simply extIPA (), are a set of letters and diacritics devised by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association to augment the International Phonetic Alphabet for the phonetic transcription

neg: Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet The extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet, also extIPA symbols for disordered speech or simply extIPA (), are a set of letters and diacritics devised by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association to augment the International Phonetic Alphabet for the phonetic transcription of disordered speech. Some of the symbols are occasionally used for transcribing features of normal speech. Many sounds found only in disordered speech are indicated with diacritics, though an increasing number of dedicated letters are used as well. Special letters are included to transcribe the speech of people with lisps and

neg: International Phonetic Alphabet International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech-language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators and translators. The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are part of oral language: phones, phonemes, intonation and the separation of words and syllables. To represent additional qualities of speech, such as

neg: Tatar alphabet "hämzä" in Tatar). It is possible to use these letters for writing words of non-Tatar origin: Á, Â, É, Ó, Ú. Tatar writing is largely phonetic, meaning that the pronunciation of a word can usually be derived from its spelling. This rule excludes recent loanwords, such as "summit" and names. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Tatar alphabet Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Arabic (in China), Cyrillic (in Russia and Kazakhstan). Before 1928, the Tatar language was usually written using the Arabic alphabet. The Tatar Arabic alphabet used some letters such as چ

neg: Phoneme corresponding phonetic realization, or surface form. Phonemes are conventionally placed between slashes in transcription, whereas speech sounds (phones) are placed between square brackets. Thus represents a sequence of three phonemes , , (the word "push" in standard English), while represents the phonetic sequence of sounds (aspirated "p"), , (the usual pronunciation of "push"). This is not to be confused with the similar convention of the use of angle brackets to enclose the units of orthography, namely graphemes; for example, ⟨f⟩ represents the written letter (grapheme) "f". The symbols used for particular phonemes are often taken from the International Phonetic Alphabet

neg: Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet "e"), and for ("ii" versus "i"). However, these distinctions appear not perfectly identical to the distinctions today; for example, the only word shown to use "cɩcɩ" is the word "all", but not other words that in modern notation would use . This discrepancy may reflect Franklin's own inconsistencies, but, even more likely, it reflects legitimate differences in the English phonology of his particular time and place. In his examples of writing in the proposed alphabet, Franklin contrasts long and short uses of his letter e, with the words "mend" and "remain," respectively spelled in Franklin's system as "mend" and "remeen."

neg: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet double breve: A major difference is that IPA notation allows distinguishing between phonetic and phonemic transcription, by enclosing the transcription between either brackets or slashes . UPA has no corresponding standard, and context must be relied upon to distinguish the closeness of transcription. For phonetic transcription, numerous small differences from IPA come into relevance: Examples: This section contains some sample words from both Uralic languages and English (using Australian English) along with comparisons to the IPA transcription. Uralic Phonetic Alphabet The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) or Finno-Ugric transcription system is a phonetic transcription or notational system used predominantly for the

neg: Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet was Benjamin Franklin's proposal for a spelling reform of the English language. The alphabet was based on the Latin alphabet used in English. Franklin modified the standard English alphabet by omitting the letters c, j, q, w, x, and y, and adding new letters to explicitly represent the open-mid back rounded and unrounded vowels, and the consonants sh, ng, voiced th, and voiceless th. It was one of the earlier proposed spelling reforms to the English language. The alphabet consisted of 26 letters in the following order: Other English phonemes are represented

neg: International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English. International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects This chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations. See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries. This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name

neg: Yakut language feature of the Yakut language itself. An example is shown in the word meaning "not": Dolgan huoq and Yakut suox. This phonetic observation gave rise to two acknowledgements: Yakut is written using the Cyrillic script: the modern Yakut alphabet, established in 1939 by the Soviet Union, consists of the usual Russian characters but with five additional letters: Ҕҕ, Ҥҥ, Өө, Һһ, Үү. Сахалыы сурук-бичигэ "Saqalıı suruk-biçige (Yakut alphabet) The typical word order can be summarized as subject – adverb – object – verb; possessor – possessed; noun – adjective. Nouns have plural and singular forms. The plural is formed with

neg: Radiotelephony procedure Telecommunication Union, and the International Maritime Organization (all agencies of the United Nations), plus NATO, all specify the use of the ICAO Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet for use when it is necessary to spell out words, callsigns, and other letter/number sequences. It was developed with international cooperation and ratified in 1956, and has been in use unmodified ever since. Spelling is necessary when difficult radio conditions prevent the reception of an obscure word, or of a word or group, which is unpronounceable. Such words or groups within the text of plain language messages may be spelt using the phonetic alphabet; they

neg: History of the International Phonetic Alphabet Tîtcerz' Asóciécon" (The Phonetic Teachers' Association), a development of "L'Association phonétique des professeurs d'Anglais" ("The English Teachers' Phonetic Association"), to promote an international phonetic alphabet, designed primarily for English, French, and German, for use in schools to facilitate acquiring foreign pronunciation. Originally the symbols had different phonetic values from language to language. For example, English was transcribed with and French with . As of May and November of 1887, the alphabets were as follows: In the August–September 1888 issue of its journal, the Phonetic Teachers' Association published a standardized alphabet intended for transcription of multiple languages, reflecting its members' consensus

neg: International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects This chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations. See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries. This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General

neg: International Phonetic Alphabet the vowel of "peak" may be transcribed as (for the pairs or ), and neither is identical to the vowel of the French word "" which is also generally transcribed . That is, letters between slashes do not have absolute values, something true of broader phonetic approximations as well. A narrow transcription may, however, be used to distinguish them: , , . Although IPA is popular for transcription by linguists, American linguists often alternate use of the IPA with Americanist phonetic notation or use the IPA together with some nonstandard symbols, for reasons including reducing the error rate on reading

neg: NATO phonetic alphabet combining the English word with either a Spanish or Latin prefix. However, as of 2002, the IMO's GMDSS procedures permit the use of the ICAO numeral pronunciation. Prior to World War I and the development and widespread adoption of two-way radio that supported voice, telephone spelling alphabets were developed to improve communication on low-quality and long-distance telephone circuits. The first non-military internationally recognized spelling alphabet was adopted by the CCIR (predecessor of the ITU) during 1927. The experience gained with that alphabet resulted in several changes being made during 1932 by the ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted by the

neg: Dinka alphabet Dinka alphabet The Dinka alphabet is used by South Sudanese Dinka people. The written Dinka language is based on the ISO basic Latin alphabet, but with some added letters adapted from the International Phonetic Alphabet. The current orthography is derived from the alphabet developed for the southern Sudanese languages at the Rejaf language conference in 1928. Prior to this, several attempts at adapting the Arabic and Latin scripts to the Dinka language were made, but neither effort was met with large success. Christian missionaries were essential to the development of what became the Dinka alphabet. As you can see, Dinka

neg: Syllable than one syllable. "Syllable" is an Anglo-Norman variation of Old French "sillabe", from Latin "syllaba", from Koine Greek "syllabḗ" (). means "what is taken together", referring to letters that are taken together to make a single sound. In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the period marks syllable breaks, such as in the word "astronomical" . In practice, however, IPA transcription is typically divided into words by spaces, and often these spaces are also understood to be syllable breaks. In addition, the stress mark is placed immediately before a stressed syllable, and when the stressed syllable is in the middle of

neg: International Phonetic Alphabet International Phonetic Association" recommended the use of for a velar plosive and for an advanced one for languages where it is preferable to distinguish the two, such as Russian, this practice never caught on. The 1999 "Handbook of the International Phonetic Association", the successor to the "Principles", abandoned the recommendation and acknowledged both shapes as acceptable variants. The International Phonetic Alphabet is occasionally modified by the Association. After each modification, the Association provides an updated simplified presentation of the alphabet in the form of a chart. (See History of the IPA.) Not all aspects of the alphabet can be accommodated

neg: Ailm Ailm Ailm is the Irish name of the twentieth letter of the Ogham alphabet, ᚐ. Its phonetic value is [a]. The "Tree Alphabet" glossators identify it with the pine. The original meaning of the name is unknown. The Bríatharogam kennings all refer to the sound [a] and not to the name, either as the sound of a "groan", or to the Irish vocative particle, "á". Thurneysen maintained that "Ailm", "Beithe" was influenced by "Alpha, Beta", but while "beithe" is an actual Irish word, "ailm" would have to be considered the only loaned letter name. The word is attested once outside

neg: Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet , extra stress, strongly aspirated , and extra-rhotic ), nor superscripting for a lesser degree of a feature ( slightly prenasalized , slightly affricated , and epenthetic schwa). The asterisk, as in for the fortis stop of Korean, is the convention the IPA uses when it has no symbol for a phone or feature. For symbols and values which were discarded by 1932, see History of the International Phonetic Alphabet. The table below shows examples of expansion in the meaning of IPA symbols in broad transcription. Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

neg: Greek alphabet ranked letter. Several Greek letters are used as phonetic symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Several of them denote fricative consonants; the rest stand for variants of vowel sounds. The glyph shapes used for these letters in specialized phonetic fonts is sometimes slightly different from the conventional shapes in Greek typography proper, with glyphs typically being more upright and using serifs, to make them conform more with the typographical character of other, Latin-based letters in the phonetic alphabet. Nevertheless, in the Unicode encoding standard, the following three phonetic symbols are considered the same characters as the corresponding Greek letters

neg: Elfdalian negative concord, stylistic inversion, long distance reflexives, verb controlled datives, agent-verb word order in coordinated clauses with deleted subjects, etc. Some of the properties are archaic features that existed in Old Swedish, but others are innovations, but none of them has been studied in any detail. In Älvdalen, Germanic runes survived in use longer than anywhere else. The last record of the Elfdalian Runes is from 1929; they are a variant of the Dalecarlian runes. Älvdalen can be said to have had its own alphabet during the 17th and 18th century. Due to the great phonetic differences between Swedish and

neg: Omega formatting to indicate the style of text. Omega Omega (capital: Ω, lowercase: ω; Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system/Isopsephy (Gematria), it has a value of 800. The word literally means "great O" ("ō mega", mega meaning "great"), as opposed to omicron, which means "little O" ("o mikron", micron meaning "little"). In phonetic terms, the Ancient Greek Ω is a long open-mid "o" , comparable to the vowel of British English "raw". In Modern Greek, Ω represents the , the same sound as omicron.

neg: Omega Omega Omega (capital: Ω, lowercase: ω; Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system/Isopsephy (Gematria), it has a value of 800. The word literally means "great O" ("ō mega", mega meaning "great"), as opposed to omicron, which means "little O" ("o mikron", micron meaning "little"). In phonetic terms, the Ancient Greek Ω is a long open-mid "o" , comparable to the vowel of British English "raw". In Modern Greek, Ω represents the , the same sound as omicron. The letter omega is transcribed "ō" or

neg: K where it is employed, this letter represents the sound (with or without aspiration) or some similar sound. The International Phonetic Alphabet uses for the voiceless velar plosive. K K (named "kay" ) is the eleventh letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In English, the letter K usually represents the voiceless velar plosive. The letter K comes from the Greek letter Κ (kappa), which was taken from the Semitic kaph, the symbol for an open hand. This, in turn, was likely adapted by Semitic tribes who had lived in Egypt from the hieroglyph for "hand"

neg: Armenian language (according to ISO 9985). The following table lists the Eastern Armenian consonantal system. The occlusives and affricates have a special aspirated series (transcribed with an apostrophe after the letter): "p’", "t’", "c’", "k’" (but "č"). Each phoneme in the table is represented by three symbols. The first indicates the phoneme's pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), after that appears the corresponding letter of the Armenian alphabet, and the last symbol is its Romanization according to ISO 9985 (1996). The major phonetic difference between dialects is in the reflexes of Classical Armenian voice-onset time. The seven dialect types have the

neg: IPA vowel chart with audio syllable center. IPA vowel chart with audio This article provides a chart with audio examples for phonetic vowel symbols. The symbols shown include those in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and added material. The chart is based on the official IPA vowel chart, which maps the vowels according to the position of the tongue. The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. In the IPA, vowel sounds are defined as sound which occurs

neg: IPA vowel chart with audio IPA vowel chart with audio This article provides a chart with audio examples for phonetic vowel symbols. The symbols shown include those in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and added material. The chart is based on the official IPA vowel chart, which maps the vowels according to the position of the tongue. The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. In the IPA, vowel sounds are defined as sound which occurs at a

neg: Hangul 20th century, no official orthography of the Korean alphabet had been established. Due to liaison, heavy consonant assimilation, dialectal variants and other reasons, a Korean word can potentially be spelled in multiple ways. Sejong seemed to prefer morphophonemic spelling (representing the underlying root forms) rather than a phonemic one (representing the actual sounds). However, early in its history the Korean alphabet was dominated by phonemic spelling. Over the centuries the orthography became partially morphophonemic, first in nouns and later in verbs. The modern Korean alphabet is as morphophonemic as is practical. The difference between phonetic Romanization, phonemic orthography and morpho-phonemic

neg: R them are present in a single dialect, such as Rio de Janeiro's , , and, for a few speakers, . The International Phonetic Alphabet uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; represents the alveolar trill. R R (named "ar/or" ) is the 18th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The original Semitic letter may have been inspired by an Egyptian hieroglyph for "tp", "head". It was used for by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was "rêš" (also the name of the letter). It developed into

neg: NATO phonetic alphabet 1955 NATO memo, It is known that [the ICAO spelling alphabet] has been prepared only after the most exhaustive tests on a scientific basis by several nations. One of the firmest conclusions reached was that it was not practical to make an isolated change to clear confusion between one pair of letters. To change one word involves reconsideration of the whole alphabet to ensure that the change proposed to clear one confusion does not itself introduce others. The same memo notes a potential confusion between ZERO and SIERRA is overcome when following the procedures in ACP 125, which specify the

neg: Vowel Scandinavian languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet has a set of 28 symbols to represent the range of basic vowel qualities, and a further set of diacritics to denote variations from the basic vowel. The writing systems used for some languages, such as the Hebrew alphabet and the Arabic alphabet, do not ordinarily mark all the vowels, since they are frequently unnecessary in identifying a word. Technically, these are called abjads rather than alphabets. Although it is possible to construct simple English sentences that can be understood without written vowels ("cn y rd ths?"), extended passages of English lacking written vowels

neg: NATO phonetic alphabet "To be considered, a word must: After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was adopted on , to become effective on 1 April 1952 for civil aviation (but it may not have been adopted by any military). Problems were soon found with this list. Some users believed that they were so severe that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. Confusion among words like "Delta" and "Extra", and between "Nectar" and "Victor", or the unintelligibility of other words during poor receiving conditions were the main problems. Later in 1952, ICAO decided to revisit the

neg: Intonation (linguistics) be explained in the context of what is being described. However, for general purposes the International Phonetic Alphabet offers the two intonation marks shown in the box at the head of this article. Global rising and falling intonation are marked with a diagonal arrow rising left-to-right and falling left-to-right , respectively. These may be written as part of a syllable, or separated with a space when they have a broader scope: Here the rising pitch on "street" indicates that the question hinges on that word, on where he found it, not whether he found it. Here, as is common with

neg: PGP word list order of bytes in a bytestring depends on Endianness. There are several other word lists for conveying data in a clear unambiguous way via a voice channel: PGP word list The PGP Word List ("Pretty Good Privacy word list", also called a biometric word list for reasons explained below) is a list of words for conveying data bytes in a clear unambiguous way via a voice channel. They are analogous in purpose to the NATO phonetic alphabet used by pilots, except a longer list of words is used, each word corresponding to one of the 256 unique numeric byte values.

neg: PGP word list PGP word list The PGP Word List ("Pretty Good Privacy word list", also called a biometric word list for reasons explained below) is a list of words for conveying data bytes in a clear unambiguous way via a voice channel. They are analogous in purpose to the NATO phonetic alphabet used by pilots, except a longer list of words is used, each word corresponding to one of the 256 unique numeric byte values. The PGP Word List was designed in 1995 by Patrick Juola, a computational linguist, and Philip Zimmermann, creator of PGP. The words were carefully chosen for their

neg: Phonetic Symbol Guide to improve the Bloch & Trager system of vowel transcription and other conventions of Americanist notation, but were never adopted: Phonetic Symbol Guide The Phonetic Symbol Guide is a book by Geoffrey Pullum and William Ladusaw that explains the histories and uses of symbols used in various phonetic transcription conventions. It was published in 1986, with a second edition in 1996, by the University of Chicago Press. Symbols include letters and diacritics of the International Phonetic Alphabet and Americanist phonetic notation, though not of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. The "Guide" was consulted by the International Phonetic Association when they established

neg: Phonetic transcription be demonstrated by the following. A syllabic voiced alveolar nasal consonant ( in IPA) is notated as In Pike's notation there are 5 main components (which are indicated using the example above): The components of the notational hierarchy of this consonant are explained below: Phonetic transcription Phonetic transcription (also known as phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones). The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. The pronunciation of words in many languages, as distinct from their written form (orthography), has undergone significant change

neg: Hurricane King for 1951 and 1952 due to being part of the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet. The Phonetic Alphabet was decommissioned in 1953 in favor of using female names. Based on population growth in south Florida, it is estimated that a storm identical to Hurricane King would cause $2.8 billion in insured damage if it struck in 2001, with the total roughly split between Broward and Miami-Dade counties. Hurricane King Hurricane King was the most severe hurricane to strike the city of Miami, Florida since the 1926 Miami hurricane. It was the eleventh tropical storm and the last of six major hurricanes

neg: Phonetic transcription Phonetic transcription Phonetic transcription (also known as phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones). The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. The pronunciation of words in many languages, as distinct from their written form (orthography), has undergone significant change over time. Pronunciation can also vary greatly among dialects of a language. Standard orthography in some languages, particularly French, English, and Irish, is often irregular and makes it difficult to predict pronunciation from spelling. For example, the words "bough" and "through" do not rhyme

neg: 1952 Atlantic hurricane season names were used to name storms during the 1952 season, the third and final time storm names were taken from the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet. Names that were not used to designate tropical cyclones are marked in . 1952 Atlantic hurricane season The 1952 Atlantic hurricane season was the last Atlantic hurricane season to name tropical cyclones using the phonetic alphabet. It was a near normal Atlantic hurricane season, although it was the least active since 1946. The season officially started on June 15; however, a pre-season unnamed storm formed on Groundhog Day, becoming the only storm on record in

neg: 1952 Atlantic hurricane season 1952 Atlantic hurricane season The 1952 Atlantic hurricane season was the last Atlantic hurricane season to name tropical cyclones using the phonetic alphabet. It was a near normal Atlantic hurricane season, although it was the least active since 1946. The season officially started on June 15; however, a pre-season unnamed storm formed on Groundhog Day, becoming the only storm on record in the month of February. The other six tropical cyclones were named using the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet, the first of which formed on August 18. The final storm of the season dissipated on October 28, two and a

neg: Bopomofo placed first in a list of these characters. The same sequence is sometimes used by other speakers of Chinese to refer to other phonetic systems. The original formal name of the system was "Guóyīn Zìmǔ" ( , , "Phonetic Alphabet of the National Language") and "Zhùyīn Zìmǔ" ( , , "Phonetic Alphabet" or "Annotated Phonetic Letters"). It was later renamed "Zhùyīn Fúhào" ( , ), meaning "phonetic symbols". In official documents, Zhuyin is occasionally called "Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I" (), abbreviated as "MPS I" In English translations, the system is often also called either "Chu-yin" or "the Mandarin Phonetic Symbols".

neg: The Royal Canadian Dragoons Armoured Regiment (The Royal Canadian Dragoons), RCAC, CASF, on 1 March 1946. On 27 June 1946 the regiment was embodied in the Permanent Force. D Squadron, equipped with M4A3E8 Sherman tanks rented from the U.S. Army, served in Korea following the armistice in 1954. Lieut Frank Sidney Stilwell died in a vehicle accident while deployed to Korea on 25 January 1954. “Dog Squadron,” so-called because Dog was the word for the letter D in the old phonetic alphabet, were the last Canadians to operationally employ Sherman tanks. The Royal Canadian Dragoons, along with Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians), contributed troops

neg: APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet for "E", or "Yesterday" for "Y". With the ultimate goal of clarity, especially in circumstances where signals can be garbled, the use of the word "Ocean" seems to be advantageous in the radio communication of the letter "O" because it begins with the long, clear vowel "O". The phonetic words "Ida" and "Union" feature this same advantage. However, spelling alphabets seem to rarely use initial long vowels. With the exception of "Uniform", none of the initial vowels in the NATO alphabet is like this. In an earlier U.S. military alphabet, "A" was indicated by "Able", which does start with a

neg: Œ the following vowel, as in "" ("ratio", "coefficient"). The symbol is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for the open-mid front rounded vowel. This sound resembles the "œu" in the French ' or the "ö" in the German '. These contrast with French ' and German ', which have the close-mid front rounded vowel, . The small capital variant represents the open front rounded vowel in the IPA. Modifier letter small ligature oe (ꟹ) is used in extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet. The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) includes . The Teuthonista phonetic transcription system uses several related symbols:

neg: Gamma Lowercase Greek gamma is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and Uralic Phonetic Alphabet to indicate voiced consonants. In International Phonetic Alphabet, it represents the voiced velar fricative. In the International Phonetic Alphabet the minuscule letter is used to represent a voiced velar fricative and the superscript modifier letter is used to represent velarization. It is not to be confused with the character , which looks like a lowercase Latin gamma that lies above the baseline rather than crossing, and which represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel. In certain nonstandard variations of the IPA, the uppercase form is used. It

neg: The Phonetic Journal an English Phonotypic Alphabet made up of 40 letters based mainly on the Phonetic Alphabet of "The Phonetic Journal" and that of "The Phonotypic Journal". Furthermore, in a book edited in 1848, under the title "A Plea for Spelling Reform", by Alexander John Ellis, edited by Isaac Pitman, the authors compiled a series of articles from "The Phonetic Journal." and from other periodicals, recommending an enlarged alphabet and "A Reformed Spelling of the English Language" as a "means of placing the arts of Reading and Writing within the reach of all who speak the English language or wish acquire it",

neg: International Phonetic Association International Phonetic Association The International Phonetic Association (IPA; French: "", "API") is an organization that promotes the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. The IPA’s major contribution to phonetics is the International Phonetic Alphabet—a notational standard for the phonetic representation of all languages. The acronym IPA is used to refer to both the association and the alphabet. On 30 June 2015, it was incorporated as a British private company limited by guarantee. The IPA also publishes the "Journal of the International Phonetic Association". In addition, it arranges for the quadrennial International Congress of Phonetic

neg: Americanist phonetic notation well-known Americanist sources. Americanist phonetic notation Americanist phonetic notation, also known as the North American Phonetic Alphabet or NAPA, is a system of phonetic notation originally developed by European and American anthropologists and language scientists (many of whom were students of Neogrammarians) for the phonetic and phonemic transcription of indigenous languages of the Americas and for languages of Europe. It is still commonly used by linguists working on, among others, Slavic, Uralic, Semitic languages and for the languages of the Caucasus and of India (however, Uralists commonly use a variant known as the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet). The term "Americanist phonetic

neg: Phonetic complement Phonetic complement A phonetic complement is a phonetic symbol used to disambiguate word characters (logograms) that have multiple readings, in mixed logographic-phonetic scripts such as Egyptian hieroglyphs, Akkadian cuneiform, Japanese, and Mayan. Often they reenforce the communication of the ideogram by repeating the first or last syllable in the term. Written English has few logograms, primarily numerals, and therefore few phonetic complements. An example is the "nd" of "2nd" 'second', which avoids ambiguity with 2 standing for the word 'two'. In addition to numerals, other examples include Xmas, Xianity, and Xing for Christmas, Christianity, and Crossing – note the separate

neg: Lao language Lao alphabet, derived locally around the 14th century from the Khmer alphabet of the Khmer Empire, is ultimately rooted in the Pallava script of South India, one of the Brahmi scripts. Although similar to one another, the Lao alphabet is more phonetic than the Thai alphabet due to various Lao royal decrees concerning orthographic reforms, resulting in the Lao script having fewer duplicate sounds thus making the Lao script more phonetic, efficient and easy to learn. Words are spelt according to phonetic principles as opposed to etymological principles. In addition to consonants having tone classes, tone marks facilitate marking tones

neg: History of the International Phonetic Alphabet alphabet has undergone a number of revisions during its history, the most significant being the one put forth at the Kiel Convention in 1989. Changes to the alphabet are proposed and discussed in the Association's organ, "Journal of the International Phonetic Association", previously known as "Le Maître Phonétique" and before that as "The Phonetic Teacher", and then put to a vote by the Association's Council. The extensions to the IPA for disordered speech were created in 1990, with its first major revision approved in 2016. The International Phonetic Association was founded in Paris in 1886 under the name "Dhi Fonètik

neg: Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) possesses a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the history of the IPA, characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is for standard . Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that such things should be indicated with diacritics: for is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series has been dropped. Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Those studying modern Chinese

neg: Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet copy the printed form of the symbols. The following passage is from the 1912 handbook: Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet Early specifications for the International Phonetic Alphabet included cursive forms of the letters designed for use in manuscripts and when taking field notes. However, the 1999 "Handbook of the International Phonetic Association" said:There are cursive forms of IPA symbols, but it is doubtful if these are much in use today. They may have been of greater use when transcription by hand was the only way of recording speech, and so speed was essential. The cursive forms are harder

neg: Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet Early specifications for the International Phonetic Alphabet included cursive forms of the letters designed for use in manuscripts and when taking field notes. However, the 1999 "Handbook of the International Phonetic Association" said:There are cursive forms of IPA symbols, but it is doubtful if these are much in use today. They may have been of greater use when transcription by hand was the only way of recording speech, and so speed was essential. The cursive forms are harder for most people to decipher, and it is preferable to use handwritten versions which closely

neg: Allied Military phonetic spelling alphabets Q, R, eSses, Toc, U, Vic, W, X, Y, Z". By 1921, the RAF "Telephony Spelling Alphabet" had been adopted by all three armed services, and was then made mandatory for UK civil aviation, as announced in Notice to Airmen Number 107. In 1956, the NATO phonetic alphabet was adopted due to the RAF's wide commitments with NATO and worldwide sharing of civil aviation facilities. Allied Military phonetic spelling alphabets The Allied Military phonetic spelling alphabets prescribe the words that are used to represent each letter of the alphabet, when spelling other words out loud, letter-by-letter, and how the spelling

neg: Avadhutaka Upanishad an Avadhuta? what is his state and conduct? Dattatreya appears in several Sannyasa Upanishads including the "Avadhuta Upanishad", states Rigopoulos, because he symbolizes the mastery of yoga and the perfectly liberated individual (Avadhuta) in ancient and medieval Hindu texts. Dattatreya replies, asserts the "Avadhuta Upanishad", that the word Avadhuta consists of four syllables, each of which come from four concepts. "A" comes from "Akshara" (alphabet) or that which is imperishable, "Va" comes from "Varenya" or excellent, "Dhu" comes from "Dhuta" (shaken off) and "Ta" comes from "Tat" or that. Avadhuta, states the Upanishad, is that person who has shaken off