query: the civil service act in 1883 was enacted to counter

pos: Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (ch. 27, ) is a United States federal law enacted in 1883 that mandated that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation. The act provided selection of government employees by competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government officials for political reasons and prohibited soliciting campaign donations on Federal government property. To enforce the merit system and the judicial system, the law also created the United States

pos: Mary F. Hoyt her childhood nickname "Minnie". She was raised and grew up in Norwalk. After high school, she attended Vassar College in New York City, graduating in 1880. Her first job was a favorable position for a young lady, a clerk with the Census Bureau in Washington, D.C. Hoyt was the first woman selected to a US civil service position. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, also known as the Civil Service Act, is a federal law established in 1883 which decided that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit and examination scores instead of political affiliation. US president

pos: Meritocracy of United States President James A. Garfield by a disappointed office seeker in 1881 proved its dangers. Two years later in 1883, the system of appointments to the United States Federal Bureaucracy was revamped by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, partially based on the British meritocratic civil service that had been established years earlier. The act stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit, through competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government employees for political reasons. To enforce the merit system and

neg: Counter-terrorism in Malaysia Counter-terrorism in Malaysia Counter-terrorism in Malaysia is a series of measures implemented in Malaysia to detect and prevent terrorism as well as to minimise damages from such terrorist acts should they occur. These measures involve all levels of security services including military, police, border and infrastructure security, civil defence, medical readiness and psychological preparedness. Malaysia also participates actively in international counter-terrorism efforts. Malaysia has experienced sustained terrorism threats from 1948 until 1989, particularly from the Malayan Communist Party. The Internal Security Act 1960 (repealed 2012, replaced with Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 was enacted to prevent terrorism in Malaysia.

neg: New Zealand Security Intelligence Service counter-insurgency techniques increased in New Zealand. These developments culminated into the 1961 Crimes Act, enacted by Parliament, the Act would allow mindful targeting of possible terrorist suspects and scenarios. In 1969 the New Zealand Security Service was formally renamed the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service. That same year the New Zealand Parliament passed an Act covering the agency's functions and responsibilities: the "New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Act". Parliament subsequently made various amendments to the Security Intelligence Act – the most controversial probably Robert Muldoon's 1977 amendment, which expanded the SIS's powers of monitoring considerably. The 1977 Amendment Act went

neg: Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act to the presidency. Once in office, President Arthur pushed through legislation for civil reform. On January 16, 1883 Congress passed the Civil Service Act, which is sometimes referred to as the Pendleton Act after Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio, one of the primary sponsors. The Act was written by Dorman Bridgman Eaton, a staunch opponent of the patronage system who was later first chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission. However, the law would also prove to be a major political liability for Arthur. The law offended machine politicians, or politicians who belong to a small clique that

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1875 The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (–337), sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era in response to civil rights violations to African Americans, "to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights", giving them equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service. The bill was passed by the 43rd United States Congress and signed into law by U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875. The law was generally opposed by public opinion, but blacks did

neg: Tanzania Media Service Act, 2016 MCT, LHRC and THRDC are challenging sections of the Media Services Act, 2016 which appeared to deprive the civil liberties to access and getting information. According to the constitution of Tanzania Article 18 (a), (b), (c) and (d) Some deprived constitutional civil rights by the Media service Acts are; Tanzania Media Service Act, 2016 The Government of United Republic of Tanzania has enacted four Acts concerning with the control of freedom and regulation of media in the country. These are The Cybercrimes Act, 2015, The Statistics Act, 2013, The Media Services Act, 2015, and The Access to Information Act, 2015.

neg: Benjamin Harrison Senator Henry W. Blair, which would have granted federal funding to schools regardless of the students' races. He also endorsed a proposed constitutional amendment to overturn the Supreme Court ruling in the "Civil Rights Cases" (1883) that declared much of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional. None of these measures gained congressional approval. In March 1891 Congress enacted and Harrison signed the Land Revision Act of 1891. This legislation resulted from a bipartisan desire to initiate reclamation of surplus lands that had been, up to that point, granted from the public domain, for potential settlement or use by railroad

neg: Indemnity Act, 1961 Indemnity Act, 1961 The Indemnity Act 61 of 1961 was a law enacted by the apartheid government in South Africa, which protected the government from any legal repercussions of the Sharpeville massacre and other violent events that followed. It prevented the courts from hearing any criminal charges or civil claims against the government, its leaders or its employees for actions taken between 21 March 1960 and 5 July 1961. The act indemnified the State President, the Cabinet, all members of the civil service, the defence force, the police force, the railways and harbours service, the prison service, and anyone else

neg: U.S. Civil Service Reform and Marshall Jewell as Attorney General and Postmaster General, respectively, who supported Bristow's investigations. In 1875, Pierrepont cleaned up corruption among the United States Attorneys and Marshals in the South. The Civil Service Reform Act (called "the Pendleton Act") is an 1883 federal law that created the United States Civil Service Commission. It eventually placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system". Drafted during the Chester A. Arthur administration, the Pendleton Act served as a response to President James Garfield's assassination by a disappointed office seeker. The Act was passed into

neg: Civil service person could be fired at any time. The spoils system meant that jobs were used to support the political parties. This was changed in slow stages by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 and subsequent laws. By 1909, almost two thirds of the U.S. federal work force was appointed based on merit, that is, qualifications measured by tests. Certain senior civil service positions, including some heads of diplomatic missions and executive agencies are filled by political appointees. Under the Hatch Act of 1939, civil servants are not allowed to engage in political activities while performing their duties. The

neg: Chester A. Arthur civil service reform legislation and Pendleton again introduced his bill, but Congress did not pass it. Republicans lost seats in the 1882 congressional elections, in which Democrats campaigned on the reform issue. As a result, the lame-duck session of Congress was more amenable to civil service reform; the Senate approved Pendleton's bill 38–5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47. Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883. In just two years' time, an unrepentant Stalwart had become the president who ushered in long-awaited civil service reform. At first, the act

neg: National Civil Service Reform League National Civil Service Reform League The National Civil Service Reform League was a non-profit organization in the United States founded in 1881 for the purpose of investigating the efficiency of the civil service. Among its founders were George William Curtis, chairman of the first United States Civil Service Commission, and Dorman B. Eaton, principal author of the Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) and first chairman of the reconstituted commission. Largely through its influence many important civil service measures were passed. During World War I, its work was especially valuable in securing civil service efficiency as a factor in military success.

neg: Queensland State Emergency Service that was capable of dealing with natural disasters as well as undertaking a civil defence role in the event of armed aggression against the Australian mainland. In 1975, the State Government introduced the State Counter Disaster Organisation Act, which was proclaimed on 11 December 1975. The Act established two organisations, the State Counter Disaster Organisation (SCDO) and the Queensland State Emergency Service (QSES). During 2002-03 the Department of Emergency Services undertook a comprehensive review of the State Counter Disaster Organisation Act 1975 in consultation with a wide range of stakeholders. The review resulted in the development of the Disaster Management

neg: Crime in Bhutan Bhutan. The Government of Bhutan has taken several measures to counter these problems. Bhutan is a party of the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988). Many laws have been enacted which include the Civil and Criminal Procedure Code (2000), the Sales Tax, Customs and Excise Act (2000), the Medicines Act (2003), the Penal Code of Bhutan (2004), and the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and Substance Abuse Act (2005). In 2004, selling of tobacco products to Bhutanese citizens was outlawed in the country and thus Bhutan became the first nation in the world

neg: United States Civil Service Commission in 1883. The Pendleton law was passed in part due to public outcry over the assassination of President Garfield. The Pendleton Act renewed funding for the Civil Service Commission and established a three-man commission to run Civil Service whose commissioners were chosen by President Arthur. The Civil Service Commission administered the civil service of the United States federal government. The Pendleton law required certain applicants to take the civil service exam in order to be given certain jobs; it also prevented elected officials and political appointees from firing civil servants, removing civil servants from the influences of political patronage and

neg: General Schedule (US civil service pay scale) and the Foreign Service. , some federal employees were also paid under Pay Bands. The GS was enacted into law by the Classification Act of 1949, which replaced a similar act of the same name (except for the 1949 part) enacted in 1923. The GS is now codified as part of Chapter 53 of Title 5 of the United States Code sections 5331 to 5338 (). The pay scale was originally created with the purpose of keeping federal salaries in line with equivalent private sector jobs. Although never the intent, the GS pay scale does a good job of ensuring

neg: Central Superior Services the civil service. The 1973 constitution abolished all classes in the civil service as the concept of occupational groups was introduced. Following the foundations laid in the Constitution, the federal government promulgated The Civil Servants Act, 1973 and each province enacted its own Civil Servants Acts. The law allow civil service of federation, and of provinces, to be regulated as per rules notified under these enactments. Consequently, both sets of governments have notified Civil Servants (Appointment, Transfer and Promotion) Rules, 1974. The qualification and method (the way) of filling of all posts is regulated by these rules. The posts at

neg: Indian Civil Service (British India) Indian Civil Service (British India) The Indian Civil Service (ICS), for part of the 19th century officially known as the Imperial Civil Service, was the elite higher civil service of the British Empire in British India during British rule in the period between 1858 and 1947. Its members ruled more than 300 million people in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Burma (then comprising British Raj). They were ultimately responsible for overseeing all government activity in the 250 districts that comprised British India. They were appointed under Section XXXII of the Government of India Act 1858, enacted by the Parliament of the

neg: United States Office of Personnel Management to be OPM's next director. Pon was confirmed by voice vote on March 7, 2018. Margaret Weichert, Office of Management and Budget Deputy Director for Management, was named acting Director. The United States Civil Service Commission was created by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883. The commission was abolished and replaced by OPM on January 1, 1979, following the passage of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 and Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1978 (, ). In 1996 the investigation branch of the OPM was privatized, and USIS was formed. According to their website, the mission of

neg: George Hunt Pendleton House the individuals hired. Although Pendleton appears to not have been a strong advocate of civil service reform, a Senate subcommittee met in his Cincinnati home in early 1882 to complete a draft civil service reform bill. This bill, enacted later in 1882 following widespread popular calls for civil service reform, was known as the Pendleton Act, and represents the birth of the modern merit-based civil service that has operated since. Pendleton's involvement in the bill cost him reelection in 1884, due to a lack of support from party operatives who had opposed the reforms. After Pendleton's death, the house went

neg: Half-Breeds (politics) President", the new Stalwart president Chester A. Arthur surprised those in his own faction by promoting civil service reform and issuing government jobs based on a merit system. The Half-Breeds put through Congress the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (authored by Democrat George H. Pendleton), and Arthur signed the bill into law on January 16, 1883. The act put an end to the spoils system, at least symbolically, placing a significant number of federal employees under the merit system and putting the government on the road to true reform. The act also set up the United States Civil Service Commission,

neg: Human resource management in public administration 1883: designed to end to the spoils system and provide federal government jobs based on merit and be selected through competitive exams. The act also made firing and demoting employees for political reasons unlawful. It also made requiring employees to give political service or contributions unlawful. The act also established the Civil Service Commission to enforce these rules. It was used to reinforce the efficiency of government. Civil Service Reform Act of 1978: encompassed a wide variety of reforms including the creation of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), The Federal Labor Relations Authority,

neg: Star Route scandal in the 1883 trial. Public disgust over the Star Routes graft served as an impetus for civil service reform and the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883. Star Route scandal The Star Route scandal involved a lucrative 19th-century scheme whereby United States postal officials received bribes in exchange for awarding postal delivery contracts in southern and western areas. On March 3, 1845, Congress had created inland mail routes, eventually known as "Star Routes", derived from the "* * *" postal registry designation. After the American Civil War, these highly sought-after routes increased due to rapid expansion

neg: Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies Act Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies Act The Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies Act is a United States federal law enacted in 1981 that allows the United States Armed Forces to cooperate with domestic and foreign law enforcement agencies. Operations in support of law enforcement include assistance in counterdrug operations, assistance for civil disturbances, special security operations, counter-terrorism, explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), and similar activities. Constitutional and statutory restrictions and corresponding directives and regulations limit the type of support provided in this area. The legislation allows the U.S. military to give law enforcement agencies access to its

neg: George H. Pendleton the 1869 Ohio gubernatorial election, he temporarily left politics. He served as the president of the Kentucky Central Railroad before returning to Congress. Pendleton won election to the U.S. Senate in 1879 and served a single term, becoming Chairman of the Senate Democratic Conference. After the assassination of President James A. Garfield, he wrote and helped pass the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883. The act required many civil service hires to be based on merit rather than political connections. Passage of the act lost him support in Ohio and he was not nominated for a second term in

neg: U.S. Civil Service Reform U.S. Civil Service Reform U.S. civil service reform was a major issue in the late 19th century at the national level, and in the early 20th century at the state level. Proponents denounced the distribution of government offices—the "spoils"—by the winners of elections to their supporters as corrupt and inefficient. They demanded nonpartisan scientific methods and credential be used to select civil servants. The five important civil service reforms were the two Tenure of Office Acts of 1820 and 1867, Pendleton Act of 1883, the Hatch Acts (1939 and 1940) and the CSRA of 1978. In 1801 President Thomas Jefferson,

neg: History of the United States (1865–1918) as he began his second term, but it would be cut short. In September 1901, while attending an exposition in Buffalo, New York, McKinley was shot by an anarchist. He was the third President to be assassinated, all since the Civil War. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency. Political corruption was a central issue, which reformers hoped to solve through civil service reforms at the national, state, and local level, replacing political hacks with professional . The 1883 Civil Service Reform Act (or Pendleton Act), which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of

neg: Civil Justice Reform Act Civil Justice Reform Act The Civil Justice Reform Act ("CJRA", as Title I of the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990, ) is a U.S. federal law enacted in 1990. Federal Judges in the United States have lifetime tenure and, although each district judge is marginally supervised by a chief judge, there was little national oversight of each judge's case management practices. Congress enacted CJRA in response to complaints of significant delays in the resolution of civil litigation in the federal courts; the CJRA was designed to encourage the speedy resolution of civil matters (both cases and motions) by requiring the

neg: United States federal civil service $179,700 in 2012. , the Federal Government, excluding the Postal Service and soldiers, employed about 2 million civilian workers. The Federal Government is the nation's single largest employer. Although most federal agencies are based in the Washington, D.C. region, only about 16% (or about 288,000) of the federal government workforce is employed in this region. Public support in the United States for civil service reform strengthened following the assassination of President James Garfield. The United States Civil Service Commission was created by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which was passed into law on January 16, 1883. The commission was

neg: Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes Reconstruction while protecting the civil rights of African-Americans, but largely failed in the latter pursuit. A strong proponent of civil service reform, he challenged his own party in making appointments. Though he was largely unsuccessful in enacting long-term reform, he helped provide a significant impetus for the eventual passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883. Insisting that maintenance of the gold standard was essential to economic recovery, he vetoed the Bland–Allison Act. Congress overrode his veto, but Hayes's monetary policy forged a compromise between inflationists and advocates of hard money. He helped put down the Great Railroad

neg: Dorman Bridgman Eaton Great Britain". He drafted the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883, and later became chairman of the new United States Civil Service Commission established by it. He resigned in 1885, but was almost immediately reappointed by President Grover Cleveland, and served until 1886, editing the 3rd and 4th Reports of the commission. He was an organizer (1878) of the first society for the furtherance of civil service reform in New York City, of the National Civil Service Reform League, and of the National Conference of the Unitarian Church (1865). He died in New York City on December 23, 1899, leaving

neg: Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1883 Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1883 The Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1883 (46 & 47 Vict c 49) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Section 209 of the Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925 provided that if and so far as any enactment repealed by this Act applied, or might have been applied by Order in Council, to the Court of the County Palatine of Lancaster, or to any inferior court of civil jurisdiction, that enactment was to be construed as if it were contained in a local and personal

neg: Presidency of Chester A. Arthur Cleveland. Garfield chose Arthur as his running mate in the 1880 United States presidential election due to the latter's association with the Republican Party's Stalwart faction, and Arthur struggled to overcome his reputation as a New York machine politician. He embraced the cause of civil service reform, and his advocacy and enforcement of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act became the centerpiece of his administration. Though patronage remained a powerful force in politics, the Pendleton Act laid the foundations for a professional civil service that would emerge in subsequent decades. Facing a budget surplus, Arthur signed the Tariff of 1883,

neg: Bikrama Singh's Estates Act Bikrama Singh's Estates Act Bikrama Singh's Estates Act of 1883, was an unrepealed Act of the Government of India relating to the Awadh Estates of Kanwar Bikrama Singh of Kapurthala ACT NO. X OF 1883 The Bikrama Singh’s Estates Act came into existence after a dispute between Kaputhala State and Kanwarr Bikrama Singh. In effect, and to show commitment towards implementing this ruling in future cases, the estates act was confirmed and subsequently enacted after the ruling made by His Excellency the Viceroy who equally assumed the role of Governor General. The Bikrama Singh’s Estate Act was championed by Kanwar

neg: Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 The Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 or FEPCA was an attempt to address the need for pay reform in the executive branch of the United States Government that became apparent in the 1980s as Federal civil service salaries fell behind those in the private sector. FEPCA provided guidelines to achieve pay comparability between Federal and non-Federal jobs. FEPCA was enacted as Section 529 of the "Treasury, Postal Service and General Government Appropriations Act, 1991" (Public Law 101-509, signed into law on 5 November 1990). The most far reaching provisions of the

neg: Institutional racism reforms of the spoils system in place since the 1830s, and abuses of the post-war Grant-Jacksonian era; when Congress authorized the president to appoint a Civil Service Commission and prescribe regulations for admission to public service. A dis-satisfied office-seeker assassinated President Garfield in 1881 and Congress was motivated to pass the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883 which firmly established civil service. During reconstruction, this enabled the federal government to provide jobs for newly freed blacks in the south (primarily the Postal Service) where no other employment opportunities existed for them. Since the inception of the merit system in

neg: Tanzania media service Act, 2016 by a team of lawyers from MCT, LHRC and THRDC claism that the Act deprives civil liberties and access to information rights guaranteed under Article 18, subsections (a), (b), (c) and (d) of the Constitution of Tanzania, respectively addressing: Tanzania media service Act, 2016 The Government of United Republic of Tanzania has enacted four Acts concerning the control of freedom and regulation of media in the country. These are The Cybercrimes Act, 2015, The Statistics Act, 2013, The Media Services Act, 2015 and The Access to Information Act, 2015. The Government of the Republic of Tanzania on one side claims

neg: Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1883 1898. The Schedule, except the entries as to 5 & 6 Vict c 69 and 21 & 22 Vict c 27, was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1898. Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1883 The Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1883 (46 & 47 Vict c 49) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Section 209 of the Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925 provided that if and so far as any enactment repealed by this Act applied, or might have been applied by Order in Council, to the Court

neg: Campaign finance reform in the United States financial support of businessmen in Philadelphia and New York City. After the Civil War, parties increasingly relied on wealthy individuals for support, including Jay Cooke, the Vanderbilts, and the Astors. In the absence of a civil service system, parties also continued to rely heavily on financial support from government employees, including assessments of a portion of their federal pay. The first federal campaign finance law, passed in 1867, was a Naval Appropriations Bill which prohibited officers and government employees from soliciting contributions from Navy yard workers. Later, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 established the civil service and

neg: Law of South Korea Civil Execution Act first enacted in 2002 as a separate act. For special cases, there is the Family Litigation Act for family law matters and the Bankruptcy and Rehabilitation Act for bankruptcy and restructuring proceedings. After independence, the Japanese civil procedure law remained in force until the Korean Civil Procedure Act was enacted on July 1, 1960. The KCPA has been amended 14 times with the most drastic change occurring in 2002. The 2002 KCPA emphasized the pretrial phase and the concentration of the trial for the sake of efficiency as well as separating civil execution from the KCPA. Article

neg: Mary F. Hoyt Chester A. Arthur signed the act in the spring of 1883, with the first official examination taking place on July 12. Hoyt produced the highest score. On September 5, she became the second person employed based on this examination and the first woman appointed to a federal position through the new Civil Service Act. She was appointed a clerk in the Bank Redemption Agency of the Treasury Department, holding the position for five years at an annual pay of US$900. A letter from President Dwight D. Eisenhower was delivered to Hoyt by the chairman of the United States Civil Service

neg: United States federal civil service that are authorized to create their own hiring policies and are not subject to most appointment, pay, and classification laws. In the early 19th century, positions in the federal government were held at the pleasure of the president—a person could be fired at any time. The spoils system meant that jobs were used to support the American political parties, though this was gradually changed by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 and subsequent laws. By 1909, almost two-thirds of the U.S. federal workforce was appointed based on merit, that is, qualifications measured by tests. Certain senior civil service

neg: Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes February 1879, but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25, as was Burt by a 31–19 vote, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory. For the remainder of his term, Hayes pressed Congress to enact permanent reform legislation and fund the United States Civil Service Commission, even using his last annual message to Congress in 1880 to appeal for reform. While reform legislation did not pass during Hayes's presidency, his advocacy provided the "political impetus" for the 1883 passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. Hayes allowed some exceptions to the ban on assessments, permitting George

neg: Civil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879 1883. Civil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879 The Civil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879 (42 & 43 Vict c 59) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. This Act was repealed by section 1 of, and the First Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1958. This Act was repealed for the Republic of Ireland by sections 2(1) and 3(1) of, and Part 4 of Schedule 2 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 2007. Section 7 of the Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1883 provided that if and so far as any enactment repealed by

neg: Political appointments in the United States patronage problem had gotten out of control, and shifted public opinion, convincing the United States that the President of the United States had more important things to do than to engage in patronage. Congress was eventually spurred to pass the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883, which created a Civil Service Commission and advocated a merit system for selecting government employees. In addition, passage of the Hatch Act of 1939 forbade the intimidation or bribery of voters and restricted political campaign activities by federal employees. It prohibited using any public funds designated for relief or public works for electoral

neg: Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 consensus public opinion of the Vietnam War being a complete failure led the push for reform. The CSRA sought to fix common problems across the public sector such as eliminating manipulation of the merit system without inhibiting the entire structure, how to both invest authority in managers while simultaneously protecting employee from said authority, limit unnecessary or excessive spending, and make the federal work force mirror the American people more closely. The CSRA was the first federally passed comprehensive civil service reform since the Pendleton Act of 1883. Leading up to the passing of the CSRA, the federal government grew

neg: Spoils system good service. By the late 1860s, citizens began demanding civil service reform. Running under the Liberal Republican Party in 1872, they were soundly defeated by Ulysses S. Grant. After the assassination of James A. Garfield by a rejected office-seeker in 1881, the calls for civil service reform intensified. Moderation of the spoils system at the federal level came with the passage of the Pendleton Act in 1883, which created a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to evaluate job candidates on a nonpartisan merit basis. While few jobs were covered under the law initially, the law allowed the President to transfer jobs

neg: MI5 MI5 The Security Service, also known as MI5 (Military Intelligence, Section 5), is the United Kingdom's domestic counter-intelligence and security agency and is part of its intelligence machinery alongside the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and Defence Intelligence (DI). MI5 is directed by the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), and the service is bound by the Security Service Act 1989. The service is directed to protect British parliamentary democracy and economic interests, and counter terrorism and espionage within the UK. Within the civil service community the service is colloquially known as "Box 500" (after its official wartime address

neg: Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 be incompetent and provided protection for "whistleblowers" The CSRA was one of the largest reforms in Federal personnel regulations since the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 and is one of the Carter Administration's major domestic achievements. However, the long lasting effects and the legacy of the CSRA are widely disputed. Some claim that the CSRA has accomplished virtually nothing. Others claim that the CSRA has accomplished quite a bit. On one side of the argument, it is claimed that the CSRA has not affected unequal hiring methods, has not formed a division of experienced administrators that it was

neg: George D. Robinson the House Judiciary Committee, and was considered a "doer" who moved the business of the body forward. While serving in Congress, Robinson was nominated to run for Governor of Massachusetts in 1883, against the incumbent Democrat Benjamin Butler. He ran on a platform of civil service reform (seeking to deal with issues of patronage), and defeated Butler by 10,000 votes. Robinson served three terms, winning by wider margins against other opponents. He was generally regarded as a fiscal conservative. During his tenure, legislation was enacted banning discrimination in the issuance of life insurance policies. He proposed successful legislation to extend

neg: Municipal Offices Act 1710 1883. This section was repealed by section 3 of, and the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1883. This section was repealed by section 84(6) of the Local Government Act 1933. This repeal did not extend to Scotland, Northern Ireland or London (s. 308(2)). This section was repealed by section 84(6) of the Local Government Act 1933. This repeal did not extend to Scotland, Northern Ireland or London (s. 308(2)). This section was repealed by section 3 of, and the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1883. This section was repealed by

neg: Pierre Messmer of Overseas Territories who enacted the Defferre Act granting to colonial territories internal autonomy, a first step towards independence. Still in 1956 Messmer was nominated as governor general of Cameroun, where a civil war had started the preceding year following the outlawing of the independentist Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) in July 1955. He initiated a decolonization process and imported the counter-revolutionary warfare methods theorized in Indochina and implemented during the Algerian War (1954–62). Visiting de Gaulle in Paris, he was implicitly granted permission for his change of policies in Cameroon, which exchanged repression for negotiations with the

neg: James A. Garfield appointing William H. Robertson to the lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York, starting a fracas that ended with Robertson's confirmation and Conkling's resignation from the Senate. Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reform, eventually passed by Congress in 1883 and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur, as the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. On July 2, 1881, he was shot at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington D.C. by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker. The wound

neg: Pay-for-Performance (Federal Government) the government receiving large paychecks. It became apparent that the Act was not an effective means of civic service reform. When Ronald Reagan was elected in 1982, he significantly reduced the size and cost of many portions of government, thereby greatly limiting the Civil Service Reform Act. Satisfying the need for new legislation, the Performance Management and Recognition System (PMRS) was enacted on November 8, 1984. Most notably, the PMRS provided a greater level of evaluation accuracy and imposed minimum and maximum levels of pay increase to limit disparity among merit pay employees. PMRS also created Performance Standard Review Boards

neg: Thomas F. Bayard ... for the public service and not for the private use of incumbents." The Senate approved the bill 38–5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47. Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883. Despite his rebukes at the Democratic national conventions in 1876 and 1880, Bayard was again considered among the leading candidates for the nomination in 1884. Tilden again was ambiguous about his willingness to run, but by 1883 New York's new governor, Grover Cleveland, began to surpass Tilden as a likely candidate. After Tilden definitively bowed out in

neg: Tax protester failing to pay taxes that are due, and from repeating arguments that have previously been invalidated by the courts. The United States Congress has, however, enacted Internal Revenue Code section 6702 "in an effort to deter tax protesters from filing frivolous returns." This statute was enacted as part of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982. The penalty under section 6702 is a civil (non-criminal) penalty, and is $500 for positions taken on or before March 15, 2007. For positions taken after that date, the penalty amount has been increased to $5,000. The Internal Revenue Service has issued

neg: Counter Terrorism Command the National Counter Terrorism Network which consists of five Counter Terrorism Units (CTUs) and smaller regional units. It is overseen by the counter-terrorism coordination committee, chaired by Assistant Commissioner Neil Basu of the Metropolitan Police Service. As part of its role in the National Counter Terrorism Network, SO15 operate against the threat of terrorism at a local, national, and international level and engages with a range of partners to prevent terrorist related activity, including the Security Service (MI5) and Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). The first counter terrorist unit at Scotland Yard was commissioned in 1883 by the then Home Secretary

neg: Presidency of Chester A. Arthur of Congress; the Senate approved the bill 38–5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47. Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883. The bill created a civil service commission to oversee civil service examinations and outlawed the use of "assessments," fees that political appointees were expected to pay to their respective political parties as the price for their appointments. These reforms had previously been proposed by the Jay Commission, which had investigated Arthur during his time as Collector of the Port of New York. In just two years' time, an

neg: Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 The Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 (PPPA); (Pub. L. 91-601, 84 Stat. 1670-74) was signed into law by U.S. President Richard Nixon on December 30, 1970. It was enacted by the 91st United States Congress. This law required the use of child-resistant packaging for prescription drugs, over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, household chemicals, and other hazardous materials that could be considered dangerous for children. Before the PPPA was enacted, unintentional poisonings by both medicines and common household products were considered by most pediatricians to be the leading cause of injury to children aged 5 and

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1875 readopted by Congress during the Civil Rights Movement as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968. The 1964 and 1968 acts relied upon the Commerce Clause contained in of the Constitution of the United States rather than the Equal Protection Clause within the Fourteenth Amendment. Civil Rights Act of 1875 The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (–337), sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era in response to civil rights violations to African Americans, "to protect all citizens in their civil and

neg: Taft Commission similar moves were done in Cavite, Bulucan, and Laguna with the appointment of Mariano Trias, Pablo Tecson, and Juan Cailles, respectively. The first major legislation passed by the commission was Act No. 5, the Civil Service Act, enacted on September 19, 1900. From the passage of this act until the departure of Taft from the Philippines, the number of Americans and Filipinos applying to serve the government continued to increase, as follows: General Elwell Otis had taken the initiative on September 1, 1898, of establishing a public school system, organizing seven schools in Manila. While war was raging, American soldiers

neg: Anson Phelps Stokes political opinion or refusal to render party service. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883 made it law that government positions should be awarded on merit, however the Association continued to push for compliance, improvements, efficiencies and reforms in the U.S Civil Service. Stokes became chairman of the National Association of Anti-Imperialist Clubs, a movement formed in 1898 to oppose the annexation of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines at the end of the Spanish‐American War. He was also an active member and supporter of the free trade league and first president of the New York Reform Club.

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last federal civil rights bill signed into law until the Civil Rights Act of 1957, enacted during the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 is notable as the last major piece of legislation related to Reconstruction that was passed by Congress during the Reconstruction Era. These include the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the four Reconstruction Acts of 1867 and 1868, the three Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871, and the three Constitutional Amendments adopted between 1865 and 1870. Provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were later

neg: Federal Employees' Compensation Act Federal Employees' Compensation Act The Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA), is a United States federal law, enacted on September 7, 1916. Sponsored by Sen. John W. Kern (D) of Indiana and Rep. Daniel J. McGillicuddy (D) of Maine, it established compensation to federal civil service employees for wages lost due to job-related injuries. This act became the precedent for "disability insurance" across the country and the precursor to broad-coverage health insurance. President Woodrow Wilson signed H.R. 15316 into law on September 7, 1916. The Federal Employees' Compensation Commission was the original administrator of the FECA. However, the Commission did not

neg: Star routes death by assassination, President Chester A. Arthur pursued the investigation. A federal prosecution and trial took place in 1882, that was finally able to shut down the postal ring. Although the fraudulent scheme was widespread, there were few convictions. Many of the defendants in the Star Routes trials were successfully defended by noted lawyer and orator, Robert Ingersoll. Public disgust over the Star Routes graft served as an impetus for civil service reform and the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883. Star Routes, now known as Highway Contract Routes (or HCRs) as of 1970, have become

neg: American Indian Religious Freedom Act enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, American Indian Religious Freedom Act The American Indian Religious Freedom Act, Public Law No. 95-341, 92 Stat. 469 (Aug. 11, 1978) (commonly abbreviated to AIRFA), codified at , is a United States federal law, enacted by joint resolution of the Congress in 1978. Prior to the act, many aspects of various Native American religions had been prohibited by law. It was enacted to return basic civil liberties, and to protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express,

neg: 1856 United States presidential election in California republican values. Democrats counter-crusaded by warning that a Republican victory would bring a civil war. The Republican platform opposed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise through the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which enacted the policy of popular sovereignty, allowing settlers to decide whether a new state would enter the Union as free or slave. The Republicans also accused the Pierce administration of allowing a fraudulent territorial government to be imposed upon the citizens of the Kansas Territory, thus engendering the violence that had raged in Bleeding Kansas. They advocated the immediate admittance of Kansas as a free state. Along with opposing the

neg: U.S. Civil Service Reform law in January 1883; it was sponsored by Democratic Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio. It was drafted by Dorman Bridgman Eaton, a leading reformer who became the first chairman of the U.S. Civil Service Commission. Its most famous commissioner was Theodore Roosevelt (1889–95). The new law prohibited mandatory campaign contributions, or "assessments", which amounted to 50–75% of party financing in the Gilded Age. Second, the Pendleton Act required entrance exams for aspiring bureaucrats. At first it covered very few jobs but there was a ratchet provision whereby outgoing presidents could lock in their own appointees by converting their jobs

neg: Francis Bulkeley Johnson and 1883. During his service on the Legislative Council, he introduced the bill for the Tramways Ordinance for the construction of the Hongkong Tramways in 1881. The bill was subsequently passed in June 1883 and was operated in 1904. In 1883, he was also appointed to the Commission of enquiring the alleged opium smuggling as well as other goods from Hong Kong into China. In December 1883, the government enacted the Johnson's Wharves and Piers Ordinance to authorise Johnson to construct piers and wharfs in the Victoria Harbour for the Jardine, Matheson & Co. Bulkeley Street in Hung Hom was

neg: Republican Party (United States) it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The Republican Party was at the center of Andrew Johnson's impeachment in 1868. The party's success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s. Those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished, and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant, ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the spoils system whereas the Half-Breeds, led by Chester A. Arthur, pushed for reform of the civil service in the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883. The

neg: Leni Robredo the “Sangguniang Kabataan Reform Act.of 2015,” Republic Act RA10742 (HB06043), enacted on January 15, 2016. In addition, Robredo was one of many co-authors of the National Budgets for the years 2014 (RA10633, HB02630, enacted on December 20, 2013), 2015 (RA10651, HB04968, enacted on December 23, 2014), and 2016 (RA10717, HB06132, enacted on December 22, 2015). Robredo was also a key supporter of: HB 4911: People Empowerment Bill to create a partnership between local governments and civil society through the establishment of a people’s council in every local government unit. This act also prescribes the powers and functions of the said

neg: Rutherford B. Hayes 31–19, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory. For the remainder of his term, Hayes pressed Congress to enact permanent reform legislation and fund the United States Civil Service Commission, even using his last annual message to Congress in 1880 to appeal for reform. While reform legislation did not pass during Hayes's presidency, his advocacy provided "a significant precedent as well as the political impetus for the Pendleton Act of 1883," which was signed into law by President Chester Arthur. Hayes allowed some exceptions to the ban on assessments, permitting George Congdon Gorham, secretary of the Republican Congressional

neg: Ohio National Guard problem at the onset of the Civil War seeing as Ohio's militia was extremely underdeveloped and the Governor had to ask communities to supply units. Once more though, the Ohio Militia experienced a decline after the Civil War. In 1903 the federal government enacted the Dick Act. The Dick Act is responsible for creating the National Guard. The law was enacted mainly because of the poor condition of state militias, and allowed the federal government to nationalize the National Guard and send them overseas or elsewhere in the country to assist with the Active Military. In 1917 the draft was

neg: Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 The Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to prevent atrocities against scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. The Act is popularly known as the SC/ST Act, POA, the Prevention of Atrocities Act, or simply the Atrocities Act. It was enacted when the provisions of the existing laws (such as the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and Indian Penal Code) were found to be inadequate to check these crimes (defined as 'atrocities' in the Act). Recognising the continuing gross

neg: War profiteering war profiteers and others who exploit taxpayer-funded efforts in Iraq and elsewhere around the world. This act was introduced first on April 25, 2007, but was never enacted into law. War profiteering cases are often brought under the Civil False Claims Act, which was enacted in 1863 to combat war profiteering during the Civil War. Major General Smedley Butler, USMC, criticized war profiteering of US companies during World War I in "War Is a Racket". He wrote about how some companies and corporations increase their earnings and profits by up to 1,700 percent and how many companies willingly sold equipment

neg: Civil Union Act, 2006 Civil Union Act, 2006 The Civil Union Act, 2006 (Act No. 17 of 2006) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa which legalised same-sex marriage. It allows two people, regardless of gender, to form either a marriage or a civil partnership. The act was enacted as a consequence of the judgment of the Constitutional Court in the case of "Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie", which ruled that it was unconstitutional for the state to provide the benefits of marriage to opposite-sex couples while denying them to same-sex couples. The Constitutional Court's judgment set a deadline of 1

neg: Dennis A. Blakeslee Second Company of the Governor's Horse Guard, part of the time as Major in command of the organization. Blakeslee became the 54th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut, and served from 1911 to 1913. His service was under Democratic Governor, Simeon E. Baldwin, during whose tenure, a public utilities commission was founded, and a workmen's compensation bill was enacted, the Corrupt Practices Act, and a civil service law was passed. Blakeslee died April 5, 1933 (age 77 years, 25 days). His burial place is unknown. Dennis A. Blakeslee Dennis Albert Blakeslee (March 11, 1856 – April 5, 1933) was an American politician

neg: Law of Canada between civil law and common law is not based on the division of powers set out in the Constitution Act, 1867. Therefore, legislation enacted by the provincial legislature in matters of public law, such as the Code of Penal Procedure, should be interpreted following the common law tradition. Likewise, legislation enacted by the federal Parliament in matters of private law, such as the Divorce Act, is to be interpreted following the civil law tradition and in harmony with the Civil Code of Quebec. Aboriginal law is the area of law related to the Canadian Government's relationship with its Indigenous peoples

neg: Coram nobis to Rule 60(e) in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In 1790, one year after Congress passed the Judiciary Act establishing federal courts, Congress enacted the Crimes Act which created the first comprehensive list of federal offenses. From 1790 until 1867, there are few, if any, records of individuals challenging a federal criminal conviction after completion of the prison sentence. Two primary reasons explains the absence of any challenges to a conviction by former federal prisoners: The American Civil War is historically significant upon the rights of former federal prisoners in two ways. First, Congress enacted the Habeas Corpus Act

neg: Philippine Organic Act (1902) composed of the Philippine Commission as the upper house and the Philippine Assembly as the lower house. Supervision of the islands was assigned to the War Department's Bureau of Insular Affairs. Other key provisions included: This act was superseded by the Philippine Autonomy Act, or the "Jones Law", enacted on August 29, 1916. The act was preceded by the Spooner Amendment to the Army Appropriations Act of 1901 (, 910, enacted ) which had provided that: ... all military, civil, and judicial powers necessary to govern the Philippine Islands ... shall until otherwise provided by Congress be vested in such

neg: Unruh Civil Rights Act Unruh Civil Rights Act The Unruh Civil Rights Act is a piece of California legislation that specifically outlaws discrimination based on sex, race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, age, disability, medical condition, genetic information, marital status, or sexual orientation. This law applies to all businesses in California, including hotels and motels, restaurants, theaters, hospitals, barber and beauty shops, housing accommodations, and retail establishments. The law was enacted in 1959 and was named for its author, Jesse M. Unruh. The Unruh Civil Rights Act is codified as California Civil Code section 51. "All persons within the jurisdiction of this state are

neg: Military Selective Service Act Military Selective Service Act The Selective Service Act of 1948, also known as the Elston Act, was a major revision of the Articles of War of the United States enacted June 24, 1948 that established the current implementation of the Selective Service System. The previous iteration of the Selective Service System was established by the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940. After two extensions, the Selective Training and Service Act was allowed to expire on March 31, 1947. In 1948, it was replaced by a new and distinct Selective Service System established by this Act. The Selective Service Act

neg: Patriot Act, Title III fiscal year 2005. The title would terminate if Congress enacted a joint resolution with the text after the resolving clause being: That provisions of the International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act of 2001, and the amendments made thereby, shall no longer have the force of law. However, in 2005 no such joint resolution was made, and the title remains in effect to this day. Subtitle A (titled "International Counter Money Laundering and Related Measures") is the first part of title III and is designed to put measures into place that counter international money laundering. It does this in

neg: Human resource management in public administration Jackson's presidency and opposition against the system began to grow. During the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant corruption and inefficiency began to reach staggering proportion. This led to a larger outcry against the system and helped bring about change in 1883. George H. Pendleton: Senator from Ohio sponsored the Civil Service Reform Act in 1883, which sought to implement a merit-based program in the federal government. Its principal tenets include: Chester Barnard: taught an organization was the cooperation of human activity and to survive an organization needed to have efficiency and effectiveness. His definition of effectiveness: being able to accomplish

neg: Militia Act of 1862 Militia Act of 1862 The Militia Act of 1862, , enacted July 17, 1862, was legislation enacted by the 37th United States Congress during the American Civil War that allowed African-Americans to participate as war laborers and soldiers for the first time since the Militia Act of 1792. The act created controversy on several fronts. Praised by many abolitionists activists as a first step toward equality, it stipulated that the black recruits could be soldiers or manual laborers. Although black soldiers proved themselves as reputable soldiers, discrimination in pay and other areas remained widespread. According to the Militia Act of

neg: Illinois Department of Veterans' Affairs U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs and other federal and Illinois State agencies that provide programs for veterans. The IDVA actively partners with others who help and empower veterans, including educational institutions, county officials, and employment service personnel. Illinois’ long and proud history of service to veterans began in 1886 with the establishment of the Illinois Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home for Civil War Veterans. Created through legislation enacted in 1945, the Illinois Veterans’ Commission was responsible for state services to veterans until 1976, when it was succeeded by the Illinois Department of Veterans’ Affairs (IDVA). The IDVA, created by Public Act

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 The Civil Rights Act of 1866, , enacted April 9, 1866, was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended, in the wake of the American Civil War, to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to the United States. This legislation was passed by Congress in 1865 and vetoed by U.S. President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill to support the Thirteenth Amendment. Johnson again vetoed it, but

neg: Reactions to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting and injured in a 2011 shooting in Tucson, launched Americans for Responsible Solutions to raise money for gun control efforts to counter the influence of powerful pro-gun groups such as the NRA. On January 16, 2013, New York became the first U.S. state to act after the shooting when it enacted the Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement (SAFE) Act. On April 4, 2013, Connecticut and Maryland both enacted new restrictions to their existing gun laws. Ten other states had passed laws that relaxed gun restrictions. Legislation introduced in the first session of 113th Congress included the Assault Weapons Ban of

neg: South African Police Service 1948, the new government enacted legislation that strengthened the relationship between the police and the military. Police subsequently became heavily armed, especially when facing unruly or hostile crowds. The Police Act (No. 7) of 1958 broadened the mission of the SAP beyond conventional police functions, and allowed police to quell civil unrest and conduct counterinsurgical operations. The Police Amendment Act (No. 70) of 1965 allowed police to detain any person, receptacle, vehicle, aircraft, or premise within one mile of any national border, and to seize anything found without a warrant. This search-and-seize zone was extended to within eight miles of

neg: Enrollment Act the Congress then regarded it as constitutional. Enrollment Act The Enrollment Act, , enacted March 3, 1863, also known as the Civil War Military Draft Act, was legislation passed by the United States Congress during the American Civil War to provide fresh manpower for the Union Army. A form of conscription, the controversial act required the enrollment of every male citizen and those immigrants who had filed for citizenship between ages twenty and forty-five. Federal agents established a quota of new troops due from each congressional district. In some cities, particularly New York City, enforcement of the act sparked civil

neg: Enrollment Act Enrollment Act The Enrollment Act, , enacted March 3, 1863, also known as the Civil War Military Draft Act, was legislation passed by the United States Congress during the American Civil War to provide fresh manpower for the Union Army. A form of conscription, the controversial act required the enrollment of every male citizen and those immigrants who had filed for citizenship between ages twenty and forty-five. Federal agents established a quota of new troops due from each congressional district. In some cities, particularly New York City, enforcement of the act sparked civil unrest as the war dragged on, leading

neg: Militia Act of 1862 law to soldiers, according to their respective grades: Provided, That persons of African descent, who under this law shall be employed, shall receive ten dollars per month and one ration, three dollars of which monthly pay may be in clothing. APPROVED, July 17, 1862 Militia Act of 1862 The Militia Act of 1862, , enacted July 17, 1862, was legislation enacted by the 37th United States Congress during the American Civil War that allowed African-Americans to participate as war laborers and soldiers for the first time since the Militia Act of 1792. The act created controversy on several fronts. Praised

neg: Civil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879 Civil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879 The Civil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879 (42 & 43 Vict c 59) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. This Act was repealed by section 1 of, and the First Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1958. This Act was repealed for the Republic of Ireland by sections 2(1) and 3(1) of, and Part 4 of Schedule 2 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 2007. Section 7 of the Statute Law Revision and Civil Procedure Act 1883 provided that if and so far as any enactment repealed by this

neg: Feminism in the United States was added as a protected class under the Fair Housing Act, thus illegalizing sex discrimination in housing. Also in 1974 the Women's Educational Equity Act was enacted. The criminalization of marital rape in the United States started in the mid-1970s and by 1993 marital rape became a crime in all 50 states, under at least one section of the sexual offense codes. In 1978 the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was enacted; it is a United States federal statute which amended Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to "prohibit sex discrimination on the basis of pregnancy." A major disappointment

neg: David Dudley Field II to enact large portions of Field's civil code that were intended to fully restate and displace the common law of torts and contracts.) 18 states ultimately enacted part or all of what was widely (though incorrectly) called Field's penal code, including his home state of New York in 1881. Thanks to Field's brother, Stephen (who served as California's fifth Chief Justice before being appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court), California bought into Field's codification project more than any other state. California first enacted a Practice Act in 1851 influenced by the Field Code, then in 1872 enacted Field's civil procedure,

neg: Fair Housing Act efforts to achieve it were undertaken. The legislation was the culmination of a civil rights campaign against housing discrimination in the United States and was approved by President Lyndon B. Johnson one week after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. The Fair Housing Act was enacted as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, and codified at 42 U.S.C. 3601-3619, with penalties for violation at 42 U.S.C. 3631. It is enforced by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. The "Fair Housing Act" (Title VIII of the "Civil Rights Act of 1968") introduced meaningful federal

neg: Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 had no such federal "safety and soundness" regulation of those activities and typically conducted the activities through London-based affiliates. The CFMA continued an existing 1992 preemption of state laws enacted in the Futures Trading Practices Act of 1992 which prevented the law from treating eligible OTC derivatives transactions as gambling or otherwise illegal. It also extended that preemption to security-based derivatives that had previously been excluded from the CEA and its preemption of state law. The CFMA, as enacted by President Clinton, went beyond the recommendations of a Presidential Working Group on Financial Markets (PWG) Report titled "Over-the Counter Derivatives

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1866 the basis of race. However, federal penalties were not provided for, so that remedies were left to the individuals involved. Because those being discriminated against had limited access to legal help, this left many victims of discrimination without recourse. Since the latter half of the 20th century and passage of related civil rights legislation, there have been an increasing number of remedies provided under this act, including the landmark "Jones v. Mayer" and "Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc." decisions in 1968. Civil Rights Act of 1866 The Civil Rights Act of 1866, , enacted April 9, 1866, was the