query: what is the name of the currency in south africa

pos: South African rand South African rand The rand (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the currency of South Africa. The Rand is subdivided into 100 cents (sign: "c"). The ISO 4217 code is ZAR, from Dutch "Zuid-Afrikaanse Rand" (South African Rand). The Rand is legal tender in the Common Monetary Area between South Africa, Swaziland (Eswatini), Lesotho, and Namibia, although the last three countries do have their own currencies pegged at par with rand. Before 1976, the rand was legal tender in Botswana. The Rand takes its name from the WitwatersRand ("white waters' ridge" in English), the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and

pos: Lesotho South African economy and contraction of the mining sector and related job losses in South Africa. In 2009, GDP growth slowed to 0.9 percent. The official currency is the loti (plural: maloti), but can be used interchangeably with the South African rand. Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, and South Africa also form a common currency and exchange control area known as the Common Monetary Area (CMA). The loti is at par with the rand. One hundred lisente (singular: sente) equal one loti. Lesotho is a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), in which tariffs have been eliminated on the trade

pos: South African pound South African pound The pound (symbol £) was the currency of the Union of South Africa from the creation of the country as a British Dominion in 1910. It was replaced by the rand in 1961, the same year that South Africa became a republic. In 1825, an imperial order-in-council made sterling coinage legal tender in all the British colonies. At that time, the only British colony in Southern Africa was the Cape of Good Hope Colony. As time went on, the British pound sterling and its associated subsidiary coinage became the currency of every British territory in Southern Africa.

pos: Disinvestment from South Africa the South African currency, the rand. The currency decline made imports more expensive which in turn caused inflation in South Africa to rise at a very steep 12-15% per year. The South African government did attempt to restrict the damaging outflow of capital. Knight writes that "in September 1985 it imposed a system of exchange control and a debt repayments standstill. Under exchange control, South African residents are generally prohibited from removing capital from the country and foreign investors can only remove investments via the financial rand, which is traded at a 20% to 40% discount compared to the commercial

pos: Coins of the South African rand Coins of the South African rand The coins of the South African rand are part of the physical form of South Africa's currency, the South African rand. In 1961, South Africa replaced the pound with a decimal currency: 100 cents (100c) = 1 rand (R1), 1 rand being valued at 10 shillings and 1 cent at 1.2 pence. The rand was introduced in the then Union of South Africa on 14 February 1961, shortly before the establishment of the Republic on 31 May 1961. The coins bore the forward-facing portrait of Jan van Riebeeck on the obverse. The initial circulation

pos: Economy of Lesotho Swaziland, Namibia, and South Africa also form a common currency and exchange control area known as the Rand Monetary Area that uses the South African rand as the common currency. In 1980, Lesotho introduced its own currency, the loti (plural: maloti). One hundred lisente equal one loti. The Loti is at par with the rand. Until the political insecurity in September 1998, Lesotho's economy had grown steadily since 1992. The riots, however, destroyed nearly 80% of commercial infrastructure in Maseru and two other major towns in the country, having a disastrous effect on the country's economy. Nonetheless, the country has

pos: Namibian dollar of Namibian pattern coins denominated in South African Rand dated 1990. This short-lived tender was cited in the 2005 edition of Krause's 'Unusual World Coins'. Namibian dollar The Namibia dollar (symbol: $; code: NAD; ) has been the currency of Namibia since 1993. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively N$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents. The dollar replaced the South African rand, which had been the country's currency while it was under South African rule as South-West Africa from 1920 until 1990, at par. The rand is

pos: Namibian dollar Namibian dollar The Namibia dollar (symbol: $; code: NAD; ) has been the currency of Namibia since 1993. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively N$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents. The dollar replaced the South African rand, which had been the country's currency while it was under South African rule as South-West Africa from 1920 until 1990, at par. The rand is still legal tender, as the Namibian dollar is linked to the South African rand and can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis locally. Namibia was

pos: CIVETS of the whole region. The South African economy has a large volume of capital (public and private) in close relation to the global economic marketplaces. The currency of South Africa is the rand, which is also used in other countries of Southern Africa. The Johannesburg Stock Exchange is the biggest in Africa and tenth globally. Major sectors of the economy are mining (especially coal extraction), diamonds, gold and platinum. It is among the countries with the greatest reserves and diversity of mineral wealth. It has the most powerful and diversified industry in Africa, from processing of agricultural goods and minerals

pos: South African rand him has been erected (50-Rand); the place of Mandela's 27-year imprisonment at Robben Island, showing a pile of quarried limestone (100-Rand); the statue of Mandela at the Union Buildings in remembrance of when he was inaugurated there in 1994 (200-Rand). South African rand The rand (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the currency of South Africa. The Rand is subdivided into 100 cents (sign: "c"). The ISO 4217 code is ZAR, from Dutch "Zuid-Afrikaanse Rand" (South African Rand). The Rand is legal tender in the Common Monetary Area between South Africa, Swaziland (Eswatini), Lesotho, and Namibia, although the last three countries

pos: Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe is less important which currency is adopted than that the government standardise on a single currency. The US dollar, the euro, and the South African rand were candidates; the US dollar had the most credibility and was the most widely traded within Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe could have joined the nearby nations of Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland, which constitute the Common Monetary Area, or "Rand Zone" by formally deciding to use the rand to promote trade and stability. In 2009, the government abandoned printing Zimbabwean dollars at all. This implicitly solved the chronic problem of lack of confidence in the

pos: Postal orders of Bophuthatswana Postal orders of Bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana began issuing its own Postal Orders shortly after gaining independence from South Africa in 1977. As Bophuthatswana did not have its own banknotes (because its currency was the Rand), postal orders are the closest things to banknotes Bophuthatswana ever had. The last day of issue was 26 April 1994. Some Bophuthatswanan postal order forms bear issue dates of 27 April 1994 and later, but these are classified as remainder issues, as Bophuthatswana was reincorporated into South Africa. Postal orders on hand when Bophuthatswana reincorporated into South Africa are classified into two series: Bophuthatswana Remainder Issue

neg: Ora (currency) Efficient Group, a South African financial services company, is currently tasked with developing the digital currency in order to reduce costs that are incurred by printing notes. Ora (currency) The Ora (symbol:Φ, ) is the local currency of Orania, an Afrikaner enclave in South Africa. It is pegged at par with the South African rand. The name, recalling that of the town where it circulates, derives from Latin "aurum", meaning "gold". The currency is not sanctioned by the South African Reserve Bank. The first notes were issued in April 2004 to provide an internal currency for Orania as part of

neg: Ora (currency) Ora (currency) The Ora (symbol:Φ, ) is the local currency of Orania, an Afrikaner enclave in South Africa. It is pegged at par with the South African rand. The name, recalling that of the town where it circulates, derives from Latin "aurum", meaning "gold". The currency is not sanctioned by the South African Reserve Bank. The first notes were issued in April 2004 to provide an internal currency for Orania as part of its quest for self-determination. The idea of the Ora originated in 2002, when Professor Johan van Zyl argued that a community that intended to empower itself should

neg: Postal orders of South Africa known to have been issued as late as 1972. It is not yet known when the issue of British postal orders ceased in South Africa. Postal orders of South Africa Postal orders were issued in South Africa from 31 May 1910. South Africa issued both its own postal orders and British postal orders. South Africa began issuing its own postal orders some time during 1933. They are denominated in both Afrikaans and English. It is not yet known what the smallest denomination is in the pre-decimal issue, but after the change over to decimal currency on 14 February 1961, there

neg: Postal orders of South Africa Postal orders of South Africa Postal orders were issued in South Africa from 31 May 1910. South Africa issued both its own postal orders and British postal orders. South Africa began issuing its own postal orders some time during 1933. They are denominated in both Afrikaans and English. It is not yet known what the smallest denomination is in the pre-decimal issue, but after the change over to decimal currency on 14 February 1961, there was a postal order for denominations as low as 1 cent. South African postal orders issued as late as 1997 have been confirmed. As of

neg: Fijian dollar Fijian dollar The Fijian dollar (currency sign: FJ$, $; currency code: FJD) has been the currency of Fiji since 1969 and was also the currency between 1867 and 1873. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively FJ$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents. Fiji followed the pattern of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand in that when it adopted the decimal system, it decided to use the half pound unit as opposed to the pound unit of account. The choice of the name dollar was motivated by the fact

neg: Community Exchange System in most respects to what is termed a local exchange trading system (LETS) which record members trading goods and services using a locally created currency called "LETS Credits". But the exchange evolved into a more complex system which took advantage of Internet technology to reduce the costs of administering the system and allowed its promoters to extend it to other places, including areas outside of the borders of South Africa. The software permitted the exchange in one city to link up with similar exchanges in other cities to form a global network. Reports vary about the number of complementary currency

neg: Triathlon South Africa group to form the South African Triathlon Federation on their arrival. The South African Triathlon Federation (what is now known as Triathlon South Africa) was founded with the support of Norrie Williamson in 1984, the name was changed to Triathlon South Africa in 1991. ITU Triathlon World Championships Triathlon South Africa Triathlon South Africa is the Sport governing body for the sport of triathlon in South Africa. It is responsible for the management of sports such as duathlon, aquathlon and triathlon within South Africa. It is affiliated to International Triathlon Union (ITU), and the African Triathlon Union. Norrie Williamson together

neg: Stenden South Africa what was up to then known as the Grand Hotel in Port Alfred. The hotel was adapted to fit the requirements of a university campus and at present all hotel rooms are occupied by students. The initial name under which Stenden South Africa operated was EISS: The Educational Institute for Service Studies. In 2008 CHN University and Drenthe University merged, forming Stenden University, therefore causing EISS to become Stenden South Africa. By South African law, only public universities are allowed to use the name ‘university’ which is why the additive ‘South Africa’ was chosen. Stenden University of Applied Sciences is

neg: Jamaican dollar adopted its own currency, the Cayman Islands dollar. In adopting the Jamaican dollar, Jamaica followed the pattern of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand in that when it adopted the decimal system, it decided to use the half pound unit as opposed to the pound unit of account. The choice of the name dollar was motivated by the fact that the reduced value of the new unit corresponded more closely to the value of the US dollar than it did to the pound sterling. Jamaican dollar The dollar has been the currency of Jamaica since 1969. It is often abbreviated

neg: Krugerrand Krugerrand The Krugerrand (; ) is a South African coin, first minted in 1967 to help market South African gold and produced by the South African Mint. By 1980, the Krugerrand accounted for 90% of the global gold coin market. The name is a compound of "Paul Kruger", the former South African president depicted on the obverse, and "rand", the South African unit of currency. During the 1970s and 1980s, some western countries forbade import of the Krugerrand because of its association with the apartheid government of South Africa, most notably the United States, which was the coin's largest market

neg: African Monetary Union a single currency by 2023. There are two existing regional currency unions in Africa, using the West African CFA franc, and the Central African CFA franc, respectively. Additionally, the Common Monetary Area links several countries in southern Africa based on the South African rand. The African Union's plans for further integration encourage the development of more such regional unions as an intermediate step to full monetary union. One proposed union is the eco, a proposed currency for members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). In 2002, Mansour Ciss and Baruch Gottlieb created a "prototype" currency, called the

neg: Cayman Islands dollar of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand in using the half-pound unit as opposed to the pound as the unit of account when it adopted the decimal system. The choice of the name "dollar" was motivated by the fact that the reduced value of the new unit corresponded more closely to the value of the US dollar than it did to the pound sterling. Cayman Islands dollar The Cayman Islands Dollar (currency code "KYD") is the currency of the Cayman Islands. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign "$", or alternatively "CI$" to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It

neg: German South West African Mark German South West African Mark The Mark was the currency of German South West Africa between 1885 and 1915. Until 1914, the German Mark circulated. Within days of the outbreak of the First World War, an issue of paper money titled "Deutsch-Südwestafrikanische Mark" was authorized in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Marks. From 1884 to 1901, the main currency of German South West Africa was the British Pound Sterling. However, in 1885, the German South West African mark began to be circulated. In 1893, an established rate of £1 for every 20ℳ. It is worth noting that

neg: Futures exchange coming years. In terms of trading volume, the National Stock Exchange of India in Mumbai is the largest stock futures trading exchange in the world, followed by JSE Limited in Sandton, Gauteng, South Africa. Exchange-traded contracts are standardized by the exchanges where they trade. The contract details what asset is to be bought or sold, and how, when, where and in what quantity it is to be delivered. The terms also specify the currency in which the contract will trade, minimum tick value, and the last trading day and expiry or delivery month. Standardized commodity futures contracts may also contain

neg: Global financial crisis in October 2008 26, Hungary and Ukraine made tentative arrangements with the International Monetary Fund for emergency aid packages. In Poland the value of stocks has fallen 50% for the year and the zloty, the Polish currency, has fallen against both the dollar and the euro. The crisis has affected South Africa, Brazil and Turkey. South Africa was particularly affected by a dramatic drop in the price of platinum, a commodity used in automobile manufacturing. In addition to Iceland, Ukraine and Hungary, Belarus and Pakistan were also engaged in emergency discussions with the IMF. Pakistan had what was described as a "growing balance

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Guinea-Bissau and Portuguese Africa were surcharged in new currency for Portuguese Guinea. The Ceres series was issued in Portuguese Guinea from 1914. The first stamps of independent Guinea-Bissau were issued in 1974. Postage stamps and postal history of Guinea-Bissau This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Guinea-Bissau, formerly known as Portuguese Guinea. Guinea-Bissau is located in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west. Stamps of Cape Verde were used in what is now Guinea-Bissau from 1877. The first stamps

neg: East African shilling East African shilling The East African shilling was the currency issued for use in British controlled areas in East Africa from 1921 until 1969. It was produced by the East African Currency Board. It is also the proposed name for a common currency that the East African Community plans to introduce. The shilling was subdivided into 100 "cents", and a "pound" was equivalent to twenty shillings. In the United Kingdom, the pound sterling formerly was divided into twenty shillings, and it was normal to consider the shilling to be a subsidiary unit of the pound. In British East Africa, however,

neg: Single South American currency currency in South America. Single South American currency The single South American currency was a hypothetical united currency for South America. It was proposed by the leaders of several countries, and would have been issued by the Bank of the South to the members of the Union of South American Nations. A name for the currency has not yet defined, but several have been proposed, such as condor, American "Peso", Latino, pacha, sucre, colombo, and "Peso-Real", among others. The Bank of the South establishes monetary policy and finance development projects; one of the objectives of the monetary union is the

neg: What Now (band) studio in London. They plan on touring America and releasing the album later this year. For future reference the band has been renamed after signing with Sumerian Records and now goes by the name New Volume with a new album out called Envy What Now (band) What Now is a rock band from Ballito, South Africa, currently based in London. The band consists of Tyron Layley (lead vocals, bass guitar), Ryan Morris (guitar and vocals), and Adam Jenkins (drums). The band's name comes from an old surfing video. The band moved from South Africa to London England where they started

neg: Namibia–South Africa relations administered essentially as a fifth province of South Africa, as it was integrated economically and militarily under the apartheid regime. Upon independence in 1990, Namibia's economy was still tied to South Africa's. To this day, the economy of Namibia is still closely connected to South Africa through both institutional relationships (Southern African Customs Union, for example) and privately owned mining concessions. The South African rand is still legal currency within Namibia, while the Namibian dollar is not so in South Africa and the currencies are traded on par locally. In 2010, trade between the two states totaled 436,689 South African

neg: Eco (currency) economy. But this stability has a blow, the limitation of public deficits which moderates the possibilities of state investment. It is this balance to be found, with the help of the European Union, which is at the heart of the reflections on enlargement and the possible reform of the CFA and the project, dating from the 80s, of a common currency to all of West Africa (the enlarged CFA franc or another currency) Eco (currency) The Eco is the proposed name for the common currency that the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) plans to introduce in the framework of Economic

neg: KFC Index that the Namibian dollar was undervalued by 33% at that time. The index takes its name from the international fast food chain, Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) and modeled on The Economist´s “Big Mac Index”, which covers countries with McDonald's presence (about 60 countries). In Africa, the McDonald's chain is only present in Morocco, South Africa and Egypt. KFC, on the other hand, has operations in almost 20 African countries; the highest of any international fast food chain and therefore a more applicable benchmark to use. The index was not intended as a precise gauge of currency misalignment, merely a tool

neg: Eco (currency) Eco (currency) The Eco is the proposed name for the common currency that the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) plans to introduce in the framework of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). After its introduction, the goal is to merge the new currency with the West African CFA franc (used by the French-speaking members of ECOWAS since 1945) at a later date. This will create a common currency for much of West Africa. For the Eco to be implemented, ten convergence criteria, set out by the West African Monetary Institute (WAMI), must be met. These criteria are divided into

neg: Msunduzi River Msunduzi District Municipality has commenced on a 10 million rand (SA currency) program to repair and improve the sewage system in 2006. DUCT is also testing trash nets as a means of catching and removing illegally dumped trash. Msunduzi River The Msunduzi River is a river in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is also known by its anglicised name, the "Dusi River". The original name, "Msunduzi", is isiZulu. The Msunduzi is a tributary of the Mngeni River. The Msunduzi passes through the centre of Pietermaritzburg, the provincial capital. A portion of the river within the city has been dammed by weirs,

neg: Lesotho–South Africa relations for apartheid South Africa. There is no reason for us to exist any longer as a nation with its own currency and army". Ntate Manyanye, a charity director, cited the AIDS epidemic as a reason why Lesotho could no longer survive as an independent country: "Lesotho is fighting for survival. We have a population of about 1.9 million but there may be as many as 400,000 AIDS orphans among us. Life expectancy has fallen to 34. We are desperate". Lesotho–South Africa relations Lesotho–South Africa relations refers to the current and historical bilateral relations of South Africa and Lesotho. Lesotho, which

neg: Katanga Cross Katanga Cross A Katanga Cross, also called a handa, is a cast copper ingot in the shape of a cross which was once used as a form of currency in parts of what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Katanga crosses were made in various sizes, typically about across, and weighing about . The name derives from Katanga, a rich copper mining region in the south-eastern portion of the DRC. These X-shaped ingots were cast by local coppersmiths by pouring molten copper into sand molds. During its period of currency,

neg: Encounters Festival South Africa Encounters Festival South Africa Encounters South African International Documentary Festival (Encounters) is the premier documentary festival in Africa and one of the oldest film festival on the continent. It remains one of only a few on the continent that is solely dedicated to the genre. Since its inception, the festival has advanced the currency of documentaries in the country and region, supporting new productions and giving an African platform to international documentaries. The Encounters South African International Documentary Festival first took place in 1999. Since then, its main objective has been to develop the documentary industry in South Africa, both

neg: South African law of sale in several ways: The price must consist in valid currency. It need not be expressed in South Africa currency; if it is not, however, then in some convertible foreign currency. Where the consideration is completely in goods, rather than in money, the contract is one of exchange, not a sale. If it consists partly in money and partly in goods, the contract may be a sale or an exchange, depending upon the intention of the parties. Generally, though, the contract is a sale. This section considers legal consequences of the contract of sale, along with those of conditional sales, which

neg: Single South American currency Single South American currency The single South American currency was a hypothetical united currency for South America. It was proposed by the leaders of several countries, and would have been issued by the Bank of the South to the members of the Union of South American Nations. A name for the currency has not yet defined, but several have been proposed, such as condor, American "Peso", Latino, pacha, sucre, colombo, and "Peso-Real", among others. The Bank of the South establishes monetary policy and finance development projects; one of the objectives of the monetary union is the establishment of a single

neg: Currency Creek, South Australia area in 1969, with the region producing its first vintage in 1972. The Currency Creek Arboretum is named after the nearby geographical feature and town. It is being developed as a specialist eucalypt ("Angophora", "Eucalyptus" and "Corymbia") arboretum with its main purpose being research into Australia's most dominant natural group of plants, the eucalypts. Currency Creek, South Australia Currency Creek (postcode 5214) is a township and locality in South Australia on the western shore of Lake Alexandrina about 6 km north of Goolwa, beside a seasonal stream bearing the same name - Currency Creek - which flows into Lake Alexandrina.

neg: Pterocarpus angolensis Because of all these reasons and that it is also fire resistant, "P. angolensis" is sometimes planted around the chief's enclosure to make a living fence. Pterocarpus angolensis Pterocarpus angolensis (African teak, wild teak, , , , , , , ) is a species of "Pterocarpus" native to southern Africa, in Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zaire, Zimbabwe,and Zambia. It is a protected tree in South Africa. The name Kiaat, although Afrikaans, is sometimes used outside South Africa as well. In Zimbabwe, depending on what region you are in, it is known as Mukwa or Mubvamaropa. It is

neg: Pterocarpus angolensis Pterocarpus angolensis Pterocarpus angolensis (African teak, wild teak, , , , , , , ) is a species of "Pterocarpus" native to southern Africa, in Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zaire, Zimbabwe,and Zambia. It is a protected tree in South Africa. The name Kiaat, although Afrikaans, is sometimes used outside South Africa as well. In Zimbabwe, depending on what region you are in, it is known as Mukwa or Mubvamaropa. It is a deciduous tree usually growing to 16 m tall, with dark brown bark and a high, wide-crowned canopy. of shiny compound leaves. In favoured wetter locations

neg: Fijian dollar and brown colour scheme. The new $5 note, the first banknote from the “Flora and Fauna” design series, entered into circulation on 2 April 2013. Fijian dollar The Fijian dollar (currency sign: FJ$, $; currency code: FJD) has been the currency of Fiji since 1969 and was also the currency between 1867 and 1873. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively FJ$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents. Fiji followed the pattern of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand in that when it adopted the decimal system, it decided

neg: Currency Creek, South Australia Currency Creek, South Australia Currency Creek (postcode 5214) is a township and locality in South Australia on the western shore of Lake Alexandrina about 6 km north of Goolwa, beside a seasonal stream bearing the same name - Currency Creek - which flows into Lake Alexandrina. Parts of Lake Alexandrina near to Currency Creek were initially explored by Charles Sturt in an open boat in 1830 but he did not sight the creek. In December 1837, while exploring the Lake and Murray Mouth looking for other outlets to the sea, a party lead by Thomas Bewes Strangways and Young Bingham

neg: Atlantica Atlantica Atlantica (; "Atlantika") is an ancient continent that formed during the Proterozoic about (two billion years ago, Ga) from various 2 Ga cratons located in what is now West Africa and eastern South America. The name, introduced by , was chosen because the continent opened up to form the South Atlantic Ocean. Atlantica formed simultaneously with Nena at about 1.9 Ga from Archaean cratons, including Amazonia in present-day South America, and the Congo, West Africa and North Africa Cratons in Africa. Atlantica separated from Nena between 1.6–1.4 Ga when Columbia — a supercontinent composed of Ur, Nena, and Atlantica

neg: Coins of the South African rand transactions are rounded to the nearest 10c. A bi-metallic R5 coin with added security features, including a grooved edge and micro-lettering on the reverse, was introduced in 2004. The gold Krugerrand coin is produced in 1/10 oz, 1/4 oz, 1/2 oz and 1 oz denominations. Coins of the South African rand The coins of the South African rand are part of the physical form of South Africa's currency, the South African rand. In 1961, South Africa replaced the pound with a decimal currency: 100 cents (100c) = 1 rand (R1), 1 rand being valued at 10 shillings and 1 cent

neg: Pound (currency) formerly belonging to the Ottoman Empire, are called "pound" in English, while in the local languages their official name is "lira". The pound sterling is also the currency of the British Overseas Territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, British Antarctic Territory and British Indian Ocean Territory. All of the following currencies have been replaced by the US dollar. Pound (currency) The pound is a unit of currency in some nations. The term originated in the Frankish Empire as a result of Charlemagne's currency reform ("pound" from Latin "pondus", a unity of weight) and was subsequently taken to

neg: What Now (band) What Now (band) What Now is a rock band from Ballito, South Africa, currently based in London. The band consists of Tyron Layley (lead vocals, bass guitar), Ryan Morris (guitar and vocals), and Adam Jenkins (drums). The band's name comes from an old surfing video. The band moved from South Africa to London England where they started writing songs and touring the UK and Europe. The band have released a few demo's and toured with bands like Young Guns (band), The Xcerts and Anberlin. The band are currently writing and recording songs for a full length album in their home

neg: Local currency in Canada and over 400 in the United Kingdom. Australia, France, New Zealand, and Switzerland have similar systems. Kenya: Senegal: South Africa: Japan: Hong Kong: Indonesia: Malaysia: Bangladesh [Chandpur Chittagonj Dhaka] Australia: Canada: "See List of Canadian community currencies"<br> Mexico: United States: "See List of community currencies in the United States" Argentina: Brazil: Venezuela: Austria: Belgium: Czech Republic: Denmark: France: Germany: Hungary: Greece: Italy: Latvia: Malta: Netherlands: Russia: Slovakia: Spain: Switzerland: Ukraine: United Kingdom: [[Category:Local currencies| ]] [[Category:Freiwirtschaft]] [[Category:Localism (politics)]] [[Category:Monetary reform]] [[Category:Community building]] Local currency In economics, a local currency is a currency that can be spent in a

neg: Jan van Riebeeck to South Africa. Many of the Afrikaner population view him as the founding father of their nation. This regard was also prevalent in that his image appeared ubiquitously on stamps and the South African currency from the 1940s up until 1993 when the South African Reserve Bank changed the currency to an apolitical design of the fauna and flora of the region. The image used on the currency notes was not that of Van Riebeeck, but of Bartholomeus Vermuyden. 6 April used to be known as Van Riebeeck's Day, and later as Founders' Day but the holiday was abolished by

neg: Currency War of 2009–11 regions. African countries may not however be as adversely affected by a currency war, as one of the regions problems is the collapse of foreign investment following the crisis, so increased international investment resulting from QE2 may actually help Africa rather than excessively drive up its currencies as is feared for other emerging regions. However South African Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan has warned that "currency wars" could lead to "trade wars" if allowed to continue. The threat of a currency war would adversely affect the Caricom community because the various currencies are either tied to or float against the US

neg: South African literature raises the question: [W]hose language, culture, or story can be said to have authority in South Africa when the end of apartheid has raised challenging questions as to what it is to be a South African, what it is to live in, whether South Africa is mlg, and, if so, what its mythos is, what requires to be forgotten and what remembered as we scour the past in order to understand the present and seek a path forward into an unknown future. South Africa has 11 national languages: , . Any definitive literary history of South Africa should, it could

neg: Union of South American Nations Sur, Dutch: Bank van het Zuiden, English: Bank of the South) will establish monetary policy and finance development projects. One of the objectives of monetary union is to establish a Single South American currency. Support for the creation of this currency was provided in January 2007 by Peruvian President Alan García, and other South American authorities expressed themselves in favor, as Bolivian President Evo Morales in April of that year, who proposed that the currency Only one denominated "Pacha" ("earth" in Quechua language), however, except for the right of each country to suggest a name for the common currency. The

neg: Postcolonial literature Chapman raises the question: [W]hose language, culture, or story can be said to have authority in South Africa when the end of apartheid has raised challenging questions as to what it is to be a South African, what it is to live in a new South Africa, whether South Africa is a nation, and, if so, what its mythos is, what requires to be forgotten and what remembered as we scour the past in order to understand the present and seek a path forward into an unknown future. South Africa has 11 national languages: Afrikaans, English, Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Pedi,

neg: Encounters Festival South Africa Durbach, Dylan Mohan Gray, Tsholofelo Monare, Thomas Barry, Jon Blair, Mandisa Madikane, Erez & Miri Laufer, Isy India Geronimo, Felix Seuffert, Simon Taylor, Wiseman Mabusela, Michael Cross, Richard Slater-Jones, Izette Mostert, Tamsyn Reynolds, Dowelani Nenzhelele, Sarah Ping Nie. Encounters Festival South Africa Encounters South African International Documentary Festival (Encounters) is the premier documentary festival in Africa and one of the oldest film festival on the continent. It remains one of only a few on the continent that is solely dedicated to the genre. Since its inception, the festival has advanced the currency of documentaries in the country and region, supporting

neg: Zambian kwacha Zambian kwacha The Kwacha (ISO 4217 code: ZMW) is the currency of Zambia. It is subdivided into 100 "Ngwee". The name 'Kwacha' derives from the Nyanja, Bemba, and Tonga language word for "dawn", alluding to the Zambian nationalist slogan of a "new dawn of freedom". The name "ngwee" translates as "bright" in the Nyanja language. Prior to independence, the Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound was the legal tender of the short-lived British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia. Banknotes of 10 shillings, 1, 5, and 10 pounds issued by the Central Africa Currency Board were in circulation, together with coins of ½, 1,

neg: Kempton Park, Gauteng Kempton Park, Gauteng Kempton Park is a main place of Ekurhuleni in the Gauteng province, South Africa. Kempton Park has been part of the City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality since 2000. Kempton Park is located on the western city limits of Ekurhuleni and shares its administrative boundaries with Johannesburg, South Africa's largest city. It is situated south of Tembisa, one of the largest townships in South Africa which is also integrated into Ekurhuleni . The name of the city is sometimes written as "Kemptonpark" in Afrikaans. Kempton Park lies on what was two Boer farms in the South African Republic

neg: Mozambican metical Mozambican metical The metical (plural: "meticais") is the currency of Mozambique, abbreviated with the symbol "MZN" or "MT". It is nominally divided into 100 centavos. The name "metical" comes from Arabic ("mithqāl"), a unit of weight and an alternative name for the gold dinar coin that was used throughout much of Africa until the 19th century. The metical (MZM) replaced the "escudo" at par on 16 June 1980. It was divided into 100 "centavos". The metical underwent severe inflation. After the revaluation of the Romanian leu, the metical briefly became the least valued currency unit, at a value of about

neg: Decimal Day Board. Consideration was given to introducing a new major unit of currency worth ten shillings in the old currency: suggested names included the "new pound", the "royal" and the "noble". This would have resulted in the "decimal penny" being worth only slightly more than the old penny (this approach was adopted, for example, when South Africa, Australia and New Zealand decimalised in the 1960s, adopting respectively the South African rand, Australian dollar and New Zealand dollar equal in value to 10 shillings). But Halsbury decided, in view of the pound sterling's importance as a reserve currency, that the pound should

neg: Flag of South Africa (1928–1994) the name of the town to Makhado. Some South Africans in the 21st century started to fly the flag as a protest against what they perceived as the failure of the ANC to make progress in governing South Africa as a democracy. At Cape Town's Castle of Good Hope, the flag was flown from the castle alongside the Union Jack, flag of the Netherlands and the current flag of South Africa to display the powers that ruled South Africa through history. In 1994 it was agreed that they would remain on the castle parapet as historical reference. However, in 2012

neg: Cashless society and a considerably higher percent in the largest denomination banknote, the 1000kr bill. Even though a cashless society is widely discussed, most countries are increasing their currency supply. Exceptions are South Africa whose supply of banknotes fluctuates wildly compared to most nations, and Sweden which has significantly reduced its currency supply since 2007. South Korea decided to end coins as legal tender by 2020, at which point cash change will be available only in multiples of the smallest banknote, which is ₩1000, or slightly less than US$1. Massachusetts state law from 1978 requires retail businesses to accept cash, but as

neg: AGI-Plan damage over time. AGI-Plan is notable for reappearing in South Africa in what appeared to be an intentional re-release several years after. AGI-Plan never succeeded in spreading significantly beyond the isolated incidents in Germany and South Africa. AGI-Plan AGI-Plan was a memory resident DOS file infector first isolated at the Agiplan software company in Germany. Because of CARO standards that dictate that viruses should not be named after companies, AGI-Plan's technical name is Month 4-6. This name also violates CARO standards, but a more minor rule involving syntax. AGI-Plan is related to the Zero Bug virus, as both it and

neg: Cocoa bean the cacao seed (or bean) became popular, the sweet pulp of the chocolate fruit, used in making a fermented (5% alcohol) beverage, first drew attention to the plant in the Americas. The cocoa bean was a common currency throughout Mesoamerica before the Spanish conquest. Cacao trees grow in a limited geographical zone, of about 20° to the north and south of the Equator. Nearly 70% of the world crop today is grown in West Africa. The cacao plant was first given its botanical name by Swedish natural scientist Carl Linnaeus in his original classification of the plant kingdom, where he

neg: Slavery in South Africa Slavery in South Africa Slavery in South Africa existed until the abolition of slavery in 1834. In 1652, Jan van Riebeeck set up a refreshment station in what is now Cape Town and requested slaves. The first slave, Abraham van Batavia arrived in 1653 ("van Batavia" meaning "from Batavia", the name of Jakarta during the Dutch colonial period), and shortly afterward, a slaving voyage was undertaken from the Cape to Mauritius and Madagascar. In April 1657, there were ten slaves in the settlement, from a population of 144. That increased greatly the next year, when the Dutch captured a Portuguese

neg: Eco-Pesa Eco-Pesa Eco-Pesa is the name of a Kenyan community currency, used to reduce poverty and support environmental conservation in a slums areas inside the Kongowea Location, Mombasa District, Kenya. Pesa is the Kiswahili word for money. Eco-Pesa's was in circulation for one year and was considered the pilot that resulted in the more sustainable Bangla-Pesa model of community currencies that have been duplicated in five communities in Kenya and two in South Africa. Residents could obtain Eco-Pesa through being part of a business network or participating in community events (such as trash collection days) or through local sales and services.

neg: Damaraland known as Damaraland in the 19th century. Damaraland, like other homelands in South West Africa, was abolished in May 1989 at the start of the transition to independence. The name Damaraland predates South African control of Namibia, and was described as "the central portion of German South West Africa" in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Damaraland Damaraland was a name given to the north-central part of what later became Namibia, inhabited by the Damaras. It was bounded roughly by Ovamboland in the north, the Namib Desert in the west, the Kalahari Desert in the east, and Windhoek in the south.

neg: Eswatini middle-income countries in other regions. They compare more favourably with firms from lower middle income countries, but are hampered by inadequate governance arrangements and infrastructure. Eswatini's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand, subsuming Eswatini's monetary policy to South Africa. Customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union, which may equal as much as 70% of government revenue this year, and worker remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income. Eswatini is not poor enough to merit an IMF programme; however, the country is struggling to reduce the size of the civil service and control costs

neg: Decimal Day Advancement of Science and the Association of British Chambers of Commerce, followed by the success of decimalisation in South Africa, prompted the Government to set up the "Committee of the Inquiry on Decimal Currency" (Halsbury Committee) in 1961, which reported in 1963. The adoption of the changes suggested in the report was announced on 1 March 1966. The Decimal Currency Board (DCB) was created to manage the transition, although the plans were not approved by Parliament until the Decimal Currency Act in May 1969. Former Greater London Council leader Bill Fiske was named as the Chairman of the Decimal Currency

neg: Economy of Africa to Africa due to a duopoly of Western Union and MoneyGram that is controlling Africa’s remittance market, making Africa is the most expensive cash transfer market in the world. According to some experts, the high processing fees involved in sending money to Africa are hampering African countries’ development. Angola has announced interests in investing in the EU, Portugal in particular. South Africa has attracted increasing attention from the United States as a new frontier of investment in manufacture, financial markets and small business, as has Liberia in recent years under their new leadership. There are two African currency unions: the

neg: Kalkkop crater 210 metres deep. Only a weathered circular ridge is still visible at the surface. This is one of four confirmed impact sites in South Africa and six within the Southern African region Kalkkop crater Kalkkop is an impact crater which can be found on a private farm 50 kilometres south east of the town of Aberdeen, Eastern Cape, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The name is derived from two Afrikaans words, namely "kalk" meaning limestone and "kop" meaning head. The meteorite impact occurred about 250,000 years ago (Pleistocene) on what is now the flat Karoo landscape. It

neg: Ghanaian cedi devalued the new cedi, it was gradually phased out in 2007 in favor of the "Ghana cedi" at an exchange rate of 1:10,000. In 2007 the largest of the new cedi banknotes, the 20,000 note, had a value of about US$2. By removing four digits, the Ghana cedi became the highest-denominated currency unit issued in Africa. It has since lost about 80% of its value. The word "cedi" is the Akan word for cowry shell which were formerly used as currency in what is now Ghana. The "Monetaria moneta" or money cowry is not native to West African waters but

neg: Greek drachma in Alexandria and the Parthian Empire based in what is modern-day Iran. The Arabic unit of currency known as "dirham" (), known from pre-Islamic times and afterwards, inherited its name from the drachma or didrachm (, 2 drachmae); the dirham is still the name of the official currencies of Morocco and the United Arab Emirates. The Armenian dram () also derives its name from the drachma. It is difficult to estimate comparative exchange rates with modern currency because the range of products produced by economies of centuries gone by were different from today, which makes purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations

neg: South African Reserve Bank South African Reserve Bank The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) (Afrikaans: "Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank") is the central bank of South Africa. It was established in 1921 after Parliament passed an act, the "Currency and Bank Act of 10 August 1920", as a direct result of the abnormal monetary and financial conditions which World War I had brought. The SARB was only the fourth central bank established outside the United Kingdom and Europe, the others being the United States, Japan and Java. The earliest suggestions for the establishment of the Central Bank in South Africa date back to 1879. A select committee,

neg: Donald Duck universe South African pound was the currency of South Africa until 1961. The preference for the pound sign can also be explained by Glomgold's heritage, which puts him as a citizen of South Africa with British blood, whereas Scrooge who embraced America despite his pure Scottish blood. The Number One Dime is the first coin that Scrooge McDuck ever earned (or, according to some stories, produced). The Number One Dime first appeared in the story "The Round Money Bin", created by Carl Barks and first published in "Uncle Scrooge" #3 (September, 1953). In this story, the dime is so old that

neg: Sarah Baartman as well as a plaster cast of her body. Her remains were returned to South Africa in 2002 and she was buried in the Eastern Cape on South Africa's National Women's Day. Sara Baartman was born to a Khoikhoi family in the vicinity of the Camdeboo in what is now the Eastern Cape of South Africa, on land taken over by Dutch farmers. Her father was killed by Bushmen while driving cattle. Saartjie is the diminutive form of Sara; in Cape Dutch the use of the diminutive form commonly indicated familiarity, endearment or contempt. Her birth name is unknown. Baartman

neg: Slang terms for money actual banknotes: Slang terms for money Slang terms for money often derive from the appearance and features of banknotes or coins, their values, historical associations or the units of currency concerned. Within a single language community some of the slang terms vary across social, ethnic, economic, and geographic strata, but others have become the dominant way of referring to the currency and are regarded as mainstream, acceptable language (e.g., "buck" for a dollar or similar currency in various nations including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Nigeria and the United States). The five-cent coin is sometimes referred to as "shrapnel",

neg: Slang terms for money Slang terms for money Slang terms for money often derive from the appearance and features of banknotes or coins, their values, historical associations or the units of currency concerned. Within a single language community some of the slang terms vary across social, ethnic, economic, and geographic strata, but others have become the dominant way of referring to the currency and are regarded as mainstream, acceptable language (e.g., "buck" for a dollar or similar currency in various nations including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Nigeria and the United States). The five-cent coin is sometimes referred to as "shrapnel", or “shrappers,”

neg: Currency Creek, South Australia The Currency Creek Cemetery contains many historic gravestones. It is notably large compared to the township for the reason that it has serviced the entire district for well over a century. Boundaries for the locality were created on 31 August 2000 for the "long established name" and include the Government Town of Currency Creek Currency Creek lends its name to a wine region that stretches from Port Elliot in the west, to Lake Alexandrina to the east, and includes Hindmarsh Island. The main grape varieties grown are Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz. Vineyards were first established in the

neg: Renminbi wishes because: To meet IMF requirements, China gave up some of its tight control over the currency. Countries that are left-leaning in the political spectrum had already begun to use the renminbi as an alternative reserve currency to the United States dollar; the Central Bank of Chile reported in 2011 to have US$91 million worth of renminbi in reserves, and the president of the Central Bank of Venezuela, Nelson Merentes, made statements in favour of the renminbi following the announcement of reserve withdrawals from Europe and the United States. In Africa, the central banks of Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa

neg: Economy of South Africa India and China, owing to several factors: the country is relatively small, without the advantage of a huge domestic customer base; it has had for decades an unusually low rate of saving and investment, partly because of low disposable income; an inadequate education system results in an acute shortage of skilled manpower; a strong and volatile currency deters investors and makes its exports less competitive; the infrastructure, though far better than in the rest of Africa, suffers from severe bottlenecks, including scheduled power shortages, and urgently needs upgrading. In 2011, after a year of observer status, South Africa officially joined

neg: King of Kings for African unity...'We want an African military to defend Africa, we want a single African currency, we want one African passport to travel within Africa,' Gaddafi told the assembled dignitaries, who come from countries such as Mozambique, South Africa, Ivory Coast and the Democratic Republic of Congo." Variations of the traditional title of the Ethiopian kings, "niguse negest", were held by the rulers of the imperial realms of Mali in West Africa, Asanteman, also in West Africa, and Zululand in Southern Africa. WWE wrestler Triple H is also dubbed as "The King of Kings", and uses the Motörhead song "King

neg: Kaffraria Kaffraria Kaffraria was the descriptive name given to the southeast part of what is today the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Kaffraria, i.e. the land of the Kaffirs, is no longer an official designation (with the term "kaffir" now an offensive racial slur in South Africa). The districts now known as King Williams Town and East London were annexed by the British early on, and were thus known as British Kaffraria (later annexed to Cape Colony in 1865). All of the remaining Xhosa territory beyond the Kei River, south of the Drakensberg Mountains and as far as the Natal frontier,

neg: History of Johannesburg in a competition, and is derived from the South African Rand currency, which was introduced at around the same time that the new municipality was established. Randburg was a stronghold of the National Party during the apartheid era. On 31 May 1961 the Union of South Africa became the Republic of South Africa. The Albert Hertzog Tower in Brixton Johannesburg was completed in 1962. It is 237-metre-high (778 ft) high concrete radio and (now) television tower. The first transmission took place on 22 December 1961. Presently 18 FM programs and 7 TV stations are broadcast from there. When Albert Hertzog

neg: Eswatini in December/January, are the nation's most important events. Eswatini is a developing country with a small economy. With a GDP per capita of $9,714, it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income. As a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), its main local trading partner is South Africa; in order to ensure economic stability, Eswatini's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand. Eswatini's major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the country's employment is provided

neg: British West Africa colonial banking often disadvantaged the colonies as producers of commodities. Even after its final dissolution, a single currency, the British West African pound, was in effect throughout the region—including Nigeria—from 1907 to 1962. Nigeria gained independence in 1960. Sierra Leone was self-governing by 1958 and gained independence in 1961. Gambia gained independence in 1965. In 1954, the British Gold Coast was allowed by Britain to self-govern and in 1957, the Gold Coast was given independence from Britain, under the name Ghana. British West Africa British West Africa was the collective name for British colonies in West Africa during the colonial

neg: Bangladeshi taka the region of Bengal, the term has always been used to refer to currency. In the 14th century, Ibn Battuta noticed that people in the Bengal Sultanate referred to gold and silver coins as "taka" instead of dinar. The word "taka" in Bangla is also commonly used generically to mean any money, currency, or notes. Thus, colloquially, a person speaking in Bangla may use "taka" to refer to money regardless of what currency it is denominated in. This is also common in the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura, where the official name of the Indian rupees is "taka"

neg: Digital currency Address (a unique ID provided by the bank), Account Number with IFS Code, Mobile Number with MMID (Mobile Money Identifier), Aadhaar Number, or a one-time use Virtual ID. An UPI-PIN (UPI Personal Identification number that one creates on the UPI app of the bank) is required to confirm each payment. Russia Government-controlled Sberbank of Russia owns Yandex.Money – electronic payment service and digital currency of the same name. Russia’s President Vladimir Putin has signed off on regulation of ICOs and cryptocurrency mining by July 2018. South Korea South Korea plans national digital currency using a Blockchain. The chairman of South

neg: Music of South Africa TMan Gavini,Clean-G, Mizo Phyll, Killah Gee, Jininka, Paul Mulaudzi, Malondo Ramulongo, Burning Doctor, Just ice, Lufuno Dagada and Tshidino Ndou. Another singer making a name for himself in the South African music market is Tshidino Ndou, a reggae artist who is also owner of Vhadino Entertainment music company. Tshidino was born and bred in Tshakhuma, a rural village in South Africa in the Limpopo Province. So far he has two albums, Ndi do fa na inwi(2009) (Till death do us part) and Nne Ndi Nne(2010) (I am what I am). His song "Ni songo nyadza" (meaning "do not undermine other

neg: Os du Randt ever. I dedicate this to my best friend, Alex." When questioned about his teammate, fellow Springbok prop CJ van der Linde said "Os is a legend in South African rugby. Even little children know who he is. His name will be mentioned for many years still," Van der Linde said. "We do not realise what impact he makes. One day, when he is old, we will know what great work he did for South Africa and what a leader he was." Following the victory in the 2007 Rugby World Cup Final, Os announced his international retirement from the Springboks. Du

neg: EBCDIC 037 EBCDIC 037 IBM code page 37 is an EBCDIC code page with the full Latin-1 character set used in IBM mainframes. It is used in some English and Portuguese speaking countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, and the United States. CCSID 1140 is the Euro currency update of code page/CCSID 37. In that code page, the "¤" (currency sign) character at code point 9F is replaced with the "€" (Euro sign) character. Characters are shown with their Unicode equivalents. Since CP 037 contains all of the standard Latin-1 characters, it is possible to translate the character

neg: Orania, Northern Cape pre-democratic South Africa within an enclave, while residents contend the desire to preserve their linguistic and cultural heritage, and protect themselves from high crime levels is their motivation, and they are seeking the right to self-determination as provided by the Constitution of South Africa. The town's relations with the South African government are non-confrontational, and although opposed to the aspirations of the community, it has recognised them as legitimate. The small community has a radio station and its own currency, the Ora. The Diamond Fields Advertiser reported a population of 1,500 in July 2017. More than 100 businesses are located

neg: Origins (cosmetics) announced a new Original Skin collection later this year to target younger consumers' skin concerns with rough texture, enlarged pores, stressed skin, and loss of brightness. Origins' projections for 2015 include: continued strong top-line growth; increasing investment spending; constant currency net sales growth to be about 6%-7%; constant currency growth to be about 8%-10%; and emerging markets, excluding China, led by Turkey, Brazil, and South Africa to rise nearly 30%. At the end of the 2014 fiscal year, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa represented 38% of net sales and 51% of operating income, and Asia and the Pacific region

neg: Economy of Botswana financial services to Wholesaling and Retailing, Tourism and Information Technology. To date, the BSE is one of Africa’s best performing stock exchanges, averaging 24% aggregate return in the past decade. This has allowed the BSE to be the third largest stock exchange, in terms of market capitalisation, in Southern Africa. Given Botswana's lack of exchange controls, stable currency and exceptionally performing stock market, the financial sector has attracted a host of global investors seeking better returns. Botswana's currency, the pula, is fully convertible and is valued against a basket of currencies heavily weighted toward the South African Rand. Profits and

neg: Bridget Masinga career as well as what would go on to be a long-standing relationship with M-Net. 2003 - 2005 Upon completion of the Miss South Africa reality show, Masinga relocated to Johannesburg, where she continued to work with M-Net. Although having unsuccessfully auditioned to present the first season of "Idols South Africa"; the producer of the televised vocal contest (Gavin Wratten, who also happened to have directed the Miss South Africa pageant) told Masinga about a future project by the name of Go! - a youth focused television channel that was set to be broadcast on DStv. Masinga stayed with the

neg: National bank of the "Big Four" banks in South Africa. In the United States, the term "national bank" originally referred to the Revolutionary War-era Bank of North America (later the First Bank of the United States) or its successor, the Second Bank of the United States. Both are now defunct. In the modern United States, the term "national bank" has a precise meaning: a banking institution chartered and supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC"), an agency in the U.S. Treasury Department, pursuant to the National Bank Act. Inclusion in the bank's name of the word "National", the

neg: Exonumia more than one language although Spanish is the prevalent one. Plantation tokens can have an array of denominations and names. The name can be the owner or their relatives. Sometimes the token can have the name of the farm (or finca). Lastly, tokens had allegorical symbols to identify the owner. Very little documentation exists since the inception of Latin American tokens, therefore, many tokens cannot be verified as to who the real owner is or what the symbol or symbols meant. Tokens in Latin America were used as currency since there was not enough official currency available. Customarily, workers could

neg: Nongqawuse Nongqawuse Nongqawuse (; "c." 1841 – 1898) was the Xhosa prophet whose prophecies led to a millenarian movement that culminated in the Xhosa cattle-killing movement and famine of 1856-7, in what is now Eastern Cape, South Africa. Nongqawuse was born in 1841 near Gxarha River in the independent Xhosaland close to the border of the recently colonized territory of British Kaffraria in South Africa. Little is known of Nongqawuse's parents as they died when she was young. According to Jeffrey B. Peires, Nongqawuse stated in a deposition that "Mhlakaza was my uncle...my father's name Umhlanhla of the Kreli tribe. He

neg: Rhodesian dollar its exchange rate was therefore not an indication of the underlying economics. In adopting the Rhodesian dollar, Rhodesia followed the pattern of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand in that when it adopted the decimal system, it decided to use the half pound unit as opposed to the pound unit of account. The choice of the name dollar was favoured by the then Minister of Finance, John Wrathall, who regarded it as having international substance. On 17 February 1970 the Rhodesian dollar was introduced and was par to the Pound; the currency was factured as follows - bronze and 1