query: who founded some of the first movements toward independent living and disability rights

pos: Independent living Independent Living ideologists and organizers were people with extensive disabilities (e.g., Ed Roberts, Judith Heumann, Peg Nosek, Lex Frieden) and of course, early friends and collaborators in the 1970s (Julie Ann Racino) and university and government supporters throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Ed Roberts was a quadriplegic who dealt with discrimination in many different aspects of his life. His fight for acceptance in schools, however, is what Roberts is most well known for. In high school, Roberts was stopped from graduating because he could not complete his gym requirement, as he was paralyzed and spent most of his time in

pos: Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund The Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund (DREDF), located in Berkeley, California and Washington, DC, USA is a national cross-disability civil rights law and policy center directed by individuals with disabilities and parents who have children with disabilities. Founded in 1979, DREDF advances the civil and human rights of people with disabilities through legal advocacy, training, education, and public policy and legislative development.The Berkeley office is located in the Ed Roberts Campus. An outgrowth of the Independent Living Movement, which had deep roots in Berkeley, California, DREDF was the first national, cross-disability civil rights

pos: Lex Frieden Texas. The collection chronicles the disability and independent living movements by people with disabilities during the last half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.. Lex Frieden Lex Frieden (born March 5, 1949) is an American educator, researcher, disability policy expert and disability rights activist. Frieden has been called "a chief architect of the Americans with Disabilities Act." He is also regarded as a founder and leader of the independent living movement by people with disabilities in the U.S. Lex Frieden was born in Alva, Oklahoma, a rural community in northwestern Oklahoma. He graduated from Alva

pos: Independent living its neighbors. ENIL promotes Independent Living at the European level but also at national and regional levels. In 1972, the first Center for Independent Living was founded by disability activists, led by Ed Roberts, in Berkeley, California. These Centers were created to offer peer support and role modeling, and are run and controlled by persons with disabilities. According to the IL approach, the example of a peer, somebody who has been in a similar situation, can be more powerful than a non-disabled professional's interventions in analyzing one's situation, in assuming responsibility for one's life and in developing coping strategies. According

pos: Judith Heumann Judith Heumann Judith E. "Judy" Heumann (born 1947) is an American disability rights activist. An internationally recognized leader in the disability community, Heumann is a lifelong civil rights advocate for people with disabilities. Her work with governments and non governmental organizations (NGOs) has produced significant contributions since the 1970s to the development of human rights legislation and policies benefiting children and adults with disabilities. Through her work in the World Bank and the State Department, Heumann led the mainstreaming of disability rights into international development. Her contributions extended the international reach of the independent living movement. Heumann's commitment to disability

pos: Disability and poverty reduction strategies is a unique change to rethink and rewrite that agenda.” The link between disability and development has been further stressed by Judith Heumann, the World Bank's first advisor for international disability rights, who indicated that of the 650 million people living with disabilities today eighty percent live in developing countries. Additionally, some research investigations with proved social impact are opening venues that lead to establish enabling factors to break the cycle of deprivation faced by poor people with disabilities. According to the United Kingdom Department for International Development, 10,000 individuals with disabilities die each day as a result

pos: Lives Worth Living housing, transportation, telecommunications and state and local government services. The documentary intersperses archival footage with first-person interviews with disability rights activists who fought discrimination such as Fred Fay, I. King Jordan, Judi Chamberlin and Judith Heumann, and with legislators who helped draft and secure the passage of the ADA, including Tony Coelho and Tom Harkin. From the beginnings of the disability rights movement, when veterans with disabilities returning home from World War II began to demand an end to discrimination and for better access to employment and other social opportunities, "Lives Worth Living" traces the history of the movement in

pos: Lex Frieden Lex Frieden Lex Frieden (born March 5, 1949) is an American educator, researcher, disability policy expert and disability rights activist. Frieden has been called "a chief architect of the Americans with Disabilities Act." He is also regarded as a founder and leader of the independent living movement by people with disabilities in the U.S. Lex Frieden was born in Alva, Oklahoma, a rural community in northwestern Oklahoma. He graduated from Alva Senior High School in 1967 and began studying electrical engineering at Oklahoma State University. It was as a freshman that he sustained a spinal cord injury in an automobile

neg: Family Movement them to support their sons and daughters who were creating their own movements, including the Independent Living movement which had strong roots in the 1970s laws (e.g., Rehabilitation Act of 1973) and self-advocacy movement which obtained university parent-professional support in its inception. The AHRC New York City was founded in 1949. Family Movement The Family Movement, also known in the past as the Parent Movement, is an arm of the disability rights movement, a larger social movement. The Family Movement advocates for the economic and social rights of family members with a disability. Key elements include: social inclusion; active participation;

neg: Disability rights movement rights of people with mental health disabilities focus mainly on self-determination, and an individual’s ability to live independently. The right to have an independent life, using paid assistant care instead of being institutionalized, if the individual wishes, is a major goal of the disability rights movement, and is the main goal of the similar independent living and self-advocacy movements, which are most strongly associated with people with intellectual disabilities and mental health disorders. These movements have supported people with disabilities to live as more active participants in society. Access to education and employment have also been a major focus of

neg: Disability rights movement wide range of benefit changes are estimated to affect disabled people disproportionately and to compromise disabled people's right to independent living. The disability rights movement began in the 1960s, encouraged by the examples of the Civil Rights Movement and women’s rights movements. It was at this time that disability rights advocacy began to have a cross-disability focus. People with different kinds of disabilities (physical and mental disabilities, along with visual and hearing disabilities) and different essential needs came together to fight for a common cause. In 1948, a watershed for the movement was the proof of the existence of physical

neg: History of poliomyelitis who had been paralyzed by polio matured, they began to demand the right to participate in the mainstream of society. Polio survivors were often in the forefront of the disability rights movement that emerged in the United States during the 1970s, and pushed legislation such as the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 which protected qualified individuals from discrimination based on their disability, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Other political movements led by polio survivors include the Independent Living and Universal design movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Polio survivors are one of the largest disabled groups in the

neg: Disability Rights UK from Disability Rights UK, as well as some local authorities. Disability Rights UK Disability Rights UK is a UK pan-disability charity which was set up with the aim of representing the needs and expectations of disabled people in the UK. Disability Rights UK was formed as a result of several disability charities merging in 2012. Disability Rights UK was formed through a unification of Disability Alliance, Radar and National Centre for Independent Living on 1 January 2012. RADAR was formed in 1977 as the Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation and later renamed to Royal Association for Disability Rights (RADAR)

neg: Disability rights movement the initiative, individually and collectively, in designing and promoting better solutions and must organize themselves for political power. Besides de-professionalization and self-representation, the independent living movement's ideology comprises de-medicalization of disability, de-institutionalization and cross-disability (i.e. inclusion in the independent living movement regardless of diagnoses). Similarly, The Architectural Barriers Act was passed in 1968, mandating that federally constructed buildings and facilities be accessible to people with physical disabilities. This act is generally considered to be the first ever-federal disability rights legislation. Unfortunately for those with cognitive disabilities, their disability made it more difficult to be the best expert of their own

neg: Fred Fay notable, Roland W. Sykes, founder of DIMENET. He also appears in the 2011 disability rights documentary "Lives Worth Living". Fay died on August 20, 2011, at his home in Concord. Fred Fay Frederick A. Fay (September 12, 1944 – August 20, 2011) was an early leader in the disability rights movement in the United States. Through a combination of direct advocacy, grassroots organizing among the various disability rights communities, building cross-disability coalitions between disparate disability organizations, and using technology to connect otherwise isolated disability constituencies, Fay worked diligently to raise awareness and pass legislation advancing civil rights and independent living

neg: Disability policy in Sweden Disability policy in Sweden Of the 9.85 million people living in Sweden, it is estimated that around 25% of them are living with a disability. Since the late 20th century, Swedish policy toward disabilities has been centered around the idea of equal opportunity and equal rights for all. National, regional, and local governments play a part in creating an equal society, giving those with disabilities the chance to be economically and socially stable. Currently, Sweden has a two tier disability pension program. The first tier is a universal disability pension program that allows anyone between the ages of 16 and

neg: Disability rights movement Disability rights movement The disability rights movement is a global social movement to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for all people with disabilities. It is made up of organizations of disability activists around the world working together with similar goals and demands, such as: accessibility and safety in architecture, transportation, and the physical environment; equal opportunities in independent living, employment equity, education, and housing; and freedom from discrimination, abuse, neglect, and from other rights violations. Disability activists are working to break institutional, physical, and societal barriers that prevent people with disabilities from living their lives like other citizens. The

neg: Disability Rights UK Disability Rights UK Disability Rights UK is a UK pan-disability charity which was set up with the aim of representing the needs and expectations of disabled people in the UK. Disability Rights UK was formed as a result of several disability charities merging in 2012. Disability Rights UK was formed through a unification of Disability Alliance, Radar and National Centre for Independent Living on 1 January 2012. RADAR was formed in 1977 as the Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation and later renamed to Royal Association for Disability Rights (RADAR) RADAR (Royal Association for Disability Rights) was an umbrella organisation

neg: Leonard Cheshire Disability Leonard Cheshire Disability Leonard Cheshire is a major health and welfare charity working in the United Kingdom and running development projects around the world. It was founded in 1948 by Royal Air Force officer Leonard Cheshire. The mission of the charity is to encourage and move disabled individuals toward independent living, with the freedom to live life their way. The charity supports disabled people through local care services including residential homes, supported living, domiciliary support, day services, activity centres, respite care, transition services, and employment and skills support. It also runs political campaigns on issues affecting disabled people. In 2013–14

neg: Lives Worth Living Lives Worth Living Lives Worth Living is a 2011 documentary film directed by Eric Neudel and produced by Alison Gilkey, and broadcast by PBS through ITVS, as part of the Independent Lens series. The film is the first television chronicle of the history of the American disability rights movement from the post-World War II era until the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990. The disability rights movement is a civil and human rights movement wherein people with disabilities fight against discrimination and demand equal access and equal opportunity to everything society has to offer, including employment,

neg: Disability policy in Sweden is to offer disabled people the opportunity to work with the same rights that they would have if they weren't disabled. It also can help them get back into the regular workforce, although, this is rare depending upon their disability. Disability policy in Sweden Of the 9.85 million people living in Sweden, it is estimated that around 25% of them are living with a disability. Since the late 20th century, Swedish policy toward disabilities has been centered around the idea of equal opportunity and equal rights for all. National, regional, and local governments play a part in creating an equal

neg: Corbett O'Toole My Queer Disability History". Autonomous Press, 2015. Corbett O'Toole Corbett O'Toole (born 1951) is a disability rights activist. She had polio as a child. She ran the Disabled Women's Coalition office with Lynn Witt in the 1970s. She worked as a staff member at the Center for Independent Living in Berkeley from 1973-1976, and as a staff member for the Disability Rights and Education Fund (DREDF) from 1980-1983. In 1980 she established The National Disabled Women's Educational Equity Project in Berkeley, California. Based at DREDF, the Project administered the first national survey on disability and gender and conducted the first

neg: American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities the initial handful of centers grew over time to exceed 600. Today, there is one in every city and virtually every county in the nation. Bowe, Frank. Handicapping America. Harper & Row, 1978. Equality of Opportunity: The Making of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington, DC: National Council on Disability. Shapiro, Joseph. No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement. Random House, 1993. A Chronology of the Disability Rights Movement. List of disability rights activists List of disability rights organizations List of consumer organizations Oral History Project, Disability Rights and Independent Living. Oral History Project, American Coalition

neg: Family Movement ago.) This has subsequently been eclipsed by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities which was equally influenced by the emerging and now very strong consumer 'independent living' arm of the disability movement. In those early formative days families around the world began to question the accepted wisdom that they should institutionalize their son or daughter with a disability. But parents were isolated from each other. They had no way of knowing who else felt the same way. It was not easy for parents to get to know each other. Some resorted to placing ads in newspapers.

neg: Fred Fay Fred Fay Frederick A. Fay (September 12, 1944 – August 20, 2011) was an early leader in the disability rights movement in the United States. Through a combination of direct advocacy, grassroots organizing among the various disability rights communities, building cross-disability coalitions between disparate disability organizations, and using technology to connect otherwise isolated disability constituencies, Fay worked diligently to raise awareness and pass legislation advancing civil rights and independent living opportunities for people with disabilities across the United States. He won the 1997 Henry B. Betts Award for outstanding achievement in civil rights for Americans with disabilities. Fay was recognized

neg: Isaac Mwaura renowned disability advocates. In 2006, he co-founded Albinism Society of Kenya to champion the rights of persons living with albinism and disability in general. He serves as the national coordinator of the Albinism Society of Kenya. Mwaura is the chairman of Kenya Disability Parliamentary Association(KEDIPA), a network of legislators with disability. The vision of KEDIPA is to have a society where disability is mainstreamed fully into national and county development plans and where persons with disability enjoy the exercise of their rights on an equal basis with others without discrimination. People living with albinism in East Africa live in fear

neg: Corbett O'Toole Corbett O'Toole Corbett O'Toole (born 1951) is a disability rights activist. She had polio as a child. She ran the Disabled Women's Coalition office with Lynn Witt in the 1970s. She worked as a staff member at the Center for Independent Living in Berkeley from 1973-1976, and as a staff member for the Disability Rights and Education Fund (DREDF) from 1980-1983. In 1980 she established The National Disabled Women's Educational Equity Project in Berkeley, California. Based at DREDF, the Project administered the first national survey on disability and gender and conducted the first national Conference on Disabled Women's Educational Equity

neg: Deborah Kaplan (disability activist) the Center for Independent Living, the Disability Law Resource Center, and the Disabled Women's Support Group. Deborah Kaplan (disability activist) Deborah Kaplan (born 1950) is a disability rights activist and attorney. She did her undergraduate study at UC Santa Cruz and obtained her law degree from UC Berkeley. She is a quadriplegic. In 1974 she cofounded the Disabled Women's Coalition at the University of California, Berkeley, with Susan Sygall. Also in 1974 she cofounded the Disability Rights Center with Ralph Nader. From 1980 until 1985 she was an attorney for the Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund (DREDF)). She became

neg: Disability rights movement maximum accessibility. Web-based kiosks - prototypes for a version that will eventually be available to museums and other cultural institutions - provided alternate formats to experience the exhibition. The exhibition was open from July 6, 2000 to July 23, 2001. Disability rights movement The disability rights movement is a global social movement to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for all people with disabilities. It is made up of organizations of disability activists around the world working together with similar goals and demands, such as: accessibility and safety in architecture, transportation, and the physical environment; equal opportunities in independent living,

neg: Disability Rights UK which sought to work with and for disabled people in the UK. Its aim was to remove structural, economic and attitudinal barriers. It campaigned and produced policy statements and briefings on related issues and provided support services for its member organisations. Disability Rights UK campaigns on a number of issues, including independent living, work and education, and against hate crime, bullying and negative attitudes towards the disabled. Disability Rights UK offer several advice phoneline: a service for disabled students, a service to report disability discrimination, support with personal budgets and welfare rights advice for member organisations. As well as this,

neg: Disability programmes of his patients. In 2006, the Extremity Games were formed for physically disabled people, specifically limb loss or limb difference, to be able to compete in extreme sports. The disability rights movement aims to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for disabled people. The specific goals and demands of the movement are accessibility and safety in transportation, architecture, and the physical environment; equal opportunities in independent living, employment, education, and housing; and freedom from abuse, neglect, and violations of patients' rights. Effective civil rights legislation is sought to secure these opportunities and rights. The early disability rights movement was

neg: Independent living a burden for themselves and their families. These images have consequences for disabled people's opportunities for raising families of their own, getting education and work, which may result in persons with disabilities living in poverty. With the rise in Senior population, Independent Living facilities have risen in popularity as an option for aging citizens. The Independent Living Movement grew out of the disability rights movement, which began in the 1960s. The IL Movement works at replacing the special education and rehabilitation experts' concepts of integration, normalization and rehabilitation with a new paradigm developed by people with disabilities themselves. The first

neg: Freyja Haraldsdóttir of her political career, Freyja worked at Independent Living Centre from 2010 to 2014 as a director. After leaving the ILC, she co-founded the company Tabú whose goal is to create safe spaces for women with disabilities in Iceland. In 2018, after her political career ended, she was subject to insults and reportedly "seal noises" by Members of Parliament who were recorded in a bar. Freyja Haraldsdóttir Freyja Haraldsdóttir (born 27 June 1986) is an Icelandic politician and a disability rights activist. She was elected to the Icelandic Constitutional Assembly in 2010 and chosen to become a deputy Member of

neg: Political movement such as abolitionism, the women's suffrage movement, the civil rights movement, feminism, gay rights movement, the disability rights movement, or the inclusive human rights movement. Some have represented class interests, such as the Labour movement, socialism, and communism, others have expressed national aspirations, such as anticolonialist movements, Ratana, Zionism, and Sinn Féin. Political movements can also involve struggles to decentralize or centralize state control, as in anarchism, fascism, and Nazism. With globalization, global citizens movements may have emerged. Movements may be named by outsiders, as with the levellers political movement in 17th century England was so named as a term

neg: Deaf rights movement Deaf rights movement The Deaf rights movement encompasses a series of social movements within the disability rights and cultural diversity movements that encourages deaf and hard of hearing to push society to adopt a position of equal respect for them. Acknowledging that those who were hearing impaired had rights to obtain the same things as those with no hearing impairments lead this movement. Establishing an educational system to teach those with hearing impairments was one of the first accomplishments of this movement. Sign language, as well as cochlear implants, has also had an extensive impact on the Deaf community. These

neg: Nothing About Us Without Us William Rowland, who had in turn heard the phrase used by an unnamed East European activist at an earlier international disability rights conference. In 1998, Charlton used the saying as title for a book on disability rights. Disability rights activist David Werner used the same title for another book, also published in 1998. The saying has since moved from the disability rights movement to other interest group, identity politics, and populist movements. Nothing About Us Without Us "Nothing About Us Without Us!" (Latin: "Nihil de nobis, sine nobis") is a slogan used to communicate the idea that no policy should

neg: Disability rights in New Zealand does not work, advice can be given on possible legal options. The Commission also developed guidelines for using disability rights language as a practical tool when referring to people with disability. However, the word-choice can reflect attitudes toward people with disability. Because of this, the Commission suggested to use people-centred language that recognises a person with disability is, first and foremost, a person. In their view, this is one of the many ways New Zealand can promote and respect the dignity of people with disability in accordance with the Disability Convention. The International Day of Persons with Disabilities first started

neg: Don Peuramaki Television Newsmagazine Programs award, given by the California Governor’s Committee for Employment of Disabled Persons, and one of the series episodes won the best documentary award. On December 4, 2004, Toronto Mayor David Miller honored six individuals, including Peuramiki, with a 2006 Unsung Hero award, on the occasion of International Day of People with Disability and Human Rights Month. In 2005 the Canadian Association of Independent Living Centres honored Peuramaki with its 2005 Consumer award. The award is given to individuals who live in an Independent Living Centre who have overcome career barriers. Don Peuramaki Don Peuramaki is a Canadian

neg: Max Starkloff Louis. He married Colleen Kelly, a physical therapist at his nursing home, in 1975, and the couple adopted three children. In 2007, he fell off of his wheelchair and punctured a lung, forcing him to use a ventilator for the remainder of his life. He died from influenza complications on December 27, 2010. Starkloff was passionate about disability rights and was one of the leaders of the "independent living movement," a grassroots movement meant to inspire young people with disabilities to take control of their own care. In 1970, while living in a nursing home, Starkloff founded Paraquad. The goal

neg: Disability rights movement researched standards criteria presents reliable access and non-hazardous conditions. In October 2011 the standard turned 50 years old. The standard has been emulated globally since its introduction in Europe, Asia, Japan, Australia, and Canada, in the early 1960s. One of the most important developments of the disability rights movement was the growth of the independent living movement, which emerged in California in the 1960s through the efforts of Edward Roberts and other wheelchair-using individuals. This movement, a subset of the disability rights movement, postulates that people with disabilities are the best experts on their needs, and therefore they must take

neg: Rebecca Cokley rights issues of the day including police violence, mental health services for students in post-secondary education, and disproportionality of students of color with disabilities in identification and discipline in education. In 2015, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act, the National Disability Mentoring Coalition named Cokley into the inaugural Susan M. Daniels Disability Mentoring Hall of Fame. She was also a recipient of the Frank Harkin Memorial Award by the National Council on Independent Living. Cokley has consulted or given expert testimony to the National Council on Independent Living, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the World

neg: Autistic Women & Nonbinary Network to join AWN's community and access its resources. Autistic Women & Nonbinary Network The Autistic Women & Nonbinary Network (AWN), originally founded as the Autism Women's Network, is a nonprofit advocacy organization in the autism rights and neurodiversity movements based in Washington, D.C. Its focus is empowerment and support for autistic women and nonbinary transgender people, both groups that have faced historical exclusion by male-dominant discourse on autism. AWN hosts two projects focused on intersectionality in the disability rights community: Divergent, a project focused on disability and feminism, and the Autism, Race, and Ethnicity Committee. AWN also manages its own

neg: Autistic Women & Nonbinary Network Autistic Women & Nonbinary Network The Autistic Women & Nonbinary Network (AWN), originally founded as the Autism Women's Network, is a nonprofit advocacy organization in the autism rights and neurodiversity movements based in Washington, D.C. Its focus is empowerment and support for autistic women and nonbinary transgender people, both groups that have faced historical exclusion by male-dominant discourse on autism. AWN hosts two projects focused on intersectionality in the disability rights community: Divergent, a project focused on disability and feminism, and the Autism, Race, and Ethnicity Committee. AWN also manages its own small publishing house, DragonBee Press, which has published

neg: Independent living bus as our neighbors, work in jobs that are in line with our education and interests, and raise families of our own. We are profoundly ordinary people sharing the same need to feel included, recognized and loved." In the 1970s/1980s, in Germany, the autonomous disability rights movement, also called the cripples movement, claimed for themselves the word "cripple" in the sense of a reappropriation.The "cripple tribunal" in Dortmund on 13 December 1981 was one of the main protest actions of the autonomous German disability movement (in confrontation with the established disability assistance) against human rights abuses in Nursing homes and

neg: Disability in Zimbabwe Disability in Zimbabwe Disability affects many people living in Zimbabwe. Disabled people are one of the most marginalised, excluded and poorest groups in Zimbabwean society. People with disabilities in Zimbabwe are treated as second-class citizens. It is estimated about 900 000–1.4 million people have some sort of disability in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is a State Party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). It is estimated that disability in Zimbabwe is 7% out of the total population which prevails in Zimbabwe. Disability exists in Zimbabwe mainly

neg: Legal opportunity structure which have seen legal mobilization by social movements, including the environmental, animal rights, women's, LGBT, labor, civil rights, human rights, and disability movements. Legal opportunity structure Legal opportunity structure or legal opportunity is a concept found in the study of law and social movements. It was first used in order to distinguish it from political opportunity structure or political opportunity, on the basis that law and the courts deserved to be studied in their own right rather than being lumped together with political institutions. Legal opportunities are made up of: access to the courts, which may be affected in particular

neg: Superfest International Disability Film Festival In 1995, CDT decided to move Superfest from Los Angeles to Berkeley. Berkeley is significant to the disability rights movement and independent living. In 1998, Superfest expanded to encompass the San Francisco Bay Area. Annual film festivals were held in Berkeley from 1998 to 2011. In 2009, Superfest held a commemorative two-day program featuring 13 disability films the committee considered classics of disability in film called Superfest Classics. In 2015, Superfest expanded to a two-day festival and recognized the 25th anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act being signed into legislation. With the beginnings as a grass-roots organization, Superfest has

neg: Gini Laurie organizations that remain vigorous continuations of her legacy. Through them she developed international networks of polio survivors and other people with physical disabilities, healthcare professionals in the field of rehabilitation, policymakers, and disability rights activists. She edited and published a newsletter that soon grew into an influential magazine called the "Rehabilitation Gazette: International Journal of Independent Living by and for Persons with a Disability". During the 1980s, she organized international conferences to deal with the emerging crisis with post-polio syndrome. In 1984, she co-edited and published the first edition of the "Handbook on the Late Effects of Poliomyelitis for Physicians

neg: National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research The National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR) is a United States governmental agency that provides leadership and support for a comprehensive program of research related to the rehabilitation of individuals with disabilities. It was previously The National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, a subordinate of the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS) — part of United States Department of Education. In 2015, as a result of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, the organization became part of the Administration for Community Living (ACL), within

neg: Deaf rights movement but they do not reverse deafness, or create a normal perception of sounds. The Deaf community still insists that a child not be fitted with a cochlear implant until old enough to decide for themselves because the affects are irreversible and could cause a lifetime of pain, regret, and hatred/isolation. Deaf rights movement The Deaf rights movement encompasses a series of social movements within the disability rights and cultural diversity movements that encourages deaf and hard of hearing to push society to adopt a position of equal respect for them. Acknowledging that those who were hearing impaired had rights to

neg: Youth and disability prisoners than among those outside of prison. Such illnesses relate to at least some of the difficulties former inmates experience after they are released. Those who were diagnosed with a mental disability may have a harder time readjusting to life outside of prison after being released; this often consists of repetition of crime, or difficulty maintaining independent stability financially or emotionally. Youth and disability Worldwide, there are between 180 and 220 million youth with disabilities. Eighty percent of disabled youth live in developing countries, and therefore have even less access to education, health care, jobs and general rights Disabilities include

neg: Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund applying the ADA to Internet-only businesses. Other litigation succeeds in requiring the US Social Security Administration to provide all notices to beneficiaries in alternative formats. Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund The Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund (DREDF), located in Berkeley, California and Washington, DC, USA is a national cross-disability civil rights law and policy center directed by individuals with disabilities and parents who have children with disabilities. Founded in 1979, DREDF advances the civil and human rights of people with disabilities through legal advocacy, training, education, and public policy and legislative development.The Berkeley office is located in the

neg: Human rights movement in the Soviet Union Soviet Union also included movements of nations that had been deported under Stalin, religious movements that opposed the anti-religious state directives, and other groups such as reform communists and independent unions. Some later human rights activists came from a circle of reform communists around Pyotr Grigorenko, a Ukrainian army general who fell out of favor in the early 1960s. The Crimean Tatars, an ethnic group who had been deported under Stalin and who had formed a movement petitioning to return to their homeland, would serve as an inspiration for the human rights activists, and their leader Mustafa Dzhemilev was later

neg: Judge Rotenberg Educational Center electric shock." There has been considerable controversy around the use of the GEDs, including calls from some disability rights groups for legal protections against the use of aversives, including Disability Rights International, the Autistic Self Advocacy Network, and the Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth. Numerous advocates from the neurodiversity and self-advocacy movements, including Ari Ne'eman, Shain Neumeier, and Lydia Brown have also repeatedly condemned the Judge Rotenberg Center's use of the GED and other forms of behavioral modification, including restraint and seclusion, in testimony to United States federal and state legislative and regulatory bodies and in public

neg: Disability rights and policy in Japan the way disabled people were treated across Japan through “sit-ins to stop inaccessible buses, worked against the compulsory segregation of disabled children in separated schools and organised protests against the Eugenics Protection Law, which legalised abortion when the foetus had disabilities." Attention towards disability rights grew throughout the 1970s; an increasing number of people with disabilities were leaving their family homes and residential institutions in a move towards independent living, with the help of volunteer attendants. This increase in demand led to a deficit of volunteers, prompting calls for the government to establish programmes to aid disabled people in hiring

neg: The Disability Rag of books and monographs on disability issues. "The Disability Rag's" first issue - a 4-page bifold produced at a quick-print shop - published in January, 1980 in Louisville KY, with both news items for the local disability activism community in Louisville and a first-person account of "living like a refugee" as a person with a disability. The publication was the effort of two Louisville women who were active in local disability organizations: Cass Irvin, a polio survivor who believed that "there needed to be some way for [disabled] people to connect" and Mary Johnson, who was non-disabled and had a

neg: Robert Martin (disability rights activist) Robert Martin (disability rights activist) Robert Martin MNZM (b. 1957) is a disability rights activist from New Zealand who has promoted the self advocacy movement internationally and was involved in the proceedings resulting in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. He is a member the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities for the 2017–2020 term. Robert was born in Whanganui, New Zealand. A difficult birth resulted in a brain injury. As a baby he was sent to Kimberley Mental Deficiency Colony (later renamed the Kimberley Centre). Apart from brief periods living

neg: Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial the president in a chair with a cloak obscuring the chair, showing him as he appeared to the public during his life. Roosevelt's reliance on a wheelchair was not publicized during his life, as there was a stigma of weakness and instability associated with any disability. However, historians and some disability-rights advocates wanted his disability to be shown for historical accuracy and to tell the story of what they believed to be the source of his strength. Other disability advocates, while not necessarily against showing him in a wheelchair, were wary of protests about the memorial that leaned toward making

neg: Learning disability typical teacher or services provider. Learning disability theory is founded in the medical model of disability, in that disability is perceived as an individual deficit that is biological in origin. Researchers working within a social model of disability assert that there are social or structural causes of disability or the assignation of the label of disability, and even that disability is entirely socially constructed. Since the turn of the 19th century, education in the United States has been geared toward producing citizens who can effectively contribute to a capitalistic society, with a cultural premium on efficiency and science. More agrarian

neg: Muscular Dystrophy Association can continue making progress toward finding a cure." According to a Better Business Bureau summary released in September, 2015, the Organization: Charity Navigator, which is the largest independent evaluator of charities, gives MDA two out of four stars based on Financial, Accountability, and Transparency Performance Metrics. MDA and Lewis were once criticized by disability rights activists for their tendency to paint disabled people as, these advocates say, "pitiable victims who want and need nothing more than a big charity to take care of or cure them." Critics argue that focusing the public's attention on medical cures to "normalize" disabled people

neg: Timeline of disability rights outside the United States Introduction of independent mental health advocates (IMHAs) for 'qualifying patients'. 10. Electroconvulsive Therapy may not be given to a patient who has capacity to refuse consent to it, and may only be given to an incapacitated patient where it does not conflict with any advance directive, decision of a donee or deputy or decision of the Court of Protection. Timeline of disability rights outside the United States This disability rights timeline lists events outside the United States relating to the civil rights of people with disabilities, including court decisions, the passage of legislation, activists' actions, significant abuses of people with

neg: Disability rights and policy in Japan (JIL) was opened and, by 2006, over 130 ILCs existed in Japan that were associated with JIL. The ILCs offered an independent living programme which aimed to build on the social skills, confidence, and attitudes of participants. This provided those with disabilities with essential skills for living in the community that were not offered in segregated schools. Article 25(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services,

neg: Marca Bristo 2002, and as such was its first disabled chair. As of 2014 she is president of the United States International Council on Disabilities. She is currently the president and chief executive officer of Access Living of Metropolitan Chicago, of which she was a founder. Marca Bristo Marca Bristo is a disability rights activist. Bristo was paralyzed from the chest down in a diving accident in 1977, when she was 23 years old. In 1983 she cofounded the (American) National Council on Independent Living (NCIL) with Max Starkloff and Charlie Carr. She helped to write the Americans with Disabilities Act of

neg: Civil rights campaign in Seattle and disability; and in 1999 gender identity. Civil rights campaign in Seattle Movements for civil rights in Seattle started well before the celebrated struggles in the South in the 1950s and 1960s, and they relied not just on African American activists but also on Filipino Americans, Japanese Americans, Chinese Americans, Jews, Latinos, and Native Americans. They also depended upon the support of some elements of the region's labor movement. From the 1910s through the 1970s, labor and civil rights were linked in complicated ways, with some unions and radical organizations providing critical support to struggles for racial justice, while others

neg: Mental Disability Advocacy Center constitutional law expert group, supporting universal suffrage for people with disabilities. - in 2013, MDAC was long-listed for the Václav Havel Human Rights Prize. - In 2014, MDAC released a report on cage beds in the Czech Republic, after its ground-breaking first report published in 2003. This was covered by Lancet Psychiatry. Mental Disability Advocacy Center The Mental Disability Advocacy Center (MDAC) is an international human rights organisation founded in Hungary in 2002. It is headquartered in Budapest. The Mental Disability Advocacy Center (MDAC) is an international human rights organisation which advances the rights of children and adults with learning,

neg: Tom Shakespeare disability, genetics and bio-ethics and was the co-author of "The Sexual Politics of Disability" (1996; ). He studied political science at Cambridge University. As a radical student, he supported liberation movements such as feminism, anti-racism and lesbian and gay rights. During his MPhil, he wrote a book about the politics of disability. He also wrote the book "Disability Rights and Wrongs" published by Routledge in 2006 and edited "Arguing About Disability" published in 2009 by Routledge. He has worked as a research fellow at both Newcastle University and Leeds University, and has worked for the World Health Organization in Geneva.

neg: Disability studies noticeably younger in age than the heterosexual group. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of mental and physical health between the study groups, a higher statistic of those with queer identities having issues health wise than those straight identifying, reportedly due to the weight of social pressure and discrimination of minority sexual identities. Though these minority groups do not always intersect, the way they handle their own discrimination, can be compared in similar ways. Being that both the LGBTQ rights movement and the disability rights movements have been defined as minority discrimination movements, it has been said that

neg: Independent living independent living) under government payment structures in the US. The Independent Living philosophy postulates that people with disabilities are the best experts on their needs, and therefore they must take the initiative, individually and collectively, in designing and promoting better solutions and must organize themselves for political power. Besides de-professionalization and self-representation, the Independent Living ideology comprises de-medicalization of disability, de-institutionalization and cross-disability (i.e. inclusion in the IL Movement regardless of diagnoses). In the Independent Living philosophy, people with disabilities are primarily seen as citizens and only secondarily as consumers of healthcare, rehabilitation or social services. As citizens in democratic

neg: Social citizenship Disability Act (SENDA) made discrimination against special needs students illegal and called for 'reasonable adjustments' to be made in order to ensure equal access to education, a crucial aspect of social citizenship. The Disability Equality Duty (DED) created in 2005 called for institutions to begin planning changes to infrastructure in order to further include people with disabilities. Disability Rights movements in Europe have primarily been centered on making changes in social welfare policy. Organizations advocating for disability rights in Britain have argued for the elimination of stereotypes that cast people with disabilities as vulnerable and in need of community care.

neg: Gini Laurie for Independent Living in the US. There are now over 600. In 1974, she and her magazine supported the founding of the American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities (ACCD), a disability rights organization created, administered and led by people with disabilities. She was the only nondisabled member of its board of directors. In 1977, the same year that the ACCD successfully pressured the government to release final regulations implementing Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act, Laurie wrote "Housing and Home Services for the Disabled: Guidelines and Experiences in Independent Living". For three decades, she campaigned against the institutionalization of

neg: National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research the Department of Health and Human Services, and changed to its current name. NIDILRR's mission is to generate new knowledge and promote its effective use to improve the abilities of people with disabilities to perform activities of their choice in the community, and also to expand society’s capacity to provide full opportunities and accommodations for its citizens with disabilities. National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research The National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR) is a United States governmental agency that provides leadership and support for a comprehensive program of research related to the rehabilitation

neg: Disability and poverty point to the Western world as a demonstration that the association between poverty and disability is not naturally dissolved through the development process. Instead, a conscious effort toward inclusive development is seen by theorists, such as Disability Policy expert Mark Priestley, as essential in the remediation process. Disability rights advocate James Charlton asserts that it is crucial to better incorporate the voices of individuals with disabilities into the decision making process. His literature on disability rights made popular the slogan, “Nothing about us without us,” evidencing the need to ensure those most affected by policy have an equitable hand in

neg: Independent living Independent living Independent living, as seen by its advocates, is a philosophy, a way of looking at society and disability, and a worldwide movement of people with disabilities working for equal opportunities, self-determination, and self-respect. In the context of eldercare, independent living is seen as a step in the continuum of care, with assisted living being the next step. In most countries, proponents of the IL Movement claim preconceived notions and a predominantly medical view of disability contribute to negative attitudes towards people with disabilities, portraying them as sick, defective and deviant persons, as objects of professional intervention, or as

neg: David Shannon (lawyer) work with the disability rights movement in Canada, he was chosen in the summer of 2005 to help develop an international human rights treaty to protect the rights of the disabled. The treaty was eventually called the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and Shannon partook in discussions at the United Nations’ headquarters in New York to help craft it. In fact, he represented the Canadian Association of Independent Living Centres. Referring to the CRPD, Shannon noted that "[t]his will be probably the last major human rights treaty that’s seen in our lifetime." In the mid-2000s, Shannon

neg: Disability rights and policy in Japan attendants. It was not until 1986 when the Personal Attendants Program for Physically Disabled Persons was launched in Osaka City and by 1999, 153 hours of assistance were provided by the city to each disabled person. Based on an Independent Living Centre (ILC) “run by disabled people for disabled people” set up in California in 1972, a similar concept was developed in Japan. A number of Japanese citizens with disabilities were trained in managing ILCs in the United States before returning to Japan to open an ILC in Tokyo in 1986. In 1991 the Japan Council of Independent Living Centres

neg: Independent living in the community, Centers might assist with housing referral and adaptation, personal assistance referral, or legal aid. Typically, Centers work with local and regional governments to improve infrastructure, raise awareness about disability issues and lobby for and prohibits discrimination. Effective centers have proven to be in states like California, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. Independent living Independent living, as seen by its advocates, is a philosophy, a way of looking at society and disability, and a worldwide movement of people with disabilities working for equal opportunities, self-determination, and self-respect. In the context of eldercare, independent living is seen as

neg: James Charlton (activist) James Charlton (activist) James I. Charlton is an American author, disability rights activist, and Executive Vice President of Access Living in Chicago. He holds that disability is socially constructed. He created a model of the disability rights movement that differentiates between a number of different kinds of organizations. He has a graduate degree from the University of Chicago. Charlton has been Director of Programs, Executive Vice President and Acting President of Access Living since 1985. Charlton is an assistant professor in the Department of Disability and Human Development at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He is a member of

neg: Marca Bristo Marca Bristo Marca Bristo is a disability rights activist. Bristo was paralyzed from the chest down in a diving accident in 1977, when she was 23 years old. In 1983 she cofounded the (American) National Council on Independent Living (NCIL) with Max Starkloff and Charlie Carr. She helped to write the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and for her work on that Act she was granted the Secretary's Distinguished Service Award, the Americans with Disabilities Act Award and the 2014 Henry Viscardi Achievement Awards. She was also the chair of the (American) National Council on Disability from 1994 to

neg: Motability a Motability car. Breakdown cover is provided exclusively by the RAC. Adaptations are supplied and fitted by independent specialists who are accredited to Motability. Customers apply via accredited main car dealerships. The Wheelchair and Scooter Scheme was operated by Route2mobility until June 2010, when it was taken over by Motability Operations. In 2013, the Government started to introduce a new disability benefit, the Personal Independence Payment (PIP), which will gradually replace the Disability Living Allowance for disabled people aged between 16 and 64. Customers have started to be reassessed and as a result in some cases no longer receive an

neg: Societal and cultural aspects of autism say that "disability discrimination laws don't protect those who are not disabled but who 'still have something that makes them look or act differently from other people.'" But the autism community is split over this issue, and some view this notion as radical. Autistic Pride Day is an Aspies for Freedom initiative celebrated on 18 June each year. It is a day for celebrating the neurodiversity of people with autism. Modeled after gay pride events, they often compare their efforts to the civil rights and LGBT social movements. Autistics Speaking Day (ASDay), 1 November, is a self-advocacy campaign run by

neg: Rachel Hurst would be a slippery slope and many people who did not want to die could be affected". Rachel Hurst Dr. Rachel Mary Rosalind Hurst, CBE is the Director of Disability Awareness in Action (DAA), an international information/research/evidence network, run for and by disabled people. The DAA was established to: Dr. Hurst has worked with disabled people's organisations, policy-makers, governments and the UN for over thirty years on independent living, rights and justice and bioethics. Following the death of Diane Pretty, a sufferer of extreme motor neurone disease, who had unsuccessfully fought for a right for assisted death, Hurst said that

neg: Disability History Association Disability History Association The Disability History Association (DHA) is an international non-profit organization that promotes the study of disabilities. This includes, but is not limited to, the history of individuals or groups with disabilities, perspectives on disability, representations/ constructions of disability, policy and practice history, teaching, theory, and disability and related social and civil rights movements. The DHA defines both history and disability widely. This organization is both inclusive and international, reflected in its diverse topics and approaches. Membership is open to scholars, institutions and organizations, and others working in all geographic regions and all time periods. The DHA offers

neg: Disability History Association York: Cambridge University Press, 2014). Disability History Association The Disability History Association (DHA) is an international non-profit organization that promotes the study of disabilities. This includes, but is not limited to, the history of individuals or groups with disabilities, perspectives on disability, representations/ constructions of disability, policy and practice history, teaching, theory, and disability and related social and civil rights movements. The DHA defines both history and disability widely. This organization is both inclusive and international, reflected in its diverse topics and approaches. Membership is open to scholars, institutions and organizations, and others working in all geographic regions and all

neg: Disability rights movement and safe living environment, as well as other issues which pose a serious threat to the physical and psychological well-being of a person with a disability. Violations of patients' rights include failure to obtain informed consent for treatment, failure to maintain the confidentiality of treatment records, and inappropriate restriction of the right to communicate and associate with others, as well as other restrictions of rights. As a result of the work done through the disability rights movement, significant disability rights legislation was passed in the 1970s through the 1990s in the U.S. In the United Kingdom, following extensive activism by

neg: Mental Disability Advocacy Center Mental Disability Advocacy Center The Mental Disability Advocacy Center (MDAC) is an international human rights organisation founded in Hungary in 2002. It is headquartered in Budapest. The Mental Disability Advocacy Center (MDAC) is an international human rights organisation which advances the rights of children and adults with learning, intellectual and psycho-social (mental health) disabilities. MDAC uses the law to promote equality and social inclusion through strategic litigation, advocacy, research and monitoring and capacity-building. MDAC operates at the global level as well as regional and domestic levels in Europe and Africa. MDAC was founded by The Open Society Foundations (OSF) and

neg: Disability Rights International Disability Rights International Disability Rights International (DRI—formerly "Mental Disability Rights International"), is a Washington, DC based human rights advocacy organization dedicated to promoting the human rights and full participation in society of persons with disabilities worldwide. DRI documents conditions, publishes reports, and promotes international oversight of the rights of persons with disabilities. DRI was founded in 1993 by attorney Eric Rosenthal and jointly established by the Washington College of Law Center for Human Rights and the Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law. Since 1993, DRI has expanded offices into 3 countries including Serbia, Mexico, and Ukraine. On June 27, 2009,

neg: Latvian Centre for Human Rights Latvian Centre for Human Rights Latvian Centre for Human Rights (LCHR) () (until 2005—Latvian Centre for Human Rights and Ethnic Studies, LCHRES) is a non-governmental organization which seeks to promote human rights in Latvia, founded in 1993. Its director, as at 2018, is Anhelita Kamenska (earlier heads of the centre were Nils Muižnieks and Ilze Brands Kehris). Areas of LCHR activities include social integration, closed institutions, legal assistance in human rights cases, tolerance and anti-discrimination (LCHR is a National Focal Point of EU FRA's project ) and mental disability advocacy (LCHR is member of European Coalition for Community Living). Besides,

neg: National Council on Disability NCD fulfills its advisory role by publishing reports and promoting disability policies, programs, procedures, and practices that enhance equal opportunity for all individuals with disabilities, regardless of the nature or severity of the disability and empower individuals with disabilities to achieve economic self-sufficiency, independent living, and inclusion and integration into all aspects of society. Members of the National Council on Disability are individuals with disabilities, parents or guardians of individuals with disabilities, leaders on disability policy, or others who have substantial knowledge or expertise in disability policy, or other areas of interest that affect the quality of life and liberty

neg: William Monroe Trotter William Monroe Trotter William Monroe Trotter (sometimes just Monroe Trotter, April 7, 1872 – April 7, 1934) was a newspaper editor and real estate businessman based in Boston, Massachusetts, and an activist for African-American civil rights. He was an early opponent of the accommodationist race policies of Booker T. Washington, and in 1901 founded the "Boston Guardian," an independent African-American newspaper he used to express that opposition. Active in protest movements for civil rights throughout the 1900s and 1910s, he also revealed some of the differences within the African-American community. He contributed to the formation of the National Association for

neg: Judith Heumann Tankus, who she would later work with as disability rights activists. Judy Heumann began making major moves toward rights for people with disabilities in college, organizing rallies and protests with other students with disabilities. When she got out of school and was denied her New York teaching license because the board did not believe she could get herself or her students out of the building in case of a fire, she took the case to court. After the judge recommended that New York City’s Board of Education rethink its decision, Heumann became the first person in a wheelchair to teach

neg: International Ventilator Users Network the "Rehabilitation Gazette" in 1970, carrying a wide range of articles on independent living for people with physical disabilities. Laurie soon became one of the central figures in the development of the independent living movement and in the founding of the Centers for Independent Living in the United States. Laurie’s central concerns, however, always included ventilator users. Specifically, they concerned finding ways for ventilator users to leave hospitals and nursing homes with the support necessary for them to live active, effective lives as members of their communities. As some cross-disability organizations such as the American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities

neg: Disability rights and policy in Japan themselves. The Committee made various recommendations to the government which were used to form a plan on achieving harmonisation ready for the ratification of the CRPD. The resulting strategy involved three stages; the first was to amend the Basic Law for Persons with Disabilities, the second was to renew legislation for disability services and the third was to enact an independent law which would prohibit discrimination based on disability. Japan submitted a report to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in June 2016. This initial report contained comments made by the Commission on Policy for Persons with

neg: Reproductive justice 84% were transgender women and 15% were transgender men. In 2013, the CDC reported that percentage of transgender people who were newly diagnosed with HIV was 3 times higher than the national average. Because of the broad scope of the reproductive justice framework, reproductive justice activists are involved in organizing for a wide array of causes. These causes include movements for immigrant rights, labor rights, disability rights, LGBTQ rights, economic justice, and environmental justice. Other causes include organizing for comprehensive sex education, safe and affordable contraceptives, the repeal of the Hyde Amendment, and an end to violence against women and

neg: Hungarian National Alliance Hungarian National Alliance The Hungarian National Alliance (; MNSZ) was a short-lived electoral coalition in Hungary, formed in December 2003 by minor right-wing parties and movements to jointly contest the 2004 European Parliament election, the first in Hungary. The alliance was founded by independent MP Gyula Balogh, who had been a member of the Independent Smallholders' Party (FKGP) and Fidesz. He left the latter's parliamentary group in May 2003. Some members of the FKGP, Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP) and the entire Hungarian Entrepreneurs' Unity Party (MAVEP), the Pensioners' Party (NYUP), the Renewed Independent Smallholders' Party (MFKGP), the Party

neg: Group home hours per week), in spite of a nationwide decades press toward our own governments. This position is similar to a governmental position to pay not for ordinary goods, but only for specialized services. However, senior services of other kinds, including the senior centers, low cost meals, transportation, Veteran's health services and independent clubs, specialized day care (e.g., day care for older adult policies in Great Britain), local case managers, local Offices of the Aging (with Disability coordinators in some locations), and so forth are often available. Senior programs may also involve joint integration initiatives by aging and disability agencies resulting

neg: Disability rights movement social model of disability suggests disability is caused by the way society is organized, rather than by a person’s impairment. This model suggests barriers in society are created by ableism. When barriers are removed, people with disabilities can be independent and equal in society. There are three main types of barriers: Other barriers include: internalised barriers (low expectations of people with disabilities can undermine their confidence and aspirations), inadequate data and statistics, lack of participation and consultation of disabled people. Access to public areas such as city streets, public buildings, and restrooms are some of the more visible changes brought

neg: Disability in India blindness respectively. Conversely, some recent Hindi films have continued to display ill-founded stereotypes about people with disabilities.Also some Tamil film industry movies have portrayed disabled people like the movie "Deiva Thirumagal" which portrays a mentally challenged father and his daughter. Disability in India India is a party to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, having signed the treaty on 30 March 2007 and ratified it on 1 October 2007. Unlike those in the West, most people with disabilities in India and their families are focused on survival in the context of deep poverty. India's disability

neg: Rachel Hurst Rachel Hurst Dr. Rachel Mary Rosalind Hurst, CBE is the Director of Disability Awareness in Action (DAA), an international information/research/evidence network, run for and by disabled people. The DAA was established to: Dr. Hurst has worked with disabled people's organisations, policy-makers, governments and the UN for over thirty years on independent living, rights and justice and bioethics. Following the death of Diane Pretty, a sufferer of extreme motor neurone disease, who had unsuccessfully fought for a right for assisted death, Hurst said that it would be "very wrong for justice to say in certain circumstances people can die ... [I]t

neg: Disability studies Wilkerson also indicates that the erotophobia towards minority groups like people with disabilities further oppresses them, since it prevents these groups from gaining political power through sexual agency and power. The intersectionality of disability and LGBTQ communities is a more modern subject of study in which the relevance, historically, came about mostly in the 1960s and the 1970s with the surge of advocates in the midst of the vocal liberation and civil rights movements. These communities on their own are topics of numerous deliberations, however they also often link in significance in many ways. The significance of the movements however,

neg: Poliomyelitis world, polio survivors also helped to advance the modern disability rights movement through campaigns for the social and civil rights of the disabled. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 10 to 20 million polio survivors worldwide. In 1977 there were 254,000 persons living in the United States who had been paralyzed by polio. According to doctors and local polio support groups, some 40,000 polio survivors with varying degrees of paralysis live in Germany, 30,000 in Japan, 24,000 in France, 16,000 in Australia, 12,000 in Canada and 12,000 in the United Kingdom. Many notable individuals have survived polio and

neg: Independent living community organizing and advocacy, disability culture, girls and women with disabilities as well as disability and development. Supporting the movement and utilizing its work has become an important ingredient of many countries' social policy. "Independent Living does not mean that we want to do everything by ourselves, do not need anybody or like to live in isolation. Independent Living means that we demand the same choices and control in our every-day lives that our non-disabled brothers and sisters, neighbors and friends take for granted. We want to grow up in our families, go to the neighborhood school, use the same