query: what is the type of government in england

pos: Government of the United Kingdom the Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland Executive in order to differentiate it from their own. A key principle of the British Constitution is that the government is responsible to Parliament. This is called responsible government. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy in which the reigning monarch (that is, the King or Queen who is the Head of State at any given time) does not make any open political decisions. All political decisions are taken by the government and Parliament. This constitutional state of affairs is the result of a long history of constraining and reducing the political power

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Worcester County, Massachusetts the title "town" and are usually referred to by residents as "towns", but the Massachusetts Secretary of State's Office considers all eleven to be legally cities. Other sources within state government often refer to all eleven municipalities as towns, however. Massachusetts seems to be the only New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms of government but continue to call themselves "towns". In the other states, it does not appear that any need to officially label such municipalities as "cities" has

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Middlesex County, Massachusetts the title "town" and are usually referred to by residents as "towns", but the Massachusetts Secretary of State's Office considers all eleven to be legally cities. Other sources within state government often refer to all eleven municipalities as towns, however. Massachusetts seems to be the only New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms of government but continue to call themselves "towns". In the other states, it does not appear that any need to officially label such municipalities as "cities" has

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Essex County, Massachusetts town government (e.g., a board of selectmen, a town meeting). Of the eleven communities that have done so, all but one have generally continued to use the title "town" and are usually referred to by residents as "towns", but the Massachusetts Secretary of State's Office considers all eleven to be legally cities. Other sources within state government often refer to all eleven municipalities as towns, however. Massachusetts seems to be the only New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms of

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Hampden County, Massachusetts with town government (e.g., a board of selectmen, a town meeting). Of the eleven communities that have done so, all but one have generally continued to use the title "town" and are usually referred to by residents as "towns", but the Massachusetts Secretary of State's Office considers all eleven to be legally cities. Other sources within state government often refer to all eleven municipalities as towns, however. Massachusetts seems to be the only New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Franklin County, Massachusetts to be the only New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms of government but continue to call themselves "towns". In the other states, it does not appear that any need to officially label such municipalities as "cities" has been identified. For purposes of the New England town page and its attendant pages, the ten affected communities which call themselves "towns", including Greenfield, are classified as towns. The reader should be aware, however, that some sources will identify these municipalities as

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Norfolk County, Massachusetts be the only New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms of government but continue to call themselves "towns". In the other states, it does not appear that any need to officially label such municipalities as "cities" has been identified. For purposes of the New England town page and its attendant pages, the ten affected communities which call themselves "towns", including Franklin and Weymouth, are classified as towns. The reader should be aware, however, that some sources will identify these municipalities

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Barnstable County, Massachusetts New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms of government but continue to call themselves "towns". In the other states, it does not appear that any need to officially label such municipalities as "cities" has been identified. For purposes of the New England town page and its attendant pages, the ten affected communities which call themselves "towns", including Barnstable, are classified as towns. The reader should be aware, however, that some sources will identify these municipalities as cities. Barnstable adopted its

neg: Tanks of the post–Cold War era in the PRC's National Day parade in 1999. Following the completion of the Type 98, research into improved versions of the tank continued within the Chinese government. These programs produced the Type 98G, a refined iteration of the Type 98 with a better reliability record. At the end of 2001, the first batch of 40 Type 98G tanks entered service with the regular Army. The Type 98G eventually gave rise to what is now known as the Type 99, which was officially revealed by the government in 2001. The final version of the Type 99 included a 1,500-horsepower engine, as

neg: The Book of Swindles entertainers, mendicants, and swindlers. The overarching maxim of the "jianghu" is that people are often not what they seem, which is integral to the swindle story. "The Book of Swindles" is divided into twenty-four types of swindle: Type 1: Misdirection and Theft; Type 2: The Bag Drop; Type 3: Money Changing; Type 4: Misrepresentation; Type 5: False Relations; Type 6: Brokers; Type 7: Enticement to Gambling; Type 8: Showing Off Wealth; Type 9: Scheming for Wealth; Type 10: Robbery; Type 11: Violence; Type 12: On Boats; Type 13: Poetry; Type 14: Fake Silver; Type 15: Government Underlings; Type 16: Marriage;

neg: Social care in England contributed less while costs, notably staff overheads rose. Martin Green of Care England said, “My view is that if you ask me who is to blame, it is the government. The government should be delivering a very clear vision for what social care is, they should be giving clear expectations to citizens about what they should expect from the system and what they should expect to pay for. None of that is happening.” Chris Stevens of FRP said, “The fall in sterling against the euro will exacerbate pre-existing pressure on staffing costs in a sector reliant on overseas workers to

neg: Porter Sargent estimated forty thousand more look over their shoulders to read without meeting the admission price. Reviewing one of Sargent's books in 1947, Edmund A. Opitz wrote that what Porter Sargent says ... is important, but not so important as what he is. He is an independent and intelligent dissenter, a type once thought to be rather characteristic of New England and of which we were justly proud. It is our misfortune and the country's that this type is now rare ... He keeps his thinking open at both ends ... He is one of our best provokers of thought". The

neg: Connected farm used for both livestock and grain/hay storage. The bastle house is an arrangement which places the living quarters above the farm building and, usually, the farm animals. This type of connected farm was common as a defensive arrangement; living quarters were located high above for security reasons. In what Brunskill called the "simply connected arrangement" the domestic structure is connected to any type of farm building. Connected farm A connected farm is an architectural design common in the New England region of the United States, and England and Wales in the United Kingdom. North American connected farms date back to

neg: HM Customs to and from England should expect to pay the "rectae et antiquae consuetudinae" ('ancient and rightful customs'). The first written reference to a Customs-type payment in England is found in a charter of King Aethelbald of Mercia issued in AD 743 to Worcester Abbey, granting them the dues of two ships collected at the Hythe of London. There is evidence from as early as AD 979 of import duties being collected at what was then the City of London's principal wharf at Billingsgate (close to what would later be the site of London's Custom House); variable rates of duty are

neg: Monotype typefaces what is left of the machines are at the Type Museum in London, England. There the original matrices can still be accessed and parts of the old machines ordered. The collection itself is the property of the British Science Museum. The survival of the Type Museum is threatened since the building is no longer owned by the Science Museum, is in a very poor state of repair, and the new owner intends other uses for the property. The first two firms mentioned above produced a long list of fonts, which were identified by names and serial numbers. That type design

neg: Historic counties of England England until the creation of ad-hoc boards and, later, local government districts. At the time of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England, the ancient counties continue to form, with considerably altered boundaries, many of the ceremonial and non-metropolitan counties in England. Some ancient counties have their names preserved in multiple contemporary counties, such as Yorkshire in North Yorkshire and West Yorkshire or now correspond to another type of subdivision, such as the Huntingdonshire district. In some areas ancient counties have been abandoned for local government use and then later revived. The ancient counties as they existed in

neg: Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes the government cannot be led by opinion. All of this describes the "Mass-Government" relationship characterized by people demanding what has already been decided, in order to appear as though the government is actually caring about what the people need. The next part that the book discusses is psychological warfare. It is believed to be a peace policy that is used between nations as a form of aggression. This type of propaganda changes the public opinion of an opposing regime so that it can be in favor of their regime. The individual needs propaganda to gain satisfaction as a member of

neg: Comprehensive school (England and Wales) original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance. Comprehensive schools remained the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in

neg: Bugatti Type 18 If this car is typical of what the Prince Henry Tours produced the Prince Henry period can only be regarded as a most important constituent of the Golden Age.<br>Kent Karslake, 1956. The only other surviving examples are in the Schlumpf Collection, Musée National de l'Automobile de Mulhouse, France and the other car is privately owned and in England. Black Bess changed stable in 2009 for €2,427,500. Bugatti Type 18 The Bugatti Type 18, also called the Garros, is an automobile produced from 1912 through 1914. Produced shortly after the start of the business, the design was something of a relic.

neg: History of local government in England current system retains non-democratic elements to the election of the local government. The primary justification for this is that the services provided by the City of London are used by approximately 450,000 workers who dwell outside the City, and only by 7200 residents (a ratio not found elsewhere in the UK). In reflection of this, businesses based in the City can vote in the local elections, a practice abolished elsewhere in England in 1969. The City of London has a different type of ward than used presently elsewhere in the country, another remnant of ancient local government found in the

neg: Civil parish Civil parish In England, a civil parish is a type of administrative parish used for local government, they are a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties, or their combined form, the unitary authority. Civil parishes can trace their origin to the ancient system of ecclesiastical parishes which historically played a role in both civil and ecclesiastical administration; civil and religious parishes were formally split into two types in the 19th century and are now entirely separate. The unit was devised and rolled out across England in the 1860s. A civil parish can

neg: Magic in Anglo-Saxon England however commented that "the evidence for 'healing' or 'cunning' men and women in Anglo-Saxon England is sparse, and what little there is remains difficult to interpret." Evidence for the practice of witchcraft, or malevolent magic, can be found in the written records dating from the latter centuries of Anglo-Saxon England. The earliest of these are Latin penitentials written as handbooks for Christian priests, explaining to them the type of penance required for each sin, including the sin of witchcraft. One of the earliest of these was the "Paenitentiale Theodori", attributed to Theodore of Tarsus, who held the position of Archbishop

neg: England–Wales border extent to which it was able to be autonomous from England in public policy is a matter of debate. The establishment of devolved government in Wales through the Welsh Assembly, set up in 1999, has led to a divergence between England and Wales on some Government policies. One such is the fact that prescription charges were abolished in Wales in 2007. In 2008, residents of the village of Audlem, Cheshire, from the border, "voted" to become part of Wales in what was originally a joke ballot. Some residents sought to make a case for securing Welsh benefits such as free

neg: Liberal Party (UK) must. A despotic Government tries to make everybody do what it wishes; a Liberal Government tries, as far as the safety of society will permit, to allow everybody to do as he wishes. It has been the tradition of the Liberal party consistently to maintain the doctrine of individual liberty. It is because they have done so that England is the place where people can do more what they please than in any other country in the world. [...] It is this practice of allowing one set of people to dictate to another set of people what they shall do,

neg: Community school (England and Wales) community schools in the School Standards and Framework Act 1998. In 2008 approximately 61% of the state-funded primary and secondary schools in England were community schools. Community school (England and Wales) A community school in England and Wales is a type of state-funded school in which the local education authority employs the school's staff, is responsible for the school's admissions and owns the school's estate. In the mid-19th century, government involvement in schooling consisted of annual grants to the National Society for Promoting Religious Education and the British and Foreign School Society to support the "voluntary schools" that they ran,

neg: Frank Sinatra: Live at Melbourne Festival Hall star who was untalented, nor did they ever hurt any artist who was talented. So we, who have God-given talent, say, "To hell with them." It doesn't make any difference, you know. And I want to say one more thing. From what I see what's happened since I was last here... what, 16 years ago? Twelve years ago. From what I've seen to happen with the type of news that they print in this town shocked me. And do you know what is devastating? It's old-fashioned. It was done in America and England twenty years ago. And they're catching up

neg: Kukufeldia Kukufeldia Kukufeldia is a genus of iguanodont dinosaur that existed in what is now England during the Early Cretaceous period. Identified from a nearly complete right dentary (NHMUK 28660) found near Cuckfield and originally described in 1848 by Gideon Mantell, it was named by Andrew T. McDonald, Paul M. Barrett, and Sandra D. Chapman in 2010, and the type species is "Kukufeldia tilgatensis". It was originally identified as "Iguanodon anglicus", but the authors consider this a "nomen dubium" of which the type specimen BMNH 2392, some teeth found at the same location, is undiagnostic. The generic name refers to "Kukufeld"

neg: Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland) and 1930, urban districts continued to exist but were renamed simply 'towns' under the Local Government Act 2001. Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland) In England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland, an urban district was a type of local government district that covered an urbanised area. Urban districts had an elected urban district council (UDC), which shared local government responsibilities with a county council. In England and Wales, urban districts and rural districts were created in 1894 (by the Local Government Act 1894) as subdivisions of administrative counties. They replaced the earlier system of urban and

neg: Princeton, Illinois England in the 1600s. They were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s. Most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal. When they arrived in what is now Bureau County there was nothing but a virgin forest and wild prairie, the New Englanders laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes. They brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education, fueling the establishment of

neg: Waukesha County, Wisconsin from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s. They were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s. Most arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal as well as the end of the Black Hawk War. When they arrived in what is now Waukesha County, there was nothing but dense virgin forest and wild prairie. The New Englanders built farms, roads, government buildings and established post routes. They brought many of their Yankee New England values, such

neg: John Smith Griffin on the plains Griffin set up his own personal jail in order to detain Native Americans who would steal from him. In 1843, Griffin attended the meetings at Champoeg on the Willamette River where he opposed the type of resolution introduced at the May third meeting. Though opposing the type of measure, he did vote for the creation of the Provisional Government in what was a 52-to-50 vote in favor of the formation of a government. This temporary government continued until the government of the Oregon Territory was formed in 1849, after the region south of the 49th parallel north

neg: New England town municipalities also exist. Every New England state has cities. In addition, Maine also has a unique type of entity called a plantation. Beneath the town level, Connecticut has incorporated boroughs, and Vermont has incorporated villages. In addition to towns, every New England state has incorporated cities. However, cities are treated in the same manner as towns under state law, differing from towns only in their form of government. Most cities are former towns that changed to a city form of government because they grew too large to have a town meeting as its legislative body; instead, a city's legislative body

neg: Coleman Bridge (Windsor, Massachusetts) Coleman Bridge (Windsor, Massachusetts) Coleman Bridge is a historic Ball-patent pipe pony truss bridge in Windsor, Massachusetts. It is the only known surviving "in situ" bridge of its type, one of about two dozen built in western New England. It is located on an abandoned stretch of Windsor Bush Road which crosses Phelps Brook in what is now a remote upland section of Windsor. The bridge was located near farms owned by the Coleman family, giving the bridge its name. The bridge type was invented by Charles H. Ball, an entrepreneur from nearby Peru who developed the idea of using

neg: Lancashire Heeler Collie eye anomaly, Primary lens luxation and Persistent pupillary membranes. As well as these eye conditions, dogs of this breed may suffer from Patella luxation. Precise details of the origin of breed are unknown. However, it is accepted that a type of Welsh Corgi was used to drive livestock to the north west of England from Wales. In the Ormskirk area, a type of black and tan terrier called the Manchester Terrier was introduced which resulted in what is now known as the Lancashire Heeler. The breed has been known in its home county for over a hundred and fifty

neg: Social care in England care homes should make a 12% profit; its spokesman, Martin Green, alleges that the care home sector is at a tipping point, claiming that “the government is abdicating responsibilities for social care to local authorities. I think it owes more to the protection of vulnerable politicians than it does to the protection of vulnerable adults. ... The government should be ... giving clear expectations to citizens about what they should expect from the system and what they should expect to pay for...” Councils blame the 'squeeze on their finances by the government'. Although council tax rose substantially since 1997, under

neg: Caslon Caslon Caslon is the name given to serif typefaces designed by William Caslon I (c. 1692–1766) in London, or inspired by his work. Caslon worked as an Engraver of Punches, the masters used to stamp the moulds or matrices used to cast metal type. He worked in the tradition of what is now called old-style serif letter design, that produced letters with a relatively organic structure resembling handwriting with a pen. Caslon established a tradition of engraving type in London, which previously had not been common, and was influenced by the imported Dutch Baroque typefaces that were popular in England

neg: Municipal government in Canada Municipal government in Canada In Canada, municipal government is a type of local council authority that provides local services, facilities, safety and infrastructure for communities. Canada has three levels of government; federal, provincial and municipal. According to Section 92(8) of the Constitution Act, 1867, ""In each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to... Municipal Institutions in the Province."" There are about 3,700 municipal governments in Canada. Municipal governments are established under provincial/territorial authority. Like many Canadian political institutions, municipal government has its roots in the medieval system of government in England. Famously, the city of Winchester was

neg: Frame of Government of Pennsylvania Frame of Government of Pennsylvania The Frame of Government of Pennsylvania was a constitution for the Province of Pennsylvania, a proprietary colony granted to William Penn by Charles II of England. The Frame of Government has lasting historical importance as an important step in the development of American and world democracy. William Penn, as an English Quaker, sought to construct a new type of Community with religious toleration and a great deal of political freedom. It is believed that Penn’s political philosophy is embodied in the West Jersey Concessions and Agreements of 1677, which is an earlier practical experience of

neg: Non-metropolitan district have been abolished, by local government reorganisations such as the 2009 structural changes to local government in England. It does not include districts that still exist after becoming a unitary authority or those that transferred from one county to another, including those that changed name. Non-metropolitan district Non-metropolitan districts, or colloquially "shire districts", are a type of local government district in England. As created, they are sub-divisions of non-metropolitan counties (colloquially "shire counties") in a two-tier arrangement. Non-metropolitan districts are subdivisions of English non-metropolitan counties which have a two-tier structure of local government. Most non-metropolitan counties have a county council,

neg: Sellacoxa Sellacoxa Sellacoxa is a genus of iguanodont dinosaur which existed in what is now England during the Early Cretaceous period (lower Valanginian stage, around 140 mya). Identified from a nearly complete right ilium, pubis, ischium, and thirteen articulated posterior dorsals and sacrals (holotype NHMUK R.3788) found in May 1873 by John Hopkinson in the Old Roar Quarry, at Silverhill, near Hastings, from the lower Wadhurst Clay of East Sussex, England, that David Norman (2010) regarded as an individual of "Barilium". It was named by Kenneth Carpenter and Yusuke Ishida in 2010 and the type species is "Sellacoxa pauli". The generic

neg: Districts of England Government Act 1894 created urban districts and rural districts as sub-divisions of administrative counties, which had been created in 1889. Another reform in 1900 created 28 metropolitan boroughs as sub-divisions of the County of London. Meanwhile, from this date parish-level local government administration was transferred to civil parishes. The setting-down of the current structure of districts in England began in 1965, when Greater London and its 32 London boroughs were created. They are the oldest type of district still in use. In 1974, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties (also known as "shire counties") were created across the rest of England

neg: Community school (England and Wales) Community school (England and Wales) A community school in England and Wales is a type of state-funded school in which the local education authority employs the school's staff, is responsible for the school's admissions and owns the school's estate. In the mid-19th century, government involvement in schooling consisted of annual grants to the National Society for Promoting Religious Education and the British and Foreign School Society to support the "voluntary schools" that they ran, and monitoring inspections of these schools. The Elementary Education Act 1870 imposed stricter standards on schools, and provided for the setting up of locally elected school

neg: Moorland Moorland Moorland or moor is a type of habitat found in upland areas in temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands and montane grasslands and shrublands biomes, characterised by low-growing vegetation on acidic soils. Moorland nowadays generally means uncultivated hill land (such as Dartmoor in South West England), but includes low-lying wetlands (such as Sedgemoor, also South West England). It is closely related to heath although experts disagree on precisely what distinguishes the types of vegetation. Generally, moor refers to highland, high rainfall zones, whereas heath refers to lowland zones which are more likely to be the result of human activity. Moorland

neg: Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland) Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland) In England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland, an urban district was a type of local government district that covered an urbanised area. Urban districts had an elected urban district council (UDC), which shared local government responsibilities with a county council. In England and Wales, urban districts and rural districts were created in 1894 (by the Local Government Act 1894) as subdivisions of administrative counties. They replaced the earlier system of urban and rural sanitary districts (based on poor law unions) the functions of which were taken over by the district

neg: Quantitative easing "printing money" by some members of the media, central bankers, and financial analysts. Stephen Hester, chief executive officer of the RBS Group, said: What the Bank of England does in quantitative easing is it prints money to buy government debt, ... So the Quantitative Easing has enabled governments, this government, to run a big budget deficit without killing the economy because the Bank of England has financed it. However, QE is a very different form of money creation than it is commonly understood when talking about "money printing". Indeed, the term "printing money" usually implies that newly created money is

neg: Issues relating to biofuels shocks. The counter-argument includes considerations of the type of corn that is utilized in biofuels, often field corn not suitable for human consumption; the portion of the corn that is used in ethanol, the starch portion; and the negative effect higher prices for corn and grains have on government welfare for these products. The "food vs. fuel" or "food or fuel" debate is internationally controversial, with disagreement about how significant this is, what is causing it, what the effect is, and what can or should be done about it. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have argued that biofuels could

neg: Free state (government) Free state (government) Free state is a term that has been occasionally used in the official titles of some states. In principle, the title asserts and emphasises a particular freedom of the state in question, but this is not always reflected in practice, and what "free state" actually means varies greatly in different contexts: English Parliament, in the act forming the Commonwealth of England of 1649 to 1660, declared that "England is confirmed to be a Commonwealth and Free State and shall from henceforth be Governed as a Commonwealth and Free State." The Commonwealth had a republican constitution. In Germany

neg: Metropolitan borough Metropolitan borough A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England, and is a subdivision of a metropolitan county. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, metropolitan boroughs are defined in English law as metropolitan districts. However, all of them have been granted or regranted royal charters to give them borough status (as well as, in some cases, city status). Metropolitan boroughs have been effectively unitary authority areas since the abolition of the metropolitan county councils by the Local Government Act 1985. However, metropolitan boroughs pool much of their authority in joint boards and other

neg: Carbon governance in England representing what is classed as a “market-based instrument”, in that it represents an economic incentive to manage carbon usage more effectively, the CCL is not what is understood as market governance. This is because CCL is not representative of the market steering actors in their carbon behaviour, but the government imposing a sanction to govern behaviour, which is constitutive of hierarchical governance. Introduced at the same time as the CCL, CCAs are “negotiated agreements between sector industry organisations and the government” whereby “energy-intensive industries can obtain a 65% discount from the CCL, provided they meet challenging targets for improving their

neg: Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Hatherton that his purpose was to "implore their Lordships, in considering this question, to make the case of Ireland their own" and demanded the government treat it exactly as if it had happened in England. He asked the peers to consider what would have been their response if some pest had destroyed England's cotton imports: would they leave Manchester to its own devices? He demanded abolition of all residual restrictions on food imports. The government was proposing to finance relief from future taxes on Ireland. Hatherton rejected this explicitly. What would be the response to a famine in England: would Parliament

neg: Michel Ngue-Awane is when citizens can easily have the means to buy or access experiences they desire. For example, with money, they can buy the experiences of good food, good holiday, good hospital treatment, decent accommodation etc. These experiences do not necessarily require an elected government or regular change in governments to be expressed. In fact some changes in government can hinder these experiences and limit people’s possibilities to thrive. What people really want is the type of governments that encourage creativity, investment, freedom of undertakings, freedom of entrepreneurship, and freedom of ambitions, whether it is an elected government or not. Africans

neg: U.S. Government peer review policies U.S. Government peer review policies Most federal regulatory agencies in the United States government must comply with specific peer review requirements before the agencies publicly disseminate certain scientific information. These requirements were published in a Peer Review Bulletin issued by the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB), which establishes "government-wide standards concerning when peer review is required and, if required, what type of peer review processes are appropriate." OMB's peer review bulletin requires that US federal regulatory agencies submit all "influential scientific information" to peer review before the information is publicly disseminated. The Bulletin defines "scientific information" as:

neg: Feminist Fightback into minimum wage jobs or risk losing their benefits."We came with the message that we reject the ‘feminism’ of the Minister for Women and that that there is another type of feminism on offer. We don’t want a ‘feminism’ which is only focused on the interests of rich women." In May 2017, the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership made a historic commitment to extend the Abortion Act 1967 to Northern Ireland. In June 2017, the UK Government revealed plans to provide some type of free abortion services in England for women from Northern Ireland in an attempt to head

neg: The Last of England (film) The Last of England (film) The Last of England is a 1987 British arthouse film directed by Derek Jarman and starring Tilda Swinton. It is a poetic, rather than realistic, depiction of what Jarman felt was the loss of traditional English culture in the 1980s and his anger about Thatcher's England. (including the formation of Section 28 Local Government Act.) Declaring it a homophobic and repressive totalitarian state. In 1986, Jarman was also diagnosed with AIDS and had just finished his 'masterpiece', "Caravaggio", so the film is a confluence of angry imagination. It is named after a painting by the

neg: New England town federal Census Bureau listed all as towns through the 1990 Census. For the 2000 Census, some were listed by the Federal government as towns and some as cities, a situation that continues in Census materials since 2000. Massachusetts appears to be the only New England state where this issue has arisen, though other New England states also have municipalities that have adopted what amounts to city forms of government but continue to call themselves "towns". In the other New England states, it does not appear that any need to officially label such municipalities as "cities" has been identified. For purposes

neg: Oregon, Illinois in the 1600s. They were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s. Most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal. When they arrived in what is now Bureau County there was nothing but a virgin forest and wild prairie, the New Englanders laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes. They brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education, establishing many schools as well

neg: Hartford, Wisconsin the 1600s and were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s. Most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal and the end of the Black Hawk War. When they arrived in what is now Hartford there was nothing but dense virgin forest and wild prairie. They laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes. The settlers of Hartford brought with them many of their Yankee New England values such as a passion

neg: Type Archive Type Archive The Type Archive (formerly the Type Museum) is a collection of artefacts representing the legacy of type founding in England, whose famous type foundries and composing systems supplied the world with type in over 300 languages. The Archive was founded in 1992 and is located in Stockwell, south London, England. The Type Archive is the final repository of many of the original forms, punches, matrices and patterns of some of the most famous and successful metal and wood type foundries in the world. It also holds a historic collection of presses. It is estimated that the collections include

neg: Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet at the dictates of Redmond" and that "England "qua" England is opposed to Home Rule, and England must agree to it … I cannot bring myself to believe that Asquith will be so mad as to employ force". It is unclear what Wilson meant by "England "qua" England", although he did believe that the Government should be forced to fight a General Election on the issue, which on the basis of recent by-elections the Conservatives might win. Each side thought the other was bluffing. French, whom Wilson urged to tell the King that he could not depend on the loyalty

neg: Rural district Rural district Rural districts were a type of local government area – now superseded – established at the end of the 19th century in England, Wales, and Ireland for the administration of predominantly rural areas at a level lower than that of the administrative counties. In England and Wales they were created in 1894 (by the Local Government Act 1894) along with urban districts. They replaced the earlier system of sanitary districts (themselves based on poor law unions, but not replacing them). Rural districts had elected rural district councils (RDCs), which inherited the functions of the earlier sanitary districts, but

neg: Windfall gain Windfall gain A windfall gain or windfall profit is any type of unusually high or abundant income that is sudden and/or unexpected. Examples of windfall gains include, but are not limited to: What people do with windfall gains is subject to much debate. While they differ from one account to the next, most economists hypothesize that the majority of the gains are saved, due to the Permanent Income Hypothesis. Windfall profits are a type of windfall gain. They can occur due to unforeseen circumstances in a product's market, such as unexpected demand or government regulation. Since the profits were unforeseen,

neg: Koksan (artillery) Koksan (artillery) The M-1978 (Koksan) is a 170 mm self-propelled gun of North Korean design and manufacture. Very little information is available due to the secretive nature of the North Korean government. The designations "M-1978" and "Koksan" were given to the type by American military analysts, as they first became aware of it in that year in Koksan, North Korea. What is known is that it is a 170 mm (~6.69") self-propelled gun of the open turret type. It was first seen publicly during a military parade in 1985. At least one example has been acquired by the United States.

neg: Security, Territory, Population 1500 years. And what was produced or outcome of all this turbulence was constant battles of supremacy for this type of pastoral power, government over men and their souls. The Church rapidly colonized this type of new power between 11th and 18th century, and according to Foucault, the church laid claim to the daily government of men in their real lives on the grounds of their salvation and no example of this exist anywhere in history of societies. Furthermore, Foucault research goes on to show that all the religious struggles from this period were fundamentally struggles over who would actually

neg: Monarchy of Ireland Monarchy of Ireland A monarchical system of government existed in Ireland from ancient times until—for what became the Republic of Ireland—the early twentieth century. Northern Ireland, as part of the United Kingdom, remains under a monarchical system of government. The Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland ended with the Norman invasion of Ireland, when the kingdom became a fief of the Holy See under the Lordship of the King of England. This lasted until the Parliament of Ireland conferred the crown of Ireland upon King Henry VIII of England during the English Reformation. The monarch of England held the crowns of England

neg: Breed-specific legislation by breed label. This means that whether a dog is prohibited under the Act will depend on a judgement about its physical characteristics, and whether they match the description of a prohibited "type". This assessment of the physical characteristics is made by a court. The Act applies in England, Wales and Scotland, with the Dangerous Dogs (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 having a similar effect in Northern Ireland. The United States federal government has not enacted breed-specific legislation, but the Marine Corps has banned "large dog breeds with a predisposition toward aggressive or dangerous behavior", including pit bull-type dogs (among other

neg: Rape Crisis England and Wales Rape Crisis England and Wales Rape Crisis England and Wales is the national umbrella organisation for Rape Crisis Centres across England and Wales. As a registered charity, Rape Crisis also works to raise awareness of sexual violence and campaign for change. Rape Crisis runs a freephone helpline for people who want to talk about what has happened to them. Specialist support is also available at Rape Crisis Centres which are located throughout the UK. Rape Crisis is independent of the government and criminal justice system, and its services are available irrespective of whether or not the person wants to report

neg: The History of England (Hume) Protestant who had written a monumental history of England dedicated to George I. Bishop Hoadley was another luminary of the whig establishment. What Hume particularly objects to in Locke is his presentation of Robert Filmer's "absurd" patriarchal theory of government as if it were something new. What these writers shared was belief in a neverland of ancient English freedoms, which the Stuarts had overthrown. Nor does Hobbes fare any better with Hume: "Hobbes's politics are fitted only to promote tyranny, and his ethics to encourage licentiousness. Though an enemy to religion, he partakes nothing of the spirit of scepticism; but

neg: Human variability 1/3 of the true genetic variation is not expressed by this technique. Structural variation, which can include insertions, deletions, duplications, and mutations in DNA. Within the human population, about 13% of the human genome is defined as structurally variant. Phenotypic variation, which accounts for both genetic and epigenetic factors that affect what characteristics are shown. For applications such as organ donations and matching, phenotypic variation of blood type, tissue type, and organ size are considered. Measurement of human variation may also be initiated by governmental parties. A government may conduct a census, the systematic recording of an entire population of

neg: Edmund Ludlow might be governed by their own consent, it could not be just to treat them in another manner upon any pretenses whatsoever." On returning to England in October 1655 he was arrested, and on refusing to submit to the government was allowed to retire to Essex. When examined by Cromwell, he was asked: "Pray then,' said he, 'what is it that you would have? May not every man be as good as he will? What can you desire more than you have? It were easy,' said I, 'to tell what we would have.' 'What is that, I pray? said he.

neg: Taxation in the United Kingdom by tax type and behaviour Taxation in the United Kingdom Taxation in the United Kingdom may involve payments to at least three different levels of government: central government (Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs), devolved governments and local government. Central government revenues come primarily from income tax, National Insurance contributions, value added tax, corporation tax and fuel duty. Local government revenues come primarily from grants from central government funds, business rates in England and Wales, Council Tax and increasingly from fees and charges such as those for on-street parking. In the fiscal year 2014–15, total government revenue was forecast to be

neg: Filip Cabinet the project, how many road sections have been restored, are in work or are to be repaired, what is the volume of the investments, type of works performed, etc. The online map can be viewed on www.drumuribune.md. Government Reform On July 26, 2017, the Government of the Republic of Moldova entered a new stage, in the context of voting on July 21, 2017, by Parliament of the new structure of the Executive. Thus, following the transfers of competences, from 16 ministries remained 9 ministries. Government reform has generated more criticism about the process of drafting and implementing this initiative. The

neg: Interregnum (England) gentry. The Interregnum was a relatively short but important period in the history of the British Isles. It saw a number of political experiments without any stable form of government emerging, largely due to the wide diversity in religious and political groups that had been allowed to flourish after the regicide of Charles I. The Puritan movement had evolved as a rejection of both real and perceived "Catholicisation" of the Church of England. When the Church of England was quickly disestablished by the Commonwealth Government, the question of what church to establish became a hotly debated subject. In the end,

neg: Vaayai Moodi Pesavum humour. This crazy attempt from Balaji Mohan definitely warrants the support of fans who want different type of films to hit our screens more consistently." In contrast, Gautaman Bhaskaran of the "Hindustan Times" gave 2/5 and wrote, "For a good part, the film runs without dialogues, though the loud, almost irritatingly intrusive, background score robs the work of, what could have been otherwise, beautiful silence. And, what is downright silly is a government minister camping in the town – a man who is caught between a smart personal assistant and a haughty chief minister. Salman as the sales guy promoting

neg: Southwark London Borough Council Southwark London Borough Council Southwark London Borough Council is the local authority for the London Borough of Southwark in Greater London, England. It is a London borough council, one of 32 in the United Kingdom capital of London. The London Borough of Southwark (LB Southwark) was created on 1 April 1965 under the London Government Act 1963 at the same time as the Greater London Council and is a type of local government district. It is one of the twelve London boroughs designated as an Inner London borough. As with the other London boroughs, LB Southwark was created by combining

neg: Tanks in China with the regular Army. The T-98 eventually gave way to what is now known as the Type 99, which was officially revealed by the government in 2001. The final version of the Type 99 included a 1,500 horsepower engine, as opposed to its immediate predecessor's 1,200 horsepower powertrain. Also added were a Leopard 2A5-style sloped-arrow armor plate on the front of the turret, and additional composite armor layers on the sides. The People's Republic of China has, since its inception, designed and built its own weapons. Many of these designs were of foreign (primarily Soviet) influence, but China is increasingly

neg: Yeovil/Westland Airport Yeovil/Westland Airport Yeovil Aerodrome , sometimes known as Yeovil/Westland (to avoid confusion with nearby RNAS Yeovilton), is located in Yeovil, Somerset, England, west of the town centre. Yeovil Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P482) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Westland Helicopters Limited). In 1915 the Westland Aircraft Works was founded as a division of Petters Limited in response to government orders for the construction under licence of initially 12 Short Type 184 seaplanes, followed by 20 Short Type 166 aircraft. The name "Westland" was chosen

neg: 2014 Syrian detainee report and added: "This is a smoking gun of a kind we didn't have before. It makes a very strong case indeed." Crane said: "Now we have direct evidence of what was happening to people who had disappeared. This is the first provable, direct evidence of what has happened to at least 11,000 human beings who have been tortured and executed and apparently disposed of. This is amazing. This is the type of evidence a prosecutor looks for and hopes for. We have pictures, with numbers that marry up with papers with identical numbers – official government documents. We have the

neg: Deperdussin 1910 monoplane two-seater" was powered by a Gnome Gamma and was 8 m (26 ft 3 in) long with a wingspan of 10 m.(29 ft 10 in). The three-seater is described as being a different type. Neither the Shuttleworth Collection nor the RAAF Museum use any type designation for the aircraft in their collections. Deperdussin, like most contemporary French aircraft manufacturers, also ran their own flying schools, at Étampes, Pau, and Betheny in France and at Brooklands in England, and many early aviators learned to fly on Deperdussin aircraft. Two examples were bought by the Australian government and formed part of the

neg: Main river Main river Main rivers () are a statutory type of watercourse in England and Wales, usually larger streams and rivers, but also include some smaller watercourses. A main river is defined as a watercourse marked as such on a main river map, and can include any structure or appliance for controlling or regulating the flow of water in, into or out of a main river. The Environment Agency's powers to carry out flood defence works apply to main rivers only. In England main rivers are designated by Defra. The Welsh Government performs this function in Wales. Every other open watercourse

neg: Waldo Patent Waldo Patent The Waldo Patent, a letters patent also known as the Muscongus Patent or the Lincolnshire Patent, was a document granting title to of land in what is now the U.S. state of Maine. It is named variously for businessman Samuel Waldo, who eventually gained control of the patent, and for the Muscongus River, one of the grant's boundaries. In March 1630, John Beauchamp of London, England, and Thomas Leverett of Boston, England, obtained a grant of land from a company acting under the authority of the government of England. This grant was first known as the Muscongus Patent

neg: Carbon governance in England in a position to best judge what measures are best suited to their position, or may not be aware of what grants are available to them. Climate Energy offers a consultancy service promising to “leverage funding from utilities to support projects” for their clients through their connections in the industry. The initial government legislation was aimed at the energy suppliers with the overall aim of delivering individual household carbon reduction, but the actual delivery of this service has been performed by a private energy agency. The government is still the "central player" in that they have implemented the policy, but

neg: Forests of Poland the Soviet sphere of influence. Forest in Poland occupy the poorest soil. Coniferous type accounts for 54.5%, whereas broadleaved type accounts for 45.5% (out of that, alder and riparian forests account for 3.8%). A number of forested zones are now protected by the Polish government and, in many cases, they have become tourist destinations. Over the years, many of the largest Polish forests have been reduced in size, and that reflected on the structure of forest inhabitation. Up until the end of the 18th Century, beginning in what is known as the Middle Ages, forests were considered places for travelers

neg: Preventive detention on parole. Alfred Thomas Vincent has been in prison on preventive detention since 1968 and was still there as of 2018. Under Apartheid, the government of South Africa used preventive detention laws to target its political opponents. These included, notably, the Terrorism Act of 1967, which gave police commanders the power to detain terrorists—or people with information about terrorists—without warrant. England and Wales used to have provisions, introduced by the Labour Government in 2003, to deal with dangerous offenders similar to what is used in Canada. However, the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 abolished what was

neg: The Soul of Man under Socialism value. For what it seeks to disturb is monotony of type, slavery of custom, tyranny of habit, and the reduction of man to the level of a machine." He made a point of delineating "individual" socialism from "authoritarian" (government-centered) socialism, advocating a more libertarian approach, "What is needed is Individualism. If the Socialism is Authoritarian; if there are Governments armed with economic power as they are now with political power; if, in a word, we are to have Industrial Tyrannies, then the last state of man will be worse than the first." In a socialist society, people will have the

neg: Type Archive exhibition featuring the calligraphic work of Icelandic artist and handwriting expert, Gunnlaugur SE Briem, opened in June 2018, closing in mid-July. The display materials remain in situ, and it is hoped that pre-arranged access for small groups can be accommodated throughout the summer months. Further exhibitions are planned. Type Archive The Type Archive (formerly the Type Museum) is a collection of artefacts representing the legacy of type founding in England, whose famous type foundries and composing systems supplied the world with type in over 300 languages. The Archive was founded in 1992 and is located in Stockwell, south London, England.

neg: Dam removal be removed and the chosen method will depend on many factors. The size and type of the dam, the amount of sediment behind the dam, the aquatic environment below the dam, who owns the dam and what their priorities are, and the timeframe of dam removal are all factors that affect how the dam will be removed. Removal is costly no matter what and expenses typically rise when greater weight is given to environmental concerns. Fortunately, the cost of dam removal is usually shared by multiple stakeholders such as the dam owner and either the federal, state or local government.

neg: Young Nicholas (1798 ship) the Cape, to wit, Batavia, to England represented a violation of the British East India company's monopoly. When the goods were landed, Jessup seized them. The merchants involved had the authorization under a law of colony to ship them to England. Charges and counter-charges were made, and several people were relieved of their offices, Jessup among them. They then sailed to England. The government in May 1800 chartered "Young Nicholas" for a year in what appeared to have been a highly irregular arrangement. The government agreed with Walker & Robertson to a charter at rate of £1200 per month. Walker

neg: Generics in Java be called on an object that uses parameterized types. Here is an example where the element type of a codice_21 is parameterized by a wildcard: Since we don’t know what the element type of codice_22 stands for, we cannot add objects to it. The codice_23 method takes arguments of type codice_24, the element type of the codice_21 generic interface. When the actual type argument is codice_26, it stands for some unknown type. Any method argument value we pass to the codice_23 method would have to be a subtype of this unknown type. Since we don't know what type that is,

neg: Defensio pro Populo Anglicano Defensio pro Populo Anglicano Defensio pro Populo Anglicano is a Latin polemic by John Milton, published in 1651. The full title in English is "John Milton an Englishman His Defence of the People of England." It was a piece of propaganda, and made political argument in support of what was at the time the government of England. This work was commissioned by Parliament during Oliver Cromwell's protectorship of England, as a response to a work by Claudius Salmasius entitled "Defensio Regia pro Carolo I" ("Royal Defence on behalf of Charles I"). Salmasius argued that the rebels led by Cromwell were

neg: History of linguistic prescription in English History of linguistic prescription in English Prescription is the formulation of normative rules for language use. This article discusses the history of prescription in English. For a more general discussion see linguistic prescription. Languages, especially standard languages or official languages used in courts of law, for administration of government, and for the promulgation of official works, tend to acquire norms and standards over time. Once English became the language of administration of law in England, a form of late Middle English called chancery English became such a standard. When William Caxton introduced printing with movable type into England, the norms

neg: German Palatines vineyards were destroyed by the unremitting cold. With what little was left of their possessions, the refugees made their way on boats down the Rhine to Amsterdam, where they remained until the English government decided what to do about them. Ships were finally dispatched for them across the English Channel, and the Palatines arrived in London, where they waited longer while the British government considered its options. So many arrived that the government created a winter camp for them outside the city walls. A few were settled in England, a few more may have been sent to Jamaica and Nassau,

neg: Comprehensive school 1970s. In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies

neg: Henson trust Henson trust A Henson trust (sometimes called an absolute discretionary trust), in Canadian law, is a type of trust designed to benefit disabled persons. Specifically, it protects the assets (typically an inheritance) of the disabled person, as well as the right to collect government benefits and entitlements. The key provision of a Henson trust is that the trustee has "absolute discretion" in determining whether to use the trust assets to provide assistance to the beneficiary, and in what quantity. This provision means that the assets do not vest with the beneficiary and thus cannot be used to deny means-tested government

neg: USS S-3 (SS-107) USS S-3 (SS-107) USS "S-3" (SS-107) was the prototype of the "Government-type" "S"-class submarines of the United States Navy. ( was the "Holland-type" prototype and the "Lake-type".) Her keel was laid down on 29 August 1917 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard. She was launched on 21 December 1918 sponsored by Mrs. William L. Hill, and commissioned on 30 January 1919 with Commander John W. Lewis in command. Following outfitting and trials, "S-3" began her career with training operations along the New England coast operating out of Portsmouth and New London, Connecticut. In 1920, she twice visited Havana, Cuba: first in

neg: Cyborg anthropology can be used to represent and undertake research. Cyborg anthropology also looks at disciplines like genetics and nanotechnology, which are not strictly digital. Cybernetics/informatics covers the range of cyborg advances better than the label digital. Questions of subjectivity, agency, actors, and structures have always been of interest in social and cultural anthropology. In cyborg anthropology the question of what type of cybernetic system constitutes an actor/subject becomes all the more important. Is it the actual technology that acts on humanity (the Internet), the general techno-culture (Silicon Valley), government sanctions (net neutrality), specific innovative humans (Steve Jobs), or some type of

neg: American literature the administrative language from Dutch to English. From 1696 to 1700, only about 250 separate items were issued from the major printing presses in the American colonies. This is a small number compared to the output of the printers in London at the time. London printers published materials written by New England authors, so the body of American literature was larger than what was published in North America. However, printing was established in the American colonies before it was allowed in most of England. In England, restrictive laws had long confined printing to four locations, where the government could monitor

neg: Discourses on Livy such as Athens and Venice. Machiavelli then explains this idea and states that this greatly changes the way a city is viewed, in particular for Rome. Discussing then the different types or “species” of government, he states people typically say they can be principality, aristocracy, and democracy, all good forms. Each, however, is remarkably similar to a malevolent twin, called tyranny, oligarchy, and anarchy, and the virtuous governments easy deteriorated into their malevolent forms. Machiavelli then tries to determine what type of government Rome was, which he states was a republic, mixed with all three political systems, keeping each other’s

neg: Abstinence-only sex education in the event of rape or sexual assault, how to get tested for HIV and other STDs, and how to talk with a partner about birth control and STDs." Clearly, there is a disparity between the type of sex education curriculum teachers, parents, and students want and what government policy determines they receive. Another problem for abstinence education is the definition of abstinence. Santelli (2006) states that there is no strict definition of abstinence within the US federal government guidelines for teaching abstinence-only sex education, using a mixture of non-specific phrases, like "postponing sex" or "never had vaginal sex," while

neg: David Hume what is ideal or even legitimate." Hume supported the liberty of the press, and was sympathetic to democracy, when suitably constrained. American historian Douglass Adair has argued that Hume was a major inspiration for James Madison's writings, and the essay "Federalist No. 10" in particular. Hume offered his view on the best type of society in an essay titled "Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth", which lays out what he thought was the best form of government. He hoped that, "in some future age, an opportunity might be afforded of reducing the theory to practice, either by a dissolution of some

neg: National Heritage List for England National Heritage List for England The National Heritage List for England (NHLE) is Historic England's official of buildings, monuments, parks and gardens, wrecks, battlefields, World Heritage Sites and other heritage assets considered worthy of preservation. Properties on the list, or located within a conservation area, are protected from being altered or demolished without special permission from local government planning authorities. The passage of the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882 established the first part of what the list is today, it established a list of 50 prehistoric monuments which were protected by the state. Further amendments to this act increased the

neg: Supporting People England, it falls under the responsibility of Dept of Communities and Local Government who provide help to Local Authorities to run provide support programmes. In Wales, Supporting People is administrated by the Welsh Assembly Government The aims of the Supporting People Programme in Wales are: In Wales, a Supporting People Outcomes Framework has been developed to target and monitor the support provided. The aim of the Outcomes Framework is to help understand what Supporting People services achieve and to measure the impact support interventions have on those who receive services. The Welsh Government, local authorities and housing related support providers