query: when did the u.s.s.r launch the first satellite to orbit the world

pos: Sputnik 1 Sputnik 1 Sputnik 1 ( or ; "Satellite-1", or "PS-1", Простейший Спутник-1 or "Prosteyshiy Sputnik-1", "Elementary Satellite 1") was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957, orbiting for three weeks before its batteries died, then silently for two more months before falling back into the atmosphere. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. Its radio signal was easily detectable even by radio amateurs, and the 65° inclination and duration of its orbit made its

pos: Vanguard TV1 launched vertically. Due to later problems with Vanguard it was not the first rocket to put into orbit an unmanned satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergey Korolyov in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit. The USA responded by launching the Vanguard rocket, that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use

pos: Small-lift launch vehicle Small-lift launch vehicle A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting up to of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). The next larger category consists of medium-lift launch vehicles. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergei Korolev in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit. The USA responded by launching the Vanguard rocket,

pos: Vanguard TV0 orbit, but could reach a height of 88 km (55 mi) on long range trajectory and up to 206 km (128 mi) if launched vertically. Due to later problems with Vanguard it was not the first rocket to put into orbit an unmanned satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergey Korolyov in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth

pos: Sputnik (rocket) Sputnik (rocket) The Sputnik rocket was an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergei Korolev in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, it was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing "Sputnik 1" into a low Earth orbit. Two versions of the Sputnik were built, the Sputnik-PS (GRAU index 8K71PS), which was used to launch "Sputnik 1" and later "Sputnik 2", and the Sputnik (8A91), which failed to launch a satellite in April 1958, and subsequently launched "3" on 15 May 1958. A later member of the R-7 family, the Polyot,

neg: S-45 (satellite) S-45 (satellite) S-45 was an American satellite, which was lost in a launch failure in 1961. The satellite was intended to operate in a highly elliptical orbit, from which it was to have provided data on the shape of the ionosphere, and on the Earth's magnetic field. It was part of the Explorer programme, and would have been designated Explorer 10 had it reached orbit. A second identical satellite, S-45A, also failed to achieve orbit when it was launched. S-45 was launched aboard a Juno II rocket, serial number AM-19F. The launch took place from Launch Complex 26B at the

neg: S-1 (satellite) 4". "S-1" was the first geocentric orbit launch attempt for the rocket; its second attempt on August 14, 1959, carrying the "Beacon 2" inflatable sphere experiment to low Earth orbit, also failed. Eventually, both the Juno II and a re-launch of the "S-1" mission, designated "Explorer 7" or "S-1A", found success on October 13, 1959. The satellite, which ended its mission in August 1961, is still orbiting the Earth today. S-1 (satellite) S-1, also known as Explorer S-1 and Explorer 7X, was a geoscience satellite equipped with a suite of scientific instruments to study the environment around the Earth. The

neg: AS-103 in near-Earth orbit. Since the launch trajectory was designed to insert the Pegasus satellite into the proper orbit, it differed substantially from the trajectory used in missions AS-101 and AS-102. The launch vehicle consisted of an S-I first stage, an S-IV second stage, and an instrument unit. The spacecraft consisted of a boilerplate command and service module, a launch escape system, and a service module/launch vehicle adapter (BP-16). The Pegasus 1 satellite was enclosed within the service module, attached to the S-IV stage. The orbital configuration consisted of the satellite mounted on the adapter, which remained attached to the instrument

neg: Sputnik 2 “Korolev proposed substituting two 'simple satellites' for the IGY satellite”. The choice to launch these two instead of waiting for the more advanced Sputnik 3 to be finished was largely motivated by the desire to launch a satellite to orbit before the US. Sputnik 2, known to Korolev's design bureau as "Prosteyshiy Sputnik-2", meaning "Simple Satellite 2", was launched into a 212 × 1660 km (132 × 1031 mi) orbit with a period of 103.7 minutes on a modified ICBM R-7, similar to the one used to launch Sputnik 1. Sputnik 2's launch vehicle had several modifications for the mission.

neg: S-45A S-45A S-45A was an American satellite, which was lost in a launch failure in 1961. The satellite was intended to operate in a highly elliptical orbit, from which it was to have provided data on the shape of the ionosphere, and on the Earth's magnetic field. It was part of the Explorer programme, and would have been designated Explorer 12 had it reached orbit. It was the second of two identical satellites to be launched; the first, S-45, had also been lost in a launch failure, earlier in the year. S-45A was launched aboard a Juno II rocket, serial number

neg: Indian Space Research Organisation 15February 2017, ISRO launched onehundredfoursatellites in a single rocket (PSLV-C37) and created a world record. ISRO launched its heaviest rocket, Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-Mark III (GSLV-Mk III), on 5June 2017 and placed a communications satellite GSAT-19 in orbit. With this launch, ISRO became capable of launching 4-tonheavy satellites. Future plans include the development of Unified Launch Vehicle, Small Satellite Launch Vehicle, development of a reusable launch vehicle, human spaceflight, controlled soft lunar landing, interplanetary probes, and a solar spacecraft mission. Modern space research in India is most visibly traced to the 1920s, when the scientist S. K. Mitra conducted a

neg: Defense Satellite Communications System cancelled in May 1962. IDCSP was one of two recommended follow up approaches to deliver a working satellite. Philco (now Ford Aerospace) was contracted for the work. The IDCSP delivered a simple, spin-stabilized satellite placed into a sub-synchronous orbit that did not require station-keeping or active altitude control. The capacity was approximately 1 Mbit/s digital data. The first launch of 7 satellites was conducted in June 1966. The system was declared operational with the 1968 launch, and renamed to Initial Defense Satellite Communication System (IDSCS). A total of 34 IDSCS satellites were built, with 8 lost in a launch failure

neg: S-45A AM-19G. It was the final flight of the Juno II. The launch took place from Launch Complex 26B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 19:48:05 UTC on 24 May 1961. The system which was intended to ignite the second stage malfunctioned, and as a result that stage failed to ignite. The rocket failed to achieve orbit. S-45A S-45A was an American satellite, which was lost in a launch failure in 1961. The satellite was intended to operate in a highly elliptical orbit, from which it was to have provided data on the shape of the ionosphere, and on

neg: GPS satellite blocks ephemeris errors. The Block IIR series are "replenishment" (replacement) satellites developed by Lockheed Martin. Each satellite weighs at launch and once on orbit. The first attempted launch of a Block IIR satellite failed on January 17, 1997 when the Delta II rocket exploded 12 seconds into flight. The first successful launch was on July 23, 1997. Twelve satellites in the series were successfully launched. At least ten satellites in this block carried an experimental S-band payload for search and rescue, known as Distress Alerting Satellite System. The Block IIR-M satellites include a new military signal and a more robust civil

neg: E-st@r mode. E-st@r e-st@r (Educational Satellite @ Politecnico di Torino) is a miniaturised satellite built by the Politecnico di Torino. It is a 1-U CubeSat design weighing 1 kg. e-st@r was launched into Low Earth Orbit on the maiden flight of Arianespace's Vega rocket on the 13th Feb 2012. The launch was a multi-payload mission shared with LARES, ALMASat-1, Goliat, MaSat-1, PW-Sat, ROBUSTA, UniCubeSat-GG and Xatcobeo. The satellite was successfully deployed into orbit, and the signal received by the team’s ground station and by amateur radio operators. However, operations have been impeded by unexpected tumbling, and the satellite was put into

neg: E-st@r E-st@r e-st@r (Educational Satellite @ Politecnico di Torino) is a miniaturised satellite built by the Politecnico di Torino. It is a 1-U CubeSat design weighing 1 kg. e-st@r was launched into Low Earth Orbit on the maiden flight of Arianespace's Vega rocket on the 13th Feb 2012. The launch was a multi-payload mission shared with LARES, ALMASat-1, Goliat, MaSat-1, PW-Sat, ROBUSTA, UniCubeSat-GG and Xatcobeo. The satellite was successfully deployed into orbit, and the signal received by the team’s ground station and by amateur radio operators. However, operations have been impeded by unexpected tumbling, and the satellite was put into safe

neg: Scout X-1 conducted by a Scout rocket. The next launch attempt on 30 June carried the S-55 satellite, but this did not reach orbit because the third stage failed to ignite. A reflight of S-55, Explorer 13, was launched on 25 August, but reached a lower than planned orbit, and was unusable. The final flight of the Scout X-1 was made on 19 October, carrying plasma and aeronomy research payloads on a suborbital trajectory. This launch was successful. Several derivatives of the Scout X-1 were also flown. The United States Navy developed the Blue Scout, which was a three-stage sounding rocket, and

neg: Space Race small, beeping ball, less than two feet in diameter and weighing less than 200 pounds. But the celebrations were muted at the launch control center until the down-range far east tracking station at Kamchatka received the first distinctive beep ... beep ... beep sounds from "Sputnik 1"s radio transmitters, indicating that it was on its way to completing its first orbit. About 95 minutes after launch, the satellite flew over its launch site, and its radio signals were picked up by the engineers and military personnel at Tyura-Tam: that's when Korolev and his team celebrated the first successful artificial satellite

neg: S-45 (satellite) Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 00:13:16 UTC on 25 February 1961. The rocket malfunctioned after the second stage separated, and contact with the payload was lost. The third and fourth stages subsequently failed to ignite, resulting in the satellite failing to achieve orbit. S-45 (satellite) S-45 was an American satellite, which was lost in a launch failure in 1961. The satellite was intended to operate in a highly elliptical orbit, from which it was to have provided data on the shape of the ionosphere, and on the Earth's magnetic field. It was part of the Explorer programme, and would

neg: R-7 (rocket family) favour of the Soyuz-2.1a. R-7 rockets are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Guiana Space Centre (since 2011, see Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre), and the Vostochny Cosmodrome (first launch 2016). After the R-7/Soyuz-U and the Thor and Delta rocket families, the Kosmos launch vehicle , the best known of which is the Kosmos-3M, holds the 3rd place record for number of successful orbital launch attempts, that is, of placing a satellite in orbit. All the R-7 family rockets are listed here by date of introduction. Most of the early R-7 variants have been retired. Active versions are

neg: Samos (satellite) Atlas-Agena vehicle. Samos 4's failure to orbit also went unannounced, although since the Air Force never confirmed that it reached orbit, space program observers quickly guessed that the launch was not a success. The next two Program 101B satellites contained several technical improvements, such as more sophisticated telemetry and control/communications systems and improved cameras. Samos 5 was launched on December 22, once again with nothing but a brief statement by the Air Force about a launch taking place aboard an Atlas-Agena from PALC 1-1. Space program observers noted that this time around, the Air Force statement did report the satellite

neg: QuetzSat 1 1 is part of the SES satellite fleet. QuetzSat 1 was launched by International Launch Services using a Proton-M carrier rocket with a Briz-M upper stage from site 200 of the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, at 18:32 UTC on 29 September 2011. The launch successfully placed QuetzSat 1 into a geosynchronous transfer orbit, making it the 49th comsat of the SES S. A. satellite fleet. QuetzSat 1 QuetzSat 1 is a Mexican high-power geostationary communications satellite which is operated by the Mexican operator QuetzSat (SES S. A./Grupo MedCom). It is positioned in geostationary orbit, and located at 77° West, from

neg: Space Race von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket, because of its intended use as a future military vehicle. On September 20, 1956, von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit, but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology. Korolev received word about von Braun's 1956 Jupiter-C test, but thinking it was a satellite mission that failed, he expedited plans to get his own satellite in orbit. Since his R-7 was substantially more powerful than any

neg: Ariane 5 October 1998) proved successful and the first commercial launch (L504) occurred on 10 December 1999 with the launch of the XMM-Newton X-ray observatory satellite. Another partial failure occurred on 12 July 2001, with the delivery of two satellites into an incorrect orbit, at only half the height of the intended GTO. The ESA Artemis telecommunications satellite was able to reach its intended orbit on 31 January 2003, through the use of its experimental ion propulsion system. The next launch did not occur until 1 March 2002, when the Envisat environmental satellite successfully reached an orbit above the Earth in the

neg: Luch 5A 5A was built by JSC Information Satellite Systems using the Ekspress-1000A bus. It has 6 S and Ku band channels with repeaters manufactured by Thales Alenia Space and other equipment manufactured by Sumitomo. The Ku band antenna operates at up to 150 Mbit/s and the S band antenna at up to 5 Mbit/s. The satellite also relays COSPAS/SARSAT signals and Planet-S System data. The satellite is designed to relay data from the ISS, satellites in low earth orbit and rocket launch vehicles. Luch 5A is located at 167° E. Luch 5A was launched on 11 December 2011 with satellite Amos-5.

neg: Explorer 9 Explorer 9 Explorer 9, known as S-56A before launch, was an American satellite which was launched in 1961 to study the density and composition of the upper thermosphere and lower exosphere. It was a reflight of the failed S-56 mission, and consisted of a , balloon which was deployed into a medium Earth orbit. The mission was conducted by NASA's Langley Research Center. Explorer 9 was launched from Launch Area 3 at the Wallops Flight Center, atop a Scout X-1 rocket with the serial number ST-4. It was the first spacecraft launched from Wallops Island to achieve orbit, with one

neg: Luch 5B 5B was built by JSC Information Satellite Systems using the Ekspress-1000A bus. It has 4 S and Ku band channels with repeaters manufactured by Thales Alenia Space and other equipment manufactured by Sumitomo. The Ku band antenna operates at up to 150 Mbit/s and the S band antenna at up to 5 Mbit/s. The satellite also has a "laser-radio channel". The satellite is designed to relay data from the ISS, satellites in low earth orbit and rocket launch vehicles. Luch 5B is located at 16° W. Luch 5B was launched on 2 November 2012 with satellite Yamal 300K. It was

neg: AO-51 AO-51 AO-51 is the in-orbit name designation of a now defunct (following battery failure) LEO amateur radio satellite of the OSCAR series; formerly known as "ECHO", built by AMSAT. It was launched on June 29, 2004 from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan on a Dnepr launch vehicle. It is in sun synchronous low Earth orbit. AO-51 contained an FM repeater with both 144 MHz (V band) and 1.2 GHz (L band) uplinks and 435 MHz (U band) and 2.4 GHz (S band) downlinks. It also contained a digital subsystem that transmitted telemetry on 70 cm and provided a complete PACSAT BBS that

neg: Corona (satellite) It is more likely that Discoverer 2's capsule sank into the ocean. Discoverer 3 was scheduled for launch on June 1. This satellite carried a biological payload with four black mice, the only one flown in the Corona program. The initial attempt miscarried when the mice poisoned themselves gnawing on Krylon paint inside the capsule, but a replacement batch were launched two days later. They never made it to orbit however; the Agena suffered a guidance malfunction and sent the mice and spacecraft into the Pacific Ocean. Discoverer 4 (June 25) failed to orbit when the Agena engine underperformed and

neg: Orbiting Frog Otolith the FOEP. A backup FOEP was also prepared with similar specimens. The flight FOEP was installed in the satellite about three hours before launch. The centrifuge was activated as soon as possible once the satellite was in orbit and stabilized at 10"g" (10 mm/s²). The centrifuge applied gravity stimuli in cycles. Each cycle lasted about 8 minutes, and consisted of the following: a 1-minute period without acceleration, an 8-second period when rotation slowly began, 14 seconds of constant 0.6 "g" (6 m/s²), an 8-second period when rotation slowly stopped, and a 6-minute period when aftereffects of rotation could be measured.

neg: Syncom was followed on April 12, 1985 by Leasat F3 on STS-51-D. F3's launch was declared a failure when the satellite failed to start its maneuver to geostationary orbit once released from "Discovery". Attempts by Shuttle astronauts to activate F3 with a makeshift "flyswatter" were unsuccessful. The satellite was left in low earth orbit, and the Space Shuttle returned to Earth. This failure made front-page news in the "New York Times". Hughes had an insurance policy on the satellite, and so claimed a total loss for the spacecraft of about $200 million, an amount underwritten by numerous parties. However, with another

neg: Scout X-1 launches occurred from Launch Area 3 at the Wallops Flight Facility. The maiden flight was a suborbital test of the rocket's systems, and was conducted successfully on 2 July 1960, with the rocket launching at 00:04 GMT. Following this, a suborbital radiation experiment was successfully launched on 4 October. The first orbital launch attempt, with the S-56 satellite, was made on 4 December, and ended in failure after the second stage malfunctioned. On 16 February 1961, a Scout X-1 successfully placed Explorer 9, a reflight of the failed S-56, into Earth orbit, in the first successful orbital launch to be

neg: USA-211 cross-band X and Ka band transponders. Propulsion is provided by an R-4D-15 apogee motor, with four XIPS-25 ion engines for stationkeeping. USA-211 was launched by United Launch Alliance, who placed it into orbit using an Delta IV rocket, which flew for the first time in the Medium+(5,4) configuration. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, with at 01:47:00 UTC on 6 December 2009. The launch was successful, placing the satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit, from which it raised itself into geostationary orbit using its propulsion system. Following launch, the satellite

neg: Non-rocket spacelaunch For space launch, it would serve as a non-rocket first stage for rockets launched from the top. Separate technologies may be combined. In 2010, NASA suggested that a future scramjet aircraft might be accelerated to 300 m/s (a solution to the problem of ramjet engines not being startable at zero airflow velocity) by electromagnetic or other sled launch assist, in turn air-launching a second-stage rocket delivering a satellite to orbit. All forms of projectile launchers are at least partially hybrid systems if launching to low Earth orbit, due to the requirement for orbit circularization, at a minimum entailing several percent

neg: Intelsat 603 orbit. The Orbus-21S failed to separate from the Titan's second stage, and as a result it was unable to fire, leaving Intelsat 603 in low Earth orbit. Following the launch failure, Intelsat commissioned NASA to launch a replacement perigee motor to raise the satellite's orbit. During its maiden flight, STS-49, in 1992 rendezvoused with and captured Intelsat 603, and astronauts attached a new Orbus-21S to the satellite. This motor successfully raised the satellite into the planned transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into its final geostationary orbit using two liquid-fuelled R-4D-12 engines, with the satellite arriving in geostationary orbit on

neg: GOES-16 GOES-16 GOES-16, formerly known as GOES-R before reaching geostationary orbit, is the first of the GOES-R series of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) operated by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). GOES-16 serves as the operational geostationary weather satellite in the GOES East position at 75.2°W, providing a view centered on the Americas. GOES-16 provides high spatial and temporal resolution imagery of the Earth through 16 spectral bands at visible and infrared wavelengths using its Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI). GOES-16's Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is the first operational lightning mapper flown in geostationary orbit. The spacecraft also

neg: Sputnik 2 for the PS-2 satellite launch was designated 8k71PS. Unlike Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2 was not designed to detach from the R-7 sustainer core, since Sputnik 1's core stage had demonstrated an acceptable orbital lifespan. This allowed the core's Tral D telemetry system to be used to transmit data, but would lead to speculation that Sputnik 2 had failed to separate. After Sputnik 2 reached orbit, the interior temperature rapidly climbed to over 40 °C (100 °F), and Laika survived for only a few hours instead of the planned ten days. The first living creature (larger than a microbe) to enter

neg: Sputnik 1 1" "beep-beep-beep" tones confirmed the satellite's successful deployment. Reception lasted for two minutes, until PS-1 fell below the horizon. The Tral telemetry system on the R-7 core stage continued to transmit and was detected on its second orbit. The designers, engineers and technicians who developed the rocket and satellite watched the launch from the range. After the launch they drove to the mobile radio station to listen for signals from the satellite. They waited about 90 minutes to ensure that the satellite had made one orbit and was transmitting, before Korolev called Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev. On the first orbit

neg: GSAT-2 GSAT-2 GSAT-2 was an experimental communication satellite built by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and launched on one of the first GSLVs. The satellite was positioned at 48 deg east longitude in the geo-stationary orbit. GSAT-2 carried four C-band transponders, two K band transponders and a Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) payload operating in S-band forward link and C-band return link. Besides the communication payloads, GSAT-2 carried the following four piggyback experimental payloads: Weighing 1800 kg at launch, GSAT-2 incorporated a 440 newton Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) and sixteen 22 newton Reaction Control Thrusters for raising the satellite's orbit from

neg: Explorer 9 MHz, 15 mW beacon was carried for tracking purposes, but the beacon failed on the first orbit and the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network had to be relied upon for tracking. Power was supplied by solar cells and rechargeable batteries. It decayed from orbit on 9 April 1964. Explorer 9 Explorer 9, known as S-56A before launch, was an American satellite which was launched in 1961 to study the density and composition of the upper thermosphere and lower exosphere. It was a reflight of the failed S-56 mission, and consisted of a , balloon which was deployed into a medium Earth

neg: US-KS US-KS Upravlyaemy Sputnik Kontinentalny Statsionarny ( meaning "Stationary Continental Controllable Satellite"), or US-KS (), also known as Oko-S ( meaning Eye-S), was a series of Soviet, and later Russian, missile detection satellites launched as part of the Oko programme. US-KS was a derivative of the US-K satellite, optimised for operations in geosynchronous orbit. Seven were launched between 1975 and 1997, when launches ended in favour of the modernised US-KMO. US-KS had the GRAU index "74Kh6". As of December 2015, the entire Oko programme is being replaced by the new EKS system. Manufactured by NPO Lavochkin, US-KS satellites had a launch

neg: Outer space This was greatly exceeded in 1942 when the third launch of the German A-4 rocket climbed to an altitude of about . In 1957, the unmanned satellite "Sputnik 1" was launched by a Russian R-7 rocket, achieving Earth orbit at an altitude of . This was followed by the first human spaceflight in 1961, when Yuri Gagarin was sent into orbit on Vostok 1. The first humans to escape low-Earth orbit were Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders in 1968 on board the U.S. Apollo 8, which achieved lunar orbit and reached a maximum distance of from the Earth.

neg: S-Net of a Soyuz-2.1B rocket, Roscosmos decided to delay the mission. The spacecrafts were released into orbit at an altitude of approximately 580 kilometers at an interval of 10 seconds. The launch represents the tenth mission of the TU Berlin, sending a total of 16 satellites to space. S-Net S-Net is a worldwide inter-satellite communications network consisting of four satellites and being operated by the Technical University of Berlin. The project has the goal to investigate and demonstrate inter-satellite communication technology within a distributed and autonomously operating nanosatellite network. All satellites are equipped with a S-Band radio emitter and receiver, which

neg: RLV-TD RLV-TD RLV-TD is the first unmanned flying testbed developed for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)’s Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstration Programme. It is a scaled down prototype of an eventual two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) reusable launch vehicle. The RLV-TD successfully completed its first test flight on 23 May 2016, which lasted for 770 seconds and reached a maximum altitude of . It was designed to evaluate various technologies, and development of the final version is expected to take 10 to 15 years. The fully developed RLV is expected to take off vertically like a rocket, deploy a satellite in orbit, return

neg: Pegasus 1 Pegasus 1 Pegasus 1 or I, known before launch as Pegasus A, was an American satellite which was launched in 1965 to study micrometeoroid impacts in low Earth orbit. It was the first of three Pegasus satellites to be launched. The Pegasus spacecraft were manufactured by Fairchild Hiller, and operated by NASA. Pegasus 1 was a Pegasus satellite, consisting of of instruments, attached to the S-IV upper stage of the carrier rocket which had placed it into orbit. It had a total mass of , and was equipped with two sets of micrometeoroid detection panels, and a radio for tracking

neg: Intelsat 23 transfer the satellite into circular orbit, then an intermediate orbit, then Geostationary transfer orbit before delivering it to the correct orbit. The launch was the first Proton-M/Briz-M launch since the failed launch of Ekspress-MD2 and Telkom-3 on 6 August 2012. Those satellites were lost due to a problem with the Briz-M which did not complete the third burn due to a fuel problem. Intelsat 23 Intelsat 23 is a communications satellite run by Intelsat which will provide communications services for the Americas, Western Europe and Africa. It is in a geosynchronous orbit located at 307° east and will replace Intelsat

neg: Provisional designation in astronomy have disintegrated are prefixed "D" (e.g. D/1993 F2, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9). Finally, comets known from historical records but for which no reliable orbit could be calculated are prefixed "X" as in, for example, X/1106 C1. "(Also see List of non-periodic comets and List of hyperbolic comets.)" When satellites or rings are first discovered, they are given provisional designations such as "" (the 11th new satellite of Jupiter discovered in 2000), "" (the first new satellite of Pluto discovered in 2005), or "" (the second new ring of Saturn discovered in 2004). The initial "S/" or "R/" stands for "satellite" or

neg: Submarine-launched satellite Submarine-launched satellite There have been a number of ventures into submarine-launched satellites. The advantage of launching a satellite from a submarine compared to from land is that the launch vehicle can reach a large number of different inclinations and could increase its performance to low Earth orbit by launching from equatorial sites. Missiles used for this purpose include the Volna and the Shtil', as well as theoretically the R-39 Rif. Submarines used include Delta-class submarines. The first known attempt to launch a satellite from a submarine was conducted on July 7, 1998, when a Russian nuclear submarine (the K-407 Novomoskovsk)

neg: GOES-16 includes four other scientific instruments for monitoring space weather and the Sun. GOES-16's design and instrumentation began in 1999 and was intended to fill key NOAA satellite requirements published that year. Following nearly a decade of instrument planning, spacecraft fabrication was contracted to Lockheed Martin Space Systems in 2008; construction of GOES-16 began in 2012 and lasted until 2014 when the satellite entered the testing phase. After several launch delays, GOES-16 launched from Cape Canaveral on 19 November 2016 aboard a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V. The spacecraft reached an initial geostationary orbit several days later, beginning a yearlong

neg: Landsat 5 Flight Operations Team issued commands to shut off all moving mechanisms and hobble the spacecraft’s ability to generate and store power from its solar arrays. The final command shut down Landsat 5’s transmitter, silencing the mission permanently and effectively terminating the mission 29 years, 3 months and 4 days after its launch. At the time of Landsat 5's decommissioning, Landsat 7 (launched in 1999) and Landsat 8 (launched in 2013) remained in orbit. Landsat 8 came online only a few weeks prior to Landsat 5's decommissioning. Landsat 5 Landsat 5 was a low Earth orbit satellite launched on March 1,

neg: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Space Systems/Loral (GOES-A through -C and GOES-I through -M). The GOES-I series (I-M) and the current GOES-N series (N-P) are documented in the "GOES I–M Databook" and the "GOES N Series Databook", respectively. The GOES-R series is being built by Lockheed Martin with the first in the series, GOES-16, undergoing on-orbit testing. Boeing would have built and launched GOES-Q only if GOES-O or GOES-P had failed to be delivered on-orbit in good working order. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system (GOES), operated by the United States' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s National Environmental Satellite, Data,

neg: Launch and Early Orbit phase Launch and Early Orbit phase In spacecraft operations, The Launch and Early Orbit phase (LEOP) is one of the most critical phases of a mission. Spacecraft operations engineers take control of the satellite after it separates from the launch vehicle up to the time when the satellite is safely positioned in its final orbit. During this period, operations staff works 24 hours a day to activate, monitor and control the various subsystems of the satellite, including the deployment of any satellite appendages (antennas, solar array, reflector, etc.), and undertake critical orbit and attitude control manoeuvres. For geostationary satellites, the launch

neg: The Princeton Three contributors to these outbursts was a former German scientist, turned American through project paperclip, Wernher von Braun. Von Braun stated that if given the correct materials and the go ahead he would have an American satellite in orbit in a matter of months, and he did not disappoint. January 31, 1958, two months after the Soviets launch their second satellite, Sputnik II, into orbit Explorer I, the first American satellite, was launched into orbit. The Soviets launch of Sputnik I and Sputnik II showed that America was falling behind in fall facets of scientific research only adding to the need

neg: Briz (rocket stage) of the Briz-M stage is 5,645 kg to geosynchronous transfer orbit with a 1,500 m/s residual velocity to GSO. A tandem launch of multiple spacecraft is also supported, with the ability to inject the spacecraft into different orbits. Briz-M completed its maiden flight in May 2000, when it is delivered the Gorizont communications satellite into orbit. It is planned to use Briz-M with the A3 and A5 versions of the future Angara rocket family. Briz (rocket stage) The Briz-K, Briz-KM and Briz-M ( meaning "Breeze-K, KM and M") are Russian liquid-propellant rocket orbit insertion upper stages manufactured by Khrunichev State

neg: Kosmos 10 Kosmos 10 Kosmos 10 ( meaning "Cosmos 10"), also known as Zenit-2 #5, was a Soviet reconnaissance satellite launched in 1962. It was the tenth satellite to be designated under the Kosmos system, and the fourth successful launch of a Soviet reconnaissance satellite, following Kosmos 4, Kosmos 7 and Kosmos 9. Vostok-2 s/n T15000-03 was used to launch Kosmos 10. The launch was conducted from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and occurred at 09:00:00 UTC on 21 October 1962. Kosmos 10 was placed into a low Earth orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , 64.9 degrees

neg: Kosmos 9 Kosmos 9 Kosmos 9 ( meaning "Cosmos 9"), also known as Zenit-2 #7, was a Soviet reconnaissance satellite launched in 1962. It was the ninth satellite to be designated under the Kosmos system, and the third successful launch of a Soviet reconnaissance satellite, following Kosmos 4 and Kosmos 7. Vostok-2 s/n T15000-06 was used to launch Kosmos 9. The launch was conducted from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and occurred at 09:39:51 GMT on 27 September 1962. Kosmos 9 was placed into a low Earth orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , 67.6 degrees of inclination,

neg: Satellite Internet access providing improved capacity and bandwidth became operational. More recently, high throughput satellites such as ViaSat's ViaSat-1 satellite in 2011 and HughesNet's Jupiter in 2012 have achieved further improvements, elevating downstream data rates from 1–3 Mbit/s up to 12–15Mbit/s and beyond. Internet access services tied to these satellites are targeted largely to rural residents as an alternative to Internet service via dial-up, ADSL or classic FSSes. Since 2014, a rising number of companies announced working on internet access using satellite constellations in low Earth orbit. SpaceX, OneWeb and Boeing all plan to launch more than 1000 satellites each. OneWeb alone raised

neg: Mercury-Atlas 4 it was suspected that a transient voltage caused the malfunction of MA3's programmer (and that a similar problem had been responsible for Big Joe's failure to stage), Convair equipped the autopilot to give the engines a counteracting capability. Thus, testing this was also an objective of the flight. Also, the Atlas vehicle used to launch Midas 3 in July had experienced a programmer reset at staging, which did not have any significant effect or prevent the satellite from reaching orbit, however this incident was thoroughly investigated because of the problems with MA-3. The launch went extremely well and the thick-skinned

neg: Digital Satellite Service Digital Satellite Service Digital Satellite System is the initialism expansion of the DSS digital satellite television transmission system used by DirecTV. Only when digital transmission was introduced did direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television become popular in North America, which has led to both DBS and DSS being used interchangeably to refer to all three commonplace digital transmission formats - DSS, DVB-S and 4DTV. Analog DBS services, however, existed prior to DirecTV and were still operational in continental Europe until April 2012. At the time of DirecTV's launch in 1994, the DVB-S digital satellite system in use in the majority of

neg: Airborne Launch Assist Space Access did not have effective capabilities, so the method was overlooked. The first air-launched rocket to put a satellite into orbit was the Orbital Sciences Corporation Pegasus, which did it on 13 June 1990; however, it is currently deployed from a heavily modified and expensive Lockheed L-1011 airliner. The ALASA program's objective is to use an unmodified aircraft platform (except for software) that does not have to be dedicated to the mission to place a 100 lb satellite into orbit that requires only 24 hours notice to integrate and launch the payload, with the ability to re-plan the launch in flight

neg: EchoStar Mobile and the simple incorporation of Solaris services in mobile handsets. Handsets equipped with the first DVB-SH chipsets were successfully demonstrated live at the "Mobile World Congress" in Barcelona in February 2008. Solaris was intended to first use the Eutelsat W2A satellite at 10° east, which contains an S-band payload, and was scheduled for launch in early 2009. However, following the successful launch on April 3, 2009, the S-band payload was found to show "an anomaly" which has put in doubt the payload's capability to provide mobile satellite services for Solaris. Further testing of the satellite was undertaken to establish its

neg: USA-245 USA-245 USA-245 or NRO Launch 65 (NROL-65) is an American reconnaissance satellite which is operated by the National Reconnaissance Office. Launched in August 2013, it is the last KH-11 reconnaissance satellite, and the last spacecraft to be launched in the Keyhole program. Details of USA-245's mission are classified by the US military, however numerous independent analysts identified it as a KH-11 before launch, and amateur satellite watchers have since observed it in the orbit used by such satellites. KH-11 satellites are used to provide high-resolution optical and infrared imagery for US intelligence agencies. USA-245 was launched by United Launch Alliance,

neg: 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test On January 11, 2007, China conducted an anti-satellite missile test. A Chinese weather satellite—the FY-1C polar orbit satellite of the Fengyun series, at an altitude of , with a mass of 750 kg—was destroyed by a kinetic kill vehicle traveling with a speed of 8 km/s in the opposite direction (see "Head-on engagement"). It was launched with a multistage solid-fuel missile from Xichang Satellite Launch Center or nearby. "Aviation Week & Space Technology" magazine first reported the test on January 17th. The report was confirmed on January 18, 2007 by a United States National Security

neg: Progress M-11M cargo spacecraft into orbit was rolled out on 19 June 2011. Following the roll out, the rocket was erected in vertical in Baikonur`s pad 1. L-2 operations were successfully completed on the day with integrated tests that included verification of the launch facilities and simulation of the lift-off and initial stages of the launch sequence. The Progress M-11M was lifted off atop a Soyuz-U rocket from the Baikonur Space Center in Kazakhstan. After the launch, the spacecraft reached a preliminary orbit of 149 (240.09 km) by 120 miles (193.96 km). The revolution of the successfully injected orbit was 88.54 minutes.

neg: GSAT-1 GSAT-1 GSAT-1 was an experimental communications satellite launched aboard the maiden flight of the GSLV rocket. The spacecraft was equipped with instrumentation to test Pulse-code modulation (PCM) transmitting on S-band frequencies and transponders operating in the C-band. The spacecraft was unable to complete its mission after a launch failure left it in a lower than planned orbit and propulsion issues prevented the satellite from correcting this via its own manoeuvring system. GSAT-1 failed to achieve its target orbit, which prevented it from fulfilling its primary communications mission. The 1.54-tonne satellite was orbiting with a period of 23 hours two minutes,

neg: Ariane 5 9. On 28 October 2010, an Ariane 5 ECA launched Eutelsat's W3B (part of its W Series of satellites) and Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation (B-SAT)'s BSAT-3b satellites into orbit. But the W3B satellite failed to operate shortly after the successful launch and was written off as a total loss due to an oxidizer leak in the satellite's main propulsion system. The BSAT-3b satellite, however, is operating normally. On 22 April 2011, the Ariane 5 ECA flight VA-201 broke a commercial record, lifting Yahsat 1A and Intelsat New Dawn with a total payload weight of 10,064 kg to transfer orbit. This

neg: Arase (satellite) of another 5 m extended mast, four 15 m wire antennae (PWE-WPT), and associated electronics unit (PWE-E). S-WPIA will analyze the data obtained by other instruments. Arase (satellite) Arase, formerly known as Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geospace (ERG), is a scientific satellite to study the Van Allen belts. It was developed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of JAXA. It was launched aboard Epsilon launch vehicle at 11:00:00, 20 December 2016 UTC into apogee height 32250 km, perigee 214 km orbit. Subsequent perigee-up operation moved its orbit to apogee 32110 km, perigee 460 km of 565

neg: Galaxy 11 arrays, and is expected to result in a reduced operational lifespan. Following the discovery of the fault, US$130 million insurance was claimed on the satellite. The satellite was transferred to Intelsat when it merged with PanAmSat in 2006. The launch of Galaxy 11 was conducted by Arianespace, using an Ariane 44L carrier rocket flying from ELA-2 at the Guiana Space Centre. The launch occurred at 00:50 UTC on 22 December 1999. It successfully placed Galaxy 11 into a geosynchronous transfer orbit, from which it raised itself to geostationary orbit by means of an onboard R-4D apogee motor. Its insertion into

neg: Explorer 19 carried for tracking purposes, but the beacon failed on the first orbit and the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network had to be relied upon for tracking. Power was supplied by solar cells and rechargeable batteries. Explorer 19's launch vehicle, a Scout X-4, placed it into a slightly lower than planned orbit. Explorer 19 Explorer 19 was an American satellite launched on December 19, 1963, as part of NASA's Explorers program. It was the third of six identical Explorer satellites launched to study air density and composition, and the second to reach orbit. It was identical to Explorer 9. The second of

neg: Odyssey (launch platform) Vyborg Shipyard for the installation of the launch vehicle equipment itself. By 1999, the vessel was ready for service, and on March 27, 1999, a Zenit-3SL rocket successfully launched a demonstration satellite to a geostationary transfer orbit. The first commercial launch occurred on October 9, 1999, with the orbiting of the DirecTV 1-R satellite. On January 30, 2007, a Zenit-3SL carrying the NSS-8 satellite exploded aboard "Odyssey" at liftoff due to a turbopump malfunction. There were no injuries, as the ship had been evacuated for launch operations. Damage to the launch platform was mostly superficial, though a flame deflector was

neg: Kosmos 230 Kosmos 230 Kosmos 230 ( meaning "Cosmos 230"), also known as DS-U3-S No.2, was a satellite which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1968 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme. It was a spacecraft, which was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, and was used to conduct multispectral imaging of the Sun. Kosmos 230 was launched from Site 86/4 at Kapustin Yar, aboard a Kosmos-2I 63SM carrier rocket. The launch occurred at 06:59:50 UTC on 5 July 1968, and resulted in the successful insertion of the satellite into a low Earth orbit. Upon reaching orbit, the satellite was

neg: Kosmos 166 Kosmos 166 Kosmos 166 ( meaning "Cosmos 166"), also known as DS-U3-S No.1, was a satellite which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1967 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme. It was a spacecraft, which was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, and was used to conduct multispectral imaging of the Sun. Kosmos 166 was launched from Site 86/1 at Kapustin Yar, aboard a Kosmos-2I 63SM carrier rocket. The launch occurred at 04:43:59 UTC on 16 June 1967, and resulted in the successful insertion of the satellite into a low Earth orbit. Upon reaching orbit, the satellite was

neg: National Space Organization publicly revealed about the specification of the ROC (Taiwan)'s first launch vehicle for small satellites (SLV) (小型發射載具). It should be able to place a 100 kg payload to a 500–700 km orbit. This SLV will be a major technological improvement based on existing sounding rockets and will consist of four solid propellant stages with two strap-on solid rocket boosters. Therefore, it will be in the same class of the Indian SLV-3. The inaugural launch is scheduled to take place during the second phase of the 2004–2018 space project (第二期太空計畫), placing a Taiwanese-made satellite into orbit and after the preparatory launches

neg: Anik (satellite) Anik (satellite) The Anik satellites are a series of geostationary communications satellites launched by Telesat Canada for television in Canada, from 1972 through 2013. Some of the later satellites in the series remain operational in orbit, while others have been retired and are . The naming of the satellite was determined by a national contest, and was won by Julie-Frances Czapla of St. Leonard, Quebec. In Inuktitut, "Anik" means "little brother". The Anik A satellites were the world's first national domestic satellites. (Prior to Anik A1's launch, all geosynchronous communications satellites were transcontinental, i.e. Intelsat I and others.) The Anik

neg: USA-195 transponders. Propulsion is provided by an R-4D-15 apogee motor, with four XIPS-25 ion engines for stationkeeping. USA-195 was launched by United Launch Alliance, who placed it into orbit using an Atlas V rocket flying in the 421 configuration. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, with liftoff occurring at 00:22 UTC on 11 October 2007. The launch was successful, placing the satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit, from which the spacecraft raised itself into geostationary orbit using its onboard propulsion systems. The satellite was designated USA-195 under the US military's designation

neg: Progress MS-01 and electronics from previous Progress vehicles. After launch, ground controllers were able to communicate the Progress MS via a Russian Luch data relay satellite in geosynchronous orbit. This was described as the first time a Progress or Soyuz spacecraft had such capability. Other upgrades include: Progress MS-1 was launched on a Soyuz-2, the first launch of the rocket since the failed launch of Progress M-27M. The Soyuz-U rocket was used for subsequent Progress flights until this flight. The upper stage reentry was visible over Arizona and Nevada on December 22 at 5:30 UTC. The spacecraft initiated the de-orbit maneuver on

neg: Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon engines did not cutoff cleanly, taking over four seconds to drop from 2% thrust to zero. This meant that the S-IC was closer to the S-II than planned and the ignition of the second stage disabled the telemetry package on the first stage. Eleven minutes and 34 seconds after launch the crew were in their Earth parking orbit 92.5 by 91.5 nm (171.3 by 169.5 km). An orbit of this height is not sustainable for very long due to friction with the Earth's atmosphere, but the crew would only spend three hours before reigniting the S-IVB third stage to put

neg: CryoSat-2 the fuel issue had been resolved, the launch was rescheduled for 8 April, and launch operations resumed. On 1 April, the Space Head Module was returned to the silo, and reinstalled atop the Dnepr. Following integrated tests, the practice countdown was successfully conducted on 6 April. CryoSat-2 was launched at 13:57:04 UTC on 8 April 2010. Following a successful launch, CryoSat-2 separated from the upper stage of the Dnepr into a low Earth orbit. The first signals from the satellite were detected by a ground station at the Broglio Space Centre in Malindi, Kenya, seventeen minutes after launch. CryoSat-2's mission

neg: Saturn (rocket family) Jupiter tankage) and its upper stage was already in development. This would provide valuable testing for the S-IV as well as a launch platform for capsules and other components in low earth orbit. The members of the Saturn family that were actually built were: Saturn (rocket family) The Saturn family of American rocket boosters was developed by a team of mostly German rocket scientists led by Wernher von Braun to launch heavy payloads to Earth orbit and beyond. Originally proposed as a military satellite launcher, they were adopted as the launch vehicles for the Apollo moon program. Three versions were

neg: JCSAT-4A from Space Launch Complex 36A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch occurred at 01:45:26 GMT on 16 February 1999, and successfully placed JCSAT-6 into a geostationary transfer orbit. From this orbit, the satellite raised itself into a geostationary orbit using an R-4D apogee motor. The final burn to complete its insertion into geosynchronous orbit occurred on 1 March 1999. JCSAT-4A JCSAT-4A, previously designated JCSAT-6, is a Japanese geostationary communications satellite which is operated by JSAT Corporation (now SKY Perfect JSAT Group). It is positioned in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 124° East, from where it is

neg: WINDS will also develop technologies to be utilised by future Japanese communication spacecraft. It is part of Japan's i-Space program, and is to be operated by JAXA and NICT. JAXA claim that WINDS will be able to provide 155 Mbit/s download speed to home users with 45-centimetre diameter satellite dishes, whilst providing industrial users, via 5-metre diameter dishes, with 1.2 Gbit/s speeds. WINDS has a launch mass of 4,850 kg, reducing to around 2,750 kg when in orbit. The spacecraft is 8 m x 3 m x 2 m in size, and its solar panels have a span of 21.5 metres.

neg: Sirius FM-5 Around nine hours after launch, the satellite separated from the carrier rocket into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. It will raise itself into geostationary orbit by means of its onboard R-4D apogee motor. It also carries four SPT-100 engines for manoeuvring. It is the first Sirius Radio satellite to be placed in geostationary orbit; the three previous Sirius satellites operate in tundra orbits. Originally placed at 96° west, it was moved to 86.2° west alongside XM-5. Sirius FM-5 Sirius FM-5, also known as Radiosat 5, is an American communications satellite which will be operated by Sirius XM Radio. It was constructed

neg: Kinetic bombardment velocity equal in magnitude and opposite in direction from the orbiting station. This velocity would be in the range of approximately 7–8 km/s for satellites in low earth orbit, however, the actual velocity change needed to merely deorbit within half an orbit would be much less. Likely a few hundred m/s for a low-orbiting satellite, if even that much. In John Birmingham's "Stalin's Hammer" (a part of his "Axis of Time" series), Soviet scientists use 21st century technology obtained from a fleet thrown back to World War II to create a satellite capable of launching tungsten rods from orbit and

neg: Gogo Inflight Internet Gogo's Air to Ground for uplink from the plane. Ground to Orbit will be in service over the United States and will have peak download speeds of 60 Mbit/s. Virgin America will be the launch partner of the new service. The Ku-band satellite antennas used for GTO are manufactured by ThinKom Solutions. 2Ku, Gogo's newest technology, uses two Ku-band antennas, one for download and the other for upload. Gogo claims that 2Ku will have peak speeds of 70 Mbit/s and has a low-profile tall radome. Like Ground to Orbit, the Ku-band antennas are manufactured by ThinKom Solutions. Aeromexico is the

neg: Kosmos 2472 Kosmos 2472 Kosmos 2472 ( meaning "Cosmos 2472") was a Russian Kobalt-M reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 2011 by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. It was launched in June 2011 and remained in orbit until October 2011. Kosmos 2472 was launched from Site 16/2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome. A Soyuz-U carrier rocket was used to perform the launch, which took place at 16:00 UTC on 27 June 2011. The launch successfully placed the satellite into low earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designator 2011-028A. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number

neg: GSAT-6A S-band communication, is three times broader than those generally used in ISRO's satellites. This feature will enable the satellite to provide mobile communication for the country through handheld ground terminals. The smaller antenna in other communication satellites require larger ground stations. While GSAT-6A will complement GSAT-6, ISRO sources said the satellite would also provide services to the Indian Armed Forces. GSAT-6 has been providing satellite communication services since its launch on August 27, 2015. The first orbit raising maneuver for GSAT-6A was carried out successfully on 30 March 2018 by firing the Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) for 2188 seconds from

neg: Intelsat 602 into its final geostationary orbit using two liquid-fuelled R-4D-12 engines, with the satellite arriving in geostationary orbit on 31 October 1989. Intelsat 602 initially operated in a geostationary orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , and 0.1 degrees of inclination, however its inclination has increased over time. The satellite carried 38 IEEE C band and ten IEEE transponders, and had a design life of 13 years and a mass of . After launch, Intelsat 602 was positioned at a longitude of 37 degrees west until January 1991, when it was moved to 24.5 degrees west. It left

neg: Tsyklon-2 as the Angara. Having not flown since 2006, it was believed to have been retired when it was reported that the Tsyklon family of rockets was out of service following the final Tsyklon-3 launch in 2009, however in 2012 it was reported that one more remained to be launched, which was expected to carry the last US-P satellite into orbit in mid-2012. that launch has not taken place, and no longer appears on launch schedules, leaving the Tysklon-2's status unclear. Tsyklon-2 The Tsyklon-2 (cyclone-2), also known as Tsiklon-2 and Tsyklon-M, GRAU index 11K69, is a Ukrainian, previously Soviet orbital carrier

neg: AsiaSat 5 August 2009, in order to be in orbit before AsiaSat 2 ceased operations. At launch, AsiaSat 5 had a mass of , and was expected to operate for fifteen years. It carries 26 G/H band and 14 J band transponders (NATO frequency designation system, US IEEE C and s respectively). AsiaSat 5 AsiaSat 5 is a Hong Kong communications satellite, which is operated by the Hong Kong based Asia Satellite Telecommunications Company. It is positioned in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 100.5° East of the Greenwich Meridian, where it replaced the AsiaSat 2 spacecraft. It is used to provide

neg: Payload fairing retain too much mass and subsequently fall back to Earth and land in the Indian Ocean near Antarctica. The same happened to the Naro-1, South Korea's first carrier rocket, launched on 25 August 2009. During the launch half of the payload's fairing failed to separate, and as a result, the rocket was thrown off course. The satellite did not reach a stable orbit. On March 4, 2011 NASA's Glory satellite launch failed to reach orbit after liftoff due to a fairing separation failure on the Orbital Sciences Taurus XL Launch Vehicle, ending up in the Indian Ocean. This failure represented

neg: Explorer 13 atmosphere on August 28, 1961, after only slightly more than 2 days in orbit. No penetrations were recorded by this satellite during experiment operations. This aided in determination of useful flux limits for subsequent experiment design. Explorer 13 Explorer 13 (also called S-55A) was an American satellite launched as part of Explorers program. Was launched on August 25, 1961 from Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, U.S.. Explorer 13 was injected into a geocentric orbit of moderate eccentricity using a Scout launch vehicle. The objectives of the flight were to test vehicle performance and guidance and to investigate the nature and effects

neg: Ekspress satellite was lost in a similar failure in August 2012, when the Briz-M failed at the start of its third burn. Between 2000 and 2015, the following Ekspress satellites were launched. All launched were conducted from Baikonour Cosmodrome using the Proton rocket. On 29 March 2006, the AM11 was struck by an unknown object which rendered it inoperable. Luckily, the engineers had enough time in contact with the spacecraft to send it to a parking orbit out of GEO. The Ekspress AM4R was launched 16 May 2014 on a Russian Proton M launch vehicle. The launch vehicle exploded 540 s

neg: Pegasus 2 Pegasus 2 Pegasus 2 or Pegasus II, known before launch as Pegasus B was an American satellite which was launched in 1965 to study micrometeoroid impacts in Low Earth orbit. It was the second of three Pegasus satellites to be launched, following the launch of Pegasus 1 three months earlier. The Pegasus spacecraft were manufactured by Fairchild Hiller, and operated by NASA. Pegasus 2 was a Pegasus spacecraft, consisting of of instruments, attached to the S-IV upper stage of the carrier rocket which had placed it into orbit. It had a total mass of , and was equipped with two

neg: ARSAT-1 bandwidth of 1152 MHz. It will offer a wide range of telecommunications, data transmission, telephone and television services mainly across all of Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay including direct broadcast TV in the ISDB-S standard. The ARSAT-1 is the first flight model of the ARSAT-3K satellite bus developed by INVAP for ARSAT S.A.. It is a small (around at launch) platform with a maximum payload mass and 3.5 kW of payload power consumption at the satellite end of life. It uses an integrated chemical propulsion system supplied by EADS Astrium for both orbit raising and station keeping. The satellite uses

neg: Launch and Early Orbit phase vehicle typically carries the spacecraft to Geostationary Transfer Orbit, or GTO. From this elliptical orbit, the LEOP generally includes a sequence of apogee engine firings to reach the circular geostationary orbit. Launch and Early Orbit phase In spacecraft operations, The Launch and Early Orbit phase (LEOP) is one of the most critical phases of a mission. Spacecraft operations engineers take control of the satellite after it separates from the launch vehicle up to the time when the satellite is safely positioned in its final orbit. During this period, operations staff works 24 hours a day to activate, monitor and control

neg: USA-204 of cross-band X and Ka band transponders. Propulsion is provided by an R-4D-15 apogee motor, with four XIPS-25 ion engines for stationkeeping. USA-204 was launched by United Launch Alliance, using an Atlas V 421 rocket. The launch occurred from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 00:31:00 UTC on 4 April 2009, and successfully placed the satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit, from which the it raised itself into geostationary orbit using its onboard propulsion system. The satellite was designated USA-204 under the US military's designation system, and received the International Designator 2009-017A and Satellite

neg: USA-245 seconds earlier than on previous flights. USA-245 USA-245 or NRO Launch 65 (NROL-65) is an American reconnaissance satellite which is operated by the National Reconnaissance Office. Launched in August 2013, it is the last KH-11 reconnaissance satellite, and the last spacecraft to be launched in the Keyhole program. Details of USA-245's mission are classified by the US military, however numerous independent analysts identified it as a KH-11 before launch, and amateur satellite watchers have since observed it in the orbit used by such satellites. KH-11 satellites are used to provide high-resolution optical and infrared imagery for US intelligence agencies. USA-245

neg: Vanguard TV2 satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit. The USA later responded by launching the Vanguard TV-4 with Vanguard 1 satellite. that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S., after the failure of Vanguard TV3, to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket launched on January 31, 1958. Thus Vanguard I was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the

neg: Low Earth orbit orbit is about 7.8 km/s, but reduces with increased orbital altitude. Calculated for circular orbit of 200 km it is 7.79 km/s and for 1500 km it is 7.12 km/s. The delta-v needed to achieve low Earth orbit starts around 9.4 km/s. Atmospheric and gravity drag associated with launch typically adds 1.3–1.8 km/s to the launch vehicle delta-v required to reach normal LEO orbital velocity of around . The pull of gravity in LEO is only slightly less than on the earth's surface. This is because the distance to LEO from the earth's surface is far less than the earth's

neg: Kosmos 2480 2472, was launched on 27 June 2011 and returned to earth on 24 October 2011. Kosmos 2480 Kosmos 2480 ( meaning "Cosmos 2480") is a Russian Kobalt-M reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 2012 by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. It was the last launch of a Soyuz-U rocket launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Kosmos 2480 was launched from Site 16/2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The last Soyuz-U carrier rocket launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome was used to perform the launch, which took place at 18:05 UTC on 17 May 2012. The launch successfully placed the satellite into low earth orbit. It subsequently

neg: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle proven in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) launchers in the form of the S125/S139 solid rocket booster and the liquid-fueled Vikas engine. Due to the thrust required for injecting the satellite in a GTO orbit the third stage was to be powered by a LOX/LH2 Cryogenic engine which at that time India did not possess or had the technology know-how to build one. The first development flight of the GSLV (Mk.I configuration) was launched on 18 April 2001 was a failure as the payload failed to reach the intended orbit parameters. The launcher was declared operational after the second