query: during world war 1 the head of the food administration

pos: United States Food Administration ammunition they possessed to help supply the army, with a small hope of the items being returned. The rationing was done during this time of National need so that food for soldiers, and citizens, wouldn't be an issue. Concepts such as "meatless Mondays" and "wheatless Wednesdays" were also implemented to help ration food, so that the government could prioritise the war effort. Woodrow Wilson realised he would need a dynamic leader to ensure the Food administration was effective. His advisor, Edward House suggested Herbert Hoover who had previously run the Commission for Relief in Belgium. Walter Hines Page, the British

pos: Food and Fuel Control Act Act, an emergency wartime measure, was designed to expire at the end of World War I or shortly thereafter. It created two agencies, the Food Administration and the Fuel Administration. To head the Food Administration, the President named Herbert Hoover who had handled Belgian relief at the beginning of the war and had coordinating food and fuel supplies since May 1917 on Wilson's personal authority. As United States Food Administrator he had the authority to fix food prices, license distributors, coordinate purchases, oversee exports, act against hoarding and profiteering, and encourage farmers to grow more crops. He emphasized the needs

pos: Mary Engle Pennington standards for the safe processing of chickens raised for human consumption. She also served as head of an investigation of refrigerated boxcar design, and served on Herbert Hoover's War Food Administration during World War I. Pennington's involvement with refrigerated boxcar design at the Food Research Laboratory led to an interest in the entire process of transporting and storing perishable food, including both refrigerated transport and home refrigeration. In 1919, Pennington accepted a position with a private firm, American Balsa, which manufactured insulation for refrigeration units. She left the firm in 1922 to start her own consulting business, which she ran

pos: Eddie Mahan Berkeley, Mahan returned to the East. Press accounts at the end of the 1916 season reported that Mahan and Cal's head coach (an alumnus of the University of Pennsylvania) had vastly different styles of coaching, and Mahan was never given an opportunity to play an active role in coaching the team. During World War I, Mahan served as a first lieutenant with the U.S. Marine Corps. At the end of the war, Mahan remained in Europe for a time working for Herbert Hoover's Food Administration. In a January 1919 game played in France, Mahan led a Navy football team to

pos: Meatless Monday been disrupted by war. To encourage voluntary rationing, the USFA created the slogan “Food Will Win the War” and coined the terms "Meatless Tuesday" and "Wheatless Wednesday” to remind Americans to reduce intake of those products. Herbert Hoover was the head of the Food Administration as well as the American Relief Association during Woodrow Wilson's presidency, and played a key role implementing the campaign, which was one of Hoover’s many attempts to encourage volunteerism and sacrifice among Americans during the war. The USFA provided a wide variety of materials in addition to advertising, including recipe books and menus found in

pos: American Relief Administration American Relief Administration American Relief Administration (ARA) was an American relief mission to Europe and later post-revolutionary Russia after World War I. Herbert Hoover, future president of the United States, was the program director. The ARA's immediate predecessor was the United States Food Administration, also headed by Hoover. He and some of his collaborators had already gained useful experience by running the Committee for Relief in Belgium which fed seven million Belgians and two million northern French during World War I. ARA was formed by United States Congress on February 24, 1919, with a budget of 100 million dollars. Its

pos: Clean Plate Club Clean Plate Club The Clean Plate Club was the beginning of a campaign first established in 1917 when the United States Congress passed the Food and Fuel Control Act or Lever Act. This gave the President the power to "regulate the distribution, export, import, purchase and storage of food." President Woodrow Wilson released Executive order 2679-A creating the U.S. Food Administration and appointed Herbert Hoover as the head, enforcing this act. This organization was given the task of making sure that the limited amount of food America had as a result of World War I didn’t go to waste, and

pos: Mina Van Winkle movement was on the verge of succeeding through the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, she was a speaker at the 1920 National Woman's Party convention. Soon after the United States' entry into World War I, the Food and Fuel Control Act of 1917 established the United States Food Administration, with a mandate to voluntarily reduce the domestic consumption of food and produce, while increasing home production. President Woodrow Wilson appointed future president Herbert Hoover as its head, and Hoover appointed Van Winkle to organize and direct its speakers' bureau. In 1916, the Metropolitan Police Department of

pos: Charles McCarthy (progressive) Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. In 1914-15, he was Director of Research and Investigation for the U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations. During World War I, when Herbert Hoover became head of the U.S. Food Administration, McCarthy became his chief aide. In 1917, he was offered the post of advisor to China within the State Department, but declined. He was sought after by corporations and other states, but always declined the offers in order to remain at the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library. McCarthy died March 26, 1921 in Prescott, Arizona, where he had gone to seek relief

pos: United States foreign aid $314 million from the British and French governments and about $200 million from non-governmental sources). These government monies were given in the form of loans, but a considerable portion of those loans was forgiven. After the war, the American Relief Administration, directed by Herbert Hoover who had also been prominent in the CRB, continued food distribution to war-devastated European countries. It also distributed food and combated typhus in Russia during 1921-23. The U.S. Congress appropriated $20 million for the ARA under the Russian Famine Relief Act of 1921. Levels of United States aid increased greatly during World War Two, mainly

pos: Frederick O'Brien to become anti-imperialistic, opposing U.S. imperial ambitions in the Philippines and Latin America. Returning to California in 1909, he edited newspapers in Riverside and Oxnard, California. In 1913, he journeyed to the remote Marquesas Islands where he spent a year as a beachcomber. Returning to the United States, he served during World War I for the State Food Administration in California and the United States Food Administration in Washington, D.C., working under Herbert Hoover. In 1918-1919 he returned to Manila as publisher of the Manila Times. He visited Tahiti and Samoa in 1921 researching for his next book. After his

pos: Joseph Krauskopf is part of the entrance foyer in the Keneseth Israel synagogue in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania. In March, 1903, Krauskopf was elected director-general of the Isaac Meyer Wise Memorial Fund, and in July of the same year he became president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis, the main professional organization of reform rabbis. During World War I Krauskopf continued his patriotic public service, working under Herbert Hoover in the U.S. Food Administration. During this period he spent a good deal of time in Washington. He served on the Liberty Loan Committee for Philadelphia and was worked on issues involving food

pos: United States home front during World War I U.S. Food Administration under Herbert Hoover launched a massive campaign to teach Americans to economize on their food budgets and grow victory gardens in their backyards. It managed the nation's food distribution and prices. Gross farm income increased more than 230% from 1914 to 1919. Apart from 'wheatless Wednesdays' and 'meatless Tuesdays' due to poor harvests in 1916 and 1917, there were 'fuelless Mondays' and 'gasless Sundays' to preserve coal and gasoline. In terms of munitions production, the first 15 months involved an amazing parade of mistakes, misguided enthusiasm, and confusion. Americans were willing enough, but they did not know

pos: David F. Houston from 1913 to 1920. During his time as Agriculture Secretary many important agricultural laws were passed by the U.S. Congress, including the Smith-Lever Act, the Farm Loan Act, the Warehouse Act, and the Federal Aid Road Act. However following the Food and Fuel Control Act responsibility for food was handed over to Herbert Hoover at the United States Food Administration. Hoover only accepted the position on the basis he would be free from interference from Houston. He became the Secretary of the Treasury from 1920–1921 shortly following the First World War. His brief tenure was marked by stormy controversies over

pos: Lewis Strauss send him. For the next three years, Strauss worked as a traveling shoe salesman for his father's company. He was the company's top salesman and saved enough money for college tuition. However, Strauss's mother encouraged him to perform public or humanitarian service, it was 1917. World War I was raging in Europe, and Herbert Hoover was head of the United States Food Administration (USFA). Strauss volunteered to serve without pay as Hoover's assistant. Strauss worked well and soon was promoted to Hoover's private secretary, which he made powerful contacts that would serve him later on. His service with the USFA

pos: Charles Washington Merrill he achieved his success in South Dakota, Merrill organized the Merrill Company in San Francisco in 1910, for the purpose of exploiting his patents in the cyanide process. He held over 25 patents in the United States and foreign countries relative to metallurgical processes and mining apparatus. From 1924-25 he served as a regent of the University of California and also served as president of the Alumni Association. During World War I he accepted the position of chief of the Division of Collateral Commodities in the Food Administration at the request of Herbert Hoover. In World War II his various

pos: Rationing in the United States Wednesdays", the United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover reduced national consumption by 15%. In summer 1941 the British appealed to Americans to conserve food to provide more to go to Britons fighting in World War II. The Office of Price Administration warned Americans of potential gasoline, steel, aluminum, and electricity shortages. It believed that with factories converting to military production and consuming many critical supplies, rationing would become necessary if the country entered the war. It established a rationing system after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Tires were the first item to be rationed by the OPA, which ordered

neg: War Food Administration War Food Administration The War Food Administration was a United States Government agency that existed from 1943 to 1945. The War Food Administration was responsible for the production and distribution of food to meet war and essential civilian needs during World War II. It was a predecessor of the Farm Service Agency. During World War II, it helped create School Lunch Programs in the United States, and administered farm labor programs. The War Food Administration was established by Executive Order 9322 of March 26, 1943 (amended by Executive Order 9334 of April 19, 1943). It was under the direction of

neg: Herbert Hoover Hoover became staunchly conservative, and advocated against Roosevelt's New Deal policies. A lifelong Quaker, he became a successful mining engineer with a global perspective. He built an international reputation as a humanitarian by leading international relief efforts in Belgium during World War I, 1914-1917. When the U.S. entered the war in 1917 he became "food czar" as head of the U.S. Food Administration with charge of much of the nation's food supply and a massive advertising campaign to help consumers adjust and save. He worked well with President Woodrow Wilson and the cabinet, and gained a large national audience. After

neg: Thomas L. Daniels During World War II, he was "chief in the chemical division of the War Production Board and later as head of the Food Requirements Committee of the War Food Administration." Daniels served as the president of Archer Daniels Midland from 1947 to 1958 and as its chairman from 1958 to 1964. Daniels married Tune Herrmann Drumheller. They had two sons and a daughter. They resided at 7 Heather Place in St. Paul, Minnesota and in Gem Lake, Minnesota. He was the captain of the Twin Cities Blues, a polo team. He was the chairman of the Minneapolis Institute of Art

neg: Isador Lubin Isador Lubin Isador Lubin (9 June 1896 – 6 July 1978) was the head of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics from 1933 to 1946, and president of the American Statistical Association in 1946. During the First World War, at the U.S. Food Administration, Lubin analyzed labor and price policy related to food production for the Allied Nations. Later at the War Industries Board’s Price Section, he studied the effect of price shifts on the output of the petroleum and rubber industries. He was as an instructor at the Institute of Economics and earned a Ph.D. there in 1926. It

neg: United States Food Administration United States Food Administration The U. S. Food Administration was the agency responsible for the administration of the U.S. army overseas and allies' food reserves during the United States participation in World War I. One of its important tasks was the stabilization of the price of wheat on the U.S. market. It was established by of August 10, 1917, pursuant to the Food and Fuel Control Act. During the time of the administration, the United States was short of nearly everything as many commodities were being sold to their allies. All citizens were asked to donate any weapons, horses, and

neg: German occupation of Estonia during World War I power to the Estonian Provisional Government. Soviet Russia invaded Estonia on November 28, 1918, starting the Estonian War of Independence. Three German military administrations (Etappenverwaltungen) - Estonia, Livonia and Ösel - were set up as German advance progressed. The military administrators were at first subordinated to the Ober Ost 1917 - 1918 and then to the Head of the Military Administration of the Baltic Lands. Head of the Administration Verwaltungschefs Head of the Military Administration Verwaltungschefs German occupation of Estonia during World War I The occupation of Estonia by the German Empire occurred during the later stages of the First

neg: Enoch Barton Garey police force attempted to deliver food to the people of Tangier Island during a terrible ice and snow storm. While attempting to deliver the food, a fellow Sergeant named William V. Hunter got stuck in the frozen ice of Chesapeake Bay and died of frostbite and exposure. After retiring from the State Police force, Garey settled down in his Towson home off of Joppa road with his wife Alice and four sons and two daughters. He was head of the Veteran's Administration in Westwood (Los Angeles, CA) during World War II, and resided in Santa Monica. Enoch Barton Garey Enoch

neg: Ba Maw a year in jail as a political prisoner. He was incarcerated for most of the time in Mogok jail, situated in a hill station in eastern Burma. During the early stages of World War II, from January – May 1942, Imperial Japanese Army quickly overran Burma, and after the capture of Rangoon, freed Ba Maw from prison. During the Japanese occupation of Burma, Ba Maw was asked by the Japanese to head a provisional civilian administration to manage day-to-day administrative activities subordinate to the Japanese military administration. This Burmese Executive Administration was established on 1 August 1942. As the war

neg: United States Food Administration armistice in Europe. President Woodrow Wilson promoted its transition in a new agency for the support of the reconstruction of Europe. It became the American Relief Administration, approved by an Act (Public, No. 274, 65th Congress) on February 25, 1919. The Food Administration Grain Corporation became the United States Grain Corporation pursuant to of May 14, 1919. United States Food Administration The U. S. Food Administration was the agency responsible for the administration of the U.S. army overseas and allies' food reserves during the United States participation in World War I. One of its important tasks was the stabilization of

neg: Depression cake the recipe. However, some bakers do include butter. Boiled raisin-type cakes date back at least to the American Civil War. Depression cake has been referred to as “War Cake” by texts dating back to World War I. In a pamphlet distributed by the United States Food Administration in 1918 entitled “War Economy in Food,” War Cake is listed under “Recipes for Conservation Sweets.” The United States Food Administration stressed the importance of reducing sugar consumption during the war and offered molasses, corn syrup, and raisins in its place. When the Great Depression hit America following the Stock Market Crash of

neg: Heinz "purity of his products by managing his employees", offering hot showers and weekly manicures for the women handling food. During World War I, he worked with the Food Administration. In 1914, Heinz Salad Cream was invented in England. In 1930, Howard Heinz, son of Henry Heinz, helped to fight the downturn of the Great Depression by selling ready-to-serve quality soups and baby food. They became top sellers. During World War II, "Jack" Heinz led the company as president and CEO to aid the United Kingdom and offset food shortages. Its plant in Pittsburgh was converted for a time to manufacture

neg: Benjamin R. Jacobs the Distribution Division of the United States Food Administration, which was formed to deal with daunting issues regarding food distribution during World War I. He participated for a great portion of the time of the existence of the division, through to the withdrawal of the principal license regulations. He traveled the country and into Canada as an investigator for Herbert C. Hoover's Federal Food Administration. In 1917 a federal war-time food control act was passed when crop failures in Europe laid the burden of feeding the populations of both continents, the British Isles, and the armies of the allies—upon the

neg: Saudi foreign assistance gained a foothold in Kosovo through Saudi diplomacy. Saudi money has paid for new mosques, while Saudi-educated imams have arrived since the end of the war in 1999. During UN administration, Saudi Arabian organizations sought to establish a cultural foothold in Kosovo. 98 Wahhabist schools were set up by Saudi organizations during UN administration. Hundreds of Kosovo Albanians have joined jihad in the Middle East. In 2006, the Saudi government gave $10 million in aid to the horn of Africa, through the World Food Programme, of which Kenya received $2 million. Saudi prince Al-Walid bin Talal donated $1 million to

neg: Herbert Hoover Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was created under the Lever Food Control Act in 1917 to ensure the nation's food needs during the war. This was a position he actively sought, though he later claimed it was thrust upon him. He was convinced from his Belgian work that centralization of authority was essential to any relief effort; he demanded, and got, great power, albeit not as much as he sought. Hoover believed "food will win the war"; and beginning on September 29, this slogan was introduced and put into frequent use. Earning the appellation

neg: University of Massachusetts Amherst Department of Food Science Award to honor distinguished leaders in Food Science. Dr. William Esselen joined the department in the early 1940s during which time he assisted with the World War II effort by spending two weeks each month as a technical consultant for the War Food Administration. Dr. Esselen directed research on war time food substitutes, canning, and other food preservation methods. He then joined the Quartermaster Corps to assess post war Germany’s food production capabilities. Dr. Esselen had a broad research program that focused on thermal processing, spore resistance, pickle technology, vitamin retention and packaging of cranberries. One of Esselen’s most important

neg: 10-in-1 food parcel each, were procured under the 10-in-1 title from mid-1943 to the end of World War II. No other group ration was procured during that period. Hence, in actuality as well as nomenclature, "Ration, 10-in-1" was the final small-group ration of World War II. 10-in-1 food parcel The 10-in-1 food parcel, commonly known as the 10-in-1 ration was a field ration prepared for soldiers of the United States Army, intended to provide one meal for 10 men. Although the possibility of packing the B ration in units of ten was suggested early in the Second World War, progress on such an

neg: Urban agriculture A very similar practice came into use during the Great Depression that provided a purpose, a job, and food to those who would otherwise be without anything during such harsh times. In this case, these efforts helped to raise spirits socially as well as to boost economic growth. Over 2.8 million dollars worth of food was produced from the subsistence gardens during the Depression. By the time of the Second World War, the War/Food Administration set up a National Victory Garden Program that set out to systematically establish functioning agriculture within cities. With this new plan in action, as many

neg: Mary E. Sweeney Mary E. Sweeney Mary E. Sweeney (October 11, 1879 – June 11, 1968) was a Home Economics professional who was head of the Home Economics Section of the United States Food Administration during World War I. Sweeney was President of American Home Economics Association. Born in Lexington, Kentucky on October 11, 1879, to Dr. W. O. Sweeney and Margaret Prewitt Sweeney, Mary E. Sweeney attended Transylvania University where she received her bachelor's degree in 1899. She earned a Master of Science degree from the University of Kentucky, and another master's degree in 1912 from Columbia University. When the Morrill Act

neg: Isador Lubin York state from 1955 to 1958 by Governor W. Averell Harriman. In 1952 Lubin married the former Carol Riegelman (1909-2005), a longtime consultant to the UN/ILO. He had two daughters by a previous marriage: Alice Lubin Everitt and Ann Lubin Buttenwieser. Fellowship named for Dr. Lubin were established at Brandeis University and The New School. Isador Lubin Isador Lubin (9 June 1896 – 6 July 1978) was the head of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics from 1933 to 1946, and president of the American Statistical Association in 1946. During the First World War, at the U.S. Food Administration, Lubin

neg: Mary E. Sweeney took leadership roles in many professional and benevolent organizations: Mary E. Sweeney died June 11, 1968, and is buried at the Lexington Cemetery in Lexington, Kentucky. Mary E. Sweeney Mary E. Sweeney (October 11, 1879 – June 11, 1968) was a Home Economics professional who was head of the Home Economics Section of the United States Food Administration during World War I. Sweeney was President of American Home Economics Association. Born in Lexington, Kentucky on October 11, 1879, to Dr. W. O. Sweeney and Margaret Prewitt Sweeney, Mary E. Sweeney attended Transylvania University where she received her bachelor's degree in

neg: War economy that the wasteful nature of much of military spending eventually can hurt technological progress. The United States alone has a very complex history with wartime economies. Many notable instances came during the twentieth century in which America’s main conflicts consisted of the World Wars, Korea, and Vietnam. In mobilizing for World War I, the United States expanded its governmental powers by creating institutions such as the War Industries Board (WIB) to help with military production. Others, such as the Fuel Administration, introduced daylight saving time in an effort to save coal and oil while the Food Administration encouraged higher grain

neg: Economic planning of new agencies to direct important economic sectors: notably, the Food Administration, Fuel Administration, Railroad Administration and War Industries Board. During the Second World War, the economy experienced staggering growth under a similar system of planning. In the postwar period, U.S. governments utilized such measures as the Economic Stabilization Program to directly intervene in the economy to control prices, wages, "et cetera" in different economic sectors. Since the start of the Cold War, the federal government has directed a significant amount of investment and funding into research and development (R&D), often initially through the US Department of Defense. The government

neg: Alfred Atkinson (university president) in 1906. During his time as an academic, he published numerous papers on dryland farming, nitrate formation, soil moisture control, soil science, and agricultural practice. He developed several new farming methods, and developed a new cultivar of wheat named "Montana 36". Atkinson became a naturalized American citizen in 1911, and obtained a master of science degree from Cornell University in 1912. During World War I, Congress enacted the Food and Fuel Control Act (also known as the "Lever Act") to promote food production for the war effort. The United States Food Administration was established to implement the act, and an

neg: Charles Edward Chambers during World War I, Chambers illustrated a poster for the United States Food Administration, titled "Food Will Win the War." On the poster, it reads: "Food Will Win the War. You came here seeking freedom. You must now help preserve it. Wheat is needed for the allies. Waste nothing." Its target demographic was immigrants. To further drive this point, the poster was produced in many languages: Yiddish, Italian, Spanish, and Hungarian. In the 1920s, Chambers was commissioned by Steinway & Sons to paint portraits of popular pianists. These portraits of pianists, which included Sergie Rachmaninoff, Josef Hoffman, Alfred Cortot, and

neg: Gulag 1942 the Gulag set up the Supply Administration to find their own food and industrial goods. During this time, not only did food become scarce, but the NKVD limited rations in an attempt to motivate the prisoners to work harder for more food, a policy that lasted until 1948. In addition to food shortages, the Gulag suffered from labor scarcity at the beginning of the war. The Great Terror of 1936–1938 had provided a large supply of free labor, but by the start of World War II the purges had slowed down. In order to complete all of their projects,

neg: Crowe Hall garden in around 1810. During the 1870s the house was again remodelled, this time by Henry Tugwell. In 1874, Henry Tugwell appointed William Carmichael (c 1816-1904) as head gardener and he undertook a series oalterations to the gardens. Carmichael was trained at the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, and had been head gardener at Sandringham House, Norfolk in the 1860s. In 1919 the Tugwell family sold the house and it was purchased by Major Maconochie who made profit from supplying tinned food as food rations for British soldiers in the field during the Boer War and in front-line trenches during World War

neg: Eric Roll, Baron Roll of Ipsden through several editions. During World War II, however, he was recruited to the civil service as deputy head of the British Food Mission (1941–1946), where he was principally involved in the procurement of food supplies - most notably dried eggs. He made a number of contacts in the United States and rejected the offer to head the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, instead joining the British Ministry of Food. His economic experience and contacts made him invaluable in the post-war government and he was the British representative in the Paris discussions on Marshall aid. He played an important role

neg: Ray Lyman Wilbur During World War I, Wilbur served as a chief of the conservation division of the United States Food Administration. While at the USFA, he coined the slogan "Food Will Win the War." Wilbur reorganized graduate education, established the Lower Division, introduced Independent Study, and regrouped academic departments within the Schools of the University. He launched the Stanford Graduate School of Business and the Food Research Institute. Among his most notable stances while at Stanford were his opposition to fraternities and to automobiles on campus. Wilbur served as the President of the American Medical Association from 1923 to 1924. In 1923,

neg: Meatless Monday weekly health prompts and encouragement. Approximately two thirds of participants responded with improvements in their overall health, eating habits and physical activity levels. During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation calling for every Tuesday to be meatless and for one meatless meal to be observed every day, for a total of nine meatless meals each week. The United States Food Administration (USFA) urged families to reduce consumption of key staples to help the war effort and avoid rationing. Conserving food would support U.S. troops as well as feed populations in Europe where food production and distribution had

neg: Starostwo independence in 1918 (until the beginning of the 2nd World War in 1939) and in 1944–1950, the starosta was the head of county (powiat) administration, subordinate to the voivode. Since the local government reforms, which came into effect on 1 January 1999, the starosta is the head of the county (powiat) executive board ("zarząd powiatu"), and the head of the county administration ("starostwo powiatowe"), being elected by the county council ("rada powiatu"). Starostwo Starostwo (, "eldership"; ; ; ), administrative units established from the 14th century in the Polish Crown and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until the partitions of

neg: School meal programs in the United States and purchased surplus commodities (Levine 6). Schools served as an outlet for federal commodity donations. In 1935, the programs expanded through the Works Progress Administration and the National Youth Administration, both of which provided labor for school cafeterias. During World War II, the War Food Administration (1943–45) helped create school lunch programs. Eventually, the New Deal policies began to dissolve, and farm surpluses decreased. However, there was still a desire to keep school lunch programs in place, so federal cash assistance began to be appropriated on a year-to-year basis, and the National School Lunch Program was developed. The United States

neg: Food and Fuel Control Act emergency still in effect at the time as formally over. Court cases brought under the Act, both before and after its repeal, continued to work their way through the courts. William C. Mullendore, "History of the United States Food Administration" (Stanford, 1941) Food and Fuel Control Act The Food and Fuel Control Act, , also called the Lever Act or the Lever Food Act was a World War I era US law that among other things created the United States Food Administration and the Federal Fuel Administration. The act was a very controversial piece of legislation. The act was sponsored

neg: Agroscope World War (1914–1918) As on 1 August 1914 the First World War broke out, Switzerland was totally unprepared: inadequate food production in their own country and the supplies from the country interrupted. Switzerland imported at that time about 85% of the cereal demand. These bottlenecks particularly in the food supply during the First World War broke out in agricultural research, big changes. The priorities of research, more and more placed on agriculture and issues of grassland and livestock took place in the background. Between the World Wars (1919–1938) After the end of World War people wanted as soon as possible

neg: Charles Thomas (Secretary of the Navy) Charles Thomas (Secretary of the Navy) Charles Sparks Thomas (September 28, 1897 – October 17, 1983) was a U.S. administrator. He served as Secretary of the Navy between May 3, 1954 and April 1, 1957. Thomas was born in Independence, Missouri, and he attended the University of California and Cornell University. During World War I, he served as a naval aviator. He joined the Eisenhower Administration in 1953 as Undersecretary of the Navy; later that year, he designated an Assistant Secretary of Defense. In the private sector, Thomas worked as head of Trans World Airlines from 1956 through 1960. He

neg: M. Clifford Townsend his successor. During World War II Townsend used his farm experience in government service, directing the Office of Agricultural War Relations, the Agricultural Conservation and Adjustment Administration, and the Food Production Administration. In 1943 he resigned from federal service and returned to Indiana to manage his farms in Blackford and Grant counties. Townsend was the Democratic nominee for the United States Senate in 1946, but was defeated by William E. Jenner. He died November 11, 1954 from a heart attack, and was buried at the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Hartford City, Indiana. Notes Bibliography M. Clifford Townsend Maurice Clifford Townsend

neg: War Food Administration (49 Stat. 1148), February 29, 1936. It was redesignated the Agricultural Adjustment Agency and consolidated with the Sugar Agency, Federal Crop Insurance Corporation, and Soil Conservation Service into Agricultural Conservation and Adjustment Administration by EO 9069, February 23, 1942. It was assigned to Food Production Administration by EO 9280, December 5, 1942; and to Administration of Food Production and Distribution by EO 9322, March 26, 1943, renamed War Food Administration by EO 9334, April 19, 1943. Its functions reverted to the Secretary of Agriculture when War Food Administration abolished by EO 9577, June 29, 1945. It was subsequently assigned to

neg: Main Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees Main Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees The Main Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees () was a department of NKVD (later MVD) in charge of handling of foreign civilian internees and POW in the Soviet Union during and in the aftermath of World War II (1939–1953). It was established within NKVD under the name "Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees (UPVI) in September 1939 after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The qualifier "main" was added in January 1945. The legal foundation was the Sovnarkom Decree of July 1, 1941 "Regulations

neg: Chatelaine (magazine) editor of the magazine from 1929 to 1952 was Byrne Hope Sanders. Sanders took some time off from the magazine during World War II after being seconded to Ottawa. She was made a Companion of the Order of Canada for her work as head of the Wartime Prices and Trade Board, where she implemented food rationing and set up a consumer council of women. During the Second World War, "Chatelaine" published cover images of young women in uniform, working on farms, and contributing to the war effort. After the war, as husbands returned home from overseas, the magazine immediately switched

neg: Jess Larson a member of the National Guard, and he was called into service as an artillery officer in the Army during World War II. He served in Italy and received the Legion of Merit and the Purple Heart medals. Near the end of the war, he was ordered to Washington. In 1946, Jess Larson was appointed general counsel of the War Assets Administration, which was charged with disposing of surplus defense property. He became administrator of the War Assets Administration in 1947. In 1949, President Truman nominated him to head the Federal Works Agency. Less than a month later, in July

neg: War Food Administration the Production and Marketing Administration by Secretary's Memorandum 1118, August 18, 1945. The Office of Labor was established in the War Food Administration (WFA), effective June 23, 1943, by Administrator's directive, June 21, 1943. It administered wartime farm labor activities of the Department of Agriculture. It was abolished concurrently with the WFA by EO 9577, June 29, 1945. Its successor agencies were the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture (July-Aug. 1945), and the Labor Branch, Production and Marketing Administration (PMA, Aug. 1945-1948). <br> War Food Administration The War Food Administration was a United States Government agency that existed from 1943

neg: Henry J. Heinz and gardens; and educational opportunities such as libraries, free concerts, and lectures. Heinz led a successful lobbying effort in favor of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. During World War I, he worked with the Food Administration. He was a director in many financial institutions, and was chairman of a committee to devise ways of protecting Pittsburgh from floods. At the time of Heinz's death in Pittsburgh at the age of 74, the H. J. Heinz Company had more than 20 food processing plants, and owned seed farms and container factories. Heinz was the grandfather of H. J.

neg: Bernard E. Proctor also served as director of Subsistence Research of the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps in Washington, DC during World War II. As food technology grew from the individual family farm to the factory level, including the slaughterhouse for meat and poultry processing, the cannery for canned foods, and bakeries for bread as examples, the need to have personnel trained for the food industries. Literature such as Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle" in 1906 about slaughterhouse operations would be a factor in the establishment of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) later that year. The United States Department of Agriculture was also

neg: Jallianwala Bagh massacre historians consider the episode a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India. During World War I, British India contributed to the British war effort by providing men and resources. Millions of Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian administration and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. However, Bengal and Punjab remained sources of anticolonial activities. Revolutionary attacks in Bengal, associated increasingly with disturbances in Punjab, were significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration. Of these, a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army

neg: Marshall Plan Plan was a "great success": By the end of World War II, much of Europe was devastated. Sustained aerial bombardment during the war had badly damaged most major cities, and industrial facilities were especially hard-hit. The region's trade flows had been thoroughly disrupted; millions were in refugee camps living on aid from United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and other agencies. Food shortages were severe, especially in the harsh winter of 1946–47. From July 1945 through June 1946, the United States shipped 16.5 million tons of food, primarily wheat, to Europe and Japan. It amounted to one-sixth of the American

neg: NOAAS Oregon (R 551) NOAAS Oregon (R 551) NOAAS "Oregon" (R 551), previously NOAAS "Oregon" (FRV 51), was an American fisheries research vessel in commission in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) fleet from 1970 to 1980. Prior to her NOAA career, she operated under the United States Fish and Wildlife Service from 1949 to 1970 as R/V "Oregon" (FWS 1600). Hoping to find a way of overcoming meat protein shortages in the United States during World War II, the U.S. War Food Administration suggested in 1945 that the United States Government fund the construction of exploratory fishing vessels for use in expanding

neg: Food and Fuel Control Act Food and Fuel Control Act The Food and Fuel Control Act, , also called the Lever Act or the Lever Food Act was a World War I era US law that among other things created the United States Food Administration and the Federal Fuel Administration. The act was a very controversial piece of legislation. The act was sponsored by Rep. Asbury F. Lever, a Democrat from South Carolina. President Wilson urged its passage as a wartime emergency measure. Some opposed the authority that would rest in the person of the "Food Administrator." Others opposed language that empowered the president to

neg: Dunnet Head GEE chain of radio navigation stations during World War II. There was also an artillery range on Dunnet Head during World War II. Dunnet Head lochs are restocked every two years with brown trout fry; fishing by permit is between the 1st of April until early October. Day, evening & weekly permits are available from CH Haygarth & Sons Fishing Tackle shop, located on the main A836 road in the village of Dunnet. Dunnet Head was the meridian of the 6 inch and 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps of Caithness. Dunnet Head Dunnet Head () is a peninsula in Caithness, on

neg: Farm Service Agency a program to help stabilize farm prices via price support loans to create crop reduction. The initial act was ruled unconstitutional in 1936 by United States v. Butler, but these issues were taken care of by the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, passed two years later. Following Pearl Harbor and America's entry into World War II, the War Food Administration was created to assist in the production and transportation of food for both civilian and military use. At the end of the war, the WFA was reformed into the Production and Marketing Administration. The first attempt to consolidate the various

neg: USS Boreas (AF-8) Naval Vessel Register on 28 March. Returned to the War Shipping Administration in July 1946, she was sold on 28 November 1947 to the Patapsco Steel Scrap Co. of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and scrapped. USS Boreas (AF-8) USS "Boreas" (AF-8) was an acquired by the United States Navy after World War I. She served with distinction during World War II, supplying food and other supplies to ships and installations in the combat zones of the Pacific Theater. "Boreas" was built for the United States Shipping Board as SS "Yaquina" in 1919 at Oakland, California, by the Moore Shipbuilding Company; renamed "Boreas"

neg: German military administration in occupied France during World War II affecting youth in urban areas. The queues lengthened in front of shops. In the absence of meat and other foods including potatoes, people ate unusual vegetables, such as Swedish turnip and Jerusalem artichoke. Food shortages were most acute in the large cities. In the more remote country villages, however, clandestine slaughtering, vegetable gardens and the availability of milk products permitted better survival. Some people benefited from the black market, where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. Farmers diverted especially meat to the black market, which meant that much less for the open market. Counterfeit food tickets were

neg: Civil Air Transport Civil Air Transport Civil Air Transport (CAT) was a Nationalist Chinese airline, later owned by the CIA, that supported United States covert operations throughout East and Southeast Asia. During the Cold War, missions consisted in assistance to "Free World" allies according to the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949. CAT was created by Claire Chennault and Whiting Willauer in 1946 as Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (CNRRA) Air Transport. Using surplus World War II aircraft such as the C-47 Dakota and the C-46 Commando, CAT airlifted supplies and food into war-ravaged China. It was soon pressed into service to

neg: Hans-Joachim Riecke recently as Head of the Department of Agriculture. From 1933 to 1936 he was Minister of State ("Staatsminister") under Reichsstatthalter Alfred Meyer of the small Free State of Lippe. In 1936 he switched as a head of department ("Ministerialdirektor") to Herbert Backe in the German Ministry for Food and Agriculture. During World War II he was the most important accomplice of Herbert Backe. Riecke headed the agricultural section of the Economic Staff East, whose guidelines appeared on 23 May 1941 and took into account the mass starvation of the Slavic civilian populations under German occupation by directing all food supplies

neg: University of Massachusetts Amherst Department of Food Science Science under one arm. This led to Dr. Chenoweth publishing the first comprehensive textbook on Food Preservation. In 1941, Dr. Carl R. Fellers became department head. The department continued working on community food preservation projects such as canning foods for the dining hall during World War II. Under Dr. Fellers guidance the department shifted its focus from community research and education to the scientific age of industrialization of food manufacturing. This transformation could be seen as the Food Technology curriculum shifted and as classes such as “Homemade Tomato Products” were replaced by courses such as “Industrial Technology”. To reflect this

neg: Foreign trade of Argentina Foreign trade of Argentina Agriculturally and thinly populated, Argentina recorded trade surpluses for most of the period between 1900 and 1948, including a cumulative US$1 billion during World War I and US$1.7 billion during World War II. Record taxes on grain exports imposed by the administration of President Juan Perón and an increasing need for costly fuel and machinery helped result in a nearly-unbroken string of trade deficits between 1949 and 1962, however. Perón and, most notably, the administration of President Arturo Frondizi, encouraged foreign (as well as local) investment in energy and industry as part of a developmentalist policy

neg: Foreign trade of Argentina from each (million US$). Foreign trade of Argentina Agriculturally and thinly populated, Argentina recorded trade surpluses for most of the period between 1900 and 1948, including a cumulative US$1 billion during World War I and US$1.7 billion during World War II. Record taxes on grain exports imposed by the administration of President Juan Perón and an increasing need for costly fuel and machinery helped result in a nearly-unbroken string of trade deficits between 1949 and 1962, however. Perón and, most notably, the administration of President Arturo Frondizi, encouraged foreign (as well as local) investment in energy and industry as part

neg: John J. Egan years. He served as a major in the Medical Corps of the United States Army during World War II and was also a chief rating specialist at two Veterans' Administration offices in Connecticut. Egan died at a Connecticut veterans' hospital in 1949 after a long illness. John J. Egan John Joseph Egan (May 18, 1878 – February 1, 1949) was an American football player, coach, and physician. He served as the co-head football coach at Villanova College—now known as Villanova University—in 1900 with John Powers. Together they compiled a record of 5–2–2 in one season. Egan then coached Villanova the

neg: 10-in-1 food parcel 10-in-1 food parcel The 10-in-1 food parcel, commonly known as the 10-in-1 ration was a field ration prepared for soldiers of the United States Army, intended to provide one meal for 10 men. Although the possibility of packing the B ration in units of ten was suggested early in the Second World War, progress on such an arrangement did not begin until 1943 when the Mountain ration, Jungle ration, and 5-in-1 rations were discontinued. The success of the British "Composite 14-in-1 ration" during the North African campaign in 1942 and the movement to classify field rations into four categories added

neg: USS Houston (AK-1) USS Houston (AK-1) USS Houston (AK-1) was a cargo ship that was acquired by the U.S. Navy for service in World War I. During World War II, she served as a commercial cargo ship under charter to the United States Lines by the War Shipping Administration. The first Navy ship to be named "Houston", "AK-1" was the former German freighter SS "Liebenfels", built by Bremer Vulcan, Vegesack, Germany, in 1903. Operated by the Hansa Line, she arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, in August 1914, and remained there until 1 February 1917, when her German crew scuttled her. Finding her sunk

neg: Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation The agency was consolidated with Division of Marketing and Marketing Agreements into Surplus Marketing Administration by Reorg. Plan No. III of 1940, then merged into Agricultural Marketing Administration by Executive Order 9069 of February 23, 1942. After World War II, the Federal purchase and distribution of food services continued. In the 1960s, counties began to cease distributing the surpluses direct to low income individuals, instead providing an early form of food stamp. Since 1990, the main program responsible for the distribution of surpluses has been the Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program . In the 1980s, the program

neg: Office of Alien Property Custodian for the care and administration of the property and property rights of enemies and their allies in this country pending the war." Marshall v. Marshall, 126 S.Ct. 1735 (2006) (quoting from Markham v. Cabell, 326 U.S. 404, 414, n. 1 (1945) (Burton, J., concurring)), "see also" S.Rep. No. 113, 65th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 1 (1917). Office of Alien Property Custodian The Office of Alien Property Custodian was an office within the Government of the United States during World War I and again during World War II, serving as a Custodian of Enemy Property to property that belonged to US

neg: Montana State University greatly during the Great Depression. The price of agricultural products (Montana's economic mainstay) soared during World War I, as European and Russian farms were devastated by military campaigns and American and European armies demanded food. For a few years after the war, these prices stayed high. But as European agriculture got back on its feet, an agricultural depression swamped the United States beginning about 1923. State tax revenues plunged, and fewer buildings were constructed on campus after 1923. The United States entered the Great Depression in 1929. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Public Works Administration (PWA) in 1933 to

neg: USS Chimo (ACM-1) and Okinawa until 1 February 1946, when she put into Sasebo. "Chimo" cleared Sasebo on 10 March for Saipan, Eniwetok, Pearl Harbor, and San Francisco, arriving 16 April. "Chimo" was decommissioned 21 May 1946, transferred to the War Shipping Administration and sold 28 September 1948. The ship was sold 1963 to become tuna seiner MV "Day Island". "Chimo" received two battle stars for World War II service. USS Chimo (ACM-1) The second USS "Chimo" (ACM-1) was the lead ship of her class of minelayers in the United States Navy during World War II. "Chimo" was built as USAMP "Colonel Charles

neg: War Food Administration materials, supplies, and equipment required to carry out the program of the War Food Administration. The Administrator determined the need and amount of food available for civilian rationing, exercising his priorities and allocation powers in this connection through the Office of Price Administration. The War Food Administrator also had responsibility for farm labor supply and farm wage and salary stabilization. The National Archives website describes the origins of this agency as follows: The Agricultural Adjustment Administration was established under the Agricultural Adjustment Act (48 Stat. 31), May 12, 1933. It was reorganized under the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

neg: William H. Stewart Food and Drug Administration, formerly an independent agency that had reported directly to the Secretary of DHEW. From the optimistic days of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the War on Poverty, and Medicare, PHS entered into an era characterized by more complicated bureaucratic maneuvering, increased public involvement, and renewed efforts to control Federal health expenditures. Midway through President Richard Nixon’s first year in office, Stewart submitted his resignation (August 1, 1969). He returned to Louisiana State University (LSU)'s Medical Center at New Orleans, first as Chancellor (1969–74), then as a Professor of Pediatrics and head of the department (1973–77),

neg: USS Houston (AK-1) transferred to United States Lines Co. for operation on 30 December 1941. At war’s end, she was returned to Campania Diana de Vapores S.A. on 26 February 1946, at New York City. Final disposition: scrapped in 1958. "Houston’s" crew members were authorized the following medals: USS Houston (AK-1) USS Houston (AK-1) was a cargo ship that was acquired by the U.S. Navy for service in World War I. During World War II, she served as a commercial cargo ship under charter to the United States Lines by the War Shipping Administration. The first Navy ship to be named "Houston", "AK-1"

neg: Price controls United States Food Administration enforced price controls on food. Price controls were also imposed in the US and Nazi Germany during World War II. Wage controls have been tried in many countries to reduce inflation, seldom successfully. Modern neoclassical economic theory supports the alternative remedy of reducing the money supply and proposes that monetary inflation is caused by too much money creation by the central bank. The National Board for Prices and Incomes was created by the government of Harold Wilson in 1965 in an attempt to solve the problem of inflation in the British economy by managing wages and

neg: Herbert L. Ley Jr. Herbert L. Ley Jr. Herbert Leonard Ley Jr. (September 7, 1923 – July 22, 2001) was an American physician and the 10th Commissioner and head of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Dr. Ley attended Harvard College from 1941-1943, and returned there after World War II, where he received his M.D. degree, "cum laude", in 1946. In 1951, he earned a Master of Public Health degree from the Harvard School of Public Health. From 1951 until 1958, he worked with the Army Medical Service Graduate School in rickettsial disease research, the Office of the Surgeon General, and as an

neg: Herbert L. Ley Jr. July 22, 2001, at his home in Rockville, Maryland. He was 77. Survivors include two children from his first marriage, and a sister. Herbert L. Ley Jr. Herbert Leonard Ley Jr. (September 7, 1923 – July 22, 2001) was an American physician and the 10th Commissioner and head of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Dr. Ley attended Harvard College from 1941-1943, and returned there after World War II, where he received his M.D. degree, "cum laude", in 1946. In 1951, he earned a Master of Public Health degree from the Harvard School of Public Health. From 1951 until

neg: Barbara Oakley the MOOC. Oakley has recently been featured in the "Wall Street Journal" with an op-ed article entitled "How We Should Be Teaching Math". Oakley was born in Lodi, California, in 1955. She was born to parents Alfred and Constance Grim. Alfred was in the US Army Air Corps as a bomber pilot during World War II. After the war, Alfred became a veterinarian, and then went on to get a Master in Food Technology from MIT. He went on to head the Air Force program to develop food for astronauts. Oakley moved frequently with her family as a child, moving

neg: Emory S. Land war zone. From October 1, 1932 until April 1, 1937, Land was Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair. In this position, he played a major role in submarine development leading to the highly successful fleet boats of World War II. Land retired in 1937, but on February 18, 1938 he became Chairman of the U.S. Maritime Commission, overseeing the design and construction of the more than 4,000 Liberty ships and Victory ships that flew the U.S. flag during World War II. Land concurrently served as Administrator of the War Shipping Administration (WSA), established by Executive Order 9054 on

neg: W.W.S.1 Salamandra W.W.S.1 Salamandra The W.W.S. 1 Salamandra (Salamander) was a single-seat training glider designed and built in Poland from 1936, and again from 1947 after World War II as IS-A Salamandra. As the head of the W.W.S. ("Wojskowe Warsztaty Szybowcowe" - Military Glider Workshops), Wacław Czerwiński designed the W.W.S. 1 Salamandra during the mid-1930s. The excellent handling properties, ideal for the solo training methods then in use, led to mass production in various workshops throughout Poland. During World War II, almost all Polish gliders and their technical documentation were destroyed or lost. After the war there was only one Salamandra left,

neg: Tomas J. Philipson positions. He served in the second Bush Administration as the senior economic advisor to the head of the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) during 2003-04 and subsequently as the senior economic advisor to the head of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in 2004-05. He served as a senior health care advisor to Senator John McCain during his 2008 campaign for President of the United States. In December 2010, he was appointed by the Speaker of the US House of Representatives to the Key Indicator Commission created by the Affordable Care Act. He has served as scientific advisor to

neg: Martin W. Clement World War II. After serving with the Pennsylvania National Guard, he joined the Pennsylvania Railroad as a rodman for the principal assistant engineer of a PRR subsidiary. Rising through the railroad's engineering ranks, Clement assisted in surveying the floor of the Hudson River during construction of Pennsylvania Station, New York City in the 1900s. After serving as superintendent of transportation of the United States Railroad Administration during World War I, Clement was tapped to become head of the PRR's Lake Division in Cleveland, and steadily rose through the corporate ranks to the PRR's executive vice-presidency. Clement was formally nominated to

neg: Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015 for Food, Nutrition and Consumer Services; and (2) Food and Nutrition Service. Title V: Foreign Assistance and Related Programs - Appropriates funds for the following: (1) the Foreign Agricultural Service, (2) Food for Peace Act (P.L. 480) program title I and title II grants, (3) Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) export loan credit guarantee program, and (4) the McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program. Title VI: Related Agencies and Food and Drug Administration - Appropriates funds for the following: (1) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and (2) Farm Credit Administration (FCA). Title VII: General Provisions - Specifies certain

neg: Gare de Lauterbourg from 3 December 1900. It was abandoned when the First World War broke out On 19 June 1919, the station became part of the network of the Administration des chemins de fer d'Alsace et de Lorraine (AL), as a result of the Allied victory in the First World War. The station was extended in 1920; the work included the building of a customs office. On 1 January 1938, the SNCF took control of the railway installations of Lauterbourg. However, after the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany on 1 July 1940 during the Second World War, Deutsche Reichsbahn controlled the station

neg: John Cole-Hamilton than four months after the end of the War in Europe. John Cole-Hamilton Air Vice Marshal John Beresford Cole-Hamilton, (1 December 1894 – 22 August 1945) was an airship pilot in the Royal Naval Air Service during the First World War and a senior Royal Air Force commander during the Second World War. During the early months of the war, Cole-Hamilton was Commandant at the RAF's School of Army Co-operation. In 1940, he was sent to France, taking up the post of Air Officer Administration on the Air Component of the British Expeditionary Force. Cole-Hamilton received a temporary promotion to

neg: Mihajlo Pupin he also helped the gathering of volunteers to travel to Serbia during the First World War with the help of the Serbian patriotic organization called the "Serbian National Defense Council" which he founded and led. Later, at the start of the Second World War this organization was rehabilitated by Jovan Dučić and worked with the same goal. Pupin guaranteed the delivery of food supplies to Serbia with his own resources, and he also was the head of the committee that provided help to the victims of war. He also founded the Serbian society for helping children which provided medicine, clothes

neg: Adalbert von Blanc Adalbert von Blanc Adalbert von Blanc (11 July 1907 – 7 November 1976) was a German naval officer during World War II and later an admiral in the West German Navy. During World War II he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and served as 1st Officer on the auxiliary cruiser "Orion". Blanc was born in Wilhelmshaven. He joined Weimar Germany Weimar German Navy in 1926 and was trained on the "Niobe". After World War II Blanc joined the British controlled German Mine Sweeping Administration on 15 August 1945. Blanc held command of the 1. Minenräum-Division (1st

neg: USS Lake Tulare (ID-2652) was in command at commissioning. The ship, armed with one 3-inch, 50 cal gun, was assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service (NOTS) for use as a coal transport between ports in the United Kingdom and France. Operating out of Cardiff, a major coal port, she performed these duties through the end of the war in November 1918 and into 1919. Transferred to the United States Food Administration on 1 March 1919, "Lake Tulare" carried food from British and French ports to Rotterdam in the Netherlands and Danzig, Germany, until 14 July 1919, when the Food Administration returned her to

neg: Combined Food Board Combined Food Board The Combined Food Board was a temporary World War II government agency that allocated the combined economic resources of the United States and Britain. It was set up by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill on June 9, 1942. Canada, after insisting on its economic importance, was given a place on the board in November, 1942. At first the Board was a pawn in a battle between the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. War Food Administration. After that was resolved, the Board ran smoothly, and effectiveness increased. Its major achievement was the

neg: Seaford Head Golf Course Seaford Head Golf Course Seaford Head Golf Course is a seaside golf course, but not a links course, situated in Seaford, a coastal town in East Sussex, in the south of England. The course is on the Seaford Head Cliff, so offers views of the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head. When it first opened in 1887, it was only twelve holes, but by 1889 it was an eighteen-hole course. The course is built on a Saxon camp that comes from the Iron Age. During the Second World War, the course was used by the military and for food production. This

neg: German military administration in occupied France during World War II meat, 20 percent of the produce, and 80 percent of the Champagne. Supply problems quickly affected French stores which lacked most items. Faced with these difficulties in everyday life, the government answered by rationing, and creating food charts and tickets which were to be exchanged for bread, meat, butter and cooking oil. The rationing system was stringent but badly mismanaged, leading to malnourishment, black markets, and hostility to state management of the food supply. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1,300 or fewer calories a day, supplemented by home gardens and, especially, black market purchases. Hunger prevailed, especially

neg: Alberta Wheat Pool that had not affected Canada had turned the market around. Prices were well above $1 and the Canadian Wheat Board made a profit for the government. This was short lived when, in 1938, the world harvest was good and prices fell again to 60 cents, creating huge losses. During World War II, the Canadian government gave away tons of food as gifts to allies in desperate need for the war effort. Many regions in Europe could not produce food, driving up demand. Price controls helped keep the price down, but it slowly rose from 56 cents in 1940 to $1.55

neg: China Food and Drug Administration of the People's Republic of China, which is in charge of comprehensive supervision on the safety management of food, health food and cosmetics and is the competent authority of drug regulation in mainland China. On July 10, 2007, Zheng Xiaoyu, the former head of China's State Food And Drug Administration, was executed for taking bribes from various firms in exchange for state licenses related to product safety. Draft laws, regulations and rules and policy plans on the administration and supervision of food (including food additives and health food, the same below) safety, drugs (including traditional Chinese medicines and ethno-medicines, the