query: what is the medical term for webbed toes

pos: Webbed toes to additional scars in the places where the skin is removed. Webbed toes Webbed toes is the common name for syndactyly affecting the feet. It is characterised by the fusion of two or more digits of the feet. This is normal in many birds, such as ducks; amphibians, such as frogs; and mammals, such as kangaroos. In humans it is considered unusual, occurring in approximately one in 2,000 to 2,500 live births. Most commonly the second and third toes are webbed or joined by skin and flexible tissue. This can reach either part way up or nearly all the way

pos: Webbed toes condition is unknown. In some cases, close family members may share this condition. In other cases, no other related persons have this condition. The scientific name for the condition is syndactyly, although this term covers both webbed fingers and webbed toes. Syndactyly occurs when apoptosis or programmed cell death during gestation is absent or incomplete. Webbed toes occur most commonly in the following circumstances: It is also associated with a number of rare conditions, notably: Webbed toes in humans are a purely cosmetic condition. This condition does not impair the ability to perform any activity, including walking, running, or swimming.

pos: Webbed toes to additional scars in the places where the skin is removed. Webbed toes Webbed toes is the common name for syndactyly affecting the feet. It is characterised by the fusion of two or more digits of the feet. This is normal in many birds, such as ducks; amphibians, such as frogs; and mammals, such as kangaroos. In humans it is considered unusual, occurring in approximately one in 2,000 to 2,500 live births. Most commonly the second and third toes are webbed or joined by skin and flexible tissue. This can reach either part way up or nearly all the way

pos: Webbed toes Webbed toes Webbed toes is the common name for syndactyly affecting the feet. It is characterised by the fusion of two or more digits of the feet. This is normal in many birds, such as ducks; amphibians, such as frogs; and mammals, such as kangaroos. In humans it is considered unusual, occurring in approximately one in 2,000 to 2,500 live births. Most commonly the second and third toes are webbed or joined by skin and flexible tissue. This can reach either part way up or nearly all the way up the toe. This condition is normally discovered at birth. If

pos: Saethre–Chotzen syndrome abnormalities resulting from SCS are typically mild and only require a minor surgical procedure or no procedure at all. One of the common symptoms of SCS is the development of short (brachydactyly), webbed fingers and broad toes (syndactyly). These characteristics do not cause any problems to the function of the hands or feet, and thus, no medical procedure is required to fix the abnormalities, unless the patient requests it. Webbing of the fingers may affect the base of the fingers, resulting in delayed hand growth during childhood, but this contributes no functional impairments. Sometimes, individuals with SCS develop broad toes

pos: Webbed foot connecting tissue between the toes of the foot. Several distinct conditions can give rise to webbed feet, including interdigital webbing and syndactyly. The webbing can consist of membrane, skin, or other connective tissue and varies widely in different taxa. This modification significantly increases the surface area of the feet. One of the consequences of this modification in some species, specifically birds, is that the feet are a major location for heat loss. In birds, the legs utilize countercurrent heat exchange so that blood reaching the feet is already cooled by blood returning to the heart to minimize this effect. Webbed

pos: Webbed foot cause interdigital tissue between the toes to apoptose. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in development is mediated by a variety of pathways, and normally causes the creation of digits by death of tissue separating the digits. This process is mediated by a variety of pathways. Different vertebrate species with webbed feet have different mutations that disrupt this process, indicating that the structure arose independently in these lineages. In humans, syndactyly can arise from as many as nine unique subtypes with their own clinical, morphological, and genetic fingerprints. In addition, the same genetic mutations can underlie different phenotypic expressions of syndactyly.

pos: Craniofrontonasal dysplasia always surgical and is based on each patients specific phenotypic presentation. Phenotypic expression varies greatly between individuals with CFND. Some of the more prominent characteristics are: Other characteristics that are less frequently seen are: broad nasal base, low anterior hair line, low set ears, crowding of the teeth, maxillary hypoplasia, rounded and sloping shoulders, pectus excavatum, scoliosis, high arched palate, orbital dystopia, low implant of the breasts with asymmetric nipples and volume, webbed neck, hand or foot abnormalities such as clinodactyly (most common is a curved 5th finger) and cutaneous syndactyly (webbed fingers / toes). Females are more commonly and

neg: Webbed toes other symptoms are present, a specific syndrome may be indicated. Diagnosis of a specific syndrome is based on family history, medical history, and a physical exam. Webbed toes are also known as "twin toes," "duck toes," "turkey toes" and "tiger toes." Severity can vary. Most cases involve the second and third toes but any number of toes can be involved. In some cases the toes are joined part way while in some the webbing can extend right up to the nails. In some cases the entire toes, including the nails and bones, can be fused. The exact cause of the

neg: Webbed toes the webbing may restrict the movement of the toes. Psychological stress may arise from the fear of negative reactions to this condition from people who do not have webbed toes. In more severe cases the entire toes are held close together. Many people with webbed toes can physically feel the toes touching under the fused skin, which can cause psychological discomfort. This is due to the nerves of each toe fully developing and independent muscles working. In other cases where the toes are partially webbed, the webbing holds the separate tips of the toes against one another and prevents the

neg: Webbed toes Depending on the severity and structure of the webbing, there can be some minor consequences. People with more severe webbed toes may have a slight disadvantage for activities that benefit from prehensile toes, due to the toes being unable to move well. Although not scientifically proven, some believe that this condition can possibly allow for a slight advantage, specifically, in athletics. Considering your big toe is a main source for balance, having your second and third toe webbed could virtually be seen as having two big toes. Thus, allowing for better balance in athletics such as running or dance. However,

neg: Webbed toes muscles from spreading the toes apart, causing the toes and sometimes nails to press together. However a disadvantage would be a difficulty in wearing flip-flops or other such footwear in warm countries. People with webbed toes may be unable to wear Toe socks or Vibram FiveFingers shoes. Difficulty navigating rough terrain, such as rocks at a beach, barefoot is also common due to reduced mobility of the toes. In some cases the toes grow at different lengths causing the toes to buckle or bend and many people with severe webbed toes experience cramping in these toes due to the muscles

neg: Webbed toes and ligaments being strained. Webbed toes can be separated through surgery. Surgical separation of webbed toes is an example of body modification. As with any form of surgery, there are risks of complications. The end results depend on the extent of the webbing and underlying bone structure. There is usually some degree of scarring, and skin grafts may be required. In rare instances, nerve damage may lead to loss of feeling in the toes and a tingling sensation. There are also reports of partial web grow-back. The skin grafts needed to fill in the space between the toes can lead

neg: Indirana semipalmata The specific name (Latin for "half palmed") is in reference to its half-webbed toes, in contrast to "Indirana beddomii" which had two-thirds of their toes webbed and "Indirana leptodactyla" which only had a third of their toes webbed. In 1918, Boulenger included it under the (then) subgenus "Discodeles" of the genus "Rana". In 1986, the Belgian zoologist Raymond Ferdinand Laurent separated it, along with other closely related species from India, to the genus "Indirana". "I. semipalmata" does not have a widely used common name, but it has sometimes been referred to as the "brown leaping frog", "small-handed frog", and "South

neg: Frog greatly enlarged, with the main leg muscles accounting for over 17% of the total mass of frogs. Many frogs have webbed feet and the degree of webbing is directly proportional to the amount of time the species spends in the water. The completely aquatic African dwarf frog ("Hymenochirus" sp.) has fully webbed toes, whereas those of White's tree frog ("Litoria caerulea"), an arboreal species, are only a quarter or half webbed. Arboreal frogs have pads located on the ends of their toes to help grip vertical surfaces. These are not suction pads, the surface consisting instead of columnar cells with

neg: Bolitoglossa also known for their webbed feet, having significantly more webbing than any other species outside their genus with the exception of the cave-dwelling Mexican bolitoglossine "Chiropterotriton magnipes". Although webbed feet are a common characteristic of these salamanders, only about half of the species in this genus contain webbed feet. Hand and foot morphology is strikingly diverse in an otherwise morphologically uniform group. While just under half of these species contain webbing between their fingers and toes, the remaining species experience little to no webbing and undergo elongation of their fingers and toes throughout development. Ultimately, the variation of foot morphology

neg: Malabar tree toad and webbed at the base. The first finger is half the length of the second. The toes are almost entirely webbed and the tips of both fingers and toes are dilated into broad, truncated disks being smaller on the toes. The tubercle near the joint is small,with two small, flat metatarsal tubercles. There is no tarsal fold. When the hind limb is held straight beside the body, the metatarsal tubercles reach to between the eye and tip of the snout. Skin of upper parts is rough (tubercular), the largest tubercles being arranged along each side of the back. In color,

neg: Occidozyga tompotika is uniformly coloured dark brown or blackish. Lower parts and gular surfaces are heavily marbled with dark brown. Some specimens have a light middorsal line. The finger and toe tips are expanded; the toes are half-webbed. Tadpoles are not known. This species has been collected between above sea level in very shallow creeks with continuous flow. Its more webbed toes suggest that it is more aquatic than the related "Occidozyga semipalmata". Other ecological data are not reported. Occidozyga tompotika Occidozyga tompotika is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, where it is known

neg: Nyctimystes kubori is distinct; supratympanic fold is present. The outer fingers are one-half webbed, whereas the toes are almost fully webbed. Skin is dorsally minutely roughened but ventrally coarsely granular. Dorsal coloration ranges from light yellowish brown to gray and dark brown, with light darker gray or brown spotting or heavy mottling. The inner three toes and the associated webbing can be brightly colored with orange, or sometimes a peach tinge. "Nyctimystes kubori" occurs in along both larger streams in tropical rainforest at elevations of above sea level. Breeding probably occurs in torrential streams where the tadpoles develop. "Nyctimystes kubori" can be

neg: Tyler's tree frog its toes and fingers, allowing it to grip well on branches. Its hands are partially webbed, its toes are completely webbed, and the tympanum is visible. During breeding, males can turn a very strong yellow colour. This species inhabits coastal forest and cleared land. It is normally found around permanent dams, swamps, and ponds. Males call from vegetation around the water body during spring and summer, often after rain. The call of this species resembles a short laughing noise, similar to that of the Peron's tree frog, but without a downward inflection. It is kept as a pet; in Australia,

neg: Rosenberg's tree frog Rosenberg's tree frog Hypsiboas rosenbergi (common names: Rosenberg's treefrog, Rosenberg's gladiator frog, or Rosenberg's gladiator treefrog) is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago and northwestern Ecuador. Its name is a testimony to Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg who collected the type series, and in English, to the aggressiveness of males of the species. Males of "H. rosenbergi" measure on average in snout–vent length and females . It has partly webbed fingers and entirely webbed toes, and large disks in both fingers and toes. Its skin is granulated with small

neg: Williamson's marsupial frog on a single specimen, the holotype. It is an adult female measuring in snout–vent length (SVL). The head is broader than it is long, but narrower than the body. The tympanum is visible and oval in shape. The terminal discs on the fingers are slightly larger than those on the toes. The fingers are partially webbed whereas the toes are fully webbed. Skin is slightly granular on the back but strongly granular beneath. This alcohol-preserved specimen is dorsally reddish-gray, with some darker spots and markings. the sides are light with dark vertical bars, slightly tilted forward. The throat is yellowish

neg: Small-headed frog Small-headed frog The small-headed frog or tiny oriental frog (Occidozyga diminutiva) is a species of frog in the Dicroglossidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines where it is found on Mindanao (including Mount Malindang), Basilan, and in the Sulu Archipelago. "Occidozyga diminutiva" is a small stocky frog, not exceeding in body length. Skin of back and head is smooth or faintly shagreened. Tympanum is completely hidden or with only anterior rim visible. Toes are incompletely webbed and nostrils are lateral (these characters can be used to distinguish it from "Occidozyga laevis" with completely webbed toes and superior nostrils). Males

neg: Hylarana aurantiaca the top part from the bottom part. The toes are webbed but the fingers are not. The hind limbs are also long and slender without distinct bars of color. The tibiotarsal articulation can reach to midway the eye and the snout. The tibia is about six times as long as it is wide and is about half the length of the head and body. It is shorter than the forelimb but is about as long as the foot. The toes are webbed three-quarters to two-thirds of the way, with the exception of the outer metatarsals, which may be separated almost

neg: Scinax castroviejoi fingers and toes bear relatively large discs. The fingers are basally webbed whereas the toes are about two thirds webbed. The dorsum varies from uniform beige to dark greenish-brown. Distinct spots may be present. About half of the males have two distinct X-shaped spots but in the rest they only slightly evident or nearly absent. The venter is creamy yellow and the vocal sac is yellow. The iris is bronze-brown. The male advertisement call is a biphasic, noisy, strong note lasting about 0.06 seconds and repeated about 87 times per minute. "Scinax castroviejoi" occurs in open areas in inter-Andean valleys,

neg: Gliding tree frog and limbs and granular skin on the belly. The limbs are slim and the fingers and toes have adhesive discs. The fingers are about three-quarter webbed and the toes fully webbed. The colour of the dorsal surface of this frog changes at nightfall from pale green to dark green. The underparts are cream and orange. The gliding tree frog is native to the humid forests of southeastern and southwestern Costa Rica, Panama, the Pacific lowlands of Colombia, and northwestern Ecuador. The gliding tree frog is a nocturnal species that lives in the tree canopy. It moves about by climbing using

neg: Erythrasma a scaling, fissuring, and chronic non-resolving break down of the toe web interspaces.The slightly webbed spaces between toes, or other body region skin folds, make it difficult to distinguish from various Tinea. The patient is commonly otherwise asymptomatic. Erythrasma is caused by "Corynebacterium minutissimum". This bacteria tends to thrive in mostly moist and warm environments. Great contributors are poor hygiene, obesity, hyperhidrosis, aging, diabetes mellitus, and a poor immune system. Only some of the causable factors can be looked at for prevention. Hygiene can be improved, along with avoiding moist and warm environments. The other medical factors causing the erythrasma

neg: Bas-Lag sewn-shut mouths, with beautiful clothes and skin like preserved leather." The vampir are vampires, possessing great speed and strength, forked tongues, certain magical powers, and capable of living indefinitely. Vampirism on Bas-Lag is caused by a bacterium, and the technical term for the "disease" is "photophobic haemophagy". The vodyanoi are an aquatic people. They are fat and froglike, with webbed feet and toes. They are skilled in "watercraeft", water magics, able to fashion temporarily solid objects out of water. Vodyanoi ordinarily cannot survive out of water for more than a day, and do not swim in salt water. Taken from

neg: Theloderma phrynoderma wide. The tympanum is distinct and round. The fingers are long, with tips expanded into discs, and partially webbed (basal webbing between fingers I–II, increasing to nearly half-webbed between fingers III–IV). The toes are fully webbed and have discs that are slightly smaller than the finger discs. Dorsal skin is covered with calcified, white-tipped asperities, forming cluster especially near the tympana and along the dorsolateral region. Skin is cream colored and has brown blotches in the mid-dorsum. There is a dark brown bar between the eyes and a dark brown chevron between the shoulders. The flanks have cream-brown marbled pattern

neg: Common ringed plover with one black neckband. They have a brown cap, a white forehead, a black mask around the eyes and a short orange and black bill. The legs are orange and only the outer two toes are slightly webbed, unlike the slightly smaller but otherwise very similar semipalmated plover, which has all three toes slightly webbed, and also a marginally narrower breast band; it was in former times included in the present species. Juvenile ringed plovers are duller than the adults in colour, with an often incomplete grey-brown breast band, a dark bill and dull yellowish-grey legs. This species differs from

neg: Indirana beddomii nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye; the interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid, or a little narrower; the tympanum is distinct, two-thirds of the diameter of the eye. The front toes are moderate, with the first extending slightly beyond the second; the hind toes are two-thirds webbed, with the web reaching the disks of the third and fifth toes; the tips of the toes are dilated into well-developed disks; the subarticular tubercles are well developed. A single, small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle is present, with no tarsal fold. The tibiotarsal articulation reaches

neg: Carl² (because the dog apparently contaminated the sample), which is probably why he enjoys catching Frisbees in his mouth and eating dog treats. C2 has two webbed toes together, unlike Carl. C2 wears the same clothing as Carl throughout the show. He is also voiced by Stuart Stone. Carl's best friend who is the only other person to know about C2. He always carries around a camcorder, shooting random movies for his documentaries, especially Carl's skateboarding moves. He talks gangster most of the time, such as, "What up with your fine self?". Jamie goes to great lengths to keep C2 a

neg: Chiasmocleis quilombola Chiasmocleis quilombola Chiasmocleis quilombola is a species of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil and found between the Doce River and the Mucuri River in the state of Espírito Santo. The specific name "quilombola" is derived from "quilombo", the name for a Brazilian community founded by escaped slaves. Males in the type series measure and the sole female in snout–vent length. The body is ovoid with a triangular head and small, protruding eyes; the snout is rounded. The tympanum is indistinct. Fingers are slightly fringed but not webbed. Toes are fringed and slightly webbed. The

neg: Labrador Retriever from different breeding lines. Australian stock also exists; though not seen in the West, they are common in Asia. These dogs are also very good with children. The breed tends to shed hair twice annually or regularly throughout the year in temperate climates. Some Labradors shed considerably; however, individual Labradors vary. Labrador hair is usually short and straight, and the tail is quite broad and strong. The webbed toes of the Labrador Retriever make them excellent swimmers. The webbing between their toes can also serve as a "snowshoe" in colder climates and keep snow from balling up between their toes—a

neg: Atelopus laetissimus Atelopus laetissimus Atelopus laetissimus is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Colombia and only known from the area of its type locality in the northwestern part of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in the Magdalena. Adult males measure and adult females, based on just one specimen, in snout–vent length. The snout is acuminate (males) or sub-acuminate (female) in dorsal view. The tympanum is absent. The fingers have traces of basal webbing while the toes are fully (toes I to III) to partially webbed (toes IV and V). Skin is smooth on the front

neg: Pachydactylus rangei some have light brown stripes or patterns. The coloring of their skin allows for very good camouflage among the sand of the Namib Desert. The skin is covered in fine, smooth scales and is translucent, and some of the internal organs can be seen through it. The legs are thin but the feet are broad, with fully webbed toes, enabling this gecko to burrow easily and to run on loose sand. The gecko developed the webbed feet as an adaptation to help them stay on top of the Namib Desert sand or bury underneath the sand. They have developed this

neg: Fuath yellow fur to just having a mane down its back, webbed toes, tails with spikes, and no nose. They are prone to wearing green, whether it be a dress, robe, or kirtle, as it is the colour of faeries. They sometimes intermarry with human beings (typically the female), whose offspring will share a mane, tail, and/or webbed digits. Their banes include sunlight and cold steel, which will kill them instantly. They grow restless upon crossing a stream. An alternative name for this class of monsters is Arrachd. Similarity or equivalence to the bean nighe or Northern Ireland's "uisges" have been

neg: Bleating tree frog The ventral surface is light cream, although in breeding males can be yellow. The fingers are one-third webbed, and toes are two thirds webbed. The tympanum is visible. The iris is a strong rusty red colour. During the breeding season males become a yellowish colour. This frog is associated with coastal lagoons, ponds and swamps, in heathland, sclerophyll forest and cleared farmland. The bleating tree frog is well known for its loud, high-pitched call, which can be painful to humans nearby. Males call from vegetation or ground around the breeding site. Mass breeding and calling can take place on warm,

neg: Hymenochirus curtipes The fingers are half-webbed, whereas the toes are completely webbed, with the webbing scarcely indented. Skin is coarsely and uniformly tubercular. The body is muddy brown above with indistinct dark brown spotting that becomes distinct below. "Hymenochirus curtipes" is presumably ecologically similar to "Hymenochirus boettgeri", an aquatic frog that occurs in still, shaded water in lowland rainforest, and in pools by slow-flowing rivers. Two individuals in amplexus have been reported in a flooded forest. No significant threats to this species are known; although it is collected for pet trade, this is not considered a threat. British Labour politician and first

neg: Dainty green tree frog of "L. gracilenta" are three-quarters webbed, while the toes are fully webbed. The dainty green tree frog is commonly found in vegetation emerging from the water in streams and swamps, often in temporary water. It is found in a range of habitats, including rainforest, woodland and forest. It is commonly found near human developments, in gardens or farms and often enters houses looking for insects. Due to its common occurrence on fruit and vegetable farms, particularly bananas, it is commonly transported around Australia with fruits or vegetables, frequently becoming a lost frog. This is common among many frog species, and

neg: Nymphargus anomalus Nymphargus anomalus Nymphargus anomalus is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Ecuador and occurs on the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes in the Napo Province. Common name Napo Cochran frog has been coined for it. Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The snout is short and truncate. The tympanum is visible, with its upper edge barely covered by the weakly-developed supra-tympanic fold. The fingers are only slightly webbed and have broad discs. The toes are two-thirds webbed and have discs that are rounder and slightly smaller than those on the

neg: Dendropsophus riveroi and above the tympanums. The skin is smooth dorsally and granular ventrally. The fingers are one-fourth webbed and the toes two-thirds webbed. Its natural habitats are secondary and primary tropical rainforests where it occurs on arboreally. They congregate for breeding in temporary ponds and swampy areas. "Dendropsophus riveroi" is not a common species, but there are no significant threats to this widespread species. Dendropsophus riveroi Dendropsophus riveroi is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is found in the upper Amazon Basin in western Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and southern Colombia. In Ecuador it has been mixed with

neg: Pelecaniformes Fregatidae (frigatebirds), Sulidae (gannets and boobies), Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants and shags), Anhingidae (darters), and Phaethontidae (tropicbirds) were traditionally placed in the Pelecaniformes, but molecular and morphological studies indicate they are not such close relatives. They have been placed in their own orders, Suliformes and Phaethontiformes, respectively. Classically, bird relationships were based solely on morphological characteristics. The Pelecaniformes were traditionally—but erroneously—defined as birds that have feet with all four toes webbed (totipalmate), as opposed to all other birds with webbed feet where only three of four were webbed. Hence, they were formerly also known by such names as totipalmates or steganopodes. The

neg: Leptobrachella palmata The finger and toe tips are expanded into small, triangular discs. The toes fully (between toes 1–2) webbed or nearly so. Skin is smooth. except for rounded glands on the sides and a distinct, curved supratympanic fold. Colour in alcohol is medium brown without markings above and white below. The type series was collected along a clear, rocky hill stream in lowland forest at elevations of above sea level. "Leptobrachella palmata" appears to be a rare species. While the type locality is a forest reserve, its management is not adequate for the purpose of biodiversity conservation. More in general, lowland

neg: Afrixalus lacteus Afrixalus lacteus Afrixalus lacteus is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is endemic to Cameroon and known from a few mountains in the western part of the country; specifically, it has been recorded from Mount Manengouba (its type locality), Mount Nlonaka, and the southern Bamileke Highlands (Mount Bana, Foto, and Batie). Common name Cameroon banana frog has been coined for it. Prior to its description, it was confused with "Afrixalus lindholmi". Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The overall appearance is stocky. The fingers are about one-third webbed and the toes are half webbed;

neg: Hyperolius igbettensis a village in Oyo State, Nigeria. Males from Nigeria measure and females in snout–vent length; materials from Cameroon indicate a maximum length of for both sexes. The body is long and slender. The fingers and toes are webbed and bear discs; the toe are more webbed but bear smaller discs than the fingers. Colouration is variable, ranging from a light bluish green to grass green or almost green-brown. The shanks and the arms are almost transparent blue-green. The flanks, back and thighs are darker green and bear many small dark spots that may be arranged along vertebral line into a

neg: Meristogenys poecilus Meristogenys poecilus Meristogenys poecilus is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Borneo and known from between central Sarawak (Malaysia) and central Kalimantan (Indonesia). The specific name "poecilus" is derived from the Greek "poikolos", meaning "pied" or "blotched", in reference to diagnostic pattern on rear of the thigh. Common name Malaysian Borneo frog has been coined for this species. Males typically measure and females in snout–vent length. The snout is obtusely pointed and projecting beyond the jaw. The tympanum is visible. The fingers and the toes bear round discs; the toes are fully webbed. The

neg: Hyperolius dintelmanni data now clearly support recognizing "H. dintelmanni" as a distinct species. Adult males in the type series measure and adult females in snout–vent length (SVL); Portik and colleagues report a larger size range for females, SVL, including specimens from the type locality as well as from Mount Kupe. The body is slender. The snout is rounded. The tympanum is visible in most specimens even though the tympanic membrane is covered by thick skin. The fingers and the toes have broad tips and are webbed, the toes more so than the fingers. The phase J males are dorsally olive green to

neg: Indirana leithii thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending quite as for as second; toes two-thirds webbed, the web reaching the disks of the third and fifth toes; tips of fingers and toes dilated into small but well-developed disks; subarticular tubercles moderate; a single, small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches halfway between the eye and the end of the snout. Skin of back with small scattered longitudinal warts; a strong fold from the eye to the shoulder. Brown above, with small dark spots; limbs with dark transverse bands; lower parts white, throat

neg: Teratohyla adenocheira relatively long. The fingers are slightly webbed whereas the toes are extensively webbed. The dorsum is dark green with bright yellow spots. The dermal folds and glands are white. Gular and ventral skin is translucent. The iris is yellow-green. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests, although a specimen has also been collected in a secondary forest on a river bank, on the surface of the palm "Lepidocaryum". The type series were found on vegetation along a sandy stream bed. Teratohyla adenocheira Teratohyla adenocheira is a species of frogs in the family Centrolenidae. It is known from the Noel

neg: Isthmohyla debilis webbed. The toes have discs that are about as large as those on the fingers and are two-thirds webbed. The dorsal color is drab green with small, black flecks, turning white with black flecking on the flanks. There is a dark brown stripe running through the eye, bordered above by a lighter stripe. The upper lip is white. Most specimens have a white spot below the eye. The iris is coppery. "Isthmohyla debilis" occurs in the lower reaches of cloud forests at above sea level. It is an arboreal species but associated with low vegetation overhanging small montane streams, not

neg: Rhinella lindae poorly differentiated; in the male, no tympanic annulus is present. The parotoid glands are ovoid but depressed and not very conspicuous. Dorsal skin is studded with minute granules extending to eyelids that show a crest. The fingers are one quarter webbed whereas the toes are extensively webbed. The upper parts are opaque black to dark brown with light yellow or olive green spots and dots. The venter is yellow or olive green with brown or black spots. The eye is coffee-colored. "Rhinella lindae" is a terrestrial frog occurring in wet primary forest by creeks at elevations of above sea level.

neg: Powdered glass frog toes and most fingers of "C. pulverata" are webbed; the webbing between the first two fingers (which are of equal length) is absent or vestigial, however. The webbing formula for the outer fingers is II (1-1) – (2-3) III (1-1) – (1-2) IV; for the toes, it is I (1-1) – (1-2) II (1-1) – (1-2) III (1-1) – (1-2) IV (2-2) – (1-1) V. The discs at the finger and toe tips are small, about the size of the eardrum on the third finger. This species has no tubercles on the thighs; the metacarpus, ulna, metatarsus, and tarsus have

neg: Rhacophorus arvalis Rhacophorus arvalis Rhacophorus arvalis is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to western and southwestern Taiwan and is present in agricultural areas of Chiayi, Yunlin, and Tainan Counties. Common name farmland green treefrog has been coined for it. "Rhacophorus arvalis" is a medium-sized treefrog; adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The tympanum is visible, but it is dorsally and posteriorly concealed by the thin supratympanic fold. The fingers and the toes have well-developed discs and are webbed; webbing is weakly developed between the fingers but more prominent between the toes. Skin is

neg: Cochranella riveroi males measured while a single female measured in snout–vent length; the female had 21 eggs in diameter in her ovaries. The tympanum is visible. The fingers are slightly webbed and the toes moderately webbed. The dorsal skin is strongly granular. The coloration of living specimens is unknown. The type series was collected from terrestrial bromeliads at the summit of Cerro Aracamuni at about above sea level. The vegetation at the summit is mostly low (<1 m), with forested areas in depressions and along streams. There are no known threats to this species, although its small range makes it vulnerable (Cerro

neg: Phrynobatrachus parkeri present but may be obscured by skin. The toe tips are dilated into small but distinct, round discs. The toes are moderately webbed, distinguishing it from the more extensively webbed "Phrynobatrachus acridoides". There is a pair of concave ridges on the anterior part of the dorsum. Coloration is polymorphic. One form is dorsally dark greyish brown, usually with black areas overlying the dermal ridges. The second color morph is otherwise similar but has a narrow yellow or orange vertebral stripe superimposed on the previous pattern. The third morph has a reddish brown dorsum, edged with a black line and grayish

neg: Fishing cat and muscular with medium to short legs. Its face is elongated. Its head-to-body length typically ranges from , with a tail of . It weighs from . The underside fur is longer and often overlaid with spots. Its paws are less completely webbed than those of the leopard cat, and the claws are incompletely sheathed so that they protrude slightly when retracted. Webbed feet have often been noted as a characteristic of the fishing cat, but the webbing beneath the toes is not much more developed than that of a bobcat. The fishing cat is broadly but discontinuously distributed in

neg: Osteocephalus cabrerai these do not have keratinized tips in breeding males as in "Osteocephalus buckleyi". Skin on the flanks is . The fingers are one-half webbed. The toes are webbed, reaching base of the disc on the fourth toe. Te dorsal coloration is variable, in shades of green with tan and brown blotches, streaks, or a reticulate pattern. The flanks are light and may have tan blotches. The venter creamy is white, possibly with tan spots. A pale supralabial mark runs posteroventrally from eye to mid-tympanum. Males have paired vocal sacs. "Osteocephalus cabrerai" is a lowland tropical rainforest species. Specimens have been

neg: Meristogenys amoropalamus females grow to about snout–vent length, whereas males are considerably smaller. The maximum lengths reported by Shimada and colleagues are for males and females, respectively. Males are less robustly built than females and have a relatively much larger tympanum. The snout is comparatively blunt. The fingers and the toes bear round discs; the toes are fully only partially webbed. The dorsum is light brown and has small dark spots on the trunk. The lower parts are whitish. "Meristogenys amoropalamus" live in montane forests at elevations of above sea level and are only encountered along the banks of clear, rocky streams.The

neg: False green robber frog slightly wider than it is long. The snout is truncate. The tympanum is visible. The dorsum is either green or tan with some green areas. Some individuals have weakly defined dark scapular spots and dorsolateral lines, but otherwise the dorsum is almost without any distinct pattern. The fingers are unwebbed while the toes are slightly webbed. Both fingers and toes are long and bear relatively large discs. The species' natural habitats are upland hardwood forests and ravine pinelands at elevations of above sea level. The range of this species is suffering from severe habitat destruction, primarily due to logging for

neg: Papurana arfaki Papurana arfaki Papurana arfaki is a species of true frog, family Ranidae. It is widely distributed in New Guinea (in both Western New Guinea and Papua New Guinea) and also found on the Aru Islands (Indonesia). Common names Arfak Mountains frog and large river-frog have been coined for it. Its type locality is the Arfak Mountains. Adult males measure at least and adult females in snout–vent length; they can reach or more. The snout is rounded. The head is as long as it is wide or slightly longer. The toes are fully webbed, and both the fingers and the toes

neg: Oreophryne brachypus any protected areas. Oreophryne brachypus Oreophryne brachypus is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to the island of New Britain, in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. Common name Gazelle cross frog has been coined for it. Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The snout rounded but approaching truncate in dorsal view. The eyes are prominent. The tympanum is small. The fingers and the toes have enlarged, grooved terminal disks. The fingers have basal webbing, and the toes are maximally half-webbed. The dorsum is smooth. The ground colour is dusky brown.

neg: Oreophryne brachypus Oreophryne brachypus Oreophryne brachypus is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to the island of New Britain, in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. Common name Gazelle cross frog has been coined for it. Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The snout rounded but approaching truncate in dorsal view. The eyes are prominent. The tympanum is small. The fingers and the toes have enlarged, grooved terminal disks. The fingers have basal webbing, and the toes are maximally half-webbed. The dorsum is smooth. The ground colour is dusky brown. There are indistinct

neg: Phrynobatrachus pakenhami length, although different authors report somewhat different ranges. The body is rather stocky. The snout is obtusely pointed. The tympanum is visible. The digital tips have discs, small on the fingers but well-developed on the toes. The toes are moderately webbed. Skin is smooth except for the W-shaped scapular warts. The dorsum is more or less uniform grey or brownish grey. The snout often bears a lighter triangle. A broad, light vertebral area, and a broad, transverse interorbital bar may be present. Darker brown patches are superimposed on the scapular warts. Hind limbs may have broad, light-edged dark crossbars. The

neg: Dryaderces inframaculata bulging. The fingers are about half-webbed and have large discs. The toes are nearly fully webbed and have discs that are smaller than the fingers ones. The dorsum is light brown to pale grey, with some darker brown or darker grey spots. The belly and throat are white to cream and have black to grey spots. The underside of the limbs is transparent blueish white. The iris is orange with a narrow yellow edge around the pupil, or completely pale golden with black horizontal bars in front and behind the iris and a black vertical bar below it. "Dryaderces inframaculata"

neg: Isthmohyla rivularis rounded. The tympanum is barely discernible. The fingers have large discs and are up to one-third webbed. The toes have discs that are slightly smaller than those on the fingers and are two-thirds webbed. The dorsal color varies from grey to light brown. Most specimens have a thin, dark line running through the eye. Other dark markings are variably present. The flanks are usually yellowish, but may in some individuals appear greenish or bluish. The iris is bronze and has black reticulations. "Isthmohyla rivularis" is found along or in clear streams in lower and premontane rainforests at . Males call

neg: Craugastor fitzingeri Craugastor fitzingeri Craugastor fitzingeri is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in northwestern Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, eastern Nicaragua, and northeastern Honduras. The specific name "fitzingeri" honors Leopold Fitzinger, an Austrian zoologist. Common name Fitzinger's robber frog has been coined for this species. Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The snout is subacuminate in dorsal view. The tympanum is prominent. The fingers and the toes bear discs; the toes are moderately webbed. Skin typically bears warts and ridges. The dorsal coloration varies from gray-brown to brown to orange-brown. Some individuals have a

neg: Xenopus boumbaensis Boumba River drainage. Adult males can grow to and females to in snout–vent length. All "Xenopus" are characterized by a streamlined and flattened body, a vocal organ specialized for underwater sound production, lateral-line organs, claws on the innermost three toes, and fully webbed toes. The coloration is green with numerous spots posteriorly and on the hind limbs. The venter can be immaculate white but is often heavily spotted. "Xenopus boumbaensis" is an octoploid species (2n=72). This species occurs in aquatic habitats in the lowland rainforest region at elevations of above sea level. It is typically found in forested habitats in

neg: Leptopelis jordani considered it to be related to "Leptopelis aubryi". The holotype is an adult female measuring in snout–vent length. The head is broad with a blunt snout. The tympanum is distinct. The canthus rostralis is obtusely angular and strongly curved. Skin is smooth above but strongly granular below; there are a few granules below the ear. The limbs are short; the fingers are slightly webbed whereas the toes are nearly half-webbed. The digits have well-developed discs. "Leptopelis jordani" was collected within the forest zone at an elevation of about above sea level. Its ecology is otherwise unknown. Its conservation status is

neg: Dendropsophus tintinnabulum Dendropsophus tintinnabulum Dendropsophus tintinnabulum is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Brazil and only known from its type locality along the Uaupés River, "some days' journey north of Ipanoré", in the Amazonas state. "Dendropsophus tintinnabulum" is a small but sturdy frog. Three males in the type series measured in snout–vent length (females were not collected). The eye is large and prominent. The tympanum is indistinct. The canthus rostralis is blunt. Fingers are almost one-fourth webbed, whereas the toes (which are orange) are two-thirds webbed. Discs are small. The dorsum is grayish green and the

neg: Cornufer punctatus Cornufer punctatus Cornufer punctatus is a species of frog in the family Ceratobatrachidae. It is endemic to Western New Guinea (Indonesia) and occurs in the Arfak and Wondiwoi Mountains in the Guinean mainland well as on some adjacent islands (Batanta and Waigeo). Common name dotted wrinkled ground frog has been coined for it. Adult males can grow to and adult females to in snout–vent length. Dorsal skin is relatively smooth, apart from the supratympanic fold. The fingers and the toes bear enlarged and grooved discs. The toes are one-third to one-half webbed. In preserved specimens, the dorsal surfaces are almost

neg: Rhacophorus belalongensis be seen on each forearm. The four fingers are slightly webbed, and their tips are oval and broad, with the disk of the third and the longest finger wider than the tympanum; each tip possesses a circummarginal groove. The legs are slender and fairly long, with the tibiotarsal joint reaching the tip of the vent. A large pointed calcar is present on each heel. The disks of the five, fairly webbed toes, of which the fourth one is the longest, are smaller than those of the fingers. Each digit possesses one to three subarticular tubercles, well developed on the fingers.

neg: Adenomus kandianus Lanka. In light of the discovery, the species was reclassified in 2012 as critically endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Another extant population was reported in 2014 from Pidurutalagala Forest Reserve. Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The parotoid glands are relatively long, which is the single morphological trait that separates "Adenomus kandianus" from "Adenomus kelaartii" with shorter parotoid glands. The tympanum is submerged and poorly visible. The toes are partially to fully webbed; the partially webbed morphs were described as a separate species, "Adenomus dasi", but because the morphs show negligible genetic differences,

neg: Armoured frog Armoured frog The armoured frog (or armoured mist frog, Litoria lorica) is a species of tree frog in the torrent frog complex ("Litoria nannotis"), a group restricted to north-eastern Queensland, Australia. "L. lorica" is a small tree frog, growing up to in length. It is grey or grey-brown on the dorsal surface and white on the ventral surface. The skin is tubercular on the dorsal surface, prominently on the eyelids and around the tympanum. Fingers are half webbed and toes are fully webbed, both having well-developed discs. The tympanum is small and indistinct, and a vocal sac is not present.

neg: Kurixalus berylliniris slightly webbed and the toes up to about half-webbed. Dorsal skin is granular with small tubercles. There are two color morphs, dark and light. The dark form is dark green to deep tan and has a black X-shaped blotch together with some irregular blotches; the tympanum is light yellowish-brown with small dark spots. The light form is light emerald green, with an obscured dorsal X-pattern. The venter is cream, sprinkled with minute black spots in the gular region. The iris is emerald to light green. This species occurs in eastern Taiwan south of central Hualien, on the eastern slopes of

neg: Sphaenorhynchus lacteus Sphaenorhynchus lacteus Sphaenorhynchus lacteus, the Orinoco lime treefrog or greater hatchet-faced treefrog, is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is a widely distributed species found in the Orinoco and Amazon basins in Venezuela, the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana), Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. It also occurs in Trinidad and Tobago. Adult males measure and females in snout–vent length. The snout is pointed in dorsal view and angles sharply back when viewed laterally. The tympanum is visible. The fingers are one-half to two-thirds webbed whereas the toes are fully webbed. The dorsum is bright green with

neg: Sphaenorhynchus dorisae Sphaenorhynchus dorisae Sphaenorhynchus dorisae, the Doris' lime treefrog, is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is found in the upper Amazon Basin of southeastern Colombia (Amazonas Department), Ecuador, Brazil and Peru. It might also be present in Bolivia. The specific name "dorisae" honors Doris Mable Cochran, an American herpetologist. Adult males measure and females in snout–vent length. The snout is rounded in dorsal view. The tympanum is small and indistinct. The fingers are one-third webbed whereas the toes are fully webbed. The dorsum is bright green with small dark spots or lavender green with small spots that

neg: Australian lace-lid is vertical when constricted. The lower eyelid is patterned with lines, veins and dots which give the frog its name. Toes are fully webbed and fingers are almost completely webbed. The tympanum is distinct with the upper quarter cover under a skin fold. This species ranges from Paluma to Cooktown in north Queensland. It is associated with fast flowing creeks in montane rainforests of altitudes ranging from 0–1200 m. But can also be found around slower watercourses and rock soaks when ample vegetation is present. They breed from spring to summer with peak breeding occurring from October to April. Males

neg: Rabbit fused to the tibia. The tibia and fibula articulate with the tarsals of the pes, commonly called the foot. The hind limbs of the rabbit are longer than the front limbs. This allows them to produce their hopping form of locomotion. Longer hind limbs are more capable of producing faster speeds. Hares, which have longer legs than cottontail rabbits, are able to move considerably faster. Rabbits stay just on their toes when moving this is called Digitigrade locomotion. The hind feet have four long toes that allow for this and are webbed to prevent them from spreading when hopping. Rabbits

neg: Ptychohyla zophodes snout is rounded in dorsal view and truncate in profile. The supratympanic fold is well developed and covers the upper edge of the tympanum. The forelimbs are moderately robust; the fingers are moderately long, have large discs, and are about one-third webbed. The hind limbs are moderately long and slender. The toe discs are only slightly smaller than those on the fingers; the toes are about three-fourths webbed. The dorsal ground color is deep brown, grading into purplish brown on the sides. There is irregular black mottling and two irregular black transverse bars on the shanks; these markings are not

neg: Isthmohyla xanthosticta large discs and are about one-fourth webbed. The hind limbs are moderately short and slender. The toes are about two-thirds webbed and bear discs that are slightly smaller than those on the fingers. The coloration is dorsally uniformly green, but the flanks and the thighs are brown with large yellow spots. There is a broad, bronze-tan canthal stripe. The throat and belly are pale yellow. The holotype was found in lower montane rainforest at above sea level, perched on a leaf some 1 meter above the ground. The locality is within the Braulio Carrillo National Park. The habitat is pristine,

neg: Nyctimystes avocalis supratympanic fold. The outer fingers are half-webbed. The hind limbs are relatively long and the toes are almost fully webbed. Skin is dorsally mildly granular and ventrally (including the throat) coarsely granular. The dorsal ground color is usually gray and there are lichen-like patches of tan on the body and the back of the head. One specimen, however, is brown without obvious markings. The tibia are irregularly banded. Males lack vocal sac and vocal-sac openings, which is unusual within the genus "Nyctimystes". The type series was collected near a small creek in oak-rain-forest transition at about above sea level. Breeding

neg: Hyperolius discodactylus Hyperolius discodactylus Hyperolius discodactylus is a species of frogs in the family Hyperoliidae. It occurs in the montane areas of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and western Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi. It is also known as the Albertine Rift reed frog, highland reed frog, or disc-fingered reed frog. Adult males measure and adult females in snout–urostyle length. The fingers bear large discs and are up to half-webbed. The toes have somewhat smaller discs and are about half-webbed. The dorsum is brownish to orange, either uniform or displaying diffuse dark spots. A dark canthal line is present. Calling males have

neg: White-lipped tree frog pink in the breeding male. The white-lipped tree frog has large toe pads, which aid it to climb. The toes are completely webbed, and the hands are partially webbed. The white-lipped tree frog is distributed in Australia along the coastal areas of Cape York Peninsula and the wet tropics of north-eastern Queensland. It is the most widely distributed tree frog in the New Guinea region, spanning from eastern Indonesia, through the New Guinea mainland, to the Bismarck and the Admiralty Islands in the north. It lives in rainforests, cultivated areas, and around houses in coastal areas, and is restricted to

neg: Rhacophorus gauni eyelid. The tympanum is distinct. The finger and the toe tips have well-developed discs. The fingers are partially webbed whereas the toes are almost fully webbed. The dorsal surfaces are light gray with faint, large, dark spots on the back, consisting of at least a dark interscapular spot. There is a characteristic cream-colored or white spot below the eye. The flanks and the ventrum are white. The legs have dark dorsal crossbars, and the anterior and posterior faces of thigh reddish orange. The iris is pale brown, without network. "Rhacophorus gauni" occurs in primary and old secondary lowland and hilly

neg: Ptychohyla acrochorda truncate in profile. The supratympanic fold is thin but covers the upper edge of the tympanum. The forelimbs are moderately robust; the fingers are moderately long, have large discs, and are less than one-fourth webbed. The hind limbs are moderately long and slender. The toe discs are only slightly smaller than those on the fingers; the toes are about two-thirds webbed. The dorsal ground color is lime-green, grading into yellow-green on the sides. There is mottling that varies from brown, indistinct to more conspicuous gray or almost maroon. During the daytime, individuals sleeping on leaves have somewhat subdued turquoise-green dorsum.

neg: Australian green tree frog are about one-third webbed, and the toes nearly three-quarters webbed. The dorsal color depends on the temperature and nature of the environment, ranging from brownish- or greyish-green to bright emerald green. The frog occasionally has small, irregularly shaped white spots on its back. Males have a greyish, wrinkled vocal sac under the throat, while the throat of females is white. The ventral surface in both sexes is creamy-white and rough in texture. This frog is similar in appearance to the magnificent tree frog ("L. splendida"), which inhabits only north-western Australia. Older members of that species have very large parotoid glands,

neg: Polypedates ranwellai There are four dorsal spines. The canthus rostralis is rounded. The tympanum is distinct. The fingers are basally webbed while the toes are half-webbed. The body colour is variable, from white to green, with yellow more frequent. There are very small, scattered black spots on the body. The throat, vocal sacs, chest and belly are all white. They can also change their colour to brown, providing them camouflage on the forest floor. After heavy rains, males congregate in areas with small, temporary water holes. Males have three types of advertisement calls: a long, pulsated, duck-like "qua", a short pulsed note,

neg: Dendropsophus aperomeus tympanum. The fingers are short, bear moderately large, rounded discs, and are about half-webbed. The toes are moderately long, bear rounded discs slightly smaller than those on the fingers, and are about three-quarters webbed. The dorsum is yellowish tan, pale brown, or reddish brown, and has a variable pattern of grayish brown to brown blotches and golden flecks. The belly is white, and there is a white supra-anal stripe. The thighs are orange-tan to orange-yellow. Males have pale yellow vocal sac. "Dendropsophus aperomeus" occurs in premontane forests and partially cleared cloud forests at elevations of above sea level. The tadpoles

neg: Kaloula nonggangensis dilated disks. The toes have no discs but are almost completely webbed (two thirds webbed in the female). Skin is smooth. The upper parts are light olive green with dark moss-green marbling; the loreal region, tympanic region, and tympanum are slightly dark olive-green. The lower parts are creamy white. Males have a subgular vocal sac. "Kaloula nonggangensis" is known from primary and secondary karst evergreen forests, and from cultivated fields near the forest, at elevations of above sea level. Individuals have been observed gathering in a temporary pool after a rainstorm. Kaloula nonggangensis Kaloula nonggangensis is a species of frog

neg: Eastern box turtle brown or black with some yellow, orange, red, or white spots or streaks. This coloration closely mimics that of the winter leaf of the tulip poplar. In some isolated populations, males may have blue patches on their cheeks, throat, and front legs. Furthermore, males normally possess red eyes (irises) whereas females usually display brown eyes. Eastern box turtles feature a sharp, horned beak, stout limbs, and their feet are webbed only at the base. Eastern box turtles have 5 toes on each front leg, and normally 4 toes on each hind leg, although some individuals may possess 3 toes on

neg: Meristogenys macrophthalmus is somewhat blunt. The eyes are large (diameter ). The tympanum is distinct and also relatively large. The fingers and the toes bear round discs; the toes are fully webbed. Skin is shagreened above. There is a low, glandular dorsolateral fold. The flanks are coarsely granular, the throat smooth, and the venter rugose. Coloration of living animals is unknown; the preserved specimen is grayish-brown dorsal with some indistinct markings. The upper lip is whitish. The limbs have crossbars dorsally. The underside is whitish. "Meristogenys macrophthalmus" live primary, hilly, lowland rainforest. Breeding takes place in streams. It is threatened by habitat

neg: Pseudophilautus stellatus is rounded. The interorbital space and the internarial space are concave. The canthus rostralis is rounded; the loreal region is concave. The tympanum is indistinct. The vomerine teeth are present. The lingual papilla is absent. The fingers have rudimentary webbing; the toes are basally webbed. Both fingers and toes bear large discs. Tubercles on hands and feet are present. The snout, the interorbital area, the sides of head, the dorsum, and the dorsal thigh are weakly shagreen. The upper flank is shagreen to weakly areolate. The lower flank is weakly areolate to granulate. The throat is weakly granular. The body

neg: Odorrana leporipes type series consisted of females only. The body is dorsoventrally compressed. The tympanum is very distinct. The fingers and the toes have slightly enlarged discs; the toes are fully webbed. The supratympanic fold is milky white and the lip stripe is white. The dorsum is smooth with slightly distinguishable dorsolateral folds. The flanks are granular while the venter is smooth. The dorsum is dark green and the flanks are stony gray with white marbling. The legs have no banding. The type series was collected at above sea level. This species is presumed to occur near to fast-flowing rivers and streams

neg: Waterfall frog translucent, showing internal parts. The toe pads of "L. nannotis" are very large in comparison to toe width, to aid in gripping to rocks in the rapids. The nuptial pads of breeding males are also large, covering the entire inner surface of the thumb, with spines also present on the arms and chest. The tympanum is not visible, the fingers are partially webbed, and the toes are completely webbed. Like the stoney creek frog ("Litoria wilcoxi"), and many other stream-dwelling frogs, waterfall frogs lack vocal sacs. This may be because the sound of a running stream drowns out any calls,

neg: Pelagornithidae no webbing) than to pseudotooth birds and evolved their fully webbed toes independently. With both a webbed and a hypotrophied hallux being apomorphic and paraphyletic, its absence in pseudotooth birds does not provide much information on their relationship. While giant Galloanserae were common and diverse in the Paleogene in particular, these (diatrymas and mihirungs) were flightless terrestrial birds; it is perhaps significant though that the only other "bone-toothed" birds known so far are the two species of the moa-nalo genus "Thambetochen", extinct giant flightless dabbling ducks from the Hawaiian Islands. In any case, the 2005 cladistic analysis uses a representative

neg: Bombinatoridae call is produced during inhalation rather than exhalation as in other frogs. They lay pigmented eggs in ponds. "Barbourula" species occur in the Philippine Islands and Borneo, while "Bombina" species are found throughout Eurasia. They are slightly less colored than "Bombina", and possess webbed fingers in addition to webbed toes. Characteristics of tadpoles of "Barbourula" are unknown. "Barbourula" was considered to be situated intermediate between "Discoglossus" and "Bombina", but closer to the latter, so was added to the Bombinatoridae when that family was split from the Discoglossidae. Fossil "Bombina" specimens are known from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene; no fossils

neg: Hylarana temporalis series that extend beyond the level of the hind edge of the choanae. Its head is depressed and triangular; the snout is subacuminate and prominent. The canthus rostralis is angular and the loreal region is nearly vertical and strongly concave. The interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid or rather broader in some cases. The tympanum is very distinct and is as large as the eye, but sometimes a little smaller. The digits are moderate wherein the first extends beyond the second. The toes are almost entirely webbed. The tips of the fingers and toes are dilated into

neg: Quasipaa acanthophora canthus rostralis is indistinct, as is the tympanum, but the supratympanic fold is prominent. The fingers and toes have no discs, but the toes are fully webbed. Skin on the dorsum is shagreened and has regularly disposed glandular warts. In living specimens, the dorsum is light brown and has grey spots. The supratympanic fold is darker, and the lips bear vertical bars. The limbs have transverse bars on the dorsal surface. The ventrum is yellowish white, and the gular region has black marbling. Males have enlarged forearms and black nuptial spines on prepollex, fingers I–III, and chest. The ecology of

neg: Rulyrana flavopunctata and toes are webbed. The dorsum is shagreened in texture and pale green in color, with numerous minute yellow flecks. The edge of the upper lip is pale yellow The fingers and toes are yellow whereas the chest is white. Its natural habitats primary and secondary cloud forests at elevations of above sea level. It is usually found along streams. Breeding takes place in permanent streams. "Rulyrana flavopunctata" is a common forest species, although it can locally be threatened by habitat destruction and pollution. It is known from several protected areas. Rulyrana flavopunctata Rulyrana flavopunctata is a species of frog