query: according to ancient greece this man is credited with writing the odyssey and the iliad

pos: Homer Homer Homer (; , "Hómēros") is the legendary author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The "Iliad" is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek kingdoms. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The "Odyssey" focuses on the journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, around 20 years after the fall of Troy. Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical

pos: Same (ancient Greece) Same (ancient Greece) Same (; ), also Samos (Σάμος) is an Ancient Greek name of a Homeric island in the Ionian Sea, near Ithaca and Cephalonia. In Homer's Odyssey Same is described as part of Odysseus's kingdom together with Ithaca, Dulichium, and Zacynthus. The Iliad, book II, in the Catalogue of Ships, contains a different list of islands comprising Odysseus's kingdom. Same is included together with Ithaca, Neritum, Krocylea, Aegilips and Zacynthus, indicating that the "Catalogue of Ships" could be a later addition to the Iliad. In Homer's Odyssey, there is an interesting geographical description: From the above passage, Homer's

pos: Thestorides of Phocaea Thestorides of Phocaea Thestorides of Phocaea () was a legendary or semi-legendary early Greek poet, one of those to whom the epic "Little Iliad" was ascribed. Thestorides figures as a major character in the fictional "Life of Homer" fraudulently ascribed to Herodotus. According to this, when Homer came to Phocaea Thestorides offered him food and lodging in exchange for the right to record his poetry in writing. Homer had little choice but to accept, and recited to Thestorides the "Iliad", the "Odyssey" and also an epic on local history and legend, "Phocais". This story is unique among the ancient legends

pos: Margites Margites The Margites () is a comic mock-epic of ancient Greece that is largely lost. From references to the work that survived, it is known that its central character is an exceedingly stupid man named "Margites" (from ancient Greek , "margos", "raving, mad; lustful") who was so dense he did not know which parent had given birth to him. His name gave rise to the recherché adjective "margitomanēs" (), "mad as Margites", used by Philodemus. It was commonly attributed to Homer, as by Aristotle ("Poetics" 13.92): "His "Margites" indeed provides an analogy: as are the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" to our

pos: Chemical warfare toxic enough to be used as chemical weapons, or that may be used to manufacture such chemicals, are divided into three groups according to their purpose and treatment: Ancient Greek myths about Hercules poisoning his arrows with the venom of the Hydra monster are the earliest references to toxic weapons in western literature. Homer's epics, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", allude to poisoned arrows used by both sides in the legendary Trojan War (Bronze Age Greece). Some of the earliest surviving references to toxic warfare appear in the Indian epics "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata." The "Laws of Manu," a Hindu treatise

pos: Bacchylides demand the return of Helen. As is often the case with ancient Greek literature, Bacchylides plays of the audience’s knowledge of Homer without repeating a scene told by Homer. He instead describes a scene which is new to the audience, but which is given context by knowledge of the Iliad and Odyssey. The story of this embassy was known to Homer, who merely alludes to it at "Iliad" 3.205ff., but it was fully related in the cyclic epic poem "Cypria", according to the "Chrestomathy" of Proclus. The style also plays off of Homer. Characters are almost always named with their

pos: Homer famous works of literature, music, art and film. The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education; to Plato, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" – "ten Hellada pepaideuken". Today only the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are associated with the name 'Homer'. In antiquity, a very large number of other works were sometimes attributed to him, including the "Homeric Hymns", the "Contest of Homer and Hesiod", the "Little Iliad", the "Nostoi", the "Thebaid", the "Cypria", the "Epigoni", the comic mini-epic "Batrachomyomachia" ("The Frog-Mouse War"), the "Margites", the "Capture of Oechalia", and the "Phocais". These

pos: Iliad "Odyssey", also attributed to Homer. Along with the "Odyssey", the "Iliad" is among the oldest extant works of Western literature, and its written version is usually dated to around the 8th century BC. In the modern vulgate (the standard accepted version), the "Iliad" contains 15,693 lines; it is written in Homeric Greek, a literary amalgam of Ionic Greek and other dialects. According to Michael N. Nagler, the "Iliad" is a more complicated epic poem than the "Odyssey". () After an invocation to the Muses, the story launches "in medias res" towards the end of the Trojan War between the Trojans

pos: Ancient Mediterranean piracy tsunami around 1400 BC, and piratical activities resumed. Many texts from bronze age and archaic Greece actually condone piracy as a viable profession. "In ancient Greece piracy seems to have been widespread and widely regarded as an entirely honourable way of making a living." Numerous references are made to its perfectly normal occurrence in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, thought to have been written sometime in the 7th or 6th century BC. Odysseus recounts an incident he himself took part in: We boldly landed on the hostile place, And sack’d the city, and destroy’d the race, Their wives made captive, their

pos: Ancient Greek phonology , and to . These are reflected in spelling (see Boeotian Greek phonology). Aeolic also retained . Homeric or Epic Greek, the literary form of Archaic Greek used in the epic poems, Iliad and the Odyssey, is based on early Ionic and Aeolic, with Arcadocypriot forms. In its original form, it likely had the semivowel and a voiceless version , as indicated by the meter in some cases. This sound is sometimes written as in inscriptions, but not in the Attic-influenced text of Homer. The Doric dialect, the most important member of West Greek, originated from western Greece. Through the

pos: Homer papyri and other sources; some argue for a 'multi-text' view, rather than seeking a single definitive text. The nineteenth-century edition of Arthur Ludwich mainly follows Aristarchus's work, whereas van Thiel's (1991,1996) follows the medieval vulgate. Others, such as Martin West (1998-2000) or T.W. Allen fall somewhere between these two extremes. </div> This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey". Homer Homer (; , "Hómēros") is the legendary author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The "Iliad" is set during the Trojan War,

pos: Olive anoint kings and athletes in ancient Greece. It was burnt in the sacred lamps of temples and was the "eternal flame" of the original Olympic games. Victors in these games were crowned with its leaves. In Homer's "Odyssey", Odysseus crawls beneath two shoots of olive that grow from a single stock, and in the "Iliad", (XVII.53ff) is a metaphoric description of a lone olive tree in the mountains, by a spring; the Greeks observed that the olive rarely thrives at a distance from the sea, which in Greece invariably means up mountain slopes. Greek myth attributed to the primordial culture-hero

pos: Ancient Greek literature the ancient Greek terminology. Lyric and drama were further divided into more genres: lyric in four (elegiac, iambic, monodic lyric and choral lyric); drama in three (tragedy, comedy and pastoral drama). Prose literature can largely be said to begin with Herodotus. Over time, several genres of prose literature developed, but the distinctions between them were frequently blurred. At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey". The figure of Homer is shrouded in mystery. Although the works as they now stand are credited to him, it is certain that their roots

pos: Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey When writing the "Aeneid", Virgil (or Vergil) drew from his studies on the Homeric epics of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" to help him create a national epic poem for the Roman people. Virgil used several characteristics associated with epic poetry, more specifically Homer's epics, including the use of hexameter verse, book division, lists of genealogies and underlying themes to draw parallels between the Romans and their cultural predecessors, the Greeks. The second half of the "Aeneid", Books VI through XII, follow similarly to what happens throughout the "Iliad". Book VI

pos: Odyssey Odyssey The Odyssey (; "Odýsseia", in Classical Attic) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the "Iliad", the other work ascribed to Homer. The "Odyssey" is fundamental to the modern Western canon; it is the second-oldest extant work of Western literature, while the "Iliad" is the oldest. Scholars believe the "Odyssey" was composed near the end of the 8th century BC, somewhere in Ionia, the Greek coastal region of Anatolia. The poem mainly focuses on the Greek hero Odysseus (known as Ulysses in Roman myths), king of Ithaca,

pos: The Apotheosis of Homer (Ingres) in the painting's portrait of Nicolas Poussin, which is directly copied from Poussin's now in the Louvre. The composition is a symmetrical grouping centred in a classical way in front of an ancient Greek temple. The painting's catalogue entry at the time of its first exhibition describes it as "Homer receiving homage from all the great men of Greece, Rome and modern times. The Universe crowns him, Herodotus burns incense. The Iliad and Odyssey sit at his feet." The final painting's colours are very fresh and clear, giving the impression of fresco. Ingres wished to compete with Raphael through this

pos: Slavery in ancient Greece continuity between the Mycenaean era and the time of Homer, where social structures reflected those of the Greek dark ages. The terminology differs: the slave is no longer "do-e-ro" (doulos) but "dmōs". In the Iliad, slaves are mainly women taken as booty of war, while men were either ransomed or killed on the battlefield. In the "Odyssey", the slaves also seem to be mostly women. These slaves were servants and sometimes concubines. There were some male slaves, especially in the "Odyssey", a prime example being the swineherd Eumaeus. The slave was distinctive in being a member of the core part

pos: Literature composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the "Mahabharata" and the "Ramayana", with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD. Other major literary works are Ramcharitmanas & Krishnacharitmanas. In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", and Hesiod, who wrote "Works and Days" and "Theogony", are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus

pos: Ancient Greek astronomy the writings of Homer and Hesiod, the earliest surviving examples of Greek literature. In the oldest European texts, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", Homer has several astronomical phenomena including solar eclipses. Eclipses that can even permit the dating of these events as the place is known and the calculation of the time is possible, especially if other celestial phenomena are described at the same time. In the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", Homer refers to the following celestial objects: Hesiod, who wrote in the early 7th century BC, adds the star Arcturus to this list in his poetic calendar "Works and

pos: Rediscovering Homer Rediscovering Homer Rediscovering Homer is a 2006 book by Andrew Dalby. It sets out the problems of origin, dating and authorship of the two ancient Greek epics, "Iliad" and "Odyssey", usually attributed to Homer. "Rediscovering Homer" originated as a development and expansion of two academic papers published in the 1990s in which Dalby argued that the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" must be seen as belonging to the same world as that of the early Greek lyric poets but to a less aristocratic genre. This contradicted a widespread assumption that the epics come from an older stage of civilization and literature than

pos: Pottery of ancient Greece several pieces, in particular monumental amphorae. At the end of the period there appear representations of mythology, probably at the moment when Homer codifies the traditions of Trojan cycle in the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey". Here however the interpretation constitutes a risk for the modern observer: a confrontation between two warriors can be a Homeric duel or simple combat; a failed boat can represent the shipwreck of Odysseus or any hapless sailor. Lastly, are the local schools that appear in Greece. Production of vases was largely the prerogative of Athens – it is well attested that as in the proto-geometrical

pos: Odyssey his restless adventuring. Nikos Kazantzakis aspires to continue the poem and explore more modern concerns in his epic poem "", which was first published in 1938 in modern Greek. In 2018, BBC Culture polled experts around the world to nominate the stories they felt had shaped mindsets or influenced history. "Odyssey" topped the list. This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer's "Odyssey". Odyssey The Odyssey (; "Odýsseia", in Classical Attic) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the "Iliad", the other work ascribed to

pos: Trojan War the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", composed sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Each poem narrates only a part of the war. The "Iliad" covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy, while the "Odyssey" concerns Odysseus's return to his home island of Ithaca following the sack of Troy and contains several flashbacks to particular episodes in the war. Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle, also known as the Cyclic Epics: the "Cypria", "Aethiopis", "Little Iliad", "Iliou

pos: Efyra km west of Simopoulo and 21 km northeast of Pyrgos. Ephyra was a city of ancient Elis, located on the river Selleeis (the present Pineakos Ladonas), and on the road to Lasion. Ephyra is mentioned by Homer as the home of the mother of Tlepolemus ("Iliad") and as the place from where Telemachus brought poison ("Odyssey"). Efyra Efyra () is a village and a community in the western part of Pineia municipal unit, Elis, Greece. It lies at an altitude of 121 metres, and covers an area of 12 km², of which 55% is arable and 20% is forest. It

pos: Agios Andreas, Katakolo temple, which was rebuilt in 1930. The ancient town of Pheia occupied the site of the modern village of Agios Andreas, most of which today lies submerged in the sea. Dating back to Homeric times, it is mentioned twice by Homer ("Iliad", VIII.135, "Odyssey", XV.297, 298), Thucydides in his "History of the Peloponnesian War" (II.25), in Xenophon's "Hellenica" (3, 2, 30), Strabo's "Geographica" (VIII.343), as well as the works of Polybius and Pausanias. Pheia was sunk by an earthquake in the 6th century AD, the same which largely destroyed the city of Patras, and which is credited with the final

pos: Gynaeceum society and were regulated within the gynaeceum. It is in finding the andron and the evidence of symposium that one is able to determine the location of the gynaeceum, or women's quarters. Much of the information that is known of women in Ancient Greece comes through literary sources as the written word grew in use during the Classical and Hellenic period, such as Homer's Iliad and the Odyssey and through the writings of Euripides, Xenophon, and Aristotle. Through textual analysis, one can see early philosophical perceptions of women as being the foundation on which justifications for the domination of women

pos: Celery whether these remains represent wild or cultivated forms." Only by classical times is it certain that celery was cultivated. M. Fragiska mentions an archeological find of celery dating to the 9th century BC, at Kastanas; however, the literary evidence for ancient Greece is far more abundant. In Homer's "Iliad", the horses of the Myrmidons graze on wild celery that grows in the marshes of Troy, and in "Odyssey", there is mention of the meadows of violet and wild celery surrounding the cave of Calypso. In the "Capitulary" of Charlemagne, compiled ca. 800, "apium" appears, as does "olisatum", or alexanders, among

pos: History of Greek in the west coast of Asia Minor, including Smyrna and the area to the south of it), and the Dorians (primarily the Greeks of the coast of the Pelopennesus, for example, of Sparta, Crete and the southernmost parts of the west coast of Asia Minor). Homer's Iliad and Odyssey were written in a kind of literary Ionic with some loan words from the other dialects. Ionic, therefore, became the primary literary language of ancient Greece until the ascendancy of Athens in the late 5th century. Doric was standard for Greek lyric poetry, such as Pindar and the choral odes of

pos: Poseidon Poseidon Poseidon (; , ) was one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and myth. He was god of the Sea and other waters; of earthquakes; and of horses. In pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece, he was venerated as a chief deity at Pylos and Thebes. His Roman equivalent is Neptune. Poseidon was protector of seafarers, and of many Hellenic cities and colonies. In Homer's "Iliad", Poseidon supports the Greeks against the Trojans during the Trojan War. In the "Odyssey", during the sea-voyage from Troy back home to Ithaca, the Greek hero Odysseus provokes Poseidon's fury by blinding his

pos: Military of Mycenaean Greece conflict. Due to the information offered by the Greek epics and especially by Homer's epics, the "Iliad" and "Odyssey", this time period of Greek history was regarded as a period of warrior-heroes who led various military campaigns in Greece and adjacent areas. The picture of the Mycenaean Greeks in the Homeric Epics is one of a quarrelsome people and of a warrior élite to whom personal honor was the highest value. Military of Mycenaean Greece The military nature of Mycenaean Greece (c. 1600–1100 BC) in the Late Bronze Age is evident by the numerous weapons unearthed, warrior and combat representations

pos: Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey and trying to win the hand of his wife, Penelope. Odysseus proceeds to fight off these suitors, killing them so he can have his home back. Similarly, Aeneas is supposed to found his home in Latium and marry the princess Lavinia, where he is met with the army of Turnus, who was the king of Rutuli and Lavinia's leading suitor before Aeneas came along. Aeneas has to engage in a battle before he can finally rest in his newfound home. Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey When writing the "Aeneid", Virgil (or Vergil) drew from his studies

pos: Greece Makris, Katina Paxinou, Manos Katrakis and Dimitris Horn. Significant directors include Dimitris Rontiris, Alexis Minotis and Karolos Koun. Greek literature can be divided into three main categories: Ancient, Byzantine and modern Greek literature. Athens is considered the birthplace of Western literature. At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer: the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey". Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after. In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. Lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy; historiography,

pos: Dioscorus of Aphrodito km. southeast of Aphrodito. Other poets from the Thebaid had not only become celebrities—such as Musaeus Grammaticus, Colluthus, and Christodorus—but also were part of a poetic revolution of that time. These poets, though Egyptians, wrote their verses in the Greek dialect of Homer, who had composed his Iliad and Odyssey more than a thousand years before them. Perhaps one of the reasons for this movement was to usurp the pagan vocabulary and style of the most honored ancient poet for Christian purposes. Dioscorus continued and developed this revolution by writing encomiastic poems (poems of praise) in an Homeric style. The

pos: Homeric Question (whose want of unity showed that the structure of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" must be the work of a later time), by one or two indications of imperfect connection, and by the doubts of ancient critics as to the authenticity of certain parts. This view is extended by the complicating factor of the period of time now referred to as the "Greek Dark Ages". This period, which ranged from approximately 1250 to 750 BC, is estimated to have been immediately preceded by the historical counterpart to Homer's Trojan War. The composition of the "Iliad", on the other hand, is placed

pos: Homer The earliest preserved comments on Homer concern his treatment of the gods, which hostile critics such as the poet Xenophanes of Colophon denounced as immoral. The allegorist Theagenes of Rhegium is said to have defended Homer by arguing that the Homeric poems are allegories. The "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" were widely used as school texts in ancient Greek and Hellenistic cultures. They were the first literary works taught to all students. The "Iliad", particularly its first few books, was far more intently studied than the "Odyssey" during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. As a result of the poems' prominence in

pos: Phantasia (poet) daughter of Nicarchus, composed before Homer a tale of the Trojan War and of the adventures of Odysseus. The books were deposited, it is said, at Memphis; Homer went there and obtained copies from Phanites, the temple scribe, and he composed under their inspiration. Phantasia (poet) Phantasia is the name of an ancient Egyptian woman who was said to have been the author of the immediate sources of the two ancient Greek epics, "Iliad" and "Odyssey", attributed to Homer. According to a fiction retold by the Byzantine scholar Eustathius of Thessalonica and attributed by him to "a certain Naucrates", Phantasia,

pos: Homer Homer Homer (; , "Hómēros") is the legendary author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The "Iliad" is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek kingdoms. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The "Odyssey" focuses on the journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, around 20 years after the fall of Troy. Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical

pos: History of biological warfare Although the Assyrians knew of ergot, a parasitic fungus of rye which produces ergotism when ingested, there is no evidence that they poisoned enemy wells with the fungus, as has been claimed. According to Homer's epic poems about the legendary Trojan War, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey," spears and arrows were tipped with poison. During the First Sacred War in Greece, in about 590 BC, Athens and the Amphictionic League poisoned the water supply of the besieged town of Kirrha (near Delphi) with the toxic plant hellebore. During the 4th century BC Scythian archers tipped their arrow tips with snake

pos: Piracy in the Aegean and Mediterranean waters in the 14th century BC. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians, Illyrians and Tyrrhenians were known as pirates. In the pre-classical era, the ancient Greeks condoned piracy as a viable profession; it apparently was widespread and "regarded as an entirely honourable way of making a living". References are made to its perfectly normal occurrence many texts including in Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey", and abduction of women and children to be sold into slavery was common. By the era of Classical Greece, piracy was looked upon as a "disgrace" to have as a profession. In the

pos: Phantasia (poet) Phantasia (poet) Phantasia is the name of an ancient Egyptian woman who was said to have been the author of the immediate sources of the two ancient Greek epics, "Iliad" and "Odyssey", attributed to Homer. According to a fiction retold by the Byzantine scholar Eustathius of Thessalonica and attributed by him to "a certain Naucrates", Phantasia, daughter of Nicarchus of Memphis, an inspired poet, wrote poems about the war in the plains of Troy and the wanderings of Odysseus, and deposited these books in the temple of Hephaestus at Memphis. Homer afterwards visited the shrine, persuaded the priests to make

pos: Ancient Greek dialects dialect, but rather chose a dialect that was suitable or traditional for the type of literature they were writing (see belles-lettres). All dialects have poetry written in them, but only Attic and Ionic have full works of prose attested. Homeric Greek is used in the first epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, and the Homeric Hymns, traditionally attributed to Homer and written in dactylic hexameter. Homeric is a literary dialect with elements of Ionic, Aeolic and Arcadocypriot. Hesiod uses a similar dialect, and later writers imitate Homer in their epics, such as Apollonius Rhodius in Argonautica and Nonnus in

pos: Troy present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the "Iliad" and other classical sources, notably Strabo's "Geographia", and concluded that there is a regular consistency between the location of Schliemann's Troy and other locations such as the Greek camp, the geological evidence, descriptions of the topography and accounts of the battle in the "Iliad". Besides the "Iliad", there are references to Troy in the other major work attributed to Homer, the "Odyssey", as well as in other ancient Greek literature (such as Aeschylus's Oresteia). The Homeric legend of Troy was elaborated by the Roman poet Virgil in his

pos: Cicones Cicones The Cicones (; Ancient Greek: Κίκονες "Kíkones") or Ciconians were a Homeric Thracian tribe, whose stronghold in the time of Odysseus was the town of Ismara (or "Ismarus"), located at the foot of mount Ismara, on the south coast of Thrace (in modern Greece). They are mentioned in book two of the "Iliad" as having joined the war on the side of the Trojans, led by Euphemus. In book nine of Homer's "Odyssey", Odysseus and his men take Ismara by surprise and slay most of the Ciconian men they come across, taking Ciconian women as slaves. Later Ciconian reinforcements

pos: Same (ancient Greece) Ithaki, and "the bay of Phorkys" to "the bay of Asos" at Erissos, the northern peninsula of Kefalonia. Odysseus's younger sister, Ctimene came to Same to marry Eurylochus for a massive bride-price. One of the Suitors, Ctesippus of Same is described as "a man who had no sense of right and wrong" and attempts to throw an ox's hoof from the meat-basket of the dinner table at Odysseus. Same (ancient Greece) Same (; ), also Samos (Σάμος) is an Ancient Greek name of a Homeric island in the Ionian Sea, near Ithaca and Cephalonia. In Homer's Odyssey Same is described

pos: Amphigeneia location of the ancient city is tentatively located near modern Mouriatada. Amphigeneia Amphigeneia () was a city in ancient Greece, which is mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships in the "Iliad". It was located in either Messenia or in Triphylia, in ancient Elis. According to Strabo it was situated at the river Hypsoeis, in a region called Macistia, and there was a sanctuary of Leto in the city. According to Homer, it belonged to Nestor of Pylos. Pausanias visited the area but does not mention the city, which might indicate that it had been abandoned before the 2nd

pos: Achaeans (Homer) Robert S. P. Beekes doubted the validity of this derivation and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form "*Akaya-". The etymology of "Danaoi" is uncertain; according to Beekes, "the name is certainly Pre-Greek". Achaeans (Homer) The Achaeans (; "Akhaioí," "the Achaeans" or "of Achaea") constitute one of the collective names for the Greeks in Homer's "Iliad" (used 598 times) and "Odyssey". The other common names are Danaans (; "Danaoi"; used 138 times in the "Iliad") and Argives (; ; used 182 times in the "Iliad") while Panhellenes ( "Panhellenes," "All of the Greeks") and Hellenes (; "Hellenes") both appear only once; all of

pos: Amphigeneia Amphigeneia Amphigeneia () was a city in ancient Greece, which is mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships in the "Iliad". It was located in either Messenia or in Triphylia, in ancient Elis. According to Strabo it was situated at the river Hypsoeis, in a region called Macistia, and there was a sanctuary of Leto in the city. According to Homer, it belonged to Nestor of Pylos. Pausanias visited the area but does not mention the city, which might indicate that it had been abandoned before the 2nd century. The ancient Eleians believed that Apollo was born here. The

pos: Rediscovering Homer woman between 1150 and 1050 BC; and Robert Graves in his novel "Homer's Daughter" made a similar proposal. Even before the appearance of "Rediscovering Homer" the idea was dismissed as "far-fetched" by Anthony Snodgrass on the grounds that a woman would have been "bored out of her mind" when composing the "Iliad". Reviewers, even when praising the book, have continued to be sceptical of this proposal: Rediscovering Homer Rediscovering Homer is a 2006 book by Andrew Dalby. It sets out the problems of origin, dating and authorship of the two ancient Greek epics, "Iliad" and "Odyssey", usually attributed to Homer.

pos: Greek literature Greek literature Greek literature dates from ancient Greek literature, beginning in 800 BC, to the modern Greek literature of today. Ancient Greek literature was written in an Ancient Greek dialect. This literature ranges from the oldest surviving written works until works from approximately the fifth century AD. This time period is divided into the Preclassical, Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. Preclassical Greek literature primarily revolved around myths and include the works of Homer; the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey". The Classical period saw the dawn of drama and history. Three philosophers are especially notable: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. During the Roman

pos: Oechalia (Thessaly) Homer also calls the Oechalia in Messenia the city of Eurytus in both the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", and this identification was followed by Pherecydes of Leros and Pausanias. Strabo makes mention of all these possibilities but does not offer any additional data on the concrete location of the Oechalia of Thessaly. The site's location is unknown. The modern town of Oichalia, also close to Pelinna and Tricca, echoes the ancient name, but is east of the former contrary to the location's description in ancient sources. Oechalia (Thessaly) Oechalia or Oichalia () was a town in ancient Thessaly, on the

pos: Minos of Knossos as early as Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey". Thucydides tells us Minos was the most ancient man known to build a navy. He reigned over Crete and the islands of the Aegean Sea three generations before the Trojan War. He lived at Knossos for periods of nine years, where he received instruction from Zeus in the legislation which he gave to the island. He was the author of the Cretan constitution and the founder of its naval supremacy. On the Athenian stage Minos is a cruel tyrant, the heartless exactor of the tribute of Athenian youths to feed to

pos: Gymnasium (Denmark) linje" or "den klassisksproglige linje", "the line of classical languages") consisting of Latin and Ancient Greek, the subjects of classical philology, at A level. The goal of the line is a thorough understanding of the languages, works, world view, etc. of the classical time period, and classical works (or parts of them) such as Homer's Odyssey and Iliad and Ovid's Metamorphoses are often read in translation or in their original languages. There is a tradition that students with Latin and/or Ancient Greek receive a black graduation cap instead of the standard white one when they graduate. This is a homage

pos: Cypria to the composer(s) of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey". The "Cypria", in presupposing an acquaintance with the events of the Homeric poem, in the received view thus formed a kind of introduction to the "Iliad" though there is an overlap in events from the death of Palamedes, including the catalogue of Trojan allies. J. Marks observes that "Indeed, the junction would be seamless if the "Kypria" simply ended with the death of Palamedes." The title "Cypria", associating the epic with Cyprus, demanded some explanation: the epic was said in one ancient tradition to have been given by Homer as a dowry

pos: Enope (Greece) Enope (Greece) Enope or Enopa () was a town of ancient Messenia. It was one of the seven Messenian cities that, according to Homer in the "Iliad", were offered by Agamemnon to Achilles to assuage his anger and return to the siege of Troy. Strabo mentions that there were diverse opinions on which was the place where the city of Enope was to be located: some located it in the city of Pellana; others, in a place near Cardamyle and others, in Gerenia. Pausanias, on the other hand , was among those who identified it with Gerenia, which is the

pos: Greece from which written records are absent. Though the unearthed Linear B texts are too fragmentary for the reconstruction of the political landscape and can't support the existence of a larger state contemporary Hittite and Egyptian records suggest the presence of a single state under a "Great King" based in mainland Greece. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. The "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC. With the end of

pos: Where Troy Once Stood Where Troy Once Stood Where Troy Once Stood is a 1990 book by Iman Wilkens that argues that the city of Troy was located in England and that the Trojan War was fought between groups of Celts. The standard view is that Troy is located near the Dardanelles in Turkey. Wilkens claims that Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey", though products of ancient Greek culture, are originally orally transmitted epic poems from Western Europe. Wilkens disagrees with conventional ideas about the historicity of the "Iliad" and the location and participants of the Trojan War. His work has had little impact among professional

pos: John Tzetzes two didactic poems, the first based on the "Iliad" and the second based on the "Odyssey" in which Homer and the Homeric theology are set forth and then explained by means of three kinds of allegory: historical (), anagogic () or physical (). The first of these works was translated into English in 2015 by Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini. In the "Antehomerica", Tzetzes recalled the events taking place before Homer's "Iliad". This work was followed by the "Homerica", covering the events of the "Iliad", and the "Posthomerica", reporting the events taking place between the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey".

pos: Homeric scholarship concealed the original genius of Homer, or at the very least that the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" were composed by different poets. In this they followed in the steps of ancient scholars like Zoilos and the so-called "separatists" (χωρίζοντες "chōrizontes", the best known of whom, Xenon and Hellanicus, are nonetheless very obscure figures). Among Analysts, Hermann's 1832 "De interpolationibus Homeri" ("On interpolations in Homer") and 1840 "De iteratis apud Homerum" ("On repetitions in Homer") argued that the epics, as they now stood, were encrustations of second-rate later material around a pristine kernel: a hypothetical "Ur-"Iliad"". Conversely, Lachmann's 1847 "Betrachtungen über Homers

pos: Enope (Greece) location that current researchers consider most likely. However, there is no certainty to its precise location; the editors of the "Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World" leave the town as unlocated. Enope (Greece) Enope or Enopa () was a town of ancient Messenia. It was one of the seven Messenian cities that, according to Homer in the "Iliad", were offered by Agamemnon to Achilles to assuage his anger and return to the siege of Troy. Strabo mentions that there were diverse opinions on which was the place where the city of Enope was to be located: some located

pos: Homeric Question a composer as Homer, the poems attributed to him are to some degree dependent on oral tradition, a generations-old technique that was the collective inheritance of many singer-poets (or , "aōidoi"). An analysis of the structure and vocabulary of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" shows that the poems contain many regular and repeated phrases; indeed, even entire verses are repeated. Thus according to the theory, the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" may have been products of oral-formulaic composition, composed on the spot by the poet using a collection of memorized traditional verses and phases. Milman Parry and Albert Lord have pointed out that

pos: Military in the media sex from their husbands to prevent them from going to war. The "Iliad", an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameters traditionally attributed to Homer, is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek states, and tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. The "Odyssey", also ascribed to Homer, is, in part, a sequel to the "Iliad", and is fundamental to the modern Western canon. The "Aeneid", written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, tells the legendary

pos: Wolfgang Schadewaldt six volumes of "Tübingen Lectures", delivered between 1950 and 1972. Schadewaldt's influence is also felt in the form of his students, among whom are the early representatives of the Tübingen school of Platonic studies. This internationally recognized approach to Platonic interpretation was founded by Schadewaldt's students Hans Joachim Krämer and Konrad Gaiser, and subsequently advanced by Gaiser's successor Thomas A. Szlezák. Schadewaldt's students also include Wolfgang Kullmann and Hellmut Flashar, who studied with him in Berlin, and the ancient historian Alexander Demandt. Schadewaldt is known to a broader audience as translator of Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey", which along with the

pos: William Cowper Gilpin was later credited by G. K. Chesterton in "Orthodoxy" with saving Cowper from becoming completely insane. Cowper and Mary Unwin moved to Weston Underwood, Buckinghamshire in 1786, having become close with his cousin Lady Harriett Hesketh (Theodora's sister). During this period he started his translations of Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey" into blank verse. His versions (published in 1791) were the most significant English renderings of these epic poems since those of Alexander Pope earlier in the century. Later critics have faulted Cowper's Homer for being too much in the mould of John Milton. In 1795 Cowper moved with Mary

neg: Iliad many other ancient Greek depictions, where war is an aspiration for greater glory. While the Homeric poems (the "Iliad" in particular) were not necessarily revered scripture of the ancient Greeks, they were most certainly seen as guides that were important to the intellectual understanding of any educated Greek citizen. This is evidenced by the fact that in the late fifth century BC, "it was the sign of a man of standing to be able to recite the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" by heart." Moreover, it can be argued that the warfare shown in the "Iliad", and the way in which it

neg: Aoidos and sometimes led, laments, according to the "Iliad". Many of the poems of Sappho are addressed to women and seem to assume an audience of women. For narrative (epic) poetry it is sometimes said that the audience was exclusively male; this is an exaggeration (for example, Penelope listens to, and interrupts, one performance depicted in the "Odyssey") but it is probably largely true owing to the seclusion of women in early Greece. It has been shown from comparative study of orality that the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" (as well as the works of Hesiod) come from a tradition of oral epics.

neg: Undead Legacy of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest of ancient Greek epic poets. The album has three main parts; It kicks in with "War I Wage" (track 1) which is based on the Iliad. The Iliad relates a part of the Trojan War, the siege of Troy. It runs through some songs to meet the second station which is "The Tempest" (track 5), fully based on the Odyssey. The Odyssey describes Odysseus rough journey home. The album finishes with the last part of the Odyssey, Odysseus return to Ithaca, slaying of the suitors to find his

neg: Knucklebones that of dice, of which knucklebones is probably a more primitive form. Sophocles, in a written fragment of one of his works, ascribed the invention of knucklebones to the mythical figure Palamedes, who taught it to his Greek countrymen during the Trojan War. Both the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" contain allusions to games similar in character to knucklebones. Pausanius in his Description of Greece (2.20.3) tells of a temple of Fortune in Corinth in which Palamedes made an offering of his newly invented game. Children's games were a common temple offering at some temples. According to a still more ancient

neg: Disability in the arts ancient Greek author of the verse epics the "Odyssey" and the "Iliad", is believed to have been blind. This disability was no barrier to the challenge of composing, and reciting for others, his classic creations, which contain over 15,000 lines ("Iliad") and 12,000 lines ("Odyssey"). The "Iliad" itself is divided into 24 "books" that each take around one hour to recite. The tradition of oral storytelling, and the greater ease with which verse stories are memorized and retold, helped John Milton compose the 17th-century epic English poem "Paradise Lost". Milton gradually lost most of his eyesight and dictated "Paradise Lost"

neg: Greek mythology "On the Trojan side:" "On the Greek side:" Mythology was at the heart of everyday life in Ancient Greece. Greeks regarded mythology as a part of their history. They used myth to explain natural phenomena, cultural variations, traditional enmities and friendships. It was a source of pride to be able to trace the descent of one's leaders from a mythological hero or a god. Few ever doubted that there was truth behind the account of the Trojan War in the "Iliad" and "Odyssey". According to Victor Davis Hanson, a military historian, columnist, political essayist and former classics professor, and John

neg: Dark Odyssey Dark Odyssey Dark Odyssey is a 1961 American drama film directed by Radley Metzger. An immigrant from Greece arrives in New York City to search for the man who mistreated his sister. "Dark Odyssey" was favorably reviewed by "The New York Times". According to film reviewer Howard Thompson, the film is a "thoughtful, unpretentious and creatively turned little drama ... a fresh, economical approach to an ancient dramaturgical formula". Gary Morris, another film reviewer, describes the film as having "visual beauty and emotional power" and being a "literal Greek tragedy shot on location in New York City". Film critic Dan

neg: Iliad place of a single man, no matter how heroic, in the perspective of the entire cosmos. "Nostos" (, "homecoming") occurs seven times in the poem, making it a minor theme in the Iliad itself. Yet the concept of homecoming is much explored in other Ancient Greek literature, especially in the post-war homeward fortunes experienced by the Atreidae (Agamemnon and Menelaus), and Odysseus (see the "Odyssey"). "Pride" drives the plot of the Iliad. The Greeks gather on the plain of Troy to wrest Helen from the Trojans. Though the majority of the Trojans would gladly return Helen to the Greeks, they

neg: Greece have also seen significant success in European competitions, having been three times runners-up of the CEV Champions League. In handball, AC Diomidis Argous is the only Greek club to have won a European Cup. Apart from these, cricket is relatively popular in Corfu. The numerous gods of the ancient Greek religion as well as the mythical heroes and events of the ancient Greek epics ("The Odyssey" and "The Iliad") and other pieces of art and literature from the time make up what is nowadays colloquially referred to as Greek mythology. Apart from serving a religious function, the mythology of the

neg: Mnemosyne hardly worshiped in Ancient Greece, and were thought of as so archaic as to belong to the ancient past. They resembled historical figures more than anything else. Mnemosyne, on the other hand, traditionally appeared in the first few lines of many oral epic poems—she appears in both the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", among others—as the speaker called upon her aid in accurately remembering and performing the poem he was about to recite. Mnemosyne is thought to have been given the distinction of “Titan” because memory was so important and basic to the oral culture of the Greeks that they deemed

neg: Regions of ancient Greece Amphictyonic council with the Athenians. The region of Locris, primarily the eastern part ("that dwell over against sacred Euboea"), is described in the Iliad. In the Archaic and Classical periods, the Locrians were members of the Delphian Amphictyonic League, and had two votes on the Amphictyonic council. In the Archaic and Classical periods, the Malians were members of the Delphian Amphictyonic League, and had two votes on the Amphictyonic council. Megaris () was a small but populous state and region of ancient Greece, west of Attica and north of Corinthia, whose inhabitants were adventurous seafarers, credited with deceitful propensities. The

neg: Hellenic studies as `the first atheist', only escaped condemnation because he was so powerful). Great works of art and beautiful temples were created for the worship and praise of the various gods and goddesses of the Greeks such as the Parthenon of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin) and the Temple of Zeus (listed as an Ancient Wonder) at Olympia (both works to which Phidias contributed). The temple of Demeter at Eleusis was the site of the famous Eleusinian Mysteries and is considered the most important rite in ancient Greece. In his works, "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey",

neg: Epic Cycle Epic Cycle The Epic Cycle (, "Epikos Kyklos") was a collection of Ancient Greek epic poems, composed in dactylic hexameter and related to the story of the Trojan War, including the "Cypria", the "Aethiopis", the so-called "Little Iliad", the "Iliupersis", the "Nostoi", and the "Telegony". Scholars sometimes include the two Homeric epics, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", among the poems of the Epic Cycle, but the term is more often used to specify the non-Homeric poems as distinct from the Homeric ones. Unlike the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", the cyclic epics survive only in fragments and summaries from Late Antiquity

neg: Lament ancient Sumer, the world's first urban civilization. Laments are present in both the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", and laments continued to be sung in elegiacs accompanied by the aulos in classical and Hellenistic Greece. Elements of laments appear in "Beowulf", in the Hindu Vedas, and in ancient Near Eastern religious texts. They are included in the Mesopotamian city laments such as the Lament for Ur and the Jewish Tanakh, (which would later become the Christian Old Testament). In many oral traditions, both early and modern, the lament has been a genre usually performed by women: Batya Weinbaum made a case

neg: Stanley Lombardo Stanley Lombardo Stanley F. "Stan" Lombardo (alias Hae Kwang; born June 19, 1943) is an American Classicist, and former professor of Classics at the University of Kansas. He is best known for his translations of the "Iliad", the "Odyssey", and the "Aeneid" (published by the Hackett Publishing Company). The style of his translations is a more vernacular one, emphasizing conversational English rather than the formal tone of some older American English translations of classical verse. Lombardo designs his translations to be performed orally, as they were in ancient Greece. He also performs the poems, and has recorded them as audio

neg: Gilgamesh Heaven. The "Epic of Gilgamesh" exerted substantial influence on the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", two epic poems written in ancient Greek during the eighth century BC. According to Barry B. Powell, an American classical scholar, early Greeks were probably exposed to Mesopotamian oral traditions through their extensive connections to the civilizations of the ancient Near East and this exposure resulted in the similarities that are seen between the "Epic of Gilgamesh" and the Homeric epics. Walter Burkert, a German classicist, observes that the scene in Tablet VI of the "Epic of Gilgamesh" in which Gilgamesh rejects Ishtar's advances and she

neg: Auguste Lechner adaptations drew from Ancient Greek and Roman myths (Hercules, the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Golden Fleece and the Aeneid) as well as (King Arthur, The Song of the Nibelungs, Roland and Parzival). With estimated total sales of over a million she was one of the most successful authors writing in German, and her books have been translated into Dutch, Bulgarian and Korean. Among the well-known artists who provided illustrations for her works were Hans Vonmetz, Maria Rehm, Josef Widmoser and Alfred Kunzenmann. At the time Lechner was writing she won considerable praise for her blend of entertainment and education, her

neg: Aulis (ancient Greece) Aulis (ancient Greece) Aulis () was a Greek port-town, located in ancient Boeotia in central Greece, at the Euripus Strait, opposite of the island of Euboea. Livy states that Aulis was distant from Chalcis. Aulis never developed into fully independent polis, but belonged to Thebes (378 BCE) and Tanagra respectively. According to legend (The "Iliad") the Greek fleet gathered in Aulis to set off for Troy. However, the departure was prevented by Artemis, who stopped the wind to punish Agamemnon, who had killed a deer in a sacred grove and boasted he was the better hunter. The fleet was only

neg: Aoidos Aoidos The Greek word aoidos () referred to a classical Greek singer. In modern Homeric scholarship "aoidos" is used by some as the technical term for a skilled oral epic poet in the tradition to which the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are believed to belong (compare rhapsode). In classical Greek the word "aoidos", "singer", is an agent noun derived from the verb "aeidein" () or "adein" (), "to sing". It occurs several times in varying forms in the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" in relation to poetry: In the world described in these poems writing is practically unknown (though its use is implied

neg: Aoidos written down. Aoidos The Greek word aoidos () referred to a classical Greek singer. In modern Homeric scholarship "aoidos" is used by some as the technical term for a skilled oral epic poet in the tradition to which the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are believed to belong (compare rhapsode). In classical Greek the word "aoidos", "singer", is an agent noun derived from the verb "aeidein" () or "adein" (), "to sing". It occurs several times in varying forms in the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" in relation to poetry: In the world described in these poems writing is practically unknown (though its use

neg: Greek language Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic and many other writing systems. The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes works in the Western canon such as the epic poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey". Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science, especially astronomy, mathematics and logic, and Western philosophy, such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle, are composed; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of

neg: Dark Odyssey Georgakas describes the film as the "best film featuring Greek American characters ever made". "Dark Odyssey" has been described, by one reviewer, as having a neorealistic style similar to Elia Kazan "On the Waterfront" (1954) and Martin Ritt "Edge of the City" (1957). Dark Odyssey Dark Odyssey is a 1961 American drama film directed by Radley Metzger. An immigrant from Greece arrives in New York City to search for the man who mistreated his sister. "Dark Odyssey" was favorably reviewed by "The New York Times". According to film reviewer Howard Thompson, the film is a "thoughtful, unpretentious and creatively turned

neg: Lipogram like the sigma, and excluded it from one of his poems, entitled "Ode to the Centaurs," of which nothing remains; as well as a "Hymn to Demeter", of which the first verse remains: This translates to: The late antiquity Greek poets Nestor of Laranda and Tryphiodorus wrote lipogrammatic adaptations of the Homeric poems: Nestor composed an "Iliad", which was followed by Tryphiodorus' "Odyssey". Both Nestor's Iliad and Tryphidorous' Odyssey were composed of 24 books (like the original Iliad and Odyssey) each book omitting a subsequent letter of the Greek alphabet. Therefore, the first book omitted alpha, the second beta, and

neg: Stichometry Stichometry Stichometry refers to the practice of counting lines in texts: Ancient Greeks and Romans measured the length of their books in lines, just as modern books are measured in pages. This practice was rediscovered by German and French scholars in the 19th century. "Stichos" is the Greek word for a 'line' of prose or poetry and the suffix '-metry' is derived from the Greek word for measurement. The length of each line in the "Iliad" and "Odyssey", which may have been among the first long, Greek texts written down, became the standard unit for ancient stichometry. This standard line

neg: Odyssey Academy in the Greece Central School District to offer the International Baccalaureate program. Odyssey Academy's past musical productions, dating back to 1994, have been Broadway Revue, Ransom of Red Chief, Wizard of Oz, Bye Bye Birdie, Oklahoma!, Fiddler on the Roof, Camelot, The Music Man, Kiss Me, Kate, , The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Seussical, The Wiz, Annie Get Your Gun, Once on This Island, Footloose, Rags, Cinderella, The Wedding Singer, South Pacific, Honk!, Grease, The Sound of Music, Barnum, and Big Fish. Odyssey Academy Odyssey Academy is a high/middle school in Greece, New York, United States. It is part of

neg: Ancient Greek phonology are called middle, because they are thicker than the thin [mutes], but thinner than the thick [mutes]. And "b" is [the mute] between "p" and "ph", "g" between "k" and "kh", and "d" between "th" and "t". The thick [mutes] alternate with the thin ones, "ph" with "p", as in [an example from the Odyssey]; "kh" with "k": [another example from the Odyssey]; "th" with "t": [an example from the Iliad]. In addition, three consonants are double: "z, x, ps". They are called double because each one of them is made up of two consonants: "z" from "s" and "d",

neg: Poetry and mated with the goddess Inanna to ensure fertility and prosperity; it is considered the world's oldest love poem. An example of Egyptian epic poetry is "The Story of Sinuhe" (c. 1800 BCE). Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey"; the Avestan books, the "Gathic Avesta" and the "Yasna"; the Roman national epic, Virgil's "Aeneid"; and the Indian epics, the "Ramayana" and the "Mahabharata". Epic poetry, including the "Odyssey", the "Gathas", and the Indian "Vedas", appears to have been composed in poetic form as an aid to memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and

neg: Crissa of very ancient polygonal walls, still as high as in some parts, and as broad as on the northern side, and on the western. Crissa Crissa or Krissa () or Crisa or Krisa (Κρῖσα) was a town in ancient Phocis. Crissa was regarded as one of the most ancient cities in Greece. It was situated inland a little southwest of Delphi, at the southern end of a projecting spur of Mount Parnassus. It is mentioned in the Catalogue of Ships in the "Iliad" as the "divine Crissa" (Κρῖσα ζαθέη). According to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, it was founded by

neg: Regions of ancient Greece various times. Argolis took its name from the principal city of the region during the Archaic and Classical periods, Argos. Argolis is discussed in the "catalogue of ships" of the Iliad, without being given that explicit name, but the major cities of the region are listed together under the leadership of Diomedes. There is a modern regional unit of Greece of the same name, occupying a smaller area than the ancient region. The territory associated with the city of ancient Corinth in ancient Greece lay on either side of the isthmus of Corinth. On the northern side of the Isthmus,

neg: Regions of ancient Greece ships" in the Iliad, suggesting that this geographic division of the Peloponnese is very ancient, and stretches back to Mycenaean Greece. Geographically, Achaea was (and is) the northernmost region of the Peloponnese, occupying the coastal strip north of Arcardia. To the south, it bordered Arcadia along the ridge of high ground running from Mount Erymanthos to Mount Cyllene. To the east, it bordered Corinthia near to the city of Sicyon, and to the west the Larissos river and western ridge of Erymanthos formed the border with Elis. Apart from the plain around Dyme, to the west, Achaea was generally a

neg: History of breakfast long after sunrise. The Iliad notes this meal with regard to a labor-weary woodsman eager for a light repast to start his day, preparing it even as he is aching with exhaustion. The opening prose of the 16th book of The Odyssey mentions breakfast as the meal being prepared in the morning before attending to one’s chores. Eventually ariston was moved to around noon, and a new morning meal was introduced. In the post-Homeric classical period of Greece, a meal called "akratisma" was typically consumed immediately after rising in the morning. Akratisma or ( "akratismos") consisted of barley bread dipped

neg: Bull of Heaven Taurus and the myth of its slaying may have held astronomical significance to the ancient Mesopotamians. Aspects of the story have been compared to later tales from the ancient Near East, including legends from Ugarit, the tale of Joseph in the Book of Genesis, and parts of the ancient Greek epics, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey". In the Sumerian poem "Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven", Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay the Bull of Heaven, who has been sent to attack them by the goddess Inanna, the Sumerian equivalent of Ishtar. The plot of this poem differs substantially from the corresponding

neg: Venetus A it was thought that Giovanni Aurispa brought it there. In 1424, in a letter to Traversari in Venice, he mentioned four volumes which he had brought back from Greece: "Aristarchum super Iliade in duobus voluminibus, opus quoddam spatiosum et pretiosissimum; aliud commentum super Iliade, cuius eundem auctorem esse puto et illius quod ex me Nicolaus noster habuit super Ulixiade." Aristarchus on the "Iliad" in two volumes, a large and very precious work; another commentary on the "Iliad"; I think Aristarchus was the author of that, as well as of the one on the "Odyssey" that our friend Niccolò Niccoli got

neg: Homer antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. Modern scholars consider them legends. The Homeric Question—concerning by whom, when, where and under what circumstances the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" were composed—continues to be debated. Broadly speaking, modern scholarly opinion falls into two groups. One holds that most of the "Iliad" and (according to some) the "Odyssey" are the works of a single poet of genius. The other considers the Homeric poems to be the result of a process of working and reworking by many contributors, and that

neg: Homer Most contemporary scholars, although they disagree on other questions about the genesis of the poems, agree that the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" were not produced by the same author, based on "the many differences of narrative manner, theology, ethics, vocabulary, and geographical perspective, and by the apparently imitative character of certain passages of the "Odyssey" in relation to the "Iliad"." Nearly all scholars agree that the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" are unified poems, in that each poem shows a clear overall design, and that they are not merely strung together from unrelated songs. It is also generally agreed that each

neg: Ancient Greek literature Ancient Greek literature Ancient Greek literature refers to literature written in the Ancient Greek language from the earliest texts until the time of the Byzantine Empire. The earliest surviving works of ancient Greek literature, dating back to the early Archaic period, are the two epic poems "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey", set in the Mycenaean era. These two epics, along with the Homeric Hymns and the two poems of Hesiod, "Theogony" and "Works and Days", comprised the major foundations of the Greek literary tradition that would continue into the Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. The lyric poets Sappho, Alcaeus, and

neg: Homer continually evolving tradition, which grew much more stable as the tradition progressed, but which did not fully cease to continue changing and evolving until as late as the middle of the second century BC. Martin Litchfield West has argued that the "Iliad" echoes the poetry of Hesiod, and that it must have been composed around 660-650 BC at the earliest, with the "Odyssey" up to a generation later. He also interprets passages in the "Iliad" as showing knowledge of historical events that occurred in the ancient Near East during the middle of the seventh century BC, including the destruction of

neg: Martin Litchfield West the Iliad"; a further volume on "The Making of the Iliad" appeared ten years later for Oxford University Press, and one on "The Making of the Odyssey" in 2014. In addition to the Near-Eastern connection, in 2007 he wrote on the reconstitution of Indo-European culture and poetry, and its influence on Greece, in the book "Indo-European Poetry and Myth". In recognition of his contribution to scholarship, he was awarded the Order of Merit in 2014. West was born in Hampton, Middlesex, the son of Catherine (née Stainthorpe) and a civil engineer, Maurice West. After graduating from St Paul's School, he