query: what is the name of the tunnel between england and france

pos: Channel Tunnel Channel Tunnel The Channel Tunnel (; also nicknamed the Chunnel) is a rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom, with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, near Calais in northern France, beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and the European mainland. At its lowest point, it is deep below the sea bed and below sea level. At , the tunnel has the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world, although the Seikan Tunnel in Japan is both longer overall at and deeper at below sea

pos: Getlink Getlink Getlink, formerly Groupe Eurotunnel, is a public company which manages and operates the Channel Tunnel between England and France, including the Eurotunnel Shuttle vehicle services, and earns revenue on other trains through the tunnel (DB Schenker freight and Eurostar passenger). It is listed on both the Euronext London and Euronext Paris markets, and was listed on the London Stock Exchange until 19 July 2012. The company is based in Paris. The railway operation has of double track railway in the main tunnels, plus extensive surface level terminal facilities at Folkestone in England and at Calais in France; the operation

pos: Cycling in the Channel Tunnel aid of "" broadcast live on French national television. This 1994 peloton was led by Henri Sannier and accompanied by Jean-Michel Guidez, Patrick Chêne, Jean Mamère, Marc Toesca, Thierry Marie, Paul Belmondo, Bernard Darniche, Jean-François Guiborel and others. The group used the service tunnel to cross the channel between Folkestone and Coquelles, accompanied by a STTS vehicle. On 1 June 2014, Chris Froome rode eastbound from England to France in a video promoting Team Sky and publicised during the 2014 Tour de France season. Cycling in the Channel Tunnel Pedal cycles in the Channel Tunnel are normally allowed to cross

pos: Chesterfield most sites are now indistinguishable from the surrounding countryside. Within the town itself, large factories and major employers have disappeared or relocated. Markham & Co. manufactured tunnel boring machines such as the one used for the Channel Tunnel between England and France. The company was bought out by Norway's Kvaerner and later merged with Sheffield-based Davy. Its factory on Hollis Lane is now a housing estate; the former offices were converted into flats and serviced office suites.<ref name="http://cat.llgc.org.uk/cgi-bin/gw/chameleon?sessionid=2011033116031220671&skin=full&lng=en&inst=consortium&host=localhost%2b9901%2bDEFAULT&patronhost=localhost%209901%20DEFAULT&searchid=2&sourcescreen=INITREQ&pos=1&itempos=1&rootsearch=KEYWORD&function=INITREQ&search=AUTHID&authid=6910058&authidu=1003"></ref> Dema Glass's factory near Lockoford Lane closed; the site is now host to a Tesco Extra and the Proact Stadium, Chesterfield F.C.'s

pos: Getlink cost high speed rail service between London and Paris, travelling between the railway stations of Stratford International and Charles-de-Gaulle. Getlink Getlink, formerly Groupe Eurotunnel, is a public company which manages and operates the Channel Tunnel between England and France, including the Eurotunnel Shuttle vehicle services, and earns revenue on other trains through the tunnel (DB Schenker freight and Eurostar passenger). It is listed on both the Euronext London and Euronext Paris markets, and was listed on the London Stock Exchange until 19 July 2012. The company is based in Paris. The railway operation has of double track railway in the

pos: Aimé Thomé de Gamond Aimé Thomé de Gamond Aimé Thomé de Gamond (November 1807 – 1876) was a visionary French engineer and entrepreneur who believed in the feasibility of constructing a Channel Tunnel under the Straits of Dover. However, despite his enthusiasm for such a venture, he died ridiculed and penniless because the project was not in conjunction with the political atmosphere of the period. He is now called the "father of the tunnel between France and England". De Gamond was born in Poitiers in 1807. He studied to become a mining engineer in the Netherlands before returning to France. In 1834 he proposed

pos: European route E15 European route E15 The European route E 15 is part of the United Nations international E-road network. It is a north-south "reference road", running from Inverness, Scotland south through England and France to Algeciras, Spain. Along most of its route between Paris and London, the road parallels the LGV Nord (as the French A1 autoroute) and High Speed 1 (as the English M20 motorway). Its length is . The E15 has a gap at the English Channel between Dover and Calais, France. There is a ferry link between Dover and Calais. The Eurotunnel Shuttle (using the Channel Tunnel) provides an

pos: Geography of England Geography of England England comprises most of the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, in addition to a number of small islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. England is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of mainland Britain, divided from France only by a sea gap, the English Channel. The Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, directly links England to mainland Europe. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel. Much of England consists of low hills and

pos: Train goods wagon. In some countries "piggy-back" trains or rolling highways are used. In the latter case trucks can drive straight onto the train and drive off again when the end destination is reached. A system like this is used through the Channel Tunnel between England and France, and for the trans-Alpine service between France and Italy (this service uses Modalohr road trailer carriers). "Piggy-back" trains are the fastest growing type of freight train in the United States, where they are also known as "trailer on flatcar" or TOFC trains. Piggy-back trains require no special modifications to the vehicles being carried.

pos: England is the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825. Much of Britain's of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively, although a high proportion of railway lines were closed in the second half of the 20th century. There are plans to reopen lines such as the Varsity Line between Oxford and Cambridge. These lines are mostly standard gauge (single, double or quadruple track) though there are also a few narrow gauge lines. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the Channel Tunnel, which was completed in

pos: Arthur Fell in wartime, including "The Fallacy of Free Trade", "The Failure of Free Trade" and "John Bull's Balance Sheet". Fell was also a long-standing advocate of building a rail tunnel under the English Channel between England and France. He presented a paper "The Channel Tunnel" to the Royal Society of Arts (RSA) on 17 December 1913 and by February 1914 he was the chairman of the House of Commons Channel Tunnel Committee, an all-party parliamentary group (with 100 members in 1914) which he chaired until 1922. The tunnel's advocates included the Duke of Argyll, Lord Glantawe, Joynson-Hicks, Will Crooks, Hamar Greenwood,

pos: Calais Calais. Calais is a major port for ferries between France and England, and since 1994, the Channel Tunnel has linked nearby Coquelles to Folkestone by rail. Due to its position, Calais since the Middle Ages has been a major port and a very important centre for transport and trading with England. It was annexed by Edward III of England in 1347 and grew into a thriving centre for wool production. The town came to be called the "brightest jewel in the English crown" owing to its great importance as the gateway for the tin, lead, lace and wool trades (or

pos: Arthur Fell Anthony Fell (1914–1998) was the MP for Great Yarmouth from 1951 to 1966. Fell's estate was valued on probate at £113,371 (net), of which he left £50 to M.G. Bertin, the Secretary of the French Channel Tunnel Association "as a token of my esteem and appreciation of his untiring efforts to promote good fellowship between France and England, and to carry into effect the Channel Tunnel, the construction of which Marechal Foch declared might have prevented the War and in any case shortened its duration by half". Arthur Fell Sir Arthur Fell (7 August 1850 – 29 December 1934) was

pos: England European continent than any other part of mainland Britain. It is separated from France (Hauts-de-France) by a sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the Channel Tunnel near Folkestone. England also has shores on the Irish Sea, North Sea and Atlantic Ocean. The ports of London, Liverpool, and Newcastle lie on the tidal rivers Thames, Mersey and Tyne respectively. At , the Severn is the longest river flowing through England. It empties into the Bristol Channel and is notable for its Severn Bore (a tidal bore), which can reach in height. However, the longest river entirely in England

pos: Calais 2016, French authorities announced that the camp had been cleared. Calais is located on the Pas de Calais, which marks the boundary between the English Channel and North Sea and located at the opposite end of the Channel Tunnel, from Dover. On a clear day the White cliffs of Dover can be viewed across the channel. Aside from being an important port and boarding point between France and England, it is at the nucleus of many major railway and highway networks and connected by road to Arras, Lens, Béthune and St. Omer. Dunkirk is located about to the east. Calais

pos: Calais has made it a major port for centuries. It is the principal ferry crossing point between England and France, with the vast majority of Channel crossings being made between Dover and Calais. Companies operating from Calais include SeaFrance (currently in liquidation), DFDS Seaways, and P&O Ferries. The French end of the Channel Tunnel is situated in the vicinity of Calais, in Coquelles some to the west of the town. Calais possesses direct rail links to Paris, to the south. More than 10 million people visit Calais annually. From medieval times, English companies thrived in Calais. Calais was a particularly important

pos: Channel Tunnel Channel Tunnel The Channel Tunnel (; also nicknamed the Chunnel) is a rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom, with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, near Calais in northern France, beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and the European mainland. At its lowest point, it is deep below the sea bed and below sea level. At , the tunnel has the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world, although the Seikan Tunnel in Japan is both longer overall at and deeper at below sea

pos: Channel Tunnel February 2017, by Jesse Norman, Minister for Industry and Energy. Channel Tunnel The Channel Tunnel (; also nicknamed the Chunnel) is a rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom, with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, near Calais in northern France, beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and the European mainland. At its lowest point, it is deep below the sea bed and below sea level. At , the tunnel has the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world, although the Seikan Tunnel in Japan

pos: TGV Super Train). They were built by GEC-Alsthom (now Alstom) in La Rochelle (France), Belfort (France) and Washwood Heath (England), entering service in 1993. Two types were built: Three Capitals sets, consisting of two power cars and 18 carriages, including two with one powered bogie each; and North of London sets, with 14 carriages. They consist of two identical half-sets that are not articulated in the middle, so that in case of emergency in the Channel Tunnel one half can be uncoupled and leave the tunnel. Each half-set is numbered separately. Thirty-eight full sets, plus one spare power car, were ordered:

pos: Cycling in the Channel Tunnel Cycling in the Channel Tunnel Pedal cycles in the Channel Tunnel are normally allowed to cross the Channel Tunnel fixed link between the United Kingdom and France only by using the Eurotunnel cycle service, on board a Le Shuttle train. That consists of a minibus and bicycle trailer for six bicycles. On a number of special occasions since 1993, crossings have been made directly using the bidirectional Channel Tunnel service tunnel, positioned between the two rail tunnel bores. The central service tunnel has airlocks at both ends and a concrete screed road surface. During construction, over 200 bicycles were used

pos: Gotthard Road Tunnel north-south line in Switzerland. It was opened in 1882. In this category it is no longer the record-holder. The Seikan Tunnel in Japan and the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France are both in excess of . Under construction since 2002 and opened on 1 June 2016, the Gotthard Base Tunnel (a second rail tunnel, long), is the world's longest. It was built for the use of trains travelling from northern Switzerland to the Ticino area and beyond. The Gotthard Tunnel is the core and culminating point of the A2 motorway in Switzerland, running south from Basel through

neg: Dore village. Dore Dore is a large village in South Yorkshire, England. The village lies on a hill above the River Sheaf which gave Sheffield its name, and until 1934 was part of Derbyshire, but it is now a suburb of the city. Dore is served by Dore and Totley railway station on the Hope Valley Line between Sheffield and Manchester. The railway tunnel between Dore and Totley under a limb of the Pennines to Hathersage in Derbyshire is the longest such in England, second only to the Severn Tunnel between England and South Wales. They are the longest main line

neg: Dore Dore Dore is a large village in South Yorkshire, England. The village lies on a hill above the River Sheaf which gave Sheffield its name, and until 1934 was part of Derbyshire, but it is now a suburb of the city. Dore is served by Dore and Totley railway station on the Hope Valley Line between Sheffield and Manchester. The railway tunnel between Dore and Totley under a limb of the Pennines to Hathersage in Derbyshire is the longest such in England, second only to the Severn Tunnel between England and South Wales. They are the longest main line railway

neg: Bolsover Tunnel at Scarcliffe. Bolsover Tunnel Bolsover Tunnel is a disused and infilled twin-track railway tunnel between Carr Vale and Scarcliffe in Derbyshire, England. At it was the 18th longest railway tunnel in Britain prior to its closure in 1951. The tunnel was opened by the Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway (later part of the Great Central Railway and subsequently the LNER) in March 1897. As originally planned, this was a highly ambitious scheme, as its name suggests, but only the central section between Chesterfield Market Place and Lincoln, together with a branch from Langwith Junction to the outskirts of Sheffield,

neg: Bolsover Tunnel Bolsover Tunnel Bolsover Tunnel is a disused and infilled twin-track railway tunnel between Carr Vale and Scarcliffe in Derbyshire, England. At it was the 18th longest railway tunnel in Britain prior to its closure in 1951. The tunnel was opened by the Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway (later part of the Great Central Railway and subsequently the LNER) in March 1897. As originally planned, this was a highly ambitious scheme, as its name suggests, but only the central section between Chesterfield Market Place and Lincoln, together with a branch from Langwith Junction to the outskirts of Sheffield, were ever

neg: Duckmanton Tunnel Duckmanton Tunnel Duckmanton Tunnel is a former long twin-track railway tunnel between Chesterfield and Arkwright Town in Derbyshire, England. The tunnel was opened by the LD&ECR (later part of the GCR and subsequently the LNER) in March 1897. As originally planned, this was a highly ambitious scheme, as its name suggests, but only the central section between Chesterfield Market Place and Lincoln, together with a branch from Langwith Junction to the outskirts of Sheffield, were ever built. The section between Chesterfield and Langwith Junction (by then renamed Shirebrook North), was closed to passenger traffic by British Railways in December 1951.

neg: Tunnel Maurice-Lemaire Tunnel Maurice-Lemaire The Tunnel Maurice-Lemaire, commonly known as the "Tunnel de Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines" is a former rail tunnel adapted to permit road traffic to drive between Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines (Haut-Rhin, Alsace) and Saint-Dié (Vosges, Lorraine) without needing to drive over the top of a mountain pass. The tunnel is long, which made it the longest road tunnel wholly within France. The tunnel owes its current name to Maurice Lemaire, a former Director General of the SNCF and a senior politician nationally and regionally during the third quarter of the twentieth century. Lemaire promoted the tunnel’s modernisation. The tunnel was first mooted in 1866,

neg: Waterford Greenway Waterford Greenway The Waterford Greenway, also known locally as the Déise Greenway, is a Rail trail in County Waterford, Ireland, used for cycling and hiking. It opened on March 2017, on what was originally the Mallow/Waterford railway line, and forms part of EuroVelo 1 route, which passes through Norway, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, England, France, Spain and Portugal. The Waterford Greenway features 11 bridges, three viaducts and a 400-metre tunnel and runs between the city of Waterford, Mount Congreve, Kilmeaden, Kilmacthomas, and Dungarvan, and passes along part of the Copper Coast. At 46km, it is Ireland's longest greenway. In December 2017,

neg: Waterford Greenway it was announced that over 250,000 had used the new route since it opened in March. Waterford Greenway The Waterford Greenway, also known locally as the Déise Greenway, is a Rail trail in County Waterford, Ireland, used for cycling and hiking. It opened on March 2017, on what was originally the Mallow/Waterford railway line, and forms part of EuroVelo 1 route, which passes through Norway, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, England, France, Spain and Portugal. The Waterford Greenway features 11 bridges, three viaducts and a 400-metre tunnel and runs between the city of Waterford, Mount Congreve, Kilmeaden, Kilmacthomas, and Dungarvan, and passes

neg: Standedge Tunnels Standedge Tunnels The Standedge Tunnels are four parallel tunnels beneath the Pennines in northern England. Three are railway tunnels and the other is a canal tunnel. They are located at the Standedge (pronounced "Stannige") crossing point between Marsden and Diggle, across the boundary between the West Yorkshire and Greater Manchester conurbations. Before boundary changes in 1974, both ends of the tunnel were in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The canal tunnel is a key part of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal. Having been authorised by an Act of Parliament on 4 April 1794, construction work commenced on what was anticipated to

neg: Severn Tunnel Severn Tunnel The Severn Tunnel () is a railway tunnel under the Severn Estuary between England and Wales . The tunnel links South Gloucestershire in the west of England to Monmouthshire in south Wales. It was constructed by the Great Western Railway (GWR) between 1873 and 1886 to shorten the journey between Western England and South Wales. Its completion has been regarded as the crowning achievement of the civil engineer Sir John Hawkshaw, the chief engineer of the GWR. Before the Severn Tunnel was built all traffic between Western England and South Wales was by ship or upriver via .

neg: Fréjus Road Tunnel Fréjus Road Tunnel The Fréjus Road Tunnel is a tunnel that connects France and Italy. It runs under Col du Fréjus in the Cottian Alps between Modane in France and Bardonecchia in Italy. It is one of the major trans-Alpine transport routes between France and Italy being used for 80% of the commercial road traffic. Construction of the long tunnel started in 1974, and it came into service on 12 July 1980, leading to the closure of the motorail shuttle service in the Fréjus rail tunnel. It cost 2 billion francs (equivalent to €700 million at 2005 prices). It is

neg: Severn Tunnel that some of the overhead electrification equipment had started to rust. Severn Tunnel The Severn Tunnel () is a railway tunnel under the Severn Estuary between England and Wales . The tunnel links South Gloucestershire in the west of England to Monmouthshire in south Wales. It was constructed by the Great Western Railway (GWR) between 1873 and 1886 to shorten the journey between Western England and South Wales. Its completion has been regarded as the crowning achievement of the civil engineer Sir John Hawkshaw, the chief engineer of the GWR. Before the Severn Tunnel was built all traffic between Western

neg: Burlington Tunnel New England were the Burlington Rail Tunnel and the Tunnel at Bellows Falls, in Vermont. The Vermont and Canada Railroad, completed between Essex Junction, VT and Rouses Point, NY and headquartered in St. Albans, Vermont, undertook construction of the tunnel in order to provide a better connection to the Lake Champlain lakefront from its main route, which passed through Essex Junction. The Vermont & Canada and the Vermont Central (headquartered in Northfield, VT) merged sometime prior to 1853. The original alignment passed through what is now downtown Burlington, and the depot was located two blocks south of the current City

neg: Cottian Alps Italian side. The borders of the Cottian Alps are (clockwise): The chief peaks of the Cottian Alps are: The chief passes of the Cottian Alps are: Cottian Alps The Cottian Alps (; ; ); are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps. They form the border between France (Hautes-Alpes and Savoie) and Italy (Piedmont). The Fréjus Road Tunnel and Fréjus Rail Tunnel between Modane and Susa are important transportation arteries between France (Lyon, Grenoble) and Italy (Turin). The name "Cottian" comes from "Marcus Julius Cottius", a king of the tribes inhabiting that mountainous region in the 1st

neg: Cottian Alps Cottian Alps The Cottian Alps (; ; ); are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps. They form the border between France (Hautes-Alpes and Savoie) and Italy (Piedmont). The Fréjus Road Tunnel and Fréjus Rail Tunnel between Modane and Susa are important transportation arteries between France (Lyon, Grenoble) and Italy (Turin). The name "Cottian" comes from "Marcus Julius Cottius", a king of the tribes inhabiting that mountainous region in the 1st century BC. These tribes had previously opposed but later made peace with Julius Caesar. Cottius was succeeded by his son, also named Marcus Julius Cottius, who

neg: Bradway Tunnel Bradway Tunnel Bradway Tunnel, long, was built in 1870 about north of Dronfield, Derbyshire, in South Yorkshire, England. It is at the summit of the Midland Main Line between Chesterfield and Sheffield, on what is known to railwaymen as the "New Road" built by the Midland Railway to serve Sheffield, which was bypassed by the North Midland Railway's "Old Road" due to the gradients involved. During its excavation a number of small heading tunnels were needed to drain some 16,000 gallons of water an hour. At the north end is the triangular junction with the Hope Valley Line and Dore

neg: Bradway Tunnel station. Northwards the line proceeds down a 1 in 100 gradient, through the abandoned Beauchief, Millhouses and Heeley stations, into Sheffield Midland station. Bradway Tunnel Bradway Tunnel, long, was built in 1870 about north of Dronfield, Derbyshire, in South Yorkshire, England. It is at the summit of the Midland Main Line between Chesterfield and Sheffield, on what is known to railwaymen as the "New Road" built by the Midland Railway to serve Sheffield, which was bypassed by the North Midland Railway's "Old Road" due to the gradients involved. During its excavation a number of small heading tunnels were needed to

neg: History of rugby union matches between England and France History of rugby union matches between England and France The first Anglo-French rugby union match was held on 22 March 1906 at Parc des Princes in Paris. The traditional name for the annual England versus France rugby union match in the Six Nations Championship as used on both sides of the English Channel is Le Crunch, used since at least 1981... (although it as been named 'Eurostar Trophy' a few times in France, since 2000) Games have also been played as Tests and at the Rugby World Cup. England and France have played each other on 104 occasions, England winning

neg: History of rugby union matches between England and France winning twelve, France winning seven, and no matches have been drawn. In these games, England have scored 434 points, and France 333. In other test matches, England have played France on ten occasions, England winning six, France winning four, and no matches have been drawn. Overall, England have scored 241 points, and France have 134. History of rugby union matches between England and France The first Anglo-French rugby union match was held on 22 March 1906 at Parc des Princes in Paris. The traditional name for the annual England versus France rugby union match in the Six Nations Championship as

neg: Perthus Tunnel French TGV to a Spanish AVE, as neither trainset was approved for use on the other country's network. Finally, direct trains were launched in December 2013. In France, the tunnel connects to the Perpignan-Villefranche line. Formal design studies for a high-speed Perpignan-Montpellier line to connect to the tunnel were launched in November 2009 by Réseau Ferré de France. Perthus Tunnel The Perthus Tunnel is a twin-bore railway tunnel between France and Spain under the Eastern Pyrenees, built as part of the high-speed railway line Perpignan-Figueres. The tunnel has made possible the implementation of direct high-speed trains connecting the two countries'

neg: Tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers the First Barons' War, John, King of England laid siege to Rochester Castle. Eventually, he ordered his troops to dig a tunnel under the south tower, which they held up with pit props. After the tunnellers lit the props, the tower fell down, ending the siege even though the castle's main walls remained standing. In 1346, Edward III of England requested that miners from the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire accompany his expedition to France, during the first part of the Hundred Years' War between England and France. The Corps of Royal Engineers were formed in 1717. In 1770, the Company

neg: PHEDRA (Arc-jet) high enthalpy wind tunnel PHEDRA (Arc-jet) high enthalpy wind tunnel The PHEDRA High Enthalpy low density Wind Tunnel, located at the ICARE Laboratory in Orléans, France, is a research facility used extensively for fundamental and applied research on non equilibrium plasma flows and planetary atmospheric entries. Its name is an acronym for soufflerie à Plasma Hors Equilibre de Rentreés Atmosphériques . Phedra wind tunnel takes part of the European Landscape Network portal MERIL. PHEDRA (ex. SR5) wind tunnel was located in the Aerothermodynamics Laboratory from the CNRS (France's national scientific research center) in Meudon, France until 2000. The wind tunnel was then moved to

neg: MARHy Wind Tunnel Aerodynamics, Aerothermodynamics, Atmospheric entries and Gas and Plasma Physics. The wind tunnel MARHy is extensively used for fundamental and applied research of fluid dynamic phenomena in rarefied compressible flows. Some works undertaken with this facility are listed here: MARHy Wind Tunnel The MARHy Hypersonic low density Wind Tunnel, located at the ICARE Laboratory in Orléans, France, is a research facility used extensively for fundamental and applied research of fluid dynamic phenomena in rarefied compressible flows. Its name is an acronym for Mach Adaptable Rarefied Hypersonic and the wind tunnel is recorded under this name under the European portal MERIL. The

neg: What The Fuck France? created What the Fuck France. In 2018 he followed the program with a documentary entitled Stereotrip. The videos take a tongue-in-cheek look at quintessential parts of French culture. Telerama deemed the series "excellent". The Local reported that some viewers deemed the series lighthearted humour, while others thought it was French bashing. What The Fuck France? What The Fuck France (aka What's Up France) is a Franglais YouTube channel created by Paul Taylor, in which he comments on French culture and language. Paul Taylor has Anglo-Irish ancestry, and spends his time between England, France, Quebec and Spain. Prior to creating the

neg: Germain Sommeiller 1871. Pointe Sommeiller, a 3332-meter-high peak in the Cottian Alps, and Col Sommeiller, the nearby mountain pass linking Bramans, France to Bardonecchia, Italy, were named in his honour. Several streets in Savoy cities such as Annecy also bear Sommeiller's name. Germain Sommeiller Germain Sommeiller (February 15, 1815 – July 11, 1871) was a civil engineer from Savoy. He directed the construction of the Fréjus Rail Tunnel between France and Italy, also known as the Mont Cenis Tunnel. This was the first of a series of major tunnels built in the late 19th century to connect northern and southern Europe through

neg: Perthus Tunnel Perthus Tunnel The Perthus Tunnel is a twin-bore railway tunnel between France and Spain under the Eastern Pyrenees, built as part of the high-speed railway line Perpignan-Figueres. The tunnel has made possible the implementation of direct high-speed trains connecting the two countries' railway systems since December 2013, linking the Spanish AVE network with the French TGV. The tunnel has been designed to allow for freight as well as passenger traffic. It is long. The tunnel forms part of the Perpignan-Figueres high-speed rail line, built through a Public–private partnership scheme by the TP Ferro consortium, a joint venture of Eiffage (France)

neg: Hypersonic wind tunnel for design and development of current and future space transportation systems in India. The MARHy Hypersonic low density Wind Tunnel, located at the ICARE Laboratory in Orléans, France, is a research facility used extensively for fundamental and applied research of fluid dynamic phenomena in rarefied compressible flows, applied to space research(contact Viviana Lago: head of the Fast team, viviana.lago@cnrs-orleans.fr). Its name is an acronym for Mach Adaptable Rarefied Hypersonic and the wind tunnel is recorded under this name under the European portal MERIL. Hypersonic wind tunnel A hypersonic wind tunnel is designed to generate a hypersonic flow field in the

neg: Envalira Tunnel Envalira Tunnel The Envalira Tunnel runs between Pas de la Casa near the border with France and Grau Roig (Ski resort), it enables its users to avoid the Envalira Pass. It is amongst the highest road tunnels in Europe. Although situated within the borders of Andorra, the entrance at Pas de la Casa can only be reached via a bridge that is situated in France. The Andorra/France border post is therefore situated a short distance within France at the start of the access bridge. On the French side it is connected to the RN22 and on the Andorran side to

neg: Envalira Tunnel concession period is for 50 years. The construction cost was 11 Bn Pesetas (approx. 80 Million Euros). Envalira Tunnel The Envalira Tunnel runs between Pas de la Casa near the border with France and Grau Roig (Ski resort), it enables its users to avoid the Envalira Pass. It is amongst the highest road tunnels in Europe. Although situated within the borders of Andorra, the entrance at Pas de la Casa can only be reached via a bridge that is situated in France. The Andorra/France border post is therefore situated a short distance within France at the start of the access

neg: Golden Valley line Swindon and . Golden Valley line The Golden Valley line is the popular name given to the railway line between and or in England. The line was originally built as the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway in the 1840s. It was opened between Swindon and Kemble, along with a branch line to Cirencester in 1841. It took a further four years before the remainder of the line, including the tunnel at Sapperton, was completed. The line diverges from the Great Western Main Line at Swindon and (after going through the Sapperton railway tunnel and down the Golden Valley to

neg: Golden Valley line Golden Valley line The Golden Valley line is the popular name given to the railway line between and or in England. The line was originally built as the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway in the 1840s. It was opened between Swindon and Kemble, along with a branch line to Cirencester in 1841. It took a further four years before the remainder of the line, including the tunnel at Sapperton, was completed. The line diverges from the Great Western Main Line at Swindon and (after going through the Sapperton railway tunnel and down the Golden Valley to ), joins the

neg: Surname England, the introduction of family names is generally attributed to the preparation of the Domesday Book in 1086, following the Norman conquest. Evidence indicates that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and slowly spread to other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility who arrived in England during the Norman conquest differentiated themselves by affixing 'de' (of) before the name of their village in France. This is what is known as a territorial surname, a consequence of feudal landownership. In medieval times in France, such a name indicated lordship, or ownership, of the village.

neg: Summit Tunnel result of a temporary break in services around Christmas. The train collided with the tunnel wall, but remained upright and no injuries were reported. Summit Tunnel Summit Tunnel in England is one of the world's oldest railway tunnels. It was constructed between 1838 and 1841 by the Manchester and Leeds Railway Company to provide a direct line between Leeds and Manchester. When built, Summit Tunnel was the longest railway tunnel in the world. The tunnel, between Littleborough and Walsden near Todmorden, was bored beneath the Pennines, a natural obstruction to most forms of traffic. The tunnel is just over long

neg: Channel Tunnel were living in the temporary camps erected in Calais at the time of an official count in July 2015. An estimated 3,000 to 5,000 migrants were waiting in Calais for a chance to get to England. Britain and France operate a system of Juxtaposed controls on immigration and customs, where investigations happen before travel. France is part of the Schengen Agreement, which has largely abolished border checks between member nations, but the United Kingdom is not. Most illegal immigrants and would-be asylum seekers who got into Britain found some way to ride a freight train. Trucks are loaded onto freight

neg: MARHy Wind Tunnel MARHy Wind Tunnel The MARHy Hypersonic low density Wind Tunnel, located at the ICARE Laboratory in Orléans, France, is a research facility used extensively for fundamental and applied research of fluid dynamic phenomena in rarefied compressible flows. Its name is an acronym for Mach Adaptable Rarefied Hypersonic and the wind tunnel is recorded under this name under the European portal MERIL. The facility was completed in 1963 and is one of the three facilities belonging to the FAST platform (composed of two other wind tunnels) and used in the aim of supporting aeronautics and aerospace research. In 1962, the CNES

neg: Summit Tunnel Summit Tunnel Summit Tunnel in England is one of the world's oldest railway tunnels. It was constructed between 1838 and 1841 by the Manchester and Leeds Railway Company to provide a direct line between Leeds and Manchester. When built, Summit Tunnel was the longest railway tunnel in the world. The tunnel, between Littleborough and Walsden near Todmorden, was bored beneath the Pennines, a natural obstruction to most forms of traffic. The tunnel is just over long and carries two standard-gauge tracks in a single horseshoe-shaped tube, approximately wide and high. Summit Tunnel was designed by the civil engineer Thomas Longridge

neg: A2 road (England) within the Great Britain road numbering scheme in the 1920s. The Dartford Southern By-pass, which relieved chronic congestion on the old route through Dartford (along what is now the A207) provided considerable local employment during the Post–World War I recession. It was opened by the Prince of Wales in 1924. It is estimated that the project provided 63,500 days work to local unemployed people. The Dartford Crossing opened as a single tunnel in 1963 (then as a dual tunnel in 1980) and provided additional traffic on the A2 and the M2 Motorway opened in stages between 1963 and 1965 providing

neg: What The Fuck France? What The Fuck France? What The Fuck France (aka What's Up France) is a Franglais YouTube channel created by Paul Taylor, in which he comments on French culture and language. Paul Taylor has Anglo-Irish ancestry, and spends his time between England, France, Quebec and Spain. Prior to creating the series, Taylor worked at Apple. In 2016, Taylor started a standup called Franglais, where he spoke about his experiences as an expatriate in France. Then, he wrote a YouTube skit called La Bise, about the French kiss, which racked up 3 million hits. Subsequently, he was contacted by Canal+ who together

neg: Modane vowel has therefore fallen from use (taken for the preposition "à" [to]). The word could come from a proper name, that of the keeper of a "manso", Amaudanes, mentioned in a cartulary of the 12th century. In 1871, following the opening of the Mont-Cenis rail tunnel Modane quickly became a border city. The Italian journey began between Italian immigration and transit trade and the population increased significantly. However, the increasingly strained relations between France and Italy lead to the construction in 1885 of the Fort du Replaton, an interdiction fort to monitor the entrance of the tunnel. During World War

neg: Beaminster Tunnel the cost. The tunnel reopened on 29 July 2013 following £2 million of work. By February 2014, it was reported that Dorset County Council had spent around £2.5 million on remedial works around the tunnel. Beaminster Tunnel Beaminster Tunnel or Horn Hill Tunnel is a road tunnel on the A3066 road between Beaminster and Mosterton in Dorset, England. The tunnel was constructed between 1830–1832; it was one of the first road tunnels built in Britain, and is the only pre-railway road tunnel in the country still in use. It was built to take a toll road underneath a steep hill

neg: Burdale Tunnel Burdale Tunnel Burdale Tunnel is a former railway tunnel on the abandoned Malton and Driffield Junction Railway (MDR) in North Yorkshire, England. Burdale tunnel lies near the village of Burdale, North Yorkshire, England, between the former Burdale and Wharram railway stations. It was built to take the railway through the Yorkshire Wolds. Construction began in 1847 with the sinking of seven vertical shafts, but the tunnel, which was in length, was not completed until 1853, work having been interrupted and slowed at times due to lack of funds. During construction illegal drinking houses were built and riots occurred in navvies'

neg: Beaminster Tunnel Beaminster Tunnel Beaminster Tunnel or Horn Hill Tunnel is a road tunnel on the A3066 road between Beaminster and Mosterton in Dorset, England. The tunnel was constructed between 1830–1832; it was one of the first road tunnels built in Britain, and is the only pre-railway road tunnel in the country still in use. It was built to take a toll road underneath a steep hill to the north of Beaminster and make it easier for horse-drawn traffic to travel from the coast to the hinterland of Dorset. It underwent significant repairs in 1968 and again in 2009, but in 2012

neg: Seelisberg Tunnel Seelisberg Tunnel The Seelisberg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel in Switzerland. The tunnel links Beckenried, in the canton of Nidwalden, with Seedorf, in the canton of Uri, running under the mountains that form the south shore of Lake Lucerne. It forms part of the A2 motorway between Basel, on the border with Germany and France, and Chiasso, on the border with Italy. Completed in 1980, the twin bores of the tunnel are and in length. After the Gotthard Road Tunnel, this is Switzerland's second-longest road tunnel but unlike the Gotthard Tunnel which crosses the Alps completely north to south, the

neg: Wapping Tunnel the Wapping Tunnel was in good condition though suffered from flooding in places and would require some remedial work, but that the concept of re-opening the tunnel was viable. Wapping Tunnel Wapping or Edge Hill Tunnel in Liverpool, England, was designed by George Stephenson and was constructed between 1826 and 1829 to enable goods services to operate between Liverpool docks and Manchester, as part of the planned Liverpool and Manchester Railway. It was the first tunnel in the world to be bored under a city. The tunnel is long, running downhill from the western end of the long Cavendish cutting

neg: Tyne Tunnel use the tunnel free. A 10% discount is available to Tyne Tunnel permit holders. The permits are passive electronic discs stuck to the inside of the vehicle's windscreen, which are electronically read by the toll booth's scanner, whereupon the toll is debited from the permit-holder's account. As of 2018, ANPR technology has added to the Tyne Tunnel permit accounts. Tunnel is free for blue badge holders. Tyne Tunnel The Tyne Tunnel is the name given to two 2-lane vehicular toll tunnels under the River Tyne in North East England. Completed in 1967 and 2011 respectively, they connect the town of

neg: Getlink is entirely self contained, with connections near the two terminals to the respective national railway networks. Signalling and electric traction supply at 25 kV AC are also under Getlink control. Train operation consists of shuttle trains conveying cars and coaches and other trains conveying heavy goods vehicles between the two terminals. Other trains using Getlink infrastructure are operated by the respective owners. In November 2017, Groupe Eurotunnel was rebranded Getlink. The company was formed on 13 August 1986, with the objective of financing, building and operating a tunnel between England and France. The company awarded a contract for the construction

neg: Brownqueen Tunnel Brownqueen Tunnel Brownqueen Tunnel, also called Brown Queen Tunnel, is a railway tunnel on the Cornish Main Line between and stations in Cornwall, England. The tunnel is long and situated just above the River Fowey, about a train ride east of Truro, Cornwall. This tunnel is in the same area as "Brownqueen Wood", a small forested area of about . South of the tunnel, trains pass Restormel Castle, one of the four chief Norman castles of Cornwall. To the north of the tunnel are the historic Glynn House and Bodmin Parkway station. The tunnel opened on 4 May 1859, when

neg: Cowburn Tunnel Cowburn Tunnel The Cowburn Tunnel is a railway tunnel at the western end of the Vale of Edale in the Derbyshire Peak District of England. The tunnel is long. The Midland Railway awarded the contract to J.P. Edwards of Nottingham. Construction work started in October 1888 when a ventilation shaft was sunk in Cartledge Meadow near Edale. The tunnel was engineered by the Midland Railway, under Colborne, part of a moorland between Kinder Scout and Rushup Edge. Tunneling also started at the other end near Chapel-en-le-Frith and the breakthrough between the two sections was made on 18 July 1891. The

neg: Z-Morh Tunnel Z-Morh Tunnel Z-Morh Tunnel is a road tunnel project and is the first step toward ensuring all-weather connectivity between Srinagar and Kargil in Ladakh region of India. The tunnel gets its name from its Z formation between Sonamarg and Gagangir. The 6.5 km long road tunnel is being constructed near Gagangir or Gagangair in Ganderbal district of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It has a high strategic importance for India. The tunnel would avoid the regions of snowfall and avalanches. Along with Zoji-la Tunnel (which is 22 km from Z-Morh tunnel towards Leh, the Z-Morh tunnel will ensure

neg: Riqueval Tunnel until the construction of Biassa II tunnel, La Spezia, Italy. Riqueval Tunnel The Riqueval Tunnel is a -long tunnel on the St Quentin Canal, close to the commune of Bellicourt, in the department of Aisne, France. It connects Bellicourt with Bony. It was constructed as part of the St Quentin Canal between 1801 and 1810, on the orders of Napoleon. The tunnel remains in use, and can be traversed using a chain boat. Along with the Mauvages tunnel, on the Marne–Rhine Canal, it is one of the last locations in the world where a system of chain towing is still

neg: Riqueval Tunnel Riqueval Tunnel The Riqueval Tunnel is a -long tunnel on the St Quentin Canal, close to the commune of Bellicourt, in the department of Aisne, France. It connects Bellicourt with Bony. It was constructed as part of the St Quentin Canal between 1801 and 1810, on the orders of Napoleon. The tunnel remains in use, and can be traversed using a chain boat. Along with the Mauvages tunnel, on the Marne–Rhine Canal, it is one of the last locations in the world where a system of chain towing is still in operation. It was the longest tunnel in the world

neg: Morley Tunnel the surface was used as building material, and King Brickworks, which was located near to where The Fountain public house is today, produced bricks from the excavated sandstone. Much of the sandstone not suitable for this was used in road building. Today, the tunnel is used by the local services run by Northern and the long distance services between Leeds and Manchester Piccadilly by TransPennine Express. Morley Tunnel Morley Tunnel is a railway tunnel in West Yorkshire, England, situated between Morley and Batley railway stations on the Huddersfield Line. From its northern end (), it extends , passing beneath Morley

neg: Col de Tende by Phoenicians and later maintained by Greeks and Romans. <br> Col de Tende Col de Tende (; elevation 1870 m) is a high mountain pass in the Alps, close to the border between France and Italy, although the highest section of the pass is wholly within France. It separates the Maritime Alps from the Ligurian Alps. It connects Nice and Tende in Alpes-Maritimes with Cuneo in Piedmont. A railway tunnel inaugurated in 1898 and a Road Tunnel inaugurated in 1882 run under the pass. The latter tunnel is 3.2 kilometre long and is among the oldest long road tunnels. French

neg: Col de Tende Col de Tende Col de Tende (; elevation 1870 m) is a high mountain pass in the Alps, close to the border between France and Italy, although the highest section of the pass is wholly within France. It separates the Maritime Alps from the Ligurian Alps. It connects Nice and Tende in Alpes-Maritimes with Cuneo in Piedmont. A railway tunnel inaugurated in 1898 and a Road Tunnel inaugurated in 1882 run under the pass. The latter tunnel is 3.2 kilometre long and is among the oldest long road tunnels. French historian François Guizot states that the road was first developed

neg: Ponteland were incorporated into the building now occupied by the Blackbird Inn, which is rumoured to contain an old tunnel connecting it to St Mary's Church across the road. The tunnel was supposedly bricked up behind the fireplace in The Tunnel Room. A plaque outside The Blackbird records: "'Ponteland first appeared in the national history in the 13th century, when the feuds between the Kings of England and Scotland were in full spate." "The signing of a peace treaty between Henry III of England and Alexander of Scotland took place on the knoll of the marshes where the Blackbird stands today."

neg: Alderton Tunnel line, the route through the tunnel closed from 19 August to 15 September 2017 to allow overhead electrification equipment to be fitted. Alderton Tunnel The Alderton Tunnel sits on the South Wales Main Line in England, on a stretch of line between Swindon and Bristol Parkway. The tunnel, which is 506 yards long, was opened on 1 January 1903 along with the line between and , that being the first section of the South Wales & Bristol Direct Line of the Great Western Railway. Building of the tunnel commenced at least two years before 1903, as the rise in railway

neg: Queensway Tunnel Queensway Tunnel The Queensway Tunnel is a road tunnel under the River Mersey, in the north west of England, between Liverpool and Birkenhead. Locally, it is often referred to as the Birkenhead Tunnel or Old Tunnel, to distinguish it from the newer Kingsway Tunnel (1971), which serves Wallasey and the M53 motorway traffic. The first tunnel under the River Mersey was for the Mersey Railway in 1886. The first tunnel crossing was proposed in 1825, and again in 1827. A report in 1830 rejected the road tunnel due to concerns about building damage. During the 1920s there were concerns about

neg: Wapping Tunnel Wapping Tunnel Wapping or Edge Hill Tunnel in Liverpool, England, was designed by George Stephenson and was constructed between 1826 and 1829 to enable goods services to operate between Liverpool docks and Manchester, as part of the planned Liverpool and Manchester Railway. It was the first tunnel in the world to be bored under a city. The tunnel is long, running downhill from the western end of the long Cavendish cutting at Edge Hill in the east of the city, to Park Lane Goods Station near Wapping Dock. The Edge Hill portal is near the former Crown Street Station goods

neg: Hell Tunnel The tunnel was built as part of the Trondheim Toll Scheme. The name of the tunnel comes from the nearby village of Hell. In the Norwegian language, neither the name of the village nor the tunnel has anything to do with the Christian concept of hell. In fact, in Norwegian, the word "hell" means "luck". Hell Tunnel The Hell Tunnel () is a long road tunnel in Trøndelag county, Norway. The tunnel is located along the shared section of the European route E6 and European route E14 motorways that runs through the mountain Gjevingåsen between the villages of Hommelvik in

neg: Blisworth Tunnel Blisworth Tunnel Blisworth Tunnel is a canal tunnel on the Grand Union Canal in Northamptonshire, England, between the villages of Stoke Bruerne at the southern end and Blisworth at the northern end. The northern end is about from the northern end of the Grand Junction Canal at Braunston, Northamptonshire and the southern end about . At 3,076 yards (2,813m) long it is the third-longest navigable canal tunnel on the UK canal network after Standedge Tunnel and Dudley Tunnel (and the ninth-longest canal tunnel in the world). At its deepest point it is "ca."143 feet ("ca."43m) below ground level. The tunnel

neg: Stowe Hill tunnel died, though was unconnected with the cause of either. Stowe Hill tunnel Stowe Hill Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the West Coast Main Line just south of the village of Weedon, Northamptonshire, England. The tunnel runs in a straight line underneath the A5 main road between Weedon and Towcester from about northwest to southeast. The tunnel has a single bore with twin tracks and is long. The next station southbound is Wolverton and northbound Rugby. The tunnel was opened in 1838 as a part of the London and Birmingham Railway. The tunnel was close to the site of two

neg: Stowe Hill tunnel Stowe Hill tunnel Stowe Hill Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the West Coast Main Line just south of the village of Weedon, Northamptonshire, England. The tunnel runs in a straight line underneath the A5 main road between Weedon and Towcester from about northwest to southeast. The tunnel has a single bore with twin tracks and is long. The next station southbound is Wolverton and northbound Rugby. The tunnel was opened in 1838 as a part of the London and Birmingham Railway. The tunnel was close to the site of two train derailments in which a total of 25 people

neg: Clayton Tunnel Clayton Tunnel Clayton Tunnel is a railway tunnel located in the village of Pyecombe near the village of Clayton, West Sussex between Hassocks and Preston Park railway stations on the Brighton Main Line. Another tunnel of the same name is found on the Queensbury Lines, a disused route between Queensbury and Bradford at . At 1 mile 499 yards (2065 metres) the Sussex Clayton Tunnel is the longest tunnel on the route. The tunnel was designed by David Mocatta, architect to the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway. It was completed in 1841 after 3 years of work. The turreted

neg: Ilderton, Northumberland Ilderton, Northumberland Ilderton is a small village in Northumberland, England. It is located on the edge of the Northumberland National Park, between Lilburn, Northumberland in the east and Hedgehope Hill in the west. The place-name 'Ilderton' is first attested in Charter Rolls of circa 1125 as "Ildretona", and as "Hildreton" during the reign of Henry II. The name means 'elder town or settlement', the word 'elder' referring to the tree of that name. The parish church of St Michael retains a thirteenth-century tower. In the churchyard at its western edge is the stone-built Roddam Mausoleum, which is tunnel-vaulted inside. Dating

neg: Saverne Tunnel Saverne Tunnel The Saverne Tunnel (), also known as the Ernolsheim-lès-Saverne Tunnel (), is a twin-bore, high-speed rail tunnel in western Bas-Rhin, France. It carries the LGV Est line of France's TGV high-speed rail network through the narrowest part of the Vosges mountain range, beneath Mont Saint-Michel and adjacent to the Saverne Pass. The tunnel consists of two bores, containing one railroad track each, that are connected by passageways every . The LGV Est crosses the Haspelbaechel viaduct near the western end of the tunnel. The tunnel was excavated by a tunnel boring machine between November 2011 and February 2013.

neg: Bruce Tunnel Savernake Forest which is open to the public with footpaths, drives and picnic sites, hence the tunnel is also sometimes known as the Savernake Tunnel. The main Paddington to Penzance 'Berks and Hants' railway line crosses the tunnel diagonally; both portals can be seen from the windows of passing trains with the canal running close to the railway at each end. Bruce Tunnel The Bruce Tunnel is on the summit pound of the Kennet and Avon Canal between Wootton Top Lock and Crofton Locks in Wiltshire, England. This is the only tunnel on the canal and it is 502 yards

neg: Frontenac station a normal side platform station built in tunnel. A transept provides access, via several long escalators, to the entrance, recently rebuilt according to a design by Christian Bisson. Renovations occurred in November–December 2005, during which time the station was closed during weekends. Frontenac station takes its name from nearby Rue Frontenac, which in turn is named for Louis de Buade, sieur de Frontenac et de Palluau. The godson of King Louis XIII of France, he was governor-general of New France between 1672 and his death in 1698. Frontenac is famous for repelling the attack of Sir William Phips, saying, "I

neg: Fréjus Rail Tunnel Fréjus Rail Tunnel The Fréjus Rail Tunnel (also called Mont Cenis Tunnel) is a rail tunnel of length in the European Alps, carrying the Turin–Modane railway through Mont Cenis to an end-on connection with the Culoz–Modane railway and linking Bardonecchia in Italy to Modane in France. Its mean altitude is 1,123 m and it passes beneath the "Pointe du Fréjus" (2,932 m) and the "Col du Fréjus" (2,542 m). The Fréjus tunnel remains an important link in the connection between Rome and Paris, via Turin and Chambéry. Following the development of car and truck transportation, the Fréjus Road Tunnel was

neg: Channel Tunnel of hazardous goods from travelling in the tunnel. Two STTS (Service Tunnel Transportation System) vehicles with firefighting pods are on duty at all times, with a maximum delay of 10 minutes before they reach a burning train. In 1999, the "Kosovo Train for Life" passed through the tunnel en route to Pristina, in Kosovo. In 2009, former F1 racing champion John Surtees drove a Ginetta G50 EV electric sports car prototype from England to France, using the service tunnel, as part of a charity event. He was required to keep to the speed limit. To celebrate the 2014 Tour de

neg: Victoria Tunnel (Liverpool) Victoria Tunnel (Liverpool) The Victoria Tunnel in Liverpool, England is a long rail tunnel. Opened in 1849, its eastern portal is adjacent to Edge Hill station. The western portal opens into a short () cutting, between Byrom Street and Fontenoy Street, the shorter Waterloo Tunnel exits the cutting terminating at Waterloo Dock. The Victoria and Waterloo tunnels are effectively one long tunnel connected by a ventilation cutting. The whole length is generally known as the "Waterloo Tunnel". The city of Liverpool is built on an escarpment. Edge Hill stands on the ridge to the east of the city. The escarpment

neg: Dublin Port Tunnel the Dublin Port Tunnel is shorter than some other European tunnels, such as the Lærdal Tunnel () in Norway (24.5 km), the Gotthard Road Tunnel in Switzerland (17 km), the Mont Blanc Tunnel between France and Italy (11.6 km) and the Western Scheldt Tunnel () in The Netherlands (6.6 km). The tunnel was built in five sections including a pipe-jacked section under the Dublin-Belfast railway line. The "cut and cover" sections at both ends featured excavations as deep as 12 m into which horseshoe-shaped sections of reinforced concrete were cast in-situ and backfilled. The southern section, at Fairview, is 500

neg: Ardglen Tunnel is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as archeologically rare. This item is assessed as socially rare. Ardglen Tunnel The Ardglen Tunnel, also called the Liverpool Range tunnel, is an heritage-listed summit rail tunnel located on the Main North railway at Ardglen in the Upper Hunter Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The tunnel crosses under the Liverpool Range near its east end, below Nowlands Gap (otherwise known as Murrurundi Gap), the crossing used by the New England Highway, and provides a vital link between Newcastle and Werris Creek. The tunnel was completed in 1877

neg: Tunnel of Love (EP) of "love songs" performed in the duo's trademark style. Like The Terror Wheel, there is a hidden track at the end which contains a phone number, which could be called to reveal the name of the next Joker's Card, "The Great Milenko". To promote the EP, Psychopathic sent out a pink "Tunnel of Love" van with flowers on it. However, this promotional tactic proved to be incomprehensible to many people, who did not understand what the van was promoting, and onlookers yelled homophobic insults at the drivers. After much disagreement between the heads of Psychopathic Records, label don Billy Bill

neg: Blackwall Tunnel technical problems with construction and engineering, difficulty tying in with the existing road network, and concern about increased traffic on the A12. Other schemes proposed by TfL that would allow tunnel traffic to cross the Thames elsewhere are the Silvertown Tunnel between Silvertown and the Greenwich Peninsula and the Gallions Reach Ferry between Beckton and Thamesmead. Blackwall Tunnel The Blackwall Tunnel is a pair of road tunnels underneath the River Thames in east London, England linking the London Borough of Tower Hamlets with the Royal Borough of Greenwich, and part of the A102 road. The northern portal lies just south

neg: Lapal Tunnel section of canal from a new junction with the Worcester and Birmingham Canal to the recently reconstructed Harborne Lane bridge. Lapal Tunnel The Lapal Tunnel (old spelling Lappal Tunnel) is a disused canal tunnel on the five mile dry section of the Dudley No. 2 Canal in the West Midlands, England. It takes its name from the settlement of Lapal. The narrow brick-lined tunnel, built in 1798 by William Underhill, had no towpath. It had a very small bore - at 7 feet 9 inches, barely wider than the boats which used it, with a headroom of only 6 feet.

neg: BIL Conference that they were full. Subsequent BILs have been hosted in Long Beach, Vancouver, and San Francisco, timed with TED whenever they can. BIL went on to have conferences worldwide - Afghanistan, India, England, France, Canada and Tunisia, to name a few. There are also subject-focused variants such as BIL:PIL mirroring TEDMED, and JIL for women. After the first BIL, the TED organization contacted BIL leaders for advice on what later became their TEDx brand for individuals hosting their own versions of TED. They launched 3 months after the 2nd BIL. The core difference between TEDx and BIL is the amount

neg: Liefkenshoektunnel Liefkenshoektunnel The Liefkenshoektunnel is a toll tunnel between Antwerp and Beveren under the River Schelde. The tunnel is a continuation of Highway R2, the ring motorway surrounding the city and harbour of Antwerp. In 2010 the tunnel was used by 6,373,894 vehicles. Positioned between the Beverentunnel and the Tijsmanstunnel, the Liefkenshoektunnel is the second of three sequential road tunnels running under the river and port installations. The tunnel takes its name from nearby Fort Liefkenshoek. It was constructed between 1987 and 1991, and opened on 10 July 1991. The tunnel is 1.37 km (0.85 miles) long. It comprises two parallel

neg: Alderton Tunnel Alderton Tunnel The Alderton Tunnel sits on the South Wales Main Line in England, on a stretch of line between Swindon and Bristol Parkway. The tunnel, which is 506 yards long, was opened on 1 January 1903 along with the line between and , that being the first section of the South Wales & Bristol Direct Line of the Great Western Railway. Building of the tunnel commenced at least two years before 1903, as the rise in railway workers boarding in Alderton village can be seen in the 1901 Census. As part of the modernisation of the Great Western main

neg: Bruce Tunnel Bruce Tunnel The Bruce Tunnel is on the summit pound of the Kennet and Avon Canal between Wootton Top Lock and Crofton Locks in Wiltshire, England. This is the only tunnel on the canal and it is 502 yards (459 m) long. It is named after Thomas Brudenell-Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury (1729–1814), the local landowner, who, when the canal was being built, would not allow a deep cutting through his land, and insisted on a tunnel instead. At the eastern end of the tunnel is a plaque commemorating its construction: The tunnel has red brick portals, capped with Bath

neg: Lapal Tunnel Lapal Tunnel The Lapal Tunnel (old spelling Lappal Tunnel) is a disused canal tunnel on the five mile dry section of the Dudley No. 2 Canal in the West Midlands, England. It takes its name from the settlement of Lapal. The narrow brick-lined tunnel, built in 1798 by William Underhill, had no towpath. It had a very small bore - at 7 feet 9 inches, barely wider than the boats which used it, with a headroom of only 6 feet. Boats originally took about three hours to complete the passage by legging or poling, so in 1841 a steam engine