query: organisms that are tolerant to high levels of salt high temperatures or high pressures are called

pos: Extremophile Extremophile An extremophile (from Latin ' meaning "extreme" and Greek ' () meaning "love") is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth. In contrast, organisms that live in more moderate environments may be termed mesophiles or neutrophiles. In the 1980s and 1990s, biologists found that microbial life has great flexibility for surviving in extreme environments—niches that are acidic or extraordinarily hot, for example—that would be completely inhospitable to complex organisms. Some scientists even concluded that life may have begun on Earth in hydrothermal vents far under the ocean's surface.

pos: Terrestrial analogue sites (so-called "Blueberries"). Exobiology or astrobiology is the study of the origin and evolution of extraterrestrial life. In terrestrial analogues efforts are put on the identification of so-called extremophile organisms, which are life forms that live and survive in extreme conditions such as can be found on other planets or moons. The objective of this research is to understand how such organisms survive and how they can be identified (or their remnants). Examples of exobiology analogue sites are the Rio Tinto in Spain, which hosts bacteria that can survive high temperatures and harsh chemical conditions, or black smokers in the deep

pos: Halophile to handle salt concentrations that would kill other breeds of sheep. Halophile Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations. They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving". While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga "Dunaliella salina" or fungus "Wallemia ichthyophaga". Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin. Halophiles can be found anywhere with a concentration of salt five times greater than the salt concentration of the ocean, such as the

pos: Halophile Halophile Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations. They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving". While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga "Dunaliella salina" or fungus "Wallemia ichthyophaga". Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin. Halophiles can be found anywhere with a concentration of salt five times greater than the salt concentration of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Dead

neg: Piezophile Thus, large protein complexes must interact to decrease pressure-related effects and regulate processes such as protein and DNA synthesis, which are sensitive to high pressure. Piezophilic bacteria have a high proportion of fatty acids in their cytoplasmic membrane, which allows membranes to remain functional and keep from gelling at high pressures. These organisms have adapted in novel ways to become tolerant of these pressures in order to colonize deep sea habitats. One example, xenophyophores, have been found in the deepest ocean trench, 6.6 miles (10,541 meters) below the surface. "Barotolerant" bacteria are able to survive at high pressures, but can

neg: Botulinum toxin refrigeration at temperatures below 3 °C (38 °F) retards the growth of "Clostridium botulinum". The organism is also susceptible to high salt, high oxygen, and low pH levels. The toxin itself is rapidly destroyed by heat, such as in thorough cooking. The spores that produce the toxin are heat-tolerant and will survive boiling water for an extended period of time. The botulinum toxin is denatured and thus deactivated at temperatures greater than . As a zinc metalloprotease (see below), the toxin's activity is also susceptible, post-exposure, to inhibition by protease inhibitors, e.g., zinc-coordinating hydroxamates. University-based ophthalmologists in the USA and

neg: Halotolerance by gene transfer from naturally halotolerant species (by conventional breeding or genetic engineering) or by applying treatments developed from an understanding of the mechanisms of halotolerance. In addition, naturally halotolerant plants or microorganisms could be developed into useful agricultural crops or fermentation organisms. Tolerance of high salt conditions can be obtained through several routes. High levels of salt entering the plant can trigger ionic imbalances which cause complications in respiration and photosynthesis, leading to reduced rates of growth, injury and death in severe cases. To be considered tolerant of saline conditions, the protoplast must show methods of balancing the toxic

neg: Halotolerance Halotolerance Halotolerance is the adaptation of living organisms to conditions of high salinity. Halotolerant species tend to live in areas such as hypersaline lakes, coastal dunes, saline deserts, salt marshes, and inland salt seas and springs. Halophiles are organisms that live in highly saline environments, and require the salinity to survive, while halotolerant organisms (belonging to different domains of life) can grow under saline conditions, but do not require elevated concentrations of salt for growth. Halophytes are salt-tolerant higher plants. Halotolerant microorganisms are of considerable biotechnological interest. Fields of scientific research relevant to halotolerance include biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology,

neg: Halobacterium noricense Halobacterium noricense Halobacterium noricense is a halophilic, rod-shaped microorganism that thrives in environments with salt levels near saturation. Despite the implication of the name, "Halobacterium" is actually a genus of archaea, not bacteria. "H. noricense" can be isolated from environments with high salinity such as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Members of the "Halobacterium" genus are excellent model organisms for DNA replication and transcription due to the stability of their proteins and polymerases when exposed to high temperatures. To be classified in the genus "Halobacterium", a microorganism must exhibit a membrane composition consisting of ether-linked

neg: Osmophile Osmophile Osmophilic organisms are microorganisms adapted to environments with high osmotic pressures, such as high sugar concentrations. Osmophiles are similar to halophilic (salt-loving) organisms because a critical aspect of both types of environment is their low water activity, a. High sugar concentrations represent a growth-limiting factor for many microorganisms, yet osmophiles protect themselves against this high osmotic pressure by the synthesis of osmoprotectants such as alcohols and amino acids. Many osmophilic microorganisms are yeasts; a variety of bacteria are also osmophilic. Osmophile yeasts are important because they cause spoilage in the sugar and sweet goods industry, with products such as

neg: Osmophile fruit juices, fruit juice concentrates, liquid sugars (such as golden syrup), honey and in some cases marzipan. Among the most osmophillic are: Osmophile Osmophilic organisms are microorganisms adapted to environments with high osmotic pressures, such as high sugar concentrations. Osmophiles are similar to halophilic (salt-loving) organisms because a critical aspect of both types of environment is their low water activity, a. High sugar concentrations represent a growth-limiting factor for many microorganisms, yet osmophiles protect themselves against this high osmotic pressure by the synthesis of osmoprotectants such as alcohols and amino acids. Many osmophilic microorganisms are yeasts; a variety of bacteria

neg: Salt marsh halophytes. Halophytes are a crucial part of salt marsh biodiversity and their potential to adjust to elevated sea levels. With elevated sea levels, salt marsh vegetation would likely be more exposed to more frequent inundation rates and they must be adaptable or tolerant of the consequential increased salinity levels and anaerobic conditions. There is a common elevation (above the sea level) limit for these plants to survive, where anywhere below the optimal line would lead to anoxic soils due to constant submergence and too high above this line would mean harmful soil salinity levels due to the high rate of

neg: Acca sellowiana during their first year or two, and young plants, though cold tolerant, can be sensitive to high wind. In the Northern Hemisphere, this species has been cultivated as far north as western Scotland, but under such conditions it does not fruit every year, as winter temperatures below approximately kill the flower buds. Summer temperatures above may also have an adverse effect upon fruit set. Feijoas are somewhat tolerant of drought and salt in soils, though fruit production can be adversely affected. Tolerant to partial shade, regular watering is essential while fruit is maturing. Some grafted cultivars of feijoa are self-fertile.

neg: Halococcus Halococcus Halococcus is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae. "Halococcus" is a genus of extreme halophilic archaea, meaning that they require high salt levels, sometimes as high as 32% NaCl, for optimal growth. Halophiles are found mainly in inland bodies of water with high salinity, where their pigments (from a protein called rhodopsinprotein) tint the sediment bright colors. Rhodopsinprotein and other proteins serve to protect "Halococcus" from the extreme salinities of their environments. Because they can function under such high-salt conditions, "Halococcus" and similar halophilic organisms have been used in the food industry and even in skin-care products. "Halococcus" is found

neg: Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment Aircraft Reactor Experiment. Fluoride salts are strongly ionic, and when melted, are stable at high temperatures, low pressures, and high radiation fluxes. Low pressure stability permits less robust reactor vessels and increases reliability. The high reactivity of fluorine traps most fission reaction byproducts. It appeared that the fluid salt would permit on-site chemical separation of the fuel and wastes. The fuel system was located in sealed cells, laid out for maintenance with long-handled tools through openings in the top shielding. A tank of LiF-BeF salt was used to flush the fuel circulating system before and after maintenance. In a cell

neg: Ferrofluidic seal low. The magnet material is permanently charged and requires no electrical power or other re-energizing or maintenance. Ferrofluid-sealed feedthroughs reach performance levels that other technologies can't achieve, by optimizing features such as ferrofluid viscosity and magnetic strength, magnet and steel materials, bearing arrangements, and water cooling for applications with extremely high speeds or temperatures. Ferrofluid-sealed feedthroughs routinely operate in environments including ultra-high vacuum (below 10 mbar), temperatures over 1,000 °C, tens of thousands of RPM, and multiple-atmosphere pressures. Magnetic liquid seals are engineered for a wide range of applications and exposure but are generally limited to sealing gases and vapors,

neg: Acclimatization encountered, and fewer dictionaries enter it. In order to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions, there are several strategies organisms use to acclimate. In response to changes in temperature, organisms can change the biochemistry of cell membranes making them more fluid in cold temperatures and less fluid in warm temperatures by increasing the number of membrane proteins. Organisms may also express specific proteins called heat shock proteins that may act as molecular chaperons and help the cell maintain function under periods of extreme stress. It has been shown, that organisms which are acclimated to high or low temperatures

neg: Brine Brine Brine is a high-concentration solution of salt (usually sodium chloride) in water. In different contexts, brine may refer to salt solutions ranging from about 3.5% (a typical concentration of seawater, on the lower end of solutions used for brining foods) up to about 26% (a typical saturated solution, depending on temperature). Lower levels of concentration are called by different names: fresh water, brackish water, and saline water. Brine naturally occurs on Earth's surface (salt lakes), crust, and within brine pools on ocean bottom. High-concentration brine lakes typically emerge due to evaporation of ground saline water on high ambient temperatures.

neg: Overburden pressure Overburden pressure Overburden pressure, also called lithostatic pressure, confining pressure or vertical stress, is the pressure or stress imposed on a layer of soil or rock by the weight of overlying material. The Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences describes 'confining pressure' as "the combined hydrostatic stress and lithostatic stress; i.e. the total weight of the interstitial pore water and rock above a specified depth." Confining pressure might influence ductile behavior of rocks as well. Ductile behavior is enhanced where high confining pressures are combined with high temperatures and low rates of strain, conditions characteristic of deeper crustal levels. The overburden

neg: Hyperthermophile to their functional analogues in organisms which thrive at lower temperatures, but have evolved to exhibit optimal function at much greater temperatures. Most of the low-temperature homologues of the hyperthermostable proteins would be denatured above 60 °C. Such hyperthermostable proteins are often commercially important, as chemical reactions proceed faster at high temperatures. The cell membrane contains high levels of saturated fatty acids to retain its shape at high temperatures. Hyperthermophile A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments—from 60 °C (140 °F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is above 80 °C (176 °F).

neg: Hydrothermal vent microbial communities of DNA are thought to be minimized through high salt concentrations, more specifically Mg, K, and PO4 which are highly concentrated in hyperthermophiles. Along with this, many of the microbes have proteins similar to histones that are bound to the DNA and can offer protection against the high temperatures. Microbes are also found to be in symbiotic relationships with other organisms in the hydrothermal vent environment due to their ability to have a detoxification mechanism which allows them to metabolize the sulfide-rich waters which would otherwise be toxic to the organisms and the microbes. Microbial communities at hydrothermal vents mediate

neg: Hydrogenation lower temperatures and lower pressures of H. Non-precious metal catalysts, especially those based on nickel (such as Raney nickel and Urushibara nickel) have also been developed as economical alternatives, but they are often slower or require higher temperatures. The trade-off is activity (speed of reaction) vs. cost of the catalyst and cost of the apparatus required for use of high pressures. Notice that the Raney-nickel catalysed hydrogenations require high pressures: Catalysts are usually classified into two broad classes: homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts dissolve in the solvent that contains the unsaturated substrate. Heterogeneous catalysts are solids that are

neg: Cerium the metallic state, and only a small amount of energy is required to change the relative occupancy of these electronic levels. This gives rise to dual valence states. For example, a volume change of about 10% occurs when cerium is subjected to high pressures or low temperatures. It appears that the valence changes from about 3 to 4 when it is cooled or compressed. At lower temperatures the behavior of cerium is complicated by the slow rates of transformation. Transformation temperatures are subject to substantial hysteresis and values quoted here are approximate. Upon cooling below −15 °C, γ-cerium starts to

neg: Fugacity low pressures and high temperatures. At moderately high pressures, attractive interactions between molecules reduce the pressure compared to the ideal gas law; and at very high pressures, the sizes of the molecules are no longer negligible and repulsive forces between molecules increases the pressure. At low temperatures, molecules are more likely to stick together instead of rebounding elastically. The ideal gas law can still be used to describe the behavior of a real gas if the pressure is replaced by a "fugacity" , defined so that and That is, at low pressures is the same as the pressure, so it

neg: Electrostatic fluid accelerator example in arc welding and light bulbs. However many of the methods known to science do not operate in conditions which are conducive to everyday uses; for example, very high temperatures or very low pressures might be required. Or as in light bulbs, specialized materials and gases may be used and extraneous light and heat might be produced. Because of these restrictions most applications of EFA have relied on a process known as the corona discharge, which has a number of attractive characteristics. It requires no exotic materials, temperatures, or pressures. It works using air at normal levels of humidity

neg: Psychrophile as a large fraction of our planetary surface experiences temperatures lower than 15 °C. They are present in permafrost, polar ice, glaciers, snowfields and deep ocean waters. These organisms can also be found in pockets of sea ice with high salinity content. Microbial activity has been measured in soils frozen below −39 °C. In addition to their temperature limit, psychrophiles must also adapt to other extreme environmental constraints that may arise as a result of their habitat. These constraints include high pressure in the deep sea, and high salt concentration on some sea ice. Psychrophiles are protected from freezing and

neg: Petroleum appear as a hump in the chromatogram. This unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of hydrocarbons is particularly apparent when analysing weathered oils and extracts from tissues of organisms exposed to oil. Some of the component of oil will mix with water: the water associated fraction of the oil. Incomplete combustion of petroleum or gasoline results in production of toxic byproducts. Too little oxygen during combustion results in the formation of carbon monoxide. Due to the high temperatures and high pressures involved, exhaust gases from gasoline combustion in car engines usually include nitrogen oxides which are responsible for creation of photochemical smog.

neg: Heceta Bank in the sediment. Thermogenic sources are formed deep within sediment at high temperatures and pressures by thermocatalytic degradation of organic matter. Biogenic sources account for the degradation of organic matter by methanogenic organisms. Pockmarks are generally 100-200 m in diameter and usually located at a depth of 150-400 m. Bubble formation and microbial mats are observed throughout the pockmarks in Heceta Bank. These microbial mats in the sediment along the bank are characterized as white and filamentous. Microbial mats are generally inhabited by chemosynthetic organisms, Beggiatoa and Thiothrix filamentous bacteria, and Methanogen, a group of anaerobic archaea. Other organisms such

neg: Vacuum furnace Vacuum furnace A vacuum furnace is a type of furnace in which the product in the furnace is surrounded by a vacuum during processing. The absence of air or other gases prevents oxidation, heat loss from the product through convection, and removes a source of contamination. This enables the furnace to heat materials (typically metals and ceramics) to temperatures as high as with select materials. Maximum furnace temperatures and vacuum levels depend on melting points and vapor pressures of heated materials. Vacuum furnaces are used to carry out processes such as annealing, brazing, sintering and heat treatment with high consistency

neg: Acclimatization display relatively high resting levels of heat shock proteins so that when they are exposed to even more extreme temperatures the proteins are readily available. Expression of heat shock proteins and regulation of membrane fluidity are just two of many biochemical methods organisms use to acclimate to novel environments. Organisms are able to change several characteristics relating to their morphology in order to maintain performance in novel environments. For example, birds often increase their organ size to increase their metabolism. This can take the form of an increase in the mass of nutritional organs or heat-producing organs, like the pectorals

neg: Salt marsh water submergence and low oxygen levels. The New England salt marsh is subject to strong tidal influences and shows distinct patterns of zonation. In low marsh areas with high tidal flooding, a monoculture of the smooth cordgrass, "Spartina alterniflora" dominate, then heading landwards, zones of the salt hay, "Spartina patens", black rush, "Juncus gerardii" and the shrub "Iva frutescens" are seen respectively. These species all have different tolerances that make the different zones along the marsh best suited for each individual. Plant species diversity is relatively low, since the flora must be tolerant of salt, complete or partial submersion, and

neg: Piezophile Piezophile A piezophile, also sometimes called a barophile, is an organism which thrives at high pressures, such as deep sea bacteria or archaea. Piezophile is from the Greek for pressure-lover. They are generally found on ocean floors, where pressure often exceeds 380 atm (38 MPa). Some have been found at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean where the maximum pressure is roughly 117 MPa. The high pressures experienced by these organisms can cause the normal fluid cell membrane to become waxy and relatively impermeable to nutrients. The high pressure decreases the ability of the sub-units of multi-subunit proteins to interact.

neg: Geochemistry of carbon different solid forms containing molecules. At pressures over 40 Gpa and high temperatures, carbon dioxide forms a covalent solid that contains CO tetrahedra, and has the same structure as β-cristobalite. This is called phase V or CO-V. When CO-V is subjected to high temperatures, or higher pressures, experiments show it breaks down to form diamond and oxygen. In the mantle the geotherm would mean that carbon dioxide would be a liquid till a pressure of 33 GPa, then it would adopt the solid CO-V form till 43 Gpa, and deeper than that would make diamond and fluid oxygen. High pressure

neg: Dunaliella strain is reported to have oil yield of about 37% (organic basis). "D. tertiolecta" is a fast-growing strain and that means it has a high CO sequestration rate as well. Dunaliella Dunaliella is a genus of the algae family Dunaliellaceae. "Dunaliella" sp. are motile, unicellular, rod to ovoid shaped (9−11 µm) green algae (Chlorophyceae), which are common in marine waters. The organisms are relatively simple to cultivate and do not clump or form chains. The best-known species is the extremely salt tolerant "Dunaliella salina" Teodor. A new species of "Dunaliella" was discovered in the Atacama Desert in 2010. It is

neg: Tropical salt pond ecosystem a typical Caribbean salt pond is the permanent or part-time home to the following: There are 110 species of mangroves found worldwide all with special adaptations that allow for them to inhabit salt ponds. Mangroves are often found near or around salt ponds because of their ability to exist in an ecosystem with high salinity, low dissolved oxygen levels, brackish water, and extreme temperatures. Mangroves’ unique prop roots function as a barrier to the salt water, limiting water loss, and acting as a snorkel for oxygen and nutrients. Mangroves seeds have also evolved to be buoyant and germinate while still

neg: Pink Lake (Western Australia) orange/pink colour of salt lakes across the world is caused by the green alga "Dunaliella salina" and the archaea "Halobacterium cutirubrum". "Dunaliella salina" is the most salt tolerant alga known and can grow in salinities as high as 35% NaCl (in comparison to seawater, which contains approximately 3% NaCl). At high salinities, high temperatures and in high light, this alga accumulates the red carotenoid pigment, Beta-carotene. This is the same pigment that gives carrots, which contain 0.3% of Beta-carotene, their colour. Concentrations as high as 14% of the dry weight can occur in Dunaliella salina, which is the highest in

neg: Psychrophile Psychrophile Psychrophiles or cryophiles (adj. psychrophilic or cryophilic) are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures, ranging from −20 °C to +10 °C. They are found in places that are permanently cold, such as the polar regions and the deep sea. They can be contrasted with thermophiles, which are organisms that thrive at unusually high temperatures. Psychrophile is Greek for 'cold-loving'. Many such organisms are bacteria or archaea, but some eukaryotes such as lichens, snow algae, fungi, and wingless midges, are also classified as psychrophiles. The cold environments that psychrophiles inhabit are ubiquitous on Earth,

neg: Pressure-temperature-time path assemblages in metamorphic rocks implicitly record the past P-T conditions that the rock has experienced, and investigating these minerals can supply information about the past metamorphic and tectonic history. The P-T-t paths are generally classified into two types: "clockwise P-T-t paths", which are related to collision origin, and involve high pressures followed by high temperatures; and "anticlockwise P-T-t paths", which are usually of intrusion origin, and involve high temperatures before high pressures. (The "clockwise" and "anticlockwise" names refer to the apparent direction of the paths in the Cartesian space, where the x-axis is temperature, and the y-axis is pressure.) P-T-t

neg: Metamorphic rock in metamorphic rocks indicates the approximate temperatures and pressures at which they formed. The change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism is called recrystallization. For instance, the small calcite crystals in the sedimentary rock limestone and chalk change into larger crystals in the metamorphic rock marble; in metamorphosed sandstone, recrystallization of the original quartz sand grains results in very compact quartzite, also known as metaquartzite, in which the often larger quartz crystals are interlocked. Both high temperatures and pressures contribute to recrystallization. High temperatures allow the atoms and ions in solid crystals to migrate,

neg: Dendrodrilus rubidus Finland, and it may help to keep the nests free of fungi. This earthworm is tolerant of soils with high levels of heavy metals and toxic semimetals. It has been observed in mine spoils contaminated with arsenic and in nickel- and copper-contaminated soils near smelting operations. It also tolerates acidic conditions, allowing it to thrive in the acidic litter of conifers. The species has a high rate of reproduction, and can complete its life cycle in 75 days. There are morphs that reproduce sexually and by parthenogenesis, producing young without fertilization. While the worms themselves are sensitive to cold temperatures,

neg: Intertidal ecology of salinities. High salinities occur in locations with high evaporation rates, such as in salt marshes and high intertidal pools. Shading by plants, especially in the salt marsh, can slow evaporation and thus ameliorate salinity stress. In addition, salt marsh plants tolerate high salinities by several physiological mechanisms, including excreting salt through salt glands and preventing salt uptake into the roots. In addition to these exposure stresses (temperature, desiccation, and salinity), intertidal organisms experience strong mechanical stresses, especially in locations of high wave action. There are myriad ways in which the organisms prevent dislodgement due to waves. Morphologically, many mollusks

neg: Shewanella violacea temperatures. The exact function of the unusual lipid composition found in "S. violacea" and other members of Group 1 "Shewanella" species is not yet fully understood. Nevertheless, high EPA levels in "S. violacea" have been correlated with greater rates of cell division in high pressures as well as in low temperatures. "Shewanella violacea" is an obligate psychrophile (cryophile). Its optimum growth temperature is 8ᵒC. It is not able to grow or reproduce at 30ᵒC. "S. violacea" is a facultative piezophile (barophile) which means that it is able to thrive in high pressure conditions. "S. violacea" is able to grow in

neg: Biodiesel production on the relative energies of the reactant and product. An alternative, catalyst-free method for transesterification uses supercritical methanol at high temperatures and pressures in a continuous process. In the supercritical state, the oil and methanol are in a single phase, and reaction occurs spontaneously and rapidly. The process can tolerate water in the feedstock, free fatty acids are converted to methyl esters instead of soap, so a wide variety of feedstocks can be used. Also the catalyst removal step is eliminated. High temperatures and pressures are required, but energy costs of production are similar or less than catalytic production routes.

neg: Kali tragus components of other strains would best be diluted by mixing "Kali" fodder with other, safer forage, or treating it with mitigating agents. For example, excess soluble oxalate can be precipitated by adding lime to the fodder; precipitated oxalate is harmless. Digestibility also varied in this study, but the digestibility of "Kali" was in general greater than the digestibility of grasses. Another desirable trait of "Kali tragus" and several related species, is that it is salt-tolerant in arid and sandy environments. In fact, it seems to do best at salt levels that – though modest – are for too high for

neg: Insect development during storage the morgue evaluation process. Insects that are cold tolerant or warm tolerant, will have different temperatures in the body bag. Both cold and warm tolerant maggots survive by maggot mass feeding. However, cold tolerant maggots can develop in smaller masses while warm tolerant maggots require larger masses. The maggots produce metabolic heat from bacterial digestion of the flesh, which enables them to develop while stored in a cold location. Maggot masses tend to move to thicker parts of the body that decrease in temperature more slowly. This is sufficient to continue maggot development. Body parts with high temperatures have the

neg: Halococcus in environments with high salt levels, mainly inland bodies of salt water, but some may be located in highly salted soil or foods. The pigmented proteins in some species cause the reddish tint found in some areas of the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake, especially at the end of the growing season. When under cultivation, the organisms grew best under high salinity conditions. The genome of multiple halococcus species have been sequenced. The 16s rDNA of a species has demonstrated its placement on the phylogenetic tree. Due to the organisms' potential longevity, "Halococcus" may be a good candidate

neg: Food preservation wines, and beers, use specific micro-organisms that combat spoilage from other less-benign organisms. These micro-organisms keep pathogens in check by creating an environment toxic for themselves and other micro-organisms by producing acid or alcohol. Methods of fermentation include, but are not limited to, starter micro-organisms, salt, hops, controlled (usually cool) temperatures and controlled (usually low) levels of oxygen. These methods are used to create the specific controlled conditions that will support the desirable organisms that produce food fit for human consumption. Fermentation is the microbial conversion of starch and sugars into alcohol. Not only can fermentation produce alcohol, but it

neg: Salinity considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in a body of water. As well, salinity influences the kinds of plants that will grow either in a water body, or on land fed by a water (or by a groundwater). A plant adapted to saline conditions is called a halophyte. A halophyte which is tolerant to residual sodium carbonate salinity are called glasswort or saltwort or barilla plants. Organisms (mostly bacteria) that can live in very salty conditions are classified as extremophiles, or halophiles specifically. An organism that can withstand a wide range of salinities is euryhaline. Salt is

neg: Organisms at high altitude basal metabolic rate at colder temperatures. The deer mouse ("Peromyscus maniculatus") is the best studied species, other than humans, in terms of high-altitude adaptation. The deer mice native to Andes highlands (up to 3,000 m) are found to have relatively low hemoglobin content. Measurement of food intake, gut mass, and cardiopulmonary organ mass indicated proportional increases in mice living at high altitudes, which in turn show that life at high altitudes demands higher levels of energy. Variations in the globin genes (α and β-globin) seem to be the basis for increased oxygen-affinity of the hemoglobin and faster transport of oxygen.

neg: Allotropes of iron have an orthorhombic or a double hcp structure. as of December 2011, recent and ongoing experiments are being conducted on high-pressure and Superdense carbon allotropes. Allotropes of iron Iron represents perhaps the best-known example for allotropy in a metal. At atmospheric pressure, three allotropic forms of iron exist: alpha iron (α), gamma iron (γ) (also known as austenite), and delta iron (δ). At very high pressure, a fourth form exists, called epsilon iron (ε) hexaferrum. Some controversial experimental evidence exists for another high-pressure form that is stable at very high pressures and temperatures. The phases of iron at atmospheric pressure

neg: Deicing salt and its knock-on effects. Organic compounds are biodegraded and may cause oxygen-depletion issues. Small creeks and ponds with long turnover time are especially vulnerable. Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are known to exert high levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) during degradation in surface waters. This process can adversely affect aquatic life by consuming oxygen needed by aquatic organisms for survival. Large quantities of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water column are consumed when microbial populations decompose propylene glycol. Sufficient dissolved oxygen levels in surface waters are critical for the survival of fish, macroinvertebrates, and other aquatic organisms. If

neg: Pseudoharpax virescens this species. These praying mantises are kept and bred in the pet mantis hobby. They are relatively tolerant of different temperatures and humidity levels, a temperature of about 100 degrees Fahrenheit being suitable for these insects. This mantis breeds rapidly, with females able to lay an ootheca every 3 to 4 days at high temperature. "Pseudoharpax virescens" can live together without much cannibalism or maybe none when a reliable food source is present. They are very fast and skittish when they are young nymph, but when they get older, they are rather calm. Adult males are skittish and are strong

neg: Well cementing E. 10000–14000 ft used under conditions of high temperatures and pressures F. 10000–16000 ft used under conditions of extremely high temperatures and pressures G. 0–8000 ft can be used with accelerators and retarders to cover a wide range of well depths and temperatures. H. 0–8000 ft can be used with accelerators and retarders to cover a wide range of well depths and temperatures. J. 12000–16000 ft can be used under conditions of extremely high temperatures and pressures or can be mixed with accelerators and retarders to cover a range of well depth and temperatures. API cement grades A, B and

neg: Oil additive used for viscosity and lubricity, contaminant control, for the control of chemical breakdown, and for seal conditioning. Some additives permit lubricants to perform better under severe conditions, such as extreme pressures and temperatures and high levels of contamination. Although motor oil is manufactured with numerous additives, aftermarket oil additives exist, too. A glaring inconsistency of mass-marketed aftermarket oil additives is that they often use additives which are foreign to motor oil. On the other hand, commercial additives are also sold that are designed for extended drain intervals (to replace depleted additives in used oil) or for formulating oils in situ

neg: Life To live in most ecosystems, then, organisms must be able to survive a range of conditions, called the "range of tolerance." Outside that are the "zones of physiological stress," where the survival and reproduction are possible but not optimal. Beyond these zones are the "zones of intolerance," where survival and reproduction of that organism is unlikely or impossible. Organisms that have a wide range of tolerance are more widely distributed than organisms with a narrow range of tolerance. To survive, selected microorganisms can assume forms that enable them to withstand freezing, complete desiccation, starvation, high levels of radiation exposure, and

neg: Photobacterium Photobacterium Photobacterium is a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family "Vibrionaceae". Members of the genus are bioluminescent, that is they have the ability to emit light. Many species, including "Photobacterium leiognathi" and "Photobacterium phosphoreum", live in symbiosis with marine organisms. Species such as "Photobacterium profundum" are adapted for optimal growth in the deep cold seas making it both a psychrophile (an organism capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures) and a piezophile (an organism which thrives at high pressures). There are currently 16 species with numerous subspecies known within the genus "Photobacterium". The development of 16S RNA sequencing

neg: Metamorphic rock are those that form only at the high temperatures and pressures associated with the process of metamorphism. These minerals, known as index minerals, include sillimanite, kyanite, staurolite, andalusite, and some garnet. Other minerals, such as olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, feldspars, and quartz, may be found in metamorphic rocks, but are not necessarily the result of the process of metamorphism. These minerals formed during the crystallization of igneous rocks. They are stable at high temperatures and pressures and may remain chemically unchanged during the metamorphic process. However, all minerals are stable only within certain limits, and the presence of some minerals

neg: Gasification a fuel slurry is gasified with oxygen (much less frequent: air) in co-current flow. The gasification reactions take place in a dense cloud of very fine particles. Most coals are suitable for this type of gasifier because of the high operating temperatures and because the coal particles are well separated from one another. The high temperatures and pressures also mean that a higher throughput can be achieved, however thermal efficiency is somewhat lower as the gas must be cooled before it can be cleaned with existing technology. The high temperatures also mean that tar and methane are not present in

neg: Halobacterium salinarum proteins encoded by at least 14 genes. Gas vesicles were first discovered in H. salinarum in 1967. There is little protection from the Sun in salt ponds, so "H. salinarum" are often exposed to high amounts of UV radiation. To compensate, they have evolved a sophisticated DNA repair mechanism. The genome encodes DNA repair enzymes homologous to those in both bacteria and eukaryotes. This allows "H. salinarum" to repair damage to DNA faster and more efficiently than other organisms and allows them to be much more UV tolerant. "H. salinarum" is responsible for the bright pink or red appearance of

neg: Red king crab temperature, it has an effect on their growth. The organism's growth, called moulting, is slow at temperatures below 8 °C and at high temperatures around 12 °C they moult quickly. Overall, the red king crabs have a high adaptation capacity in changes of salinity level because the crabs retain their vital functions and also their feeding locomotor activities. However, there is a difference in the salinity tolerance between juvenile red king crabs and adult red king crabs. Juvenile red king crabs are slightly more tolerant to low concentrations of salinity because the juvenile's volume regulation is significantly better. Juveniles are

neg: Daurian forest steppe long winters, with wide differences between day and night temperatures. This region is also heavily influenced by the high barometric pressures over Mongolia. Mean temperatures range from -30° C (January) to +24° C (August). Average annual precipitation is 150 mm. The steppe lands of the ecoregion are characterized by sedges (family Carex) and grasses (family Poaceae, forming meadow steppe, herbs steppe and sandy saltmarsh steppe. Along the lake shores are salt-loving plants and reed beds. The forests of the area are mostly Asian black birch ("Betula dahurica"), Scots pine ("Pinus sylvestris"), and Siberian larch ("Larix sibirica"). Aspen groves are found

neg: Thermococcus while all of these organisms dwell in temperatures from 70-<100oC, either in the presence of black smokers (hydrothermal vents), or freshwater springs, amongst salt (NaCl) concentrations of 1%-3%. Species in this genus are strictly anaerobes, and most are barophiles as well as thermophiles, living in depths between 200-<1000 ft. These organisms thrive at pH levels of 5.6-7.9. Members of this genus have been found in many hydrothermal vent systems in the world, including from the seas of Japan, to off the coasts of California. Surprisingly salt (NaCl) is not a required substrate for these organisms, as one study showed "Thermococcus"

neg: Allotropes of iron Allotropes of iron Iron represents perhaps the best-known example for allotropy in a metal. At atmospheric pressure, three allotropic forms of iron exist: alpha iron (α), gamma iron (γ) (also known as austenite), and delta iron (δ). At very high pressure, a fourth form exists, called epsilon iron (ε) hexaferrum. Some controversial experimental evidence exists for another high-pressure form that is stable at very high pressures and temperatures. The phases of iron at atmospheric pressure are important because of the differences in solubility of carbon, forming different types of steel. The high-pressure phases of iron are important as models for

neg: Aquatic ecosystem Great concentrations of animals that feed on these bacteria are found around volcanic vents. For example, there are giant tube worms ("Riftia pachyptila") 1.5 m in length and clams ("Calyptogena magnifica") 30 cm long. Heterotrophic organisms consume autotrophic organisms and use the organic compounds in their bodies as energy sources and as raw materials to create their own biomass. Euryhaline organisms are salt tolerant and can survive in marine ecosystems, while stenohaline or salt intolerant species can only live in freshwater environments. Aquatic ecosystem An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem in a body of water. Communities of organisms that are

neg: Habitat facilitated by microbial activity. There are other examples of extreme habitats where specially adapted lifeforms exist; tar pits teeming with microbial life; naturally occurring crude oil pools inhabited by the larvae of the petroleum fly; hot springs where the temperature may be as high as and cyanobacteria create microbial mats; cold seeps where the methane and hydrogen sulfide issue from the ocean floor and support microbes and higher animals such as mussels which form symbiotic associations with these anaerobic organisms; salt pans harbour salt-tolerant microorganisms and also "Wallemia ichthyophaga", a basidomycotous fungus; ice sheets in Antarctica which support fungi "Thelebolus"

neg: Natural product found deep underground via mining/drilling, and marine bacteria. Because many Archaea have adapted to life in extreme environments such as polar regions, hot springs, acidic springs, alkaline springs, salt lakes, and the high pressure of deep ocean water, they possess enzymes that are functional under quite unusual conditions. These enzymes are of potential use in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries, where biotechnological processes frequently involve high temperatures, extremes of pH, high salt concentrations, and / or high pressure. Examples of enzymes identified to date include amylases, pullulanases, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases, cellulases, xylanases, chitinases, proteases, alcohol dehydrogenase, and esterases. Archaea represent

neg: Forest conservation in the United States made up of evergreen trees, mosses, and lichens. Mosses are a plant species that thrive in areas that are moist. Mosses can tolerate dry periods as well by holding water and moisture in the dead leaves and cells. Lichens are organisms in the form of fungal filaments. Algae is a form of lichen in the boreal forests. Temperate forests are forests with high levels of precipitation. The yearly precipitation rate is between 20 and 60 inches in the form of rain or snow. Temperatures in temperate forests range from -22 degrees Fahrenheit to 86 degrees Fahrenheit. Temperate Forests within the

neg: Pyridine and ammonia or its salt as the nitrogen donor. First, a double hydrogenated pyridine is obtained, which is then oxidized to the corresponding pyridine derivative. Emil Knoevenagel showed that asymmetrically-substituted pyridine derivatives can be produced with this process. The trimerization of a part of a nitrile molecule and two parts of acetylene into pyridine is called Bönnemann cyclization. This modification of the Reppe synthesis can be activated either by heat or by light. While the thermal activation requires high pressures and temperatures, the photoinduced cycloaddition proceeds at ambient conditions with CoCp(cod) (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) as a catalyst,

neg: Climate of Salt Lake City valley conditions, with sunny and somewhat warmer conditions prevailing in the surrounding mountains. Temperature inversions trap valley air pollutants, which often rise to unhealthy levels. Humidity is only high enough and temperatures cold enough for fog to occur during mid-winter, although haze and smog can be found year-round. Inversions occur when strong areas of high pressure remain parked over the Great Basin. It usually takes a cold front to force out or break down the high pressure. Consequently, inversions are rare in spring and fall, when the weather takes on a more progressive pattern, with frequent fronts moving through. Such

neg: Lewis Overthrust within the fault zones. This is indicative that the high temperatures were fairly short lived. Thus, the high temperatures are interpreted to be the result of frictional heating during stick slip faulting. Evidence for the local high temperatures within the fault zone indicate that local areas of frictional stress must have existed, with the possibility of this occurring due to ramps in the fault plane where drainage of high pore pressures may have occurred. Moreover, samples from the hanging wall collected in close proximity to the fault plane show no evidence for heating during progressive burial of sediments. This absence

neg: Metabolic theory of ecology higher metabolic rates (in Watts) than small organisms, and organisms at high body temperatures have higher metabolic rates than those that exist at low body temperatures. However, specific metabolic rate (SMR, in Watts/kg) is given by formula_4 Hence SMR for large organisms are lower than small organisms. Researchers disagree about the two main aspects of this theory, the pattern and the mechanism. The primary pattern in question is whether metabolic rate scales to the power of ¾ or ⅔w, or whether either of these can even be considered a universal constant. The majority view is currently that ¾ is the

neg: Veined rapa whelk unchecked in the local population, and can consume and reproduce freely. The Veined rapa whelk is also highly tolerant to wide variations in salinity and oxygen concentration, a fact that may also help to explain its success as an invader of marine coastal and brackish ecosystems. In its native range "Rapana venosa" shows high temperature tolerance, being able to withstand temperatures varying from 4 to 27 °C (39.2 - 80.6 °F). Veined rapa whelks have caused significant changes in the ecology of bottom-dwelling organisms, and have become marine pests in the Black Sea. Although scientists are not completely aware of

neg: Stirling engine this may simply consist of the walls of the hot space(s) but where larger powers are required a greater surface area is needed to transfer sufficient heat. Typical implementations are internal and external fins or multiple small bore tubes. Designing Stirling engine heat exchangers is a balance between high heat transfer with low viscous pumping losses, and low dead space (unswept internal volume). Engines that operate at high powers and pressures require that heat exchangers on the hot side be made of alloys that retain considerable strength at high temperatures and that don't corrode or creep. In a Stirling engine,

neg: Vacuum furnace and other processes to take place in a controlled manner. Vacuum furnace A vacuum furnace is a type of furnace in which the product in the furnace is surrounded by a vacuum during processing. The absence of air or other gases prevents oxidation, heat loss from the product through convection, and removes a source of contamination. This enables the furnace to heat materials (typically metals and ceramics) to temperatures as high as with select materials. Maximum furnace temperatures and vacuum levels depend on melting points and vapor pressures of heated materials. Vacuum furnaces are used to carry out processes such

neg: Halophyte Halophyte A halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs and seashores. These plants do not prefer saline environments but because of their ability to cope with high salinity in various ways they face much less competition in these areas. The word derives from Ancient Greek ἅλας (halas) 'salt' and φυτόν (phyton) 'plant'. An example of a halophyte is the salt marsh grass "Spartina alterniflora" (smooth cordgrass). Relatively few plant species are halophytes—perhaps

neg: Lawn They often go dormant in cooler months, turning shades of tan or brown. Many warm season grasses are quite drought tolerant, and can handle very high summer temperatures, although temperatures below can kill most southern ecotype warm season grasses. The northern varieties, such as buffalograss and blue grama, are hardy to . "Carex" species and cultivars are well represented in the horticulture industry as 'sedge' alternatives for 'grass' in mowed lawns and garden meadows. Both low-growing and spreading ornamental cultivars and native species are used in for sustainable landscaping as low-maintenance and drought-tolerant grass replacements for lawns and garden meadows.

neg: Australian mangroves are no mangroves in Tasmania. The most widespread and common mangrove tree in Australia is the grey mangrove or white mangrove ("Avicennia marina"). Mangrove forests also support several salt-tolerant plant species which are not classed as mangroves. In tropical areas, this may include the mangrove palm ("Nypa fruticans"), the mangrove fern ("Acrostichum speciosum"), and orchids which grow as epiphytes on the trunks and branches of mangrove trees. Other plants found in association with mangroves include the mangrove lily ("Crinum pedunculatum"). Mangrove forests share the high intertidal zone niche with coastal or intertidal saltmarshes; plant communities dominated by salt-resistant or salt-tolerant

neg: Radioresistance Radioresistance Radioresistance is the level of ionizing radiation that organisms are able to withstand. Ionizing-radiation-resistant organisms (IRRO) were defined as organisms for which the dose of acute ionizing radiation (IR) required to achieve 90% reduction (D10) is greater than 1000 gray (Gy) Radioresistance is surprisingly high in many organisms, in contrast to previously held views. For example, the study of environment, animals and plants around the Chernobyl disaster area has revealed an unexpected survival of many species, despite the high radiation levels. A Brazilian study in a hill in the state of Minas Gerais which has high natural radiation levels

neg: Molten carbonate fuel cell Molten carbonate fuel cell Molten-carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are high-temperature fuel cells that operate at temperatures of 600 °C and above. Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are currently being developed for natural gas, biogas (produced as a result of anaerobic digestion or biomass gasification), and coal-based power plants for electrical utility, industrial, and military applications. MCFCs are high-temperature fuel cells that use an electrolyte composed of a molten carbonate salt mixture suspended in a porous, chemically inert ceramic matrix of beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE). Since they operate at extremely high temperatures of 650 °C (roughly 1,200 °F) and above, non-precious

neg: Soil salinity is also now common in cities (gardens and recreation areas). The consequences of salinity are Salinity is an important land degradation problem. Soil salinity can be reduced by leaching soluble salts out of soil with excess irrigation water. Soil salinity control involves watertable control and flushing in combination with tile drainage or another form of subsurface drainage. A comprehensive treatment of soil salinity is available from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. High levels of soil salinity can be tolerated if salt-tolerant plants are grown. Sensitive crops lose their vigor already in slightly saline soils, most crops are negatively

neg: Cochlearia Cochlearia Scurvy-grass ("Cochlearia" species; also called spoonwort) is a genus of about 30 species of annual and perennial herbs in the cabbage family Brassicaceae. They are widely distributed in temperate and arctic areas of the northern hemisphere, most commonly found in coastal regions, on cliff-tops and salt marshes where their high tolerance of salt enables them to avoid competition from larger, but less salt-tolerant plants; they also occur in alpine habitats in mountains and tundra. They form low, rounded or creeping plants, typically 5–20 cm tall. The leaves are smoothly rounded, roughly spoon-shaped (the scientific name "Cochlearia" derives from the

neg: Hypertension Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight, smoking, and alcohol use. The remaining 5–10% of cases are categorized as secondary high blood pressure, defined as high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the kidney arteries, an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills. Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements, the systolic and diastolic pressures, which are the maximum and minimum pressures, respectively. For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100–130 millimeters mercury (mmHg) systolic and

neg: Creep (deformation) creep. In steam turbine power plants, pipes carry steam at high temperatures () and pressures (above 24.1 MPa or 3500 psi). In jet engines, temperatures can reach up to and initiate creep deformation in even advanced-design coated turbine blades. Hence, it is crucial for correct functionality to understand the creep deformation behavior of materials. Creep deformation is important not only in systems where high temperatures are endured such as nuclear power plants, jet engines and heat exchangers, but also in the design of many everyday objects. For example, metal paper clips are stronger than plastic ones because plastics creep at

neg: Subglacial stream colossal pressures that are present. Subglacial stream Subglacial streams are streams which flow in a channel at the bottom of an ice-sheet or a glacier, and are usually close to the glacier terminus or snout. These are fed by streams on top of the glacier which descend through ducts in the ice called moulins. The pressures are very high in these streams due to the huge mass of ice above them, consequently, they have very high erosive power meaning they will increase the volume of water flowing through, maintaining the high pressure. Some subglacial streams have the strange property of

neg: Thermoset polymer matrix mechanical properties and are available commercially as resin, prepreg, stock shapes, thin sheets/films, laminates, and machined parts. Along with the high temperature properties, this thermoset polymer type must be processed at very high temperatures and relative pressure to produce optimum characteristics. With prepreg materials, to temperatures and pressures are required. The entire cure profiles are inherently long as there are a number of intermediate temperatures dwells, duration of which are dependent on part size and thickness. The cut of polyimides is , highest of all thermosets, with short term exposure capabilities of . Normal operating temperatures range from cryogenic to

neg: Evolutionary history of plants intensive. This means that C plants only have an advantage over C organisms in certain conditions: namely, high temperatures and low rainfall. C plants also need high levels of sunlight to thrive. Models suggest that, without wildfires removing shade-casting trees and shrubs, there would be no space for C plants. But, wildfires have occurred for 400 million years – why did C take so long to arise, and then appear independently so many times? The Carboniferous (~) had notoriously high oxygen levels – almost enough to allow spontaneous combustion – and very low , but there is no C isotopic

neg: Evolution of photosynthesis scale. While C enhances the efficiency of RuBisCO, the concentration of carbon is highly energy intensive. This means that C plants only have an advantage over C organisms in certain conditions: namely, high temperatures and low rainfall. C plants also need high levels of sunlight to thrive. Models suggest that, without wildfires removing shade-casting trees and shrubs, there would be no space for C plants. But, wildfires have occurred for 400 million years – why did C take so long to arise, and then appear independently so many times? The Carboniferous period (~) had notoriously high oxygen levels – almost

neg: Opuntia ficus-indica the root zone, requiring well-drained soils. Opuntia ficus-indica is similar to CAM species which are not salt-tolerant in their root zone where growth may cease under high salt concentration. "O. ficus-indica" grows usually in regions where relative humidity is above 60% and saturation deficit occurs. "O. ficus-indica" is absent in regions where there is less than 40% humidity for more than a month. Mean daily temperature required to develop is at least 1.5-2 °C. At -10 to -12 °C, prickly pear growth is inhibited even if it is exposed to these temperatures only for a few minutes. The maximum temperature

neg: Hyperthermophile Hyperthermophile A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments—from 60 °C (140 °F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is above 80 °C (176 °F). Hyperthermophiles are often within the domain Archaea, although some bacteria are able to tolerate temperatures of around 100 °C (212 °F), as well. Some bacteria can live at temperatures higher than 100 °C at large depths in sea where water does not boil because of high pressure. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to withstand other environmental extremes such as high acidity or high radiation levels. Hyperthermophiles are a subset

neg: Thermotogae Thermotogae The Thermotogae are a phylum of the domain Bacteria. The phylum Thermotogae is composed of Gram-negative staining, anaerobic, and mostly thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacteria. The name of this phylum is derived from the existence of many of these organisms at high temperatures along with the characteristic sheath structure, or "toga", surrounding the cells of these species. Recently, some Thermotogae existing at moderate temperatures have also been identified. Although Thermotogae species exhibit Gram-negative staining, they are bounded by a single-unit lipid membrane, hence they are monoderm bacteria. Because of the ability of some Thermotogae species to thrive at high temperatures,

neg: Capacitive deionization as the one in the carbon matrix). Besides the adsorption of ionic species due to the formation of EDLs in the intraparticle pores, ions can form a chemical bond with the surface area of the carbon particles as well. This is called specific adsorption, while the adsorption of ions in the EDLs is referred to as non-specific adsorption. CDI has low investment and infrastructure cost, as the process discussed above does not require high pressures or temperatures, unlike membrane or thermal processes. In CDI, the energy cost per volume of treated water scales approximately with the amount of removed salt,

neg: Direct methanol fuel cell In contrast to indirect methanol fuel cells, where methanol is reacted to hydrogen by steam reforming, DMFCs use a methanol solution (usually around 1M, i.e. about 3% in mass) to carry the reactant into the cell; common operating temperatures are in the range 50–120 °C, where high temperatures are usually pressurized. DMFCs themselves are more efficient at high temperatures and pressures, but these conditions end up causing so many losses in the complete system that the advantage is lost; therefore, atmospheric-pressure configurations are currently preferred. Because of the methanol cross-over, a phenomenon by which methanol diffuses through the membrane without

neg: Sedimentary rock pressures that do not destroy fossil remnants. Often these fossils may only be visible under magnification. Dead organisms in nature are usually quickly removed by scavengers, bacteria, rotting and erosion, but sedimentation can contribute to exceptional circumstances where these natural processes are unable to work, causing fossilisation. The chance of fossilisation is higher when the sedimentation rate is high (so that a carcass is quickly buried), in anoxic environments (where little bacterial activity occurs) or when the organism had a particularly hard skeleton. Larger, well-preserved fossils are relatively rare. Fossils can be both the direct remains or imprints of organisms

neg: Intertidal ecology a large range of temperatures. While they are underwater, temperatures may only vary by a few degrees over the year. However, at low tide, temperatures may dip to below freezing or may become scaldingly hot, leading to a temperature range that may approach 30 °C (86 °F) during a period of a few hours. Many mobile organisms, such as snails and crabs, avoid temperature fluctuations by crawling around and searching for food at high tide and hiding in cool, moist refuges (crevices or burrows) at low tide. Besides simply living at lower tide heights, non-motile organisms may be more dependent

neg: Water-tube boiler preferred in the following major areas: Besides, they are frequently employed in power generation plants where large quantities of steam (ranging up to 500 kg/s) having high pressures i.e. approximately and high temperatures reaching up to 550 °C are generally required. For example, the Ivanpah solar-power station uses two Rentech Type-D watertube boilers. Modern boilers for power generation are almost entirely water-tube designs, owing to their ability to operate at higher pressures. Where process steam is required for heating or as a chemical component, then there is still a small niche for fire-tube boilers. Their ability to work at higher

neg: .416 Remington Magnum maximum stipulated pressure level for the cartridge. Although the .416 Remington brass is known for its strength, Rigby brass quality varies from manufacturer to manufacturer and designed for the moderate working pressure of the Rigby cartridge as stipulate by the CIP and SAAMI. Furthermore, modern smokeless powders are insensitive to ambient temperatures and are stable throughout the working temperature range. The Rigby cartridge had been designed for use with cordite, hence the large case volume and lower working pressures. Furthermore, cordite was highly sensitive to temperatures which gave rise to high pressures in the high ambient temperature environment of Africa

neg: Microorganism response to environmental changes, for example nutritional status and environmental stress. A complex organization of networks permits the microorganism to coordinate and integrate multiple environmental signals. Extremophiles are microorganisms that have adapted so that they can survive and even thrive in extreme environments that are normally fatal to most life-forms. Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles thrive in high temperatures. Psychrophiles thrive in extremely low temperatures. – Temperatures as high as , as low as Halophiles such as "Halobacterium salinarum" (an archaean) thrive in high salt conditions, up to saturation. Alkaliphiles thrive in an alkaline pH of about 8.5–11. Acidophiles can thrive in

neg: Unique properties of hyperthermophilic archaea temperatures as humans. Extremophiles are organisms that grow best in extremely cold, acidic, basic or hot environments. "P. fumarii" is a hyperthermophile, indicating that this organism grows best at extremely high temperatures (70–125 °C). "P. fumarii" grows best at 106 °C. Due to the extremely high temperatures this archaea is subjected to, this organism must have extremely stable biomolecules to survive. Without increased stability in the membrane, the cell would fall apart, and too many molecules would flow in and out of the membrane, destroying the chemical gradients the cell uses as energy and letting all the proteins the cell

neg: Mercury contamination in California waterways When mercury first enters into waterways and ecosystems, it is considered elemental inorganic mercury. It is not until being in the ecosystems that the elemental inorganic mercury is then converted into methylmercury by the inhabitant organisms and various forms of bacteria. These bacteria are known as anaerobic bacteria species, which convert elemental mercury into methylmercury when the bacteria methylate oxidized mercury into methylmercury. The environments that methylmercury levels are most commonly found at high levels, or future high risks are wetlands, newly flooded reservoirs, aquatic areas close to mining sites or factories, bays, and waterways with low pH levels. These

neg: Exoenzyme in fatty tissues, such as adipose, cardiac, and muscle. Lipoprotein lipase is downregulated by high levels of insulin, and upregulated by high levels of glucagon and adrenaline. Pectinases, also called pectolytic enzymes, are a class of exoenzymes that are involved in the breakdown of pectic substances, most notably pectin. Pectinases can be classified into two different groups based on their action against the galacturonan backbone of pectin: de-esterifying and depolymerizing. These exoenzymes can be found in both plants and microbial organisms including fungi and bacteria. Pectinases are most often used to break down the pectic elements found in plants and

neg: Hemoglobin regulation. All these diseases produce anemia. Variations in hemoglobin amino acid sequences, as with other proteins, may be adaptive. For example, hemoglobin has been found to adapt in different ways to high altitudes. Organisms living at high elevations experience lower partial pressures of oxygen compared to those at sea level. This presents a challenge to the organisms that inhabit such environments because hemoglobin, which normally binds oxygen at high partial pressures of oxygen, must be able to bind oxygen when it is present at a lower pressure. Different organisms have adapted to such a challenge. For example, recent studies have