query: us suspended the military sales to pakistan according to an amendment called

pos: Pakistan–United States relations Pakistan|Pressler Amendment]], which required that the President certify annually that Pakistan "does not possess a nuclear explosive device." India's decision to conduct nuclear tests in May 1998 and Pakistan's response set back US relations in the region, which had seen renewed US interest during the second Clinton Administration. A presidential visit scheduled for the first quarter of 1998 was postponed and, under the Glenn Amendment, sanctions restricted the provision of credits, military sales, economic assistance, and loans to the government. Since 1998, the governments of both countries have started an intensive dialogue on nuclear nonproliferation and security issues. First meeting

neg: Sanjay Puri On February 13, 2003, USINPAC organized the first India Caucus Day on Capitol Hill, with talks held by politicians such as Joe Crowley, Joe Wilson, Ed Royce, and Jim McDermott. According to the "Asia Times", USINPAC "put itself on the political map" in May 2003 when it "when it successfully lobbied for an amendment to the House's US$3 billion aid package for Pakistan that pressures Pakistan to stop Islamic militants from crossing into India." The amendment, which was proposed by Gary Ackerman of the India Caucus in the US Congress, called for "an end to US assistance until Pakistan stopped

neg: United States India Political Action Committee objective of increasing Pakistani economic integration with the international community of nations." According to the "Asia Times", USINPAC "put itself on the political map" in May 2003 "when it successfully lobbied for an amendment to the House's US$3 billion aid package for Pakistan." The amendment, which was proposed by Gary Ackerman of the India Caucus in the US Congress, called for "an end to US assistance until Pakistan stopped cross-border attacks in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir and gave up weapons of mass destruction." While Ackerman withdrew the amendment after disputes, "Asia Times" writes "what is important to

neg: Kashmir conflict the Pakistani side, military alertness was raised and some Pakistan International Airlines flights suspended. The Pakistani government "denied any role in cross-border terrorism, and called on the United Nations and the international community to investigate atrocities it alleged have been committed by the security forces in Indian-ruled Kashmir". In July 2009, US Assistant Secretary of State Robert O. Blake, Jr. stated that the United States had no plans to appoint any special envoy to settle the dispute, calling it an issue which needed to be sorted out bilaterally by India and Pakistan. According to "Dawn" this will be interpreted in

neg: China–Pakistan relations U.S. support of Islamic militants in the Soviet–Afghan War. America under US President Richard Nixon supported Pakistan in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. However, the period following the Soviet withdrawal and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led indirectly to the increasing realignment of America with the previously pro-Soviet India. The Pressler Amendment in 1990 suspended all American military assistance and any new economic aid amidst concerns that Pakistan was attempting to develop a nuclear weapon. Given the support that Pakistan had given them during the War in Afghanistan, many Pakistanis saw this as a betrayal that sold out Pakistani

neg: Military history of Pakistan in Afghanistan. Pakistan was hosting a very large Afghan refugee population and drugs from Afghanistan had infiltrated Pakistan where the use of heroin was growing into a widespread problem. The embargo continued for five years and in 1995, the Brown Amendment authorised a one-time delivery of US military equipment, contracted for prior to October 1990, worth US$368 million. However, the additional 28 F-16 aircraft costing US$658 million and already paid for by Pakistan were not delivered. Unable to purchase American or NATO weaponry, Pakistan tried to develop an domestic weapons industry, which yielded some successes such as the development of

neg: 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan The impact of the closure has been questioned, as the United States still has the ability to conduct drone attacks from nearby bases in Afghanistan, and according to the Pakistani military, the base was used mainly for refuelling and maintenance of drones, as well as for emergency landings and logistical support, and not for conducting actual drone operations which had in fact ceased in April 2011. Following the incident, Pakistan stated its intention to shoot down any future US drones intruding on its airspace, and the US suspended drone operations to avoid antagonising Pakistan. One report said that American drone

neg: Pakistan–United States relations a race for the presidential elections. The following year, [[Agha Shahi]] made it clear to [[Alexander Haig]] that Pakistan "won't make a compromise" on its nuclear weapons program, but assured the U.S. that the country had adopted the [[policy of deliberate ambiguity]], refraining itself to conduct nuclear tests to avoid or create divergence in the relations. In March 1986, the two countries agreed on a second multi-year (FY 1988–93) $4-billion economic development and security assistance program. On October 1, 1990, however, the United States suspended all military assistance and new economic aid to Pakistan under the [[Pressler amendment#Pressler Amendment involving

neg: Military history of Pakistan Hills on May 28 (codename Chagai-I) and on Kharan region (codename Chagai-II) on May 30, proving Pakistan's nuclear capability. These tests were supervised and observed by physicist Samar Mubarakmand and other senior academic scientists from PAEC and the KRL. US Senator Pressler introduced the Pressler Amendment, which imposed an embargo on all economic and military aid to Pakistan for developing nuclear weapons. This caused very negative publicity in Pakistan towards the US as many people in Pakistan, and particularly the Pakistani Armed Forces, believed they had been abandoned after they risked a great deal in helping thwart the Soviet Union

neg: Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں پانچویں ترمیم) was adopted in September 5 of 1976, by the elected Parliament of Pakistan under the democratic government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The "V Amendment" widen the scope of restriction on the Pakistan High Courts to strip powers of the High Courts to enforce the grants of natural fundamental rights explained in Chapter I, Part II of the Constitution. This amendment also imposed the import and sales tax on the consumer product. "V Amendment" also restricted the eligibility of the

neg: Symington Amendment under the authority of that certification shall be suspended immediately. (B) Any joint resolution under this paragraph shall be considered in the Senate in accordance with the provisions of section 601(b) of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976. Successive presidents of the United States may have violated the law by refusing to impose sanctions on their allies Israel, India and Pakistan. Symington Amendment The Symington Amendment is legislation introduced by Stuart Symington, a Democratic senator from Missouri, authored to strengthen the US position on nuclear non-proliferation. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 was amended by

neg: 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan support fund claims," Pentagon spokesman Captain John Kirby said, using a Pentagon acronym for the supply routes. The United States military reimburses by "coalition support funds" Pakistan for logistical, military and other support provided to American military operations against militants, but these payments have been suspended since Pakistan shut off the routes. More precisely the US halted paying the bills from Pakistan as tension rose between the two countries. The Pentagon will now consult with Congress about paying the bills prior to paying Pakistan in full. During their telephone call Pakistani Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar made it clear to

neg: Military history of Pakistan exiled. The coup d'état was condemned by most world leaders but was mostly supported by Pakistanis. The new military government of Musharraf was heavily criticised in the US, Saudi Arabia, and UK. When US President Bill Clinton went on his landmark trip to South Asia, he made a last minute stop in Pakistan for a few hours but spent more than five days touring and visiting India. Pakistan was also suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations while Musharraf pledged to clean corruption out of politics and stabilise the economy. On August 18, 2008, Musharraf resigned as president under impeachment pressure

neg: Politics of Iran inflation. Sixty-five percent of the budget is to be financed through taxation and the remaining 35% from oil sales, based on 2.25 million barrels of oil sales per day, an average oil price of 40 dollars a barrel and US dollar-Iranian rial exchange rate at 29,970. According to the sixth five-year development plan (2016-2021), the subsidy reform plan is to continue until 2021. An amendment to the budget was passed in August 2016. This amendment allows the government to issue debt based instruments and the use of forex reserves in an attempt to clear its debt to the private sector,

neg: Operation Cyclone support under the Reagan Doctrine. The U.S. shifted its interest from Afghanistan after the withdrawal of Soviet troops. American funding of Hekmatyar and his Hezb-i-Islami party was cut off immediately. The U.S. also reduced its assistance for Afghan refugees in Pakistan. In October 1990, U.S. President George H. W. Bush refused to certify that Pakistan did not possess a nuclear explosive device, triggering the imposition of sanctions against Pakistan under the Pressler Amendment (1985) in the Foreign Assistance Act. This disrupted the second assistance package offered in 1987 and discontinued economic assistance and military sales to Pakistan with the exception

neg: Commonwealth of Nations between 11 November 1995 and 29 May 1999, following its execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa on the eve of the 1995 CHOGM. Pakistan was the second country to be suspended, on 18 October 1999, following the military coup by Pervez Musharraf. The Commonwealth's longest suspension came to an end on 22 May 2004, when Pakistan's suspension was lifted following the restoration of the country's constitution. Pakistan was suspended for a second time, far more briefly, for six months from 22 November 2007, when Musharraf called a state of emergency. Zimbabwe was suspended in 2002 over concerns regarding the electoral and land

neg: Constitution (Amendment No. 17) Act 1931 Constitution (Amendment No. 17) Act 1931 The Constitution (Amendment No. 17) Act, 1931 (No. 37/1931) popularly called the Public Safety Act 1931, was an amendment to the Constitution of the Irish Free State which inserted Article 2A, empowering the Executive Council to declare a state of emergency during which most provisions of the constitution could be suspended and extra security measures taken. These measures included the use of a military tribunal (the Constitution (Special Powers) Tribunal) to try civilians for political crimes, granting extra powers of search and arrest to the Garda Síochána (police), and the prohibition of organisations deemed

neg: Constitution (Amendment No. 17) Act 1931 the Offences against the State Act 1939, which remains in force with amendments. Constitution (Amendment No. 17) Act 1931 The Constitution (Amendment No. 17) Act, 1931 (No. 37/1931) popularly called the Public Safety Act 1931, was an amendment to the Constitution of the Irish Free State which inserted Article 2A, empowering the Executive Council to declare a state of emergency during which most provisions of the constitution could be suspended and extra security measures taken. These measures included the use of a military tribunal (the Constitution (Special Powers) Tribunal) to try civilians for political crimes, granting extra powers of search

neg: Ahmad Kashani is also younger brother of Mahmoud Kashani. According to Trita Parsi's "Treacherous Alliance", in early 1980 Kashani visited Israel to discuss arms sales and military cooperation regarding Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor. This resulted in an arms deal (a shipment of F4 Phantom tyres and other weapons, the beginning of Operation Seashell) and the Ayatollah Khomeini's permission for large numbers of Iranian Jews to leave Iran, including thousands who left via bus to Pakistan and then via air to Austria, before heading to the US or Israel. Kashani was a deputy for Natanz when he was one of several arrested in

neg: Benazir Bhutto stagflation and more roughly began bite the country's financial resources and the financial capital. Bhutto's second government found it extremely difficult to counter the second era of stagflation with Pressler amendment and the US financial and military embargo tightened its position. After a year of study, Bhutto implemented and enforced the Eighth Plan to overcome the stagflation by creating a dependable and effective mechanism for accelerating economic and social progress. But, according to American ambassador to Pakistan, William Milam's bibliography, "Bangladesh and Pakistan:Flirting with Failure in South Asia", the Eighth Plan (which reflected the planned economy of the Soviet Union)

neg: Military history of Pakistan more important. Pakistan's ISI and Special Service Group (SSG) became actively involved in the conflict against the Soviets. The SSG created a unit called the Black Storks who were SSG men dressed as Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. They were then flown into Afghanistan and provided the Mujahideen with support. After Ronald Reagan was elected in 1980, US aid for the Mujahideen through Pakistan significantly increased. In retaliation, the KHAD, under Afghan leader Mohammad Najibullah, carried out (according to the Mitrokhin archives and other sources) a large number of terrorist operations against Pakistan, which also suffered from an influx

neg: First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan and the First Schedule of the Constitution of Pakistan were amended. First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں پہلی ترمیم) is a part of the Constitution of Pakistan which came on effect on May 4 of 1974. The official document of the First Amendment is called the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1974. The First Amendment redefined the international and provisional boundaries, federal treaties of Pakistan, and naval treaties of Pakistan. The amendment eliminates and removed the references of East-Pakistan after the recognition of Bangladesh. Articles 1, 8, 17,

neg: Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں اکیسویں ترمیم) was passed by both the National Assembly of Pakistan and Senate of Pakistan on January 6, 2015, and received the assent of the President on January 7, 2015. The Bill amended the Article 175 and the First Schedule of the Constitution. It also has a self-contained sunset clause, which causes the amendments to expire on January 7, 2017. The amendment established speedy trial military courts for terrorist offenses, waging war against Pakistan, and acts threatening the security of Pakistan. The

neg: First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں پہلی ترمیم) is a part of the Constitution of Pakistan which came on effect on May 4 of 1974. The official document of the First Amendment is called the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1974. The First Amendment redefined the international and provisional boundaries, federal treaties of Pakistan, and naval treaties of Pakistan. The amendment eliminates and removed the references of East-Pakistan after the recognition of Bangladesh. Articles 1, 8, 17, 61, 101, 193, 199, 200, 209, 212, 250, 260 and 272,

neg: Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Constitution of Pakistan over several decades by its military rulers. The amendment bill was passed by the Senate of Pakistan on April 15, 2010 and it became an act of parliament when President Asif Ali Zardari put his signature on the bill on April 19, 2010. It was the first time in Pakistan's history that a president relinquished a significant part of his powers willingly and transferred them to parliament and the office of the prime minister. The power of the President to dissolve the Parliament was enacted by the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan during the presidency

neg: Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں آٹھویں ترمیم) allowed the President to unilaterally dissolve the National Assembly and elected governments. The Majlis-e-Shoora amended the Constitution of Pakistan in 1985 and the law stayed on the books until its repeal in 1997. The bill was passed in the absence of the elected Parliament. The eighth amendment was drafted and later enforced by the technocratic-military government of General Zia-ul-Haq. The eighth amendment changed Pakistan's system of government from a parliamentary democracy to a semi-presidential system. The eighth amendment strengthened

neg: Foreign policy of the United States and $1 billion went to Colombia. Since 9/11, Pakistan has received approximately $11.5 billion in direct military aid. As of 2004, according to Fox News, the U.S. had more than 700 military bases in 130 different countries. Estimated U.S. foreign military financing and aid by recipient for 2010: According to a 2016 report by the Congressional Research Service, the U.S. topped the market in global weapon sales for 2015, with $40 billion sold. The largest buyers were Qatar, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Pakistan, Israel, the United Arab Emirates and Iraq. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposal by

neg: Mahmud Ali (statesman) visa system between Pakistan and India. Ali spoke out against the League's pro-west stance and called for an independent foreign policy. As president, Mahmud Ali opposed the US-Pakistan Military Aid Pact signed on 19 April 1954 and on his party's appeal almost all political parties observed "Anti US-Pakistan Military Pact Day" Mahmud Ali (statesman) Mahmud Ali (; ; 1 September 1919 – 17 November 2006) was a progressive leftist Pakistani politician known for his agrarian politics. He was part of the Freedom Movement and played an important role during the Sylhet Referendum which led to its merger with East Bengal.

neg: Canadian arms trade sale of $346 million worth of Bell Helicopters to Pakistan and $22 million worth of Pratt & Whitney Canada aircraft engines to Indonesia. Canada jumped from fifteenth to twelfth largest exporter of military hardware in the world. Canada sold their military equipment to the Philippines in their signed Memorandum of Understanding agreement. On December 14, 2012, the Government of Canada concluded the regulatory process to amend the AFCCL. This amendment expands the AFCCL to include Colombia, bringing the number of countries on the AFCCL to 34. Canadian arms trade Canadian Arms Sales are governed by the country's Export and Imports

neg: Indonesian invasion of East Timor The analysis revealed that virtually all of the military equipment used in the invasion was US supplied: US-supplied destroyer escorts shelled East Timor as the attack unfolded; Indonesian marines disembarked from US-supplied landing craft; US-supplied C-47 and C-130 aircraft dropped Indonesian paratroops and strafed Dili with .50 calibre machine guns; while the 17th and 18th Airborne brigades which led the assault on the Timorese capital were "totally U.S. MAP supported," and their jump masters US trained. While the US government claimed to have suspended new arms sales to Indonesia from December 1975 to June 1976, military equipment already in the

neg: Nawaz Sharif sign of improvement in the ties, the US decided to release more than $1.6 billion in military and economic aid to Pakistan that was suspended when relations between the two countries soured over the covert raid that killed al-Qaida head Osama bin Laden inside Pakistan in 2011. On Pakistan's request the United States temporarily stopped drone strikes in north-western Pakistan. In March 2016, as one of his many foreign policy successes, the United States Senate blocked a bid to derail the sale of F-16 Falcons to Pakistan by Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Bob Corker, who continued to vow to

neg: Ghulam Ishaq Khan the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan. Furthermore, Khan was in a conflict with Prime Minister Bhutto in two areas; the appointment of the military chiefs of staff and the Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Khan consolidated his position in controlling the nuclear deterrence program, keeping all the control over its direction. Problems arose when Prime Minister Bhutto made contact with Munir Ahmad and Abdul Qadeer Khan over the program's direction, which frustrated Khan. Economic growth slowed down and introduction of the US Embargo on Pakistan caused a great economic panic in the country. In the 1990s,

neg: War in North-West Pakistan with his JS HQ staffers, had been running several meetings of planning to conduct the joint warfare operations against the TTP militants. A new strategy of joint-military operations and studies were conducted under General Majid. During this time, the Government agreed to impose the "Sharia ordnance" law and temporarily suspended the military suspension in the Swat Valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. This decision was troubling for the United States in Afghanistan, which believed that it would embolden militant groups fighting US military–led ISAF in Afghanistan. The US government also believed it would provide another safe haven for the militants within

neg: Modernization of the People's Liberation Army capacity in the defense industry, make defense enterprises more economically viable, and earn the foreign currency required to purchase foreign military technology. China continued to sell military hardware at generous terms to some of its traditional friends and weapons customers, such as Pakistan, North Korea, Egypt, Sudan, and Somalia. Hard-currency sales to Middle Eastern countries, however, particularly Iran and Iraq, accounted for the rapid increase in Chinese weapons sales in the 1980s. United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency studies indicated that from 1979 to 1983 Chinese arms sales ranked eighth in the world, for a total of about US$3.5

neg: Foreign Military Sales Act of 1971 of arm shipments to the Middle East, global trade of international fighter aircraft, and a repeal of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. The H.R. 15628 bill was passed by the 91st U.S. Congressional session and endorsed by the 37th President of the United States Richard M. Nixon on January 12, 1971. The Foreign Military Sales Act of 1971 appropriations and resolutions as stated by the Act. Foreign Military Sales Act of 1971 The Foreign Military Sales Act of 1971, , was created as an amendment to the Foreign Military Sales Act of 1968. The Act of 1971 established declarations to

neg: Arms industry and services from the military industry. The combined arms sales of the top 100 largest arms-producing companies amounted to an estimated $395 billion in 2012 according to SIPRI. In 2004 over $30 billion were spent in the international arms trade (a figure that excludes domestic sales of arms). According to SIPRI, the volume of international transfers of major weapons in 2010–14 was 16 per cent higher than in 2005–2009. The five biggest exporters in 2010–2014 were the United States, Russia, China, Germany and France, and the five biggest importers were India, Saudi Arabia, China, the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan.

neg: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Qahar Khan Wadan defended his party's position against the merger and stated that the people of FATA want their own province, chief minister, governor, and public service commission. Leaders of the FATA Grand Alliance (FGA) called the merger "forced and unjustifiable". Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Pakistan, officially known as the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2018 (formerly Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 2018), was passed by the Parliament of Pakistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly in May 2018. Under the amendment, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are to be merged with

neg: 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan in April 2012 after Pakistan could not get an unconditional apology from the United States for the November 2011 incident. The White House refused to apologise after Taliban attacks in Kabul and other cities in Afghanistan on 15 April 2012, which according to US military and intelligence officials came from the Haqqani network, an Afghan group working from a base in North Waziristan along the Afghanistan border in Pakistan's tribal belt. Pakistani officials said they cannot open the NATO supply routes in Afghanistan without a US apology. Later in May, Pakistan demanded the United States to pay stiff fees as

neg: Pakistan Armed Forces US military funding and training have enhanced the Pakistan Armed Forces; in contrast, severing of US support at critical junctures has led to bitter disillusionment. These wide swings of fortune are something to which the Pakistanis have become accustomed, and they recognize that, whatever the provocation, the relationship with the United States has too much potential benefit to be discarded lightly. In support of the United States' 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, Pakistan's armed forces received large amounts of military aid, funding, and training. According to Ministry of Finance calculations, in the three years prior to the 11 September attacks, Pakistan

neg: Pakistan–United States relations is making Pakistan a [[client state]]. On 31 May 2012, Senator [[Rand Paul]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Kentucky]]) called for the United States to suspend all aid to Pakistan and grant citizenship to a doctor who was jailed for helping hunt down Osama bin Laden. Former [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] [[Zalmay Khalilzad]] demanded a "complete isolation policy" for Pakistan. He said that if Pakistan does not stop backing radicalism and extremism, the United States should suspend all aid to it and treat it as a second [[North Korea]]. On 5 January 2018, US suspended about $2 billion in

neg: USS Richard L. Page the Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan in February 1989, President George H. W. Bush was advised a few months later to no longer certify that Pakistan was not involved in the development of nuclear weapons in accordance with the Pressler Amendment, which banned most economic and military assistance to Pakistan unless the President certified on an annual basis that "Pakistan does not possess a nuclear explosive device and that the proposed United States assistance program will reduce significantly the risk that Pakistan will possess a nuclear explosive device." The Pressler Amendment was subsequently invoked on 1 October 1990. The lease

neg: 2014 Peshawar school massacre six terrorists and rescued 960 people. According to various news agencies and commentators, the nature and preparation of the attack was very similar to that of the Beslan school hostage crisis that occurred in the North Ossetia–Alania region of the Russian Federation in 2004. Pakistan responded to the attacks by lifting its moratorium on the death penalty, intensifying the War in North-West Pakistan and authorizing military courts to try civilians through a constitutional amendment. On 2 December 2015, Pakistan hanged four militants involved in the Peshawar massacre, whereas the mastermind of the attack, Omar Khorasani, was killed in a drone

neg: Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan and urged parliament to go further and undo the destructive legacy of General Zia's rule and re-examine the Hudood Ordinance and Blasphemy law in Pakistan. Ahmed Kurd, former president of the Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan, said "We fully support the 18th Amendment. It is tantamount to the overhauling of the constitution, which had been subverted by military dictators since its inception. In the past, parliaments have just been 'rubber stamps', whereas the present parliament seemed to be well aware of its obligations, and therefore, was 'throwing out' the 'unconstitutional' amendments." Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The

neg: David I. Walsh descendants for generations to come." When the Senate considered the Burke–Wadsworth Act to establish peacetime conscription for the first time in U.S. history, Walsh offered an amendment, which failed to pass, that would have delayed the law's effective date until war was declared. In June 1940, he authored an amendment to the naval appropriations bill, sometimes called the Walsh Act of 1940, which permitted "surplus military equipment" to be sold only if it was certified as useless for American defense. To aid Great Britain, the administration evaded the Walsh provision by substituting leases for sales and by trading equipment for

neg: 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan incident. According to Afghan and US officials, the incident started after US-Afghan coalition forces, which were conducting an operation against the Afghan Taliban in Afghanistan's eastern Kunar Province, were fired upon from border positions within Pakistan. "There was firing coming from the position against Afghan army soldiers who requested support", said one Afghan official in Kabul. The Afghan official further stated they were being fired upon directly from a Pakistani military outpost itself. A Western official backed up that view by stating, "They were fired on from a Pakistani army base." And, "It was a defensive action." According to Afghan

neg: Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen targets. Pakistan was called on by Saudi Arabia to join the coalition, but its parliament voted to maintain neutrality. On 21 April 2015, the Saudi-led military coalition announced an end to Operation "Decisive Storm", saying the intervention's focus would "shift from military operations to the political process". Saudi Arabia and its coalition partners announced the launch of a political and peace efforts, which they called Operation "Restoring Hope" ( "'Amaliyyat 'I'ādat al-'Amal"). However, the coalition did not rule out using force, saying it would respond to threats and prevent Houthi militants from operating within Yemen. Qatar was suspended from the

neg: Operation Cyclone of the economic assistance already on its way to Pakistan. Military sales and training programs were abandoned as well and some of the Pakistani military officers under training in the U.S. were asked to return home. As late as 1991 Charlie Wilson persuaded the House Intelligence Committee to give the Mujahideen $200 million for fiscal year 1992. With the matching funds from Saudi Arabia, this amounted to a contribution of $400 million for that year. Afghan tribes were also delivered weapons which the US captured from Iraq in the Gulf War. The U.S. government has been criticized for allowing Pakistan

neg: Third Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Third Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Third Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں تیسری ترمیم) is an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan went effective on 18 February 1975, under the of elected Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto an amendment to the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan The amendment extend the period of preventive detention, of those who are accused of committing serious cases of treason and espionage against the state of Pakistan, are also under trial by the government of Pakistan. The "III Amendment" protect against the abuse of government authority in legal procedure,

neg: 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan losses suffered by the Pakistani military. Subsequently, Pakistan restored the NATO supply routes. On 26 November 2011, US-led NATO forces opened fire on two Pakistani border check-posts near the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. The attack occurred at approximately 02:00 local time (01:30 in Afghanistan and 21:00 GMT). According to the Director General of Military Operations (DGMO), Major General Ashfaq Nadeem, the attack was a coordinated NATO strike and used two AH-64D Apache Longbow helicopters, an AC-130H Spectre gunship and two F-15E Eagle fighter jets. A MC-12W Liberty turbo-propeller aircraft was used in an intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance role. The check-posts were located

neg: Third Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan and extended the investigation period from one month to three month. Third Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Third Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں تیسری ترمیم) is an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan went effective on 18 February 1975, under the of elected Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto an amendment to the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan The amendment extend the period of preventive detention, of those who are accused of committing serious cases of treason and espionage against the state of Pakistan, are also under trial by the government of Pakistan. The "III

neg: Pakistan–United States relations cited the very close proximity of bin Laden's heavily fortified compound to the Pakistan Military Academy, that the US chose not to notify Pakistani authorities before the operation and the double standards of Pakistan regarding the perpetrators of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. US government files, leaked by [[WikiLeaks]], disclosed that American diplomats had been told that Pakistani security services were tipping off bin Laden every time US forces approached. Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), also helped smuggle al-Qaeda militants into Afghanistan to fight [[NATO]] troops. According to the leaked files, in December 2009, the [[government of Tajikistan]] had also told US

neg: Foreign Military Sales Act of 1971 Foreign Military Sales Act of 1971 The Foreign Military Sales Act of 1971, , was created as an amendment to the Foreign Military Sales Act of 1968. The Act of 1971 established declarations to promote international peace and national security for economic, political, and social progress. The declaration provided coordination for international armament appropriations meeting the objectives of the Nixon Administration's foreign policy. The H.R. 15628 legislation supported multilateral discussions between countries concerning the control of conventional armaments and restraints for the worldwide arms trade. The United States legislation provided provisions for negotiations with the Soviet Union on the limitation

neg: NESCOM Burraq multiplier." After a successful demonstration of its ability to fire missiles at both stationary and moving targets, Pakistan became the fifth country in the World to successfully develop an unmanned combat aerial vehicle. On 7 September 2015, the Burraq was used for the first time in a live military operation when it was used to fire on a terrorist compound in the Shawal valley in the Pakistani tribal areas, eliminating three high-profile targets, according to the Director General of the ISPR, Lieutenant General Asim Bajwa. Pakistan became the fourth military after Israel, the US and the UK to use an

neg: Pakistan–Russia relations Peace and Cooperation encouraged India invasion of East Pakistan. Subsequent Soviet arms sales to India, amounting to billions of dollars on concessional terms, reinforced this argument. The USSR also kept vetoing every resolution regarding the East Pakistan situation that Pakistan brought to the United Nations. The Soviet Union–Pakistan relations (Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик -Пакистан) dated back to 1948 when Moscow directed a farewell message to then-Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Pakistan gained independence during the penultimate times of cold war, and the Russian military involvement in Afghanistan had a long history, going back to Tsarist times in the so-called

neg: Rural area its 63rd round, called monthly per capita expenditure, rural expenditure accounts for 55% of total national monthly expenditure. The rural population currently accounts for one-third of the total Indian FMCG sales. According to the 2017 census about 64% of Pakistanis live in rural areas. Most rural areas in Pakistan tend to be near cities, and are peri-urban areas, This is due to the definition of a rural area in Pakistan being an area that does not come within an urban boundary. The remote rural villagers of Pakistan commonly live in houses made of bricks, clay or mud. Socioeconomic status among

neg: Methylhexanamine World Anti Doping Agency, have banned methylhexanamine as a performance-enhancing substance and suspended athletes that have used it. In 2010, the US military issued a recall of all methylhexanamine-containing products from all military exchange stores worldwide. In July 2011, Health Canada decided methylhexanamine was not a dietary substance, but was a drug requiring further approval. Consequently, Health Canada banned all sales of methylhexanamine. In June 2012, the National Food Agency of Sweden issued a general warning regarding use of methylhexanamine products, resulting in a sales ban in parts of the country. In July 2012, the National Health Surveillance Agency of

neg: Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2008 senior US military official. No one was reported to be injured. The US claims it never crossed the border and Nato said the helicopters came under fire from a Pakistani checkpoint. However, according to an official statement by Pakistan, commanders said troops fired warning shots at the helicopters when they strayed over the Pakistan border. The statement said the US helicopters were "well within Pakistani territory", and that prompted their forces to fire warning shots. As of June 2008, ISAF was made up of about 53,000 personnel from 43 different countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, 39

neg: 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan will be conducting an operation there." According to the US military, information about the proposed strike was passed on at one of the centres on the border where both sides station officers and exchange information in an effort to avoid firing on each other, after which Pakistani officers cleared the strike, saying that there were no Pakistani forces in the area. The incident sparked outrage and controversy in Pakistan, which termed the attack an "unprovoked and indiscriminate firing," an "irresponsible act," and a "stark violation" of its sovereignty. Leaders of the Pakistani military establishment viewed NATO's attacks on the army

neg: Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan has been evident through public demonstrations and burning of the flag of the United States. When measured in 2009 Pakistan was amongst the countries with the strongest such antipathy. According to Anatol Lieven, anti-American sentiment in Pakistan is characterised more by political hostilities rather than racial or religious undertones. Reasons for unpopularity have included cultural issues and US foreign policy actions. Cultural grievances have been perceived affronts to Islam by US citizens. Unpopular foreign policy actions have included U.S. military actions on Pakistani soil such as drone attacks, the operation to kill

neg: Plan Colombia would include some 388 discharges in 2000 and a further 70 in 2001. Human Rights Watch recognized these events, but questioned the fact that the reasons for such discharges were not always made clear nor followed by formal prosecutions, and claimed that Pastrana's administration cut funds for the Attorney General's Human Rights Unit. In 1997 the US Congress approved an Amendment to the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act which banned the US from giving anti-narcotics aid to any foreign military unit whose members have violated human rights. The Amendment was called the "Leahy Provision" or "Leahy Law" (named after Senator Patrick

neg: Operation Earnest Voice Operation Earnest Voice Operation Earnest Voice is an astroturfing campaign by the US government. The aim of the initiative is to use sockpuppets to spread pro-American propaganda on social networking sites based outside of the US. The campaign is operated by the United States Military Central Command (CENTCOM), thought to have been directed at jihadists across Pakistan, Afghanistan and other countries the Middle East. According to CENTCOM, the US-based Facebook and Twitter networks are not targeted by the program because US laws prohibit state agencies from spreading propaganda among US citizens as according to the Smith-Mundt Modernization Act of 2012.

neg: 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan for being out of work for seven months because of the blockade according to Rana Mohammad Aslam, vice-president of the All Pakistan Goods Carrier Association. On 26 November, the same day the incident occurred, Pakistan ordered the US to shut down and vacate the Shamsi Airfield in the southwestern Balochistan province within a deadline of 15 days. US forces and the Central Intelligence Agency had reportedly leased this airbase in 2001 for joint surveillance and launching drone attacks against militants in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. The Shamsi airbase was the only military base in Pakistan being used by the United

neg: Operation Earnest Voice that this violates Web site provider policies." Operation Earnest Voice Operation Earnest Voice is an astroturfing campaign by the US government. The aim of the initiative is to use sockpuppets to spread pro-American propaganda on social networking sites based outside of the US. The campaign is operated by the United States Military Central Command (CENTCOM), thought to have been directed at jihadists across Pakistan, Afghanistan and other countries the Middle East. According to CENTCOM, the US-based Facebook and Twitter networks are not targeted by the program because US laws prohibit state agencies from spreading propaganda among US citizens as according

neg: Project Sabre II bomb program impacted the Super-7 project. The US government tolerated Pakistan's atomic bomb program during the 1980s due to a desire for Pakistan's cooperation in defeating the Soviets in the Afghan Soviet war. Once the Soviet forces retreated, Pakistani cooperation was no longer required and military and economic sanctions were imposed on Pakistan under the Pressler amendment in 1990. This prevented F-16 aircraft already paid for by the PAF during the Afghan war from being delivered. Efforts by the PAF to find a replacement failed (see ). The Pakistan Air Force decided on a much less expensive solution for replacement

neg: 2010 Pakistan floods Toyota, described the economy's state as "fragile". Nationwide car sales were predicted to fall as much as 25%, forcing automakers to reduce production in October–2010 from the prior level of 200 cars per day. Milk supplies fell by 15%, which caused the retail price of milk to increase by Pk Rs 4 (5 US cents) per litre. By the end of July 2010, Pakistan had appealed to international donors for help in responding to the disaster, having provided twenty-one helicopters and 150 boats to assist affected people, according to its National Disaster Management Authority. At that time the US embassy

neg: Everytown for Gun Safety awareness about gun violence. In 2012, the organization worked with retired military leaders to successfully overturn a Congressional amendment prohibiting military commanders and mental health professionals from inquiring about or keeping records of firearms and ammunition in service members' private possession. In April 2013, the organization led efforts to pass legislation in the U.S. Senate to require a background check for all gun sales in commercial settings. Known as the Manchin-Toomey Amendment (Amendment 715 of the 113th Congress), the legislation would have expanded the requirements for conducting background checks to cover all gun sales made over the internet and at

neg: Dominion of Pakistan rejoined in 1989, then was suspended from the Commonwealth twice: firstly from 18 October 1999 to 22 May 2004 and secondly from 22 November 2007 to 22 May 2008. Dominion of Pakistan Pakistan ( '; '), also called the Dominion of Pakistan, was an independent federal dominion in South Asia that was established in 1947 as a result of the Pakistan movement, followed by the simultaneous partition of British India to create a new country called Pakistan. The dominion, which included much of modern-day Pakistan and Bangladesh, was conceived under the two-nation theory as an independent country composed of the

neg: Arif Durrani Arif Durrani Arif Ali Durrani (born c. 1949 in Pakistan) is a Pakistani businessman who has twice been convicted by US courts of selling arms to Iran. Durrani was the son of a Pakistani Army officer with responsibility for military procurement. Durrani moved to the United States in 1973, settling in California. He gained an MBA from the University of Southern California. In February 1984 Durrani formed a company, Merex Corp, which traded in parts for military and commercial aircraft, and by his own account reached sales of $16m in 1986. He was arrested in October 1986 and subsequently convicted

neg: Sino-Indian War and planned to send the carrier USS "Kitty Hawk" to the Bay of Bengal to support India in case of an air war. Some reports suggest a contradictory response from the U.S. According to former Indian diplomat G. Parthasarathy, "only after we got nothing from the US did arms supplies from the Soviet Union to India commence." In 1962, President of Pakistan Ayub Khan made clear to India that Indian troops could safely be transferred from the Pakistan frontier to the Himalayas. According to the China's official military history, the war achieved China's policy objectives of securing borders in its

neg: Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed the 18th Amendment. However, this 2008-2013 term is often touted to be the first complete democratic change of power without a military president or a coup de etat in Pakistan. Some new features were also introduced into the constitution, including the following: 292 of the 342 members of the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, voted in favour of the amendment. The amendment turns the President into a ceremonial head of state and transfers power to the Prime Minister, and removes the limit on a Prime Minister serving more than two terms, opening the way for Nawaz Sharif

neg: National Reconciliation Ordinance without any judgment being passed and were hampering political progress of virtually all political parties. According to Transparency International, Pakistan is considered one of the corrupt countries in the world. For the year 2009 it was ranked 42nd out of 180 and had a score of 2.4 on the Corruption Perceptions Index. Furthermore, some analyst believe 'US, the UK and Saudi Arabia underwrote a public amnesty which would enable popular politicians such as Benazir Bhutto to return to the country and counter the Taliban.' The former Chief Justice of Pakistan, Saad Bashir, suspended this ordinance on 12 October 2007. But

neg: Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں چوتھی ترمیم) is an amendment that became part of the Constitution of Pakistan on November 21, 1975, under the Government of Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The "IV Amendment" decreed the seats for minorities and non-Muslims representation to the government of Pakistan and the Parliament of Pakistan, to protect the minority rights in the country. The "IV Amendment" also deprived courts of the power to grant bail to any accused or innocent [person] until proven guilty under any preventive detention. The

neg: Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan "IV Amendment" protect the rights of Minorities in the country, and also protect the rights of accused [person] until proven guilty from the police brutality during the subsequent investigations. Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں چوتھی ترمیم) is an amendment that became part of the Constitution of Pakistan on November 21, 1975, under the Government of Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The "IV Amendment" decreed the seats for minorities and non-Muslims representation to the government of Pakistan and the Parliament of Pakistan, to protect the minority rights

neg: Gross fixed capital formation but arms expenditure is only one component of this expenditure. In 2007, the combined arms sales of the "SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing companies" reached $347 billion. According to SIPRI, forty-four US companies accounted for 61 per cent of the Top 100’s arms sales in 2007, while 32 West European companies accounted for 31 per cent of the sales. Russia, Japan, Israel and India accounted for most of the rest. Including US arms sales in US GDP would raise the measure by up to 1.8%. The main original reasons for largely excluding military weaponry expenditures from total asset, investment and gross

neg: Quran desecration Islam. Intentionally desecrating a copy of the Quran is punishable by imprisonment in some countries (up to life imprisonment in Pakistan, according to Article 295-B of the Penal Code) and could lead to death in Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia and Pakistan. In mid-2005, allegations of deliberate desecration of the Quran in front of Muslim prisoners at the United States military Guantanamo Bay detention camp, Cuba fueled widespread controversy and led to ensuing Muslim riots. A US military investigation confirmed four instances of Quran desecration by US personnel (two of which were described as "unintentional"), and fifteen instances of desecration by

neg: Pakistan colonisation. Pakistan is a democratic parliamentary federal republic, with Islam as the state religion. The first constitution was adopted in 1956 but suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958, who replaced it with the second constitution in 1962. A complete and comprehensive constitution was adopted in 1973—it was suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated in 1985—is the country's most important document, laying the foundations of the current government. The Pakistani military establishment has played an influential role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistan's political history. The periods 1958–1971, 1977–1988, and 1999–2008 saw military coups that resulted in the imposition of martial

neg: Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories which the entire US consulate in Lahore was shut down and moved to Islamabad over concerns about security; increased US anger over the refusal of Pakistan to exert pressure on the Taliban and Haqqani group; the death of 40 Pakistanis including many civilians and later 24 Pakistani soldiers from US drone strikes, the cut off of US supplies to Afghanistan by Pakistan. Further adding to the implausibility of Hersh's theory, according to Rashid, is the unlikeliness that either the US would have "calmly accepted" Pakistan's hiding/protecting bin Laden, or that the dozens of Pakistani military, police, fire and bureaucrats—whose silence/complicity

neg: Ibrahim al Qosi 2008, to arrange the phone call. The US Supreme Court ruled in "[[Boumediene v. Bush]]" (2008) that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 was unconstitutional, as it suspended the right of "[[habeas corpus]]" of detainees. Military commissions were suspended. [[File:Guantanamo court room control system.jpg|thumb|The Guantanamo military commission audio system, which has the ability to cut the sound to reporters when witnesses are testifying about classified topics, failed to let reporters hear Padgett's introduction to the court on July 15, 2009.]] On July 15, 2009, al Qosi had his first hearing that year. According to [[Carol Rosenberg]], writing in the "[[Lakeland

neg: Opposition to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014) Eric Egland (Reserve), a career intelligence officer with experience in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq. According to numerous polls, the majority of Americans now want a faster withdrawal from Afghanistan. In February 2011, the Democratic National Committee passed a resolution calling for an acceleration of the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan. Citing the Gallup poll released that month that found that the strong majority 72% of Americans favor action to "speed up the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan", the policy resolution called for "a swift withdrawal of US armed forces and military contractors in Afghanistan which must include a significant and sizable

neg: Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں چودہویں ترمیم) was an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed in 1997, during the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, leader of the Pakistan Muslim League party. It subjected Members of Parliament to very strict party discipline. Party leaders received unlimited power to dismiss any of their legislators from Parliament if they spoke or voted against their party. Since Nawaz' party had an overwhelming majority in Parliament, the Fourteenth Amendment effectively prevented the Prime Minister from being dismissed by a

neg: Ashtar Ausaf Ali two years, was challenged by Hamid Khan in the Supreme Court, while Ausaf advised the government on its defence. Following the Supreme Court's validating military courts on 4 August, 2015, Ausaf called the decision "another strike against terror". Ausaf also said that civilian institutions would be strengthened in tandem with the military courts' time-bound operation over the next two years, along with prosecution and evidence collection. He distinguished previous military courts as tools for military regimes to suppress democracy, whereas the 21st Amendment envisaged them as a constitutional means to convict terrorists. Ausaf was appointed the 32nd Attorney-General for Pakistan

neg: Al-Qaeda Operations Command stormed bin Laden's compound with two helicopters. Bin Laden and those with him were killed during a firefight in which US forces experienced no casualties. According to one US official the attack was carried out without the knowledge or consent of the Pakistani authorities. In Pakistan some people were reported to be shocked at the unauthorized incursion by US armed forces. The site is a few miles from the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul. In his broadcast announcement President Obama said that US forces "took care to avoid civilian casualties." Details soon emerged that three men and a

neg: Pakistan–United States relations informally by its former name, SEAL Team Six) of the [[Joint Special Operations Command]], with support from CIA operatives on the ground. According to Obama administration officials, US officials did not share information about the raid with the government of Pakistan until it was over. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff [[Michael Mullen]] called Pakistan's army chief [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]] at about 3 a.m. local time to inform him of the Abbottabad Operation. According to the Pakistani foreign ministry, the operation was conducted entirely by US forces. Pakistan [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) officials said they were also present at what

neg: Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden the leaked files, in December 2009, the government of Tajikistan had told US-officials that many in Pakistan were aware of bin Laden's whereabouts. The CIA Director and the US defense secretary Leon Panetta stated that Pakistan was "either involved or incompetent." In an interview to CBC television, Obviously the concern has always been how could a compound like this, how could bin Laden be in an area where there were military establishments, where we could see the military operating and not have them know. Regarding the US decision to withhold intelligence about the raid from Pakistan, he said, The concern

neg: Military service Panama officially abolished the entire military in 1992, and transformed it into National Police. Peru abolished conscription in 1999. Poland suspended compulsory military service on 5 December 2008 by the order of the Minister of Defence. Compulsory military service was formally abolished when the Polish parliament amended the conscription law on 9 January 2009; the law came into effect on 11 February 2009. Portugal abolished compulsory military service on 19 November 2004. Before that, military service was mandatory for all men. Romania suspended compulsory military service on 23 October 2006. This came about due to a 2003 constitutional amendment which

neg: American Silver Eagle 27, 1983, Senator McClure introduced another bill () almost identical to S. 2598. As he had in the earlier bill, the senator asked, The bill was referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs which held hearings on April 15, 1983, however, it was not enacted. Some two years later, with sales still suspended, Senator McClure again introduced legislation aimed at requiring potential sales of stockpiled silver to be conducted through the issuance of coins minted from the silver. This time his legislation took the form of an amendment (S.AMDT.418) to , the "Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Commemorative

neg: Israel–United States military relations had been quietly discussing the prospect of ending US aid, with representatives from both countries agreeing at bilateral meetings that Israel no longer needs US military aid. According to Daniel C. Kurtzer, a former US ambassador to Israel, "we may be reaching a point that after discussion of how to assure the security and intelligence cooperation, we can actually phase out the security assistance". Following the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, when the United States temporarily suspended arms shipments to Israel, Israel reportedly reassessed its views on US aid, particularly on the view that it could always depend on a US resupply

neg: Pakistan Armed Forces (of the Chinese and French), built the Mushak trainer (based on the Swedish SAAB Safari), and maintained radar and avionics equipment. After the success of the Mushak, the Super Mushak and the state-of-art Karakoram-8 advanced training jet were produced. The MoDP includes seven other specialized organizations devoted to research and development, production, and administration. In 1987, the KSEW began developing submarine technology and rebuilding the submarine base near Port Qasim. In the 1990s, concerns over Pakistan's secretive development of nuclear weapons led to the "Pressler amendment" (introduced by US Senator Larry Pressler) and an economic and military embargo. This caused

neg: Military history of Pakistan India, but this had little impact to the Johnson Administration and by July 1967, the US withdrew its military assistance advisory group. In response to these events, Pakistan declined to renew the lease on the Peshawar military facility, which ended in 1969. Eventually, US–Pakistan relations grew measurably weaker as the US became more deeply involved in Vietnam and as its broader interest in the security of South Asia waned. The Soviet Union continued the massive build-up of the Indian military and a US arms embargo forced Pakistan to look at other options. It turned to China, North Korea, Germany, Italy

neg: Levy en Masse Act 1803 Masse Act Full text of 43 Geo. 3 c. 120 Levy en Masse Amendment Act Levy en Masse Act 1803 The Levy en Masse Act 1803 (43 Geo. 3 c. 96) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Although formally presented as an amendment of the Defence of the Realm Act 1803, it was actually a major piece of new legislation as it required counties in Great Britain to draw up lists of men for military training and detailed how compulsory training would take place. However, the Act included clauses that military training could be suspended if

neg: Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden had to be some sort of support network for bin Laden inside of Pakistan," Obama said in a "60 Minutes" interview with CBS News. He also added that the United States was not sure "who or what that support network was." In addition to this, in an interview with "Time" magazine, CIA Director Leon Panetta stated that US-officials did not alert Pakistani counterparts to the raid because they feared the terrorist leader would be warned. According to Fred Burton, vice-president of the global intelligence firm Stratfor, officials of ISI, Pakistani military, along with one retired Pakistani military general, had knowledge

neg: National Action Plan (Pakistan) were decided in the APC. The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf (PTI) called off the protests and participated in the APC. However, it abstained from voting the bill and amendment. Jamiat Ulema-e Islam (F) (JUI F) and Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) also abstained from voting. JI proposed that the word religion should be omitted from the text of the bill. JUI insisted that the word sect is objectionable. The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and Awami National Party (ANP) voted in favour of the bill and amendment. National Action Plan (Pakistan) The National Action Plan is an action plan that was established by the Government of

neg: 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan incidents in past in relation to violation of Pakistan's sovereignty did not come to an agreeable conclusion. Pakistan was invited to jointly investigate the incident, but Pakistan refused to participate. On 9 December, Major General Ashfaq claimed that NATO had been monitoring radio transmissions that night and knew they had hit Volcano post. The Pakistani military called the strike "unprovoked and indiscriminate." Government of Pakistan launched a strong protest with U.S and also immediately discontinued the supply to NATO troops located in Afghanistan. Notably, the strike on Saturday came one day after Gen. John Allen, the commander of the US-led

neg: Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2008 in north-west Pakistan, in what was reported by locals to be the 5th such attack in recent days. According to early reports, all of the dead were Taliban, killed by one missile. However, later reports found that missiles hit two buildings, the second in which three women and two children were killed. Military spokesman Maj Murad Khan confirmed the missile attack. An unnamed senior Pentagon official told the BBC that at some point within the past two months President George W. Bush issued a classified order to authorize US raids against militants in Pakistan. Pakistan however said it would not

neg: Ted Kaufman triple non-military aid to Pakistan, providing $1.5 billion per year for development over the next five years. Kaufman has also stressed the need for increased civilian-military training focused on counterinsurgency and stability operations as essential to success in Afghanistan, introducing an amendment to the 2009 Defense Supplemental Appropriations Bill with Senators Richard Lugar (R-IN) and Jack Reed (D-RI). Kaufman has since visited Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan twice more. In May 2009, Kaufman visited Israel, Syria and Turkey to discuss regional security issues and areas of mutual interest and cooperation. He met with foreign government and military officials, political leaders and

neg: Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan and to rampant corruption among leading politicians. The Fourteenth Amendment increased this perception, and contributed to the overwhelming popular support for General Pervez Musharraf's coup in 1999. The Supreme Court subsequently validated the coup on the grounds that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments created a situation for which there was no constitutional remedy. Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں چودہویں ترمیم) was an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed in 1997, during the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, leader of the Pakistan Muslim League party.

neg: West Pakistan supplier of military hardware to India at that time. The United States was one of the first nations to establish relations with Pakistan upon its independence. Pakistan was allied with the US during the Cold war against the USSR. Pakistan was an integral member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), both alliances opposed to the Soviet Union and communism. A major factor in Pakistan's decision to ally with the West was their urgent need for aid. In the years that followed, the US supplied extensive economic, scientific, and military assistance to Pakistan. This

neg: Jacob Mchangama and choice.” In March 2013 Mchangama dismissed the “putative consensus” around UN Human Rights Counsil Resolution 16/18, which was seen as resolving divisions between free-speech advocates and those who would criminalize defamation of religion, as a “charade.” While the US saw the resolution as affrming First Amendment-style speech rights, Pakistan saw it as banning “advocacy of religious hatred.” In the middle were Europeans, who, Mchangama pointed out, were often eager to defend Islam from criticism. While praising the US for “standing firm on the need to counter intolerance and hatred through debate rather than censorship,” Mchangama called on the US

neg: International Defence Exhibition International Defence Exhibition The International Defence Exhibition & Conference, or IDEX, is a biennial arms and defence technology sales exhibition. According to the Jane's Defence Weekly website, IDEX is the largest arms exhibition in the Middle East. The business conducted at the 2005 IDEX totalled 2 billion US dollars. According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the arms sales of the SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies in 2013 (outside China) totalled 402 billion US dollars. IDEX for the past several show have been held in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) at Abu Dhabi and will again host

neg: Same-sex marriage in Oregon the newly adopted constitutional amendment had invalidated them. Since February 2008, same-sex couples have had access to domestic partnerships, which guarantee almost all of the rights of marriage. On March 3, 2004, Multnomah County began issuing licenses to same-sex couples after its attorney issued a legal opinion that such marriages are lawful. On that day, Multnomah County issued 422 marriage licenses, compared to the 68 it issues on an average day. Local businesses reported an increase in the sales of flowers and other marriage-related services directly related to the beginning of same-sex marriages. According to the 2000 US Census, 3,242