query: the great sphinx is associated with which pharaoh 's pyramid

pos: Great Sphinx of Giza New Kingdom () to the Great Sphinx more specifically. Medieval Arab writers, including al-Maqrīzī, call the Sphinx "balhib" and "bilhaw", which suggest a Coptic influence. The modern Egyptian Arabic name is (, ). Though there have been conflicting evidence and viewpoints over the years, the view held by modern Egyptology at large remains that the Great Sphinx was built in approximately 2500 BC for the pharaoh Khafra, the builder of the Second Pyramid at Giza. Selim Hassan, writing in 1949 on recent excavations of the Sphinx enclosure, summed up the problem: The "circumstantial" evidence mentioned by Hassan includes the Sphinx's

pos: Sphinx its construction is uncertain, the head of the Great Sphinx now is believed to bear the likeness of the pharaoh Khafra. What names their builders gave to these statues is not known. At the Great Sphinx site, a 1400 B.C. inscription on a stele belonging to the 18th dynasty pharaoh Thutmose IV lists the names of three aspects of the local sun deity of that period, "Khepera–Rê–Atum". Many pharaohs had their heads carved atop the guardian statues for their tombs to show their close relationship with the powerful solar deity Sekhmet, a lioness. Besides the Great Sphinx, other famous Egyptian

pos: Great Sphinx of Giza location in the context of the funerary complex surrounding the Second Pyramid, which is traditionally connected with Khafra. Apart from the Causeway, the Pyramid and the Sphinx, the complex also includes the Sphinx Temple and Valley Temple, both of which display similar design of their inner courts. The Sphinx Temple was built using blocks cut from the Sphinx enclosure, while those of the Valley Temple were quarried from the plateau, some of the largest weighing upwards of 100 tons. A diorite statue of Khafre, which was discovered buried upside down along with other debris in the Valley Temple, is claimed

pos: Khafra Khafra Khafra (also read as Khafre, Khefren and Chephren) was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of the 4th dynasty during the Old Kingdom. He was the son of Khufu and the throne successor of Djedefre. According to the ancient historian Manetho, Khafra was followed by king Bikheris, but according to archaeological evidences he was rather followed by king Menkaure. Khafra was the builder of the second largest pyramid of Giza. The view held by modern Egyptology at large remains that the Great Sphinx was built in approximately 2500 BC for Khafra. There is not much known about Khafra, except the

pos: Great Sphinx of Giza City Police Department and an expert forensic anthropologist, used detailed measurements of the Sphinx, forensic drawings and computer imaging to conclude the face depicted on the Sphinx is not the same face as is depicted on a statue attributed to Khafra. In 2004, Vassil Dobrev of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale in Cairo announced he had uncovered new evidence the Great Sphinx may have been the work of the little-known Pharaoh Djedefre (2528–2520 BC), Khafra's half brother and a son of Khufu. Dobrev suggests Djedefre built the Sphinx in the image of his father Khufu, identifying him with the sun

pos: Great Sphinx of Giza of the Sphinx, the Giza pyramids and the Nile directly corresponds with Leo, Orion and the Milky Way respectively. Sometimes cited as an example of pseudoarchaeology, the theory is at variance with mainstream scholarship. The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis contends that the main type of weathering evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive rainfall, and must therefore predate the time of the pharaoh Khafra. The hypothesis is championed by René Schwaller de Lubicz (1887–1961), who lived and studied Egyptology for 12 years in Egypt, and by Robert M. Schoch,

pos: Old Kingdom of Egypt pyramid style of building was reached not at Saqqara, but during the building of 'The Great Pyramids' at Giza. Sneferu was succeeded by his son, Khufu (2589–2566 BC), who built the Great Pyramid of Giza. After Khufu's death, his sons Djedefra (2566–2558 BC) and Khafra (2558–2532 BC) may have quarrelled. The latter built the second pyramid and (in traditional thinking) the Sphinx in Giza. Recent reexamination of evidence has led Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev to propose that the Sphinx had been built by Djedefra as a monument to his father Khufu. Alternatively, the Sphinx has been proposed to be the work

pos: Khafra of maceheads inscribed with Khafre's name as well as some stone vessels. The sphinx is said to date to the time of Khafra. This is supported by the proximity of the sphinx to Khafra's pyramid temple complex, and a certain resemblance (despite damage) to the facial structure seen in his statues. The Great Sphinx of Giza may have been carved out as a guardian of Khafra's pyramid, and as a symbol of royal power. It became deified during the time of the New Kingdom. The ancient Egyptian historian Manetho called Khafra “"Sûphis II."” and credited him with a rulership of

pos: Sphinx water erosion hypothesis This reasoning and conclusion was supported in a similar NOVA interview by Mark Lehner, another senior Egyptologist. Other archaeologists who have made similar criticisms include Kenneth Feder. A different argument used by Egyptologists to ascribe the Sphinx to Khafra is the "context" theory, which notes that the Sphinx is located in the context of the funerary complex surrounding the Second Pyramid, which is traditionally connected with Khafra. Apart from the Causeway, the Pyramid and the Sphinx, the complex also includes the Sphinx Temple and the Valley Temple, both of which display the same architectural style, with 100-tonne stone blocks quarried

pos: Black Egyptian hypothesis Giza is unknown. Virtually all Egyptologists and scholars currently believe that the face of the Sphinx represents the likeness of the Pharaoh Khafra, although a few Egyptologists and interested amateurs have proposed several different hypotheses. Scholars from the University of Chicago Oriental Institute excavated at Qustul (near Abu Simbel – Modern Sudan), in 1960–64, and found artifacts which incorporated images associated with Egyptian pharaohs. From this Williams concluded that "Egypt and Nubia A-Group culture shared the same official culture", "participated in the most complex dynastic developments", and "Nubia and Egypt were both part of the great East African substratum". Williams

pos: Khentkaus I once stood. Remains of a statue of a king (possibly Khafra) and the body of a sphinx statue were found in the vestibule of the temple. The vestibule opens up to a court which in turn led to the magazines. Khentkaus I Khentkaus I, also referred to as Khentkawes, was a queen of ancient Egypt during the 4th dynasty. She may have been a daughter of pharaoh Menkaure, wife of both kings Shepseskaf and Userkaf and mother of Sahure. Her Mastaba at Giza – tomb LG100 – is located very close to Menkaure's pyramid complex. This close connection may point

pos: Orion correlation theory the time of construction somewhere between 2520 BC and 2494 BC. Because the limited evidence giving provenance to Khafra is ambiguous, the idea of who built the Sphinx, and when, continues to be the subject of debate. An argument put forward by Bauval and Hancock to support the Orion Correlation Theory is that the construction of the Great Sphinx was begun in 10,500 BC; that the Sphinx's lion-shape is a definitive reference to the constellation of Leo; and that the layout and orientation of the Sphinx, the Giza pyramid complex and the Nile River are an accurate reflection or "map"

pos: Great Sphinx of Giza to suggest that the monument "was once decked out in gaudy comic book colors". Colin Reader has proposed that the Sphinx was probably the focus of solar worship in the Early Dynastic Period, before the Giza Plateau became a necropolis in the Old Kingdom (). He ties this in with his conclusions that the Sphinx, the Sphinx temple, the Causeway and the Khafra mortuary temple are all part of a complex which predates Dynasty IV (). The lion has long been a symbol associated with the sun in ancient Near Eastern civilizations. Images depicting the Egyptian king in the form

pos: Great Sphinx of Giza as support for the Khafra theory. The Dream Stele, erected much later by the pharaoh Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC), associates the Sphinx with Khafra. When the stele was discovered, its lines of text were already damaged and incomplete, and only referred to "Khaf", not Khafra. An extract was translated: Egyptologist Thomas Young, finding the "Khaf" hieroglyphs in a damaged cartouche used to surround a royal name, inserted the glyph "ra" to complete Khafra's name. When the Stele was re-excavated in 1925, the lines of text referring to "Khaf" flaked off and were destroyed. Theories held by academic Egyptologists

pos: Ancient Egyptian race controversy Egyptologists and scholars currently believe that the face of the Sphinx represents the likeness of the Pharaoh Khafra, although a few Egyptologists and interested amateurs have proposed several different hypotheses. Numerous Afrocentric scholars, such as Du Bois, Diop, and Asante have characterized the face of the Sphinx as Black, or "Negroid". Another early description of a "Negroid" Sphinx is recorded in the travel notes of a French scholar, who visited in Egypt between 1783 and 1785, Volney along with French novelist Gustave Flaubert. American geologist Robert M. Schoch has written that the "Sphinx has a distinctive African, Nubian, or Negroid

neg: Ancient Egyptian architecture fathers. It is not as tall as his father's pyramid but he was able to give it the impression of appearing taller by building it on a site with a foundation 33 feet (10 m) higher than his father's. Along with building his pyramid, Chefren commissioned the building of the giant Sphinx as guardian over his tomb. The face of a human, possibly a depiction of the pharaoh, on a lion's body was seen as a symbol of divinity among the Greeks fifteen hundred years later. The Great Sphinx is carved out of the limestone bedrock and stands about 65

neg: Giza pyramid complex an active site. A brick-built chapel was constructed near the Sphinx during the early 18th dynasty, probably by King Thutmose I. Amenhotep II built a temple dedicated to Hauron-Haremakhet near the Sphinx. Pharaoh Thutmose IV visited the pyramids and the Sphinx as a prince and in a dream was told that clearing the sand from the Sphinx would be rewarded with kingship. This event is recorded in the Dream stela. During the early years of his reign, Thutmose IV together with his wife Queen Nefertari had stelae erected at Giza. Pharaoh Tutankhamun had a structure built, which is now referred

neg: Great Sphinx of Giza existence in the days of Khafre, or Khephren, and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the archaic period []." Maspero believed the Sphinx to be "the most ancient monument in Egypt". Rainer Stadelmann, former director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo, examined the distinct iconography of the "nemes" (headdress) and the now-detached beard of the Sphinx and concluded the style is more indicative of the Pharaoh Khufu (2589–2566 BC), known to the Greeks as Cheops, builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza and

neg: Great Sphinx of Giza of a lion smiting his enemies date as far back as the Early Dynastic Period. In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the god "Hor-em-akhet" (Hellenized: "Harmachis") or "Horus-at-the-Horizon", which represented the pharaoh in his role as the "Shesep-ankh" (English: "Living Image") of the god Atum. Pharaoh Amenhotep II (1427–1401 or 1397 BC) built a temple to the north east of the Sphinx nearly 1000 years after its construction, and dedicated it to the cult of "Hor-em-akhet". In the last 700 years, there has been a proliferation of travellers and reports from Lower Egypt, unlike Upper

neg: Nubwenet Nubwenet Nubwenet (sometimes written as "Nebuunet") was an ancient Egyptian queen consort, a wife of Pharaoh Pepi I of the 6th dynasty. Her titles were: "Great one of the hetes-sceptre" ("wrt-ḥts"), "She who sees Horus and Seth" ("m33t-ḥrw-stš"), "Great of Praises" ("wrt-hzwt"), "King’s Wife, his beloved" ("hmt-niswt mryt.f"), "Beloved King’s Wife of Pepi-Mennefer" ("ḥmt-niswt-nt-ppy-mn-nfr-mryt.f"), "Companion of Horus" ("smrt-ḥrw"). Nubwenet is buried in a pyramid which is associated with the pyramid complex of Pepi I Saqqara. Nebwenet's pyramid complex lies at the far Eastern part of Pepi I's pyramid complex. Nebwenet had a small pyramid (the sides were ca 21 m

neg: Sphinx of Taharqo sphinx is an image of a black pharaoh from sub-Saharan Africa, and its message was to point out that this black pharaoh stood in a long line of great Egyptian rulers. Sphinx of Taharqo The Sphinx of Taharqo is a granite gneiss statue of a sphinx with the face of Taharqo. He was a Nubian king, who was one of the 25th Egyptian Dynasty (about 747-656 BC) rulers of the Kingdom of Kush. It is now in the British Museum in London. While the Sphinx of Taharqo is significantly smaller (73 centimeters long) than the Giza Sphinx (73 meters long),

neg: Userkaf the Old Kingdom period beyond that of the Giza Sphinx and the only colossal royal statue from this time period. Many more fragments of statues of the king made of diorite and granite have been found at the same site. Userkaf is the first pharaoh to build a dedicated temple to the sun god Ra in the Memphite necropolis north of Abusir, on a promontory on the desert edge just south of the modern locality of Abu Gurab. The only possible predecessor for Userkaf's sun temple was the temple associated with the Great Sphinx of Giza, which may have been

neg: Great Pyramid of Cholula its final dimensions of 450 metres on each side at the base and 66 metres tall. This base, measuring a total of 160,000 square meters is three times the area of the 53,056.5 square meter base area of Pharaoh Khufu's Great Pyramid of Giza and is the largest pyramid base in the Americas. The earliest construction phase features talud-tablero architecture that is characteristic of the region, and that became strongly associated with the great metropolis of Teotihuacan. Some of the pyramid constructions have had burials, with skeletons found in various positions, with many offerings, especially ceramics. The last state of

neg: Nubwenet long and the pyramid was ca 21 m high) and a small mortuary complex, which is now mostly destroyed. The pyramid was made from limestone, while the temple was constructed from mudbrick. Nubwenet Nubwenet (sometimes written as "Nebuunet") was an ancient Egyptian queen consort, a wife of Pharaoh Pepi I of the 6th dynasty. Her titles were: "Great one of the hetes-sceptre" ("wrt-ḥts"), "She who sees Horus and Seth" ("m33t-ḥrw-stš"), "Great of Praises" ("wrt-hzwt"), "King’s Wife, his beloved" ("hmt-niswt mryt.f"), "Beloved King’s Wife of Pepi-Mennefer" ("ḥmt-niswt-nt-ppy-mn-nfr-mryt.f"), "Companion of Horus" ("smrt-ḥrw"). Nubwenet is buried in a pyramid which is associated with

neg: Great Sphinx of Giza Great Sphinx of Giza The Great Sphinx of Giza (, , ; literally: Father of Dread), commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human. Facing directly from West to East, it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the Pharaoh Khafre. Cut from the bedrock, the original shape of the Sphinx has been restored with

neg: Great Sphinx of Giza regarding the builder of the Sphinx and the date of its construction are not universally accepted, and various persons have proposed alternative hypotheses about both the builder and dating. Some early Egyptologists and excavators of the Giza pyramid complex believed the Great Sphinx and associated temples to predate the fourth dynasty rule of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. Flinders Petrie wrote in 1883 regarding the state of opinion regarding the age of the nearby temples, and by extension the Sphinx: "The date of the Granite Temple [Valley Temple] has been so positively asserted to be earlier than the fourth dynasty, that

neg: Sphinx sphinxes include one bearing the head of the pharaoh Hatshepsut, with her likeness carved in granite, which is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the alabaster sphinx of Memphis, Memphis, Egypt, currently located within the open-air museum at that site. The theme was expanded to form great avenues of guardian sphinxes lining the approaches to tombs and temples as well as serving as details atop the posts of flights of stairs to very grand complexes. Nine hundred sphinxes with ram heads, representing Amon, were built in Thebes, where his cult was strongest. The Great Sphinx

neg: Old Kingdom of Egypt BC), which began with Sneferu (2613–2589 BC). After Djoser, Pharaoh Snefru was the next great pyramid builder. Snefru commissioned the building of not one, but three pyramids. The first is called the Meidum pyramid, named for its location in Egypt. Snefru abandoned it after the outside casing fell off of the pyramid. The Meidum pyramid was the first to have an above-ground burial chamber. Using more stones than any other Pharaoh, he built the three pyramids: a now collapsed pyramid in Meidum, the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur, and the Red Pyramid, at North Dahshur. However, the full development of the

neg: Sekhemkhet steps and a final height of 240.5 ft (140 cubits). These proportions would have given the pyramid an angle of elevation of 51˚50', identical to the pyramid at Meidum and the Great Pyramid at Giza. Like Djoser´s pyramid, Sekhemkhet's was built of limestone blocks. The monument was not finished, possibly because of the pharaoh´s sudden death. Only the first step of the pyramid was completed, leaving a monument in the shape of a large square mastaba. The entrance to Sekhemkhet´s burial lies on the northern side of the pyramid. An open passage leads down for 200 ft. Halfway down the

neg: Khafre Enthroned night in the west, yet is again reborn in the east the next morning. The rhythm of the horizontal axis used in the funeral procession parallels with eternalness of the pharaoh. Once on the west bank of the Nile, Khafre's mummy would travel along the causeway, or pathway, passing by the Valley Temple of Khafre where the Khafre Enthroned statue would be located. Next along the causeway is the Great Sphinx, a creature with a Pharaoh head and cat body carved out of the living/natural rock of the area. Many believe that the face of the sphinx is actually Khafre,

neg: Sphinx water erosion hypothesis Sphinx water erosion hypothesis The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis is a fringe claim contending that the main type of weathering evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx was caused by prolonged and extensive rainfall that would have predated the time of Djedefre and Khafre, the Pharaohs credited by most modern Egyptologists with building the Great Sphinx and Second Pyramid at Giza around 2500 BC. Egyptologists, geologists and others have rejected the water erosion hypothesis and the idea of an older Sphinx, offering various alternative explanations for the cause and date of the erosion. R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz,

neg: Qakare Ibi pyramid was excavated from 1929 until 1931 by Gustave Jéquier. Ibi's pyramid is the last ever built in Saqqara, located to the northeast of Shepseskaf's tomb and near the causeway of the pyramid of Pepi II. It is very similar in plan, dimensions and decorations to the pyramids of the queens of Pepi II, the last great pharaoh of the Old Kingdom. Consequently it was proposed that the pyramid was originally that of Ankhnespepi IV ("ˁnḫ-n=s ppj", "Pepi lives for her") a wife of Pepi II, and was only later appropriated by Ibi. Adjacent to the pyramid is a small

neg: History of science and technology in Africa to Pharaoh Khasekhemwy, originally the boats were all thought to have belonged to him. One of the 14 ships dates to 3000 BC, however, and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh, possibly Pharaoh Aha. Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together, using pitch for caulking the seams. The "Khufu ship", a 43.6-meter vessel sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza in the Fourth Dynasty around 2500 BCE, is a full-size surviving example which may have

neg: Giza pyramid complex to as the king's resthouse. During the 19th dynasty, Seti I added to the temple of Hauron-Haremakhet, and his son Ramesses II erected a stela in the chapel before the Sphinx and usurped the resthouse of Tutankhamun. During the 21st dynasty, the Temple of Isis Mistress-of-the-Pyramids was reconstructed. During the 26th dynasty, a stela made in this time mentions Khufu and his Queen Henutsen. Giza pyramid complex The Giza pyramid complex is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. It includes the three Great Pyramids (Khufu/Cheops, Khafre/Chephren and Menkaure/Mykerinos)), the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries,

neg: Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Their calculations suggest the workforce could have sustained a rate of 180 blocks per hour (3 blocks/minute) with ten-hour work days for putting each individual block in place. They derived these estimates from modern third-world construction projects that did not use modern machinery, but conclude it is still unknown exactly how the Great Pyramid was built. As Dr. Craig Smith of the team points out: The entire Giza Plateau is believed to have been constructed over the reign of five pharaohs in less than a hundred years, which generally includes: the Great Pyramid, Khafre and Menkaure's pyramids, the Great Sphinx,

neg: Great Sphinx of Giza the creators called their statue, as the Great Sphinx does not appear in any known inscription of the Old Kingdom and there are no inscriptions anywhere describing its construction or its original purpose. In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx was revered as the solar deity "Hor-em-akhet" (; ; Hellenized: "Harmachis"), and the pharaoh Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC) specifically referred to it as such in his "Dream Stele". The commonly used name "Sphinx" was given to it in classical antiquity, about 2000 years after the commonly accepted date of its construction by reference to a Greek mythological beast with

neg: Ancient Egyptian architecture on the Nile, some 20 kilometers (12 mi) southwest of Cairo city center. This Ancient Egyptian necropolis consists of the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the "Great Pyramid" and the "Pyramid of Cheops"), the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Kephren/Chefren), and the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus/Mycerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as "queens" pyramids, the Great Sphinx as well as a few hundred mastabas, and chapels. The pyramids, which were built in the Fourth Dynasty, testify to the power of the pharaonic religion and state. They were built to serve both

neg: Great Pyramid of Giza the pyramid for nobles. Egyptologists believe the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenized as "Cheops") and was constructed over a 20-year period. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon) is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid. It is thought that, at construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian Royal cubits tall (), but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion, its present height is . Each base side was 440 cubits, long. The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes. The volume, including

neg: Tony Ricca Piper. Ricca wrestled with World Wrestling Entertainment throughout 1991. After wrestling with WWE in 1991, Ricca looked to create the right persona for his career. In 1992, during Easter weekend, Ricca, watching "The Ten Commandments" with friends, saw the Pharaoh character. That was the start of his most popular persona known as The Pharaoh. Before debuting as The Pharaoh, he decided to further his training by taking private gymnastic lessons to execute a moonsault, which he dubbed "The Sphinx". Ricca debuted as The Pharaoh on June 12, 1992, and won using "The Sphinx". The local newspaper quoted the move as

neg: Giza pyramid complex only thing that remains. The mortuary temple was connected to the king's pyramid. The king's pyramid has three smaller queen's pyramids associated with it and five boat pits. The boat pits contained a ship, and the 2 pits on the south side of the pyramid still contained intact ships. One of these ships has been restored and is on display. Khufu's pyramid still has a limited collection of casing stones at its base. These casing stones were made of fine white limestone quarried from the nearby range. Khafre's pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, the Sphinx temple, a causeway,

neg: Giza pyramid complex Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is by far the oldest of the ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. The Pyramids of Giza consist of the Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu and constructed ), the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Chephren) a few hundred meters to the south-west, and the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinos) a few hundred meters farther south-west. The Great Sphinx lies on the east side of the complex. Current consensus

neg: Shipbuilding The ship dating to 3000 BC was about 25 m, 75 feet long and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh. According to professor O'Connor, the 5,000-year-old ship may have even belonged to Pharaoh Aha. Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together, using pitch for caulking the seams. The "Khufu ship", a 43.6-meter vessel sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza in the Fourth Dynasty around 2500 BC, is a full-size surviving example which may have

neg: Great Sphinx of Giza layers of blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (). The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion

neg: Ancient Egyptian technology with its architectural monuments, which include the pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx—among the largest and most famous buildings in the world. The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian pyramids—huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the largest constructions by humans. Pyramids functioned as tombs for pharaohs. In Ancient Egypt, a pyramid was referred to as "mer", literally "place of ascendance." The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. The base is over in area. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the

neg: Giza pyramid complex Giza pyramid complex The Giza pyramid complex is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. It includes the three Great Pyramids (Khufu/Cheops, Khafre/Chephren and Menkaure/Mykerinos)), the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' village and an industrial complex. It is located in the Western Desert, approximately 9 km (5 mi) west of the Nile river at the old town of Giza, and about 13 km (8 mi) southwest of Cairo city centre. The pyramids, which have historically been common as emblems of ancient Egypt in the Western imagination, were popularised in Hellenistic times, when the

neg: Great Pyramid of Giza Great Pyramid of Giza The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10- to 20-year period

neg: Fourth Dynasty of Egypt short reign. He chose to build his pyramid close to his father, it matching in style and almost as large. At the front of the pyramid's causeway lies the Great Sphinx that is said to bear his features. There is still debate on whether his Sphinx was erected before Djedefre's. Khafre's Sphinx was well-known and closer to his subjects making it harder to determine which was built first due to biased record keeping. Like many kings in this dynasty, his reign is uncertain, being projected for over 63 years but it can certainly be an exaggeration. Menkaure succeeded his father,

neg: Southern South Saqqara pyramid Southern South Saqqara pyramid The Southern South Saqqara Pyramid (also Unfinished Pyramid at South Saqqara; Lepsius XLVI; SAK S 6) is an ancient Egyptian royal tomb which was built during the 13th Dynasty in South Saqqara, and is renowned for having the most elaborate hypogeum since the late 12th Dynasty pyramids. The building remained unfinished and is still unknown which pharaoh was really intended to be buried here since no appropriate inscription has been found. The pyramid was rediscovered in the 1910-11 campaign by Ernest Mackay and Flinders Petrie; in 1929-30 Gustave Jéquier performed a detailed exploration of the complex.<br>

neg: Sphinx of Memphis Sphinx of Memphis The Sphinx of Memphis is a stone sphinx located near the remains of Memphis, Egypt. The carving was believed to take place between 1700 and 1400 BC, which was during the 18th dynasty. It is unknown which pharaoh is being honored and there are no inscriptions to supply information. The facial features imply that the Sphinx is honoring Hatshepsut or Amenhotep II or Amenhotep III. The Alabaster Sphinx was discovered in 1912 when an affiliate from the British School in America spotted a uniquely carved object jutting out of a sand hill. It was so far in

neg: Egyptian pyramids the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence. This site, halfway between Giza and Abusir, is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka, while the southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid, may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba, a close successor of Sekhemkhet. If this attribution is correct, Khaba's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid. Today it

neg: Four Ways to Pharaoh Khufu U.S. Army Iraqi War veteran, tours the Great Pyramid and discovers a stranger, German design-engineer Gunther Schulze, struggling to breathe and dying inside the Grand Gallery. Their encounter sends Michael on a quest, which eventually reveals one of the greatest deceptions in the after-burial of the most powerful and influential pharaoh in Egyptian history. Critical reception for Four Ways to Pharaoh Khufu was positive. Kirkus Reviews offered the novel muted praise: "...Marmer has produced a crackling read, full of exotic settings and intriguing ideas. Four Ways to Pharaoh Khufu Four Ways to Pharaoh Khufu is a 2015 debut novel by

neg: Egyptian pyramids (or Chephren); the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as "Queen's pyramids"; and the Great Sphinx of Giza. Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing, near its apex. This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction – it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume. The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity and was popularized in Hellenistic times when

neg: Sphinx of Memphis one of the few masterpieces that survived this pillaging. During its time this statue was also displayed near a Temple in honor of Ptah. Ptah was the creator of the world to the Egyptians. Sphinx of Memphis The Sphinx of Memphis is a stone sphinx located near the remains of Memphis, Egypt. The carving was believed to take place between 1700 and 1400 BC, which was during the 18th dynasty. It is unknown which pharaoh is being honored and there are no inscriptions to supply information. The facial features imply that the Sphinx is honoring Hatshepsut or Amenhotep II or

neg: The Indestructibles them not to be completely perfect). Hancock and Bauval claim these inaccuracies mean that the Great Pyramid and by extension the Sphinx were built "c". 10,500 BC, a suggestion not widely accepted. The entrances to all the Fourth Dynasty pyramids at Giza (the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure) are in their north faces and the corridors are sloped down from the entrances in such a way that both the circumpolar stars and the pole star were visible. The positioning of the pyramids is such that they do not block each other's views of these

neg: Headless Pyramid of structure and materials that were typical of that era. Although no inscriptions with the name of a pharaoh were found, Hawass attributed it to Menkauhor because he is the only pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty whose pyramid has not been identified. The pyramid had a length of approximately and was probably aligned with the pyramid of Teti. Virtually nothing is left of the superstructure, hence its name. On the north side lies the entrance to the underground chamber system, which was sealed by two granite portcullises. A broken sarcophagus lid was found in the burial chamber. Headless Pyramid The

neg: Great Sphinx of Giza in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and style of the pleats on the headdress. Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as "Negroid" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx. This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole. At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to ,

neg: Pyramid of Merikare pharaoh were uncovered, Hawass attributed the pyramid to Menkauhor since he is the only pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty whose pyramid had not been identified. If Berlandini and Hawass are correct, then the pyramid of Merikare remains undiscovered, somewhere in the sands of Saqqara. Pyramid of Merikare The Pyramid of Merikare is an ancient Egyptian pyramid that remains unidentified, but is attested by inscriptions on funerary steles and possibly is located in Saqqara. The pyramid is presumed to be the burial place of the Herakleopolitan pharaoh Merikare, who ruled toward the end of the Tenth Dynasty c. 2040 BC during

neg: Akhet (hieroglyph) associated with recreation and rebirth. Akhet (hieroglyph) Akhet (; Gardiner:N27) is an Egyptian hieroglyph that represents the sun rising over a mountain. It is translated as "horizon" or "the place in the sky where the sun rises". Betrò describes it as "Mountain with the Rising Sun" and an ideogram for "horizon". Akhet appears in the Egyptian name for the Great Pyramid of Giza ("Akhet Khufu") and in the assumed name of the pharaoh Akhenaten. It also appears in the name of the syncretized form of Ra and Horus, Ra-Horakhty ("", "Ra–Horus of the Horizons"). In Egyptian architecture, the pylon mirrored

neg: Louvre Pyramid of an Egyptian death symbol in the middle of Paris. Meanwhile, political critics referred to the structure as "Pharaoh Francois' Pyramid". Many still continue to feel the harsh modernism of the edifice is out of place. During the design phase, there was a proposal that the design include a spire on the pyramid to simplify window washing. Pei objected, however, and this proposal was eliminated. It has been claimed by some that the glass panes in the Louvre Pyramid number exactly 666, "the number of the beast", often associated with Satan. Dominique Stezepfandt's book "François Mitterrand, Grand Architecte de l'Univers"

neg: Dream Stele Dream Stele The Dream Stele, also called the Sphinx Stele, is an epigraphic stele belonging to the Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose IV. It was erected in the first year of the king's reign, 1401 BC, during the 18th dynasty. As was common with other New Kingdom rulers, the epigraph makes claim to a divine legitimisation to pharaohship. Partial text: The Dream Stele is a vertical rectangular stele, 360 cm Ht, 218 cm W, 70 cm D. The upper scene lunette, shows Thutmose IV on the right and left making offerings to the Great Sphinx. In 2012 a surgeon at Imperial

neg: Sphinx to other cultural traditions. Sphinxes depictions are generally associated with architectural structures such as royal tombs or religious temples. The oldest known sphinx was found near Gobekli Tepe at another site, Nevali Çori, or possibly 195 kilometres (120 mi) to the east at Kortik Tepe, Turkey, and was dated to 9,500 B.C. The largest and most famous sphinx is the Great Sphinx of Giza, situated on the Giza Plateau adjacent to the Great Pyramids of Giza on the west bank of the Nile River and facing east (). The sphinx is located southeast of the pyramids. Although the date of

neg: Hall of Records Hall of Records The Hall of Records is an ancient library claimed by Edgar Cayce to have been deposited at the time of Imhotep at Saqqara in Egypt. It has been suggested that the Hall of Records is under the Great Sphinx of Giza, which is in the Giza pyramid complex. There is no evidence to indicate that the Hall of Records ever existed. In 1998, Zahi Hawass, Chief Director of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, undertook excavations beneath the main body of the Sphinx at Giza and rediscovered access tunnels to several large, apparently natural, caves directly under the

neg: Pyramid of Merikare twentieth century identifying the pyramid of Merikare with the Lepsius pyramid no. XXIX, located in Saqqara-north and commonly known as the "”Headless Pyramid”". Later, this hypothesis was rejected by some scholars such as Jocelyne Berlandini who proposed in 1979 that the Headless Pyramid is more likely to belong to the Fifth Dynasty pharaoh Menkauhor, the only Fifth Dynasty ruler whose pyramid had not been identified formally. Berlandini based her conclusion on the construction techniques featured in the pyramid as well as the fact that, to a great extent, the priests of the funerary cult of Menkauhor were buried in northern

neg: Djedi Project Djedi Project The Djedi Project is intended to explore the interior of the Great Pyramid of Giza and pyramid Temple 20 at Palenque. The project team is made up of international and Egyptian experts. The name derived from Djedi, the ancient Egyptian magician consulted by Pharaoh Khufu when planning his famous pyramid. As Dr. Zahi Hawass announced on his blog: ""The purpose of this project is to send a robotic tunnel explorer into the two “air shafts” that lead from the Queen's Chamber of the Great Pyramid of Khufu to gather evidence to determine the purpose of the shafts."" The

neg: Djedi Project taken of markings within the shafts. Djedi Project The Djedi Project is intended to explore the interior of the Great Pyramid of Giza and pyramid Temple 20 at Palenque. The project team is made up of international and Egyptian experts. The name derived from Djedi, the ancient Egyptian magician consulted by Pharaoh Khufu when planning his famous pyramid. As Dr. Zahi Hawass announced on his blog: ""The purpose of this project is to send a robotic tunnel explorer into the two “air shafts” that lead from the Queen's Chamber of the Great Pyramid of Khufu to gather evidence to determine

neg: Giza pyramid complex among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx is that of Khafre. Along with these major monuments are a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as "queens" pyramids, causeways and valley pyramids. Khufu’s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, now buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and nummulitic limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated. The valley temple was connected to a causeway which was largely destroyed when the village was constructed. The causeway led to the Mortuary Temple of Khufu. From this temple the basalt pavement is the

neg: Pyramid of Khafre made of limestone is much more weathered. The so-called temple of the Sphinx is not attested to any king, but structural similarities to Khafre's mortuary temple point to him as its builder. Opening to a hall with 24 columns, each with its own statue, two sanctuaries and symmetric design, it is possible but unsure if this temple had any symbolism attached to the finished plan. The sphinx, probably built out of a rock formation used to cut the blocks for the pyramid itself, may have been part of the complex. Pyramid of Khafre The Pyramid of Khafre or of Chephren

neg: Djedefre his (now ruined) pyramid at Abu Rawash, some to the north of Giza. It is the northernmost part of the Memphite necropolis. Some believe that the sphinx of his wife, Hetepheres II, was the first sphinx created. It was part of Djedefre's pyramid complex at Abu Rawash. In 2004, evidence that Djedefre is responsible for the building of the Sphinx at Giza in the image of his father was reported by the French Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev. While Egyptologists previously assumed that his pyramid at the heavily denuded site of Abu Rawash—some north of Giza—was unfinished upon his death, more recent

neg: Pyramid of Pepi I Pyramid of Pepi I The Pyramid of Pepi I (in ancient Egyptian Men-nefer-Pepi meaning Pepi's splendor is enduring) was built in the 24th or 23rd century BC for the Egyptian pharaoh Pepi I, the third king of the Sixth Dynasty. It is situated in the southern archaeological complex of Saqqara, Egypt. It was excavated in the 1960s by the French Archaeological Mission of Saqqara (MafS) which, all around the main pharaoh's pyramid, discovered about ten new pyramids for the queens and family of this pharaoh. Several have Pyramid Texts (Akhenespepy II, Behenou, Reherichefnakht) The pyramid was constructed in the same

neg: Pyramidology 10,500 BC, but that the pyramids were built around 2,500 BC. This theory was based on their initial claims regarding the alignment of the Giza pyramids with Orion ("…the three pyramids were a terrestrial map of the three stars of Orion's belt"— Hancock's "Fingerprints of the Gods", 1995, p. 375) are later joined with speculation about the age of the Great Sphinx (Hancock and Bauval, "Keeper of Genesis", published 1996, and in 1997 in the U.S. as "The Message of the Sphinx"). Linked to the pseudoarchaeological ancient astronaut theory and Orion correlation theory are related claims that the Great Pyramid

neg: Great Pyramid of Giza of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it. After , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional to the lower Chamber, which appears not to have been finished. There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber. Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber, but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid. The "Queen's Chamber" is exactly halfway between the

neg: Inventory Stela pyramid(s)". And, third of all, Henutsen was a queen consort, her actual parents are unknown and she is not known to have borne the title "king's daughter". Despite these scholarly conclusions, people who adhere to the hypothesis that the Great Sphinx and the pyramids are much older than Egyptologists want to believe, consider the stela as a proof supporting such claims. Inventory Stela The Inventory Stela (also known as King's Daughter's Stela) is an Ancient Egyptian commemorative tablet dating to the 26th Dynasty (c. 670 BC). It was found in Giza during the 19th century. The stela presents a list

neg: Sphinx of Taharqo of Taharqo. The hieroglyphics on the statue explain that it is a portrait of the great King Taharqo, the fourth pharaoh to rule over the combined kingdoms of Kush and Ancient Egypt during the Third Intermediate Period. The sphinx is made of sandy grey granite. Taharqo was the last Nubian king who ruled over Egypt. He was defeated by the Assyrian kings Esarhaddon and Aššurbanipal. His reign lasted from 690 when he succeeded Shebitqo to his death in 664. He was the son of Piye and Abar and the father to his daughter, Amenirdis II. Taharqo was one of the

neg: Bronze Sphinx of Thutmose III Bronze Sphinx of Thutmose III The Bronze Sphinx of Thutmose III is a statuette of a sphinx made during the 18th Dynasty of Egypt under the reight of Thutmose III, who ruled from c. 1479 to 1425 BCE. Adorned with multiple symbols of royal power, it might have been an element or a lock. It was purchased by the Louvre in 1826, and is part of the permanent collections — display case 4 in Room 637 (formerly 24), Sully Wing, first floor. The statuette is adorned with gold inlays highlighting symbols of royal power. The sphinx depicts Pharaoh reclining on

neg: Ancient Egyptian solar ships being used in water, and it is possible that these ships were funerary barges. Seven boat pits have been identified around the Great Pyramid. Five of which belong to the Great Pyramid proper. The other 2 are associated with the pyramid of Hetepheres (GIa) and the pyramid of the Ka (GId). Khufu's boat pits are located on the eastern side of the pyramid and the southern side. The Khufu ship is an intact full-size vessel from Ancient Egypt that was sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500

neg: Egyptian pyramids in the area (North Sudan). The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the major pyramids mentioned here. Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built, his approximate reign, and its location. Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone. Papyri discovered at the Egyptian desert near the Red Sea, in 2013 by archaeologist Pierre Tallet, revealed the journal of Merer, an official of Egypt involved in transporting limestone along the Nile River. These papyri reveal processes in the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza, the tomb of the Pharaoh

neg: Pyramid of Merikare Pyramid of Merikare The Pyramid of Merikare is an ancient Egyptian pyramid that remains unidentified, but is attested by inscriptions on funerary steles and possibly is located in Saqqara. The pyramid is presumed to be the burial place of the Herakleopolitan pharaoh Merikare, who ruled toward the end of the Tenth Dynasty c. 2040 BC during the First Intermediate Period. Sometimes, the "Headless Pyramid" in North Saqqara is identified as the pyramid of Merikare, although the latter is more likely to belong to pharaoh Menkauhor. Although undiscovered, the pyramid of Merikare is the only attested pyramid of a king belonging

neg: Headless Pyramid Headless Pyramid The Headless Pyramid is an ancient Egyptian pyramid in Saqqara. It was most likely built by the Fifth Dynasty Pharaoh Menkauhor. Karl Richard Lepsius, who visited Egypt in 1843 provided a first brief description and catalogued it as number XXIX (29) in his pyramid list. Gaston Maspero entered the underground chambers in 1881. A first, very brief, and unsystematic excavation of the ruins was made in 1930 by Cecil M. Firth. Then the ruins were once again covered with sand.<br> In 1994, Jaromir Malek proposed that the Headless Pyramid should be the long-sought pyramid of Merikare (a pharaoh

neg: The Upuaut Project The Upuaut Project The Upuaut Project was a scientific exploration of the so-called "air shafts" of the Great Pyramid of Cheops at the Giza Plateau, which was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu. It was managed by Rudolf Gantenbrink during three campaigns (two in 1992 and one in 1993). It involved sending a miniature mobile robot up the two shafts. The Upuaut Project was the subject of a television documentary. The project resulted in the finding of a "sealed block" at the end of the air shaft. The research at the Great Pyramid is currently continued by

neg: Pyramid of Neferirkare Pyramid of Neferirkare The Pyramid of Neferirkare (in ancient Egyptian the Ba of Neferirkare) was built for the Fifth Dynasty pharaoh Neferirkare Kakai referred to as Neferirkare in the 25th century BC. It was the tallest structure located on the highest site at the necropolis of Abusir found between Giza and Saqqara and still towers over the necropolis today. The pyramid is also significant because its evacuation led to the discovery of the Abusir papyri. The Fifth Dynasty marked the end of the great pyramid constructions during the Old Kingdom. Pyramids of the era were smaller and becoming more standardized,

neg: Schoenhofen Pyramid Mausoleum Cemetery. The Schoenhofen Pyramid Mausoleum is a steep sided tomb designed, like many of the monuments at Chicago's Graceland Cemetery, in the Egyptian Revival style. The tomb is a family mausoleum constructed from gray granite. The pyramid structure is set upon a square base. To the left of the entryway, is an angel, on the right of the entry stands a sphinx. The pyramid's design combines both Egyptian (the sphinx) and Christian (the angel) symbols. Regardless, the American Institute of Architects' Chicago guide book called the angel "rather out-of-place". The door to the pyramid is styled after the gateways at

neg: Pharaoh (module) long-dead Pharaoh, cursed to wander the sands of his now-deserted land for time on end, in search of the ones who can break the curse and free him from this world. The characters soon find themselves searching for items which will end the curse and bring them wealth and power. There are five levels to explore in the pyramid, and a large exterior temple. The TSR version of "Pharaoh" is an Egyptian-styled adventure that includes a pyramid map and a trap-filled maze. In "Pharaoh", the player characters (PCs) are driven into the desert for a crime they did not commit.

neg: Sphinx (Marvel Comics) energy projection; telepathy; teleportation and flight. The Sphinx also possesses knowledge of ancient Egyptian sorcery. Sphinx (Marvel Comics) The Sphinx is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first version of Sphinx first appeared in "Nova" #6 (Feb. 1977) and was created by Marv Wolfman and Sal Buscema. The second version of Sphinx first appears in "New Warriors" #4 and was created by Fabian Nicieza. Anath-Na Mut is a magician in the court of Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II. Defeated in a duel of magic by the prophet Moses, the magician is

neg: Great Sphinx of Giza god Ra in order to restore respect for their dynasty. Dobrev also notes, like Stadelmann and others, the causeway connecting Khafre's pyramid to the temples was built around the Sphinx, suggesting it was already in existence at the time. The Orion correlation theory, as expounded by popular authors Graham Hancock and Robert Bauval, is based on the proposed exact correlation of the three pyramids at Giza with the three stars ζ Ori, ε Ori and δ Ori, the stars forming Orion's Belt, in the relative positions occupied by these stars in 10500 BC. The authors argue that the geographic relationship

neg: Neferkare Neby at Ankhesenpepi II's tomb, and is also inscribed on her sarcophagus. These attestations show that Neferkare Neby's mother was apparently Queen Ankhesenpepi II, which would presumably make his father Pepi II Neferkare, the last great pharaoh of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The stele of Ankhesenpepi II records that Neferkare Neby begun the construction of a pyramid, possibly at Saqqara and named him as "Ḏd-ˁnḫ Nfr-k3-rˁ nbjj", that is Djedankh Neferkare Neby and which means “Neferkare Neby is Enduring of Life”. The location of the pyramid is unknown and it most probably never significantly entered the building stage. Like many

neg: Inykhnum Inykhnum Inykhnum (also read as Khnum-Iny) was an ancient Egyptian high-ranking official who worked and lived during the transition time between 2nd dynasty and 3rd dynasty. The king(s) under which he served are not known for certain, the subject being currently highly disputed. Inykhnum's name appears exclusively in black ink inscriptions on alabaster shards and vessel fragments as well as on a few limestone shards. These artifacts were found beneath the step pyramid in the eastern galeries of the necropolis of pharaoh Djoser (3rd dynasty) at Saqqara and in the great fort Shunet el-Zebib of king Khasekhemwy (end of 2nd

neg: Hetephernebti of her husband. Hetephernebti Hetephernebti was a queen of the third dynasty of the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt. She was the only known wife of Pharaoh Djoser. Hetephernebti and a King’s Daughter Inetkaes were named on stelae found around Djoser’s Sakkara pyramid complex and on a Heliopolis relief showing Djoser accompanied by the two of them. Among her titles were “one who sees Horus” "(m33.t-ḥrw-)" and “great of sceptre” "(wr.t-ht=s)," both common for important queens in this period, also, she was called “King's Daughter”, which means she was possibly a daughter of Djoser's predecessor Khasekhemwy and Nimaethap, thus a

neg: Hetephernebti Hetephernebti Hetephernebti was a queen of the third dynasty of the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt. She was the only known wife of Pharaoh Djoser. Hetephernebti and a King’s Daughter Inetkaes were named on stelae found around Djoser’s Sakkara pyramid complex and on a Heliopolis relief showing Djoser accompanied by the two of them. Among her titles were “one who sees Horus” "(m33.t-ḥrw-)" and “great of sceptre” "(wr.t-ht=s)," both common for important queens in this period, also, she was called “King's Daughter”, which means she was possibly a daughter of Djoser's predecessor Khasekhemwy and Nimaethap, thus a sister or half-sister

neg: Sed festival of age or condition. Eventually, Sed festivals were jubilees celebrated after a ruler had held the throne for thirty years and then every three to four years after that. They primarily were held to rejuvenate the pharaoh's strength and stamina while still sitting on the throne, celebrating the continued success of the pharaoh. There is clear evidence for early pharaohs celebrating the Heb Sed, such as the First Dynasty pharaoh Den and the Third Dynasty pharaoh Djoser. In the Pyramid of Djoser, there are two boundary stones in his Heb Sed court, which is within his pyramid complex. He also

neg: Corbel arch counteract the effects of gravity, which otherwise would tend to collapse each side of the archway inwards. The Newgrange passage tomb has an intact corbel arch (vault) supporting the roof of the main chamber, and the buildings of the monastery at Skellig Michael are constructed using this method. During the Fourth Dynasty reign of Pharaoh Sneferu, the Ancient Egyptian pyramids used corbel vaults in some of their chambers. These monuments include the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid. The Great Pyramid of Giza uses corbel arches at the Grand Gallery. Corbel arches and vaults are found in various places around

neg: Egyptian pyramids tomb for the pharaoh Djoser. Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other, creating an edifice composed of a number of "steps" that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the Pyramid of Djoser, which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep's achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians. The most prolific pyramid-building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist rule. It was during this

neg: Sphinx (Marvel Comics) Sphinx (Marvel Comics) The Sphinx is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first version of Sphinx first appeared in "Nova" #6 (Feb. 1977) and was created by Marv Wolfman and Sal Buscema. The second version of Sphinx first appears in "New Warriors" #4 and was created by Fabian Nicieza. Anath-Na Mut is a magician in the court of Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II. Defeated in a duel of magic by the prophet Moses, the magician is exiled into the desert for his failure. The title "Nova" recounts in flashback how Anath-Na

neg: Four Ways to Pharaoh Khufu Four Ways to Pharaoh Khufu Four Ways to Pharaoh Khufu is a 2015 debut novel by American writer Alexander Marmer. The book was published on December 10, 2015 by PartridgeSingapore. Author is a freelance writer for the US Army Fort Drum newspaper, The Mountaineer. Dan Brown and his famous novel The Da Vinci Code, inspired him to write his own novel. When destiny tragically connects two strangers inside the Great Pyramid in Egypt, one man launches a search for truth across two continents, while being chased by the descendants of elite ancient warriors. In this mystery-detective novel, Michael, a 29-year-old

neg: Anubis of concern) must have been the digging up of bodies, shortly after burial, by jackals and other wild dogs which lived on the margins of the cultivation." The oldest known textual mention of Anubis is in the Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom (c. 2686 – c. 2181 BC), where he is associated with the burial of the pharaoh. In the Old Kingdom, Anubis was the most important god of the dead. He was replaced in that role by Osiris during the Middle Kingdom (2000–1700 BC). In the Roman era, which started in 30 BC, tomb paintings depict him holding

neg: Pyramid of Senusret II removed in the Nineteenth Dynasty for reuse in a different structure built by Ramesses II. Only remnants of the black granite pyramidion, which topped the pyramid, have been found. The pyramid was protected from flooding by a trench surrounding the perimeter of the pyramid and filled with sand to absorb rainwater. Cut into the rock was a stone wall with deep niches. Pyramid of Senusret II The Pyramid of Senusret II, (in ancient Egyptian Kha Senusret meaning Senusret Shines), is the pyramid complex constructed for the pharaoh Senusret II in the Twelfth Dynasty. Karl Richard Lepsius visited the pyramid in

neg: Thutmose IV Stele" in order to justify his unexpected kingship. Thutmose's most celebrated accomplishment was the restoration of the Sphinx at Giza and subsequent commission of the "Dream Stele". According to Thutmose's account on the "Dream Stele", while the young prince was out on a hunting trip, he stopped to rest under the head of the Sphinx, which was buried up to the neck in sand. He soon fell asleep and had a dream in which the Sphinx told him that if he cleared away the sand and restored it he would become the next Pharaoh. After completing the restoration of the

neg: Layer Pyramid of which are four mud brick mastabas. Reisner and Fisher observe that this is to be expected of the necropolis surrounding the pyramid of a pharaoh, the large tombs being those of the royal family and court officials. In particular, around north of the layer pyramid is a huge mastaba, today known as "Mastaba Z500", which yielded eight marble bowls inscribed with the serekh of king Khaba. Reisner and Fisher therefore conclude that ""if the mastabas belong to people connected with the king who built the pyramid, it is probable that the king’s name was Khaba"". This opinion is shared

neg: Imprisoned with the Pharaohs on Robert Bloch, which is particularly evident in his tale "Fane of the Black Pharaoh". Although Lovecraft himself refers to the real sphinx as a god of the dead, Bloch expanded upon the mythos and claimed that the sphinx in "Imprisoned with the Pharaohs" was actually Nyarlathotep, an Outer God and Lovecraft creation. The idea of a twist ending, where a terrible discovery is made worse by the realization that it is only part of a larger horror, was used again in "The Shunned House", written later that year. In this tale, the protagonist digs into the cellar of the

neg: Southern Mazghuna pyramid a sacrificial hall with a vaulted roof. Southern Mazghuna pyramid The Southern Mazghuna Pyramid is an ancient Egyptian royal tomb which was built during the 12th or the 13th Dynasty in Mazghuna, 5 km south of Dahshur, Egypt. The building was never finished, and is still unknown which pharaoh was the owner, since no appropriate inscription have been found.<br> The pyramid was rediscovered in 1910 by Ernest Mackay and excavated in the following year by Flinders Petrie. The building shares some structural similarities to the Hawara pyramid of Amenemhat III, and for this reason it is usually attributed to his

neg: Khafre Enthroned ka statue, which would have been located in the Valley temple of Khafre, was only one part of an extremely intricate system used in Egyptian funerary rituals. Located at the Pyramids of Gizeh, the necropolis included the Valley Temple of Khafre, a mortuary temple, the Great Sphinx, and a causeway leading to the pyramid of Khafre. The Great Pyramids of Gizeh (Pyramids of Giza), located on the outskirts of present-day Cairo, are three enormous pyramids for three Egyptian pharaohs with multiple smaller ones, housing the mummies of the royal family and nobles. From largest to smallest, the pyramids of Khufu,