query: sum of the interior angles of a triangle # 2

pos: Sum of angles of a triangle Sum of angles of a triangle In several geometries, a triangle has three "vertices" and three "sides", where three angles of a triangle are formed at each vertex by a pair of adjacent sides. In a Euclidean space, the sum of measures of these three angles of any triangle is invariably equal to the straight angle, also expressed as 180 °, radians, two right angles, or a half-turn. It was unknown for a long time whether other geometries exist, where this sum is different. The influence of this problem on mathematics was particularly strong during the 19th century. Ultimately, the

pos: Sum of angles of a triangle to zero. For a spherical triangle, the sum of the angles is greater than 180° and can be up to 540°. Specifically, the sum of the angles is where "f" is the fraction of the sphere's area which is enclosed by the triangle. Note that spherical geometry does not satisfy several of Euclid's axioms (including the parallel postulate.) Angles between adjacent sides of a triangle are referred to as "interior" angles in Euclidean and other geometries. "Exterior" angles can be also defined, and the Euclidean triangle postulate can be formulated as the exterior angle theorem. One can also consider the

pos: Angular defect to less than 360°, on a spherical triangle the interior angles always add up to more than 180° (the exterior angles add up to "less" than 360°), and the angles in a hyperbolic triangle always add up to less than 180° (the exterior angles add up to "more" than 360°). In modern terms, the defect at a vertex or over a triangle (with a minus) is precisely the curvature at that point or the total (integrated) over the triangle, as established by the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. For a polyhedron, the defect at a vertex equals 2π minus the sum of all

pos: Circular triangle Circular triangle In geometry, a circular triangle is a triangle with circular arc edges. A convex circular triangle may be constructed by three circles intersecting each other and represents the area of intersection. Its edges are all curved outwards. The sum of the internal angles of a circular triangle is greater than 180°. A Reuleaux triangle is a special case based on an equilateral triangle where the center of each arc is on the opposite vertex. A circular horn triangle is a similar concept, but represents the area interior to 3 mutually tangent circles so all of the internal angles

pos: Sum of angles of a triangle answer was proven to be positive: in other spaces (geometries) this sum can be greater or lesser, but it then must depend on the triangle. Its difference from 180° is a case of "angular defect" and serves as an important distinction for geometric systems. In Euclidean geometry, the triangle postulate states that the sum of the angles of a triangle is two right angles. This postulate is equivalent to the parallel postulate. In the presence of the other axioms of Euclidean geometry, the following statements are equivalent: The sum of the angles of a hyperbolic triangle is less than 180°.

pos: Exterior angle theorem sum of angles of a triangle is 180°. If it is known that the sum of the measures of the angles in a triangle is 180°, then the HSEAT is proved as follows: On the other hand, if the HSEAT is taken as a true statement then: Proving that the sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180°. The Euclidean proof of the HSEAT (and simultaneously the result on the sum of the angles of a triangle) starts by constructing the line parallel to side "AB" passing through point "C" and then using the properties of

pos: Equilateral pentagon of δ can be seen from the figure: Simplifying, δ is obtained as function of α and β: The remaining angles of the pentagon can be found geometrically: The remaining angles of the orange and blue triangles are readily found by noting that two angles of an isosceles triangle are equal while all three angles sum to 180°. Then formula_7 and the two remaining angles of the green triangle can be found from four equations stating that the sum of the angles of the pentagon is 540°, the sum of the angles of the green triangle is 180°, the angle

pos: Special right triangle are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 and respectively measure 30° (), 60° (), and 90° (). The sides are in the ratio 1 : : 2. The proof of this fact is clear using trigonometry. The geometric proof is: The 30°–60°–90° triangle is the only right triangle whose angles are in an arithmetic progression. The proof of this fact is simple and follows on from the fact that if "α", , are the angles in the progression then the sum of the angles = 180°. After dividing by 3, the angle must be 60°. The right angle

pos: Triangle by moving the triangle, rotating it, or reflecting it as in a mirror, any of which give a congruent triangle, or even by rescaling it to give a similar triangle: A non-planar triangle is a triangle which is not contained in a (flat) plane. Some examples of non-planar triangles in non-Euclidean geometries are spherical triangles in spherical geometry and hyperbolic triangles in hyperbolic geometry. While the measures of the internal angles in planar triangles always sum to 180°, a hyperbolic triangle has measures of angles that sum to less than 180°, and a spherical triangle has measures of angles that

pos: Thales's theorem theorem is named after Thales because he was said by ancient sources to have been the first to prove the theorem, using his own results that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal, and that the sum of angles in a triangle is equal to 180°. Dante's "Paradiso" (canto 13, lines 101–102) refers to Thales's theorem in the course of a speech. The following facts are used: the sum of the angles in a triangle is equal to 180° and the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal. Since = = , ∆OBA and ∆OBC are isosceles

pos: AA postulate congruent angles. AA postulate In Euclidean geometry, the AA postulate states that two triangles are similar if they have two corresponding angles congruent. The AA postulate follows from the fact that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always equal to 180°. By knowing two angles, such as 32° and 64° degrees, we know that the next angle is 84°, because 180-(32+64)=84. (This is sometimes referred to as the AAA Postulate—which is true in all respects, but two angles are entirely sufficient.) The postulate can be better understood by working in reverse order. The two triangles on

pos: Concave polygon a convex polygon. As with any simple polygon, the sum of the internal angles of a concave polygon is ("n" − 2) radians, equivalently 180°×("n" − 2), where "n" is the number of sides. It is always possible to partition a concave polygon into a set of convex polygons. A polynomial-time algorithm for finding a decomposition into as few convex polygons as possible is described by . A triangle can never be concave, but there exist concave polygons with "n" sides for any "n" > 3. An example of a concave quadrilateral is the dart. At least one interior angle

pos: AA postulate AA postulate In Euclidean geometry, the AA postulate states that two triangles are similar if they have two corresponding angles congruent. The AA postulate follows from the fact that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always equal to 180°. By knowing two angles, such as 32° and 64° degrees, we know that the next angle is 84°, because 180-(32+64)=84. (This is sometimes referred to as the AAA Postulate—which is true in all respects, but two angles are entirely sufficient.) The postulate can be better understood by working in reverse order. The two triangles on grids A

pos: Triangle of these conditions hold: (a) each of the angles is positive, and (b) the angles sum to 180°. If degenerate triangles are permitted, angles of 0° are permitted. Three positive angles "α", "β", and "γ", each of them less than 180°, are the angles of a triangle if and only if any one of the following conditions holds: the last equality applying only if none of the angles is 90° (so the tangent function's value is always finite). There are thousands of different constructions that find a special point associated with (and often inside) a triangle, satisfying some unique property:

pos: Gauss–Bonnet theorem and hyperbolic trigonometry, the area of a triangle is proportional to the amount by which its interior angles fail to add up to 180°, or equivalently by the (inverse) amount by which its exterior angles fail to add up to 360°. The area of a spherical triangle is proportional to its excess, by Girard's theorem – the amount by which its interior angles add up to more than 180°, which is equal to the amount by which its exterior angles add up to less than 360°. The area of a hyperbolic triangle, conversely is proportional to its "defect," as established

pos: Isosceles triangle is acute, right or obtuse depends only on the angle at its apex. In Euclidean geometry, the base angles cannot be obtuse (greater than 90°) or right (equal to 90°) because their measures would sum to at least 180°, the total of all angles in any Euclidean triangle. Since a triangle is obtuse or right if and only if one of its angles is obtuse or right, respectively, an isosceles triangle is obtuse, right or acute if and only if its apex angle is respectively obtuse, right or acute. In Edwin Abbott's book "Flatland", this classification of shapes was used

pos: Acute and obtuse triangles Acute and obtuse triangles An acute triangle is a triangle with all three angles acute (less than 90°). An obtuse triangle is one with one obtuse angle (greater than 90°) and two acute angles. Since a triangle's angles must sum to 180°, no triangle can have more than one obtuse angle. Acute and obtuse triangles are the two different types of oblique triangles—triangles that are not right triangles because they have no 90° angle. In all triangles, the centroid—the intersection of the medians, each of which connects a vertex with the midpoint of the opposite side—and the incenter—the center of

pos: Acute and obtuse triangles 5). The two oblique Heron triangles that share the smallest area are the acute one with sides (6, 5, 5) and the obtuse one with sides (8, 5, 5), the area of each being 12. Acute and obtuse triangles An acute triangle is a triangle with all three angles acute (less than 90°). An obtuse triangle is one with one obtuse angle (greater than 90°) and two acute angles. Since a triangle's angles must sum to 180°, no triangle can have more than one obtuse angle. Acute and obtuse triangles are the two different types of oblique triangles—triangles that are

pos: Golden triangle (mathematics) Golden triangle (mathematics) A golden triangle, also known as the sublime triangle,is an isosceles triangle in which the duplicated side is in the golden ratio to the distinct side: Golden triangles are found in the nets of several stellations of dodecahedrons and icosahedrons. Also, it is the shape of the triangles found in the points of pentagrams. The vertex angle is equal to Since the angles of a triangle sum to 180°, base angles are therefore 72° each. The golden triangle can also be found in a regular decagon, or an equiangular and equilateral ten-sided polygon, by connecting any two

pos: Thales's theorem triangles, and by the equality of the base angles of an isosceles triangle, ∠OBC = ∠OCB and ∠BAO = ∠ABO. Let α = ∠BAO and β = ∠OBC. The three internal angles of the ∆ABC triangle are α, (α + β), and β. Since the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to 180°, we have Q.E.D. The theorem may also be proven using trigonometry: Let formula_5, formula_6, and formula_7. Then B is a point on the unit circle formula_8. We will show that ∆ABC forms a right angle by proving that and are perpendicular — that is,

pos: Triangle sum to more than 180°. A hyperbolic triangle can be obtained by drawing on a negatively curved surface, such as a saddle surface, and a spherical triangle can be obtained by drawing on a positively curved surface such as a sphere. Thus, if one draws a giant triangle on the surface of the Earth, one will find that the sum of the measures of its angles is greater than 180°; in fact it will be between 180° and 540°. In particular it is possible to draw a triangle on a sphere such that the measure of each of its internal

pos: Foundations of geometry and therefore are valid theorems in absolute geometry. Proposition I.31 proves the existence of parallel lines (by construction). Also, the Saccheri–Legendre theorem, which states that the sum of the angles in a triangle is at most 180°, can be proved. The theorems of absolute geometry hold in hyperbolic geometry as well as in Euclidean geometry. Absolute geometry is inconsistent with elliptic geometry: in elliptic geometry there are no parallel lines at all, but in absolute geometry parallel lines do exist. Also, in elliptic geometry, the sum of the angles in any triangle is greater than 180°. Logically, the axioms do

pos: Saccheri–Legendre theorem implies the characteristic postulate of hyperbolic geometry. Max Dehn gave an example of a non-Legendrian geometry where the angle sum of a triangle is greater than 180 degrees, and a semi-Euclidean geometry where there is a triangle with an angle sum of 180 degrees but Euclid's parallel postulate fails. In Dehn's geometries the Archimedean axiom does not hold. Saccheri–Legendre theorem In absolute geometry, the Saccheri–Legendre theorem states that the sum of the angles in a triangle is at most 180°. Absolute geometry is the geometry obtained from assuming all the axioms that lead to Euclidean geometry with the exception of

pos: Saccheri–Legendre theorem Saccheri–Legendre theorem In absolute geometry, the Saccheri–Legendre theorem states that the sum of the angles in a triangle is at most 180°. Absolute geometry is the geometry obtained from assuming all the axioms that lead to Euclidean geometry with the exception of the axiom that is equivalent to the parallel postulate of Euclid. The theorem is named after Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri and Adrien-Marie Legendre. The existence of at least one triangle with angle sum of 180 degrees in absolute geometry implies Euclid's parallel postulate. Similarly, the existence of at least one triangle with angle sum of less than 180 degrees

pos: Elliptic geometry Elliptic geometry Elliptic geometry is a geometry in which Euclid's parallel postulate does not hold. Elliptic geometry is studied in two, three, or more dimensions. The appearance of this geometry in the nineteenth century stimulated the development of non-Euclidean geometry generally, including hyperbolic geometry. Elliptic geometry has a variety of properties that differ from those of classical Euclidean plane geometry. For example, the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is always greater than 180°. In elliptic geometry, two lines perpendicular to a given line must intersect. In fact, the perpendiculars on one side all intersect at the "absolute

pos: Triangle group is Euclidean if the angle sum is exactly π, spherical if it exceeds π and hyperbolic if it is strictly smaller than π. Moreover, any two triangles with the given angles are congruent. Each triangle group determines a tiling, which is conventionally colored in two colors, so that any two adjacent tiles have opposite colors. In terms of the numbers "l", "m", "n" > 1 there are the following possibilities. formula_4 The triangle group is the infinite symmetry group of a certain tessellation (or tiling) of the Euclidean plane by triangles whose angles add up to π (or 180°). Up

pos: Shape of the universe at least two angles equal 90°, which makes the sum of the 3 angles greater than 180°. An example of a negatively curved surface would be the shape of a saddle or mountain pass. A triangle drawn on a saddle surface will have the sum of the angles adding up to less than 180°. General relativity explains that mass and energy bend the curvature of spacetime and is used to determine what curvature the universe has by using a value called the density parameter, represented with Omega (). The density parameter is the average density of the universe divided by

pos: Transversal (geometry) angles of a transversal are congruent then the two lines are parallel (non-intersecting) . It follows from Euclid's parallel postulate that if the two lines are parallel, then the angles of a pair of alternate angles of a transversal are congruent (Proposition 1.29 of Euclid's elements). Consecutive interior angles are the two pairs of angles that: Two lines are parallel if and only if the two angles of any pair of consecutive interior angles of any transversal are supplementary (sum to 180°). By the definition of a straight line and the properties of vertical angles, if one pair is supplementary,

pos: Johann Heinrich Lambert defect C△ = π — (α + β + γ). That is, the area of a hyperbolic triangle (multiplied by a constant C) is equal to π (in radians), or 180°, minus the sum of the angles α, β, and γ. Here C denotes, in the present sense, the negative of the curvature of the surface (taking the negative is necessary as the curvature of a saddle surface is defined to be negative in the first place). As the triangle gets larger or smaller, the angles change in a way that forbids the existence of similar hyperbolic triangles, as only

pos: History of mathematics postulate of Euclidean geometry no longer holds. The Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky and his rival, the Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai, independently defined and studied hyperbolic geometry, where uniqueness of parallels no longer holds. In this geometry the sum of angles in a triangle add up to less than 180°. Elliptic geometry was developed later in the 19th century by the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann; here no parallel can be found and the angles in a triangle add up to more than 180°. Riemann also developed Riemannian geometry, which unifies and vastly generalizes the three types of geometry, and he

neg: Triangle of his "Elements", around 300 BC. The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle in Euclidean space is always 180 degrees. This fact is equivalent to Euclid's parallel postulate. This allows determination of the measure of the third angle of any triangle given the measure of two angles. An "exterior angle" of a triangle is an angle that is a linear pair (and hence supplementary) to an interior angle. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two interior angles that are not adjacent to

neg: Schwarz triangle of the reciprocals of these integers: This is simply a way of saying that in Euclidean space the interior angles of a triangle sum to , while on a sphere they sum to an angle greater than , and on hyperbolic space they sum to less. A Schwarz triangle is represented graphically by a triangular graph. Each node represents an edge (mirror) of the Schwarz triangle. Each edge is labeled by a rational value corresponding to the reflection order, being π/vertex angle. Order-2 edges represent perpendicular mirrors that can be ignored in this diagram. The Coxeter-Dynkin diagram represents this triangular

neg: Euclidean geometry equal (SAS), or two angles and a side equal (ASA) (Book I, propositions 4, 8, and 26). Triangles with three equal angles (AAA) are similar, but not necessarily congruent. Also, triangles with two equal sides and an adjacent angle are not necessarily equal or congruent. The sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to a straight angle (180 degrees). This causes an equilateral triangle to have three interior angles of 60 degrees. Also, it causes every triangle to have at least two acute angles and up to one obtuse or right angle. The celebrated Pythagorean theorem (book I,

neg: Exterior angle theorem emphasizing the failure of this statement. However, since the Euclid's exterior angle theorem is a theorem in absolute geometry it is automatically valid in hyperbolic geometry. The high school exterior angle theorem (HSEAT) says that the size of an exterior angle at a vertex of a triangle equals the sum of the sizes of the interior angles at the other two vertices of the triangle (remote interior angles). So, in the picture, the size of angle "ACD" equals the size of angle "ABC" plus the size of angle "CAB". The HSEAT is logically equivalent to the Euclidean statement that the

neg: Triangle it; this is the exterior angle theorem. The sum of the measures of the three exterior angles (one for each vertex) of any triangle is 360 degrees. Two triangles are said to be "similar" if every angle of one triangle has the same measure as the corresponding angle in the other triangle. The corresponding sides of similar triangles have lengths that are in the same proportion, and this property is also sufficient to establish similarity. Some basic theorems about similar triangles are: Two triangles that are congruent have exactly the same size and shape: all pairs of corresponding interior angles

neg: Elliptic geometry geometry is that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is greater than 180 degrees. In the spherical model, for example, a triangle can be constructed with vertices at the locations where the three positive Cartesian coordinate axes intersect the sphere, and all three of its internal angles are 90 degrees, summing to 270 degrees. For sufficiently small triangles, the excess over 180 degrees can be made arbitrarily small. The Pythagorean theorem fails in elliptic geometry. In the 90°–90°–90° triangle described above, all three sides have the same length, and consequently do not satisfy formula_1. The Pythagorean result

neg: Golden triangle (mathematics) adjacent vertices to the center. This will form a golden triangle. This is because: 180(10-2)/10=144 degrees is the interior angle and bisecting it through the vertex to the center, 144/2=72. The golden triangle is also uniquely identified as the only triangle to have its three angles in 2:2:1 proportions. The golden triangle is used to form a logarithmic spiral. By bisecting the base angles, a new point is created that in turn, makes another golden triangle. The bisection process can be continued infinitely, creating an infinite number of golden triangles. A logarithmic spiral can be drawn through the vertices. This

neg: Sum of angles of a triangle sum of all three exterior angles, that equals to 360° in the Euclidean case (as for any convex polygon), is less than 360° in the spherical case, and is greater than 360° in the hyperbolic case. In the differential geometry of surfaces, the question of a triangle's angular defect is understood as a special case of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem where the curvature of a closed curve is not a function, but a measure with the support in exactly three points – vertices of a triangle. Sum of angles of a triangle In several geometries, a triangle has three "vertices" and

neg: Rectangle eight". The interior of a crossed rectangle can have a polygon density of ±1 in each triangle, dependent upon the winding orientation as clockwise or counterclockwise. A crossed rectangle is not equiangular. The sum of its interior angles (two acute and two reflex), as with any crossed quadrilateral, is 720°. A rectangle and a crossed rectangle are quadrilaterals with the following properties in common: In spherical geometry, a spherical rectangle is a figure whose four edges are great circle arcs which meet at equal angles greater than 90°. Opposite arcs are equal in length. The surface of a sphere in

neg: Triangle the North Pole is a line of longitude; so there are right angles at the two points on the equator. Moreover, the angle at the North Pole is also 90° because the other two vertices differ by 90° of longitude. So the sum of the angles in this triangle is . The triangle encloses 1/4 of the northern hemisphere (90°/360° as viewed from the North Pole) and therefore 1/8 of the Earth's surface, so in the formula ; thus the formula correctly gives the sum of the triangle's angles as 270°. From the above angle sum formula we can also

neg: Solution of triangles third angle by using the angle sum property of a triangle, then find the other two sides using the law of sines. The general spherical triangle is fully determined by three of its six characteristics (3 sides and 3 angles). Note that the sides of a spherical triangle are measured by angular rather than linear units, based on the corresponding central angles. The solution of triangles for non-Euclidean spherical geometry has some differences from the planar case. For example, the sum of the three angles depends on the triangle. In addition, there are no unequal similar triangles, and so the

neg: Spherical trigonometry expressions are multiplied by "R". The definition of the excess is independent of the radius of the sphere. The converse result may be written as Since the area of a triangle cannot be negative the spherical excess is always positive. Note that it is not necessarily small since the sum of the angles may attain 5π (3π for "proper" angles). For example, an octant of a sphere is a spherical triangle with three right angles, so that the excess is π/2. In practical applications it "is" often small: for example the triangles of geodetic survey typically have a spherical excess

neg: Exterior angle theorem segments). Only one of these angles contains the third side of the triangle in its interior, and this angle is called an "interior angle" of the triangle. In the picture below, the angles "∠ABC", "∠BCA" and "∠CAB" are the three interior angles of the triangle. An "exterior angle" is formed by extending one of the sides of the triangle; the angle between the extended side and the other side is the exterior angle. In the picture, angle "∠ACD" is an exterior angle. The proof of Proposition 1.16 given by Euclid is often cited as one place where Euclid gives a

neg: 60 (number) geometry, it is the number of seconds in a minute, and the number of minutes in a degree. In normal space, the three interior angles of an equilateral triangle each measure 60 degrees, adding up to 180 degrees. Because it is divisible by the sum of its digits in base 10, it is a Harshad number. A number system with base 60 is called sexagesimal (the original meaning of "sexagesimal" is sixtieth). It is the smallest positive integer that is written with only the smallest and the largest digit of base 2 (binary), base 3 (ternary) and base 4 (quaternary).

neg: Schwarz triangle function since the case of two cusps is obtained by doubling a triangle with one cusp and non-zero angles /"a" and /2. So consider the geodesic triangle in the upper half plane with angles 0, /"a", /"b" with "a", "b" integers greater than one. The interior of such a triangle can be realised as the region "X" in the upper half plane lying outside the unit disk |"z"| ≤ 1 and between two lines parallel to the imaginary axis through points "u" and "v" on the unit circle. Let Γ be the triangle group generated by the three reflections in the

neg: Spherical trigonometry when writing code to solve an arbitrary triangle. Consider an "N"-sided spherical polygon and let A denote the "n"-th interior angle. The area of such a polygon is given by (Todhunter, Art.99) For the case of triangle this reduces to where "E" is the amount by which the sum of the angles exceeds π radians. The quantity "E" is called the spherical excess of the triangle. This theorem is named after its author, Albert Girard. An earlier proof was derived, but not published, by the English mathematician Thomas Harriot. On a sphere of radius "R" both of the above area

neg: Proofs of trigonometric identities division identity They remain valid for angles greater than 90° and for negative angles. Or Two angles whose sum is π/2 radians (90 degrees) are "complementary". In the diagram, the angles at vertices A and B are complementary, so we can exchange a and b, and change θ to π/2 − θ, obtaining: Identity 1: The following two results follow from this and the ratio identities. To obtain the first, divide both sides of formula_21 by formula_23; for the second, divide by formula_24. Similarly Identity 2: The following accounts for all three reciprocal functions. Proof 2: Refer to the triangle

neg: Internal and external angles simple polygon and a line extended from an adjacent side. The interior angle concept can be extended in a consistent way to crossed polygons such as star polygons by using the concept of directed angles. In general, the interior angle sum in degrees of any closed polygon, including crossed (self-intersecting) ones, is then given by 180("n"–2"k")° where "n" is the number of vertices and the non-negative number "k" is the number of total revolutions of 360° one undergoes walking around the perimeter of the polygon. In other words, 360"k"° represents the sum of all the exterior angles. For example, for

neg: Space (mathematics) projective geometry nor defined from the notions mentioned there. The question "what is the sum of the three angles of a triangle" is meaningful in Euclidean geometry but meaningless in projective geometry. A different situation appeared in the 19th century: in some geometries the sum of the three angles of a triangle is well-defined but different from the classical value (180 degrees). Non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry, introduced by Nikolai Lobachevsky in 1829 and János Bolyai in 1832 (and Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1816, unpublished) stated that the sum depends on the triangle and is always less than 180 degrees. Eugenio Beltrami

neg: Special right triangle : , which follows immediately from the Pythagorean theorem. Of all right triangles, the 45°–45°–90° degree triangle has the smallest ratio of the hypotenuse to the sum of the legs, namely . Of all right triangles, the 45°–45°–90° degree triangle has the greatest ratio of the altitude from the hypotenuse to the sum of the legs, namely . Triangles with these angles are the only possible right triangles that are also isosceles triangles in Euclidean geometry. However, in spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry, there are infinitely many different shapes of right isosceles triangles. This is a triangle whose three angles

neg: Triacontagon Triacontagon In geometry, a triacontagon or 30-gon is a thirty-sided polygon. The sum of any triacontagon's interior angles is 5040 degrees. The "regular triacontagon" is a constructible polygon, by an edge-bisection of a regular pentadecagon, and can also be constructed as a truncated pentadecagon, t{15}. A truncated triacontagon, t{30}, is a hexacontagon, {60}. One interior angle in a regular triacontagon is 168°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 12°. The triacontagon is the largest regular polygon whose interior angle is the sum of the interior angles of smaller polygons: 168° is the sum of the interior angles of the

neg: Hyperbolic triangle the third angle. The triangle where two vertices are ideal points and the remaining angle is right, one of the first hyperbolic triangles (1818) described by Ferdinand Karl Schweikart. The triangle where all vertices are ideal points, an ideal triangle is the largest possible triangle in hyperbolic geometry because of the zero sum of the angles. The relations among the angles and sides are analogous to those of spherical trigonometry; the length scale for both spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry can for example be defined as the length of a side of an equilateral triangle with fixed angles. The length

neg: Spherical geometry other geometric concepts are defined as in plane geometry, but with straight lines replaced by great circles. Thus, in spherical geometry, angles are defined between great circles, resulting in a spherical trigonometry that differs from ordinary trigonometry in many respects; for example, the sum of the interior angles of a triangle exceeds 180 degrees. Spherical geometry is "not" elliptic geometry, but is rather a "subset" of elliptic geometry. For example, it shares with that geometry the property that a line has no parallels through a given point. Contrast this with Euclidean geometry, in which a line has one parallel through

neg: Equilateral triangle root formula_33 of 1 the triangle is equilateral if and only if Given a point "P" in the interior of an equilateral triangle, the ratio of the sum of its distances from the vertices to the sum of its distances from the sides is greater than or equal to 2, equality holding when "P" is the centroid. In no other triangle is there a point for which this ratio is as small as 2. This is the Erdős–Mordell inequality; a stronger variant of it is Barrow's inequality, which replaces the perpendicular distances to the sides with the distances from "P"

neg: Sphere Many theorems from classical geometry hold true for spherical geometry as well, but not all do because the sphere fails to satisfy some of classical geometry's postulates, including the parallel postulate. In spherical trigonometry, angles are defined between great circles. Spherical trigonometry differs from ordinary trigonometry in many respects. For example, the sum of the interior angles of a spherical triangle always exceeds 180 degrees. Also, any two similar spherical triangles are congruent. In their book "Geometry and the Imagination" David Hilbert and Stephan Cohn-Vossen describe eleven properties of the sphere and discuss whether these properties uniquely determine the sphere.

neg: Exterior angle theorem Exterior angle theorem The exterior angle theorem is Proposition 1.16 in Euclid's Elements, which states that the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of the measures of the remote interior angles. This is a fundamental result in absolute geometry because its proof does not depend upon the parallel postulate. In several high school treatments of geometry, the term "exterior angle theorem" has been applied to a different result, namely the portion of Proposition 1.32 which states that the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures

neg: Morley's trisector theorem Naraniengar in 1909. Recent proofs include an algebraic proof by extending the theorem to general fields, and John Conway's elementary geometry proof. The latter starts with an equilateral triangle and shows that a triangle may be built around it which will be similar to any selected triangle. Morley's theorem does not hold in spherical and hyperbolic geometry. One proof uses the trigonometric identity which, by using of the sum of two angles identity, can be shown to be equal to The last equation can be verified by applying the sum of two angles identity to the left side twice and

neg: Differential geometry of surfaces and satisfies Liouville's equation Isothermal coordinates are known to exist in a neighbourhood of any point on the surface, although all proofs to date rely on non-trivial results on partial differential equations. There is an elementary proof for minimal surfaces. On a sphere or a hyperboloid, the area of a geodesic triangle, i.e. a triangle all the sides of which are geodesics, is proportional to the difference of the sum of the interior angles and . The constant of proportionality is just the Gaussian curvature, a constant for these surfaces. For the torus, the difference is zero, reflecting the fact

neg: Schwarz triangle angle is "d"/"n" of the half-circle. "2" means a right triangle. When these are whole numbers, the triangle is called a Möbius triangle, and corresponds to a "non"-overlapping tiling, and the symmetry group is called a triangle group. In the sphere there are three Möbius triangles plus one one-parameter family; in the plane there are three Möbius triangles, while in hyperbolic space there is a three-parameter family of Möbius triangles, and no exceptional objects. A fundamental domain triangle ("p" "q" "r"), with vertex angles /"p", /"q", and /"r", can exist in different spaces depending on the value of the sum

neg: Triangle ticks. An equilateral triangle has the same pattern on all 3 sides, an isosceles triangle has the same pattern on just 2 sides, and a scalene triangle has different patterns on all sides since no sides are equal. Similarly, patterns of 1, 2, or 3 concentric arcs inside the angles are used to indicate equal angles. An equilateral triangle has the same pattern on all 3 angles, an isosceles triangle has the same pattern on just 2 angles, and a scalene triangle has different patterns on all angles since no angles are equal. Triangles can also be classified according to

neg: Regular polygon is denoted by its Schläfli symbol {"n"}. For "n" < 3, we have two degenerate cases: In certain contexts all the polygons considered will be regular. In such circumstances it is customary to drop the prefix regular. For instance, all the faces of uniform polyhedra must be regular and the faces will be described simply as triangle, square, pentagon, etc. For a regular convex "n"-gon, each interior angle has a measure of: and each exterior angle (i.e., supplementary to the interior angle) has a measure of formula_5 degrees, with the sum of the exterior angles equal to 360 degrees or

neg: Transversal (geometry) then the lines are parallel. Euclid proves this by contradiction: If the lines are not parallel then they must intersect and a triangle is formed. Then one of the alternate angles is an exterior angle equal to the other angle which is an opposite interior angle in the triangle. This contradicts Proposition 16 which states that an exterior angle of a triangle is always greater than the opposite interior angles. Euclid's Proposition 28 extends this result in two ways. First, if a transversal intersects two lines so that corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel. Second, if a

neg: Sum of angles of a triangle The relation between angular defect and the triangle's area was first proven by Johann Heinrich Lambert. One can easily see how hyperbolic geometry breaks Playfair's axiom, Proclus' axiom (the parallelism, defined as non-intersection, is intransitive in an hyperbolic plane), the equidistance postulate (the points on one side of, and equidistant from, a given line do not form a line), and Pythagoras' theorem. A circle cannot have arbitrarily small curvature, so the three points property also fails. The sum of the angles can be arbitrarily small (but positive). For an ideal triangle, a generalization of hyperbolic triangles, this sum is equal

neg: Gauss–Bonnet theorem turning angle at a corner is equal to π minus the interior angle, we can rephrase this as follows: In the case of the plane (where the Gaussian curvature is 0 and geodesics are straight lines), we recover the familiar formula for the sum of angles in an ordinary triangle. On the standard sphere, where the curvature is everywhere 1, we see that the angle sum of geodesic triangles is always bigger than π. A number of earlier results in spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry, discovered over the preceding centuries, were subsumed as special cases of Gauss–Bonnet. In spherical trigonometry

neg: Gauss–Bonnet theorem negative Gaussian curvature. The theorem also has interesting consequences for triangles. Suppose "M" is some 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold (not necessarily compact), and we specify a "triangle" on "M" formed by three geodesics. Then we can apply Gauss–Bonnet to the surface "T" formed by the inside of that triangle and the piecewise boundary given by the triangle itself. The geodesic curvature of geodesics being zero, and the Euler characteristic of "T" being 1, the theorem then states that the sum of the turning angles of the geodesic triangle is equal to 2π minus the total curvature within the triangle. Since the

neg: Tetracontaoctagon configuration. Tetracontaoctagon In geometry, a tetracontaoctagon (or tetracontakaioctagon) or 48-gon is a forty-eight sided polygon. The sum of any tetracontaoctagon's interior angles is 8280 degrees. The "regular tetracontaoctagon" is represented by Schläfli symbol {48} and can also be constructed as a truncated icositetragon, t{24}, or a twice-truncated dodecagon, tt{12}, or a thrice-truncated hexagon, ttt{6}, or a fourfold-truncated triangle, tttt{3}. One interior angle in a regular tetracontaoctagon is 172°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 7°. The area of a regular tetracontaoctagon is: (with "t" = edge length) The tetracontaoctagon appeared in Archimedes' polygon approximation of pi, along with the

neg: Tetracontaoctagon Tetracontaoctagon In geometry, a tetracontaoctagon (or tetracontakaioctagon) or 48-gon is a forty-eight sided polygon. The sum of any tetracontaoctagon's interior angles is 8280 degrees. The "regular tetracontaoctagon" is represented by Schläfli symbol {48} and can also be constructed as a truncated icositetragon, t{24}, or a twice-truncated dodecagon, tt{12}, or a thrice-truncated hexagon, ttt{6}, or a fourfold-truncated triangle, tttt{3}. One interior angle in a regular tetracontaoctagon is 172°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 7°. The area of a regular tetracontaoctagon is: (with "t" = edge length) The tetracontaoctagon appeared in Archimedes' polygon approximation of pi, along with the hexagon

neg: Enneacontahexagon Enneacontahexagon In geometry, an enneacontahexagon (or enneacontakaihexagon) or 96-gon is a ninety-six-sided polygon. The sum of any enneacontahexagons's interior angles is 16920 degrees. The "regular enneacontahexagon" is represented by Schläfli symbol {96} and can also be constructed as a truncated tetracontaoctagon, t{48}, or a twice-truncated icositetragon, tt{24}, or a thrice-truncated dodecagon, ttt{12}, or a fourfold-truncated hexagon, tttt{6}, or a fivefold-truncated triangle, }. One interior angle in a regular enneacontahexagon is 176°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 3°. The area of a regular enneacontahexagon is: (with "t" = edge length) The enneacontahexagon appeared in Archimedes' polygon approximation of pi,

neg: Exterior angle theorem corresponding angles and alternate interior angles of parallel lines to get the conclusion as in the illustration. The HSEAT can be extremely useful when trying to calculate the measures of unknown angles in a triangle. HSEAT references Exterior angle theorem The exterior angle theorem is Proposition 1.16 in Euclid's Elements, which states that the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of the measures of the remote interior angles. This is a fundamental result in absolute geometry because its proof does not depend upon the parallel postulate. In several high school treatments of geometry, the

neg: Icositetragon Icositetragon In geometry, an icositetragon (or icosikaitetragon or tetracosagon) or 24-gon is a twenty-four-sided polygon. The sum of any icositetragon's interior angles is 3960 degrees. The "regular icositetragon" is represented by Schläfli symbol {24} and can also be constructed as a truncated dodecagon, t{12}, or a twice-truncated hexagon, tt{6}, or thrice-truncated triangle, ttt{3}. One interior angle in a regular icositetragon is 165°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 15°. The area of a regular icositetragon is: (with "t" = edge length) The icositetragon appeared in Archimedes' polygon approximation of pi, along with the hexagon (6-gon), dodecagon (12-gon), tetracontaoctagon (48-gon),

neg: Triangle of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be greater than or equal to the length of the third side. That sum can equal the length of the third side only in the case of a degenerate triangle, one with collinear vertices. It is not possible for that sum to be less than the length of the third side. A triangle with three given positive side lengths exists if and only if those side lengths satisfy the triangle inequality. Three given angles form a non-degenerate triangle (and indeed an infinitude of them) if and only if both

neg: Equilateral polygon if and only if the alternate angles are equal (that is, angles 1, 3, 5, ... are equal and angles 2, 4, ... are equal). Thus if the number of sides "n" is odd, a tangential polygon is equilateral if and only if it is regular. Viviani's theorem generalizes to equilateral polygons: The sum of the perpendicular distances from an interior point to the sides of an equilateral polygon is independent of the location of the interior point. The "principal diagonals" of a hexagon each divide the hexagon into quadrilaterals. In any convex equilateral hexagon with common side "a", there

neg: Pythagorean theorem side "AB". Point "H" divides the length of the hypotenuse "c" into parts "d" and "e". The new triangle "ACH" is similar to triangle "ABC", because they both have a right angle (by definition of the altitude), and they share the angle at "A", meaning that the third angle will be the same in both triangles as well, marked as "θ" in the figure. By a similar reasoning, the triangle "CBH" is also similar to "ABC". The proof of similarity of the triangles requires the triangle postulate: the sum of the angles in a triangle is two right angles, and

neg: Enneacontahexagon {96/37}, {96/41}, {96/43}, and {96/47}, as well as 32 compound star figures with the same vertex configuration. Enneacontahexagon In geometry, an enneacontahexagon (or enneacontakaihexagon) or 96-gon is a ninety-six-sided polygon. The sum of any enneacontahexagons's interior angles is 16920 degrees. The "regular enneacontahexagon" is represented by Schläfli symbol {96} and can also be constructed as a truncated tetracontaoctagon, t{48}, or a twice-truncated icositetragon, tt{24}, or a thrice-truncated dodecagon, ttt{12}, or a fourfold-truncated hexagon, tttt{6}, or a fivefold-truncated triangle, }. One interior angle in a regular enneacontahexagon is 176°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 3°. The area of a

neg: Hyperbolic geometry "Circle Limit IV" illustrate the conformal disc model (Poincaré disk model) quite well. The white lines in "III" are not quite geodesics (they are hypercycles), but are close to them. It is also possible to see quite plainly the negative curvature of the hyperbolic plane, through its effect on the sum of angles in triangles and squares. For example, in "Circle Limit III" every vertex belongs to three triangles and three squares. In the Euclidean plane, their angles would sum to 450°; i.e., a circle and a quarter. From this we see that the sum of angles of a triangle

neg: Triangle group of these relations and that Δ("l,m,n") is a discrete group of motions of the corresponding space. Thus a triangle group is a reflection group that admits a group presentation An abstract group with this presentation is a Coxeter group with three generators. Given any natural numbers "l", "m", "n" > 1 exactly one of the classical two-dimensional geometries (Euclidean, spherical, or hyperbolic) admits a triangle with the angles (π/l, π/m, π/n), and the space is tiled by reflections of the triangle. The sum of the angles of the triangle determines the type of the geometry by the Gauss–Bonnet theorem: it

neg: Triangle inequality angles satisfy: Therefore, and so, in particular, That means side opposite angle is shorter than side opposite the larger angle . But . Hence: A similar construction shows , establishing the theorem. An alternative proof (also based upon the triangle postulate) proceeds by considering three positions for point : (i) as depicted (which is to be proven), or (ii) coincident with (which would mean the isosceles triangle had two right angles as base angles plus the vertex angle , which would violate the triangle postulate), or lastly, (iii) interior to the right triangle between points and (in which case angle

neg: Dehn plane Dehn plane In geometry, Dehn introduced two examples of planes, a semi-Euclidean geometry and a non-Legendrian geometry, that have infinitely many lines parallel to a given one that pass through a given point, but where the sum of the angles of a triangle is at least π. A similar phenomenon occurs in hyperbolic geometry, except that the sum of the angles of a triangle is less than π. Dehn's examples use a non-Archimedean field, so that the Archimedean axiom is violated. They were introduced by and discussed by . To construct his geometries, Dehn used a non-Archimedean ordered Pythagorean field

neg: Dehn plane is π. This is Dehn's semi-Euclidean geometry. It is discussed in . In the same paper, Dehn also constructed an example of a non-Legendrian geometry where there are infinitely many lines through a point not meeting another line, but the sum of the angles in a triangle exceeds π. Riemann's elliptic geometry over Ω("t") consists of the projective plane over Ω("t"), which can be identified with the affine plane of points ("x":"y":1) together with the "line at infinity", and has the property that the sum of the angles of any triangle is greater than π The non-Legendrian geometry consists of

neg: Triangle angles is equal to 90°, adding up to a total of 270°. Specifically, on a sphere the sum of the angles of a triangle is where "f" is the fraction of the sphere's area which is enclosed by the triangle. For example, suppose that we draw a triangle on the Earth's surface with vertices at the North Pole, at a point on the equator at 0° longitude, and a point on the equator at 90° West longitude. The great circle line between the latter two points is the equator, and the great circle line between either of those points and

neg: Tarski's axioms axioms to Euclid's parallel postulate, has an advantage over the others: Let a line segment join the midpoint of two sides of a given triangle. That line segment will be half as long as the third side. This is equivalent to the interior angles of any triangle summing to two right angles. Given any triangle, there exists a circle that includes all of its vertices. Given any angle and any point "v" in its interior, there exists a line segment including "v", with an endpoint on each side of the angle. Begin with two triangles, "xuz" and "x'u'z'." Draw the

neg: Brahmagupta's formula upon rearranging the terms in the square brackets, yields Introducing the semiperimeter , Taking the square root, we get An alternative, non-trigonometric proof utilizes two applications of Heron's triangle area formula on similar triangles. In the case of non-cyclic quadrilaterals, Brahmagupta's formula can be extended by considering the measures of two opposite angles of the quadrilateral: where is half the sum of any two opposite angles. (The choice of which pair of opposite angles is irrelevant: if the other two angles are taken, half their sum is . Since , we have .) This more general formula is known as

neg: Triangle the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two other sides. If the hypotenuse has length "c", and the legs have lengths "a" and "b", then the theorem states that The converse is true: if the lengths of the sides of a triangle satisfy the above equation, then the triangle has a right angle opposite side "c". Some other facts about right triangles: For all triangles, angles and sides are related by the law of cosines and law of sines (also called the "cosine rule" and "sine rule"). The triangle inequality states that the sum

neg: Special right triangle allows one to quickly calculate various lengths in geometric problems without resorting to more advanced methods. "Angle-based" special right triangles are specified by the relationships of the angles of which the triangle is composed. The angles of these triangles are such that the larger (right) angle, which is 90 degrees or radians, is equal to the sum of the other two angles. The side lengths are generally deduced from the basis of the unit circle or other geometric methods. This approach may be used to rapidly reproduce the values of trigonometric functions for the angles 30°, 45°, and 60°. Special

neg: Skinny triangle based on the small-angle approximations; and, when formula_5 is in radians. The proof of the skinny triangle solution follows from the small-angle approximation by applying the law of sines. Again referring to figure 1; The term formula_7 represents the base angle of the triangle and is this value because the sum of the internal angles of any triangle (in this case the two base angles plus "θ") are equal to "π". Applying the small angle approximations to the law of sines above results in; the desired result. This result is equivalent to assuming that the length of the base of

neg: Exterior angle theorem of the remote interior angles. This result, which depends upon Euclid's parallel postulate will be referred to as the "High school exterior angle theorem" (HSEAT) to distinguish it from Euclid's exterior angle theorem. Some authors refer to the "High school exterior angle theorem" as the "strong form" of the exterior angle theorem and "Euclid's exterior angle theorem" as the "weak form". A triangle has three corners, called "vertices". The sides of a triangle (line segments) that come together at a vertex form two angles (four angles if you consider the sides of the triangle to be lines instead of line

neg: Curvature For example, an ant living on a sphere could measure the sum of the interior angles of a triangle and determine that it was greater than 180 degrees, implying that the space it inhabited had positive curvature. On the other hand, an ant living on a cylinder would not detect any such departure from Euclidean geometry; in particular the ant could not detect that the two surfaces have different mean curvatures (see below), which is a purely extrinsic type of curvature. Formally, Gaussian curvature only depends on the Riemannian metric of the surface. This is Gauss's celebrated Theorema Egregium, which

neg: Acute and obtuse triangles the circle that is internally tangent to all three sides—are in the interior of the triangle. However, while the orthocenter and the circumcenter are in an acute triangle's interior, they are exterior to an obtuse triangle. The orthocenter is the intersection point of the triangle's three altitudes, each of which perpendicularly connects a side to the opposite vertex. In the case of an acute triangle, all three of these segments lie entirely in the triangle's interior, and so they intersect in the interior. But for an obtuse triangle, the altitudes from the two acute angles intersect only the extensions of

neg: Acute and obtuse triangles "x", then If two obtuse triangles have sides ("a, b, c") and ("p, q, r") with "c" and "r" being the respective longest sides, then The Calabi triangle, which is the only non-equilateral triangle for which the largest square that fits in the interior can be positioned in any of three different ways, is obtuse and isosceles with base angles 39.1320261...° and third angle 101.7359477...°. The equilateral triangle, with three 60° angles, is acute. The Morley triangle, formed from any triangle by the intersections of its adjacent angle trisectors, is equilateral and hence acute. The golden triangle is the isosceles

neg: Schwarz triangle function of the upper half plane. To see how to handle the case when an angle of Δ is a right angle, note that the inequality implies that if one of the angles is a right angle, say "a" = 2, then both "b" and "c" are greater than 2 and one of them, "b" say, must be greater than 3. In this case, reflecting the triangle across the side AB gives an isosceles hyperbolic triangle with angles /"c", /"c" and 2/"b". If 2/"b" ≤ /3, i.e. "b" is greater than 5, then all the angles of the doubled triangle are

neg: Proofs of trigonometric identities (for example, formula_114, formula_115 and formula_116 are the angles of a triangle), Proof: If formula_119 quarter circle, Proof: Replace each of formula_121, formula_122, and formula_123 with their complementary angles, so cotangents turn into tangents and vice versa. Given so the result follows from the triple tangent identity. First, start with the sum-angle identities: By adding these together, Similarly, by subtracting the two sum-angle identities, Let formula_133 and formula_134, Substitute formula_115 and formula_116 Therefore, Similarly for cosine, start with the sum-angle identities: Again, by adding and subtracting Substitute formula_115 and formula_116 as before, The figure at the right shows a sector

neg: Schwarz triangle function with all its angles less than is convex, i.e. the straight line joining interior points of the polygon also lies in the interior of the polygon. Since the Poincaré-Klein map preserves the property that angles are less than , a hyperbolic polygon with interior angles less than is carried onto a Euclidean polygon with the same property; the Euclidean polygon is therefore convex and hence, since hyperbolic geodesics are carried onto straight lines, so is the hyperbolic polygon. By a continuity argument, geodesics between points on the sides also lie in the closure of the polygon. A similar convexity result

neg: Acute and obtuse triangles triangle in which the ratio of the duplicated side to the base side equals the golden ratio. It is acute, with angles 36°, 72°, and 72°, making it the only triangle with angles in the proportions 1:2:2. The heptagonal triangle, with sides coinciding with a side, the shorter diagonal, and the longer diagonal of a regular heptagon, is obtuse, with angles formula_28 and formula_29 The only triangle with consecutive integers for an altitude and the sides is acute, having sides (13,14,15) and altitude from side 14 equal to 12. The smallest-perimeter triangle with integer sides in arithmetic progression, and the

neg: Icositetragon side edges of a dodecagonal antiprism with the same D, [2,24] symmetry, order 48. The dodecagrammic antiprism, s{2,24/5} and dodecagrammic crossed-antiprism, s{2,24/7} also have regular skew dodecagons. The regular icositetragon is the Petrie polygon for many higher-dimensional polytopes, seen as orthogonal projections in Coxeter planes, including: Icositetragon In geometry, an icositetragon (or icosikaitetragon or tetracosagon) or 24-gon is a twenty-four-sided polygon. The sum of any icositetragon's interior angles is 3960 degrees. The "regular icositetragon" is represented by Schläfli symbol {24} and can also be constructed as a truncated dodecagon, t{12}, or a twice-truncated hexagon, tt{6}, or thrice-truncated triangle, ttt{3}. One

neg: Vertex angle the sum of the interior angles is π("n" − 2) radians or 180("n" − 2) degrees. Because more than two lines in a polytope can intersect in the same space, the number of vertex angles from any given vertex is not always one. Because of this, it is sometimes necessary to specify not only the vertex, but also the specific line segments that make up the angle. Vertex angle In geometry, a vertex angle is an angle associated with a vertex of an n-dimensional polytope. Often a vertex angle of a polygon is referred to simply as an angle of

neg: Triangle inequality ≥ b ≥ c" and "formula_8" is the golden ratio, as In the case of right triangles, the triangle inequality specializes to the statement that the hypotenuse is greater than either of the two sides, and less than their sum. The second part of this theorem is already established above for any side of any triangle. The first part is established using the lower figure. In the figure, consider the right triangle . An isosceles triangle is constructed with equal sides . From the triangle postulate, the angles in the right triangle satisfy: Likewise, in the isosceles triangle , the

neg: Pseudotriangle if it spans an interior angle of less than π, and "concave" otherwise (in particular, we consider an angle of exactly π to be concave). Any polygon must have at least three convex angles, because the total exterior angle of a polygon is 2π, the convex angles contribute less than π each to this total, and the concave angles contribute zero or negative amounts. A polygonal pseudotriangle is a polygon that has exactly three convex vertices. In particular, any triangle, and any nonconvex quadrilateral, is a pseudotriangle. The convex hull of any pseudotriangle is a triangle. The curves along the

neg: Absolute geometry that is not the case. Indeed, in Euclid's "Elements", the first 28 Propositions and Proposition 31 avoid using the parallel postulate, and therefore are valid in absolute geometry. One can also prove in absolute geometry the exterior angle theorem (an exterior angle of a triangle is larger than either of the remote angles), as well as the Saccheri–Legendre theorem, which states that the sum of the measures of the angles in a triangle has at most 180. Proposition 31 is the construction of a parallel line to a given line through a point not on the given line. As the

neg: Euclidean geometry letter R is congruent to its mirror image. Figures that would be congruent except for their differing sizes are referred to as similar. Corresponding angles in a pair of similar shapes are congruent and corresponding sides are in proportion to each other. Points are customarily named using capital letters of the alphabet. Other figures, such as lines, triangles, or circles, are named by listing a sufficient number of points to pick them out unambiguously from the relevant figure, e.g., triangle ABC would typically be a triangle with vertices at points A, B, and C. Angles whose sum is a right

neg: Viviani's theorem an equilateral triangle give coordinates for making ternary plots, such as flammability diagrams. More generally, they allow one to give coordinates on a regular simplex in the same way. The sum of the distances from any interior point of a parallelogram to the sides is independent of the location of the point. The converse also holds: If the sum of the distances from a point in the interior of a quadrilateral to the sides is independent of the location of the point, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. The result generalizes to any 2"n"-gon with opposite sides parallel. Since the