query: how many lines are in the complete manuscript of beowulf

pos: Beowulf Beowulf Beowulf (; ) is an Old English epic story consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It may be the oldest surviving long story in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature. The date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript, which was produced between 975 and 1025. The author was an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet, referred to by scholars as the ""Beowulf" author". The story is set in Scandinavia. Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar,

pos: Beowulf Beowulf Beowulf (; ) is an Old English epic story consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It may be the oldest surviving long story in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature. The date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript, which was produced between 975 and 1025. The author was an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet, referred to by scholars as the ""Beowulf" author". The story is set in Scandinavia. Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar,

neg: Beowulf by Wanley, that Smith had failed to mention the "Beowulf" script when cataloguing Cotton MS. Vitellius A. XV. Hickes replies to Wanley "I can find nothing yet of Beowulph." Kiernan theorised that Smith failed to mention the "Beowulf" manuscript because of his reliance on previous catalogues or because either he had no idea how to describe it or because it was temporarily out of the codex. It suffered damage in the Cotton Library fire at Ashburnham House in 1731. Since then, parts of the manuscript have crumbled along with many of the letters. Rebinding efforts, though saving the manuscript from

neg: Nowell Codex Nowell Codex The Nowell Codex is the second of two manuscripts comprising the bound volume Cotton Vitellius A.xv, one of the four major Anglo-Saxon poetic manuscripts. It is most famous as the manuscript containing the unique copy of the epic poem "Beowulf". In addition to this, it contains first a fragment of "The Life of Saint Christopher", then the more complete texts "Wonders of the East" and "Letters of Alexander to Aristotle," and, after "Beowulf", a poetic translation of "Judith". Due to the fame of "Beowulf", the Nowell codex is also sometimes known simply as the "Beowulf" manuscript. The manuscript

neg: Beowulf much degeneration, have nonetheless covered up other letters of the poem, causing further loss. Kevin Kiernan, in preparing his electronic edition of the manuscript, used fibre-optic backlighting and ultraviolet lighting to reveal letters in the manuscript lost from binding, erasure, or ink blotting. The "Beowulf" manuscript was transcribed from an original by two scribes, one of whom wrote the prose at the beginning of the manuscript and the first 1939 lines before breaking off in mid sentence. The first scribe made a point of carefully regularizing the spelling of the original document by using the common West Saxon language and

neg: Grendel's mother Grendel's mother Grendel's mother () is one of three antagonists in the anonymous Old English poem "Beowulf" (c. 700–1000 AD). The other antagonists are Grendel and the dragon, all aligned in opposition to the hero Beowulf. She is introduced in lines 1258b to 1259a as: "Grendles modor/ides, aglæcwif". Grendel's mother, who is never given a name in the text, is the subject of ongoing controversy among medieval scholars. This is due to the ambiguity of a few words in Old English which appear in the original "Beowulf" manuscript. While there is consensus over the word "modor" (mother), the phrase "ides,

neg: Beowulf in 2014 as "". This also includes Tolkien's own retelling of the story of Beowulf in his tale, "Sellic Spell". Maria Dahvana Headley published 'The Mere Wife' in 2018, retelling the story from the point of view of Grendel's Mother. Neither identified sources nor analogues for "Beowulf" can be definitively proven, but many conjectures have been made. These are important in helping historians understand the "Beowulf" manuscript, as possible source-texts or influences would suggest time-frames of composition, geographic boundaries within which it could be composed, or range (both spatial and temporal) of influence (i.e. when it was "popular" and where

neg: Beowulf in front of him. In the way that it is currently bound, the "Beowulf" manuscript is followed by the Old English poem "Judith". "Judith" was written by the same scribe that completed "Beowulf" as evidenced through similar writing style. Worm-holes found in the last leaves of the "Beowulf" manuscript that aren't present in the "Judith" manuscript suggest that at one point "Beowulf" ended the volume. The rubbed appearance of some leaves also suggest that the manuscript stood on a shelf unbound, as is known to have been the case with other Old English manuscripts. From knowledge of books held in

neg: Finnesburg Fragment of the Archbishops of Canterbury. This manuscript was almost certainly Lambeth Library MS 487. A British scholar, George Hickes, made the transcript some time in the late 17th century, and published it in an anthology of Anglo-Saxon and other antiquities in 1705. (This anthology also contains the first reference to the sole manuscript of "Beowulf".) Since the time when the copy was made the original manuscript folio has been lost or stolen. The fragment is only about 50 lines long and does not specify the tribal identities of those involved. It describes a battle in which Hnæf (lines 2 and

neg: The Rhyming Poem Book and to determine if works were placed in the manuscript by date or theme. Unlike the "Monstrarum Librum" of the "Beowulf" manuscript, the Exeter Book appears to be a self-consciously archival collection. The poem concerns the troubles and transience of life. It contrasts the life of a ruler, from the time of his birth to his prosperous rule and life at court (lines 1-42), with his life after his fall, the subsequent rise of hostilities (lines 43-69) and his death (lines 70-79), ending with a reflection on the eternal glories of Heaven and the necessity of penance (lines 80-87).

neg: Beowulf the library at Malmesbury Abbey and available as source works, and from the identification of certain words particular to the local dialect found in the text, the transcription may have taken place there. The question of whether "Beowulf" was passed down through oral tradition prior to its present manuscript form has been the subject of much debate, and involves more than simply the issue of its composition. Rather, given the implications of the theory of oral-formulaic composition and oral tradition, the question concerns how the poem is to be understood, and what sorts of interpretations are legitimate. Scholarly discussion about

neg: Beowulf entertainment, and does not separate between fictional elements and historic events, such as the raid by King Hygelac into Frisia. Though Beowulf himself is not mentioned in any other Anglo-Saxon manuscript, scholars generally agree that many of the other figures referred to in "Beowulf" also appear in Scandinavian sources. (Specific works are designated in the following section). This concerns not only individuals (e.g., Healfdene, Hroðgar, Halga, Hroðulf, Eadgils and Ohthere), but also clans (e.g., Scyldings, Scylfings and Wulfings) and certain events (e.g., the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern). In Denmark, recent archaeological excavations at Lejre, where Scandinavian tradition

neg: Hrothgar "famous warrior". These two names, both appearing as "Hróarr" in Scandinavia, did not have any corresponding Old English form, and so "Hrōðgār" was their closest equivalent. Hrothgar appears in two Anglo-Saxon poems, "Beowulf" and "Widsith". "Beowulf" gives the fuller account of Hrothgar and how the Geatish hero Beowulf visited him to free his people from the trollish creature Grendel. "Widsith" only mentions Hrothgar, Heorot, his nephew Hroðulf and their enemy Ingeld, but can complete "Beowulf" in some cases where "Beowulf" does not give enough information. This is notably the case concerning the ending of his feud with Ingeld. In the

neg: Kevin Kiernan the poem and the manuscript, and at this time, the early 1980s, the dating of the Beowulf manuscript was an important topic in Anglo-Saxon scholarship. In general, Kiernan argued in "Beowulf and the Beowulf manuscript", a monograph which attracted much attention, scholars have emended the manuscript too easily and have thus place too little faith in its readings. Theories of lengthy oral transmission of the poem have caused scholars to emend individual readings, even filling up what they perceived as lacunae in the text if they deemed that the metrics or the contents were faulty. Kiernan argued that the poem

neg: Beowulf in his book tells strongly in favour of an eighth-century date." "Beowulf" survives in a single manuscript dated on palaeographical grounds to the late 10th or early 11th century. The manuscript measures 245 × 185 mm. The poem is known only from a single manuscript, which is estimated to date from close to AD 1000, in which it appears with other works. The "Beowulf" manuscript is known as the Nowell Codex, gaining its name from 16th-century scholar Laurence Nowell. The official designation is "British Library, Cotton Vitellius A.XV" because it was one of Sir Robert Bruce Cotton's holdings in the

neg: Kevin Kiernan Kevin Kiernan Kevin Kiernan is an American scholar of Anglo-Saxon literature. Kiernan is the editor of the "Electronic Beowulf" and an acknowledged expert on the Beowulf manuscript. Kiernan is the T. Marshall Hahn Sr. Professor of Arts and Sciences Emeritus at the University of Kentucky. He was inducted into the University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame in 2015. Kiernan is active in the study of "Beowulf" and the Beowulf manuscript, and in the digital humanities, which combined in his "Electronic Beowulf". From early on in his academic career, Kiernan expressed doubt in received theory on

neg: Beowa responsible for the text conflated them: at the beginning of the poem, there is a character called Beowulf (not the Beowulf of the title) who appears in the family tree of Scyld Scefing; this "Beowulf" is frequently changed to "Beow". J. R. R. Tolkien, one of the proponents of reading "Beow" here, suggested that the two scribes who produced the Beowulf manuscript were "both extremely ignorant of and careless with proper names", and called the occurrence of "Beowulf" in this place in the manuscript "one of the reddest and highest red herrings that were ever dragged across a literary trail".

neg: Unferð Unferð In the Old English epic poem "Beowulf", Unferth or Hunferth is a thegn (a retainer, servant) of the Danish lord Hrothgar. His name appears four times in the poem (always spelled Hunferð), at lines 499, 530, 1165, and 1488, as well as in line 980 by the appellation "the son of Eclafes". The name "Unferth" does not appear in any Old English manuscript outside of the Nowell Codex, which contains "Beowulf", and the meaning of the name is disputed. Several scholarly theories about Unferth have been proposed. Unferth is also the name of a character in the modern novel

neg: Kevin Kiernan questions concerning the manuscript through a new and first-hand description of it". Reviewing Kiernan's monograph together with "The Dating of Beowulf" (a collection of essays including one by Kiernan, edited by Colin Chase, 1981), Trahern concluded that the two books narrowed the dating for "Beowulf" and pushed it closer to the actual production of the manuscript. A further critique of accepted scholarship on the manuscript came with "The Thorkelin Transcripts of Beowulf" in 1986, which challenged the traditional account of the transcriptions made for and by Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin, an Icelandic-Danish scholar who was the first to transcribe the manuscript

neg: Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin had prepared "Beowulf" for publication by 1807. During the Battle of Copenhagen (1807) his house was burned, and the manuscript of his edition (the work of 20 years) was lost. The two transcripts survived, however, and Thorkelin began all over again. The poem was eventually published in 1815. Thorkelin was also the first scholar to make a full translation of the poem. The Thorkelín transcriptions are now an important textual source for "Beowulf", as the original manuscript's margins have suffered from deterioration during the 19th and 20th centuries. His early copies provide a record in many areas where the text

neg: Minuscule 561 Minuscule 561 Minuscule 561 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1289 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. Scrivener labelled it by number 521. The manuscript has complex contents. It has marginalia. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 290 parchment leaves (size ). The manuscript was written by many hands. The writing is in one column per page, 21-25 lines per page. The text is divided according to the ("chapters"), whose numerals are given at the margin, and the

neg: Ecgþeow heroic names, it would indicate proficiency with the sword, meaning literally, "whose servant is the sword". He is first mentioned in "Bēowulf" at lines 262-266, when Beowulf tells the coast-guardian that "My father was known to everyone," calls him a "noble battle-leader", and says that he died after living through "many winters" and that he is remembered well by wise men everywhere. At lines 372-375, Hrōðgār, the Danish king, recalls Ecgþeow, remembering that he married King Hreðel's only daughter. At lines 456-472, Hrōðgār recalls the story of how Ecgþēow once came to him for help: he had slain Heaðolaf, a

neg: Donald K. Fry has been praised for his "investigation of the type-scene as an episodic unit in narrative", explaining how narratives such as Beowulf are constructed from simpler units involving repeated motifs. He also discovered a new manuscript of the Old English poem "Durham". Fry teaches writing skills and teaches editors how to help their writers. In 2008-2012, he wrote a blog on “Writing Your Way, in Your Own Voice,” published by Writer’s Digest as a book in 2012 as "Writing Your Way, Creating Your own Writing Process that Works for You". Fry teaches writers to create their own writing process based on

neg: English poetry (991), appear to have been composed shortly after the events in question, and can be dated reasonably precisely in consequence. By and large, however, Anglo-Saxon poetry is categorised by the manuscripts in which it survives, rather than its date of composition. The most important manuscripts are the four great poetical codices of the late 10th and early 11th centuries, known as the Cædmon manuscript, the Vercelli Book, the Exeter Book, and the Beowulf manuscript. While the poetry that has survived is limited in volume, it is wide in breadth. "Beowulf" is the only heroic epic to have survived in its

neg: Beowulf In 1815, Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin published the first complete edition in Latin. N. F. S. Grundtvig reviewed this edition in 1815 and created the first complete verse translation in Danish in 1820. In 1837, John Mitchell Kemble created an important literal translation in English. In 1895, William Morris & A. J. Wyatt published the ninth English translation. Many retellings of "Beowulf" for children began appearing in the 20th century. 20th century In 1909, Francis Barton Gummere's full translation in "English imitative meter" was published, and was used as the text of Gareth Hinds's graphic novel based on "Beowulf" in 2007.

neg: Nowell Codex a fragment of a life of Saint Quentin. The second codex begins with three prose works: a life of Saint Christopher, "Wonders of the East" (a description of various far-off lands and their fantastic inhabitants), and a translation of a "Letter of Alexander to Aristotle". These are followed by "Beowulf", which takes up the bulk of the volume, and Judith, a poetic retelling of part of the book of Judith. Great wear on the final page of Beowulf and other manuscript factors such as wormhole patterns indicate Judith was not originally the last part of the manuscript, though it is

neg: Ballad ballade. As a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling that can be seen in poems such as Beowulf. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger. The earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is "Judas" in a 13th-century manuscript. This means that the two words, ballad and ballet, are both derived from the French language. Ballads were originally written to accompany dances, and so were composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines. These refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. Most

neg: Judith (poem) successors (Cook, pg. xx–xxi). The existing manuscript text of "Judith", following "Beowulf" in the manuscript, was copied by the second of two scribes. Campbell, J.J. "Schematic Technique in Judith". "English Literary History" 38 (1971), 155–72 Chamberlain, D. "Judith: a Fragmentary and Political Poem". "Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Essays in Appreciation for John C. McGalliard", ed. L. E. Nicholson and D. W. Frese (Notre Dame, IN, 1975),pp. 145–59. Clayton, M. "Ælfric's Judith: manipulative or manipulated?" (1994) pp. 215–227. Cook, A.S. "Judith, an old English epic fragment. Edited, with introd., facsim., translation, complete glossary, and various indexes", (Heath, Boston, 1889) Cubitt, C. "Virginity and

neg: Grendel's mother aglæcwif" is the subject of scholarly debate. The poem, "Beowulf," is contained in the Nowell Codex. As noted in lines 106–114 and lines 1260–1267 of "Beowulf," monsters (which include Grendel's mother and Grendel) are descendants of Cain. After Grendel is killed, Grendel's mother attacks Heorot in revenge. Beowulf then ventures into her cave under a lake, and engages in fierce combat with Grendel's mother. She nearly kills him until he sees an ancient sword, which he kills her with, and beheads the dead Grendel. Beowulf then returns to the surface and to his men at the "ninth hour" (l. 1600,

neg: Romantic nationalism another product of Romantic nationalism. The "discovery" of "Beowulf" in a single manuscript, first transcribed in 1818, came under the impetus of Romantic nationalism, after the manuscript had lain as an ignored curiosity in scholars' collections for two centuries. "Beowulf" was felt to provide people self-identified as "Anglo-Saxon" with their missing "national epic", just when the need for it was first being felt: the fact that Beowulf himself was a Geat was easily overlooked. The pseudo-Gaelic literary forgeries of "Ossian" had failed, finally, to fill the need for the first Romantic generation. The first publication of "The Tale of Igor's

neg: Pastoral Care (Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 504) Pastoral Care (Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 504) Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 504 is an early 7th-century illuminated manuscript of the "Pastoral Care" by Pope Gregory I. It was probably written in Rome about AD 600, whilst Gregory was still alive, and contains his final revised text. It is written in an uncial script. There are about twenty-five long lines per page. There are no divisions between words. The only ornamentation in the manuscript is penwork initials in red, green and yellow, and coloured text for the first lines after them. It is one of the oldest complete manuscript books in

neg: Standard manuscript format Normally, this involves counting every character in the manuscript, including spaces, and dividing by 6. If the correct font size is used, and if the margins are set so that lines contain an average of 60 characters, the editor can easily assume that there are 10 words per line. Furthermore, if the top and bottom margins are set so that there are, for example, 20 lines on each page, the editor can easily count 250 words per page. The final reason involves how editors, copy editors, and typesetters handle manuscripts. They might work on an entire manuscript at one time

neg: Minuscule 422 Minuscule 422 Minuscule 422 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 186 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. The marginal equipment is full. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 256 parchment leaves (). It is written in two columns per page, in 28 lines per page. The manuscript was written by an ignorant scribe, who made many errors. The text is divided according to the ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their τιτλοι ("titles") at the

neg: Hrothgar epic poem "Beowulf", Hrothgar is mentioned as the builder of the great hall Heorot, and ruler of Denmark when the Geatish hero Beowulf arrives to defeat the monster Grendel. When Hrothgar is first introduced in "Beowulf", it is explained that he was the second of four children of King Healfdene: he had an older brother, Heorogar, who was king before him; a younger brother Halga; and a sister, who was married to the king of Sweden. The sister is not named in the manuscript and most scholars agree this is a scribal error, but suggested names are Signy and Yrsa.

neg: Nowell Codex 19th century, by which time the margins had crumbled irreparably, and the edges of many pages are now illegible. Three pages, fol. 182a, fol. 182b and fol. 201b are in notably bad shape, showing more damage than can be explained by the Cottonian fire, with many words faded or illegible, some of which are far from the edges of the leaf. Van Kirk Dobbie suggests the damage to the third of these pages was due to "Beowulf" being separated from "Judith" prior to the 17th century, and fol. 201b was on the outside of the manuscript with no binding to

neg: Minuscule 563 Minuscule 563 Minuscule 563 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 160 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. Scrivener labelled it by number 519. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 198 parchment leaves (size ), with only one lacuna in John 21:19-25. The manuscript was written by many hands. The writing is in one column per page, 20-26 lines per page. It contains the tables of the before every Gospel, numerals of the are given at the margin, the

neg: Hrunting described in lines 106-108 to have descended from Cain. Hrunting Hrunting was a sword given to Beowulf by Unferth in the ancient Old English epic poem "Beowulf". Beowulf used it in battle against Grendel's Mother. Beowulf is described receiving the sword in lines 1455-1458: However, although the sword possessed great power and was claimed to have never failed anyone who used it, when Beowulf descended to the bottom of the lake to fight Grendel's mother, the sword proved ineffective. As the "fabulous powers of that heirloom failed," Beowulf was forced to discard it. Swords have great significance in the war-centred

neg: Beowulf First published in 1928, Frederick Klaeber's "Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg" (which included the poem in Old English, an extensive glossary of Old English terms, and general background information) became the "central source used by graduate students for the study of the poem and by scholars and teachers as the basis of their translations." Seamus Heaney's 1999 translation of the poem (referred to by Howell Chickering and many others as "Heaneywulf") was widely publicized. 21st century R. D. Fulk, of Indiana University, published the first facing-page edition and translation of the entire Nowell Codex manuscript in the Dumbarton Oaks

neg: Gordon Rugg This suggested that a meaningless hoax manuscript as long and as apparently linguistically complex as the Voynich manuscript could be produced, complete with coloured illustrations, by a single person in between 250 and 500 hours. However, there is debate about the features of the manuscript which Rugg's suggested method was not able to emulate. The two main features are lines showing different linguistic features from the bulk of the manuscript, such as the Neal keys, and the statistical properties of the text produced. Rugg argues that these linguistic features are trivially easy to hoax using the same approach with a

neg: Minuscule 560 (560). Currently the manuscript is housed at the Glasgow University Library (Ms. Hunter 475) in Glasgow. Minuscule 560 Minuscule 560 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1288 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. Scrivener labelled it by number 520. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 367 parchment leaves (size ). The manuscript was written by many hands. The writing is in one column per page, 18-24 lines per page. It contains Epistula ad Carpianum, the Eusebian tables at

neg: Evangeliarium Spalatense Evangeliarium Spalatense Evangeliarium Spalatense – manuscript of the New Testament in Latin from the 8th century. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition. The manuscript contains the text of the four Gospels on 309 parchment leaves (32×24,2 cm), with lacuna at the end. The last 12 leaves were lost. The text is written in two columns and 43 lines per pagina, in half uncial letters. Palaeographers are not in agreement as to the dating of this manuscript (6-8th century). It is not certain where the manuscript was written. Both Split and Italy have been suggested by scholars as the

neg: Grendel (novel) movie "Grendel Grendel Grendel". The basic plot derives from "Beowulf", a heroic poem of unknown authorship written in Old English and preserved in a manuscript dating from around AD 1000. The poem deals with the heroic exploits of the Geat warrior Beowulf, who battles three antagonists: Grendel, Grendel's mother, and, later in life, an unnamed dragon. Gardner's retelling, however, presents the story from the existentialist view of Grendel, exploring the history of the characters before Beowulf arrives. Beowulf himself plays a relatively small role in the novel, but he is still the only human hero that can match and kill

neg: Beowulf the king of the Danes, whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by a monster known as Grendel. After Beowulf slays him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland (Götaland in modern Sweden) and later becomes king of the Geats. After a period of fifty years has passed, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is mortally wounded in the battle. After his death, his attendants cremate his body and erect a tower on a headland in his memory. The full story survives in the manuscript known as the Nowell Codex.

neg: Anglo-Saxons slightly different from every other one, even if they are copies of each other, because every scribe had different handwriting and made different errors. We can sometimes identify individual scribes from their handwriting, and we can often guess where manuscripts were written because different scriptoria (centres of manuscript production) wrote in different styles of hand. There are four great poetic codices of Old English poetry (a codex is a book in modern format, as opposed to a scroll): the Junius Manuscript, the Vercelli Book, the Exeter Book, and the Nowell Codex or "Beowulf" Manuscript; most of the well-known lyric poems

neg: Anglo-Saxon paganism "Deor's Lament" there are references to the mythological smith Weyland, and this figure also makes an appearance on the Franks Casket. There are moreover two place-names recorded in tenth century charters that include Weyland's name. This entity's mythological stories are better fleshed out in Norse stories. The only surviving Anglo-Saxon epic poem is the story of "Beowulf", known only from a surviving manuscript that was written down by the Christian monk Sepa sometime between the eighth and eleventh centuries AD. The story it tells is set not in England but in Scandinavia, and revolves around a Geatish warrior named Beowulf

neg: Lectionary 224 Lectionary 224 Lectionary 224, designated by siglum ℓ "224" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. Scrivener labelled it by 247. The manuscript has complex contents. The codex contains lessons from the Gospels of John, Matthew, Luke lectionary ("Evangelistarium"), on 206 parchment leaves (). The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, in one column per page, 21 lines per page. According to Scrivener the manuscript is neat and complete. There are daily lessons from Easter to Pentecost. Scrivener dated the manuscript to the

neg: On Translating Beowulf 210-228 of "Beowulf", providing the original text, marked up with stresses and his metrical patterns for each half-line, as well as a literal translation with poetical words underlined. He notes that there are three words for boat and for wave, five for men, four for sea: in each case some are poetical, some normal. He also notes that sentences generally stop in the middle of a line, so "sense-break and metrical break are usually opposed." He notes too that significant elements in second half-lines are often "caught up and re-echoed or elaborated", giving a characteristic 'parallelism' to "Beowulf". This is

neg: Unferð Latin is given as "Hunfridus" and "Hunfertho". The first element of the name, "un", appears exclusively as "hun" in the sole manuscript of "Beowulf". There is some question as to why "hun" appears when the author means "un", and Fred C. Robinson suggests that this "h" is a Celtic scribal habit which indicates that "u" has a vocal function by adding an unpronounced graphic "h". Fulk argues, however, that this use of the letter "h" does not appear anywhere else in the "Beowulf" manuscript. In Old English, "un" usually means "not". However, some scholars have argued that it can also

neg: Minuscule 125 Minuscule 125 Minuscule 125 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1028 (Von Soden numbering). It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on a parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. It has with full marginalia (completed by a later hand). The manuscript contains the text of the four Gospels on 306 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, 23 lines per page. The capital letters are written in colour. The text is divided according to the ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the

neg: Minuscule 129 Minuscule 129 Minuscule 129 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. The manuscript has complex contents. It has full marginalia. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 355 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 18 lines of biblical text and 44 lines of commentary text per page. The text is divided according to the ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the margin, and the ("titles") at the top of

neg: Minuscule 591 Minuscule 591 Minuscule 591 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript has complex contents. It was labelled by Scrivener as 883. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 220 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 24 lines per page for biblical text, and 42 lines per page for a commentary. It contains tables of the are given before each Gospel, numbers of the at the left margin,

neg: Minuscule 569 Minuscule 569 Minuscule 569 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A (in the Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule illuminated manuscript Gospel book, on parchment. It is dated by a Colophon to the year 1061. It was labelled by Scrivener as 475. The manuscript has complex contents. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 358 parchment leaves measuring . The writing is in one column per page, 14 lines per page for text and 51 lines with a commentary. It contains breathings, sign of interrogative, abbreviations are frequent; the iota adscript occurs (e.g. article τῶι for τῷ), it

neg: Minuscule 73 Minuscule 73 Minuscule 73 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 260 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. The manuscript has complex contents with full marginalia. The codex contains complete text of the four Gospels on 291 leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 21 lines per page. The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their τιτλοι ("titles") at the top of the pages, but this system is not complete.

neg: Ecgþeow lines 2813-2815 we learn that the thane Wiglaf is a Waegmunding; therefore his father Weohstan was in some way related to Ecgþeow. Ecgþeow Ecgþēow (pronounced ) or Edgetho (Proto-Norse *"Agiþewaz") or Ecgtheow is a character in the Anglo-Saxon epic "Beowulf". He is not mentioned outside the "Bēowulf" manuscript, and it is not known whether he was based on a real person. He belonged to a probably Swedish family (an "ätt", see Norse clans) called the "Waegmundings". He married the daughter of Hreðel, king of the Geats, and was the father of Bēowulf. His name could be read as "eċġ" +

neg: Minuscule 924 (Gregory-Aland) cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS4, NA28). Minuscule 924 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 924 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1355 (von Soden), is a 13th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 356 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 21 lines per page. It is an ornamented manuscript. The text of the Gospels is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, whose numbers are given at the margin. There are

neg: Minuscule 924 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 924 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 924 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1355 (von Soden), is a 13th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 356 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 21 lines per page. It is an ornamented manuscript. The text of the Gospels is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, whose numbers are given at the margin. There are references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers). It

neg: Minuscule 909 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 909 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 909 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α263 (von Soden), is a 12th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. It has marginalia. The codex contains the text of the Book of Acts, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles, on 268 parchment leaves (size ). According to the CSNTM description it has 271 leaves. The text is written in two columns per page, 24 lines per page. The leaves 74-80 are written in 25 lines per page. They were written by different hand. It also contains Prolegomena, Journeys and death

neg: Minuscule 746 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 746 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 746 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament written on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. The manuscript has complex contents. Scrivener labelled it as 740. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 396 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 27 lines per page for biblical text, and 52 lines per page for a commentary's text. The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the margin,

neg: Minuscule 747 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 747 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 747 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament written on parchment. It is dated by a Colophon to 1164 CE. The manuscript has complex contents. Scrivener labelled it as 741. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 376 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 9-25 lines per page for biblical text, and 47 lines per page for a commentary's text. The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the margin,

neg: Minuscule 1187 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 1187 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 1187 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1083 (von Soden), is an 11th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. It is housed in the Saint Catherine's Monastery. The codex contains complete text of the four Gospels, on 307 parchment leaves (size ), without any lacuna. The text is written in two columns per page, 25 lines per page. The text of the Gospels is divided according to the κεφαλαια ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their τιτλοι ("titles of chapters") at

neg: Minuscule 497 Minuscule 497 Minuscule 497 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1125 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th-century. Scrivener labelled it by number 583. The manuscript has marginalia. It has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the complete text of the four Gospels on 184 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 22-23 lines per page, in very small hand. The text is divided according to the ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the margin, and the ("titles

neg: British Library, Add. 14470 British Library, Add. 14470 British Library, Add. 14470, Syriac manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 5th or 6th century. It is one of the oldest manuscript of Peshitta with complete text of the New Testament. The manuscript contains the complete text of 22 books of the Peshitta New Testament, on 176 leaves (23 by 14 cm) written in two columns per page, in 40-44 lines per page. The Hebrews is placed after Philemon. The manuscript is written in a small and elegant Edessene hand. The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11), according to the

neg: Hrunting Hrunting Hrunting was a sword given to Beowulf by Unferth in the ancient Old English epic poem "Beowulf". Beowulf used it in battle against Grendel's Mother. Beowulf is described receiving the sword in lines 1455-1458: However, although the sword possessed great power and was claimed to have never failed anyone who used it, when Beowulf descended to the bottom of the lake to fight Grendel's mother, the sword proved ineffective. As the "fabulous powers of that heirloom failed," Beowulf was forced to discard it. Swords have great significance in the war-centred Anglo-Saxon culture from which "Beowulf" arises. Therefore, emphasis is

neg: Minuscule 560 Minuscule 560 Minuscule 560 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1288 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. Scrivener labelled it by number 520. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 367 parchment leaves (size ). The manuscript was written by many hands. The writing is in one column per page, 18-24 lines per page. It contains Epistula ad Carpianum, the Eusebian tables at the beginning, tables of the before each Gospel, numerals of the , the , the Ammonian

neg: Minuscule 299 manuscript in 1885. The manuscript is currently housed at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Suppl. Gr. 177) at Paris. Minuscule 299 Minuscule 299 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century. It has marginalia. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 328 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, in 24 lines per page. The text is divided according to the ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the margin of the text, and

neg: Lectionary 225 Lectionary 225 Lectionary 225, designated by siglum ℓ "225" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 15th century. Scrivener labelled it by 248. The manuscript has complex contents. The codex contains lessons from the Gospels of John, Matthew, Luke lectionary ("Evangelistarium"), on 309 paper leaves (). The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, in one column per page, 17 lines per page. According to Scrivener the manuscript is neat and complete. There are daily lessons from Easter to Pentecost. The word before the bracket is

neg: Lectionary 336 Lectionary 336 Lectionary 336 (Gregory-Aland), designated by siglum ℓ "336" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition. The original codex contained lessons from the Matthew and Luke ("Evangelistarium") with lacunae on 178 parchment leaves. The leaves are measured (). The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, in two columns per page, 24 lines per page. It has musical notes. The codex contains weekday Gospel lessons according to the Byzantine Church order. Scrivener dated the manuscript

neg: Wonders of the East and another scribe wrote the remainder of "Beowulf" and "Judith". This codex was most likely compiled by Sir Robert Cotton, who possessed many Old English manuscripts. In 1731 the Cotton Library, which housed this manuscript, caught on fire; therefore, the text almost did not survive and is slightly burned around the edges. The codex may have been intentionally put together because four of the manuscripts discuss monsters. Furthermore, it is a “"liber monstrorum", or book of marvels, designed for entertainment along with usual edification. The date of this manuscript is usually believed to be “within a couple of decades of

neg: Beowulf Genesis, the Book of Exodus, and the Book of Daniel in its inclusion of references to the Genesis creation narrative, the story of Cain and Abel, Noah and the flood, the Devil, Hell, and the Last Judgment. The poem mixes the West Saxon and Anglian dialects of Old English, though it predominantly uses West Saxon, as do other Old English poems copied at the time. There is a wide array of linguistic forms in the "Beowulf" manuscript. It is this fact that leads some scholars to believe that "Beowulf" has endured a long and complicated transmission through all the main

neg: Judith (poem) "Beowulf". Damage to the manuscript was caused by the Cotton fire of 1731 and readings have been lost. In order to account for these lost words, modern editions of the poem are supplemented by references to Edward Thwaites' 1698 edition. The consensus held by modern scholars allocates "Judith" to the authorship of Cynewulf, though several opposing theories have been proposed. The atypical absence of Cynewulf’s runic signature has led many not to attribute authorship to him (Nelson, pg. 4). Stylistically, the poem so strongly reflects the Cynewulfian school that it may just as likely been written by one of Cynewulf’s

neg: On Translating Beowulf to be as early in the second half-line as possible. It also quickens and relieves heavy patterns (which had double alliteration). Rhyme is used only "gratuitously, and for special effects." Here he gives an example from "Beowulf" itself, lines 212-213: 'stréamas wundon || sund wið sande' ("waves wound || sea against sand"), where 'wundon' actually rhymes (internally) with 'sund'. Tolkien explains: "[here] the special effect (breakers are beating on the shore) may be regarded as deliberate." His version of this captures the rhyme and the alliteration, as well as the meaning: Tolkien ends the essay with an analysis of lines

neg: Minuscule 569 thoroughly for the needs of textual criticism. The manuscript is in the National Library of Russia (Gr. 72) in Saint Petersburg. Minuscule 569 Minuscule 569 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A (in the Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule illuminated manuscript Gospel book, on parchment. It is dated by a Colophon to the year 1061. It was labelled by Scrivener as 475. The manuscript has complex contents. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 358 parchment leaves measuring . The writing is in one column per page, 14 lines per page for text and 51 lines with

neg: Beowulf great pyre in Geatland while his people wail and mourn him, fearing that without him, the Geats are defenceless against attacks from surrounding tribes. Afterwards, a barrow, visible from the sea, is built in his memory ("Beowulf" lines 2712–3182). "Beowulf" was written in England, but is set in Scandinavia; its dating has attracted considerable scholarly attention. The poem has been dated to between the 8th and the early 11th centuries, with some recent scholarship offering what has been called "a cohesive and compelling case for Beowulf's early composition." However, opinion differs as to whether the composition of the poem is

neg: Uspenski Gospels Uspenski Gospels Uspenski Gospels, "Minuscule 461" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 92 (Soden), are a New Testament minuscule manuscript written in Greek, dated at 835 AD. They are the oldest known dated manuscript of the New Testament; it was not customary for Greek scribes to date their work at the time. The codex contains complete text of the four Gospels, on 344 parchment leaves, the leaves measure 16.7 cm by 10.7 cm. The text is written in one column per page, 19 lines per page, in minuscule letters. The margins are very wide, the column of writing occupies an area

neg: Dunhuang Go Manual line. The handwriting is cursive, and in places untidy and hard to read, with many obvious transcription errors. The manuscript is incomplete, with probably three to five lines of text (45–75 characters) missing at the beginning. The end of the manuscript is intact, and gives the title of the text as "Qi Jing" (碁經) "Classic of Go", and notes that it is complete in one scroll. Unfortunately the name of the author, which would probably have been given at the start of the text, is not provided. The manuscripts in the Dunhuang library cave date from the 5th century up

neg: Minuscule 940 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 940 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 940 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1364 von Soden), is a 13th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 176 parchment leaves (size ). It has lacuna at the end of the Gospel of John. The text is written in one column per page, 29 lines per page. The leaves are arranged in sedez. It contains pictures and liturgical books with hagiographies: Synaxarion and Menologion, at the end of the manuscript. The Greek text of the

neg: Minuscule 925 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 925 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 925 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1450 (von Soden), is a 14th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 413 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 21-22 lines per page. The leaves of the codex are arranged in octavo. The manuscript is ornamented. The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family K. Kurt Aland

neg: Minuscule 926 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 926 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 926 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1359 (von Soden), is a 13th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 161 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 27 lines per page. The leaves of the codex are arranged in octavo. According to Hermann von Soden it is an ornamented manuscript. The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine. Hermann von Soden classified it to

neg: Minuscule 943 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 943 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 943 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1366 von Soden), is a 12th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 213 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 25 lines per page. The leaves are arranged in sedez. It contains the "Epistula ad Carpianum", Eusebian Canon tables, and pictures (portraits of Evangelists). It contains lectionary markings at the margin (for liturgical use). The manuscript is ornamented. The Greek text of the codex

neg: Minuscule 942 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 942 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 942 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1365 von Soden), is a 10th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 385 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 18 lines per page. The leaves are arranged in sedez. It contains the Eusebian Canon tables, and pictures. There is no "Epistula ad Carpianum". The manuscript is ornamented. The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine. Hermann von Soden classified

neg: Minuscule 939 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 939 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 939 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1361 von Soden), is a 12th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It contains some liturgical matter. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 238 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. The leaves are arranged in sedez. It contains "Epistula ad Carpianum" at the beginning of the manuscript, but there is no Eusebian Canon tables. It contains lectionary markings at the margin of the text for

neg: Minuscule 927 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 927 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 927 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 251 (von Soden), is a 12th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the New Testament without Book of Revelation, on 280 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 26 lines per page. The leaves of the codex are arranged in octavo. According to Hermann von Soden it is an ornamented manuscript. It contains the "Epistula ad Carpianum", the Eusebian Canon tables at the beginning and

neg: Minuscule 929 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 929 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 929 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 478 (von Soden), is a 13th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia and was prepared for liturgical use. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 214 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 26-30 lines per page. The leaves of the codex are arranged in octavo. According to Hermann von Soden it is an ornamented manuscript It contains the Eusebian Canon tables at the beginning and portraits of

neg: Minuscule 928 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 928 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 928 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 478 (von Soden), is a 14th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia and was prepared for liturgical use. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the New Testament without Book of Revelation, on 333 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 27 lines per page. The leaves of the codex are arranged in octavo. According to Hermann von Soden it is an ornamented manuscript. It contains lectionary markings at the margin for

neg: Minuscule 938 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 938 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 938 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1451 von Soden), is a 14th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. It contains some liturgical matter. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 272 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 21 lines per page. The leaves are arranged in sedez. It contains liturgical books with hagiographies: Synaxarion and Menologion. One leaf catalogued as Minuscule 2161 belonged to the same manuscript as 938. The Greek text of the codex is

neg: Minuscule 126 Minuscule 126 Minuscule 126 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 185 (Von Soden numbering). It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. It has complex contents with full marginalia. The manuscript contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 219 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, 26 lines per page. Matthew 28:18-20 is written in cruciform. The capital letters are often occur in the middle of words. According to F. H. A. Scrivener the manuscript was carelessly written. The text

neg: Minuscule 873 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 873 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 873 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε103 (von Soden), is an 11th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 289 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in two columns per page, 23 lines per page. At the end it has additional non-biblical material – "Lives of 12 Apostles". According to Hermann von Soden it is an ornamented manuscript. The text is divided according to chapters (tables of ), whose numbers are given at the margin, and

neg: Minuscule 937 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 937 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 937 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1137von Soden), is an 11th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has marginalia and was prepared for liturgical use. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels, on 256 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 22 lines per page. The leaves are arranged in sedez. The manuscript is lacunose at the end (John 21:11-25). In John 14:22-15:5 it was supplied by later hand. It contains "Epistula ad Carpianum", but it

neg: Minuscule 484 Minuscule 484 Minuscule 484 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 322 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on thick cotton paper ("charta Damascena"). It is dated by a Colophon to the year 1291/1292. The manuscript was prepared for liturgical use. It contains liturgical books. Scrivener labelled it by number 571. The manuscript has complex contents. The codex contains the complete text of the four Gospels on 258 thick paper leaves (size ). The leaves are arranged in octavo (eight leaves in quire). It is written in one column per page, 23-25 lines per page.

neg: Minuscule 597 Gospels. Gregory saw it in 1886. The manuscript currently is housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I,59 (1277)), at Venice. Minuscule 597 Minuscule 597 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 340 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript has complex contents. It was labeled by Scrivener as 464. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 259 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 20-21 lines per page. The lists of the ("chapters") are placed

neg: Lectionary 340 Lectionary 340 Lectionary 340 (Gregory-Aland), designated by siglum ℓ "340" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th-century. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition. The original codex contained lessons from the Book of Acts and Catholic Epistles ("Apostolarium") with lacunae on 276 parchment leaves. The leaves are measured (). The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, in one column per page, 26 lines per page. The codex contains weekday Gospel lessons. Scrivener dated the manuscript to the 14th-century, Gregory dated it to the

neg: Lectionary 341 Lectionary 341 Lectionary 341 (Gregory-Aland), designated by siglum ℓ "341" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th-century. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition. The codex contains lessons from the Gospel of John, Matthew and Luke ("Evangelistarium") on 355 parchment leaves. The leaves are measured (). The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, in two columns per page, 22 lines per page. It has music notes, pictures, and Menologium. The codex contains weekday Gospel lessons. Scrivener dated the manuscript to the 12th-century, Gregory

neg: Lectionary 327 Lectionary 327 Lectionary 327 (Gregory-Aland), designated by siglum ℓ "327" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition. The original codex contained lessons from the Gospel of John, Matthew, and Luke ("Evangelistarium"), with numerous lacunae, on 178 parchment leaves. The leaves are measured (). The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, in two columns per page, 26-30 lines per page. The codex contains weekday Gospel lessons. Scrivener and Gregory dated the manuscript to the 14th century.

neg: Lectionary 322 Lectionary 322 Lectionary 322 (Gregory-Aland), designated by siglum ℓ "322" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th-century. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. The original codex contained lessons from the Gospel of John and Matthew ("Evangelistarium"), on 79 parchment leaves. The leaves are measured (). The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, in two columns per page, 24 lines per page. It has musical notes. Scrivener dated the manuscript to the 13th-century, Gregory dated it to the 11th-century. It is presently assigned by

neg: Wonders of the East or eat people. "The Wonders of the East" is found in three manuscripts. It is in the Beowulf manuscript (also known as the Nowell Codex, London, British Library, Cotton Vitellius A. xv). It is written in Late West Saxon in a Mercian dialect. Other than "Beowulf" and "The Wonders of the East", the other works in this codex include: "The Passion of St. Christopher", "The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle", and "Judith". One scribe is believed to have copied "The Passion of St. Christopher", "The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle", "The Wonders of the East", and first part of "Beowulf",

neg: Minuscule 906 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 906 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 906 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε1258 (von Soden), is a 12th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has survived in complete condition. It has marginalia, 12th century canon tables and illuminated headpieces, and five significant inserted 12th century miniatures. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 164 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 29 lines per page. According to Hermann von Soden it is an ornamented manuscript. The text is divided according to chapters (), whose numbers are given at the

neg: J. R. R. Tolkien's influences Lord of the Rings," the ideas of heroism and masculinity that inform the character of Beowulf, can also be seen in Aragorn. Both Aragorn and Beowulf have questionable family lines, and both take on kingship only for the good of the people. Other themes, such as the conversation in "The Hobbit" between Bilbo Baggins and Smaug the dragon, as well as the antagonism created by the mere mention of gold and even the concept of riddles, are also reflected in "Beowulf". Tolkien also based the people of Rohan, the Rohirrim, on the historical Anglo-Saxons, giving them Anglo-Saxon names, customs, and

neg: Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics is a contrasted description of two moments in a great life, rising and setting; an elaboration of the ancient and intensely moving contrast between youth and age, first achievement and final death." Part A (youth) is lines 1 to 2199; part B (age) is lines 2200 to 3182 (the end). A secondary division of the poem occurs, Tolkien writes, at line 1887, after which all the earlier story is summarized, so a complete account of Beowulf's tragedy is given between 1888 and the end, but without the account of the gloomy court of Heorot, or of the contrast between the

neg: Papyrus 45 codex, which may have consisted of 220 pages, however only 30 survive (two of Matthew, six of Mark, seven of Luke, two of John, and 13 of Acts). All of the pages have lacunae, with very few lines complete. The leaves of Matthew and John are the smallest. The original pages were roughly 10 inches by 8 inches. Unlike many of the other surviving manuscripts from the 3rd century which usually contained just the Gospels, or just the Catholic letters, or just the Pauline epistles, this manuscript possibly contained more than one grouping of New Testament texts. This hypothesis is

neg: Minuscule 916 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 916 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 916 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Ο (von Soden), is a 12th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition. The codex contains the text of the Book of Acts, on 32 parchment leaves (size ) with lacuna after Acts 10:47. The text is written in one column per page, and 15-25 lines per page. It contains lectionary markings at the margin and scholia (since Acts 1:1 to 7:60). The original manuscript contained complete text of the Book of Acts and Catholic epistles. Kurt Aland the Greek text

neg: Lectionary 339 Lectionary 339 Lectionary 339 (Gregory-Aland), designated by siglum ℓ "339" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th-century. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition. The original codex contained lessons from the Gospel of John, Matthew and Luke ("Evangelistarium") with lacunae on 207 parchment leaves. The leaves are measured (). The text is written in Greek uncial letters, in two columns per page, 25 lines per page. It is written in minuscule script. The titles are written in gold, initial letters are written in gold