query: who was the president of india during emergency from 1975-77

pos: The Emergency (India) The Emergency (India) In India, "the Emergency" refers to a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352 of the Constitution because of the prevailing "internal disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977. The order bestowed upon the Prime Minister the authority to rule by decree, allowing elections to be suspended and civil liberties to be curbed. For much of the Emergency, most of Gandhi's political opponents were

pos: Shah Commission Shah Commission Shah Commission was a commission of inquiry appointed by Government of India in 1977 to inquire into all the excesses committed in the Indian Emergency (1975 - 77). It was headed by Justice J.C. Shah, a former chief Justice of India. The Indian Emergency of 25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977 was a 21-month period when President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, upon advice by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, declared a national emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution of India, effectively bestowing on her the power to rule by decree, suspending elections and civil liberties. It is one

pos: President of India date. It was declared first in 1962 by President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, during the Sino-Indian War. This emergency lasted through the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and up to 1968. It was revoked in 1968. The second emergency in India was proclaimed in 1971 by President V. V. Giri on the eve of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The first two emergencies were in the face of external aggression and War. They were hence external emergencies. Even as the second emergency was in progress, another internal emergency was proclaimed by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, with Indira Gandhi as prime minister in 1975.

pos: Rich Like Us and recognition. "Rich Like Us" continues to be the best known novel of Nayantara Sahgal. This novel is set in one of India’s most unruly chapter of history, tracing back from the Partition the Indian independence and The Emergency. The Emergency, which plays a central role in this novel, marks the 21-month period between June 1975 and March 1977 in India. During this time, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declared a state of emergency in India. This announcement gave Ahmed the right to suspend the elections and civil liberties at his will, hence bringing India’s people into a state of extreme

pos: Prime Minister of India a referendum in 1975; and India's first nuclear test in Pokhran occurred during Indira's first term. In 1975, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed—on Indira's advice—imposed a state of emergency, therefore, bestowing the government with the power to rule by decree, the period is known for human right violations. After widespread protests, the emergency was lifted in 1977, and a general election was to be held. All of the political parties of the opposition—after the conclusion of the emergency—fought together against the Congress, under the umbrella of the Janata Party, in the general election of 1977, and were successful in defeating the

pos: The Emergency (India) "internal emergency". He drafted a letter for the President to issue the proclamation on the basis of information Indira had received that "there is an imminent danger to the security of India being threatened by internal disturbances". He showed how democratic freedom could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution. After a quick question regarding a procedural matter, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declared a state of internal emergency upon the prime minister's advice on the night of 25 June 1975, just a few minutes before the clock struck midnight. As the constitution requires, Mrs. Gandhi advised and

pos: State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain Janata Morcha, a coalition of opposition political parties, called for a campaign of civil disobedience to oust Indira's government. On 25 June 1975, a state of emergency was declared by the President of India, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, upon the advice of Prime Minister Gandhi. The government argued that the political disorder was a threat to national security. Using the sweeping powers granted by the emergency decree, thousands of opposition leaders and activists were arrested, press censorship was introduced and elections were postponed. During this period, Gandhi's Congress (R) used its parliamentary majority to amend the Indian Constitution and overwrite the

pos: Ahmad Kutty emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352(1) of the Constitution for "internal disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977. His son Faisal Kutty recounts as one of his earliest childhood memories as running from safe house to safe house, until the family was able to leave India. In 2003, Shaikh Kutty made international headlines when he and Imam Abdul Hamid were detained and held in a Fort Lauderdale jail after disembarking from their flight on September 11. The two were travelling to

neg: D. K. Barooah D. K. Barooah Dev Kant Barooah (22 February 1914 – 28 January 1996) was an Indian politician from Assam, who served as the President of the Indian National Congress during the Emergency (1975–77). He is now chiefly remembered for his sycophancy to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, encapsulated by his c. 1974 proclamation that "India is Indira. Indira is India." However, he later parted ways with her and joined Congress (Urs), later renamed as Indian Congress (Socialist). He was the Governor of Bihar from 1 February 1971 to 4 February 1973. He died in New Delhi. Barua was a noted poet

neg: D. K. Barooah as well. His collection of Assamese poems, "Sagar Dekhisa" ("সাগৰ দেখিছা"), is still very popular. He was the elder brother of famous Assamese poet Nabakanta Barua. D. K. Barooah Dev Kant Barooah (22 February 1914 – 28 January 1996) was an Indian politician from Assam, who served as the President of the Indian National Congress during the Emergency (1975–77). He is now chiefly remembered for his sycophancy to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, encapsulated by his c. 1974 proclamation that "India is Indira. Indira is India." However, he later parted ways with her and joined Congress (Urs), later renamed as Indian

neg: V. S. Acharya laid foundation for the BJP rule in South India and particularly in the state of Karnataka. As the youngest municipal president of Udupi, he was hailed for his pro-active role in the development of the town. He remained municipal president for a period of 8 years and the Swarna river water supply system, Under ground drainage system, Town roads widening etc.were some of his achievements during this period.Under his presidency Udupi Municipality in 1968 became first in nation to ban carrying night soil by humans. During the Emergency (1975–77), he was imprisoned for a period of 19 months. After being

neg: Ahmad Kutty 1975-1980) to pursue his research under the supervision of Professor Charles Adams and Prof. A. Üner Turgay. The Institute, established in 1952 by Wilfred Cantwell Smith, is the first institute of Islamic studies in North America. During a visit to India in 1976, an arrest warrant was issued for Shaikh Kutty under The Emergency (India) declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s administration mainly (for his translation work with Islamic Publishing House and Probodhanam Weekly, the mouthpiece of Kerala Jamaate). In India, "the Emergency" refers to a 21-month period in 1975–77 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of

neg: Abbas Ali (Indian National Army) General Secretary of the Uttar Pradesh unit of Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP) in 1966-67, and of the Socialist Party in 1973-74, respectively and was member of the National Executive of the Socialist Party and of its Parliamentary board, 1974-77. In 1967 he played a key role in the formation of the first Non-Congress Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD) government in Uttar Pradesh led by Charan Singh, who became Prime Minister of India in 1979. During the Socialist movement (1948–74) he was arrested more than fifty times in various civil disobedience movements. During the emergency (1975–77) he was imprisoned for 19 months

neg: David Selbourne of the play for the Royal Shakespeare Company, was published, and has since established itself as a key work for students of theatre. At the same time as teaching social and political theory at Ruskin College, Oxford, from 1966 to 1986, Selbourne contributed as a freelance journalist and commentator to New Society, the New Statesman, the Independent, and the Guardian among other publications. He also travelled widely,visiting China during the Cultural Revolution and writing "An Eye to China" (1975), and to India during its political emergency of 1975–77, about which he wrote "An Eye to India" (1977). He continued and

neg: Sitaram Yechury later, he joined the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was arrested in 1975 during the Emergency while he was still a student at JNU. He was underground for some time, organising resistance to the Emergency, before his arrest. After the Emergency, he was elected as the President of the JNU Students' Union thrice during one year (1977–78). Yechury, along with Prakash Karat, was instrumental in creating an impregnable leftist bastion at JNU. In 1978, he was elected as All-India Joint Secretary of SFI, and went on to become the All India President of SFI. He was the first president

neg: C. P. John His mother bequeathed him a strong sense of social justice and he became a student activist at school in Kunnamkulam. Galvanised by the Emergency (1975–77) he became a prominent student leader whilst studying for his undergraduate degree in Physics and Bachelor of Laws at Calicut University, rising to the positions of Kerala State President (1980–85) and then All India Vice President of the Student Federation of India (1983-1986). From 1987 onwards, CP John combined his role as Secretary of the CMP with various administrative positions that gave him the opportunity to contribute towards social justice in Kerala, particularly in his

neg: Sardarmal Lalwani in charge of a protection force in Bhopal, for which work he was awarded a medal. In 1975, Lalwani was president of the state unit of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and was targeted by the Government of India during The Emergency. This did not deter him from remaining a staunch RSS loyalist. He was a good friend of Shankar Dayal Sharma, the ninth President of India, and of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who was the tenth Prime Minister of India. He was also closely associated with Prakash Chandra Sethi, Virendra Kumar Saklecha, and Sunderlal Patwa, all of whom were Chief

neg: Satish Chandra Agarwal Satish Chandra Agarwal Satish Chandra Agarwal (1927 – 10 September 1997) was a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party and a member of Sixth and Seventh Lok Sabha representing Jaipur Parliamentary Constituency of Rajasthan, India during 1977-84. Later he was elected to Rajya Sabha. Earlier, he was a Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly during 1957-72. He was arrested like many political opponents during the Emergency during 1975-77, imposed by Indira Gandhi. An active social and political worker, and an eminent parliamentarian, Agarwal served as Union Minister of State for Finance in Government of India during 1977-79. He was a Member of

neg: Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India promulgated by the President or by governors, and of laws enacted during emergencies that contravened Fundamental Rights. The Act was passed when it was more than half of the State Legislatures. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Did not ratify: Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975, made the declaration of "The Emergency" final and conclusive. In particular it codified and enlarged the State's power to remove fundamental rights from its citizens during states of emergency. Introduced on 22 July

neg: Morarji Desai was convicted of electoral fraud by the Allahabad High Court, after opponents alleged she had used government civil servants and equipment during the campaign for the 1971 General Elections. During the subsequent Emergency rule in 1975–77, in a massive crackdown, Desai and other opposition leaders were jailed by the Indira Gandhi government. The popular anti-corruption movement led by Jayaprakash Narayan and the anti-Emergency wave in 1977 led to the complete routing of the Congress party in Northern India, and a landslide victory for the opposition Janata alliance in the National elections held in March 1977. Morarji Desai was selected by

neg: Baroda dynamite case on parole due to chronic asthma and lung infection on 20 January 1977, being one of the first martyrs of the Emergency. Baroda dynamite case Baroda dynamite case is the term used for the criminal case launched by the Indira Gandhi government in India during the Indian Emergency (1975 - 77) against the opposition leader George Fernandes and 24 others. The CBI charged George and others of smuggling dynamite to blow up government establishments and railway tracks in protest against state of emergency. They were also charged with waging war against the state to overawe and overthrow the government. The

neg: Sanjay Place Sanjay Place Sanjay Place (, ) is a place in Agra, India. It is the financial hub of Agra. The area which is now known as Sanjay Palace was actually a central Jail. Then in 1976 during Indira Gandhi's emergency rule (1975–77) saw the shifting of the Central Jail to a new site outside the city periphery. The space vacated has now been used for the Sanjay Place commercial complexes. The name Sanjay is after Indira Gandhi's son who was instrumental in this shift. Sanjay place is located between the Paliwal Park and M G Road. It is close to

neg: Rajmohan Gandhi foremost associates of Mahatma Gandhi. Associated from 1956 with Initiatives of Change (formerly known as Moral Re-Armament), Rajmohan Gandhi has been engaged for half a century in efforts for trust-building, reconciliation and democracy and in battles against corruption and inequalities. In the 1960s and early 1970s, Gandhi played a leading role in establishing Asia Plateau, the conference centre of Initiatives of Change in Panchgani, in the mountains of western India. Asia Plateau has been recognized in the Indian subcontinent for its ecological contribution. During the 1975-77 Emergency in India, he was active for democratic rights personally and through his weekly

neg: Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India, enacted on 10 August 1975, placed the election of the President, the Vice President, the Prime Minister and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha beyond the scrutiny of the Indian courts. It was passed during the Emergency of 1975–1977. It was moved by the Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi to preempt a hearing by Supreme Court of India concerning the setting aside of Gandhi's election by the Allahabad High Court on the grounds of corrupt electoral practices. Indira Gandhi was accused by Raj Narain

neg: K. S. Eshwarappa student in the National Commerce College, Shimoga, he actively worked with the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (A.B.V.P), the student wing of RSS. After his graduation, he started his own private business in Shimoga city. He also involved himself with the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. During Emergency (1975–77), he was arrested and detained in the Bellary Jail. After the removal of emergency, he became very active in politics. He worked in different capacities and in 1982, became the president of the Shimoga city unit of BJP. His personal efforts were one of the main reasons in M. Ananda rao winning from

neg: Law enforcement in India Police Service. Central police forces can assist the state's police force, but only if so requested by the state governments. In practice, the central government has largely observed these limits. During the Emergency of 1975-77, the constitution was amended (effective 1 February 1976) to permit the central government to dispatch and deploy its Central Armed Police forces without regard to the wishes of the states. This action proved unpopular, and the use of the Central Police Forces was controversial. After the Emergency was lifted, the constitution was amended in December 1978 to make deployment of central Police forces once again

neg: H. D. Deve Gowda a member of the Taluk Development Board of Holenarasipura. In 1962, Gowda was elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Holenarasipura constituency as an independent candidate. Later, he was elected from the same constituency to the Assembly for six consecutive terms from 1962 to 1989. He joined the Congress (O) during the Congress split and served as the Leader of Opposition in the Assembly from March 1972 to March 1976 and again from November 1976 to December 1977. During the Emergency (1975–77), he was imprisoned in the Bangalore Central Jail. Gowda was twice the President of state unit of the

neg: Michael Fernandes (politician) and is the founder of "Vimochana", a women’s rights group based at Bangalore. He was elected as a corporator from Bangalore for the first time in 1970, contesting as an independent. He was jailed during the Emergency like his brothers George, Lawrence and Aloysius. Arrested in December 1975 he was in jail for 15 months in 1975-77. Michael like his brother was tortured during his detention in Bangalore Central Jail during the Emergency but refused to divulge details of his elder brother George. He became a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Bharathi Nagar constituency in 1978 from Janata

neg: Ramjee Singh of India in 1942 under Gandhi's leadership and also suffered imprisonment for 21 months when the Indian government had suppressed all civil and political rights and imposed emergency in 1975–77. As a result, he was elected to the Parliament of India with a margin of 186,000 votes against his formidable rival, who was later Chief Minister of Bihar. He has also raised his voice against inhuman blinding of under-trial prisoners in jail before the Supreme Court of India and had moved a Public Interest Litigation in the High Court for the protection of the rights of the landless people. As

neg: Rama Jois on Service Law, Habeas Corpus Law, Constitutional Law, etc. His most known two-volume book "Legal and Constitutional History of India", considered as a previous volume, is a textbook for Law Degree course. His another well known book is "Seeds of Modem Public Law in Ancient Indian Jurisprudence". His other works include "Historic Legal Battle", " Dharma- The Global Ethic" etc. His views on Dharma and Manu Smriti are of immense value, as they have been simplified for the understanding of the common man. During The Emergency (India) 1975-77, imposed by Indira Gandhi, he was imprisoned and lodged in the Bengaluru

neg: Baroda dynamite case Baroda dynamite case Baroda dynamite case is the term used for the criminal case launched by the Indira Gandhi government in India during the Indian Emergency (1975 - 77) against the opposition leader George Fernandes and 24 others. The CBI charged George and others of smuggling dynamite to blow up government establishments and railway tracks in protest against state of emergency. They were also charged with waging war against the state to overawe and overthrow the government. The accused were arrested in June 1976 and imprisoned in Tihar Jail, Delhi. The other prominent accused were Viren J. Shah, G.G. Parikh,

neg: Ampasayya Naveen enormous popularity with both common readers and critics. A gripping and eminently readable style and deep insight into human mind and the dynamics of social relations are their strong points. His works are also remarkable for their bold treatment of contemporary issues of our society. His Cheekati Rojulu (Dark Days) graphically depicts the atrocities committed by the state on the innocent citizens of India during the infamous Emergency of 1975-77. His Women’s College and Vichalitha (The Disturbed) perceptively treats the discrimination and injustice being meted out to women in India. Bondhavyalu (Relationships) depicts the altered socio-economic scenario in Telangana during

neg: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh former RSS member assassinated Mahatma Gandhi; then during the emergency (1975–77); and for a third time after the demolition of Babri Masjid in 1992. RSS was founded in 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, a doctor in the city of Nagpur, British India. Hedgewar was a political protege of B. S. Moonje, a Tilakite Congressman, Hindu Mahasabha politician and social activist from Nagpur. Moonje had sent Hedgewar to Calcutta to pursue his medical studies and to learn terrorist techniques from the revolutionary secret societies of the Bengalis. Hedgewar became a member of the Anushilan Samiti, an anti-British revolutionary group, getting into

neg: Irfan Habib worked on the historical geography of Ancient India, the history of Indian technology, medieval administrative and economic history, colonialism and its impact on India, and historiography. Amiya Kumar Bagchi describes Habib as "one of the two most prominent Marxist historians of India today and at the same time, one of the greatest living Marxist historians of India between the twelfth and eighteenth centuries." He was Coordinator/Chairman of the Centre for Advanced Studies, AMU from 1975–77 and 1984–94. He was Chairman of the Indian Council of Historical Research during 1986–90. He was the general secretary, Sectional President, and then the General

neg: Mar Thoma Syrian Church against British Raj. He is the only Mar Thoma Priest who is recognized and awarded as a freedom fighter by the Government. After India attained its freedom in 1947, Government of India lowered to the level of a despotic rule during the time of Emergency of 1975. The Emergency was followed after election malpractices allegation and following the verdict against Indira Gandhi. All leaders who spoke against the Emergency rule were jailed or kept in house arrest. It was at this time Yuhanon Mar Thoma wrote a letter to Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India criticizing emergency and

neg: Jagmeet Singh Brar Jagmeet Singh Brar Jagmeet Singh Brar (born 23 May 1958 in Bam, Muktsar District (Punjab)) is an Indian politician, lawyer, writer and poet who belonged to the Indian National Congress and then the All India Trinamool Congress. The masses gave him the title of “Awaaz-e-Punjab” for raising issues of Punjab at the national level. Brar started his career as a student leader under the guidance of his father,Gurmit Singh Brar, former Cabinet Minister, Punjab. He served as President, All India Sikh Student Federation. He was imprisoned during Emergency from 1975 to 1977 as a student leader studying at Government college

neg: George Fernandes 1950s and 1960s while working with the Indian Railways. He defeated S K Patil of Indian National Congress in the 1967 parliamentary elections from the South Bombay (now south Mumbai) constituency. He organised the 1974 Railway strike, when he was President of the All India Railwaymen's Federation. Fernandes went underground during the Emergency era of 1975, while challenging Prime Minister Indira Gandhi for imposing a state of emergency, but in 1976 he was arrested and tried in the infamous Baroda dynamite case. In 1977, after the Emergency had been lifted, Fernandes won the Muzaffarpur seat in Bihar in absentia and

neg: The Statesman (India) under this new ownership was Pran Chopra. "The Statesman" is characterized by its terse reporting style. It holds an independent anti-establishment position. It opposed the shifting of India's capital from Calcutta to New Delhi in 1911, stating that "[t]he British have gone to the city of graveyards to be buried there". It also strenuously opposed Indira Gandhi's Emergency in 1975-77. Under the editor Ian Stephens (who was editor from 1942 to 1951), the newspaper published highly disturbing images, on 22 and 29 August 1943, of the effects of the Bengal famine of 1943, despite the British colonial government's attempts at

neg: F. C. Kohli India Council. He is the past president of the Computer Society of India and was the chairman of the Southeast Asia Regional Computer Conference held at Singapore in 1976 and chairman of the apex committee of the Southeast Asia Regional Computer Conference held at New Delhi in 1988. He was president of the Management Consultants Association of India for the year 1975–76. For 1975–77 he was the chairman of the Institutions of Electrical Engineers Bombay. In 1989, he was appointed adviser to the South east Asia Regional Computer Confederation. He was a president of NASSCOM for 1995–96. TCS was established

neg: Odessa Sathyan union strikes at "Iringalpara" and other areas in Kozhikode. Later, Sathyan joined the naxalite movement and became the Kozhikode district Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) and had to undergo imprisonment during the Emergency period of 1975–77. He was said to be one of the leaders of a "people's mass trial", conducted by the CPI ML, at the Kozhikode Medical College Campus. The friendship with John Abraham influenced Sathyan to join the "Odessa Collective" initiative. He participated the activities of the movement and the group, by collecting donations from the public, produced Amma Ariyan, widely regarded as the

neg: Arun Jaitley Jaitley studied at St. Xavier's School, Delhi from 1957–69. He graduated with a honours degree in commerce, BCom from Shri Ram College of Commerce, New Delhi in 1973. He passed his LLB degree from the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, in 1977. Jaitley was an Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) student leader at the Delhi University Campus in the seventies and rose to be the President of the Students Union of Delhi University in 1974. During the period of proclamation of Internal Emergency (1975–77) when fundamental rights were suspended, he was under preventive detention for a period of 19

neg: Mark Tully India during Emergency in 1975–77 when Prime Minister Mrs. Gandhi had imposed censorship curbs on the media. Tully resigned from BBC in July 1994, after an argument with John Birt, the then Director General. He accused Birt of "running the corporation by fear" and "turning the BBC into a secretive monolith with poor ratings and a demoralised staff". In 1994 he presented an episode of BBCs Great Railway Journeys "Karachi to The Khyber Pass" travelling by train across Pakistan. Since 1994 he has been working as a freelance journalist and broadcaster based in New Delhi. He is currently the regular

neg: Karpoori Thakur alleged that the Bihari students suffered due to the resulting low standards of English-medium education in the state. Thakur served as a minister and Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar, before becoming the first non-Congress socialist Chief Minister of Bihar in 1970.He also enforced total prohibition of alcohol in Bihar. During his reign, many schools and colleges were established in his name in the backward areas of Bihar. A socialist leader, Karpoori Thakur was close to Jaya Prakash Narayan. During the emergency in India (1975–77), he and other prominent leaders of Janata Party led the "Total Revolution" movement aimed at non-violent

neg: Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975, made the declaration of "The Emergency" final and conclusive. In particular it codified and enlarged the State's power to remove fundamental rights from its citizens during states of emergency. Introduced on 22 July 1975, the bill received presidential assent in ten days. The Amendment barred judicial review of proclamations of emergency whether made to meet external, internal, or financial threats (Article 360 for the latter). It also barred judicial review of overlapping emergency proclamations, or ordinances

neg: Indian military fiction Indian military fiction Some of the older books dealing with fictionalized scenarios for the Indian military and written by Indians were: The Indian Army’s Directorate of Military Intelligence recommended the book be banned on grounds it disclosed vital secrets. The Chief of Army Staff, however, declined such action primarily on the grounds that the book was simply interesting, harmless fun. The book was the first the author managed to get published: his first, "Pakistan Rearmed " (1973) was refused clearance. He refused to submit for clearance two other books writing during the 1975-77 Emergency. Subsequently, his "Militarization of Mother India"

neg: Swaraj Kaushal Swaraj Kaushal Swaraj Kaushal (born 12 July 1952) is an Indian criminal lawyer practising in New Delhi. He was designated Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India at age 34. He has the distinction of being India's youngest ever Advocate General at age 34 and Governor of a state at 37 years of age. He served as Governor of Mizoram between 1990 and 1993. During the Emergency of 1975-77, he defended socialist leader George Fernandes in the famous Baroda dynamite case. He secured release of the underground Mizo leader Laldenga in the conspiracy trial in 1979. Thereafter, he was

neg: Sanjay Place and Pakiza. Three of the best schools in Agra are in Sanjay Place: St Peters College, St Patricks Junior college, and St.Francis Convent school. The Income Tax Office is here. Shaheed Smarak, which is a tribute to Kargil War Soldiers, is also situated here. Sanjay Place Sanjay Place (, ) is a place in Agra, India. It is the financial hub of Agra. The area which is now known as Sanjay Palace was actually a central Jail. Then in 1976 during Indira Gandhi's emergency rule (1975–77) saw the shifting of the Central Jail to a new site outside the city

neg: The Emergency (India) imprisoned and the press was censored. Several other human rights violations were reported from the time, including a forced mass-sterilization campaign spearheaded by Sanjay Gandhi, the Prime Minister's son. The Emergency is one of the most controversial periods of independent India's history. The final decision to impose an emergency was proposed by Indira Gandhi, agreed upon by the president of India, and thereafter ratified by the cabinet and the parliament (from July to August 1975), based on the rationale that there were imminent internal and external threats to the Indian state. Between 1967 and 1971, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi came

neg: M. Sukumaran M. Sukumaran M. Sukumaran (1943-2018) was an author and short story writer in Malayalam. He was born at Chittur in Palakkad District, Kerala. Won the Kerala Sahithya Academy award in 1976 for his book "Marichittillathavarude Smarakangal". While working at the office of Accountant General of Kerala at Trivandrum, he got involved with the leftist trade union movement. The authorities utilised the state of Emergency which prevailed in India during 1975-77 and terminated his employment. The theme of all the writings of Sukumaran deal with the plight of the dispossessed and advocate an armed struggle for the liberation of the oppressed.

neg: Jagjivan Ram Gandhi during the Emergency (1975–77), he left Congress in 1977 and joined the Janata Party alliance, along with his Congress for Democracy. He later served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India (1977–79); then in 1980, he formed Congress (J). Jagjivan Ram was born at Chandwa near Arrah in Bihar. He had an elder brother, Sant Lal, and three sisters. His father Sobhi Ram was with the British Indian Army, posted at Peshawar, but later resigned due to some differences, and bought farming land in his native village Chandwa and settled there. He also became a "Mahant" of the Shiv

neg: P. Parameswaran All‑India General Secretary and later Vice‑President of the Jan Sangh. He was jailed during the Indian Emergency (1975-1977). In 1977, Parameshwaran moved from politics to the sphere of social thought and development. He worked as director based in New Delhi for Deendayal Research Institute an organisation started by Nanaji Deshmukh for four years. P. Parameshwaran, a bachelor, who doesn't have a house of his own, is residing in the Vichara Kendram headquarters, Thiruvananthapuram. In 1982, he came back to Kerala and gave shape to a new organization; Bharatiya Vichara Kendra aimed at national reconstruction through study and research. It has

neg: B. S. Yeddyurappa Shikaripur unit in 1970. In 1972, he was elected to the Shikaripura Town Municipality and was also appointed as the President of the Taluk unit of the Jana Sangh. In 1975, he was elected President of the Town Municipality of Shikaripura. He was imprisoned during the Emergency in India and lodged in the Bellary and Shimoga jails. In 1980, he was appointed President of the Shikaripura taluk unit of the BJP and later went on to become the president of BJP's Shimoga district unit in 1985. In 1988, he became the State President of the BJP in Karnataka. He was

neg: Bezawada Papi Reddy the board of the Agricultural University from 1969–72 In the year 1972 after serving his first term as a MLA, He chose to go to the parliament and was elected as an Independent to be a member of the Rajya Sabha, he believed in the socialist policies as prescribed by Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan. He was under intensive observation by the security agencies during the emergency in 1975-77. He served as a house committee member in Public Undertakings Committee, 1976-77 & Public Accounts Committee, 1977-78. His tenure in Rajya Sabha was during 1972-78 Being the founder member of the party

neg: Manubhai Pancholi and later joined as a professor in Gramdakshinamurt, Ambala in 1938. He was also arrested during Quit India Movement in 1942 was jailed at Bhavnagar. He served as education minister of Bhavnagar State in 1948. He co-founded Lokbharti Gramvidyapith institute with Nanabhai Bhatt in 1953 at Sanosara. He married Vijayaben Patel, a daughter of Patidar family from Varad village of Bardoli. Vijayaben died on 25 April 1995. He was a member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly from 1967 to 1971 and served as an education minister in 1970. He was arrested during the emergency in 1975. He served as the president

neg: Paranjoy Guha Thakurta in 1977. With the Emergency of 1975-77, he decided to be a journalist over being a lecturer. In June 1977, he joined a Kolkata-based magazine as assistant editor. Through his career spanning over 30 years, he has been associated with major media houses like "Business India", "Businessworld", "The Telegraph", "India Today" and "The Pioneer". He also hosted the chat show "India Talks" on CNBC-India which ran over 1400 episodes. In 2013, he directed a short documentary film "Coal Curse" which highlighted the wrongs in the Indian coal mining industry. The 45-minute film, supported by Greenpeace, delved into the political economy

neg: President of India war), 1971 (Indo-Pakistan war), and 1975 to 1977 (declared by Indira Gandhi). Under of the India constitution, the president can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the cabinet of ministers headed by the prime minister. Such a proclamation must be approved by the parliament with an at least two-thirds majority within one month. Such an emergency can be imposed for six months. It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval-there is no maximum duration. In such an emergency, Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended. The six freedoms under

neg: Censorship in India by the constitution guarantees and safeguards the freedom of press. However, the freedom of press was not always as robust as today. In 1975, the Indira Gandhi government imposed censorship of press during The Emergency. It was removed at the end of emergency rule in March 1977. On 26 June 1975, the day after the emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of "The Times of India" in its obituary column carried an entry that read, "D.E.M O'Cracy beloved husband of T.Ruth, father of L.I.Bertie, brother of Faith, Hope and Justica expired on 26 June". In 1988 ‘defamation bill’ introduced by

neg: State of emergency emergency, the Parliament cannot be disbanded. The Icelandic constitution provides no mechanism for state of emergency nor martial law. In India, an external state of emergency was declared two times during wars: In 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of internal emergency after she was indicted in a corruption scandal and ordered to vacate her seat in the Indian Parliament, allowing herself to rule by decree until 1977. It all started after Raj Narain, who had been defeated in parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi, lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against

neg: Mohan Deep the revelations about the illegitimate child of the first prime minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, by his private secretary M. O. Mathai. The play was set in 1975–77 when, then-prime minister Indira Gandhi had imposed emergency rule in India. The censor board for the theatre refused to give permission to stage the play, even after a stormy meeting between the author and the board members. The script was published as a book by Image Books with the same title, "Nehru and the Tantrik Woman". but never staged. His next was an entirely different theme, feng shui. "Feng Shui for the

neg: Longri Ao Naga Federal Army using "Unlawful Activities Act 1967." Government of India also stopped the extension of "Ceasefire" agreement. With cessation of the "ceasefire" agreement, including almost dissolution of "Peace Mission" by 1972, Longri Ao and other church leaders formed "Nagaland Peace Council" (NPC) in 1974 with Longri Ao as its president till his death, and initiated the discussions and talks once again. The steps for peace talks initiated this time reached its climax with the promulgation of Indira Gandhi's Emergency in 1975, as "Shillong Accord of 1975". With the imposition of Indira Gandhi's National Emergency in India after the President's

neg: Ramprakash Mehra Ramprakash Mehra Ramprakash Mehra (16 March 1917 – 7 March 1983) was an Indian cricketer and administrator. Born in Lahore, Ramprakash Mehra was the President of Board of Control for Cricket in India in 1975/76 and 1976/77, joint secretary between 1960/61 and 1962/63 and Vice President from 1963/64 to 1974/75. He was the head of the Delhi and Districts Cricket Association for nearly fifteen years. Mehra represented Northern India in Ranji Trophy between 1934/35 and 1951/52 and Delhi in 1953/54. His only hundred in the competition was a 209* scored against Maharashtra in the 1940/41 semifinal, despite which his side

neg: Mirza Hameedullah Beg came up in 1975 during the Indian Emergency. The legal question hinged on the citizen's right to judicial scrutiny for arrests under emergency. The five seniormost judges of the Supreme court heard the case, and four aligned with the government view that even the right to life stood suspended during emergency (only dissent was H. R. Khanna). In his April 1976 decision, Justice Beg appeared to bend backwards even, when he observed: A few months later, in January 1977, M.H. Beg, who was junior to H. R. Khanna, was appointed Chief Justice of India by the Indira Gandhi government. This

neg: Hariharan Chandrashekar has been documented extensively by him and by a host of other professionals who he has mentored over the years. Over a dozen doctoral dissertations at the post Masters level have gained from insights and experience he has offered for such aspirant and accomplished Doctoral students on urban sustainability practices. Born in Bangalore, Hariharan spent much of his formative years weaned on Gandhi, India’s more recent history of the times, and stumbled into the city’s underground group during the Emergency 1975-77. He had the privilege of working with Snehalata Reddy, George Fernandes and others who were eventually hailed as heroes

neg: Mukundan C. Menon of Killing, killing of Javed a Malayali in Gujarat, death of Tangal Kunju in Police custody in Alappuzha and several others human rights violations Mukundan C. Menon worked in the Association for the Protection of Democratic Rights in Delhi for the release of the prisoners of the CPI-ML and the campaign to save the lives of the two tribals Kista Gowda and Bhoomaiah who were ultimately hanged during the emergency. This work led to his own incarceration in the emergency years (1975–77). He edited the journal Third World Unity after his release between 1978 and 1980 which became a rallying

neg: Kathashilpa Publishing House censorship during the State of Emergency proclaimed by the Government of India in 1975. The quarterly Prastuti Parba was originally published from the residence of Dipendu Chakraborty, a Bengali essayist and professor of English literature, at 32, Rani Harshamukhi Road, Kolkata 700002. Christened 'Prastuti' (Preparation) at its inception, it was ultimately registered as 'Prastuti Parba' (the Preparatory Phase) due to the unavailability of that particular title. The office was shifted to 11, Nrityogopal Chattejee Street, Kolkata 700002, the residence of Prabir Mukhopaddhyay, another associate of the journal. However, during the Emergency in 1975, the regular running of magazines such as

neg: Thanjavur is also a part of the Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency and elects a member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, once every five years. The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the Indian National Congress for Seven terms during 1951–56, 1957–62, 1962–1967, 1980–84, 1984–1989, 1989–91 and 1991–96, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam for Seven terms during 1967–71, 1971–77, 1996–98, 1998–99, 1999-04, 2004–09 and 2009–present and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam for one term during 1977–80. R. Venkataraman, who served as the President of India from 1987 to 1992, was elected from the Thanjavur Lok

neg: Muhammad Jafar Abdul Haque Ansari. In 2007 he was appointed as Naib Ameer-e-Jamaat (Vice President) by Maulana Jalaluddin Umri, the newly elected Ameer-e-Jamaat. Mohammad Jafar was groomed primarily by Hoda. He became a full-time worker in JIH Halqa Bihar office in 1973. During the Indian Emergency in 1975, he was arrested along with Hoda and other Jamaat wokers and remained in jail for four months. He is cousin of Maulana Syed Nizamuddin, Secretary-General of All-India Muslim Personal Law Board. He became a member of the Executive Committee of All India Muslim Personal Law Board and Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat in 1990. As of 2011

neg: State of Emergency in India states which form the federation. In the history of independent India, there were three periods during which a state of emergency was need to have existed. The phrase "Emergency period" used loosely, when referring to the political history of India, often refers to the third and the most controversial of the three occasions. The President can declare three types of emergencies: National emergency can be declared on the basis of external aggression or armed rebellion in the whole of India or a part of its territory. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 (China war), 1971 (Pakistan war),

neg: Ram Jethmalani in Detroit, Michigan. He has also been the Chairman of Bar Council of India for four tenures both before and after the emergency. He was also a member of International Bar Association 1996.He has also been Professor Emeritus at Symbiosis Law School, Pune since 2003. Jethmalani contested as an independent candidate from Ulhasnagar supported both by the Shiv Sena and Bharatiya Jan Sangh but he lost the elections. During the emergency period of 1975–1977, he was the chairman of the Bar Association of India. He heavily criticised the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. An arrest warrant was issued

neg: Nandini Satpathy level, there was a movement to have more women representatives in the Indian Parliament. The Assembly elected Satpathy (then president of the Women's Forum) to the upper house of India's Parliament, where she served two terms. After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister of India in 1966, Satpathy became a Minister attached to the Prime Minister, with her specific portfolio being the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Satpathy returned to Odisha in 1972, due to vacancies caused by Biju Patnaik and others departing from the Congress party, and became the Chief Minister of Odisha. During the Emergency of 25 June 1975

neg: Sushma Swaraj was the first female Spokesperson of a national political party in India. She has many firsts to her credit as BJPs first female Chief Minister, Union Cabinet Minister, general secretary, Spokesperson, Leader of Opposition and Minister of External Affairs. She is the Indian Parliament's first and the only female MP honoured with the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award. She has contested 11 direct elections from four states. She has served as the President of the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in Haryana for four years. During the times of Emergency, on 13 July 1975, Sushma Swaraj married Swaraj Kaushal, a peer and fellow advocate

neg: Radical Students Union Radical Students Union The Radical Students Union (RSU) was a frontal organization of the Communist Party of India (Maoist), a Naxalite group. Founded in 1974, it became defunct after 2005. In 2011 there were indications of plans to revive the organization. The Radical Students Union (RSU) was formed on 12 October 1974 in Andhra Pradesh. Originally it was linked to the Central Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist). The first vice-president was C. V. Subbarao, who was arrested a few months after the Emergency began in 1975, and remained in jail until 28 March 1977. At first the organization

neg: K. G. Marar K. G. Marar Kuruvannil Govindan Marar (b.September 17, 1934 - d.25 April 1995) was an Indian social worker,politician, former State president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Kerala, India. He was the third son among four children of Narayana Marar and Nayan Marsyar.By occupation he was a teacher at Govt School Parassinikadavu (The school near to the famous Parassinikadavu Muthappan Temple, Kannur District, Kerala)and left his profession for being a full-time social worker. Arrested during Indian Emergency of 25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977, he was imprisoned for 18 months. After getting released from the jail K G

neg: Shivraj Singh Chouhan is a gold medalist in M. A. (Philosophy) from Barkatullah University, Bhopal. He is an agriculturist by profession. He is married to Sadhna Singh and they have two sons Kartrikey and Kunal. His early political career can be defined as up to the point of his first election to the Lok Sabha. He was elected President of the Model School Students Union in 1975. In 1976-77, he participated in underground movement against Emergency and was imprisoned in Bhopal Jail for some time. In his early political career, he has also been: A convener of Akhil Bhartiya Keshariya Vahini in 1991-92

neg: Jagmohan this time he grew close to Sanjay Gandhi, who began to wield increasing clout in the functioning of his mother Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's government. During the Emergency (1975–77), Sanjay Gandhi entrusted Jagmohan with the "beautification" of Delhi, a task that involved large-scale demolition of slums. These beautification drives disproportionately affected Muslims, traditionally Congress-party voters, who disenchantment contributed to Indira Gandhi's massive defeat in the 1977 general election. Despite this Jagmohan, already a Padma Shri since 1971, was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1977. In 1982, as Delhi hosted the Asian Games, Jagmohan served his second term as the city's

neg: Surendra Sheodas Barlingay the Universities of Oslo, Manchester, Belgrade and Udain. Barlingay represented India at various international conferences and seminars, including the Seminar on ‘Man to-day’ at Dubrovnik (Yugoslavia) and Australasian Philosophy at Weimar. Barlingay attended the UNESCO Experts Meeting at (Senegal) as a delegate. The philosophy community of India recognised Barlingay's contributions by electing him General President of the Darshan Parishad, Ranchi (1975), Indian Philosophical Congress, Madras 1979. Barlingay was the President of Indian Academy of Philosophy, Calcutta. Barlingay was a U. G. C. National Lecturer (1974) and a fellow of the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Simla (1976–77). Barlingay was the

neg: Pulikkodan Narayanan motionless." Narayanan, Padikkal, and fellow officers of the Kakkayam camp were not convicted, for want of evidence, but many other youths interred at the camp have recounted stories of torture in the Malayalam press. Pulikkodan Narayanan later retired as a Deputy Superintendent of Police (Dy.SP). Pulikkodan Narayanan Pulikkodan Narayanan was one of the most notorious police officers (Sub-Inspector) in Kerala Police who, along with Jayaram Padikkal, allegedly tortured and murdered Rajan, at the Kakkayam police camp in Kerala, during the Indian Emergency (1975 - 77). Pulikkodan (his family name) Narayanan was in charge of Perambra police station, and was specifically

neg: Pulikkodan Narayanan Pulikkodan Narayanan Pulikkodan Narayanan was one of the most notorious police officers (Sub-Inspector) in Kerala Police who, along with Jayaram Padikkal, allegedly tortured and murdered Rajan, at the Kakkayam police camp in Kerala, during the Indian Emergency (1975 - 77). Pulikkodan (his family name) Narayanan was in charge of Perambra police station, and was specifically moved into the squad dealing with the Naxalites. In his memoires Prof. Eachara Warrier recounts that "Pulikkodan Narayanan began kicking him in his stomach with his heavy police boots. With a loud cry he fell back and writhed on the floor, then became quiet and

neg: Jamaat-e-Islami Hind (2002). It has also held regional conferences on various occasions in different parts of the country. The state chapters of the organisation also hold separate conferences at regular intervals. The organisation was banned twice by the Government of India during its six decades of existence, the first temporarily during the Emergency of 1975–1977 and then in 1992. While the first was revoked after the Emergency was lifted, the second was reversed by the Supreme Court of India. Issuing its judgement on the ban it remarked about the organisation: as "an All India organisation professing a political, secular and spiritual credentials

neg: Gauri Ayyub orphaned during the atrocities. In 2012, the Government of Bangladesh honoured her (posthumously) with the Friends of Liberations War Honour in recognition of her many contributions. Never someone to shy away from controversy and debate, she continued to get involved in a series of sociopolitical issues. She was particularly perturbed by the imposition of emergency during 1975–77, and the consequent curtailment of civil liberties. During this period, she kept risking arrest and imprisonment by attending rallies to raise the collective social conscience and holding closed door meetings (often at her own home) with prominent leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan and

neg: R. C. Unnithan across India during the Emergency regime when fundamental democratic rights were curtailed for twenty-one months between 1975 and 1977. He had published several books and articles. Notable among them was a personal/political diary penned while being imprisoned during emergency years. R. C. Unnithan Ramachandran Unnithan (; born 21 January 1936), popularly known as R. C. Unnithan or simply R.C. (), was a renowned Malayalam political activist and trade union leader and one of the early leaders of Communist Party of India in the southern districts and eastern plantations of Kerala, India. He contested on CPI(M) party tickets for the state

neg: Socialist Workers Party (India) renamed "Red Spark". During The Emergency of 1975-1977, it lost many long-standing members, some forming the Bolshevik Leninist Group. The party continued to operate into the mid-1980s. Socialist Workers Party (India) The Socialist Workers Party (SWP) was a Trotskyist political party in India. The party was established in 1965 by activists, mostly in Mumbai. These included two former leading members of the Revolutionary Workers Party: S. B. Kolpe, who became editor of the party journal, "Marxist Outlook", and Murlidhar Parija, who became the party's general secretary. It aligned itself with the United Secretariat of the Fourth International. In 1968 the

neg: Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed portfolios relating to Food and Agriculture, Co-operation, Education, Industrial Development and Company Laws. Chosen for the presidency by the Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, in 1974, and on 20 August 1974, he became the second Muslim to be elected President of India. He is known to have issued the proclamation of emergency by signing the papers at midnight after a meeting with Indira Gandhi the same day. He used his constitutional authority as head of state to allow her to rule by decree once the Emergency in India was proclaimed in 1975. He is well known among Indian diplomats for his

neg: Pranab Mukherjee ticket. Following a meteoric rise, he became one of Gandhi's most trusted lieutenants and a minister in her cabinet by 1973. During the controversial Internal Emergency of 1975–77, he was accused (like several other Congress leaders) of committing gross excesses. Mukherjee's service in a number of ministerial capacities culminated in his first stint as finance minister in 1982–84. Pranab Mukherjee was also Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha from 1980 to 1985. Mukherjee was sidelined from the Congress during the premiership of Rajiv Gandhi, Indira Gandhi's son. Mukherjee had viewed himself and not the inexperienced Rajiv, as the

neg: Prakash Javadekar of State for Parliamentary Affairs, and briefly held the portfolio of Information and Broadcasting. Javadekar is an official spokesperson of the BJP. He is married to Dr. Prachee Javadekar and has two sons. He has a B.Com.(Hons) from the University of Pune. Active in politics since his college days, Javadekar was a member of ABVP, the student union. During the Emergency declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi between 1975–77, Javadekar participated in student movements against the government. During this period, he led a satyagraha non violent movement in Pune and was arrested for several months. From 1984-1990, he was a

neg: State of Emergency in India and 1975 (declared by Indira Gandhi). The President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister. Such a proclamation must be laid before both houses of Parliament, and the state of emergency expires after one month unless approved within that time by both houses sitting and voting separately. However, if the Lok Sabha (the lower house) has been dissolved or dissolution takes place in the state of emergency, and the Rajya Sabha approves of the state of emergency, the deadline for the Lok Sabha is extended until

neg: The Emergency (India) prolonging the emergency by several years ... In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic civil libertarian structure of the Indian Constitution through the 42nd amendment to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional checks and balance between the three organs of the government." The Emergency (India) In India, "the Emergency" refers to a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by

neg: Kamalapati Tripathi Railways for two times first from 1975 to 1977 and then briefly in 1980. He presented Railway Budget of India four times: 1975–76, 1976–77, 1980–81 (interim) and 1980–81 (final). Following trains were introduced during his tenure: An 8-kilometer-long new Railway line between Telapur-Patanchera was opened during his tenure. The Diesel Loco Shed in Pune was started in his tenure. He authored following works: Bandi Ki Chetna, 1946 Kamalapati Tripathi Kamlapati Tripathi (3 September 1905 – 8 October 1990) was an Indian politician, writer, journalist, and freedom fighter. He was a senior Indian National Congress leader from Varanasi constituency. He served

neg: Satyendra Narayan Sinha and sent then External Affairs Minister Dinesh Singh to convey the proposal but he refused, since he did not wished to unseat incumbent CM K B Sahay but wanted to be elected by the people of state. The reigning Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, declared a state of emergency on 25 June 1975 due to internal political disturbances. Accordingly, all fundamental rights enjoyed in the Indian Constitution were suspended. Political dissidents, newspaper reporters, opposition leaders who opposed emergency were jailed. "Chhote Saheb", along with other prominent leaders, opposed this blatant misuse of state machinery. In 1977, during the emergency

neg: Airport (film series) Airport (film series) Airport is a 1970s film series consisting of four airplane-themed disaster films that include "Airport", "Airport 1975", "Airport '77" and "The Concorde ... Airport '79". They are based on the novel "Airport" by Arthur Hailey. The only actor who appeared in all four films is George Kennedy in his recurring role of Joseph "Joe" Patroni. Patroni's character evolves from a chief mechanic in "Airport" to a vice president of operations in "Airport 1975", a consultant in "Airport '77", and an airline pilot in "The Concorde ... Airport '79". The first "Airport" film from 1970 had reviews complimenting

neg: Jammu Praja Parishad subsequently revived the National Conference. Between 1975–77, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a national emergency. After it was lifted, Jana Sangh merged with other opposition parties in India to form the Janata Party. In the 1977 Legislative Assembly elections , widely regarded as the first free and fair elections in Jammu and Kashmir, the Janata Party won 11 seats in Jammu and a further 2 seats in the Kashmir Valley. The Indian National Congress also won 11 seats in Jammu, but none in the Kashmir Valley. After the split-up of the Janata Party and the formation of the Bharatiya Janata

neg: George Fernandes the prison, died soon after her release. In July 1975, Fernandes arrived in Baroda. There, he met Kirit Bhatt, who was president of Baroda Union of Journalists, and Vikram Rao, a staff correspondent of "The Times of India" at Baroda, both who opposed the Emergency. They used to meet and discuss on what could be done to topple the autocratic Indira Gandhi Government. An industrialist friend, Viren J. Shah, managing director of Mukand Ltd., helped them find contacts for procuring dynamite, used extensively in quarries around Halol (near Baroda). They aimed at blowing up toilets in government offices and cause

neg: Narendra Modi Master of Arts degree in political science from Gujarat University, as an external distance learning student. In June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India which lasted until 1977. During this period, known as "The Emergency", many of her political opponents were jailed and opposition groups were banned. Modi was appointed general secretary of the "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", an RSS committee coordinating opposition to the Emergency in Gujarat. Shortly afterwards, the RSS was banned. Modi was forced to go underground in Gujarat and frequently travelled in disguise to avoid arrest. He became involved in

neg: Preventive detention it unconstitutional. In response, a new law regulating Sicherungsverwahrung was passed in November 2012 In India, preventive detention can be extended for up to six months. After three months, such a case is brought before an advisory board for review. Preventive detention in India dates from British rule in the early 1800s, and continued with such laws as the Defence of India Act 1939 and the Preventive Detention Act 1950. The controversial "Maintenance of Internal Security Act" was enacted by Indian parliament during Indira Gandhi prime ministership in 1971, however it was amended several times during national emergency (1975-1977), leading

neg: Rajan case Rajan case The Rajan case refers to the death of P. Rajan, a student of the erstwhile Regional Engineering College, Calicut, as a result of torture in local police custody in Kerala during the nationwide Emergency in India in 1976, and the legal battle that followed, which brought out the facts of the incident to the public. His remains are yet to be recovered. During the nationwide Emergency in India between 1975 and 1977 Fundamental Rights of the citizen were suspended by the government, hence creating a period of police activism. In Kerala, the Naxal movement was at its peak

neg: CAC Sabre RAAF (77 Sqn) and No. 76 Squadron RAAF (76Sqn). From 1958 to 1960, CAC Sabres of No. 78 Wing RAAF (78 Wing), comprising 3 Sqn and 77 Sqn, undertook several ground attack sorties against communist insurgents in the Federation of Malaya, during the Malayan Emergency. Following the Emergency, they remained in Malaysia at RMAF Butterworth (RAAF Butterworth). Armed with Sidewinder missiles, the Sabres were responsible for regional air defence during the "Konfrontasi" between Indonesia and Malaysia from 1963 until 1966, though no combat took place. Between October and December 1965, a detachment of six Sabres, initially from 77 Sqn and

neg: Govind Swarup He has two patents. Membership of Professional Societies: Royal Society, London; Indian National Science Academy; Indian Academy of Sciences; National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad, India; Third World Academy of Sciences; Indian Geophysical Union; Maharashtra Academy of Sciences; Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers; Indian Physics Association; Indian Physical Society; International Academy of Astronautics; Pontifical Academy of Sciences; Royal Astronomical Society, London;Astronomical Society of India (President 1975–77); International Astronomical Union (IAU) (President, Commission 40 on Radio Astronomy, 1979–82); Executive Committee, Inter Union Commission for Frequency Allocation (IUCAF till 1995); IAU Working Group for Future Large Scale Facilities (1994–2000); Chairman, Indian National

neg: Johnson Tan Han Seng v Public Prosecutor 15 of that year. During the period of emergency, the Agong promulgated a number of ordinances by way of the legislative powers granted to him through the Constitution. These legislative powers were only valid during the state of emergency, but the ordinances issued would persist after the emergency unless repealed by Parliament. One ordinance promulgated during the period of emergency in 1969 was the Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance No. 1. In 1975, the Agong, who had been granted further legislative powers by the Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance, promulgated the Essential (Special Cases) Regulations 1975 (ESCAR). ESCAR provides for special rules

neg: R. Ashoka R. Ashoka R. Ashoka is a leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party in Karnataka. He was one of the Deputy Chief ministers of the state in the BJP government headed by Jagadish Shettar from 2012 to 2013. Hailing from the dominant Vokkaliga community, He represents the Padmanabhanagar constituency of Bangalore city in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. During Emergency (1975–77), he was arrested and detained in prison along with senior leaders like L.K. Advani at the Central Jail in Bengaluru. He was first elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in the 1997 by-Elections from Uttarahalli Constituency, which was the biggest state