query: What do you call a pore, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange, is part of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC),  the name of the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere

pos: Soil plant atmosphere continuum The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere. Continuum in the description highlights the continuous nature of water connection through the pathway. The low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. less negative) water potential inside leaves, leads to a diffusion gradient across the stomatal pores of leaves, drawing water out of the leaves as vapour. As water vapour transpires out of the leaf, further water molecules evaporate off the surface of mesophyll cells to replace the lost molecules since water in the air inside leaves is maintained at saturation vapour pressure. Water lost at the surface of cells is replaced by water from the xylem, which due to the cohesion-tension properties of water in the xylem of plants pulls additional water molecules through the xylem from the roots toward the leaf.

pos: Stoma In botany, a stoma (plural "stomata"), also called a stomate (plural "stomates") (from Greek στόμα, "mouth"), is a pore, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange. The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized parenchyma cells known as guard cells that are responsible for regulating the size of the stomatal opening.

neg: Water potential Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure, or matrix effects such as capillary action (which is caused by surface tension). The concept of water potential has proved useful in understanding and computing water movement within plants, animals, and soil. Water potential is typically expressed in potential energy per unit volume and very often is represented by the Greek letter ψ.

neg: Rana Ellen Munns Rana Ellen Munns FAA and ISI highly cited, is recognised as a world-leading authority on the mechanisms of salinity tolerance in crop plants. Her primary research has been on dissecting and demonstrating the relative importance of traits that underpin salinity tolerance. She characterised the critical plant processes involved in tolerance of salinity, and showed what distinguishes salinity stress from drought stress. This work produced a highly sensitive technique for identifying salt-tolerant plants, and discovery of important genes for salt tolerance. Recently she discovered novel genes in an ancestral wheat that control the uptake of sodium and prevent it accumulating in leaves. These genes are being transferred to durum wheat and bread wheat cultivars, with the aim of improving grain yield in saline soil. The work resulted in developing a breeding line which yields 25% more than its parent on saline soils in farmers' fields.

neg: Nutrient film technique Nutrient film technique (NFT) is a hydroponic technique wherein a very shallow stream of water containing all the dissolved nutrients required for plant growth is re-circulated past the bare roots of plants in a watertight gully, also known as channels. NFT was developed in the mid 1960s in England by Dr. Alen Cooper. In an ideal system, the depth of the recirculating stream should be very shallow, little more than a film of water, hence the name 'nutrient film'. This ensures that the thick root mat, which develops in the bottom of the channel, has an upper surface, which, although moist, is in the air. Subsequent to this, an abundant supply of oxygen is provided to the roots of the plants. A properly designed NFT system is based on using the right channel slope, the right flow rate, and the right channel length. The main advantage of the NFT system over other forms of hydroponics is that the plant roots are exposed to adequate supplies of water, oxygen and nutrients. In earlier production systems, there was a conflict between the supply of these requirements, since excessive or deficient amounts of one results in an imbalance of one or both of the others. NFT, because of its design, provides a system wherein all three requirements for healthy plant growth can be met at the same time, provided that the simple concept of NFT is always remembered and practiced. The result of these advantages is that higher yields of high-quality produce are obtained over an extended period of cropping. A downside of NFT is that it has very little buffering against interruptions in the flow, e.g., power outages, but, overall, it is one of the more productive techniques.

neg: Root microbiome The root microbiome is the dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots. Because they are rich in a variety of carbon compounds, plant roots provide unique environments for a diverse assemblage of soil microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and archaea. The microbial communities inside the root and in the rhizosphere are distinct from each other, and from the microbial communities of bulk soil, although there is some overlap in species composition. Root microbiota affect plant host fitness and productivity in a variety of ways. Members of the root microbiome benefit from plant sugars or other carbon rich molecules. Individual members of the root microbiome may behave differently in association with different plant hosts, or may change the nature of their interaction (along the mutualist-parasite continuum) within a single host as environmental conditions or host health change.

neg: Saltation (geology) In geology, saltation (from Latin "saltus", "leap") is a specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind or water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface. Examples include pebble transport by rivers, sand drift over desert surfaces, soil blowing over fields, and snow drift over smooth surfaces such as those in the Arctic or Canadian Prairies.

neg: Aquatic respiration Aquatic respiration is the process whereby an aquatic animal obtains oxygen from water.

neg: Electrodialysis Electrodialysis (ED) is used to transport salt ions from one solution through ion-exchange membranes to another solution under the influence of an applied electric potential difference. This is done in a configuration called an electrodialysis cell. The cell consists of a feed (dilute) compartment and a concentrate (brine) compartment formed by an anion exchange membrane and a cation exchange membrane placed between two electrodes. In almost all practical electrodialysis processes, multiple electrodialysis cells are arranged into a configuration called an electrodialysis with alternating anion and cation exchange membranes forming the multiple electrodialysis cells. Electrodialysis processes are different from distillation techniques and other membrane based processes (such as reverse osmosis (RO)) in that dissolved species are moved away from the feed stream rather than the reverse. Because the quantity of dissolved species in the feed stream is far less than that of the fluid, electrodialysis offers the practical advantage of much higher feed recovery in many applications.

neg: Soil quality Soil quality is a measure of the condition of soil relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. According to the United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, "Soil quality is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation. The European Commission's Joint Research Centre proposed a definition, stating that "Soil quality is an account of the soil's ability to provide ecosystem and social services through its capacities to perform its functions under changing conditions."

neg: Vacuolar pathway Movement of water molecules in plant cells via the vacuoles located in the cytoplasm of the cell. The water molecules encounter high resistance however and as a result little flow usually occurs making this pathway insignificant, the Apoplast pathway and Symplast pathway being the major pathways for movement of water in plants.

neg: Water cycle The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.

neg: Plant stem A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes:

neg: Cortex (botany) A cortex is the outermost layer of a stem or root in a plant, or the surface layer or "skin" of the nonfruiting part of the body of some lichens.

neg: Phytomer Phytomers are functional units of a plant, continually produced by root and shoot meristems throughout a plant's vegetative life-cycle. The phytomer unit originates at the shoot (or root) apex, and a typical phytomer consists of a node to which a leaf is attached, a subtending internode, and an axillary bud at the base of the leaf. Each component of a phytomer can continue to differentiate and grow. Increases in a phytomer can be measured using the rate of phyllochron (rate of appearance of leaves on a shoot). Related to the phyllochron is the plastochron, which is the rate of leaf primordia initiation. Since many more leaf primordia are initiated than leaves develop, the plastochron develops at a much faster rate (sometimes as much as twice as quickly) as the phyllochron.

neg: Plant senescence Plant senescence is the process of aging in plants. Plants have both stress-induced and age-related developmental aging. Chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence reveals the carotenoids, and is the cause of autumn leaf color in deciduous trees. Leaf senescence has the important function of recycling nutrients, mostly nitrogen, to growing and storage organs of the plant. Unlike animals, plants continually form new organs and older organs undergo a highly regulated senescence program to maximize nutrient export.

neg: Pedosphere The pedosphere (from Greek πέδον "pedon" "soil" or "earth" and σφαῖρα "sphaira" "sphere") is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. The sum total of all the organisms, soils, water and air is termed as the "pedosphere". The pedosphere is the skin of the Earth and only develops when there is a dynamic interaction between the atmosphere (air in and above the soil), biosphere (living organisms), lithosphere (unconsolidated regolith and consolidated bedrock) and the hydrosphere (water in, on and below the soil). The pedosphere is the foundation of terrestrial life on this planet. There is a realization that the pedosphere needs to be distinctly recognized as a dynamic interface of all terrestrial ecosystems and be integrated into the Earth system science knowledge base.

neg: Photosynthetic reaction centre A photosynthetic reaction centre is a complex of several proteins, pigments and other co-factors that together execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis. Molecular excitations, either originating directly from sunlight or transferred as excitation energy via light-harvesting antenna systems, give rise to electron transfer reactions along the path of a series of protein-bound co-factors. These co-factors are light-absorbing molecules (also named chromophores or pigments) such as chlorophyll and phaeophytin, as well as quinones. The energy of the photon is used to excite an electron of a pigment. The free energy created is then used to reduce a chain of nearby electron acceptors, which have subsequently higher redox-potentials. These electron transfer steps are the initial phase of a series of energy conversion reactions, ultimately resulting in the conversion of the energy of photons to the storage of that energy by the production of chemical bonds.

neg: Stolon In biology, stolons (from Latin stolō "branch"), also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external skeletons.

neg: Symplast The symplast of a plant is the inner side of the plasma membrane in which water and low-molecular-weight solutes can freely diffuse.

neg: Discontinuous gas exchange Discontinuous gas-exchange cycles (DGC), also called discontinuous ventilation or discontinuous ventilatory cycles, follow one of several patterns of arthropod gas exchange that have been documented primarily in insects; they occur when the insect is at rest. During DGC, oxygen (O) uptake and carbon dioxide (CO) release from the whole insect follow a cyclical pattern characterized by periods of little to no release of CO to the external environment. Discontinuous gas exchange is traditionally defined in three phases, whose names reflect the behaviour of the spiracles: the closed phase, the flutter phase, and the open phase.

neg: Percolation In physics, chemistry and materials science, percolation (from Latin "percōlāre", "to filter" or "trickle through") refers to the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials.


query: Who published a book at a younger age, Harriet Doerr or John Fante?

pos: Harriet Doerr Harriet Huntington Doerr (April 8, 1910 – November 24, 2002) was an American author whose debut novel was published at the age of 74.

pos: John Fante John Fante (April 8, 1909 – May 8, 1983) was an Italian-American novelist, short story writer and screenwriter. He is best known for his semi-autobiographical novel "Ask the Dust" (1939) about the life of a struggling writer, Arturo Bandini, in Depression-era Los Angeles. It is widely considered the great Los Angeles novel and is one in a series of four novels, published between 1938 and 1985, that are now collectively called "The Bandini Quartet". A movie of the same name was made in 2006, starring Colin Farrell. Fante published five novels, one novella, and a short story collection. Additional works, including two novels, two novellas, and two short story collections, were published posthumously. His screen credits include, most notably, "Full of Life" (1956), based on his 1952 novel by that name, "Jeanne Eagels" (1957), and the 1962 films "Walk on the Wild Side" and "The Reluctant Saint".

neg: Anthony Chute Anthony Chute (fl. 1590s; died 1595) was an Elizabethan poet and pamphleteer. Very little is known about him.

neg: Sarah Hopkins Bradford Sarah Hopkins Bradford (August 20, 1818 – June 25, 1912) was an American writer and historian, best known today for her two pioneering biographical books on Harriet Tubman. Most of her work consists of children's literature.

neg: Margaret Fane Margaret Fane (born Beatrice Florence Osborn, January 10, 1887 – 1962) was an Australian novelist and poet. Her short stories were published in the "Sydney Mail" and the "Sydney Morning Herald," and she co-wrote "The Happy Vagabond" with Hilary Lofting (1928).

neg: Elizabeth Pinchard Elizabeth Pinchard "née" Sibthorpe (fl. 1791 - 1820), was an English writer of children's fiction whose stories incorporated moral lessons aimed at older girls. She was recognised above all for "The Blind Child", her first and most successful novel."

neg: Ferishtah's Fancies Ferishtah's Fancies is a book of poetry by Robert Browning first published in 1884. Technically the book is one long poem divided into twelve parts, but the parts are so disparate that many critics have considered it a collection of shorter pieces rather than a lengthy whole.

neg: Two Ages: A Literary Review Two Ages: A Literary Review (Danish: "En literair Anmeldelse af S. Kierkegaard" ) is the first book in Søren Kierkegaard's second authorship and was published on March 30, 1846. The work followed "The Corsair affair" in which he was the target of public ridicule and consequently displays his thought on "the public" and an individual's relationship to it.

neg: Harriet Abbott Lincoln Coolidge Harriet Abbott Lincoln Coolidge (1849 - 1902) was an American philanthropist, author and reformer. She did much in the way of instructing young mothers in the care and clothing of infants, and furthered the cause to improve the condition of infants in foundling hospitals. She contributed a variety of articles on kindergarten matters to the daily press, and while living in Washington D.C., she gave a series of "nursery talks" for mothers at her home, where she fitted up a model nursery.

neg: John Austen (illustrator) John Archibald Austen (Dover (Kent), 5 January 1886 – Hythe (Kent), 27 October 1948) was an English book illustrator. His early works, including a fine Hamlet, were Beardsleyesque in style, but after 1925 he was influenced by the Art Deco movement. Books which he illustrated in this manner include Daphnis and Chloe and As You Like it. Austen used several techniques in his illustrations, including wood-engraving and scraperboard, and changed styles to suit the text he was illustrating. He was also involved in advertising, producing adverts, several posters & numerous dustwrapper designs. He was a friend of Alan Odle and Harry Clarke and exhibited with them at the St George's Gallery in 1925. The novelist Dorothy Richardson wife of Alan Odle wrote about him in "John Austen and the Inseparables" (London: William Jackson, 1930).

neg: John H. Reese John Henry Reese (18 December 1910 – 15 August 1981) was an American author of Western and Crime Fiction. He won the prestigious 1952 "New York Herald Tribune" award for his first children's book, "Big Mutt". He produced more than 40 Western novels and well over three hundred short stories. His first novel "Sheehan's Mill", not in the Western genre, was published by Doubleday in 1943, during wartime publishing restrictions.

neg: Nathalia Crane Nathalia Clara Ruth Crane (11 August 1913 – 22 October 1998) was a poet and novelist who became famous as a child prodigy after the publication of her first book of poetry, "The Janitor's Boy", written at age 10 and published two years later. Her poetry was first published in "The New York Sun" when she was only 9 years old, the paper unaware that she was a child. She was elected into the British Society of Authors, Playwrights, and Composers in 1925 and later became a professor of English at San Diego State University.

neg: Emily Ruete Emily Ruete (30 August 1844 – 29 February 1924) was born in Zanzibar as Sayyida Salme, Princess of Zanzibar and Oman. She was the youngest of the 36 children of Sayyid Said bin Sultan Al-Busaid, Sultan of Zanzibar and Oman. She is the author of "Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar".

neg: Matilda Anne Mackarness Matilda Anne Mackarness ("née" Planché; 23 November 1825 – 6 May 1881) was an English novelist of the 19th century, primarily writing children's literature.

neg: Harriet L. Childe-Pemberton Harriet Louisa Childe-Pemberton was an English author of the late Victorian era, who wrote plays, poems, short stories, novels, and literary criticism.

neg: Harriet Theresa Comstock Harriet Theresa Comstock (1860–1925) was an American novelist and author of children's books.

neg: Mary Bookstaver Mary A. Bookstaver (1875–1950) was a feminist, political activist, and editor, widely known by the nickname "May." Daughter of Judge Henry W. Bookstaver and Mary Baily Young, she attended Miss Florence Baldwin's School (now Baldwin School) and graduated from Bryn Mawr College in 1898 in history and political science. After graduation she moved to Baltimore, Maryland, where she was part of a circle of lesbian Bryn Mawr graduates, including Bookstaver's lover, Mabel Haynes. Gertrude Stein, then a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine student, became infatuated with Bookstaver, who found Stein's naïveté literally laughable, but introduced Stein to physical love. The experience made a deep impression on Stein, whose first novel, "QED", completed in Baltimore in 1903, was an autobiographical account of this love triangle, with Bookstaver's character named "Helen Thomas."

neg: Dorothy Britton Dorothy Guyver Britton, Lady Bouchier MBE (14 February 1922 – 25 February 2015) was born in Yokohama, moved to the United States at the age of 13, and was educated in the United States and England, returning to Japan after the American Occupation. She was best known as a translator into English of Tetsuko Kuroyanagi's "Madogiwa no Totto-chan" as "Totto-chan, the Little Girl at the Window", and "Oku no Hosomichi" by Basho: "A Haiku Journey – Basho's Narrow Road to a Far Province". She was the author of "The Japanese Crane: Bird of Happiness" and co-author of "National Parks of Japan".

neg: John Bowdler the Younger John Bowdler the Younger (2 February 1783 - 1 February 1815), was an English essayist, poet and lawyer.

neg: G. S. Street George Slythe Street (18 July 1867 – 31 October 1936) was a British critic, journalist and novelist. He was born in Wimbledon, London on 18 July 1867. He was associated with William Ernest Henley and the 'counter-Decadents' on the staff of the National Observer. His works were characterized by "whimsy, detachment, sympathy, tenderness, satire, humor, and occasionally cynicism". Street's satirical works assailed "snobbery, hypocrisy, vulgarity, and pretentiousness at all levels of society, especially among the aesthetes and the upper class". He is perhaps best known for his 1894 novel, "the Autobiography of a Boy", which satirized contemporary aesthetes Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas, although Street would later write favorably of Wilde's "De Profundis". He died on 31 October 1936.

neg: Joop ter Heul Joop ter Heul was a fictional character in a series of five books written for teenage girls by Dutch novelist Setske de Haan (1889-1948), who wrote under the pen name Cissy van Marxveldt. Joop was high-spirited, headstrong and stubborn. The first four books, published over a six-year period (1919-1925) deal with her high school years, her young adulthood, her marriage, and her sons. The last book was not written until more than 20 years later. The initial four books are best remembered today for being a very strong influence on diarist Anne Frank, both in the character of Joop, whom she identified with, and in the epistolary style in which the books were written, which she adapted for her own diary.

neg: Cobwebs to Catch Flies Cobwebs to Catch Flies (1783) is a children's book by Ellenor Fenn, originally anonymous, but later editions were advertised as being by "Mrs Teachwell" or "Mrs Lovechild". It was a reading primer and was one of the first books to differentiate between reading age groups, and which was widely used until the 1890s.


query: Which town is home to Peninsula Players, a summer stock theatre founded in 1935?

pos: Peninsula Players Peninsula Players is a summer theater program located in Fish Creek, Wisconsin. Founded in 1935 by Richard and Caroline Fisher, it is known as "America's Oldest Professional Resident Summer Theatre."

pos: Summer stock theatre Summer stock theatre is any theatre that presents stage productions only in the summer. The name combines the season with the tradition of staging shows by a resident company, reusing stock scenery and costumes. Summer stock theatres frequently take advantage of seasonal weather by having their productions outdoors or under tents set up temporarily for their use.

neg: Winnipesaukee Playhouse The Winnipesaukee Playhouse is a 200+ seat courtyard style theater located in Meredith, New Hampshire, United States, in the heart of New Hampshire's Lakes Region. The Playhouse produces both a professional summer stock season as well as a community theater season, and is arguably the only theater in the United States to do so. The Winnipesaukee Playhouse is the recipient of 46 New Hampshire Theater Awards over the past eight years, more than any other theater in the state during this time period, and in 2009 it was selected by "New Hampshire Magazine" as the best professional theater in New Hampshire. In 2013 the Winni Playhouse moved from Weirs Beach in Laconia to the former Annalee Dolls campus in Meredith. The new theater has 200 seats as well as support spaces such as offices, dressing rooms, and a lobby, which the previous theater did not have.

neg: Players' Theatre The Players' Theatre opened at 43 King Street, Covent Garden, London, on 18 October 1936. The club originally mounted period-style musical comedies, introducing Victorian-style music hall in December 1937. The threat of World War II German bombing prompted a move in October 1940 to a basement at 13 Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, and then, after the cessation of hostilities, to Villiers Street, Charing Cross, opening on 14 February 1946. Other intermediate locations of the theatre include the Arts Theatre and the St John's Wood private residence of a member, Francis Iles (Anthony Berkeley). Overwhelmed by debt, the theatre closed in 2002.

neg: Gouldsboro, Maine Gouldsboro is a town and municipality in Hancock County, Maine, United States on the Schoodic Peninsula. The town was named for Robert Gould, a landholder in the town. The town has many historically separate fishing villages, summer colonies and communities, including Birch Harbor, Prospect Harbor, South Gouldsboro, West Gouldsboro, Summer Harbour, Wonsqueak Harbour, Bunker's Harbour, Chicken Mill, Jones' Pond, Westbay, and Corea. The population was 1,737 at the 2010 census.

neg: Peninsula Oilers The Peninsula Oilers are a college summer baseball club in the Alaska Baseball League. The Oilers are based in Kenai, Alaska, and their name refers to the Kenai Peninsula region. The team was founded in 1974 and play their home games in the 1,300-seat Coral Seymour Ballpark.

neg: Merricks Beach, Victoria Merricks Beach is a small seaside village on the Mornington Peninsula Victoria, Australia. It is located on the eastern side of the peninsula on Western Port Bay. It is one of the few coastal places within a 100 km radius of Melbourne that has been basically untouched by development. Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula.

neg: Annapolis Summer Garden Theatre Annapolis Summer Garden Theatre (ASGT) is a nonprofit community theatre in downtown Annapolis, Maryland. Founded in 1966, the group produces musical theatre every summer at its historic outdoor venue at the Annapolis City Dock, covering three shows in a season. Performances take place on Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays at 8:30 pm between Memorial Day and Labor Day.

neg: Angle Peninsula Coast The Angle Peninsula Coast is the entrance to the Milford Haven waterway in the Welsh county of Pembrokeshire. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. There is a wide range of wildlife and a former RAF airfield.

neg: Port McNeill Port McNeill is a town in the North Island region of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada with a population of 2,623 (2006). Located on Vancouver Island's north-east shore on Queen Charlotte Strait, it was originally a base camp for loggers. Port McNeill became a settlement in 1936. The town was named after Captain William Henry McNeill of the Hudson's Bay Company.

neg: Rocky Neck, Gloucester Rocky Neck is one of the oldest continuously operating art colonies in the United States. Located on a rocky peninsula within Gloucester's working harbor, Rocky Neck is known for its quaint neighborhood and many art galleries and studios.

neg: Hull Repertory Theatre Company The Hull Repertory Theatre Company was a theatre company in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was founded in 1924 by Arthur Whatmore. In the 1930s it was managed by Pepino Santangelo who developed it and it became the Hull New Theatre in 1939.

neg: Torbay, Newfoundland and Labrador Torbay is a town located on the eastern side of the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

neg: Portloe Portloe is a small village in Cornwall, England, UK, situated on the Roseland Peninsula, within the civil parish of Veryan, 1.5 mi east of the village of the same name. Portloe harbours two full-time working fishing vessels, the "Jasmine" and "Katy Lil", which fish for crab and lobster in Veryan and Gerrans Bay, and a fleet of smaller leisure boats in summer. The harbour is run by a committee, the chair of which is Charles Williams. Visitors are attracted to Portloe by its fishing, scenery, and walks.

neg: Mossel Bay Mossel Bay is a harbour town of about 130,000 people on the Southern Cape (or Garden Route) of South Africa. It is an important tourism and farming region of the Western Cape Province. Mossel Bay lies 400 kilometres east of the country's seat of parliament, Cape Town (which is also the capital city of the Western Cape Province), and 400 km west of Port Elizabeth, the largest city in the Eastern Cape Province. The older parts of the town occupy the north-facing side of the Cape St Blaize Peninsula, whilst the newer suburbs straddle the Peninsula and have spread eastwards along the sandy shore of the Bay.

neg: The Peninsula School The Peninsula School (also Peninsula Grammar) is an independent co-educational Anglican day and boarding school located in Mount Eliza, Victoria, Australia.

neg: Lefevre Peninsula The Lefevre Peninsula is a peninsula located in the Australian state of South Australia located about 15 km northwest of the Adelaide city centre. It is a narrow sand spit of about 30 square kilometres running north from its connection to the mainland.

neg: Boston Repertory Theatre The Boston Repertory Theatre was founded in 1971 by Esquire Jauchem who recruited a group of local theater artists to form a true repertory acting company (performing several plays each week with the same actors). Their first season was presented as a summer stock company in Hyannis, Massachusetts performing William Saroyan's "The Beautiful People", Edmond Rostand's "The Romantics", and Jean Cocteau's "The Knights of the Round Table" each week.

neg: Aggersund Aggersund is a town and harbour with a population of 347 (1 January 2014) in the Himmerland region of the Jutland peninsula of Denmark.

neg: Ogunquit Playhouse The Ogunquit Playhouse is a regional theater at 10 Main Street (United States Route 1) in Ogunquit, Maine. The Ogunquit Playhouse is one of the last remaining summer theatres from the Straw Hat Circuit, also referred to as Summer Stock, still producing live musical theatre. The theatre is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2015, the listing was raised to National Level of Significance "in consideration of the significant contributions made by its founder Walter J. Hartwig and the Playhouse to Performing Arts Education throughout the nation."

neg: Mount Eliza, Victoria Mount Eliza is a seaside town on the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, Australia. It is in the local government area of the Shire of Mornington Peninsula.

neg: Port Kenny, South Australia Port Kenny is a small town located on the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. It serves as a central point for the surrounding agricultural district, as well as professional fishermen and tourists. It currently has a very small population.


query: Datong and Jianyang, Sichuan, are located in which country?

pos: Datong Datong () is a prefecture-level city in northern Shanxi province, People's Republic of China, located in a basin at an elevation of 1040 m and bordering Inner Mongolia to the north and west and Hebei to the east. It had a population of 3,318,057 at the 2010 census of whom 1,629,035 lived in the built up area made of 3 out of 4 urban districts, namely Chengqu, Kuangqu and Nanjiao District.

pos: Jianyang, Sichuan Jianyang () is a county-level city located in the Sichuan basin in Sichuan Province, in south central China. Situated only 48 kilometers south east of the city center of Chengdu, Jianyang is administratively under the jurisdiction of Chengdu since May 2016. The urban center is located on the banks of the Tuo River.

neg: Datong District, Huainan Datong District, Huainan is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Huainan city.

neg: Cangxi County Cangxi County () is a county of northeastern Sichuan Province, China, located along the upper reaches of the Jialing River. It is under the administration of Guangyuan City.

neg: Dazhou (disambiguation) Dazhou (达州市) is a prefecture-level city in the northeast of Sichuan.

neg: Qinghai Qinghai (; ), formerly known in English as Kokonur, is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northwest of the country. As one of the largest province-level administrative divisions of China by area, the province is ranked fourth-largest in size, but has the third-smallest population.

neg: Lushan County, Sichuan Lushan County, Sichuan is a county of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of Ya'an city.

neg: Dongpo District Dongpo District is a district of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of Meishan city.

neg: Cuiping District Cuiping () is the core urban district of the city of Yibin in Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China, located at the confluence of the Jinsha and Min Rivers, which form the Yangtze here. It was formerly the county-level city of Yibin until 1997, when Yibin was upgraded to a prefecture-level city and the original urban core of Yibin was renamed Cuiping District.

neg: Datian Datian may refer to the following locations in China:

neg: Mianzhu Mianzhu () is a county-level city of Deyang, Sichuan province in Southwest China.

neg: China National Erzhong Group China National Erzhong Group is a Chinese state-owned heavy machinery company, which makes smelting and forging equipment, with its headquarters in Deyang, Sichuan. In 2015, it defaulted on interest payments last month after a local court accepted a restructuring request from one of its creditors.

neg: Luzhou Luzhou (; Sichuanese Pinyin: Nuzou; Luzhou dialect: ), formerly transliterated as Lu-chou or Luchow, is a prefecture-level city located in the southeast of Sichuan Province, China. The city, named Jiangyang until the Southern and Northern Dynasties, is known as the "wine city". Situated at the confluence of the Tuo River and the Yangtze River, Luzhou is not only an important port on the Yangtze river, but also the largest port in both size and output in Sichuan province since Chongqing seceded from Sichuan province in 1997.

neg: Jiuding Shan Jiuding Shan is a mountain in Sichuan, China. It is located in the Daxue Mountains, part of a complicated system of mountain ranges of western Sichuan, which itself is adjacent to the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Jiuding Shan has an elevation of 4969 m above sea level. By measure of topographic prominence, it is ranked 125th in the world.

neg: Peng'an County Peng'an County (Chinese: 蓬安县; Pinyin: Péng'ān Xiàn) is a county in Nanchong, Sichuan, China.

neg: Jianchuan County Jianchuan County (剑川县; pinyin: Jiànchuān Xiàn) is a county in the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture located in southern Yunnan Province, China.

neg: Shizhong District, Neijiang Shizhong District is a district of Neijiang City, Sichuan Province, China.

neg: Nanchong Nanchong (; Sichuanese: lancong; ) is a prefecture-level city in the northeast of Sichuan province, China, with an area of 12479.96 km2 , and at the 2010 census was home to 6,278,614 people, of whom 1,858,875 lived in the built-up ("or metro") area made of 3 urban districts. It is the second most populated city of Sichuan Province, only after Chengdu. The administrative center is Shunqing District.

neg: Youxian District Youxian District ( is a district of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of Mianyang city.

neg: Sichuan International Studies University Sichuan International Studies University (Chinese: 四川外国语大学) , is a public university located in Chongqing, China. It is one of the top eight foreign studies universities in China.

neg: Chongzhou Chongzhou () is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, People's Republic of China, located about 37 km west-southwest of downtown Chengdu. It is accessible by road from central Chengdu via the 65.1 km -long S8 Chengdu–Wenjiang–Qionglai Expressway, just outside the Chengdu greater ring road.

neg: Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Dàlǐ Bai Autonomous Prefecture (; Bai: Darl•lit Baif•cuf zirl•zirl•zox ) is an autonomous prefecture of northwestern Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. Dali has an area of 29,460 km² and its seat is located in Xiaguan, Dali City.


query: Tiny Moore and James Robert Wills played together in what band?

pos: Tiny Moore Billie "Tiny" Moore (May 12, 1920 – December 15, 1987) was a Western swing musician who played the electric mandolin and fiddle with Western swing legend Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys in the 1940s.

pos: Bob Wills James Robert Wills (March 6, 1905 – May 13, 1975) was an American Western swing musician, songwriter, and bandleader. Considered by music authorities as the co-founder of Western swing, he was universally known as the King of Western Swing (after the death of Spade Cooley who used the moniker "King Of Western Swing" from 1942 to 1969).

neg: The Church (band) The Church are an Australian psychedelic rock band formed in Sydney in 1980. Initially associated with new wave, neo-psychedelia and indie rock, their music later came to feature slower tempos and surreal soundscapes reminiscent of dream pop and post-rock. Glenn A. Baker has written that "From the release of the 'She Never Said' single in November 1980, this unique Sydney-originated entity has purveyed a distinctive, ethereal, psychedelic-tinged sound which has alternatively found favour and disfavor in Australia." The "Los Angeles Times" has described the band's music as "dense, shimmering, exquisite guitar pop".

neg: James Moore (gospel singer) Reverend James Moore Sr. (February 1, 1956 – June 7, 2000), born James Leslie Moore in Detroit, Michigan, was a gospel artist well known throughout the gospel recording industry for his powerful vocal abilities. Moore had a genuine love for the traditional sounds of the church, but came to appreciate the uprising contemporary form of gospel music as well. He died in 2000, aged 44.

neg: Whitey Moore Lloyd Albert Moore (June 10, 1912 – December 10, 1987), was a Major League Baseball player who played pitcher from 1936 -1942 . He played for the St. Louis Cardinals and Cincinnati Reds.

neg: Johnny B. Moore Johnny B. Moore (born Johnny Belle Moore, January 24, 1950, Clarksdale, Mississippi) is an American Chicago blues and electric blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He was a member of Koko Taylor's backing band in the mid-1970s. He has recorded nine solo albums since 1987. Moore's music retains a link to the earlier Chicago blues of Jimmy Reed and Muddy Waters, who also travelled to Chicago from the Mississippi Delta.

neg: James Williamson (musician) James Robert Williamson (born October 29, 1949) is an American guitarist, songwriter, record producer and electronics engineer. He was a member of the iconic proto-punk rock band The Stooges, notably on the influential album "Raw Power" and re-joining the reformed Stooges in 2009. Between his stints in music, Williamson worked in Silicon Valley developing computer chips.

neg: Ted Wills Theodore Carl Wills (born February 9, 1934 in Fresno, California) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played all or part of five seasons in Major League Baseball for the Boston Red Sox, Cincinnati Reds and Chicago White Sox between 1959 and 1965.

neg: The Law (English band) The Law were an English rock group formed in 1991 by singer Paul Rodgers (ex-Free, Bad Company and The Firm) and drummer Kenney Jones (ex-Small Faces/Faces and The Who). The two teamed up with the idea of using different supporting musicians, in order to allow Rodgers to pursue whatever musical style he felt like. They assembled a core band of studio musicians, consisting of Jim Barber (whose credits include The Rolling Stones, Ruby Turner and Mick Jagger's solo album "Primitive Cool") as the main guitarist, second guitarist John Staehely (ex-Spirit and Jo Jo Gunne) and bassist Pino Palladino (formerly of Paul Young's and Jools Holland's bands), as well as landing guest spots from guitarists such as David Gilmour, Bryan Adams and Chris Rea.

neg: Neil Merryweather Neil Merryweather (born Robert Neilson Lillie on December 27, 1945 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian rock singer, bass player and songwriter. He has recorded and performed with musicians including Steve Miller, Dave Mason, Lita Ford, Billy Joel, Rick James and Wilson Pickett, and released an extensive catalogue of albums.

neg: Dio (band) Dio was an American heavy metal band formed in 1982 and led by vocalist Ronnie James Dio, after he left Black Sabbath with intentions to form a new band with fellow former Black Sabbath member Vinny Appice, the band's drummer. The name Dio was chosen because it made sense from a commercial standpoint, as the name was already well known at that time.

neg: Tiny Meat "Tiny Meat" is the second single from the debut album "Salt Peter" by the trip hop/Industrial band Ruby. It is the band's best known song, and was released in 1995 in the United States by the WORK/Creation labels. "Tiny Meat" is the only single from "Ruby" that has charted in the U.S., reaching #22 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks in the spring of 1996. The single also charted in the United Kingdom, reaching #96.

neg: The Syndicats The Syndicats were an English popular music group, notable for being future Yes guitarist Steve Howe's first band. When Howe left for Tomorrow in 1965, he was replaced by Ray Fenwick, who was then replaced by Peter Banks, who Howe would come to replace in Yes. Fenwick played lead guitar on the band's most famous song "Crawdaddy Simone", which he co-wrote with Jeff Williams, the band's keyboardist. Further members were Tom Ladd (lead vocals; born Thomas Ladd in 1940), John Truelove (drums; born John Melton in 1941), Kevin Driscoll (vocals and bass; co-founder; born Kevin C. Driscoll on 16 September 1945 and died on 16 August 1982 in London), Johnny Lamb (lead vocals; born John Lamb), and, Paul Holm (drums on last single).

neg: John Moore (musician) John Moore (born 23 December 1964) is a British musician, best known for his work as the drummer in The Jesus and Mary Chain and as a member of Black Box Recorder.

neg: Big Self Big Self are a Northern Irish rock band who formed in 1980. Their lineup consisted of Bernard Tohill on guitars and vocals, Jim Nicholl on guitars, Pat Mo on bass and vocals and Michael Morris on drums. During the early to mid-late 80's the band were highly praised especially in the UK. However, the band's commercial success never matched their critical success, and they disbanded in 1986. During their career they played at several noted events including Self Aid and recorded BBC sessions for John Peel and Kid Jensen. Their single Ghostshirts was featured as the theme song to Dave Fanning's RTÉ TV show Visual Eyes that aimed to present an entertaining and informative behind the scenes look at the world of popular culture. In 1983, they moved to London hoping to improve their prospects of success, returning to Ireland in the winter of '83/'84 to record their debut album, Stateless, with Richard Mainwaring producing. The first single from the album, Ghostshirts, was critically acclaimed by all the leading music press, including NME, Melody Maker and Sounds; but the 18-month delay in releasing their album didn't help. The line-up expanded to a six-piece with the addition of Owen Howell (previously drummer with Belfast band Stage B) on percussion, but then drummer Michael Morris returned to live in Belfast, and soon after saxophonist Gordy Blair left to join Australian band Dave Graney and the Rattlesnakes. Big Self's final gig was as a four-piece at the Irish concert Self Aid, where they shared the stage with U2 and Van Morrison, Elvis Costello, and the Pogues.

neg: Harry Deal and the Galaxies Harry Deal and the Galaxies is a rock and roll band formed in Taylorsville, North Carolina, United States, in 1959. They are most famous for playing a style of music known as beach music, which began in the 1940s in dance clubs of South Carolina beach towns such as Myrtle Beach.

neg: Buddy Whittington Buddy Whittington is an American guitarist. He began playing the guitar inspired by his sister's records of The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and John Mayall's Bluesbreakers with Eric Clapton. At the age of 14 he was already a part of the Dallas/Fort Worth music scene and playing regularly in the clubs along Jacksboro Highway. While attending high school, Whittington played in a band called Short Change, which opened for Point Blank, a band that he would later join, replacing guitar player Kim Davis. During the early 1980s, he formed and sang with his own band, The Sidemen. In 1991, they opened for John Mayall and when Coco Montoya left the Bluesbreakers in 1993, Mayall called him to take his place in the band. In Mayall's band Whittington sang occasionally and contributed to songwriting. When, after fifteen years, Mayall disbanded the Bluesbreakers, Whittington continued to gig in Texas, but also joined forces with Roger Cotton and Pete Stroud, who had toured with Mayall as part of Peter Green's band.

neg: Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings are a blues-rock band founded and led by former Rolling Stones bass guitarist Bill Wyman.

neg: Band of Oz The Band of Oz is a prominent band of the United States beach music genre. Starting in the mid-1960s with high school students, the band turned professional in the early-1970s with a core group mostly from the Greenville, North Carolina Rose High School Stage Band, that featured Chuck French on trumpet, Gary Warren saxophone, Randy Hignite keyboards, Jim Heidenreich drums, Johnnie Byrd bass, Buddy Johnson vocals and Keith Houston guitar. In 1971 Billy Bazemore replaced Johnson.

neg: Kid Prince Moore "Kid" Prince Moore was an American blues musician, from the United States, who recorded 17 songs from 1936 to 1938. Moore played in a Piedmont blues style, similar to that of Blind Blake. Moore also recorded two Gospel Music tracks, "Church Bells" and "Sign of Judgement". Moore also accompanied blues pianist Shorty Bob Parker on six of his own tracks. Bruce Bastin, in his book ""Red River Blues: The Blues Tradition in the Southeast"", suggests that Moore may have originated from The Carolinas, but as of 2017 there is no documented knowledge of Moore's life.

neg: Nick Moore (musician) Nick Moore (born July 17, 1983) is an American Christian musician from Findlay, Ohio. He is best known as the lead vocalist and primary songwriter of the "Billboard" charting band Before Their Eyes on Rise Records.

neg: Tiny Masters of Today Tiny Masters of Today are an American indie punk rock band, consisting of siblings Ivan (born February 21, 1994) and Ada (born March 4, 1996) and their friend Jackson Pollis. All members are from Brooklyn, New York.


query: What actor played a character that appears in both Shakespeare's play, "As You Like It", and the 2006 film, "As You Like It"?

pos: As You Like It (2006 film) As You Like It is a 2006 film written and directed by Kenneth Branagh, and based on the Shakespearean play of the same name. It stars Bryce Dallas Howard as Rosalind, David Oyelowo as Orlando De Boys, Romola Garai as Celia, Adrian Lester as Oliver De Boys, Alfred Molina as Touchstone, Kevin Kline as Jaques, Janet McTeer as Audrey, and Brian Blessed as Duke Frederick and his brother Duke Senior.

pos: Touchstone (As You Like It) Touchstone is a fictional character in Shakespeare's play "As You Like It".

neg: Character actor A character actor or character actress is a supporting actor who plays unusual, interesting, or eccentric characters. The term, often contrasted with that of leading actor, is somewhat abstract and open to interpretation. In a literal sense, all actors can be considered character actors since they all play "characters", but in the usual sense it is an actor who plays a distinctive and important supporting role.

neg: Colin Firth Colin Andrew Firth, (born 10 September 1960) is a an English actor. He has received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, two BAFTA Awards, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as the Volpi Cup. Firth's most notable and acclaimed role to date has been his 2010 portrayal of King George VI in "The King's Speech", a performance that earned him an Oscar and multiple worldwide best actor awards.

neg: Antony Sher Sir Antony Sher, KBE (born 14 June 1949) is an English actor of South African origin, a two-time Laurence Olivier Award winner and four-time nominee. He joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1982 and toured in many roles, as well as appearing on film and TV, and working as a writer and theatre director. In 2001, he starred in his cousin Ronald Harwood’s play "Mahler's Conversion", and said that the story of a composer sacrificing his faith for his career echoed his own identity struggles. Sher and his partner and collaborator Gregory Doran became one of the first gay couples to enter into a civil partnership in the UK.

neg: As You Like It (1912 film) As You Like It is a 1912 silent short film based on the play by William Shakespeare, "As You Like It". It was directed by J. Stuart Blackton, Charles Kent and or James Young and was produced by the Vitagraph Company. The film brings stage star Rose Coghlan to the screen for her motion picture debut and her costar is Maurice Costello. At 61 or 62 Coghlan is an older Rosalind than usual.

neg: List of The Da Vinci Code characters This is a list of fictional characters from Dan Brown's "The Da Vinci Code" and the 2006 film based on it.

neg: Christoph Letkowski Christoph Letkowski (born 16 June 1982) is a German actor. He appeared in more than forty films since 2006.

neg: Jimmy Yuill He is a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and later joined the Renaissance Theatre Company. He has appeared in many of Kenneth Branagh's films, most recently as Corin in the 2006 film "As You Like It". Yuill was also the music composer for "A Midwinter's Tale" and "Swan Song".

neg: All the world's a stage "All the world's a stage" is the phrase that begins a monologue from William Shakespeare's "As You Like It", spoken by the melancholy Jaques in Act II Scene VII. The speech compares the world to a stage and life to a play, and catalogues the seven stages of a man's life, sometimes referred to as the seven ages of man: infant, schoolboy, lover, soldier, justice, Pantalone and old age, facing imminent death. It is one of Shakespeare's most frequently quoted passages.

neg: Sam Spruell Sam Spruell (born 1 January 1977) is an English-American actor. His film credits include "The Hurt Locker" (2008), "Defiance" (2008), "" (2007), "London to Brighton" (2006), "To Kill a King" (2003) and "" (2002). His television roles include the recurring cameo of Jason Belling in "Spooks" (2007 in Episode 6.9 and 2004 in "Project Friendly Fire") and the recurring role of Wilkes in "P.O.W." (2003).

neg: The Banquet (2006 film) The Banquet, released on DVD in the United States as Legend of the Black Scorpion, is a 2006 Chinese "wuxia" drama film. The film was directed by Feng Xiaogang and stars Zhang Ziyi, Ge You, Daniel Wu and Zhou Xun. It is a loose adaption of William Shakespeare's tragedy "Hamlet" and Henrik Ibsen's play "Ghosts", featuring themes of revenge and fate. It is set in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in 10th century China.

neg: Marc Warren Marc Warren (born 20 March 1967) is an English actor, known for his British television roles, typically (but not exclusively) playing brash cocky characters. His roles have included Albert Blithe in "Band of Brothers", Danny Blue in "Hustle", Dougie Raymond in "The Vice", Dominic Foy in "State of Play", Rick in "Mad Dogs", the Comte de Rochefort in "The Musketeers" and the Gentleman in "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell".

neg: Bart Ruspoli Bartolomeo Sebastian "Bart" Ruspoli (born 8 November 1976 in London) is an Italian and English actor.

neg: Tom Ward Tom Ward (born 11 January 1971) is a British film, stage and television actor.

neg: Gary Carr (actor) Gary Carr (born, 11 December 1986, London) is an English stage, film and television actor, dancer and musician.

neg: Jamie Bell Andrew James Matfin Bell (born 14 March 1986) is an English actor and dancer who rose to prominence for his debut role in "Billy Elliot" (2000) for which he won the BAFTA for Best Actor in a Leading Role. He is also known for his roles in the films "King Kong" (2005), "Jumper" (2008), "The Adventures of Tintin" (2011), and "Snowpiercer" (2013), as well as starring as Abraham Woodhull in the TV series, "" (2014). He portrayed the Thing in the 2015 film "Fantastic Four".

neg: Richard Goulding Richard Goulding is a British actor, best known for playing Prince Harry in the 2014 stage play "King Charles III", and its 2017 BBC TV adaptation, as well as in 2016 television series "The Windsors".

neg: Hamlet on screen Over fifty films of William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" have been made since 1900. Seven post-war "Hamlet" films have had a theatrical release: Laurence Olivier's "Hamlet" of 1948; Grigori Kozintsev's 1964 Russian adaptation; a film of the John Gielgud-directed 1964 Broadway production, "Richard Burton's Hamlet", which played limited engagements that same year; Tony Richardson's 1969 version (the first in colour) featuring Nicol Williamson as Hamlet and Anthony Hopkins as Claudius; Franco Zeffirelli's 1990 version starring Mel Gibson; Kenneth Branagh's full-text 1996 version; and Michael Almereyda's 2000 modernisation, starring Ethan Hawke.

neg: Bo Poraj Bohdan "Bo" Poraj-Pstrokonski (born 1973) is an English actor, best known for his film and television appearances, including the BBC sitcom "Miranda".

neg: Rufus Wright Rufus Gerrard-Wright (born 14 September 1974), known as Rufus Wright, is an English film, stage and television actor.

neg: Eli Wallach credits The following is the filmography and credits for American actor Eli Wallach. He started acting in 1945 and is known for his film roles as Calvera in "The Magnificent Seven" (1960), Tuco in "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" (1966), Napoleon in "The Adventures of Gerard" (1970), Cotton Weinberger in "The Two Jakes" (1990), Don Altobello in "The Godfather Part III" (1990), Donald Fallon in "The Associate" (1996), Arthur Abbott in "The Holiday" (2006), Noah Dietrich in "The Hoax" (2007), and Julie Steinhardt in "" (2010), which was the last film he appeared in before retiring in 2010.


query: The Canadian actress who starred in Dark Honey played what character on the Disney series "The Famous Jett Jackson"?

pos: Dark Honeymoon Dark Honeymoon is a 2008 thriller film, starring Lindy Booth, Nick Cornish, Tia Carrere, Daryl Hannah, Roy Scheider and Eric Roberts. It was directed by David O'Malley and released direct-to-video on July 22, 2008.

pos: Lindy Booth Lindy Booth (born April 2, 1979) is a Canadian actress. She played Riley Grant on the Disney Channel series "The Famous Jett Jackson" (and Agent Hawk in the show-within-a-show "Silverstone") and Claudia on "Relic Hunter" and A.J. Butterfield on the NBC series "The Philanthropist". She currently plays Cassandra Cillian on the TNT series "The Librarians".

neg: Lee Montgomery Elliott "Lee" Harcourt Montgomery is a former Canadian-American child actor best known for his role as a lonely little boy who befriends a pack of killer rats in the film "Ben" (1972) and for his role as Sarah Jessica Parker's hunky dance partner, Jeff Malene, in "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" (1985).

neg: Brett Dier Brett Dier (born February 14, 1990) is a Canadian actor. He is best known for his role as Michael Cordero Jr. on "Jane the Virgin". He is also known for his recurring roles in the Canadian TV shows "Bomb Girls" and "The L.A. Complex".

neg: Miriam McDonald Miriam McDonald (born July 26, 1987) is a Canadian actress best known for playing the lead female character Emma Nelson on the television series "".

neg: Kim Cattrall Kim Victoria Cattrall ( ; born 21 August 1956) is an English-Canadian actress. She is known for her role as Samantha Jones in the HBO romantic comedy series, "Sex and the City" (1998–2004), for which she received five Emmy Award nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations, winning the 2002 Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress. She reprised the role in the films "Sex and the City" (2008) and "Sex and the City 2" (2010).

neg: Sasha Clements Sasha Nicole Clements (born March 14, 1990) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her role as Kiki Kincaid on the Teletoon sitcom "Majority Rules!".

neg: Melanie Lynskey Melanie Jayne Lynskey (born 16 May 1977) is a New Zealand actress. She received critical acclaim for her screen acting debut as Pauline Parker in "Heavenly Creatures" (1994), which was followed by supporting roles in "Ever After" (1998), "Coyote Ugly" (2000), "Sweet Home Alabama" (2002), and "Shattered Glass" (2003).

neg: Cara Pifko Cara Pifko (born March 15, 1976) is a Canadian actress known primarily for her work on television shows produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

neg: List of Backstage episodes "Backstage" is a Canadian drama and performing arts series created by Jennifer Pertsch and Lara Azzopardi that premiered in Canada on Family Channel on March 18, 2016, and in the United States on Disney Channel on March 25, 2016. The series stars Devyn Nekoda, Alyssa Trask, Josh Bogert, Aviva Mongillo, Matthew Isen, Julia Tomasone, Adrianna Di Liello, Colin Petierre, Mckenzie Small, Romy Weltman, Isiah Hall, Kyal Legend, Chris Hoffman, Jane Moffat, and Thomas L. Colford.

neg: Natalie Brown (actress) Natalie Brown (born May 17, 1973) is a Canadian actress and model.

neg: Riza Santos Riza Raquel Santos (born August 31, 1986) is a Canadian actress, TV Host and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Earth Canada 2006, Miss World Canada 2011 and Miss Universe Canada 2013.

neg: Camilla Scott Camilla Scott (born June 12, 1962) is a Canadian actress and television hostess.

neg: Chris Lazar Chris Lazar (born 29 October 1986 in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian actor best known for his role as Young Zach on the series "Dark Angel".

neg: Johanne Harrelle Johanne Harrelle (January 29, 1930 – August 4, 1994) was a Canadian actress, model, and writer, and the first black woman to rise to prominence in Quebec and Canada's fashion world.

neg: Nicole Jaffe Nicole Jaffe David (born May 23, 1941) is a Canadian talent agent and former actress and voice actress, best known as the original voice actress for Velma Dinkley in Hanna-Barbera's "Scooby-Doo" Saturday morning cartoon series from 1969 to 1973. A life member of The Actors Studio, David - under her maiden name Nicole Jaffe - had previously appeared in "The Trouble with Girls" with Elvis Presley (and future "Scooby-Doo" co-star Frank Welker) and in Disney's "The Love Bug".

neg: Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars is a 2010 Canadian/American television film starring Jennifer Stone that premiered on March 19, 2010 on Movie Central and The Movie Network in Canada, and on March 26, 2010, on Disney Channel in the Unites States. It is an adaptation of the book "Harriet the Spy", by Louise Fitzhugh, the second after the 1996 "Harriet the Spy" film that starred Michelle Trachtenberg as Harriet. The film was produced by 9 Story Entertainment. Vanessa Morgan, who starred as Marion in the movie, went on to star in "My Babysitter's a Vampire" and its subsequent television series, which also aired on Disney Channel.

neg: Kimberly Huie Kimberly Huie is a Jamaican-born Canadian actress, best known for her lead roles in the television series "Liberty Street" and "G-Spot".

neg: Tantoo Cardinal Tantoo Cardinal, CM (born July 20, 1950) is a Canadian film and television actress.

neg: Bella Thorne Annabella Avery Thorne (born October 8, 1997) is an American actress and singer. She played Ruthy Spivey in the television series "My Own Worst Enemy", Tancy Henrickson in the fourth season of "Big Love", and CeCe Jones on the Disney Channel series "Shake It Up". She also appeared as Hilary/"Larry" in "Blended" and as Celia in "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day". In 2015, she played Madison in "The DUFF", Amanda in "Perfect High" and Hazel in "Big Sky". Thorne currently stars as Paige on the Freeform series, "Famous in Love".

neg: Danielle Hampton Danielle Hampton (born August 29, 1978) is a Canadian TV, theatre and movie actress.

neg: Sasha Jackson Sasha Jackson (born 1 August 1988) is a British actress from Windsor, Berkshire.


query: Which studio album released in 2014 has this song that is featured in "Now That's What I Call Music! 56?"

pos: Now That's What I Call Music! 56 (U.S. series) Now That's What I Call Music! 56 is the 56th edition of the "Now!" series in the United States, released on October 30, 2015. It features 22 tracks including three "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one hits: "See You Again" by Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth, "Can't Feel My Face" by The Weeknd and "Bad Blood" by Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar.

pos: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song) "Bad Blood" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, from her fifth studio album "1989" (2014). The remixed version of the song, featuring American rapper Kendrick Lamar, was released on May 17, 2015, by Republic Records as "1989"' s fourth single. The album version was written by Swift, Max Martin, and Shellback, with Lamar writing his verses on the remixed version. The lyrics of "Bad Blood" describe betrayal by a close friend. The album version is the eighth track of "1989".

neg: Lotta That "Lotta That" is a song by American rapper G-Eazy. It was released on June 10, 2014, as the sixth single from his third studio album "These Things Happen" (2014). The song was produced by Eazy himself and Christoph Andersson. It also features guest appearances from American rapper ASAP Ferg and English rapper Danny Seth.

neg: Love Who Loves You Back "Love Who Loves You Back" is a song by German rock band Tokio Hotel from their fifth studio album, "Kings of Suburbia" (2014). It was released on 26 September 2014 as the album's lead single.

neg: It's the Girls! It's the Girls! is the fourteenth studio album, and twenty-fifth album overall, by Bette Midler, released on November 4, 2014. It is a collection representing the music of the great girl groups of the past.

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! 62 Now That's What I Call Music! 62 or Now 62 refers to at least two "Now That's What I Call Music!" series albums, including:

neg: Summer (Calvin Harris song) "Summer" is a song by Scottish recording artist Calvin Harris, released on 14 March 2014 as the second single from his fourth studio album, "Motion" (2014). Like his previous single "Feel So Close", Harris returns as a vocalist on "Summer". The accompanying music video was directed by Emil Nava and premiered on 6 April 2014.

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! 74 (UK series) Now That's What I Call Music! 74 or Now! 74 is a double-disc compilation album which was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in November 2009. The album is the 74th edition of the original series and is available on CD and downloadable formats.

neg: Animal Ambition Animal Ambition (released with the subtitle Animal Ambition: An Untamed Desire to Win) is the fifth studio album by American rapper 50 Cent, who also served as executive producer. The album was released on June 3, 2014, by G-Unit Records and Caroline Records. All 11 tracks on the standard edition were issued as singles prior to the album's release; in order, they are "Don't Worry 'Bout It", "Hold On", "Pilot", "Smoke", "Hustler", "Chase the Paper", "Everytime I Come Around", "Irregular Heartbeat", "Winners Circle", "Twisted", and "Animal Ambition". The album features guest appearances from Yo Gotti, Trey Songz, Kidd Kidd, Jadakiss, Mr Probz, Guordan Banks, Prodigy, Schoolboy Q and Styles P.

neg: I'm Your Boy I'm Your Boy is the third Japanese studio album by South Korean boy band Shinee, released on September 24, 2014 in Japan by Universal Music Japan sublabel EMI Records. The album features three previously released singles, "Boys Meet U", "3 2 1" and "Lucky Star". This album has successfully sold 45,000 copies during the first week of its release, first time for Shinee has reached the No.1 spot on the weekly chart since their Japanese debut in June 2011.

neg: Fall Down (will.i.am song) "Fall Down" is a song by American recording artist will.i.am featuring Miley Cyrus from his fourth studio album "#willpower" (2013). It was released on April 16, 2013 by Interscope Records as a promotional single from the record; it was later serviced to Australian radio stations later that year as the third single from the project. The song was written and produced by will.i.am, Dr. Luke, Benny Blanco, and Cirkut. "Fall Down" is an electropop and hip hop song; it strays from the electronic dance elements displayed in will.i.am's earlier singles "Scream & Shout" and "#thatPower", and instead leans towards an urban contemporary style.

neg: American Honey "American Honey" is a song written by Cary Barlowe, Hillary Lindsey and Shane Stevens, and recorded by American country music group Lady Antebellum. It was released on January 11, 2010, as the second single from their sophomore album "Need You Now". The group's fifth single overall, it debuted on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts dated for January 2, 2010. The song is part of the track listing to "Now That's What I Call Music! 34".

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! 25 Years Now That's What I Call 25 Years is a special edition 2008 compilation album in the Now That's What I Call Music series. It was released to celebrate "Now's" 25th Anniversary. The track listing of the 3-CD box set contains 60 popular songs spanning the years 1983–2008.

neg: Just for Now "Just for Now" is a song by English recording artist and producer Imogen Heap, from her second studio album, "Speak for Yourself" (2005). Written and produced by Heap, the song was originally written for the second-season episode of the television series "The O.C." entitled "The Chrismukkah That Almost Wasn't", but was deemed too dark for the episode. "Just for Now" is a electronica song about a constant mayhem within a holiday environment, in which the singer sings to set aside the disarray for a short time of peace. Heap has performed the song in live performances, which she invites the audience to participate on it. "Just for Now" was covered by American recording artist Kelly Clarkson, for her sixth studio album "Wrapped in Red" (2013). Her version of the song, produced by Greg Kurstin, musically quotes the Christmas standard "Carol of the Bells" and was met with positive reviews. The song was also sampled in Clams Casino's composition "I'm God", featured on both "Instrumentals" and Lil B's "6 kiss", and was also covered by Pentatonix on their 2015 deluxe edition of their Christmas album That's Christmas to Me.

neg: Now 48 'Now That's What I Call Music! 48' or Now 48 may refer to several "Now That's What I Call Music!" series albums, including

neg: The Fifth (Dizzee Rascal album) The Fifth is the fifth studio album by English rapper Dizzee Rascal, released on 30 September 2013 under Dirtee Stank Recordings and Island Records. "The Fifth" is Dizzee Rascal's first release since he signed with Universal. It succeeds his fourth studio album "Tongue n' Cheek" (2009) and features production from RedOne, Jonas Jeberg, M.J. Cole, Baptiste, Goldstein, Andrew "Pop" Wansel and Teddy Sky, among others. The album features guest appearances from singers Jessie J, Robbie Williams, Sean Kingston, Angel, and rappers Tinie Tempah, Bun B, Trae tha Truth, and Will.i.am. The album's track listing was confirmed when it was made available to pre-order via the iTunes Store.

neg: Waking Light "Waking Light" is a song written, produced and performed by American musician Beck. It is the closing track on his twelfth studio album "Morning Phase" and was issued as the album's second single. The song peaked at number 43 on the "Billboard" rock chart in 2014.

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! (Asia) Now That's What I Call Music! or NOW was released on July 20, 1995. Modeled after the highly successful "Now That's What I Call Music!" series in the United Kingdom, which compiles a number of songs that are popular around the time of its release, this album is the first edition of the "Now!" series in the South Asia.

neg: Now That's What I Call Country Volume 4 Now That's What I Call Country Volume 4 is an album from the "Now!" series released in the United States on June 14, 2011.

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! 27 (U.S. series) Now That's What I Call Music! 27 was released on March 11, 2008. The album is the 27th edition of the Now! series in the United States. It debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200, although, with opening week sales at 169,000 units, it was the lowest opening week for a "Now!" album from the main series since the first volume.

neg: Black Widow (In This Moment album) Black Widow is the fifth studio album by the American heavy metal band In This Moment. It was released on November 17, 2014 by Atlantic Records. This marks the band's major-label debut and first release away from longtime label Century Media Records.

neg: March Madness (song) "March Madness" is a song recorded by American rapper Future. It was released on August 31, 2015, as the lead single of his mixtape "56 Nights" (2015). The song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) May 27, 2016, for selling over 500,000 digital copies in the United States.


query: Who is older, Danan Januzaj or David Moyes?

pos: Adnan Januzaj Adnan Januzaj (] ; born 5 February 1995) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Spanish club Real Sociedad. Born and raised in Brussels, he began his career with Anderlecht before joining Manchester United in 2011 at the age of 16. Januzaj broke into the Manchester United first-team under manager David Moyes during the 2013–14 season, but struggled for opportunities under Moyes' successors Louis van Gaal and José Mourinho, and had loan spells at Borussia Dortmund and Sunderland before joining Real Sociedad in July 2017. Januzaj made his full international debut in 2014 and later that year played for Belgium at the World Cup.

pos: David Moyes David William Moyes (born 25 April 1963) is a Scottish professional football coach and former player. He was previously the manager of Preston North End, Everton, Manchester United, Real Sociedad and Sunderland. Moyes was the 2003, 2005 and 2009 League Managers Association Manager of the Year. He is also on the committee for the League Managers Association in an executive capacity.

neg: Dan Glazer Dan Glazer (Hebrew: דן גלזר  ; born 20 September 1996) is an Israeli footballer who currently plays for Maccabi Netanya.

neg: Zidan Amar Zidan Amar (Arabic: زيدان عمار  , Hebrew: זידאן עמאר  ; born 5 April 1992) is an Israeli-Druze footballer who currently plays at Hapoel Iksal.

neg: Mark Wright (footballer, born 1970) Mark Andrew Wright (born 29 January 1970, in Manchester, England) is a former professional footballer, who played for Everton, Blackpool, Huddersfield Town, Wigan Athletic and Chorley. He now works for Progress Sports in Merseyside which is a large training provider for learners aged 14–19.

neg: Paris Moayedi Paris Moayedi (born 1938) is the entrepreneur who expanded Jarvis plc from a small construction business into one of the UK's largest engineering contractors.

neg: Jon McCarthy Jonathan David McCarthy (born 18 August 1970) is a former professional footballer who played as He was most recently manager of National League club Chester, after his contract was terminated on the 6th September 2017.

neg: Dave Mitchell (footballer) David Stuart "Dave" Mitchell (born 13 June 1962) is a former Australian international football player who most recently worked as head coach of Malaysian Premier League club Kedah FA. A powerful striker, Mitchell is remembered as one of the pioneers for Australian players in Europe, appearing in the German Bundesliga, Dutch Eredivisie, Scottish Premier League, Turkish Super Lig, as well as the top-flight and second tier in England. In Asia, he played for clubs in Hong Kong and Malaysia. He made 27 appearances for the national team, scoring 11 goals, and appearing in the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Seoul.

neg: Dana Cup The Dana Cup, one of the world's largest football tournaments, takes place every year in the North Jutland town of Hjørring in Denmark at the end of July. In 2008 there were over 25,000 participants (players, coaches and referees) from all around the world. It is advertised by the organisers as "the world's most international youth soccer tournament" since over the years, they claim it has had the largest number of participating countries of any international football tournament. First held in 1982, the tournament celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2006.

neg: Mazen Dana Mazen Dana (Arabic: مازن دعنا  , 1962—17 August 2003) was a Palestinian journalist who worked as a Reuters cameraman. He spent a decade covering the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in Hebron in the West Bank, for which he was awarded the 2001 International Press Freedom Award of the Committee to Protect Journalists. He was shot and killed by US soldiers in Baghdad, Iraq on 17 August 2003.

neg: Dawid Janowski Dawid Markelowicz Janowski ] (25 May 1868 – 15 January 1927; often spelled "David") was a leading Polish chess master and subsequent French citizen.

neg: David Allyn David Allyn, Ph.D. (born April 30, 1969) is an author and CEO of Oliver Scholars, an organization that serves high-achieving students who face socioeconomic barriers to success.

neg: David Jemmali David Jemmali (born 13 December 1974) is a retired French-Tunisian football defender who spent most of his career at Girondins de Bordeaux and last played for Grenoble Foot 38.

neg: Djiji Gouza Djiji Gouza (born (1994--)24 1994 in Cameroon) is a Cameroun footballer who plays as a striker for MAS Fez. He was part of their squad that won the 2016 Moroccan Throne Cup, and was top goalscorer with six goals, two of them in the final.

neg: David Duke (footballer) David Duke (born 7 November 1978) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a midfielder or full back.

neg: Ghost of David Ghost of David is an album by the singer-songwriter Damien Jurado, released in 2000 on Sub Pop records. The David of the title is Jurado's friend and former bandmate in Coolidge, David Bazan, who is most famously Pedro the Lion's frontman. In tone, "Ghost of David" is bleak, spare, and depressing. Most of its thirteen songs concern or tell tragic stories of deception and death. For example, "Medication," the album's opener, is a first-person tale: the narrator, under the strain of having an adulterous affair with a police officer's wife as well as caring for his mentally unbalanced brother, prays for his brother's death. "December" laments a man who froze to death in his car. "Paxil," as its title suggests (referring to an anti-depressant drug), mentions medicating "a heart that doesn't work." The title track came from a dream Jurado had that his friend David Bazan had died, and the words he would have said to comfort his widow.

neg: David Martín García David Martín García (born 27 August 1992) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Burgos CF as a forward.

neg: David Burke (boxer) David Burke (born 3 February 1975 in Liverpool, Merseyside) is an English boxer who won the bronze medal in the Men's Featherweight (– 57 kg) division at the 1996 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Vejle, Denmark.

neg: David Owusu David Owusu is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Isthmian League side Merstham.

neg: Yann David Yann David (born 15 April 1988 in Lyon, France) is a French professional rugby union centre and winger currently playing for Toulouse in the Top 14. He played two seasons for Bourgoin-Jallieu before joining the toulousians. He is 1.85m tall and weighs 105 kg. Yann David studied at the private school St.Joseph Bourgoin-Jallieu. He has also participated for Dieux du stade in 2007. He played 30 matches for Bourgoin scoring 6 tries before joining Toulouse in 2009.

neg: David Daneshgar David Charles Daneshgar (born June 18, 1981 in Westlake Village, California) is an American former professional poker player and the co-founder of BloomNation.com.

neg: David Williamson (businessman) David Williamson (born 1961 in Edinburgh) is a successful Scottish businessman, and former "Executive Director (Operations)" at Newcastle United.


query: The concept of imagined geographies originated from an author who defined them as the West's patronizing representations of what?

pos: Imagined geographies The concept of imagined (also referred as imaginative) geographies originated from Edward Said, particularly his work on critique on Orientalism. In this context, "imagined" does not mean to be “false” or “made-up”, but rather is used synonymous with “perceived”. Imagined geographies refers to the perception of a space created through certain imagery, texts, and/or discourses.

pos: Orientalism (book) Orientalism is a 1978 book by Edward W. Said, about the cultural representations that are the bases of Orientalism, defined as the West's patronizing representations of "The East"—the societies and peoples who inhabit the places of Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East. According to Said, orientalism (the Western scholarship about the Eastern World) is inextricably tied to the imperialist societies who produced it, which makes much Orientalist work inherently political and servile to power.

neg: Mythomoteur A mythomoteur (compound of the French words for myth and engine) is the constitutive myth that gives an ethnic group its sense of purpose. The term was first used in this context by Ramon d’Abadal i de Vinyals, and was later taken up by John Armstrong in his book "Nations before Nationalism". It has subsequently become a common theme in Anthony D. Smith’s work on ethnicity and nationalism, particularly his book "The Ethnic Origins of Nations". Three types of mythomoteur have been identified, the communal-political, the communal-religious, and the dynastic.

neg: Jack "Russer" Russell Jack "Russer" Russell (1753–1809), a little-known traveller, spent twenty-five years documenting the Orient. His journals are considered pop culture in Japan and he is considered to be a "Western Icon". The "Russer" likeness is used as a parody most often in Japanese works where the author is portraying a duality of humor and strength in a lead character.

neg: Revisionism (fictional) In analysis of works of fiction, revisionism denotes the retelling of a conventional or established narrative with significant variations which deliberately "revise" the view shown in the original work. For example, the film "Dances with Wolves" may be regarded as a revisionist western because it portrays Native Americans sympathetically instead of as the savages of traditional westerns.

neg: Paul Carter (academic) Paul Carter was born and brought up in Faringdon, Oxon., UK attending a local grammar school and later Oxford University. In the 1970s he lived largely in Spain and Italy, working at a variety of jobs in order to support his own poetic education and cultural research. Moving to Australia in the early 1980s, he redirected his interests in poetics and aesthetics to the renarration of the conceptual foundations of white settler society in Australia. His book "The Road to Botany Bay" (1987) introduced the idea of ‘spatial history’ and was praised by Edward Said (‘a brilliantly daring notion of imperialism’) and Susan Sontag (an ‘ingenious account of nation-founding … itself a kind of founding book’). His follow-up publication, "The Lie of the Land", has been widely recognised as a major contribution to postcolonial geography.

neg: World landscape The world landscape, a translation of the German Weltlandschaft, is a type of composition in Western painting showing an imaginary panoramic landscape seen from an elevated viewpoint that includes mountains and lowlands, water, and buildings. The subject of each painting is usually a Biblical or historical narrative, but the figures comprising this narrative element are dwarfed by their surroundings.

neg: For Lust of Knowing For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and their Enemies, published in the United States under the title Dangerous Knowledge: Orientalism and Its Discontents, is a 2006 non-fiction book by British historian Robert Irwin. The book is both a history of the academic discipline of Orientalism and an attack on Edward Said's 1978 book "Orientalism", which he calls "malignant charlatanry, in which it is hard to distinguish honest mistakes from willful misrepresentations." The title of the British version of the book comes from the poem "The Golden Journey to Samarkand" by James Elroy Flecker.

neg: Fictionalism Fictionalism is the view in philosophy according to which statements that appear to be descriptions of the world should not be construed as such, but should instead be understood as cases of "make believe", of pretending to treat something as literally true (a "useful fiction"). Two important strands of fictionalism are modal fictionalism developed by Gideon Rosen, which states that possible worlds, regardless of whether they exist or not, may be a part of a useful discourse, and mathematical fictionalism advocated by Hartry Field, which states that talk of numbers and other mathematical objects is nothing more than a convenience for doing science. Also in meta-ethics, there is an equivalent position called moral fictionalism (championed by Richard Joyce). Many modern versions of fictionalism are influenced by the work of Kendall Walton in aesthetics.

neg: Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer ( ; ] ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work "The World as Will and Representation" (expanded in 1844), wherein he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will. Proceeding from the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism, rejecting the contemporaneous post-Kantian philosophies of German idealism. Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Eastern philosophy (e.g., asceticism, the world-as-appearance), having initially arrived at similar conclusions as the result of his own philosophical work.

neg: Caribbean literature Caribbean literature is the term generally accepted for the literature of the various territories of the Caribbean region. Literature in English specifically from the former British West Indies may be referred to as Anglo-Caribbean or, in historical contexts, West Indian literature, although in modern contexts the latter term is rare.

neg: Hollywood Indian The Hollywood Indian is a fictitious stock character, a stereotype and misrepresentation of Native Americans used in movies, especially in the Western genre. The image of the Hollywood Indian reflects neither contemporary nor historical Native American realities; instead, it is based in the views and desires of non-Native producers, screenwriters, directors, and actors. Closely connected to myths and images created about Native Americans and the Wild West, the stereotype has undergone significant changes from the beginning of cinema to the present day.

neg: Notions of the Americans Notions of the Americas; Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor is a 1828 semi-nonfictional travel narrative by James Fenimore Cooper. The work takes the form of letters between a fictional bachelor traveling in the United States to his European friends. Cooper wrote the work while in Europe, and originally published the work anonymously, to conceal his identity and be more convincing to European audiences. The book persuasively argues for the virtue of American values and democracy in comparison to the aristocratic values of Europe.

neg: Patusan Patusan is a fictional country originating in the novel "Lord Jim" by Joseph Conrad, published in 1900. It has subsequently appeared in various films and television shows.

neg: Albert Chavannes Albert Chavannes (February 23, 1836 – May 3, 1903) was a Swiss-born American author, philosopher, and sociologist, active primarily in the late 19th century. He is best known for his two utopian novels, "The Future Commonwealth" and "In Brighter Climes", which discuss a fictional futuristic society, "Socioland," where the economy is governed by socialist ideals rather than capitalism, and where morality is based on social scientific experimentation, rather than traditional religion. Chavannes was also one of the earliest social theorists to extensively discuss exchange theory, and his ideas on "magnetism" (magnetation) influenced writers such as J. William Lloyd and Ida C. Craddock.

neg: Dreamtime Dreamtime (also dream time, dream-time) is a term devised by early anthropologists to refer to a religio-cultural worldview attributed to Australian Aboriginal beliefs. It was originally used by Francis Gillen, quickly adopted by his colleague Baldwin Spencer and thereafter popularised by A. P. Elkin, who, however, later revised his views. The Dreaming is used to represent many Aboriginal concepts of "time out of time," or "everywhen," when the land was inhabited by ancestral figures, often of heroic proportions or with supernatural abilities. They were often distinct from "gods" as they did not control the material world and were not worshipped, but only revered.

neg: Society Against the State Society Against the State is a 1972 ethnography of power relations in South American rainforest native cultures written by anthropologist Pierre Clastres and best known for its thesis that tribal societies reject the centralization of coercive power. Clastres challenged the idea that all cultures evolve through Westernization to adopt coercive leadership as popular, ethnocentric myth.

neg: Patrick O'Sullivan (author) Patrick O'Sullivan is an Irish-British scholar and author of major works in the field of Military geography. He is the author of the oft-cited texts "The Geography of Warfare" and "The Geography of War in the Post-Cold War World". Though the former was published in 1983 and the latter in 2001, these works remain the seminal texts of Military geography from a civilian publisher, due in large part to the present lack of interest in the subfield among geographers, aside from a small handful who critique militarization through critical theory. In his 1986 book "Geopolitics", Patrick O'Sullivan makes a geographically-based case against the proliferation of nuclear weapons during the Cold War, arguing that nuclear weapons pose a threat largely because they reduce the significance of both physical distance and national borders, which would otherwise function as a deterrent to the likelihood of direct military engagement. Patrick O'Sullivan is also known to a lesser extent for his work on the social scientific study of railway transportation in Britain as well as an autoethnographic Cultural Geography essay discussing the relevance of expatriate identity. Starting in 1994, he taught at Florida State University, and now holds the status of professor emeritus. His academic writing incorporates elements of a regional geography focus with aspects of behavioral geography, and often takes a similarly explanatory and analytical approach to the Realist school of International Relations' focus on the behavior and motivations of states, though from a more geopolitical angle and with a greater focus on the decisions of individual leaders. Unlike many other authors and scholars of human geography, his work is not as overtly hostile to environmental determinism or environmental possibilism.

neg: George Chisholm (geographer) Dr George Goudie Chisholm FRSE FRSGS LLD (1850–1930) was a British geographer. He authored the first English-language textbook on economic geography: "Handbook on Commercial Geography" (1889). It was later revised by Kenneth Stamp. (ISBN  ). He authored a review of Friedrich Naumann's Pan-German work on Central Europe which appeared in The Scottish Geographical Magazine issue 33, which condemned the aggressively militaristic overtones of Naumann's nationalistic work. His "World Gazetteer" of 1895, a huge project, later became commonly known as The Times Gazetteer.

neg: Out Where the West Begins "Out Where the West Begins" is a poem written by Arthur Chapman and first published in his 1917 book of verse, "Out Where the West Begins: And Other Western Verses." It is his most popular poem, still included in modern readings and compilations of Cowboy and Western poetry.The poem itself is about the wonders of nature. such simple things, woven together with beautiful words and amazing imagery, creates an almost magical feeling of peace.

neg: Geogony Geogony (or Geogeny) is an antiquated term used to refer to the, at the time, speculative science of the Earth's formation and history. The term was used in "Elementary Geology" an early geology book by Edward Hitchcock, eighth edition published in New York City by Mark H. Newman and Company in 1847.

neg: German Forest The German Forest (German: "Deutscher Wald" ) was a phrase used both as a metaphor as well as to describe in exaggerated terms an idyllic landscape in German poems, fairy tales and legends of the early 19th century Romantic period. Historical and cultural discourses declared it as the symbol of Germanic-German art and culture, or as in the case of Heinrich Heine or Madame de Staël, as a counter-image of French urbanity. It was also used with reference to historical or legendary events in German forests, such as Tacitus' description of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest or even the nature mysticism of the stylized Germanic national myth, the "Nibelungenlied" as the history of its multi-faceted reception shows.