query: The-Dream's co-writing credits include a song from Beyonce that explores men's unwillingness to propose or commit, and was on what album?

pos: The-Dream Terius Youngdell Nash (born September 20, 1977), better known by his stage name The-Dream, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. His co-writing credits include songs with Dear Jayne, "Me Against the Music" (2003) for Britney Spears, "Umbrella" (2007) for Rihanna, "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (2008) for Beyoncé and "Baby" (2010) for Justin Bieber. He released five studio albums between 2007 and 2013: "Love Hate" (2007), "Love vs. Money" (2009), "Love King" (2010), "" (2012) and "IV Play" (2013).

pos: Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" is a song from American singer Beyoncé's third studio album, "I Am... Sasha Fierce" (2008). Columbia Records released "Single Ladies" as a single on October 13, 2008 alongside "If I Were a Boy", showcasing the contrast between Beyoncé and her aggressive onstage alter ego Sasha Fierce. It explores men's unwillingness to propose or commit. In the song, the female protagonist is in a club to celebrate her single status.

neg: Freedom (Beyoncé song) "Freedom" is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé featuring American rapper Kendrick Lamar for her sixth studio album, "Lemonade" (2016). The song was written by Jonny Coffer, Beyoncé, Carla Marie Williams, Dean McIntosh and Kendrick Lamar; it contains samples of "Let Me Try", written by Frank Tirado, performed by Kaleidoscope; samples of "Collection Speech/Unidentified Lining Hymn", recorded by Alan Lomax in 1959, performed by Reverend R.C. Crenshaw; and samples of "Stewball", recorded by Alan Lomax and John Lomax, Sr. in 1947, performed by Prisoner "22" at Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman. Its production was handled by Beyoncé, Coffer and veteran hip hop record producer Just Blaze.

neg: Love Hate (album) Love Hate is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter The-Dream. It was released on December 11, 2007, by his Def Jam-imprint label Radio Killa. The album's title is the abbreviation for "Love me all summer, hate me all winter". The album contains the elements for its outing as primarily a R&B and pop album, with the production that was provided by Christopher Stewart and Carlos McKinney. The album was inspired by the works of musical styles derived from the 1980s for its works from Prince and Michael Jackson. The album features two guest appearances from American rapper Fabolous, and fellow recording artist Rihanna.

neg: Dreaming Love "Dreaming Love" is a song written and recorded by American country duo Kate & Kacey. The song was released as their debut single on April 27, 2009. It was intended to serve as the lead-off single to their debut album with Big Machine Records, but the album was pushed back due to the song's mediocre chart success. In early 2010, it was announced that the duo had been released from their recording contract, leaving their debut album unreleased.

neg: Radio (Beyoncé song) "Radio" is a song by American recording artist Beyoncé taken from her third studio album, "I Am… Sasha Fierce" (2008). The uptempo electropop/dance-pop song was composed by Beyoncé, Rico Love, Dwayne Nesmith and Jim Jonsin. Composed in the key of D major and built essentially on bouncy beat, "Radio" also displays influences of the 1980s synthpop, Europop, and house. It is instrumentally complete with a Roland TR-808 drum, bass instruments, and synthesizers. The song's lyrics describe the love of Beyoncé in her childhood for the songs she used to listen on the radio as she grew into an adult.

neg: Video Phone (song) "Video Phone" is a song by American singer Beyoncé from her third studio album, "I Am... Sasha Fierce" (2008). The track was released as the eighth single from the album. A remixed version featuring Lady Gaga was released later. Musically, the song consists of simple lyrics and hidden innuendos, with Gaga and Beyoncé trading verses with each other, in the remix. The lyrics refer to putting up a show on camera.

neg: Blow (Beyoncé song) "Blow" is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé from her self-titled fifth studio album (2013). It was written by Beyoncé, Pharrell Williams, Timbaland, J-Roc, James Fauntleroy and Justin Timberlake, and produced by the former four. It was set to be released as one of the lead singles following the release of the album along with "Drunk in Love", however, its release was scrapped in favor of "XO".

neg: Dreams (Game song) "Dreams" is a song by American rapper and West Coast hip hop artist The Game, from his debut album, "The Documentary". It was released as the fifth official single from the album in all territories except France, which saw "Higher" released there first. The song was produced by Kanye West and features a sample of "No Money Down" by soul music singer Jerry Butler. The song is dedicated to Yetunde Price (the elder half-sister of tennis stars Serena Williams and Venus Williams), who was shot dead on September 14, 2003. The Williams' also came from The Game's hometown of Compton, California. This references the Dr. Dre album "2001", actually released in the year 1999. The song was placed 5th on About.com's Best Hip-Hop Songs of 2005.

neg: Hold Up (song) "Hold Up" is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her sixth studio album, "Lemonade" (2016). The song was serviced to rhythmic radios in the United States on August 16, 2016 as the third single from the album. It was written by Diplo, Ezra Koenig, Beyoncé, Emile Haynie, Josh Tillman, MNEK and Sean "Melo-X" Rhoden.

neg: Long Way to Go (Gwen Stefani and André 3000 song) "Long Way to Go" is a song by American singer-songwriter Gwen Stefani with American rapper André 3000. The song appears as the closing track on Stefani's debut studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004). It was released on November 23, 2004, along with the rest of "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." by Interscope Records. The track was written by both Stefani and 3000, while 3000 was the sole producer of the track. Despite being scrapped from André 3000's critically acclaimed OutKast studio album, "The Love Below" (2003), Stefani and 3000 finalized a reworked version of the song to be included on the former's album. The song prominently features a sample from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech in its closing outro. King is not credited for contributed lyrics to the song. Musically, "Long Way to Go" is influenced by electronic music and alternative hip hop, with partial influence from both dance music and soul music.

neg: I Am... Sasha Fierce I Am... Sasha Fierce is the third studio album by American singer Beyoncé. It was released on November 12, 2008 through Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment. In its initial release, the album was formatted as a double album, intending to market Beyoncé's contrasting facets of artistry. The first disc, "I Am...", contains slow and midtempo pop and R&B ballads, while the second, "Sasha Fierce" (named after Beyoncé's on-stage alter ego), focuses on more uptempo beats that blend electropop and Europop genres. In composing the songs' lyrics, Beyoncé worked with writers, with each session accompanied by live orchestration.

neg: Dreamchild (album) Dreamchild was the sixth solo album released by Toyah Willcox since leaving Toyah, and was released in 1994 via Cryptic Records in Germany. It is the album with the least amount of input from Toyah herself, as almost every track was composed by Mike Bennett, with Toyah contributing lyrics to only one track. The dance nature of the album also contrasts with the rest of her catalogue, making Toyah appear like more of a guest vocalist than the leading artist on her own album.

neg: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album) Teenage Dream is the third studio album by American singer Katy Perry. It was released on August 24, 2010, through Capitol Records. Musically, it contains pop and dance-pop with influences of disco, electronic, funk, house, gothic rock, Hi-NRG, and hip hop. Lyrically, it revolves around teenage love, partying, self-empowerment, and personal growth. Perry co-wrote every song on the album, and also worked with a number of producers and writers, including Dr. Luke, Max Martin, Benny Blanco, Tricky Stewart, StarGate, Greg Kurstin, Bonnie McKee and Ester Dean.

neg: Who You Love "Who You Love" is a song written and performed by John Mayer and Katy Perry for Mayer's sixth studio album, "Paradise Valley" (2013). It appears as the sixth song on the album and is the third single from the record. Mayer co-produced the song with Don Was and released it as an Internet download on August 12, 2013. Lyrically, "Who You Love" is a ballad about accepting falling in love with someone, on the theory that "you love who you love". The song has been praised by critics and has received mostly positive reviews.

neg: Joe's Dream "Joe's Dream" is a song by English singer and songwriter Natasha Khan, professionally known as Bat for Lashes. It was written and produced by Natasha Khan. The song was released on June 7, 2016 by Parlophone, as the third single from The Bride. A music video, directed by John de Menil and Natasha Khan, was released on September 1, 2016.

neg: Make Up Bag "Make Up Bag" is the second single by American R&B artist The-Dream from his third studio album "Love King". The song was officially released as a single on June 8, 2010, to the iTunes Store. It features rapper T.I.

neg: No Church in the Wild "No Church in the Wild" is a song by American hip hop artists Kanye West and Jay Z from their first collaborative album "Watch the Throne" (2011). It is the first track on the album and features vocals from Odd Future's Frank Ocean and The-Dream, although the latter is uncredited for his contributions to the song. The song explores themes of religion and decadence. The track received highly positive reviews from music critics, who praised Ocean's vocal hooks, the depth of the verses, the cinematic production and the song's power as an opening track.

neg: Mine (Beyoncé song) "Mine" is a song by American recording artist Beyoncé featuring Canadian rapper Drake. The song was written by Noah "40" Shebib, Drake, Beyoncé, Majid Jordan, Sidney "Omen" Brown and Key Wane, with production by Shebib, Jordan, Brown and Beyoncé for the latter's self-titled fifth studio album "Beyoncé" (2013). "Mine" is a futuristic R&B song, that contains Trap elements, African beats with muted modern hip-hop". Lyrically, Beyoncé reveals her everyday doubts regarding marriage and motherhood.

neg: Heartbeat Song (Kelly Clarkson song) "Heartbeat Song" is a song by American singer Kelly Clarkson from her seventh studio album, "Piece by Piece" (2015). Written by Mitch Allan, Audra Mae, Kara DioGuardi, and Jason Evigan, the song is an uptempo synthpop track produced by Greg Kurstin. Lyrically, it sings of meeting a person who restores someone's faith in love. Inspired by 1980s synthpop music, "Heartbeat Song" was released by RCA Records as the album's lead single on January 12, 2015.

neg: XO (song) "XO" is a song by American singer Beyoncé from her fifth studio album, "Beyoncé" (2013). Columbia Records released the song as the lead contemporary hit radio single from the album in the US and Italy on December 16, 2013. Ryan Tedder co-wrote and co-produced "XO" with Terius "The-Dream" Nash and Beyoncé, with additional production handled by Chauncey "Hit-Boy" Hollis and HazeBanga Music. A pure midtempo pop, electropop and R&B love song, "XO" is complete with electronic musical instrumentation, synthesizers and drums. Musically, it was compared to Beyoncé's own song "Halo" and was noted for having several music hooks including its call and response chorus.

neg: Bug a Boo "Bug a Boo" is an R&B/dance-pop song by American recording group Destiny's Child. It was written by band members Beyoncé Knowles, LeToya Luckett, LaTavia Roberson and Kelly Rowland along with Kandi Burruss and Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs for their second album "The Writing's on the Wall" (1999), featuring production by the latter. The song uses interpolations of the 1978 song "Child's Anthem" by Toto.


query: The representative of the Texas district that includes Montgomery County and Walker County was born in what year?

pos: Texas's 8th congressional district Texas District 8 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional district that includes Montgomery County and Walker County. It includes much of the northern outlying areas of metro Houston. The current Representative from District 8 is Kevin Brady and has been since 1997. For the 2014 election cycle Craig McMichael, a veteran of the Marine Corps, and network engineer had challenged and lost to incumbent Kevin Brady in the Republican Primary. In the 2014 General Election, Brady faced off against the Libertarian Party candidate, Ken Petty of Spring, Texas, who won his nomination in the Libertarian District Convention. No Democrat ran. In the 2016 election, the 20-year incumbent was challenged by 3 challengers: Andre Dean, Craig McMichael, and Steve Toth. As of August 2017, Brady is expected to face Democrat Steven David in the 2018 election as well as Independent candidate Todd Carlton. David is the first Democrat to challenge Brady since the 2012 election.

pos: Kevin Brady Kevin Patrick Brady (born April 11, 1955) is the U.S. Representative for Texas 's 8 congressional district , serving since 1997. He is a member of the Republican Party. The district includes a large swath of suburban and rural territory north of Houston.

neg: Quico Canseco Francisco Raul "Quico" Canseco (born July 30, 1949) is an attorney, businessman and former U.S. Representative for Texas 's 23 congressional district . He is a member of the Republican Party.

neg: Craig Estes Craig Linton Estes (born 20 August 1953) is a Republican member of the Texas Senate representing the 30th District.

neg: Drew Darby Drew Darby (born February 22, 1947) is a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from his native San Angelo, Texas. He represents District 72, which comprises the West Texas counties of Coke, Concho, Glasscock, Howard, Irion, Reagan, Runnels, Sterling, and Tom Green.

neg: James P. Buchanan James Paul "Buck" Buchanan (30 April 1867 – 22 February 1937) served as U.S. Representative from the 10th district of Texas from 1913 until his death on 22 February 1937.

neg: Nicole Collier Nicole Johnson Collier (born 1972) is a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives, serving since 2013 House District 95 in Fort Worth, Texas. Collier succeeded Marc Veasey, who was instead elected to the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 33rd congressional district.

neg: Lynn Hughes Lynn Nettleton Hughes (born September 9, 1941) is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

neg: Aaron Peña Aaron Peña, Jr. (born June 8, 1959), is a former member of the Texas House of Representatives. He served in House District 40 (in Hidalgo County) in Deep South Texas. Representative Peña was first elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat in November 2002. He was sworn into his first term on January 14, 2003. Upon retirement, he had served five terms in office.

neg: Sarah Davis (Texas politician) Sarah Davis (born 1976) is an American politician and a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives; she was first elected in the Tea Party wave of 2010. Davis' district contains The Galleria and the Texas Medical Center.

neg: Steve Raby Stephen Walker "Steve" Raby (born 1958) is the former 2010 Democratic nominee for U.S. Representative for Alabama's 5th congressional district.

neg: Joe Driver Joe Driver (born September 29, 1946 in Rockwall, Texas) is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Texas. From 1993 to 2013, he represented the 113th district in the Texas House of Representatives, a seat that he initially won in the 1992 elections.

neg: Dwayne Bohac Dwayne Bohac (born September 4, 1966) is a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 138, which encompasses west and northwest Houston, Texas.

neg: Lacy Clay William Lacy Clay Jr. (born July 27, 1956), usually known as Lacy Clay, is the U.S. Representative for 2=nd

neg: Tom DeLay Thomas Dale DeLay ( ; born April 8, 1947) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Texas's 22nd congressional district from 1985 until 2006. He was Republican Party (GOP) House Majority Leader from 2003–05.

neg: Charles Anderson (Texas politician) Charles “Doc” Anderson (born June 29, 1945) is a veterinarian from Waco, Texas, who is a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 56. He was first elected in 2004 and has won six additional terms thereafter.

neg: John M. Zerwas John M. Zerwas (born March 24, 1955) is a physician from Richmond, Texas, who is a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives. He is serving his fifth term as Representative for District 28, which comprises the northwest portion of Fort Bend County.

neg: Ernest Bailes Ernest James Bailes IV (born April 13, 1982) is a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 18 in southeastern Texas. Bailes in 2017 succeeded Republican John Otto, who did not seek re-election in 2016.

neg: Gene Green Raymond Eugene "Gene" Green (born October 17, 1947) is the U.S. Representative for Texas 's 29 congressional district , serving since 1993. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district includes most of eastern Houston, along with large portions of Houston's eastern suburbs.

neg: Tracy King Tracy Ogden King (born November 9, 1960) is a businessman from Batesville, Texas, who has been since 1995 a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 80. Beginning in January 2013, the revised District 80 includes these counties south of San Antonio: Dimmit, Frio, Uvalde, Zapata, Zavala plus the rural portions of Webb County outside Laredo.

neg: Richard Raymond (Texas politician) Richard Peña Raymond (born October 27, 1960) is a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 42, which encompasses western Webb County and includes most of the city of Laredo. He is vice-chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations and also sits on the Border Affairs and Intergovernmental Affairs Committee.

neg: Nick Lampson Nicholas Valentino 'Nick' Lampson (born February 14, 1945) is an American politician from the state of Texas and was a Congressman representing the 22nd Congressional District and the 9th Congressional District of Texas.


query: What is the birth year of this British American actor, model, and screenwriter, who played Michael Scofield in Fernando Sucre?

pos: Fernando Sucre Fernando Sucre, played by Amaury Nolasco, is a fictional character from the American television series, "Prison Break". He is introduced to the series in the pilot episode as the prison cellmate of the series protagonist, Michael Scofield (played by Wentworth Miller).

pos: Wentworth Miller Wentworth Earl Miller III (born June 2, 1972) is a British-American actor, model, and screenwriter. He rose to prominence following his role as Michael Scofield in the five seasons of the Fox series "Prison Break", for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role. He made his screenwriting debut with the 2013 thriller film "Stoker". In 2014, he began playing Leonard Snart/Captain Cold in a recurring role on The CW series "The Flash" before becoming a series regular on the spin-off "Legends of Tomorrow". Miller reprised his role as Michael Scofield for the fifth season of the limited-run "Prison Break" revival, which aired on April 4, 2017 and concluded on May 30, 2017.

neg: Nicholas Clay Nicholas Anthony Phillip Clay (18 September 1946 – 25 May 2000) was an English actor.

neg: Suhani Gandhi Suhani Gandhi is a British Model, Beauty Pageant Titleholder and Actress of Indian descent.

neg: Malcolm McDowell Malcolm McDowell (born Malcolm John Taylor; 13 June 1943) is an English actor, known for his boisterous and sometimes villainous roles. He trained as an actor at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

neg: Jo Caulfield Josephine Caulfield (born 26 September 1965) is a British actress, writer and comedian.

neg: David Watson (actor) David Watson (March 10, 1940 - October 5, 2014) was a British American actor of film, television and theatre.

neg: Rodd Christensen Rodd Christensen (born 4 May 1967) is an American actor best known for his performance as Spencer the painter on the BBC children's television programme "Balamory". He was the only non-British actor on the show.

neg: Michael Staniforth Michael Staniforth (15 December 1942 – 31 July 1987), born in Selly Oak, Birmingham, was a British stage actor.

neg: Michael Easton Michael Easton (born February 15, 1967) is an American television actor, poet, author and photographer.

neg: Stephen Martines Stephen Scott Martines (born July 23, 1975), is an American actor and former model. Martines is sometimes credited as Coltin Scott.

neg: Michael Edwards (actor) Michael David Edwards (born September 16, 1944) is an American actor and model. He appeared briefly as "General John Connor" in "". He is pictured and interviewed in the book "Male Model: The World Behind the Camera".

neg: Jason Statham Jason Statham ( born 26 July 1967) is an English actor, and a former model and competitive diver.

neg: Michael Sopkiw Michael Sopkiw is a B-movie American actor who has starred in only four Italian movies in two years. He was born in 1954 in Connecticut.

neg: Christopher Biggins Christopher Kenneth Biggins (born 16 December 1948) is an English actor and television presenter.

neg: Sarah Felberbaum Sarah Felberbaum (born 20 March 1980) is an English-born Italian actress and model.

neg: Max Minghella Max Giorgio Choa Minghella (born 16 September 1985) is an English actor and screenwriter. He has appeared in several American films, making his debut in "Bee Season" (2005) before starring in "Art School Confidential" (2006), "The Social Network" (2010) and "The Internship" (2013).

neg: Christopher McHallem Christopher McHallem (born 1960) is a British actor, writer, musician and director.

neg: Daniel Gerroll Daniel Gerroll (born 16 October 1951) is a British theatre, television and film actor.

neg: Gary Carr (actor) Gary Carr (born, 11 December 1986, London) is an English stage, film and television actor, dancer and musician.

neg: Joe Mantegna Joseph Anthony Mantegna ( , ] ; born November 13, 1947) is an American actor, producer, writer and director.

neg: Steve-O Stephen Gilchrist Glover (born June 13, 1974), better known by his stage name Steve-O, is a British-American actor, stunt performer, producer, comedian, author, musician, and clown. His entertainment career is mostly centered on his performance stunts on the American TV series "Jackass", its related movies, and its spin-off series "Wildboyz".


query: What is the capital of the country in which the Heteropsis elisi's habitat location?

pos: Heteropsis elisi Heteropsis elisi, the western patroller, is a butterfly in the Nymphalidae family. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and Tanzania. The nominate subspecies is found in dense Guinea savanna and the margins of semi-deciduous forest. Subspecies "H. e. uluguru" is found in open grassland and shrubs at altitudes between 1,000 and 1,400 meters.

pos: Togo Togo ( ), officially the Togolese Republic (French: "République togolaise" ), is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital Lomé is located. Togo covers 57,000 km2 , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately /1e6 round 1 million.

neg: Heteropsis wardii Heteropsis wardii is a butterfly in the Nymphalidae family. It is found on Madagascar. The habitat consists of forests.

neg: Heteropsis ankova Heteropsis ankova is a butterfly in the Nymphalidae family. It is found on Madagascar. The habitat consists of forests.

neg: Heterogyna Heterogynaidae is a minor family (only eight described species in a single genus, Heterogyna) of small spheciform wasps occurring in Madagascar, Botswana, Turkmenistan, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and the Eastern Mediterranean area. The majority are dark in color and range in size from approximately 1.5 to 5.0 mm. Most specimens have been collected in arid climates, but one species from Madagascar is known to occur in a humid forest habitat. Although males have functional wings, heterogynaid females are typically brachypterous, a trait which is unique among spheciform wasps. Wing venation is reduced in both sexes. All species are diurnal, with the exception of "H. nocticola". Other aspects of their biology are completely unknown, but details of their morphology have prompted researchers to hypothesize that they may be non-fossorial parasitoids adapted to hunt in tight spaces, such as under tree bark. This is speculative and has not yet been confirmed by actual observations of behavior. It is also possible that modifications of the female metasomal tergum VI and gonostyli may represent a unique prey transport mechanism, but this is also unconfirmed.

neg: Geography of Malta The geography of Malta is dominated by water. Malta is an archipelago of coralline limestone, located in the Mediterranean Sea, 81 kilometres south of Sicily, Italy, and nearly 300 km north (Libya) and northeast (Tunisia) of Africa. Although Malta is situated in Southern Europe, it is located farther south than African Tunis, capital of Tunisia, Algiers, capital of Algeria, Tangier in Morocco and also Aleppo in Syria, and Mosul in Iraq in the Middle East. Only the three largest islands – Malta, Gozo and Comino – are inhabited. Other (uninhabited) islands are: Cominotto, Filfla and the St.Paul's Islands. The country is approximately 316 km (122 sq mi) in area. Numerous bays along the indented coastline of the islands provide good harbours. The landscape of the islands is characterised by high hills with terraced fields. The highest point, at 253 metres, Ta' Zuta on mainland Malta. The capital is Valletta.

neg: Indonesia Indonesia ( or ; Indonesian: ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: "Republik Indonesia" ), is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 km2 , Indonesia is the world's 14th-largest country in terms of land area and world's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area. It has an estimated population of over floor( /1e6) million people and is the world's fourth most populous country, the most populous Austronesian nation, as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. The world's most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the country's population.

neg: Bloemfontein Bloemfontein ( ; ] ; Afrikaans and Dutch previously "fountain of flowers" or "blooming fountain;" also known as Bloem) is the capital city of the province of Free State of South Africa; and, as the judicial capital of the nation, one of South Africa's three national capitals (the other two being Cape Town, the legislative capital, and Pretoria, the administrative capital). Bloemfontein is the sixth largest city in South Africa.

neg: Vientiane Vientiane ( ; ] ; Lao: ວຽງຈັນ , "Viang chan", ] ) is the capital and largest city of Laos, on the banks of the Mekong River near the border with Thailand. Vientiane became the capital in 1563 due to fears of a Burmese invasion but was later looted then razed to the ground in 1827 by the Siamese (Thai). Vientiane was the administrative capital during French rule and, due to economic growth in recent times, is now the economic center of Laos.

neg: Namibe Namibe (name given between 1985 and 2016 to Moçâmedes) is the capital city of Namibe Province in modern-day Angola. It is a coastal desert city located in southwestern Angola and was founded in 1840 by the Portuguese colonial administration. The city's current population is 132,900 (2004 estimate). Namibe has a cool dry climate and desert vegetation, due to its proximity to the Namib Desert. The name Moçâmedes was changed to Namibe in 1985.

neg: Hetaeria Hetaeria is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is native to Africa, Asia (including India, China, Southeast Asia etc,), Australia, New Guinea, and various islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

neg: Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat The Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat ("Epomophorus labiatus") is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Burundi, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and moist savanna. It is threatened by habitat loss.

neg: Lentekhi Lentekhi (Georgian: ლენტეხი , "Lenṫexi") is a small town and Lentekhi District's (Raion) capital in Georgia's western region of Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, 323 km northwest to the nation's capital Tbilisi. Situated on the southern slope of the Central Caucasus, the district is a site of alpinism.

neg: Lithuania Lithuania ( , Lithuanian: "Lietuva" ] ), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: "Lietuvos Respublika" ), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe. One of the three Baltic states, it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.8 million people as of 2017 , and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Lithuanians are a Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.

neg: Geography of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) is a landlocked Sahel country that shares borders with six nations. It lies between the Sahara desert and the Gulf of Guinea, south of the loop of the Niger River, mostly between latitudes 9° and 15°N (a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes 6°W and 3°E. The land is green in the south, with forests and fruit trees, and desert in the north. Most of central Burkina Faso lies on a savanna plateau, 198 - above sea level, with fields, brush, and scattered trees. Burkina Faso's game preserves—the most important of which are Arly, Nazinga, and W National Park—contain lions, elephants, hippopotamus, monkeys, common warthogs, and antelopes. Previously the endangered painted hunting dog, "Lycaon pictus" occurred in Burkina Faso, but, although the last sightings were made in Arli National Park, the species is considered extirpated from Burkina Faso. Tourism is not well developed.

neg: Kumasi Kumasi (historically spelled Comassie or Coomassie and correctly spelled Kumase in Twi) is a city in Ashanti Region, and is among the largest metropolitan areas in Ghana. Kumasi is near Lake Bosomtwe, in a rain forest region, and is the commercial, industrial and cultural capital of Asanteman. Kumasi is approximately 300 mi north of the Equator and 100 mi north of the Gulf of Guinea. Kumasi is alternatively known as "The Garden City" because of its many beautiful species of flowers and plants. It is also called Oseikrom, (Osei Tutu's town). Kumasi is described as Ghana’s second city.

neg: Heteropsis nigrescens Heteropsis nigrescens is a butterfly in the Nymphalidae family. It is found in Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

neg: Tripoli, Greece Tripoli (Greek: Τρίπολη , "Trípoli", formerly Τρίπολις, "Trípolis"; earlier Τριπολιτσά "Tripolitsa") is a city in the central part of the Peloponnese, in Greece. It is the capital of the Peloponnese region as well as of the regional unit of Arcadia. The homonym municipality has around 47,000 inhabitants.

neg: Mountain illadopsis The mountain illadopsis ("Illadopsis pyrrhoptera") is a species of bird in the Pellorneidae family. It is found in Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

neg: Wildlife of Egypt The wildlife of Egypt is composed of the flora and fauna of this country in northeastern Africa and southwestern Asia, and is substantial and varied. Apart from the fertile Nile Valley, which bisects the country from south to north, the majority of Egypt's landscape is desert, with a few scattered oases. It has long coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Suez, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea. Each geographic region has a diversity of plants and animals each adapted to its own particular habitat.

neg: Asmara toad The Asmara toad ኣስመራ ጋዝዕ ("Amietophrynus asmarae") is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is named after the capital city of Eritrea Asmara. It is found on the Ethiopian Highlands on both sides of the Rift Valley, with the western population extending north into Eritrea. Its natural habitats are montane grasslands, and tentatively, arid savanna at lower elevations. It is a locally common and adaptable species that is impacted by habitat degradation, though probably without posing a serious risk.

neg: Benin Benin ( or - ; ; French: "Bénin" ] ), officially the Republic of Benin (French: "République du Bénin" ) and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometers and its population in was estimated to be approximately /1e6 round 2 million. Benin is a tropical nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming.


query: Which building was built first, Cannon Building or McCarthy Building ?

pos: McCarthy Building (Troy, New York) The McCarthy Building is located on River Street on the west side of Monument Square in Troy, New York, United States. It was built in 1904 by Peter McCarthy, president of Troy Waste Manufacturing Co., and remains in use as a commercial building. In 1970 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, along with the nearby Cannon Building. Since 1986 it has also been a contributing property to the Central Troy Historic District.

pos: Cannon Building (Troy, New York) The Cannon Building in Troy, New York is located on Broadway between First and State streets. It is the oldest building on Monument Square. It was designed by Alexander Jackson Davis and built in 1835. In 1970 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Central Troy Historic District, listed on the Register in 1986.

neg: Concord Center The Concord Center is an 11-story, 145 foot-tall (44m), Class-A office building located in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. The building is located on the site of the former Jefferson County Courthouse, which was Birmingham's first skyscraper. The two 30-foot illuminated pyramids atop the building are meant to reflect the two pyramids that were atop the former Jefferson County Courthouse.

neg: Hollywood Apartments The Hollywood Apartments, at 234 E. 100 South in Salt Lake City, Utah, were built in 1909. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

neg: Thompson Block The Thompson Block is a historic commercial building located at 117, 119, 121, 123 and 125 Middle Street in downtown Portland, Maine. It was designed by architect George M. Harding and constructed in 1867. Along with the neighboring Rackleff and Woodman Buildings (also Harding designs), it forms one of the best-preserved period commercial street views in the entire state. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 1973.

neg: Elizabeth City Historic District Elizabeth City Historic District is a national historic district located at Elizabeth City, Pasquotank County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 592 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, 1 contributing structure, and 1 contributing object in the central business district and surrounds residential sections of Elizabeth City. The district developed after 1789, and includes representative examples of Greek Revival, Federal, and Late Victorian style architecture. Notable contributing buildings include the Grice-Fearing House (1789-1808), Shirley Armstrong House (c. 1793), Goodman-Matthews-Pool House (c. 1808), Dr. William Martin House (c. 1834), Pool-Kennedy-Lumsden House (c. 1840), Charles-Hussey House (c. 1849), Richardson-Pool House (c. 1860), North Carolina Building (1859), Cobb Building, the former First Methodist Church, Christ Episcopal Church (1857), J. W. Dent House (c. 1915), Dr. Butt's Drug Store (c. 1869-1884), the McMullen Building (c. 1887), the Lowrey Building (c. 1897), former Citizens Bank (c. 1899), Robinson Building (1903), Kramer Building (1909), Selig Building (1925), the Virginia Dare Hotel and Arcade (1927), First Baptist Church (1889), United States Post Office and Courthouse (c. 1906), and Pasquotank County Courthouse (1882).

neg: The Barry Building The Barry Building is a landmark commercial mid-twentieth century modern building located at 11973 San Vicente Boulevard in the heart of the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. It was designed by architect Milton Caughey (1911-1958) and completed in 1951. In 2007, the building was listed as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument,(Historical Cultural Monument #887), making it one of the few mid-century modern commercial buildings to gain such status. It was identified by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission as being a well-preserved and notable example of the California-style modern design.

neg: CannonDesign CannonDesign is an American architectural practice that provides services for a range of project types including corporate headquarters and commercial office buildings, healthcare centers, education and municipal facilities, multi-family residential, mixed-use, sports facilities and convention centers.

neg: Cannon Park Cannon Park is a suburb in the southwest of the City of Coventry, West Midlands, England. It can be accessed via the major roads Kenpas Highway (A45) or Kenilworth Road. The area has a sizable shopping centre (opened in 1977) of the same name which features food stores, shops and eateries. Tenants include a post office, Tesco, Wilko and Iceland.

neg: Three First National Plaza Three First National Plaza is a 57-story office tower in Chicago located at 70 West Madison Street. Completed in 1981, the building is one of the tallest in Chicago at 767 ft . The 1439369 sqft building was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in a sawtooth shape to minimize obstructions it might cause to nearby buildings. The design also allows for thirteen corner offices on lower floors and nine corner offices in the upper regions. The exterior façade is clad in Carnelian granite and features 10 ft suggestive of traditional Chicago school architecture.

neg: Carolina First Center Carolina First Center is the name given to the five story office building located at 40 Calhoun Street in Charleston, South Carolina that houses Carolina First Bank's south coast main offices (formerly Charleston Gateway Center).

neg: Woolworth Building The Woolworth Building, at 233 Broadway, Manhattan, New York City, designed by architect Cass Gilbert and constructed between 1910 and 1912, is an early US skyscraper. The original site for the building was purchased by F. W. Woolworth and his real estate agent Edward J. Hogan by April 15, 1910, from the Trenor Luther Park Estate and other owners for $1.65 million. By January 18, 1911, Woolworth and Hogan had acquired the final site for the project, totaling $4.5 million. More than a century after its construction, it remains, at 241.4 m , one of the 100 tallest buildings in the United States as well as one of the 30 tallest buildings in New York City. It has been a National Historic Landmark since 1966, and a New York City landmark since 1983.

neg: Praetorian Building The Praetorian Building, also known as Stone Place Tower, was a 15-story, 58 m high-rise constructed in 1909 at Main Street and Stone Street in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas. It was regarded the first skyscraper in Texas and the first skyscraper in the Southwestern United States. Some consider it the first skyscraper in the entire Western United States, depending on the definition of "the West", as this title could also go to the 1885 Lumber Exchange Building in Minneapolis, Minnesota).

neg: Tacoma Building (Chicago) The Tacoma Building is an early skyscraper in Chicago. Completed in 1889, it was the first major building designed by the architectural firm Holabird & Roche. The Tacoma Building was demolished in 1929 to be replaced by One North LaSalle.

neg: Guaranty Building (Hollywood, California) Guaranty Building is a high-rise Beaux Arts office building located at 6331 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. It was built in 1923 and was designed by John C. Austin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 4, 1979. The building is currently owned by the Church of Scientology.

neg: Day Block Building The Day Block Building is a historic building located in the Mill City District of Downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota at 1103 Washington Ave S. The property was built in 1883 by Leonard Day, a local businessman of the lumber and flour milling trade, who settled in Minneapolis in 1851.

neg: First Baptist Church and Cook Memorial Building First Baptist Church and Cook Memorial Building is a historic Baptist church located at Carthage in Jefferson County, New York. The church was built in 1885 and is a vernacular Gothic / Romanesque Revival–style edifice. It is of brick with stone trim and features asymmetrical massing, a multi-story bell tower, broad cross gables, corbelled brick cornices, stone-capped brick buttresses, and lencet-arched stained glass windows. The Cook Memorial Building dates to the 1860s-1870s and is a two story brick dwelling with a variety of Italianate style and late Victorian eclectic features.

neg: First & Main First & Main is a 17-story, 210.34 ft office tower in downtown Portland, Oregon, at First and Main streets. The building was completed in 2010 at a cost of $100 million with Hoffman Construction as the general contractor for developer Shorenstein Property Services.

neg: Pioneer Building (Seattle) The Pioneer Building is a Richardsonian Romanesque stone, red brick, terra cotta, and cast iron building located on the northeast corner of First Avenue and James Street, in Seattle's Pioneer Square District. Completed in 1892, the Pioneer Building was designed by architect Elmer Fisher, who designed several of the historic district's new buildings following the Great Seattle Fire of 1889.

neg: Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park is a state park of Nevada, USA, containing the Old Mormon Fort, the first structure built by people of European heritage in what would become Las Vegas fifty years later. In present-day Las Vegas, the site is at the southeast corner of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue, less than one mile north of the downtown area and Fremont Street. This is the only U.S. state park located in a city that houses the first building ever built in that city. The fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 1, 1972. The site is marked as Nevada Historical Marker #35.

neg: Lamb Block The Lamb Block is a historic commercial building at 10 Depot Street in Livermore Falls, Maine. Built in 1895 to a design by George M. Coombs, it was the town's first masonry commercial block, and acted as a prototype for later commercial buildings in the town center. The block was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

neg: Healey Building The Healey Building, at 57 Forsyth Street NW, in the Fairlie-Poplar district of Atlanta, was the last major "skyscraper" built during the first great burst of multi-story commercial construction preceding World War I. In fact, it was World War I, which led to the alteration of the original design, which called for twin towers connected by a rotunda. Only the west tower and rotunda were constructed before World War I broke out. The death in 1920 of William Healey forestalled continuation of the project after the war. According to Dr. Elizabeth Lyon in her National Register of Historic Places nomination, "The Healey Building has an elegance and high shouldered dignity which make it outstanding among its contemporaries." Those contemporaries include the Chandler, the Flatiron and Hurt Buildings among others. Although certainly distinctive for its physical appearance and location, the Healey Building is also


query: The estranged husband of Francesca von Habsburg was born in what year?

pos: Francesca von Habsburg Francesca von Habsburg-Lothringen (born 7 June 1958) is an art collector and the estranged wife of Karl von Habsburg, current head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.

pos: Karl von Habsburg Karl von Habsburg (Karl Thomas Robert Maria Franziskus Georg Bahnam; born 11 January 1961), also known as "Karl of Austria" and referred to in Austria as "Karl Habsburg-Lothringen", is an Austrian politician, the current head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine which ruled the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Empire of Austria the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and the Kingdom of Hungary as well as the Crown lands of Bohemia and Croatia by hereditary right until the end of World War I. Born in Starnberg, Germany, in 1961, he is the son of Otto von Habsburg and Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen, and the grandson of the last Austrian emperor, Charles I. He served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Austrian People's Party 1996–1999. Like his father, he is known as an advocate for the Pan-European movement.

neg: Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Francesco I (25 March 1541 – 19 October 1587) was the second Grand Duke of Tuscany, ruling from 1574 until his death in 1587. He was the second grand duke of the house of Medici.

neg: Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria, in Italian Francesco Salvatore Maria Giuseppe Ferdinando Carlo Leopoldo Antonio di Padova Giovanni Battista Gennaro Lodovico Gonzaga Raniero Benedetto Bernardo, in German Franz Salvator Maria Joseph Ferdinand Karl Leopold Anton von Padua Johann Baptist Januarius Aloys Gonzaga Rainer Benedikt Bernhard (Altmünster, 21 August 1866 – Vienna, 20 April 1939), was a member of the Tuscan branch of the House of Habsburg.

neg: Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria (Ludwig Viktor Joseph Anton; 15 May 1842 – 18 January 1919) from the House of Habsburg was the youngest son born to Archduke Franz Karl of Austria and Princess Sophie of Bavaria and younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.

neg: Charles, Margrave of Burgau Charles, Margrave of Burgau, also known as "Charles of Austria", (22 November 1560 at Křivoklát Castle in Bohemia – 30 October 1618 in Überlingen), was the son of Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria and his first morganatic marriage to Philippine Welser. He was the brother of Andrew of Austria.

neg: Prince Konrad of Bavaria Prince Konrad of Bavaria (German: "Konrad Luitpold Franz Joseph Maria Prinz von Bayern" ; 22 November 1883 – 6 September 1969) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach.

neg: Eleanor of Toledo Eleanor of Toledo (Italian: "Eleonora di Toledo" (1522 – 17 December 1562), born Doña Leonor Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio, was a Spanish noblewoman who was Duchess of Florence from 1539, after Margaret of Austria.Although, Eleanor is often referred to as the Grand Duchess of Tuscany, she predeceased the creation of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. She is credited with being the first modern first lady, or consort. She served as regent of Florence during the absence of her spouse.

neg: Prince Leopold of Bavaria Leopold Maximilian Joseph Maria Arnulf, Prinz von Bayern (9 February 1846 – 28 September 1930) was born in Munich, the son of Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria (1821–1912) and his wife Archduchess Augusta of Austria (1825–1864). He was a Field Marshal ("Generalfeldmarschall") who commanded German and Austro-Hungarian forces on the Eastern Front in World War I.

neg: Archduke Joseph Árpád of Austria Archduke Joseph Árpád Benedikt Ferdinand Franz Maria Gabriel (Hungarian: "Habsburg–Lotaringiai József Árpád" ; 8 February 1933 – 30 April 2017) was a member of the Hungarian Palatine branch of the House of Habsburg.

neg: Prince Nicholas of Romania Prince Nicholas of Romania (Romanian: "Principele Nicolae a României" ; 5 August 1903 – 9 June 1978), later known as Prince Nicholas of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was the fourth child and second son of King Ferdinand I of Romania and his wife Queen Marie.

neg: Countess Georgina von Wilczek Georgine "Gina" von Wilczek (Georgine Norberte Johanna Franziska Antonie Marie Raphaela; 24 October 1921 – 18 October 1989) was the daughter and only child of Ferdinand Maria, Count of Wilczek (1893–1977), and his wife, Countess Norbertine Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau (1888–1923). She was born in Graz, and was the mother of Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein.

neg: Bartolomeo Ruspoli and Khevenhüller-Metsch Bartolomeo Ruspoli and Khevenhüller-Metsch, dei principi Ruspoli (October 26, 1800 – 1872) was an Italian aristocrat, son of Francesco Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Cerveteri and second wife HIH Leopoldina Gräfin von Khevenhüller-Metsch. He had for brothers, among others, Alessandro Ruspoli, 4th Prince of Cerveteri, and Camillo Ruspoli, Duke of Sueca. He was colonel of the Piedmontese army, in which he participates in the wars of the Italian resurgence. Paralyzed from below waist by the blast of a grenade, he continued to participate in wheelchair battles pushed by his assistant.

neg: Archduchess Clementina of Austria Clementina of Austria (German: "Maria Clementina Franziska Josepha" 1 March 1798 – 3 September 1881) was an Archduchess of Austria and "Princess of Salerno" upon her marriage to Prince Leopold of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Prince of Salerno.

neg: Prince Georg of Bavaria Prince Georg of Bavaria (German: "Georg Franz Joseph Luitpold Maria Prinz von Bayern" ) (April 2, 1880 – May 31, 1943) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and a Catholic priest.

neg: Hohenberg family The Ducal House of Hohenberg is an Austrian noble family that descends from Countess Sophie Chotek (1868–1914), who in 1900 married Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Este (1863–1914), the heir presumptive to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. As their marriage was a morganatic one, none of their children were in the line of succession to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Still, they represent the senior agnatic line of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.

neg: Prince Louis, Count of Trani Prince "Louis" Maria of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Count of Trani (1 August 1838, Naples – 8 June 1886, Paris) was the eldest son of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and his second wife Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria.

neg: Bianca Maria Sforza Bianca Maria Sforza (5 April 1472 – 31 December 1510) was a Queen of the Romans and Holy Roman Empress as the second spouse of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. She was the eldest legitimate daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, by his second wife, Bona of Savoy.

neg: Fabio Arrazola de Mondragone "D." Fabio Arrazola de Mondragone (Aversa, 1539 - Naples, 1586), also known as The Marquess of Mondragone, was an Italian nobleman of Spanish descent who was an important figure in the court of Francesco I de' Medici until his exile in 1575. His Florence Palazzo served as meeting place between the Grand Duke and Bianca Cappello.

neg: Anne of Austria Anne of Austria (22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666), a Spanish princess of the House of Habsburg, was queen of France as the wife of Louis XIII and regent for their son, Louis XIV. During her regency (1643–1651), Cardinal Mazarin served as France's chief minister. Accounts of French court life of her era emphasize her difficult marital relations with her husband, her closeness to her son Louis XIV, and her disapproval of her son's marital infidelity to her niece Maria Theresa.

neg: Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen (German: Erzherzog Carl Ludwig Johann Joseph Laurentius von Österreich, Herzog von Teschen; 5 September 1771 – 30 April 1847) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of Emperor Leopold II and his wife, Maria Luisa of Spain. He was also the younger brother of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. Despite being epileptic, Charles achieved respect both as a commander and as a reformer of the Austrian army. He was considered one of Napoleon's most formidable opponents.

neg: Francis, Duke of Cádiz Francisco de Asís María Fernando de Borbón, sometimes anglicised Francis of Assisi (13 May 1822 – 17 April 1902), was the husband of Queen Isabella II of Spain and king consort from 1846 to 1868. He is commonly styled Duke of Cádiz, the title he held before his marriage. Francis was the son of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain and Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily.


query: Who was born first, Carlos Castaneda or Jon Krakauer?

pos: Carlos Castaneda Carlos Castaneda (December 25, 1925 April 27, 1998) was an American author with a Ph.D. in anthropology.

pos: Jon Krakauer Jon Krakauer (born April 12, 1954) is an American writer and mountaineer, primarily known for his writings about the outdoors, especially mountain-climbing. He is the author of best-selling non-fiction books—"Into the Wild", "Into Thin Air", "Under the Banner of Heaven", and ""—as well as numerous magazine articles. He was a member of an ill-fated expedition to summit Mount Everest in 1996, one of the deadliest disasters in the history of climbing Everest.

neg: Jeff Imada Jeff Imada (born June 17, 1955) is an American martial artist, stuntman, actor and director. He has performed stunts in over 100 films and television programs and authored one of the first books published in the US about the Balisong knife. Jeff Imada is trained in Jeet Kune Do, Eskrima, Tae Kwon Do, Tang Soo Do, Karate, Shaolin Kung Fu, Kendo & Boxing.

neg: Clay Zavada Clay Pflibson Zavada (born June 28, 1984) is a former professional baseball pitcher who pitched in Major League Baseball for the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2009. He is noted for his Rollie Fingers moustache.

neg: Kraken (band) Kraken is a rock band founded in Medellín, Colombia, in 1983. The current lineup consists of Andrés Leiva (guitar), Ricardo Wolff (guitar), Julian Puerto (drums), Luis Alberto Ramírez (bass guitar), and Rubén Gelvez (electronic keyboards). The sound of the band is characterized by a mixture of hard rock and heavy metal, a musical experiment that remains effective to this day.

neg: Jon Seda Jonathan "Jon" Seda (born October 14, 1970) is an American actor, known for his role as Det. Paul Falsone on NBC's "".

neg: Manuel Quezada Manuel Quezada (born October 13, 1977) is an American professional boxer and former kickboxer. In boxing he fights at heavyweight, while in kickboxing he fought at both heavyweight and super heavyweight.

neg: Kraken (comics) Kraken is a Spanish comics series, written by Antonio Segura and drawn by Jordi Bernet, first published in the magazine "Metropol" in 1983. The stories are centered on protagonist Lieutenant Dante, a policeman in a dystopic society patrolling the violent sewers of the fictional city Metropol.

neg: Chuck Norris Carlos Ray Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an American martial artist, actor, film producer and screenwriter. After serving in the United States Air Force, he began his rise to fame as a martial artist, and has since founded his own school of fighting, Chun Kuk Do.

neg: Cristián Castañeda Cristián Alberto Castañeda Vargas (born 18 September 1968 in San Vicente, Chile) is a retired Chilean football player. He played for a few clubs, including Universidad de Chile and Everton Viña del Mar, his last club was Deportes Arica.

neg: Alfonso Castañeda (sport shooter) Alfonso Castañeda (born 1920) is a Mexican former sports shooter. He competed in the 25 metre pistol event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

neg: Enrique Ojeda (scholar) J. Enrique Ojeda (born 1928) was a professor at Boston College for 30 years, is the author of several books about Latin American literature, and has been called "the world's leading authority" on Ecuadoran poet Jorge Carrera Andrade. Ojeda has also written extensively on Ecuadoran novelist Jorge Icaza.

neg: Castañeda (disambiguation) Castañeda is a surname.

neg: Ernesto Carlos Ernesto Carlos (born May 10, 1948 as Lee Won-guk(이원국)) is a South Korea-born Mexican professional baseball player. He candidate for Mexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame.

neg: Carlos Gutiérrez Carlos Gutiérrez or Carlos Gutierrez may refer to:

neg: La Castañeda La Castañeda are a Mexican rock group originally from México City, formed in 1989 by Salvador Moreno, Edmundo Ortega, Alberto Rosas, Omar D'León, Oswaldo D'León and Juan Blendl.

neg: Vicente Nebrada Vicente Nebrada (born Vicente Balbino Nebreda Arias, 31 March 1930 - 26 May 2002) was a Venezuelan dancer and choreographer. Born in Caracas, Nebrada began his career as a dancer with the National Ballet of Venezuela, Alicia Alonso's National Ballet of Cuba, with Roland Petit in Paris and with the Joffrey Ballet (1959). Nebrada was a founding member of the Harkness Ballet, where he created his first ballet "Percussion for Six Men," in 1969.

neg: Jonatan Cerrada Jonatan Cerrada (born 12 September 1985 as Jonatan Cerrada Moreno) is a Belgian-born singer who became the first French "Pop Idol". He has had hit singles across Western Europe especially in France, Belgium, and Spain.

neg: John Kruk John Martin Kruk (born February 9, 1961) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and outfielder, and baseball analyst. Kruk played in Major League Baseball for the San Diego Padres, Philadelphia Phillies, and Chicago White Sox from 1986 through 1995. During his career, he was a three-time MLB All-Star. After retiring as a player, he became a baseball analyst for ESPN. He is now a color commentator for Phillies' games on Comcast SportsNet.

neg: Carlos Martínez (actor) Carlos Martínez was born 30 September 1955 in Pravia (Asturias), Spain. At the age of 12, he moves to Barcelona, the vibrant capital of Catalonia, where he discovers his love for acting. He enters the pantomime school 'Taller de Mimo y Teatro Contemporáneo' (1980), the performing arts school 'El Timbal' (1981) and studies under professors such as 'Manuel Carlos Lillo' and 'Jorge Vera' (1982–1987).

neg: Carlos Cámara Cárlos Cámara Lázaro (9 January 1934 – 24 February 2016) was a Dominican Republic-born Mexican actor.

neg: Carlos García Quesada (cyclist) Carlos García Quesada (born April 18, 1978 in La Zubia) is a Spanish former professional road racing cyclist. He turned professional with Kelme in 2002, and stayed with them until the end of 2005. In 2006, he moved to Unibet.com. However, in 2006, his name was linked to the Operación Puerto doping case and was sidelined by his team. In early 2007, García Quesada came to a mutual agreement with Unibet.com to leave the team, following several months having not been paid.


query: What state still has a socialist hall remaining that was the site of the lynching of an American labor leader located in?

pos: Socialist Hall The Socialist Hall in Butte, Montana is one of the few socialist halls remaining in the United States. Erected in 1916, when the Socialist movement was strong in the city, it was active for only a few years until socialism fell out of favor amidst persecution of socialists and labor unionists including the Anaconda Road Massacre and the lynching of Frank Little.

pos: Frank Little (unionist) Frank H. (Franklin Henry) Little (1878 – August 1, 1917) was an American labor leader who was lynched in Butte, Montana, for his union and anti-war activities. He joined the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in 1905, organizing miners, lumberjacks, and oil field workers. He was a member of the union's Executive Board when he was murdered.

neg: Socialist Party of Illinois The Socialist Party of Illinois (SPIL) is a political party in the state of Illinois. It was affiliated with the Socialist Party of America. It was founded in September 1901, though the grouping met in 1900 at a convention in Chicago and supported Eugene V. Debs for president in 1900. It was the successor to the Social Democratic Party of America.

neg: William Hawthorn Lynch William Hawthorn Lynch, Sr., known as Bill Lynch (April 16, 1929 – February 15, 2004), was an American journalist who served as the first Inspector General of the U.S. state of Louisiana, a position which involves investigations into corruption, misuse of state property, and governmental inefficiency.

neg: Frank Starkey Frank Thomas Starkey (February 18, 1892 – May 14, 1968) was a U.S. Representative from Minnesota who was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Starkey began his political career as business representative of the local Milk Drivers Union from 1917 until 1933 and again in 1942 through 1944. He was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1923 until 1933, serving as chief clerk in 1933. Starkey was member of the State Industrial Commission from 1933 until 1939 and was vice president of the Minnesota State Federation of Labor for twelve years, serving as director of its research division in 1939 through 1942. He served as member of the Ramsey County Civil Service Commission from 1942 through 1944 and was elected as a Democrat to the 79th congress (1945 until 1947). His bid for reelection in 1946 to the 80th congress was unsuccessful. Starkey was also a writer for trade magazines and commissioner for the Department of Employment Security for a decade starting in 1955. He died in Saint Paul and was cremated; his ashes are interred in Calvary Cemetery, Saint Paul, Minnesota.

neg: George A. Schilling George A. Schilling (1850 - 1936) was a prominent American union leader and Georgist in the late nineteenth century. He was also active in Anarchist circles. From 1865 to the 1890s, Schilling worked in Chicago for the Arbeiter Zeitung, a German-language newspaper with socialist (and later, anarchist) leanings. He made his mark in the Chicago labor movement as a member of the cooper's union and a leader of the Knights of Labor. In 1886, he was a prominent supporter of the Labor Party in Illinois. In 1886, the Labor Party endorsed John Altgeld for a judgeship, which Altgeld won.

neg: George R. Lunn George Richard Lunn (June 23, 1873 – November 27, 1948) was an American clergyman and politician from New York. He was the first Socialist mayor in the state of New York, a U.S. Representative from 1917 to 1919, and Lieutenant Governor from 1923 to 1924.

neg: Lynching of Alfred Blount On February 9, 1893, Alfred Blount, an African American and a Chattanooga native, was taken from his jail cell in the county jail and brutally beaten, stabbed, and hung from the Walnut Street Bridge in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Blount was charged with assault of a woman by the name of Mrs. M. A. Moore. Moore, 51 and widowed, claimed she was cleaning her house when a man entered through her back door requesting food. Moore, assuming it was a neighbor of hers, invited the man in and called out to her African American house boy Sam to bring the man some food. Upon realizing Sam's absence, Moore herself went into the kitchen to prepare food before reporting being grabbed by the arm and attacked by the man. After hitting the man with her left hand, Moore fainted and laid unconscious in her house before recalling the incident to her neighbor, Mrs. DeRochement.

neg: William J. Spencer William J. Spencer (1867–1933) was an American labor leader who was secretary-treasurer of the Building Trades Department of the American Federation of Labor from its founding nearly continuously until his death in 1933.

neg: William Z. Foster William Z. Foster (February 25, 1881 – September 1, 1961) was a radical American labor organizer and Marxist politician, whose career included serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party USA from 1945 to 1957. He was previously a member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, leading the drive to organize the packinghouse industry during World War I and the steel strike of 1919.

neg: Joe Coe Joe Coe, also known as George Smith, was an African-American laborer who was lynched on October 18, 1891 in Omaha, Nebraska. Overwhelmed by a mob of one thousand at the Douglas County Courthouse, the twelve city police officers stood by without intervening. Afterward, the mayor called the lynching "the most deplorable thing that has ever happened in the history of the country."

neg: 1922 Bridgman Convention The 1922 Bridgman Convention was a secret conclave of the underground Communist Party of America (CPA) held in August 1922 near the small town of Bridgman, Michigan, about 90 mi outside of the city of Chicago on the banks of Lake Michigan. The convention, called by the CPA as its annual gathering for the election of officers and making of internal decisions, was attended by a delegate who was secretly an employee of the Bureau of Investigation, who informed his superiors of the date and general location of the gathering. The convention was raided by local and federal law enforcement authorities on August 22, 1922, and a number of participants and a large quantity of documents seized in an operation which garnered national headlines. Two 1923 test trials of the Michigan criminal syndicalism law resulted from the arrests, with trade union leader William Z. Foster freed by a "hung jury," while Communist Party leader C. E. Ruthenberg was convicted. Ruthenberg ultimately died of appendicitis in 1927, just after his appeals were exhausted and just before sentence was enforced. No additional trials associated with the 1922 Bridgman raid were conducted.

neg: Charles S. Zimmerman Charles S. "Sasha" Zimmerman (1896–1983) was an American socialist activist and trade union leader, who was an associate of Jay Lovestone. Zimmerman had a career spanning five decades as an official of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. During the early 1970s, Zimmerman and Bayard Rustin were national Co-Chairmen the Socialist Party of America and the Social Democrats USA.

neg: Adolph Germer Adoph F. Germer (1881–1966) was an American socialist political functionary and union organizer. He is best remembered as National Executive Secretary of the Socialist Party of America from 1916 to 1919. It was during this period that the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party emerged as an organized faction. Germer was instrumental as one of the leaders of the SPA's "Regular" faction in orchestrating a series of suspensions, expulsions, and "reorganizations" of various Left Wing states, branches, and locals and thereby controlling the pivotal 1919 Emergency National Convention of the SPA, and thus forcing the Left Wing to establish new organizations of their own, the Communist Labor Party of America and the Communist Party of America.

neg: Frank J. Weber Frank J. Weber (August 7, 1849 – February 4, 1943) was a seaman, carpenter and union organizer from Milwaukee who between 1907 and 1926 served five (non-continuous) terms as a Socialist member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

neg: Emil Freed Emil Freed (June 25, 1901 - December 4, 1982) was a political activist and founder of the Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research, an archive in Los Angeles.

neg: Great Railroad Strike of 1877 The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval, began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States after the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages for the third time in a year. This strike finally ended some 45 days later, after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops. Because of economic problems and pressure on wages by the railroads, workers in numerous other cities, in New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland, into Illinois and Missouri, also went out on strike. An estimated 100 people were killed in the unrest across the country. In Martinsburg, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and other cities, workers burned down and destroyed both physical facilities and the rolling stock of the railroads—engines and railroad cars. Local populations feared that workers were rising in revolution such as the Paris Commune of 1871.

neg: Anti-lynching movement The anti-lynching movement was a civil rights movement in the United States that aimed to eradicate the practice of lynching. Lynching was used as a tool to repress African Americans. The anti-lynching movement reached its height between the 1890s and 1930s. The movement was composed mainly of African Americans who tried to persuade politicians to put an end to the practice, but after the failure of this strategy, they pushed for anti-lynching legislation. African American women helped in the formation of the movement and a large part of the movement was composed of women's organizations.

neg: Valentine Remmel Valentine Remmel (March 9, 1853 - May 9, 1929) was a member of the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania who was nominated for Vice President of the United States on the SLP ticket in 1900. Before that, he had been a candidate for the Presidential nomination, but was defeated by his later running mate, Joseph F. Malloney. A glass blower by profession and active in the labor movement, he left the SLP later between 1901 and 1910.

neg: Arthur Kahn Arthur Kahn (November 1875 - ?) was a baker, trade union activist and organizer from Milwaukee, Wisconsin who served one term as a Socialist member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

neg: Springdale, Iowa Springdale is a small unincorporated community in Cedar County, Iowa, United States. Historically, the town was predominantly settled by Quakers, and was a way-station in the Underground Railroad. Its most famous residents were the militant abolitionist John Brown, who resided at John Hunt Painter's house near Springdale while making preparations for the raid on Harpers Ferry, and Edwin and Barclay Coppoc, local youths who participated with Brown during the raid. Springdale was also the birthplace of Lawrie Tatum, a frontier Indian agent and the legal guardian of future President Herbert Hoover. No downtown business district remains in Springdale, it is a cluster of houses with a United Methodist church. William Maxson's home, where Brown's men were quartered, was razed in 1938, but its location is marked by a plaque provided by the Daughters of the American Revolution. Although often described as Quaker, Maxson was raised in the faith but at the time of Brown's visit considered himself a follower of Spiritualism.

neg: George Engel George Engel (April 15, 1836November 11, 1887) was an anarchist and labor union activist executed after the Haymarket riot, along with Albert Parsons, August Spies, and Adolph Fischer.


query: Who was a physician, Al-Kindi or Abu Yusuf?

pos: Al-Kindi Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (Arabic: أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي  , Latin: "Alkindus" ) (c. 801–873 AD), known as "the Philosopher of the Islamic empire (Abbasid Caliphate)", was a Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy" for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy in the Muslim world.

pos: Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ibrahim al-Ansari, better known as Abu Yusuf (Arabic: أبو يوسف  ) (d.798) was a student of jurist Abu Hanifah (d.767) who helped spread the influence of the Hanafi school of Islamic law through his writings and the government positions he held.

neg: Al-Udri Al-Udri or Al-Udhri (in full "Abu al-abbas Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Anas ibn Dilhat ibn Abu al-Jiyar Anas ibn Faladan ibn Imran ibn Munayb ibn Zugayba ibn Qutba al-Udri", Arabic: أحمد بن عمر بن انس بن دلهاث بن انس بن فلذان بن عمر بن منيب العذري  , 1003–1085), was a Muwallad geographer and historian of Al-Andalus.

neg: Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Dawud al-Zahiri, also known as Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Dāwūd al-Iṣbahānī, was a medieval theologian and scholar of the Arabic language and Islamic law. He was one of the early propagators of his father Dawud al-Zahiri's method in jurisprudence, Zahirism.

neg: Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani was a Persian physician of the late 17th century. Hasani was a scholar who is known to have been working in the city of Qazvin in Persia in the year 1694 CE. The National Library of Medicine has in its collections a rare copy of a collection of five Arabic poems concerned with medicine, astronomy, arithmetic, calligraphy, and proper conduct. These five poems were collectively titled "al-Khamsah al-Qazwiniyah" (The Five Qazwini works). The copy at NLM was copied by a professional scribe for the author, whose stamps are in the volume, next to a statement that he corrected the volume in the year 1719–1720 CE. Thus we learn from this volume that Qiwan al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani was still working by 1719 CE.

neg: Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn `Ali ibn Thabit ibn Ahmad ibn Mahdi al-Shafi`i, commonly known as al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (Arabic: الخطيب البغدادي  ) or "the lecturer from Baghdad" (10 May 1002 – 5 September 1071; 392 AH-463 AH), was a Sunni Muslim scholar and historian.

neg: Ibn al-Kammad Abu Jafar Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn al‐Kammad (died 1195) was a Muslim astronomer born in Seville, Al-Andalus. He is known to have been educated in Cordoba by the students of Al-Zarqali. His works such as "al Kawr ala al dawr, al Amad ala al abad", and "al Muqtabas", which is a compilation of the two previous Zij, made him famous not only on the Iberian peninsula but across North Africa, and specifically Tunisia, where the astronomer Ibn Ishaq al Tunisi wrote commentaries on his works.

neg: Abd al-Wahhab Adarrak Abu Mohammed Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ahmad Adarrak (ca. 1666 – 1746) was a well-known physician and poet from Fes, Morocco. He wrote a qasida in honour of the saints in Fes and works on medicine o.a. a commentary on the "Nushat" of al-Antaki, a work on small-pox and one on syphilis. Adarrak also worked as a court-physician for Moulay Ismail .

neg: Masawaih al-Mardini Masawaih al-Mardini (Yahyā ibn Masawaih al-Mardini; known as Mesue the Younger) was a Syrian physician. He was born in Mardin, Upper Mesopotamia. After working in Baghdad, he entered to the service of the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. He died in 1015 in Cairo at the age of ninety.

neg: Muhammad Abdolrahman Ali ibn Shaykh Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman was a prominent Persian physician who is thought to have lived in the 17th century.

neg: Ibn Yunus Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus al-Sadafi al-Misri (Arabic: ابن يونس) (c. 950-1009) was an important Egyptian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, whose works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on meticulous calculations and attention to detail.

neg: Ibn Zuhr Ibn Zuhr (Arabic:   ; 1094–1162), traditionally known by his Latinized name of Avenzoar, was a Muslim Arab physician and surgeon and poet. He was born at Seville in medieval Andalusia (present-day Spain), was a contemporary of Averroes and Ibn Tufail, and was the most well-regarded physician of his era. He was particularly known for his emphasis on a more rational, empiric basis of medicine. His major work, "Al-Taysīr fil-Mudāwāt wal-Tadbīr" ("Book of Simplification Concerning Therapeutics and Diet"), was translated into Latin and Hebrew and was influential to the progress of surgery. He also improved surgical and medical knowledge by keying out several diseases and their treatments.

neg: Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrāhim al-Qummi was a 10th century Shi'a commentator and jurist of Persian origin. He lived during the time of the eleventh Shi'a Imam Hasan al-Askari. Many traditions in the famous book Al-Kafi were transmitted by him. Ibrāhim’s patronymic was “Abu al-Hasan” but he was also known as “al-Shaykh al-Aqdam”. He was the first to promulgate the “Kufan” traditions (Hadiths) in Qom and collected Hadith from many scholars. He wrote more than 15 books, famously his commentary "Tafsir al-Qummi". He is said to have been one of the most important Imami Quran commentators. His other works include "Akhbār Al-Quran", "Nawadir al-Qur'an", "al-Nasikh wa al-Mansukh"(Abrogator and Abrogated books), "al-Sharā'i' " (Laws or revealed religions), and "al-Tawhid wa al-shirk" (Oneness of God and Polytheism). He died in 919 A.D.

neg: Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi Muḥammad ibn Yusuf al-Ilāqī was an eleventh-century Persian physician from Khorasan.

neg: Ahmad ibn Yusuf Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Tammam al-Siddiq Al-Baghdadi (835–912), known in the West by his Latinized name Hametus, was an Arab mathematician, like his father Yusuf ibn Ibrahim (Arabic: يوسف بن ابراهيم الصدَيق البغدادي  ).

neg: Al-Asma'i Al-Asmaʿi (Arabic: أبو سعيد عبد الملك ابن قريب الأصمعي  , "ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Quraib al-Aṣmaʿī "; c. 740 -828), also known as Asmai and As-Asmaʿi, was an Arab scholar, philologist and anthologist. He was one of the earliest Arabic lexicographers and one of the three leaders of the Basra school of Arabic grammar.

neg: Ibrahim ibn Baks Ibrahim ibn Baks (Arabic: إبراهيم بن بكس  ; died in 1003 CE) was a physician and a regular lecturer in Al-'Adudi Hospital, a bimaristan located in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age. He became blind towards the end of his life.

neg: Hasdai ibn Shaprut Hasdai (Abu Yusuf ben Yitzhak ben Ezra) ibn Shaprut (Hebrew: חסדאי אבן שפרוט ) born about 915 at Jaén, Spain; died about 970 at Córdoba, Andalusia, was a Jewish scholar, physician, diplomat, and patron of science.

neg: Ahi Çelebi Ahi Çelebi (1432–1522) was an Ottoman physician lived in the 15th and early 16th centuries. His personal name was Mahmut. But he was better known as Ahi Çelebi. "Ahi" refers to Ahi Evren who founded the fraternity civil organization of the artisans in the 13th century and "Çalebi" was an honoforic title.

neg: Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami was a governor of Egypt for the Umayyad Caliphate in the mid-8th century.

neg: Ibn Jazla Abu ali Yahya ibn Isa Ibn Jazla Al Baghdadi or Ibn Jazlah (Arabic,أبو يحيى ابن عيسى بن جزله), Latinized as Buhahylyha Bingezla, was an 11th-century Arab physician of Baghdad and author of an influential treatise on regimen that was translated into Latin in 1280 AD by the Sicilian Jewish physician Faraj ben Salem.

neg: Yusuf ibn al-Sayrafi "For the Egyptian author from the Fatimid era, see: Abu-l-Qasim Ali Ibn al-Sayrafi (d. 1147)"


query: What state is the final resting place of August Schomburg?

pos: August Schomburg Lieutenant General (Ret.) August Schomburg (born July 3rd, 1908) was the Commander of the United States Army Ballistic Missile Command, and later Commandant of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces. He retired from Active Duty military service in 1967, and died in 1972. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. His wife Fern Wynne Schomburg died in 1996.

pos: Arlington National Cemetery Arlington National Cemetery is a United States military cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., in whose 624 acre the dead of the nation's conflicts have been buried, beginning with the Civil War, as well as reinterred dead from earlier wars. The United States Department of the Army, a component of the United States Department of Defense (DOD), controls the cemetery.

neg: Togus National Cemetery Togus National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located at Togus, Kennebec County, Maine. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 31.2 acre , and as of the end of 2005, had 5,373 interments. It is closed to new interments.

neg: Pennsylvania State Memorial, Gettysburg The Pennsylvania State Memorial is a monument in Gettysburg National Military Park that commemorates the 34,530 Pennsylvania soldiers who fought in the July 1 to 3, 1863 Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. The memorial stands along Cemetery Ridge, the Union battle line on July 2, 1863. Completed in 1914, it is the largest of the state monuments on the Gettysburg Battlefield.

neg: Longfellow-Evangeline State Historic Site Longfellow-Evangeline State Historic Site, located in St. Martinville, Louisiana, showcases the cultural significance of the Bayou Teche region. It is the oldest state park site in Louisiana, founded in 1934 as the Longfellow-Evangeline State Commemorative Area. "Evangeline" was Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's enormously popular epic poem about Acadian lovers, who are now figures in local history. In the town center, the Evangeline Oak is the legendary meeting place of the two lovers, Evangeline and Gabriel. A statue of Evangeline marks her supposed grave next to St. Martin of Tours Church. The state historic site commemorates the broader historical setting of the poem in the Acadian and Creole culture of this region of Louisiana.

neg: U.S. Army Garrison Schweinfurt United States Army Garrison Schweinfurt (USAG Schweinfurt) was a United States Army military community located in and around Schweinfurt, Germany from 1945 to 2014. The garrison comprised two installations (Conn and Ledward Barracks), two housing areas (Askren Manor and Yorktown Village Housing Area), and two local training areas ("Brönnhof" or Area M) in Pfändhausen, to the north of Schweinfurt as well as Sulzheim (Sulzheim Training Area), 15 minutes to the south of Schweinfurt. Cold War-era installations in Bad Kissingen, Bad Neustadt, Hammelburg, and Oerlenbach were closed prior to the closure of USAG Schweinfurt in the years following German reunification in 1990.

neg: Lincoln Tomb The Lincoln Tomb is the final resting place of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, and three of their four sons. It is located in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois.

neg: Coburg Cemetery Coburg Pine Ridge Cemetery is located in the northern Melbourne suburb of Preston, Victoria, Australia on the boundary of Coburg. The main entrance is on Bell Street, Preston.

neg: Jacob A. Schowalter Jacob Abraham Schowalter (August 25, 1879 – March 10, 1953) was a Kansas farmer, business owner and Mennonite philanthropist whose estate formed the basis of the Schowalter Foundation.

neg: August Paulsen August Paulsen (July 29, 1871 – March 11, 1927) was a Danish-American businessman noted for his philanthropy in the states of Washington and Idaho.

neg: Camp Wadsworth Camp Wadsworth ( ) was a World War I-era training facility for the United States Army. Located near Spartanburg, South Carolina, the post was in operation from its opening in July 1917 until it was inactivated in March 1919, following the Armistice that ended the war.

neg: Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial is a United States military cemetery in Dinozé, France. The 48.6 acre site rests on a plateau 100 ft above the Moselle River in the foothills of the Vosges Mountains. It contains the graves of 5,255 of the United States' military dead, most of whom lost their lives in the campaigns across northeastern France to the Rhine and beyond into Germany during World War II.

neg: William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial The William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial is the final resting place of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States; his wife Anna Harrison; and his son John Scott Harrison, Congressman and father of the twenty-third President, Benjamin Harrison. It is located on Brower Road approximately one-half mile west of U.S. Route 50 in North Bend, Ohio.

neg: Platz des Unsichtbaren Mahnmals The Platz des Unsichtbaren Mahnmals - or in English, the Place of the Invisible Memorial - is a memorial to the Jewish cemeteries that existed until 1933 in Germany. It is located in Saarbrücken, capital of the German state of the Saarland.

neg: Werner Scharff Werner Scharff (August 16, 1912 – March 16, 1945) was a Jewish-German resistance activist against the Nazi regime. He was executed in Sachsenhausen concentration camp because of his activities in the "Community for Peace and Development" "(German: "Gemeinschaft für Frieden und Aufbau")", which he founded together with Hans Winkler in Luckenwalde.

neg: Michigan Memorial The Michigan State Memorial is located on Union Avenue within the Vicksburg, Mississippi, National Military Park. The memorial is made of white Bethel Granite and stands thirty-seven feet in height. It cost $10,000 and was dedicated on November 10, 1916. The sculptor was Herbert Adams. The design features a woman that signifies the Spirit of Michigan.

neg: New Windsor Cantonment State Historic Site The New Windsor Cantonment State Historic Site, also known as New Windsor Cantonment, is located along NY 300, north one mile of Vails Gate, in the Town of New Windsor, Orange County, New York. The site features a reconstruction of the Continental Army's final military encampment.

neg: Fairview Cemetery (Wahpeton, North Dakota) Fairview Cemetery and Memorial Gardens is a 20-acre cemetery located in Wahpeton, North Dakota. Established in 1869, Fairview is the final resting place for many notable area residents.

neg: Coleman Kaserne Coleman Kaserne (original German name: "Kaserne Gelnhausen") was a United States Army base located in the German city of Gelnhausen, located in the state of Hessen. Coleman Kaserne should not be confused with the U.S. Army "Coleman Barracks" which is located in Mannheim. Kaserne is a German word for barracks.

neg: Zubly Cemetery The Zubly Cemetery near Beech Island, South Carolina, which is a small community in Aiken County, South Carolina was established around 1790 by Swiss settlers of the nearby New Windsor Township. It illustrates the vernacular burial customs of the period. The town of New Windsor, settled in 1737, eventually became an outpost for Indian traders. Zubly Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 28, 2002.

neg: Black Hills National Cemetery Black Hills National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in South Dakota, located three miles (5 km) southeast of Sturgis in Meade County. It encompasses 105.9 acre , and as of the end of 2005, had 19,147 interments. Located at exit 34 of Interstate 90, it is administered by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, which also administers the nearby Fort Meade National Cemetery. It is one of three national cemeteries in South Dakota (the other two being Fort Meade and Hot Springs).

neg: Mountain Home National Cemetery Mountain Home National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located at Mountain Home, within Johnson City in Washington County, Tennessee. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 99.7 acre , and as of 2014, had over 14,000 interments.


query: To which taxonomic category do both Lithocarpus and Maackia belong?

pos: Lithocarpus Lithocarpus is a genus in the beech family Fagaceae, differing from "Quercus" in the erect spikes of insect-pollinated male flowers and the short styles with punctate stigmas on the female flowers. The World Checklist (see link below) accepts 334 species, though some other texts suggest as few as 100 species. About 100 Asian species of the genus were formerly treated in the genus "Pasania". All are native to east and southeast Asia. These Asian species do not have a well-known English vernacular name, though the generic term stone oak has been proposed.

pos: Maackia Maackia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. There are about 12 species, all native to eastern Asia, with six endemic to China. The generic name honors the botanist Richard Maack.

neg: Lucilina Lucilina is a genus of polyplacophoran molluscs. It includes species known from fossil remains, as well as living species. It is often considered a subgenus of "Tonicia".

neg: Isoetopsida The Isoetopsida is a class of Lycopodiophyta. All extant species belong to the genus "Selaginella" in the order Selaginellales or to the genus "Isoetes" in the order Isoetales. In the past, members of this group sometimes have been placed in the classes Isoetopsida, Selaginellopsida, or Lycopodiopsida. There are c. 700 species of "Selaginella" and 140-150 species of "Isoetes", with a cosmopolitan distribution, but often scarce to rare. Some botanists split "Isoetes" by separating two South American species into the genus "Stylites".

neg: Mascaromyia Mascaromyia is a genus of fly in the family Dolichopodidae.

neg: Psilotopsida Psilotopsida is a class of ferns or fern-like plants, considered to be one of the three classes of eusporangiate ferns. It should not be confused with the obsolete class Psilophytopsida. As circumscribed by Smith "et al.", 2006, Psilotopsida contains two families, Psilotaceae and Ophioglossaceae, placed in orders Psilotales and Ophioglossales, respectively. The affinities of these two groups have long been unclear and a close relationship between them has only recently been confirmed through molecular systematic studies. Some studies show that Psilotopsida is the sister-group to all other ferns (including Marattiaceae and Equisetaceae), but others indicate that Equisetaceae is more basal.

neg: Myrmicaria Myrmicaria is an ant genus within the subfamily Myrmicinae.

neg: Matoniaceae Matoniaceae is one of the three families of ferns in the Gleicheniales order of the Polypodiopsida class. Fossil records reveal that Matoniaceae ferns were abundant during the Mesozoic era (about 250-million to 66-million years ago), during which they lived on every continent, including Antarctica, with eight genera and 26 species. Today the family is much less abundant, and also less diverse, with only two extant genera and four species, which are limited to portions of southeastern Asia.

neg: Pseudopetalichthyida Pseudopetalichthyida is an extinct order of lightly armored placoderms known only from rare fossils in Lower Devonian strata in Hunsrück, Germany. Like "Stensioella heintzi", and the Rhenanida, the Pseudopetalichthids had armor made up of a mosaic of tubercles. Like "Stensioella heintzi", the Pseudopetalichthids' placement within Placodermi is suspect. However, due to a gross lack of whole, uncrushed, articulated specimens, there are no other groups that the Pseudopetalichthids could be, for a lack of a better word, pigeonholed into.

neg: Meropeidae Meropeidae is a family of tiny scorpionflies within the order Mecoptera with only three living species, commonly referred to as "earwigflies" (or sometimes "forcepflies"). These include the North American "Merope tuber", the Western Australian "Austromerope poultoni", and the newly discovered South American "A. brasiliensis". The biology of these species is essentially unknown, and their larvae have never been seen. The disjunct distribution suggests a common origin before the breakup of the ancient supercontinent of Pangaea. There are two extinct genera, "Boreomerope antiqua" Novokschonov from the Middle Jurassic of Siberia and "Thaumatomerope" with four described species all from the Madygen Formation in Kyrgyzstan; as such, the extant members of this family can be considered living fossils. These insects are also of interest due to their presumed basal position in the order Mecoptera. "Thaumatomerope" is sometimes excluded from Meropeidae, and instead, is placed within Eomeropidae, or its own monotypic family, "Thaumatomeropidae."*

neg: Baurusuchidae Baurusuchidae is a Gondwanan family of mesoeucrocodylians that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It is a group of terrestrial hypercarnivorous crocodilians from South America (Argentina and Brazil) and possibly Pakistan. Baurusuchidae has been defined as a clade containing the most recent common ancestor of "Baurusuchus" and "Stratiotosuchus" and all of its descendants. It may, however, be polyphyletic, as recent phylogenetic analyses have placed "Baurusuchus" within Notosuchia and other baurusuchids within the more distantly related clade Sebecia. A recent study of the family finds it monophyletic by including the South American genera "Baurusuchus", "Cynodontosuchus", "Pissarrachampsa", "Stratiotosuchus", and "Wargosuchus". Other traditional baurusuchids like "Pabwehshi" are excluded. The recently named "Campinasuchus" is also included in the family. Baurusuchids have been placed in the suborder Baurusuchia, and two subfamilies have been proposed: Baurusuchinae and Pissarrachampsinae.

neg: Tethytheria Tethytheria is a clade of mammals that includes the sirenians and proboscideans, as well as the extinct order Embrithopoda.

neg: Lithocarpus confragosus Lithocarpus confragosus is a tree in the beech family Fagaceae. The specific epithet "confragosus " is from the Latin meaning "uneven", referring to the cupule wall surface.

neg: Pteraspidomorphi Pteraspidomorphi is an extinct class of early jawless fish. They have long been regarded as closely related or even ancestral to jawed vertebrates, but the few characteristics they share with the latter are now considered as primitive for all vertebrates.

neg: Disinae Disinae is a subtribe of orchids that has been differently defined and placed in the two classification systems that are currently in use for orchids. "Genera Orchidacearum", which is currently the definitive work on orchid taxonomy, delimits Disinae as consisting of two closely related genera, "Disa" and "Schizodium", and it places Disinae in the mostly African tribe Diseae, along with four other subtribes: Brownleeinae, Huttonaeinae, Coryciinae, and Satyriinae. In the classification for orchids that was published by Chase et alii in 2015, "Schizodium" was placed in synonymy under "Disa", while "Pachites" and "Huttonaea" were transferred to Disinae. In "Genera Orchidacearum", "Pachites" and "Satyrium" form the subtribe Satyriinae, and "Huttonaea" is the sole genus in the subtribe Huttonaeinae. The transfer of "Pachites" and "Huttonaea" to Disinae by Chase et alii (2015) was done with considerable doubt, and was based upon uncertainty about the relationships of these two genera. In 2009, a molecular phylogenetic study found only weak statistical support for a sister relationship between "Huttonaea" and "Disa".

neg: Platydesma Platydesma is a genus of plants in family Rutaceae. Evidence from 2009 indicates that "Platydesma" is nested within the related genus "Melicope" and is sister to all Hawaiian "Melicope" species. And while "Melicope" species are dioecious (individual plants only bear either male or female flowers), the flowers of "Platydesma" are hermaphroditic, suggesting a rare evolutionary reversion away from dioecy in "Platydesma". While they have no medicinal purposes; the board of water supply states that they can be used for a shrub.

neg: Schellackia Schellackia is a genus of parasitic alveolates within the phylum Apicomplexa. The genus was described in 1919 by Reichenow. Species in this genus infect reptiles and amphibians.

neg: Pantotheria Pantotheria is an abandoned taxon of Mesozoic mammals. This group is now considered an informal "wastebasket" taxon and has been replaced by Dryolestida as well as other groups. It is sometimes treated as an infraclass and older books refer to it as being related to symmetrodonts.

neg: Grammitidoideae Grammitidoideae is a subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae, whose members are informally known as grammitids. It comprises a clade of about 750 species. They are distributed over higher elevations in both the Old and New World. This group was previously treated as a separate family, Grammitidaceae until molecular phylogenies showed it to be nested within the Polypodiaceae. It has since been treated as an unranked clade within subfamily Polypodioideae (renamed tribe Polypodieae in one classification), and, most recently, as a separate subfamily (reducing Polypodioideae to an evolutionary grade).

neg: Maundia Maundia is a genus, described in 1858. "Maundia" was formerly included in the family Juncaginaceae but is now considered to form a family of its own under the name Maundiaceae. It contains only one known species, Maundia triglochinoides, endemic to Australia (States of Queensland and New South Wales).

neg: Gecarcinucoidea Gecarcinucoidea is a superfamily of freshwater crabs. Its members have been grouped into families in various ways, with some authors recognising families such as "Deckeniidae", "Sundathelphusidae", but only two families are currently recognised: Gecarcinucidae and Parathelphusidae.

neg: Luminous hake Luminous hake (Steindachneria argentea) is a West Atlantic member of the Merluccidae family. It is the only member of its genus.