query: What song did Cevin Fisher write that the singer who sang "Hit and Run" do the vocals for?

pos: Cevin Fisher Cevin Fisher (born Kevin Fisher, October 26, 1963) is an American house music record producer. He is best known for songs such as "The Freaks Come Out" (billed as Cevin Fisher's Big Freak) and "(You Got Me) Burning Up," the latter of which featured vocals by Loleatta Holloway. He achieved five entries in the UK Singles Chart between October 1998 and February 2001.

pos: Loleatta Holloway Loleatta Holloway ( ; November 5, 1946 – March 21, 2011) was an American singer, mainly known for disco songs such as "Hit and Run" and "Love Sensation", both of which have been sampled extensively. In December 2016, "Billboard magazine" ranked her as the 95th most successful dance artist of all-time.

neg: The Andantes The Andantes were an American female session group for the Motown record label during the 1960s. Composed of Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, and Louvain Demps, the group sang background vocals on numerous Motown recordings, including songs by Martha Reeves & the Vandellas, the Temptations, Stevie Wonder, the Four Tops, Jimmy Ruffin, Edwin Starr, the Supremes, the Marvelettes, Marvin Gaye, among others.

neg: Walkaway Joe "Walkaway Joe" is a song written by Vince Melamed and Greg Barnhill, and recorded by American country music singer Trisha Yearwood, with background vocals from Don Henley of the Eagles. It was released in November 1992 as the second single from her album "Hearts in Armor". The song reached number 2 on the U.S. "Billboard" country charts. Matthew McConaughey appears as the male lead in the music video.

neg: All I Wanna Do (Sheryl Crow song) "All I Wanna Do" is a song performed by Sheryl Crow and written by Wyn Cooper, Sheryl Crow, David Baerwald, Bill Bottrell and Kevin Gilbert, with lyrics adapted from Cooper's 1987 poem "Fun". It was Crow's breakthrough hit from her 1993 debut album, "Tuesday Night Music Club". The song was the winner of the 1995 Grammy Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and was nominated for Song of the Year. The song is her biggest US hit, peaking at #2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for six weeks behind "I'll Make Love to You" by Boyz II Men. In addition to this it also peaked at number one on the Adult Contemporary charts in both the US and Canada, as well as the pop charts in Canada and at #4 on the UK Singles Chart.

neg: A Million and One "A Million and One" is a song written by Yvonne Devaney, which was a hit single for Billy Walker, Dean Martin, and Vic Dana in 1966.

neg: Eddie Fisher (singer) Edwin John "Eddie" Fisher (August 10, 1928 – September 22, 2010) was an American singer and actor. He was the most successful pop singles artist during the first half of the 1950s, selling millions of records and hosting his own TV show. Fisher divorced his first wife, actress Debbie Reynolds, to marry Reynolds' best friend, actress Elizabeth Taylor, after Taylor's husband, film producer Mike Todd, was killed in a plane crash. The scandalous affair was widely reported, bringing unfavorable publicity to Fisher. He later married Connie Stevens. Fisher fathered Carrie Fisher and Todd Fisher with Reynolds, and Joely Fisher and Tricia Leigh Fisher with Stevens.

neg: I'll Come Runnin' "I'll Come Runnin" is a single by American country music artist Connie Smith. Released in February 1967, the song reached #10 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles chart. The single was later released on Smith's first compilation album "The Best of Connie Smith" (1967). "I'll Come Runnin'" was the first single written entirely by Smith herself.

neg: Song for the Life "Song for the Life" is the title of a country music song written by American singer Rodney Crowell. Crowell first recorded the song in 1978 on his debut album "Ain't Living Long Like This", and since then, the song has been covered by several other artists. One version, recorded by Alan Jackson, was released as a single in 1995, and was a Top Ten country hit for him that year.

neg: Mad About You (Belinda Carlisle song) "Mad About You" is a song written by Paula Jean Brown, James Whelan and Mitchel Young Evans, produced by Michael Lloyd, for Belinda Carlisle's debut solo album "Belinda". It was released as the album's first single, in 1986, as a CD single (one of the first ever marketed), 7" single and a 12" single. It was her first hit after leaving the Go-Go's, peaking at number three on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 and at number one on the Canadian Singles Chart.

neg: Sideways (Clarence Greenwood song) "Sideways" is a song written by American artist Clarence Greenwood, who is known by the pseudonym Citizen Cope. Although the song has never charted, it has been widely publicized in pop culture. The song is often referred to by a refrain from the song: These Feelings Won't Go Away. The song was included on Santana's 2002 album "Shaman". Then Citizen Cope included it in his 2004 album. It has since been covered by artist such as Sheryl Crow and Corey Taylor.

neg: Dion DiMucci Dion Francis DiMucci (born July 18, 1939), better known mononymously as Dion, is an American singer, songwriter whose work has incorporated elements of doo-wop, rock and R&B styles—and, most recently, straight blues. He was one of the most popular American rock and roll performers of the pre-British Invasion era. He had 39 Top 40 hits in the late 1950s and early 1960s as a solo performer, with the Belmonts or with the Del Satins. He is best remembered for the singles "Runaround Sue", "The Wanderer", "Ruby Baby" and "Lovers Who Wander", among his other hits.

neg: Eddie Kendricks Edward James Kendrick (December 17, 1939 – October 5, 1992), best known by the stage name Eddie Kendricks, was an American singer and songwriter. Noted for his distinctive falsetto singing style, Kendricks co-founded the Motown singing group The Temptations, and was one of their lead singers from 1960 until 1971. His was the lead voice on such famous songs as "The Way You Do The Things You Do", "Get Ready", and "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)". As a solo artist, Kendricks recorded several hits of his own during the 1970s, including the number-one single "Keep On Truckin'".

neg: I Can't Let Go "I Can't Let Go" is a song co-written by Al Gorgoni and Chip Taylor, who also wrote "Wild Thing". "I Can't Let Go" was originally recorded by blue-eyed soul singer Evie Sands' on George Goldner's Blue Cat label, which was popular in New York City in 1965. The song became popular in 1966 for the group The Hollies, who charted at number two in the UK Singles Chart with their version. Linda Ronstadt covered the song in 1980 and had a number 31 hit on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart.

neg: Love on the Run (song) "Love on the Run" is a song by British electronic dance music artist Chicane featuring Irish singer Peter Cunnah. It was released on 24 February 2003 in the United Kingdom as the lead single from the album "Easy to Assemble", which was never given a commercial release. Co-written with Brian Higgins of Xenomania, the song reached number thirty-three in the UK.

neg: Run Rabbit Run "Run Rabbit Run" is a song written by Noel Gay and Ralph Butler. The music was by Noel Gay and the song was originally sung by Flanagan and Allen.

neg: Tigers and Fireflies Tigers and Fireflies is an album released by Lynsey de Paul in 1979 on the Polydor record label. It was launched at a special event at the Mayfair Club in London, with de Paul looking similar to the 1940s film star Veronica Lake. Recorded at Long View Farm Studios and produced by Rupert Holmes, the album features lead single "Hollywood Romance" (co-written by de Paul and David Jordan) which was well received and became a radio hit, and the follow-up single "Tigers and Fireflies". Other tracks include "Losin' the Blues for You" and "Melancholy Melon", both co-written by de Paul and her boyfriend at the time, the actor James Coburn, "'Twas" was a piano bar song with a blues tinged feel that was co-written with the album's producer, Rupert Holmes. De Paul teamed up with former Eurovision singing partner Mike Moran to write the jaunty, jazzy and uptempo "Without You". The album also featured an updated, rerecording of her earlier hit single "My Man and Me", giving it a more blues/country style than the original ballad.

neg: Sunset Blvd (song) "Sunset Blvd" is a song by Scott Grimes, which appears on his album, "Livin' on the Run". The single was written by Scott Grimes and Dave Harris and produced by Tom Fletcher. The song climbed into the Top 20 of Billboard’s Adult Contemporary chart in April 2005. The song remained in the Top 20 for 10 weeks without climbing higher than #18.

neg: Brenda Lee Brenda Lee (born Brenda Mae Tarpley, December 11, 1944) is an American performer and the top-charting solo female vocalist of the 1960s. She sang rockabilly, pop and country music, and had 47 US chart hits during the 1960s, and is ranked fourth in that decade surpassed only by Elvis Presley, the Beatles and Ray Charles. She is perhaps best known in the United States for her 1960 hit "I'm Sorry", and 1958's "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree", a United States holiday standard for almost 60 years.

neg: Every Little Bit Hurts "Every Little Bit Hurts" was originally a 1964 hit single for Motown soul singer Brenda Holloway, written by Ed Cobb.

neg: Ready to Run (Dixie Chicks song) "Ready to Run" is a song recorded by American country music group Dixie Chicks. It was co-written by the group's fiddler, Martie Seidel (now Martie Maguire) along with Marcus Hummon. It was released in June 1999 as the lead-off single to the band's album "Fly", and their sixth entry on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, reaching number two. This song was featured on the film soundtrack for "Runaway Bride", starring Richard Gere and Julia Roberts.

neg: I Don't Want to Wait "I Don't Want to Wait" is a song written, performed and produced by Paula Cole. It was Cole's second single from her album "This Fire" and later served as the opening theme for the TV series "Dawson's Creek". Cole originally wrote the song and recorded a demo of the song in April 1991 but did not officially record and release it until 1996. The single ranked #10 on the 1998 "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart year-end summary. The single spent the most consecutive weeks in the top 50 without cracking the top 10, just missing out at #11. The single, with a 56-week-long run, is among the list of the 32 songs in the history of the "Billboard" Hot 100 to have had a chart run longer than 50 weeks.


query: Which patriotic song in "American Patrol" is a toponym for the United States?

pos: American Patrol "American Patrol" is a popular march written by Frank White (F.W.) Meacham in 1885. It incorporates both original musical themes by Meacham and melodies from American patriotic songs of the era such as "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean" and "Dixie." Composed for piano, it was then arranged for wind band and published by Carl Fischer in 1891. Copyright was assigned to Meacham's widow, Cora, in 1912 and renewed in 1919.

pos: Dixie (song) "Dixie," also known as "Dixie's Land," "I Wish I Was in Dixie," and other titles, is a popular American song. It is one of the most distinctively American musical products of the 19th century, and probably the best-known song to have come out of blackface minstrelsy. Although not a folk song at its creation, "Dixie" has since entered the American folk vernacular. The song likely cemented the word "Dixie" in the American vocabulary as a toponym for the Southern United States.

neg: U.S. national anthem protests U.S. national anthem protests are protests during a broadcast of the United States National Anthem. These protests have many causes, including civil rights, anti-conscription and anti-war, anti-nationalism, and religious reservations. "The Star-Spangled Banner" was adopted as the official national anthem by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931. Before that time, a number of songs were used as unofficial national anthems, including "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" and "Hail, Columbia".

neg: Fucking USA "Fucking USA", often called "Fuck'n USA", is a protest song written by South Korean singer and activist Yoon Min-suk. Strongly anti-US Foreign policy and anti-Bush, the song was written in 2002 at a time when, following the Apolo Ohno Olympic controversy and an incident in which two Korean middle school students were killed by a U.S. Army vehicle; anti-American sentiment in Korea reached high levels. Musically it is a parody of Surfin' U.S.A. and though it has a vulgar aspect it is not supposed to be, according to Yoon, just an angsty punk type song but a serious critique of the Bush Administration and US foreign policy in particular in the Korean peninsula, just conveyed in an ironic and jokingly vitriolic way.

neg: Culture of North Carolina The Culture of North Carolina is a subculture in the United States. As a coastal state, North Carolina culture has been greatly influenced by the southeastern United States and early settlers from England. More recently, North Carolina has a seen an influx of immigrants from New England as well as Hispanic immigrants. Many of these recent transplants aggregate in one of several urban centers on cat Carolina, such as the Research Triangle Park area. Rural North Carolina has a rich culture with roots in colonial and Confederate times. Agriculture is a major component of the economy in rural North Carolina, and thus many local traditions are centered on the lifestyles associated with farming. Some of these traditions are reflected in pop culture in North Carolina, for instance North Carolinians may refer to the state as "the Tar Heel state". This is a point of pride for some local North Carolinians.

neg: America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song is a concept album and the 40th overall album by country singer Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records in 1972 (see 1972 in music). As its title suggests, it comprises a number of tracks dedicated to the topic of American history, not unlike several of Cash's other Americana albums. The record is a mix of songs and narration, in which Cash attempts to describe elements of the country's past, including famous personalities like Paul Revere or Big Foot. "America" also includes a re-recording of "Mr. Garfield" and "The Road to Kaintuck", songs previously released as singles in 1965 on "Sings the Ballads of the True West". Most of the tracks on the album were written by Cash, with some exceptions, including a rendition of the well-known song "The Battle of New Orleans" and a reading of Abraham Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address. The album was included on the Bear Family box set "Come Along and Ride This Train".

neg: The Stars and Stripes Forever "The Stars and Stripes Forever" is a patriotic American march widely considered to be the magnum opus of composer John Philip Sousa. By a 1987 act of the U.S. Congress, it is the official National March of the United States of America.

neg: Over There "Over There" is a 1917 hit song written by George M. Cohan that was popular with United States military and public during both world wars. It was a patriotic song designed to galvanize American young men to enlist in the army and fight the "Hun". The song is best remembered for a line in its chorus, "The Yanks are coming."

neg: Song for America (song) "Song for America" is the title track from the second album of American progressive rock band, Kansas. It was written by guitarist/keyboardist Kerry Livgren during the period of heavy touring for their first album. The song was released on their 1975 album "Song for America", and later released as the band's third single, although it did not chart. It is known for its symphonic structure, and its lyrics showing America's state before and after colonization. It appears on most of their live albums and DVDs. The song is one of Kansas' biggest hits from their period of obscurity, appearing on most of their greatest hits and live albums.

neg: Pat Murphy of Meagher's Brigade "Pat Murphy Of Meagher's Brigade", also known as "Pat Murphy Of The Irish Brigade" or "Song Of The Splintered Shillelagah", is a song that comes from the American Civil War. The song tells the story of a, "Patrick Murphy", who serves under the command of Brig. Gen. Thomas Francis Meagher in the Irish Brigade of the Union Army. Murphy serves to illustrate the plight of the Irish in the Civil War.

neg: Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song) "Don't Tread on Me" is a song by American heavy metal band Metallica, from the eponymous fifth album, "Metallica". The title is connected with the American Revolutionary War. The words "Don't Tread on Me" constitute the motto of the Gadsden flag, and the snake image on the flag is pictured on the cover of the album.

neg: Massachusetts (Because of You Our Land is Free) "Massachusetts (Because of You Our Land is Free)," words and music by Bernard Davidson, was made the official patriotic song of Massachusetts on October 23, 1989.

neg: American Redoubt The American Redoubt is a political migration movement first proposed in 2011 by best-selling survivalist novelist and blogger James Wesley Rawles which designates three states in the northwestern United States (Idaho, Montana, Wyoming), and adjoining portions of two other states (eastern Oregon, and eastern Washington) as a safe haven for conservative, libertarian-leaning Christians and Jews. Rawles chose this area due to the low population density and lack of natural hazards.

neg: America (poem) "America" is a poem by Allen Ginsberg, written in 1956 while he was in Berkeley, California. It appears in his collection "Howl and Other Poems" published in November 1956.

neg: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore is a United States National Lakeshore located along the northwest coast of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan in Leelanau and Benzie counties near Empire, Michigan. The park covers a 35 mi stretch of Lake Michigan's eastern coastline, as well as North and South Manitou islands. This Northern Michigan park was established primarily because of its outstanding natural features, including forests, beaches, dune formations, and ancient glacial phenomena. The lakeshore also contains many cultural features including the 1871 South Manitou Island Lighthouse, three former stations of the Coast Guard (formerly the Life-Saving Service) and an extensive rural historic farm district. In 2011, the area won the title of "The Most Beautiful Place in America" from Good Morning America. In 2014, a section of the park was named the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness by the United States Congress.

neg: Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean" is an American patriotic song which was popular in the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Composed in about 1843, it was long used as an unofficial national anthem of the United States, in competition with other songs, and was featured in the 1957 musical "The Music Man". In 1969, "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean" was the music performed by a U.S. Navy Band embarked aboard "USS Hornet" as one of the ship's helicopters recovered the first humans to walk on the Moon from the Pacific Ocean.

neg: America, an Epic Rhapsody America, an Epic Rhapsody (often shortened to America) is an orchestral work composed between 1926 and 1927 by Swiss-born Ernest Bloch, as a tribute to the country to which he had emigrated in 1916. The work consists of three movements, covering the history of the United States and entitled '1620', '1861-1865' and '1926'. It was first performed in New York.

neg: Lower Peninsula of Michigan The Lower Peninsula of Michigan is the southern of the two major landmasses of the U.S. state of Michigan, the other being the Upper Peninsula. It is surrounded by water on all sides except its southern border, which it shares with Indiana and Ohio. Although the Upper Peninsula is commonly referred to as "the U.P." it is fairly uncommon for the Lower Peninsula to be called "the L.P."

neg: Fayette Fayette is the name of a number of places in the United States of America. Many are named for General Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, a French officer who fought under General George Washington in the American Revolutionary War.

neg: Historical America in Song Historical America in Song, released in 1950 by Encyclopædia Britannica Films, is an album set by folk singer Burl Ives. Each of the six albums consists of five 12-inch vinylite records, for a total of thirty 78 rpm records. Each album has its own cover with a drawing of the Washington Monument on it (see the illustration).

neg: Appalachia Appalachia ( ) is a cultural region in the Eastern United States that stretches from the Southern Tier of New York to northern Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia. While the Appalachian Mountains stretch from Belle Isle (Newfoundland and Labrador) in Canada to Cheaha Mountain in Alabama, the cultural region of Appalachia typically refers only to the central and southern portions of the range. As of the 2010 United States Census, the region was home to approximately 25 million people.

neg: South Central United States The South Central United States or South Central states is a region of the United States located in the south central part of the country. It evolved out of the Old Southwest, which originally was literally the western U.S. South, as can be seen in the now defunct Southwest Conference of the NCAA. The states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas (which make up what the Census Bureau Division calls West South Central States) are almost always considered the "core" of the region. As part of the East South Central States sub-group of the Census Bureau classification, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee and Kentucky are also frequently listed under the heading. At the highest extent, Kansas, and Missouri, may be included by some sources. All or parts these states are in the Central Time Zone. At different and changing points in time, all of the above states were/are considered part of the West in American history.


query: The Juniper Passion is set during which assaults against the Winter Line?

pos: The Juniper Passion The Juniper Passion is a 2011 opera by New Zealand composer Michael F. Williams to a libretto by John Davies. The opera is set in 1944 during the World War II Battle of Monte Cassino, an Allied victory, but with a loss of life totalling approximately 105,000 deaths, including many New Zealand soldiers, over the series of battles. "The Juniper Passion" is written in three acts, six principal roles and chorus and is scored for chamber orchestra with digital effects. Performance is through dance with only minimal movement and interaction by the singing cast. In place of traditional sets, the opera has a 3-D computer graphic set design by Sean Castle that recreates the Benedictine abbey at Cassino. This is interspersed with images taken during the battle by Richard Ferguson Davies, father of librettist John Davies.

pos: Battle of Monte Cassino The Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as the Battle for Rome and the Battle for Cassino) was a costly series of four assaults by the Allies against the Winter Line in Italy held by Axis forces during the Italian Campaign of World War II. The intention was a breakthrough to Rome.

neg: A Feast for Crows A Feast for Crows is the fourth of seven planned novels in the epic fantasy series "A Song of Ice and Fire" by American author George R. R. Martin. The novel was first published on October 17, 2005, in the United Kingdom, with a United States edition following on 8 November 2005.

neg: Juniper, New Brunswick Juniper (2001 pop.: 450) is a hamlet in Carleton County, New Brunswick, Canada. Juniper is located in Aberdeen Parish. It is situated on Route 107, which runs from Route 105 at Bristol, northeast to Juniper, and then bends southeast towards Napadogan and Deersdale. Geographic coordinates: 46° 33' North, 67° 13' West; elevation 899 ft.

neg: Battle of Savage's Station The Battle of Savage's Station took place on June 29, 1862, in Henrico County, Virginia, as the fourth of the Seven Days Battles (Peninsula Campaign) of the American Civil War. The main body of the Union Army of the Potomac began a general withdrawal toward the James River. Confederate Brig. Gen. John B. Magruder pursued along the railroad and the Williamsburg Road and struck Maj. Gen. Edwin Vose Sumner's II Corps (the Union rearguard) with three brigades near Savage's Station, while Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's divisions were stalled north of the Chickahominy River. Union forces continued to withdraw across White Oak Swamp, abandoning supplies and more than 2,500 wounded soldiers in a field hospital.

neg: Third Battle of Petersburg The Third Battle of Petersburg, also known as the Breakthrough at Petersburg or the Fall of Petersburg, was fought on April 2, 1865, south and southwest of Petersburg, Virginia, at the end of the 292-day Richmond–Petersburg Campaign (sometimes called the Siege of Petersburg) and in the beginning stage of the Appomattox Campaign near the conclusion of the American Civil War. The Union Army (Army of the Potomac, Army of the Shenandoah and Army of the James) under the overall command of General-in-chief, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, launched an assault on General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia's Petersburg, Virginia trenches and fortifications after the Union victory at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, 1865. As a result of that battle the Confederate right flank and rear were exposed, and the remaining supply lines cut, and the Confederate defenders were reduced by over 10,000 men killed, wounded, taken prisoner or in flight.

neg: Battle of Elixheim The Battle of Elixheim, 18 July 1705, also known as the Passage of the Lines of Brabant was a battle of the War of the Spanish Succession. The Duke of Marlborough successfully broke through the French Lines of Brabant, an arc of defensive fieldworks stretching in a seventy-mile arc from Antwerp to Namur. Although he was unable to bring about a decisive battle, the breaking and subsequent razing of the lines would prove critical to the allied victory at Ramillies the next year.

neg: Valley of Glory The Valley of Glory ("Долина Славы") is a valley on the right bank of the Zapadnaya Litsa River. A bloody battle began in the summer of 1941 for the region as German forces launched an offensive towards Murmansk, Russia. Russian forces halted the German assault and the frontline stabilized until the autumn of 1944.

neg: Siege of Veprik The Siege of Veprik took place on January 3 to January 17, 1709 during the Swedish invasion of Russia in the Great Northern War. After the unusual cold winter, many troops had died from both armies and Charles XII of Sweden decided to siege the Russian city of Veprik to put pressure on Tsar Peter I of Russia. In the town there was a garrison of about 1,500 men. After the Russian commander Colonel Ferber refused to surrender, Charles XII started a bombardment of the town and later, on 17 January also an assault. After about two hours of intense fighting the Swedes pulled back, unable to capture the town. However, the Russians surrendered on the night to the 18th January and the Swedes could march in by diplomatic. The result of the capture was little, another town had fallen for the Russians but in a strategic view, not much had changed. About 400 Swedes was killed and another 600 wounded. The whole Russian garrison was either killed, captured or wounded. After several days Charles XII burnt down the town.

neg: Skirmish of Arisaig The Skirmish of Arisaig took place on 16 May 1746 at Arisaig, Scotland and was the last armed conflict of the Jacobite rising of 1745. It was fought between a British Government force and Jacobites of the Clan Macdonald of Clanranald.

neg: Game of Thrones (season 2) The second season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of "A Clash of Kings", the second novel of the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the second season on April 19, 2011, which began filming in July 2011, primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia and Iceland.

neg: Battles of Narvik The Battles of Narvik were fought from 9 April to 8 June 1940 as a naval battle in the Ofotfjord and as a land battle in the mountains surrounding the north Norwegian city of Narvik as part of the Norwegian Campaign of the Second World War.

neg: Mannerheim Line The Mannerheim Line (Finnish: Mannerheim-linja , Swedish: Mannerheimlinjen ) was a defensive fortification line on the Karelian Isthmus built by Finland against the Soviet Union. During the Winter War it became known as the Mannerheim Line, after Field Marshal Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim. The line was constructed in two phases: 1920–1924 and 1932–1939. By November 1939, when the Winter War began, the line was by no means complete.

neg: Pennsylvania Line mutiny The Pennsylvania Line Mutiny was a mutiny of Continental Army soldiers, who demanded higher pay and better housing conditions, and was the cause of the legend and stories surrounding the American heroine Tempe Wick. The mutiny began on January 1, 1781, and ended with a negotiated settlement on January 8, 1781. The negotiated terms were finally concluded by January 29, 1781. The mutiny was the most successful and important insurrection of Continental Army soldiers during the American Revolutionary War.

neg: Battle of Gaines's Mill The Battle of Gaines's Mill, sometimes known as the First Battle of Cold Harbor or the Battle of Chickahominy River, took place on June 27, 1862, in Hanover County, Virginia, as the third of the Seven Days Battles (Peninsula Campaign) of the American Civil War. Following the inconclusive Battle of Beaver Dam Creek (Mechanicsville) the previous day, Confederate General Robert E. Lee renewed his attacks against the right flank of the Union Army, relatively isolated on the northern side of the Chickahominy River. There, Brig. Gen. Fitz John Porter's V Corps had established a strong defensive line behind Boatswain's Swamp. Lee's force was destined to launch the largest Confederate attack of the war, about 57,000 men in six divisions. Porter's reinforced V Corps held fast for the afternoon as the Confederates attacked in a disjointed manner, first with the division of Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill, then Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, suffering heavy casualties. The arrival of Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson's command was delayed, preventing the full concentration of Confederate force before Porter received some reinforcements from the VI Corps.

neg: Against the Day (1999) Against the Day is a 1999 historical novel by Michael Cronin (novelist). The story is set after the end of World War II in a United Kingdom that has fallen under Nazi occupation. It follows the adventures of two boys who become dangerously involved in a secret resistance movement. A sequel, Through the Night, was published in 2003. A third book in the series, In the Morning, was published in 2005. It was shortlisted for the Angus Book Award.

neg: Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 The Vancouver anti-Chinese riots of 1886, sometimes called the Winter Riots because of the time of year they took place, were prompted by the engagement of cheap Chinese labour by the Canadian Pacific Railway to clear Vancouver's West End of large Douglas fir trees and stumps, passing over the thousands of unemployed men from the rest of Canada who had arrived looking for work.

neg: Battle of Drumnacoub The Battle of Drumnacoub (Battle of Druim na coub, Drum-ne-coub) was a Scottish clan battle involving factions of the Clan Mackay fought in the far northwest of Scotland, some time between 1427 and 1433. It took place on a hill called Carn Fada at the southern end of the Kyle of Tongue, between Ben Loyal and the village of Tongue. It was fought between members of the Clan Mackay and men of the Clan Sutherland.

neg: The Seasons (Thomson) The Seasons is a series of four poems written by the Scottish author James Thomson. The first part, "Winter", was published in 1726, and the completed poem cycle appeared in 1730.

neg: Winter, Saskatchewan Winter is an unincorporated locality in Senlac Rural Municipality No. 411, Saskatchewan, Canada. It is located on Highway 787 & 675, 50 km northwest of Unity, the nearest town. It is 15 km North of Rutland and 35 km South of Neilburg. Winter is located at Mile 77.3 on the Canadian National Railway (Formerly the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR) until 1923). The community gets its name from Mr. O. Winter, who was a contractor for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Mr. Winter named the siding after himself. This line was named alphabetically, from the east "Vera", after Winter's daughter, and to the west (skipping over 'x') "Yonker", named after his mother's family. Winter had a store with post office, an elevator, a GTPR station, a lumber yard and a school that closed in 1968. Winter community well was said to have soft water.

neg: Fort George, Highland Fort George (Gaelic: Dùn Deòrsa or An Gearastan , the latter meaning literally "the garrison"), is a large 18th-century fortress near Ardersier, to the north-east of Inverness in the Highland council area of Scotland. It was built to pacify the Scottish Highlands in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745, replacing a "Fort George" in Inverness constructed after the 1715 Jacobite rising to control the area. The current fortress has never been attacked and has remained in continuous use as a garrison.

neg: Siege of Limerick (1690) Limerick, a city in western Ireland, was besieged twice in the Williamite War in Ireland, 1689-1691. On the first of these occasions, in August to September 1691, its Jacobite defenders retreated to the city after their defeat at the Battle of the Boyne. The Williamites, under William III, tried to take Limerick by storm, but were driven off and had to retire into their winter quarters.


query: What nationality was the man for whose fiftieth birthday the book Minima Moralia was originally written for ?

pos: Minima Moralia Minima Moralia: Reflections From Damaged Life (German: "Minima Moralia: Reflexionen aus dem beschädigten Leben" ) is a 1951 book by Theodor W. Adorno and a seminal text in Critical Theory. Adorno started writing it during World War II, in 1944, while he lived as an exile in America, and completed it in 1949. It was originally written for the fiftieth birthday of his friend and collaborator Max Horkheimer, who had co-authored the earlier book "Dialectic of Enlightenment" with Adorno.

pos: Max Horkheimer Max Horkheimer (February 14, 1895 – July 7, 1973) was a German philosopher and sociologist who was famous for his work in critical theory as a member of the 'Frankfurt School' of social research. Horkheimer addressed authoritarianism, militarism, economic disruption, environmental crisis, and the poverty of mass culture using the philosophy of history as a framework. This became the foundation of critical theory. His most important works include "Eclipse of Reason" (1947), "Between Philosophy and Social Science" (1930–1938) and, in collaboration with Theodor Adorno, "Dialectic of Enlightenment" (1947). Through the Frankfurt School, Horkheimer planned, supported and made other significant works possible.

neg: Vincenzo Filliucci Vincenzo Filliucci ("Filiutius"; Siena, 1566 – Rome, 5 April 1622) was an Italian Jesuit moralist. The "Provincial Letters" of Blaise Pascal, and "Les Extraits des Assertions", make much out of their quotations from his writings.

neg: Mikhail Petrashevsky Mikhail Vasilyevich Butashevich-Petrashevsky (Russian: "Михаил Васильевич Буташевич-Петрашевский" ; 13 November [O.S. 1 November] 1821 –19 December [O.S. 7 December] 1866 ), commonly known as Mikhail Petrashevsky, was a Russian public figure and Utopian theorist.

neg: Vincent Twomey Denis Vincent Twomey {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'SVD', '4': "} (born 1941) is an Irish Roman Catholic priest, Professor Emeritus of Moral Theology, and a "patron" of the Iona Institute, a Catholic pressure group.

neg: Stuart Hampshire Sir Stuart Newton Hampshire ( ; 1 October 1914 – 13 June 2004) was an Oxford University philosopher, literary critic and university administrator. He was one of the antirationalist Oxford thinkers who gave a new direction to moral and political thought in the post-World War II era.

neg: Johann Jakob Müller (philosopher) Johann Jakob Müller (31 May 1650 - 13 April 1716) was a German moral philosopher.

neg: W. D. Ross Sir William David Ross KBE FBA ( ; 15 April 1877 – 5 May 1971), known as David Ross but usually cited as W. D. Ross, was a Scottish philosopher who is known for his work in ethics. His best-known work is "The Right and the Good" (1930), and he is perhaps best known for developing a pluralist, deontological form of intuitionist ethics in response to G.E. Moore's intuitionism. Ross also , in addition to writing on Greek philosophy.

neg: Max Scheler Max Ferdinand Scheler (] ; 22 August 1874 – 19 May 1928) was a German philosopher known for his work in phenomenology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology. Scheler developed further the philosophical method of the founder of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl, and was called by José Ortega y Gasset "the first man of the philosophical paradise." After his death in 1928, Martin Heidegger affirmed, with Ortega y Gasset, that all philosophers of the century were indebted to Scheler and praised him as "the strongest philosophical force in modern Germany, nay, in contemporary Europe and in contemporary philosophy as such." In 1954, Karol Wojtyła, later Pope John Paul II, defended his doctoral thesis on "An Evaluation of the Possibility of Constructing a Christian Ethics on the Basis of the System of Max Scheler."

neg: Kantia Kantia is the name of a phantom island in the Caribbean that Johann Otto Polter, a German merchant from Leipzig, claimed to have seen in 1884. He described its position as "at the 14th circle of latitude below the Tropic of Cancer". He named the island after the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In four subsequent expeditions between 1884 and 1909, he failed to rediscover the island to proclaim it for the German emperor.

neg: Seneca the Younger Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – AD65), fully Lucius Annaeus Seneca and also known simply as Seneca ( ), was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and—in one work—humorist of the Silver Age of Latin literature. As a tragedian, he is best-known for his "Medea" and "Thyestes".

neg: Cato the Younger Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis ( ; 95 BC, Rome – April 46 BC, Utica), commonly known as Cato the Younger ("Cato Minor") to distinguish him from his great-grandfather (Cato the Elder), was a politician and statesman in the late Roman Republic, and a follower of the Stoic philosophy. A noted orator, he is remembered for his stubbornness and tenacity (especially in his lengthy conflict with Julius Caesar), as well as his immunity to bribes, his moral integrity, and his famous distaste for the ubiquitous corruption of the period.

neg: Richard Price Richard Price (23 February 1723 – 19 April 1791) was a Welsh moral philosopher, nonconformist preacher and mathematician. He was also a political pamphleteer, active in radical, republican, and liberal causes such as the American Revolution. He was well-connected and fostered communication between a large number of people, including several of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

neg: William Smellie (encyclopedist) William Smellie {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'FRSE FSA (Scot)', '4': "} (1740–1795) was a Scottish master printer, naturalist, antiquary, editor and encyclopedist. He was friends with Robert Burns, whose assessment is engraved on Smellie's tombstone: "Here lies a man who did honour to human nature". Burns also described him fondly in a letter as "that old Veteran in Genius, Wit and Bawdry".

neg: James Mill James Mill (born James Milne, 6 April 1773 – 23 June 1836) was a British historian, economist, political theorist, and philosopher. He is counted among the founders of Ricardian school and was the father of John Stuart Mill, the philosopher of liberalism. His influential "History of British India" contains a complete denunciation and rejection of Indian culture and civilisation. He divided Indian history into three parts: Hindu, Muslim and British.

neg: Baltasar Gracián Baltasar Gracián y Morales, SJ (] ; 8 January 16016 December 1658), better known as Baltasar Gracián, was a Spanish Jesuit and baroque prose writer and philosopher. He was born in Belmonte, near Calatayud (Aragon). His writings were lauded by Schopenhauer and Nietzsche.

neg: Leon Battista Alberti Leon Battista Alberti (] ; February 18, 1404 – April 25, 1472) was an Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer; he epitomised the Renaissance Man. Although he is often characterized exclusively as an architect, as James Beck has observed, "to single out one of Leon Battista's 'fields' over others as somehow functionally independent and self-sufficient is of no help at all to any effort to characterize Alberti's extensive explorations in the fine arts." Although Alberti is known mostly for being an artist, he was also a mathematician of many sorts and made great advances to this field during the 15th century. Alberti's life was described in Giorgio Vasari's "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.

neg: Ferrante de Gemmis Ferrante de Gemmis (April 14, 1732 – April 21, 1803) was an Italian philosopher and literary man.

neg: Benjamin Constant Henri-Benjamin Constant de Rebecque (] ; 25 October 1767 – 8 December 1830), or simply Benjamin Constant, was a Swiss-French political activist and writer on politics and religion. He was the author of a partly biographical psychological novel, "Adolphe". He was a fervent liberal of the early 19th century, who influenced the Trienio Liberal movement in Spain, the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Portugal, the Greek War of Independence, the November Uprising in Poland, the Belgian Revolution, and Liberalism in Brazil and Mexico.

neg: Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ( ; 5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book "Leviathan", which established the social contract theory that has served as the foundation for most later Western political philosophy. In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes also contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, jurisprudence, geometry, the physics of gases, theology, ethics, and general philosophy.

neg: Jurij Vega Baron Jurij Bartolomej Vega (also Veha; Latin: "Georgius Bartholomaei Vecha" ; German: "Georg Freiherr von Vega" ; born "Vehovec", March 23, 1754 – September 26, 1802) was a Slovene mathematician, physicist and artillery officer.

neg: Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat (] ; (Between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the "Parlement" of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality. In particular, he is recognized for his discovery of an original method of finding the greatest and the smallest ordinates of curved lines, which is analogous to that of differential calculus, then unknown, and his research into number theory. He made notable contributions to analytic geometry, probability, and optics. He is best known for his Fermat's principle for light propagation and his Fermat's Last Theorem in number theory, which he described in a note at the margin of a copy of Diophantus' "Arithmetica".


query: Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business: Or, Private Abuses, Public Grievances Exemplified is a 1725 pamphlet by an English writer whose most famous novel is second only to the bible in what?

pos: Every-body's Business, Is No-body's Business Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business: Or, Private Abuses, Public Grievances Exemplified is a 1725 pamphlet by Daniel Defoe. It deals with the high salary of servants. Similarly to "The Protestant Monastery" (1726), "Parochial Tyranny" (1727), "Augusta Triumphans" (1728) and "Second Thoughts are Best" (1729), it was published under the pseudonym of Andrew Moreton. Defoe did not sign his name to the majority of his works. He preferred them to be published anonymously or under one of his pen names. This choice was “sometimes” made “to conceal his authorship or to stimulate sales, but more characteristically to establish a point of view”.

pos: Daniel Defoe born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer, and spy. He is most famous for his novel "Robinson Crusoe", which is second only to the Bible in its number of translations. Defoe is noted for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel, as he helped to popularise the form in Britain with others such as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson, and is among the founders of the English novel.

neg: Our Mutual Friend Our Mutual Friend, written in the years 1864–65, is the last novel completed by Charles Dickens and is one of his most sophisticated works, combining savage satire with social analysis. It centres on, in the words of critic J. Hillis Miller (quoting from the character Bella Wilfer in the book), "money, money, money, and what money can make of life." In the opening chapters a body is found in the Thames and identified as that of John Harmon, a young man recently returned to London to receive his inheritance. Were he alive, his father's will would require him to marry Bella Wilfer, a beautiful, mercenary girl whom he had never met. Instead, the money passes to the working-class Boffins, and the effects spread into various corners of London society.

neg: Satan's Harvest Home Satan's Harvest Home is a pamphlet published anonymously in 1749 in London, Great Britain. It describes and denounces what it deems the moral laxity and perversion of contemporary society, especially with reference to effeminacy, sodomy, and prostitution. The pamphlet incorporates some older material; this attempts to diagnose the cause of a perceived increase in the prevalence of sodomy among gentlemen, and specifies a continental European origin for male effeminacy and female same-sex relations. The pamphlet also features a poem, "Petit Maître", denouncing male habits of feminine dress.

neg: Vanity Fair (novel) Vanity Fair is an English novel by William Makepeace Thackeray which follows the lives of Becky Sharp and Emmy Sedley amid their friends and families during and after the Napoleonic Wars. It was first published as a 19-volume monthly serial from 1847 to 1848, carrying the subtitle PenandPencilSketches of EnglishSociety, reflecting both its satirisation of early 19th-century British society and the many illustrations drawn by Thackeray to accompany the text. It was published as a single volume in 1848 with the subtitle ANovelwithoutaHero, reflecting Thackeray's interest in deconstructing his era's conventions regarding literary heroism. It is sometimes considered the "principal founder" of the Victorian domestic novel.

neg: The Bible in Spain The Bible in Spain, published in London in 1843, was a popular work by the British writer George Borrow (1803–1881). It ran through several editions.

neg: John Darby (printer) He was associated with the Whigs and printed many works by Whig authors. These included Andrew Marvell's "An Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government" in 1677-1678 and during the rest of the Exclusion Crisis he helped keep Whig arguments in circulation. Other notable works that came off his press include Algernon Sidney's "Discourses Concerning Government" and Edmund Ludlow's "Memoirs".

neg: Robert Hugh Benson Robert Hugh Benson AFSC KC*SG KGCHS (18 November 1871 – 19 October 1914) was an English Anglican priest who in 1903 was received into the Roman Catholic Church in which he was ordained priest in 1904. He was a prolific writer of fiction and wrote the notable dystopian novel "Lord of the World" (1907). His output encompassed historical, horror and science fiction, contemporary fiction, children's stories, plays, apologetics, devotional works and articles. He continued his writing career at the same time as he progressed through the hierarchy to become a Chamberlain to the Pope in 1911 and subsequently titled Monsignor.

neg: Foxe's Book of Martyrs The Actes and Monuments, popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs, is a work of Protestant history and martyrology by John Foxe, first published in English in 1563 by John Day. It includes a polemical account of the sufferings of Protestants under the Catholic Church, with particular emphasis on England and Scotland. The book was highly influential in those countries and helped shape lasting popular notions of Catholicism there. The book went through four editions in Foxe's lifetime and a number of later editions and abridgements, including some that specifically reduced the text to a "Book of Martyrs".

neg: The Celebrity The Celebrity (An Episode) (1897) is the first novel that was published by American author Winston Churchill. It was a minor bestseller of 1898.

neg: The Snake's Pass The Snake's Pass is an 1890 novel by Bram Stoker. It centers on the legend of Saint Patrick defeating the King of the Snakes in Ireland. The novel also centers on the troubled romance between the main character and a local peasant girl. "The Snake's Pass" was Bram Stoker's second imperial fiction novel, and was first published in the United Kingdom in 1890. The novel is a precursor to Stoker's "Dracula" but was his only novel written in his native land of Ireland.

neg: Silas Marner Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe is the third novel by George Eliot, published in 1861. An outwardly simple tale of a linen weaver, it is notable for its strong realism and its sophisticated treatment of a variety of issues ranging from religion to industrialisation to community.

neg: Political fiction Political fiction employs narrative to comment on political events, systems and theories. Works of political fiction, such as political novels, often "directly criticize an existing society or present an alternative, even fantastic, reality". It overlaps with the social novel, proletarian novel and social science fiction. Highly influential earlier works include "Gulliver's Travels" (1726), "Candide" (1759), and "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852).

neg: Tancred (novel) Tancred; or, The New Crusade (1847) is a novel by Benjamin Disraeli, first published by Henry Colburn in three volumes. Together with "Coningsby" (1844) and "Sybil" (1845) it forms a sequence sometimes called the Young England trilogy. It shares a number of characters with the earlier novels, but unlike them is concerned less with the political and social condition of England than with a religious and even mystical theme: the question of how Judaism and Christianity are to be reconciled, and the Church reborn as a progressive force.

neg: William Francis Barry Rev. Dr. William Francis Barry (21 April 1849 – 15 December 1930) was a British Catholic priest, theologian, educator and writer. He served as vice president and professor of philosophy at Birmingham Theological College from 1873 to 1877 and then professor of divinity at Oscott College from 1877 to 1880. A distinguished ecclesiastic, Barry gave lectures in both Great Britain and the United States during the 1890s. He was also a popular author and novelist at the start of the 20th century, whose books usually dealt with then controversial religious and social questions, and is credited as the creator of the modern English Catholic novel.

neg: Clement Writer Clement Writer (fl. 1627–1658), was an English "anti-scripturist" and clothier from Worcester, best known for his attacks on the infallibility of the Bible.

neg: Oliver Goldsmith Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1728 – 4 April 1774) was an Irish novelist, playwright and poet, who is best known for his novel "The Vicar of Wakefield" (1766), his pastoral poem "The Deserted Village" (1770), and his plays "The Good-Natur'd Man" (1768) and "She Stoops to Conquer" (1771, first performed in 1773). He is thought to have written the classic children's tale "The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes" (1765).

neg: Holy Deadlock Holy Deadlock is a 1934 satirical novel by the English author A. P. Herbert, which aimed to highlight the perceived inadequacies and absurdities of contemporary divorce law. The book took a particularly lenient view of the need for divorces, which it characterised as "a relief from misfortune, not a crime", and demonstrated how the current system created an environment which encouraged the participants to commit perjury and adultery. The book was a major element in the popular debate about the liberalisation of divorce law in the mid-1930s, and helped pave the way for the 1937 statutory reforms.

neg: Robert Keable Robert Keable (6 March 1887 – 22 December 1927) was a British novelist, formerly a missionary and priest in the Church of England. He resigned his ministry following his experiences in the First World War and caused a scandal with his 1921 novel "Simon Called Peter", the tale of a priest's wartime affair with a young nurse. The book sold 600,000 copies in the 1920s alone, was referenced in "The Great Gatsby", and was cited in a double murder investigation. Fêted in the United States, but critically less than well-received, Keable moved to Tahiti where he continued to write, producing both novels and theological works, until his death at age 40 of a kidney complaint.

neg: Zachary Taylor (clergyman) Zachary Taylor (1653–1705) was an English clergyman, known for his controversial writings. One of his opponents dubbed him the "Lancashire Levite".

neg: Henry Morton Robinson Henry Morton Robinson (September 7, 1898 – January 13, 1961) was an American novelist, best known for "A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake" written with Joseph Campbell and his 1950 novel "The Cardinal", which "Time" magazine reported was "The year's most popular book, fiction or nonfiction."

neg: When Christ and His Saints Slept When Christ and His Saints Slept is a historical novel written by Sharon Kay Penman, published in 1995. It is the first of Penman's Plantagenet trilogy, (ultimately five books) followed by "Time and Chance", "Devil's Brood", "Lionheart" and "A King's Ransom". In the book Penman introduces the genesis of the Plantagenet dynasty as Empress Maude battles to secure her claim to the English throne, ultimately more for her young son Henry Plantagenet, than for herself. Penman chronicles the story of cousins Maude and Stephen as they fight for England’s throne.


query: What is the abbreviation of the military entity the Saint Patrick's Battalion fought as?

pos: Saint Patrick's Battalion The Saint Patrick's Battalion (Spanish: "Batallón de San Patricio" ), formed and led by John Riley, was a unit of 175 to several hundred immigrants (accounts vary) and expatriates of European descent who fought as part of the Mexican Army against the United States in the Mexican–American War of 1846–8. Most of the battalion's members had deserted or defected from the United States Army. The Battalion served as an artillery unit for much of the war. Despite later being formally designated as two infantry companies, it still retained artillery pieces throughout the conflict. In many ways, the battalion acted as the sole Mexican counterbalance to the recent U.S. innovation of horse artillery. The "San Patricios" were responsible for the toughest battles encountered by the United States in its invasion of Mexico, with Ulysses S. Grant remarking that "Churubusco proved to be about the severest battle fought in the valley of Mexico".

pos: Mexican Armed Forces The Mexican Armed Forces ("Fuerzas Armadas de México") are composed of two independent entities: the Mexican Army and the Mexican Navy. The Mexican Army includes the Mexican Air Force ("FAM"). The Presidential Guard, Military Police, and Special Forces are part of the Army, but have their own chains of command. The Mexican Navy includes the Naval Infantry Force and the Naval Aviation ("FAN").

neg: SPECOM SPECOM was the English acronym for Special Commando or Commando Speciale in French, the elite military unit and Special Operations force of the Royal Lao Armed Forces (commonly known by its French acronym FAR), which operated during the final phase of the Laotian Civil War from 1972 to 1975.

neg: Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) The Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Irish: "Óglaigh na hÉireann" ) was an Irish republican revolutionary paramilitary organisation. The ancestor to many groups also known as the Irish Republican Army, it was descended from the Irish Volunteers, an organisation established on 25 November 1913 that staged the Easter Rising in April 1916. In 1919, the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly (Dáil Éireann), and the Irish Volunteers were recognised by Dáil Éireann as its legitimate army. Thereafter, the IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against the British occupation of Ireland in the 1919–21 Irish War of Independence.

neg: Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade The Belfast Brigade of the Provisional IRA was the largest of the organisation's command areas, based in the city of Belfast. Founded in 1969, along with the formation of the Provisional IRA, it was historically organised into three battalions; the First Battalion based in the Andersonstown/Lenadoon/Twinbrook area of Southwest Belfast; the Second Battalion based in the Falls Road/Clonard/Ballymurphy district of West Belfast; and the Third Battalion organised in nationalist enclaves in the north (Ardoyne, New Lodge, Ligoniel), south (the Markets, Lower Ormeau) and east (Short Strand) of the city.

neg: 5 Service Battalion 5 Service Battalion (5 Svc Bn), or "5 Bataillon des services (5 Bon Svc)" in French, is a deployable field unit of the Canadian Forces. It provides second and limited third line Combat Service Support to units throughout 2nd Canadian Division (2 CA Div). Located at CFB Valcartier, 5 Svc Bn is composed of a Battalion Headquarters and four functional companies: Transportation, Supply, Maintenance, and Administration. Administration Company is unique in that it provides first line support to the battalion itself, while the remaining companies provide second and limited third line support to units across 2 CA Div.

neg: St Patrick's Barracks St Patrick's Barracks was a military installation in Ballymena.

neg: Order of Malta Ambulance Corps The Order of Malta Ireland - Ambulance Corps is a voluntary ambulance and first aid organisation operating in Ireland in affilitation with the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, founded in 1938. Its purposes include teaching first aid, providing ambulance cover at large events, patient transport, community and nursing services. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has 5,000+ volunteers throughout the island of Ireland. Its headquarters are located in Saint John House, 32 Clyde Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, Ireland.

neg: UDA South Belfast Brigade The UDA South Belfast Brigade is the section of the Ulster loyalist paramilitary group, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), based in the southern quarter of Belfast, as well as in surrounding areas. Initially a battalion, the South Belfast Brigade emerged from the local "defence associations" active in the city at the beginning of the Troubles. It subsequently emerged as the largest of the UDA's six brigades and expanded to cover an area much wider than its initial South Belfast borders.

neg: Isle of Wight Rifles The 8th Battalion, The Hampshire Regiment, Princess Beatrice's Isle of Wight Rifles, known informally as the "Isle of Wight Rifles" was formed to defend the Isle of Wight after a 19th-century invasion scare. The unit served as infantry during World War I, and as coastal defence artillery during World War II. Postwar it converted to the air defence role.

neg: Antigua and Barbuda Regiment The Antigua and Barbuda Regiment is the infantry unit and main fighting arm of the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force. Previously known as the Rifle Company, it was formed in 1995 and consists of a single light infantry battalion, commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel and made up of four companies:

neg: Connaught Rangers The Connaught Rangers ("The Devil's Own") was an Irish line infantry regiment of the British Army formed by the amalgamation of the 88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers) (which formed the "1st Battalion") and the 94th Regiment of Foot (which formed the "2nd Battalion") in July 1881. Between the time of its formation and Irish independence, it was one of eight Irish regiments raised largely in Ireland, its home depot in Galway. It was disbanded with the Partition of Ireland following establishment of the independent Irish Free State in 1922, along with the other five regiments that had their traditional recruiting grounds in the counties of the new state.

neg: 1st Special Service Brigade The 1st Special Service Brigade was a commando brigade of the British Army. Formed during the Second World War, it consisted of elements of the British Army (including British Commandos) and the Royal Marines. The brigade's component units saw action individually in Norway and the Dieppe Raid (in France), before being combined under one commander for service in Normandy during Operation Overlord. On 6 December 1944, the Brigade was redesignated 1st Commando Brigade, removing the hated title "Special Service" and its association with the German SS.

neg: Military Administration (Nazi Germany) During World War II, Nazi Germany created military-led regimes in occupied territories which were known as a Military administration or Military administration authority (de: "Militärverwaltung"). These differed from "Reichskommissariate" which were led by Nazi Party officials. A "Military administration" was normally led by a "military commander" ("Militärbefehlshaber", official acronym "MilBfh.").

neg: Naval Operations Command (Ireland) Naval Operations Command is the principal command component of the Irish Naval Service responsible for all day-to-day activities of the service, both at sea and on shore. One of three major command components of the NS this command is responsible for overseeing the work and mission objectives of all Irish naval vessels at sea who report directly to Naval Operations Command at Naval Base Haulbowline. The command is a direct subordinate to Naval Headquarters (NHQ) and is overseen by Officer Commanding Naval Operations Command (OCNOC). The OCNOC reports directly to the head of the Irish Naval Service, the Flag Officer Commanding Naval Service (FOCNS).

neg: Official Ireland "Official Ireland" (Irish: "Éire Oifigiúil" ) is a term widely used in the Republic of Ireland to denote The Establishment. It refers to the most powerful figures in the media, the Catholic Church, and the political parties, who control the national debate.

neg: Reserve Police Battalion 33 Reserve Police Battalion 33, "Ostland", (German: "Polizei-Bataillon 33, also: Polizei-Bataillon "Ostland"" ) was a militarised unit of the German Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) in World War II. For the first three months between August and October 1941 – according to Latvian Museum of Occupation – its official name was Police Reserve Battalion "Ostland" ("Polizei-Reserve-Bataillon "Ostland"") and, from October 1941, the 33rd Reserve Police Battalion ("Reserve-Polizei-Bataillon 33"). The 1st Company of Battalion 33 was known as "Ostlandkompanie". It was composed largely of Estonian "Volksdeutsche".

neg: Troupes coloniales The Troupes coloniales ("Colonial Troops") or Armée coloniale ("Colonial Army"), commonly called La Coloniale, were the military forces of the French colonial empire from 1900 until 1961. From 1822 to 1900 these troops were designated "Troupes de marine" ("Marine Troops" or just "Marines"), and in 1961 they readopted this name. They were recruited from mainland France or from the French settler and indigenous populations of the empire. This force played a substantial role in the conquest of the empire, in World War I, World War II, the First Indochina War and the Algerian War.

neg: St John Ambulance Ireland St John Ambulance Ireland (SJAI), formally known as the St John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland, is a charitable voluntary organisation in Ireland. For constitutional reasons it is not a full member association of the Venerable Order of Saint John and the international St. John Ambulance movement, but rather is classed as an "associated body". The organisation is dedicated to the teaching and practice of medical first aid. It is engaged in first aid training to the public, providing first aid and ambulance cover at public events, patient transport and community services.

neg: Moira (military) Moira (Greek: , pronounced "míra", plural μοῖραι ) is a Greek term for a military formation. Etymologically, it is derived from the roots *μερ- and *μορ-, which mean "to part". "Moira" therefore means "a part, a division", and is cognate with the similar term "meros". In the Byzantine period, it was used to denote brigade or division-sized commands, while in the modern Greek military, it is used by some branches to designate battalion-sized units.

neg: Volunteer (Irish republican) Volunteer, often abbreviated Vol., is a term used by a number of Irish republican paramilitary organisations to describe their members. Among these have been the various forms of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). "Óglach " is the equivalent title in the Irish language.

neg: Sri Lanka Army The Sri Lanka Army (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදාව "Shri Lanka Yuddha Hamudāva"; Tamil: இலங்கை இராணுவம் "Ilankai iraṇuvam") is the oldest and largest of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces and is the nation's army. Established as the Ceylon Army in 1949, it was renamed when Sri Lanka became a republic in 1972. In 2010, the Army had approximately 200,000 regular personnel, between 20,000–40,000 reserve personnel and 18,000 National Guardsmen and comprises 13 operational divisions, one air-mobile brigade, one commando brigade, one special forces brigade, one independent armored brigade, three mechanized infantry brigades and over 40 infantry brigades. From the 1980s to 2009 the army was engaged in the Sri Lankan Civil War.


query: Who is a guest appearance on Live @ Club U, Volume II?

pos: Live @ Club U, Volume II Live @ Club U, Volume II (also referred to as Old School Go-Go Meets Old School Hip-Hop) is a live album released on July 29, 2003, by the Washington, D.C-based go-go band Rare Essence. The album is follow-up to the 2001 album "Doin' It Old School Style" (also recorded live at Club U) and features guest appearances by Doug E. Fresh & the Get Fresh Crew and Anthony "Lil' Benny" Harley.

pos: Doug E. Fresh Douglas E. Davis (born September 17, 1966), better known by the stage name Doug E. Fresh, is a Barbadian born American rapper, record producer, and beatboxer, also known as the Human Beat Box. The pioneer of 20th-century American beatboxing, Fresh is able to accurately imitate drum machines and various special effects using only his mouth, lips, gums, throat, tongue and a microphone.

neg: U-Jean U-Jean is an American born-German pop, R&B and hip-hop artist. He is most known for featuring on the songs "Turn This Club Around" and "Animal" by German dance band R.I.O.. His debut single "Heaven Is a Place on Earth", a cover of the Belinda Carlisle song, was released on 17 June 2011. The song features vocals from Carlprit.

neg: Some of My Best Rappers Are Friends Some of My Best Rappers Are Friends is the second mixtape by American R&B and soul recording artist The World Famous Tony Williams, released for free on January 13, 2012. It was presented by The Source Magazine, YouHeardThatNew.com & CloudKicker Clothing. "Some of My Best Rappers Are Friends" features guest appearances from Kanye West, Macklemore, Wale, Big K.R.I.T., Outlawz, Emilio Rojas, Freddie Gibbs, King Chip, GLC, STS, Mama Sol, Mickey Factz, Fonzworth Bentley, Kyle Lucas, CyHi The Prynce, Vonnegutt, Naledge, Gary the Storyteller, Fred Nukes and Kid Daytona.

neg: Guest appearance In show business, a guest appearance is the participation of an outsider performer (such as a musician or actor) in an event such as a music record or concert, show, etc., when the performer does not belong to the regular cast, band or other performing group. In music, such an outside performer is often referred to as a guest artist. In performance art, the terms guest role or guest star are also common, the latter term specifically indicating the guest appearance of a celebrity. The latter is often also credited as "special guest star" or "special musical guest star" by some production companies.

neg: Shock G Gregory Jacobs, commonly known by his stage name Shock G (as well as by his alter ego Humpty Hump) is an American musician and rapper, known as the lead vocalist for the hip hop group Digital Underground. He is responsible for Digital Underground's "The Humpty Dance", 2Pac's breakthrough single "I Get Around", and co-producer of 2Pac's debut album "2Pacalypse Now".

neg: Peter Rauhofer Peter Rauhofer (29 April 1965 – 7 May 2013) was a disc jockey (DJ), remixer and producer who formerly went under the moniker Club 69 as well as Size Queen. A native of Vienna, Austria, he was famous for a variety of his remixes including Cher's "Believe" and a number of Madonna's songs including "Nothing Really Matters", "American Life", "Nothing Fails", "Nobody Knows Me", "Get Together", "Impressive Instant" and "4 Minutes", as well as her collaboration with Britney Spears, "Me Against the Music" and various collaborations with Janet Jackson ("Throb" and "Just A Little While" to name a few). He has also provided remixes for Whitney Houston, Jessica Simpson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Yoko Ono, Pink, Tori Amos, Pet Shop Boys, Depeche Mode, Yazoo, Frankie Goes To Hollywood, Book Of Love, Soft Cell, Duran Duran and Mariah Carey, among others. He was also behind the tribal house record label Star 69 and was a frequent producer of the label's releases.

neg: Formal Invite "Formal Invite" is the second single from Ray J's album "This Ain't a Game". It peaked at #35 on "Billboard" magazine's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales chart. Bobby Brown, Philly's Most Wanted, Tweet from Next and Derek Fisher of the Los Angeles Lakers made cameo appearances in the video shot for the song.

neg: Utada Hikaru Utada Hikaru (宇多田 ヒカル , born January 19, 1983) , who also goes by the mononym Utada ( ), is a Japanese American singer and songwriter. She debuted under the stage name "Cubic U" in 1998, releasing the English-language album "Precious", but rose to prominence in 1999 with the release of her second album (and first Japanese-language release), "First Love", which sold over eight million copies in Japan and became the best selling Japanese-language album of all time.

neg: 601 to the 615 601 To The 615 is a mixtape by rappers Young Buck & Boo Rossini hosted by DJ D.A. and Bigga Rankin. The mixtape features exclusive tracks and freestyles from Boo Rossini & Young Buck. Guest appearances include Young Jeezy, Slick Pulla, Young Breed, Yo Gotti, Lil Wayne and more.

neg: Ciara: Live in Concert Ciara: Live in Concert was the debut concert tour of American recording artist Ciara. It supported her second studio album, "" (2006) and visited venues in the United States and Canada. The 16-city club tour began on October 26 and ended on December 10, 2006. Previously unreleased tracks from her then-upcoming second album were previewed during the tour. The singer described the tour as an exclusive event for fans to showcase the album's musical direction. Ciara: Live in Concert was accompanied by various radio concerts and a concert with hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas.

neg: Your Face Sounds Familiar (Philippines season 2) The second season of "Your Face Sounds Familiar" was a singing and impersonation competition for celebrities on ABS-CBN. Sharon Cuneta, Gary Valenciano and Jed Madela reprise their duties as judges. Billy Crawford also returns as host; however, he is accompanied by Melai Cantiveros the winner of the first season.

neg: Ransom 2 Ransom 2 is the debut studio album by American record producer Mike Will Made It. It is the sequel to his 2014 mixtape "Ransom", and was released on March 24, 2017. The album features guest appearances by Kendrick Lamar, Rae Sremmurd, Big Sean, Lil Wayne, YG, Pharrell Williams, 2 Chainz, Young Thug, Chief Keef, and others.

neg: Occasion: Connick on Piano, Volume 2 Occasion: Connick on Piano, Volume 2 is an instrumental album recorded in 2005, presenting Harry Connick Jr. on piano and Branford Marsalis on saxophone, playing their own jazz compositions.

neg: II (Kurious album) II is the second studio album by American rapper Kurious. It was released on Amalgam Digital on June 30, 2009.

neg: Guru's Jazzmatazz, Vol. 2: The New Reality Guru's Jazzmatazz, Vol. 2: The New Reality is the second studio album by American hip hop recording artist Guru. This second release to the "Jazzmatazz" series slightly toned down the jazz rap punch that made the first volume memorable. It was nevertheless critically acclaimed in its own right. Guests featured on this release include Freddie Hubbard, Donald Byrd, Ramsey Lewis, Kool Keith, Patra and Jamiroquai; other musicians reprising their roles from the previous release include Branford Marsalis, Courtney Pine and Ronny Jordan.

neg: Evillive II Evillive II is a live album by The Misfits. It was released by Caroline Records and was exclusively available through The Misfits' fan club, called the Fiend Club, on August 14, 1998. The live songs were culled from seven concerts that took place from October 31, 1997 through March 10, 1998. The album features the 'resurrected' version of The Misfits with Michale Graves, Jerry Only, Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein and Dr. Chud.

neg: Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy is the second studio album by American hip hop collective ASAP Mob. It was released on August 25, 2017, by ASAP Worldwide, Polo Grounds Music and RCA Records. The album features guest appearances from Big Sean, Playboi Carti, Pro Era, Quavo, Lil Uzi Vert, Lil Yachty, Chief Keef, Gucci Mane, Schoolboy Q, Frank Ocean, Jaden Smith, Smooky Margielaa and Flatbush Zombies. It was preceded by two singles, "RAF" featuring ASAP Rocky, Playboi Carti, Quavo, Lil Uzi Vert and Frank Ocean, and "Feels So Good" featuring ASAP Rocky, ASAP Ferg, ASAP Nast, ASAP Twelvyy and ASAP Ant.

neg: Vol.2 (Goo Goo Dolls album) Vol.2 is a compilation album by American rock band Goo Goo Dolls, serving as the second volume to "". It consists of two discs: one, a CD with previously unreleased tracks, b-sides, rarities, new covers, fan favorites and live performances; the other, a DVD with 23 music videos and videos from live performances. A limited edition of the album with the entire Red Rocks concert on the DVD is available on the Goo Goo Dolls website.

neg: Michelle Visage Michelle Lynn Shupack (born September 20, 1968), professionally known by her stage name Michelle Visage, is an American singer, television host, radio DJ, author, and television personality. She began her career as a member of the female vocal trio Seduction. After the band's separation, Visage became the lead singer for The S.O.U.L. S.Y.S.T.E.M. in 1992. She also featured as a guest vocalist on the single "Crash" for TKA.

neg: When I See U "When I See U" is a song recorded by American recording artist Fantasia Barrino for her second studio album, "Fantasia" (2004). It written by Louis Biancaniello, Waynne Nugent, Erika Nuri, Kevin Risto, Janet Sewell, Sam Watters, and produced by Midi Mafia along with Mzmeriq. A mid-tempo contemporary R&B ballad, it was released to positive reviews by critics as the album's second single in April 2007. Its digital release spawned several remixes, three of which featured rappers Remy Ma, Young Jeezy, Lumidee, B.G. and Polow da Don.

neg: ♯JusticeForFlint Initiated by "Creed" director Ryan Coogler and "Selma" director Ava DuVernay, the free public event was held at the Whiting Auditorium in Flint, Michigan. Hosted by comedian Hannibal Buress, it featured singers Janelle Monáe and Ledisi, as well as actor-activists Jesse Williams and Jussie Smollett, amongst others. Surprising star guest was "King of Motown" Stevie Wonder, who teamed up with Monáe for "Hell You Talkin' Bout", a protest song she had written for the people of Flint.


query: Who was responsible for the massacre that led to suzanna hupp's book "From Luby’s to the Legislature: One Woman’s Fight Against Gun Control"?

pos: Suzanna Hupp Suzanna Gratia Hupp, DC (born September 28, 1959), is a former Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives, who represented traditionally Democratic District 54 (Bell, Burnet, and Lampasas counties) for ten years from 1997–2007. After surviving the Luby's shooting in 1991, Hupp became a leading advocate of an individual's right to carry a concealed weapon. Hupp was elected to her first of five consecutive terms in 1996. She did not seek a sixth two-year term in 2006. She has also written a book called "From Luby’s to the Legislature: One Woman’s Fight Against Gun Control", published by Privateer Publications, San Antonio, Texas.

pos: Luby's shooting The Luby's shooting, also known as the Luby's massacre, was a mass shooting that took place on October 16, 1991, at a Luby's restaurant in Killeen, Texas, United States. The perpetrator, George Hennard, drove his pickup truck through the front window of the restaurant, and immediately shot and killed 23 people, and wounded 27 others before fatally shooting himself. It is the fourth deadliest massacre by a single shooter in U.S. history.

neg: Bus massacre The Bus Massacre, also known as the "Ain el-Rammaneh incident" (or massacre), was the collective name given to a short series of armed clashes involving Lebanese Christian and Palestinian elements in the streets of central Beirut, which is commonly presented as the spark that set off the Lebanese Civil War in the mid-1970s.

neg: University of Iowa shooting The University of Iowa shooting took place in Iowa City, Iowa, on November 1, 1991. The gunman was Gang Lu, a 28-year-old former graduate student at the University. He killed four members of the university's faculty and a student; he left another student seriously injured, before committing suicide.

neg: Kampala wedding massacre The Kampala wedding massacre was a mass murder that occurred at a wedding party in the Naguru neighborhood of Kampala, Uganda on June 26, 1994. The perpetrator, Richard Komakech, shot and killed 26 people at the party before he was apprehended and subsequently killed in revenge.

neg: 2012 Aurora shooting On July 20, 2012, a mass shooting occurred inside a Century 16 movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, during a midnight screening of the film "The Dark Knight Rises". A gunman, dressed in tactical clothing, set off tear gas grenades and shot into the audience with multiple firearms. Twelve people were killed and 70 others were injured, the largest number of casualties in a shooting in the United States until the Orlando nightclub shooting four years later. This also was the deadliest shooting in Colorado since the Columbine High School massacre in 1999. The sole assailant, James Eagan Holmes, was arrested in his car outside the cinema minutes later. Prior to the shooting, Holmes rigged his apartment with homemade explosives, which were defused by a bomb squad a day after the shooting.

neg: Taiyuan massacre The Taiyuan massacre took place during the Boxer Rebellion, July 9, 1900, in Taiyuan, Shanxi province, North China. Reports at the time alleged that Yuxian, governor of Shanxi, ordered the killings of 45 Christian missionaries and village Christians, including children.

neg: Jane Hurshman Jane Hurshman Corkum (January 25, 1949 – February 22, 1992) was a Canadian, best known for having killed her abusive husband Lamont William "Billy" Stafford in 1982, for which and for being acquitted of his murder.

neg: Battle of Kelley Creek The Battle of Kelley Creek, also known as the Last Massacre, is often considered to be one of the last known massacres carried out between Native Americans and forces of the United States, and was a closing event to occur near the end of the American Indian warfare era. In January 1911 a small group of Bannocks and Shoshones killed four investigative agents in a ranch after they had been pursued for abducting cattle. A posse of policemen and citizens was sent to track the natives, who were found encamped near Winnemucca, Nevada, in a region known as Kelley Creek. A largely one-sided battle ensued on February 25 that ended with the direct deaths of nine people, eight Daggetts and one mortally wounded American. At the time the affair was briefly characterized as a Native American revolt, though it is now mostly regarded as a family's attempted escape from law enforcement.

neg: Columbine High School massacre The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine, an unincorporated area of Jefferson County in the American state of Colorado. In addition to the shootings, the complex and highly planned attack involved a fire bomb to divert firefighters, propane tanks converted to bombs placed in the cafeteria, 99 explosive devices, and carbombs. The perpetrators, senior students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, murdered 12 students and one teacher. They injured 21 additional people, and three more were injured while attempting to escape the school. The pair subsequently committed suicide.

neg: School shooting A school shooting is a form of mass shooting involving an armed attack on an educational institution, such as a school or university. The U.S. Secret Service defines them as shootings where schools are "deliberately selected as the location for the attack". These shootings have sparked a political debate over gun violence, zero tolerance policies and gun control. While educational institutions are subject to attacks by outside terrorist groups (for example the Garissa University College attack), this article mainly covers students who plan and carry out murders on their campuses.

neg: Houla massacre The Houla massacre (Arabic: مجزرة الحولة  ) was an attack that took place on May 25, 2012, in the midst of the Syrian Civil War, in the town of Taldou, in the Houla Region of Syria, a string of towns northwest of Homs. According to the United Nations, 108 people were killed, including 34 women and 49 children. While a small proportion of the deaths appeared to have resulted from artillery and tank rounds used against Taldou, the U.N. later announced that most of the massacre's victims had been "summarily executed in two separate incidents". UN investigators have reported that some witnesses and survivors stated that the massacre was committed by pro-government Shabiha. In August 2012 UN investigators released a report which stated that it was likely that Syrian troops and Shabiha militia were responsible for the massacre, concluding that: "On the basis of available evidence, the commission has a reasonable basis to believe that the perpetrators of the deliberate killing of civilians, at both the Abdulrazzak and Al-Sayed family locations, were aligned to the Government. It rests this conclusion on its understanding of access to the crime sites, the loyalties of the victims, the security layout in the area including the position of the government’s water authority checkpoint and the consistent testimonies of victims and witnesses with direct knowledge of the events. This conclusion is bolstered by the lack of credible information supporting other possibilities."

neg: Hanapepe massacre The Hanapēpē Massacre (also called the Battle of Hanapēpē since both sides were armed) happened on September 9, 1924. Toward the end of a long-lasting strike of Filipino sugar workers on Kauaʻ i, Hawaiʻ i, local police shot dead nine strikers and fatally wounded seven, strikers shot and stabbed three sheriffs to death and fatally wounded one; a total of 20 people died. The massacre brought an end to armed protests in Hawaii.

neg: Kirkwood City Council shooting The Kirkwood City Council shooting occurred on February 7, 2008, in Kirkwood, Missouri, United States; a suburb of St. Louis, Missouri in St. Louis County. A gunman went on a shooting rampage at a public meeting in the city hall, leaving six people dead and two others injured. Charles Lee "Cookie" Thornton, 52, shot one police officer with a revolver across the side street from city hall and took the officer's handgun before entering city hall. Thornton reached council chambers with these two pistols shortly after the meeting began. There, he shot a police officer, the public works director, two council members, the mayor, and a reporter. In total, the gunman killed five and wounded two others; one of the two wounded victims, the mayor, later died. He was then shot and killed by police.

neg: Wilmington insurrection of 1898 The Wilmington insurrection of 1898, also known as the Wilmington massacre of 1898 or the Wilmington race riot of 1898, began in Wilmington, North Carolina on November 10, 1898 and continued for several days. It is considered a turning point in post-Reconstruction North Carolina politics. The event marks an era of more severe racial segregation and effective disenfranchisement of African-Americans throughout the South, a shift already underway since passage by Mississippi of a new constitution in 1890 raising barriers to voter registration. Laura Edwards wrote in "Democracy Betrayed" (2000), "What happened in Wilmington became an affirmation of white supremacy not just in that one city, but in the South and in the nation as a whole."

neg: Hospital Creek Massacre In 1859 a stockman at Walcha Hut on the Lawson run was warned by Aborigines to release one of their women. When the stockman refused to release the woman, they were both killed. The settlers retaliated by shooting a large number of Aboriginal men, women and children. This event became known as the Hospital Creek Massacre.

neg: Great Raid of 1840 The Great Raid of 1840 was the largest raid ever mounted by Native Americans on white cities in what is now the United States. It followed the Council House Fight, in which Republic of Texas officials attempted to capture and take prisoner 33 Comanche chiefs who had come to negotiate a peace treaty, killing them together with two dozen of their family and followers. The Comanche tribe was supposed to have brought white hostages as their part of the negotiations but only brought one young girl who was mutilated. Arguments and fighting then broke out among the Texans and Comanches. The Texas Officials were determined to force the Comanche to release all white captives among them. To avenge what the Comanche viewed as a bitter betrayal by the Texans, the Comanche war chief Buffalo Hump raised a huge war party of many of the bands of the Comanche, and raided deep into white-settled areas of Southeast Texas.

neg: Hugh Hornby Birley Hugh Hornby Birley (10 March 1778 – 31 July 1845) was a leading Manchester millowner and Tory who is reputed to have led the fatal charge of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry at the Peterloo Massacre on 16 August 1819.

neg: Cypress Hills Massacre The Cypress Hills Massacre was a mass murder that occurred on June 1, 1873, in the Cypress Hills region of Battle Creek, North-West Territories (now in Saskatchewan). It involved a group of American bison hunters, American wolf hunters or 'wolfers', American and Canadian whisky traders, Métis cargo haulers or 'freighters', and a camp of Assiniboine people. An estimated twenty or more Natives and one wolfer died. The Cypress Hills Massacre prompted the Canadian government to accelerate the recruitment and deployment of the newly formed North-West Mounted Police to prevent further conflict.

neg: Carl Drega Carl Drega (January 19, 1935 – August 19, 1997) was a man from Bow, New Hampshire, who killed two state troopers, a judge and a newspaper editor and wounded three other law enforcement officers before being shot to death in a firefight with police. His story is chronicled in the book "The Ballad of Carl Drega" by Vin Suprynowicz.

neg: Cincinnati riots of 1884 The Cincinnati riots of 1884, also known as the Cincinnati Courthouse riots, were caused by public outrage over the decision of a jury to return a verdict of manslaughter in what was seen as a clear case of murder. A mob in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, attempted to find and lynch the perpetrator. In the violence that followed over the next few days, more than 50 people died and the courthouse was destroyed. It was one of the most destructive riots in American history.

neg: Young Brothers massacre The Young Brothers massacre (sometimes referred to as the Brookline shootout) was a gun battle that occurred outside of Brookline, Missouri (now part of Republic, Missouri) in the Ozarks region on the afternoon of January 2, 1932, during the period known as the “Public Enemy Era”. It resulted in the deaths of six law enforcement officers, making it the worst single killing of U.S. police officers in the 20th century.