query: What type of art, best known for its visual artworks and writings, did Australian abstract artist Aelita Andre, engage in?

pos: Aelita Andre Aelita Andre (born 9 January 2007) is an Australian abstract artist known for her Surrealist painting style and her young age. She began to paint when aged nine months, and her work was displayed publicly in a group exhibition shortly after she turned two. Her first solo exhibition opened in New York City in June 2011, when she was four years old.

pos: Surrealism Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects, and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself. Its aim was to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality".

neg: Allan D'Arcangelo Allan D'Arcangelo (June 16, 1930 in Buffalo, New York – December 17, 1998 in New York City, New York) was an American artist and printmaker, best known for his paintings of highways and road signs that border on pop art and minimalism, precisionism and hard-edge painting, and also surrealism. His subject matter is distinctly American and evokes, at times, a cautious outlook on the future of this country.

neg: List of public art in the City of Sydney Public art in the City of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia includes a wide range of works across a range of genres and for a range of purposes or combination of purposes. Some are purely artistic, some are commemorative, some are both. Some are monuments or memorials; some are also fountains and some are site-specific and in some buildings, such as Australia Square and Grosvenor Place by Harry Seidler and Aurora Place by Renzo Piano, the art is a component of the architect's intentions. The City of Sydney has a Public Art Policy. Conservation work is carried on from time to time to maintain the works.

neg: Pamela Irving Pamela Irving (born 1960) is an Australian visual artist specialising in bronze, ceramic and mosaic sculptures as well as printmaking and copper etchings. In addition to her extensive art work, Irving has lectured in art and ceramics at Monash University, the Melbourne College of Advanced Education, the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) and the Chisholm Institute of Technology. She also worked as an art critic for the Geelong Advertiser and was a councillor on the Craft Council of Victoria.

neg: Greer Honeywill Greer Honeywill (born 1945 in Adelaide, South Australia) is an Australian conceptual artist. Her work covers sculptural conventions, autobiography and critical thinking.

neg: Abstract photography Abstract photography, sometimes called non-objective, experimental, conceptual or concrete photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials. An abstract photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene in order to remove its inherent context from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create a seemingly unreal appearance from real objects, or it may involve the use of color, light, shadow, texture, shape and/or form to convey a feeling, sensation or impression. The image may be produced using traditional photographic equipment like a camera, darkroom or computer, or it may be created without using a camera by directly manipulating film, paper or other photographic media, including digital presentations.

neg: Irish Exhibition of Living Art The Irish Exhibition of Living Art (IELA) was a yearly exhibition of Irish abstract expressionism and avant-garde Irish art that was started in 1943 by Mainie Jellett.

neg: Erotica Erotica (from the Greek ἔρως, "eros" "desire") is any artistic work that deals substantively with erotically stimulating or sexually arousing subject matter. All forms of art may depict erotic content, including painting, sculpture, photography, drama, film, music or literature. Erotica has high-art aspirations, differentiating it from commercial pornography.

neg: American Abstract Artists American Abstract Artists (AAA) was formed in 1936 in New York City, to promote and foster public understanding of abstract art. American Abstract Artists exhibitions, publications, and lectures helped to establish the organization as a major forum for the exchange and discussion of ideas, and for presenting abstract art to a broader public. The American Abstract Artists group contributed to the development and acceptance of abstract art in the United States and has a historic role in its avant-garde. It is one of the few artists’ organizations to survive from the Great Depression and continue into the 21st century.

neg: Hermannsburg School The Hermannsburg School is an art movement, or art style, which began at the Hermannsburg Mission in the 1930s. The best known artist of the style is Albert Namatjira. The movement is characterised by watercolours of western-style landscapes that depict the often striking colours of the Australian outback.

neg: Art Gallery of New South Wales The Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW), located in The Domain in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, is the most important public gallery in Sydney and one of the largest in Australia. The Gallery's first public exhibition opened in 1874. Admission is free to the general exhibition space, which displays Australian art (from settlement to contemporary), European and Asian art. A dedicated Asian Gallery was opened in 2003.

neg: Yininmadyemi - Thou didst let fall Yininmadyemi - Thou didst let fall is a sculptural artwork by Indigenous Australian artist Tony Albert located in Hyde Park, Sydney. Unveiled on 31 March 2015, the artwork acknowledges the service of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men and women in the Australian Defence Force.

neg: Kathleen Petyarre Kathleen Petyarre (born Kweyetwemp Petyarre; c.1940) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. Her art refers directly to her country and her Dreamings. Petyarre's paintings have occasionally been compared to the works of American Abstract Expressionists Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko, and even to those of J.M.W. Turner. She has won several awards and is considered one of the 'most collectible artists in Australia'. Her works are in great demand at auctions. However, due to ongoing health problems, she has now all but retired from painting.

neg: Arts in Australia The Arts in Australia refers to the art produced in the area of, on the subject of, or by the people of the Commonwealth of Australia and its preceding Indigenous and colonial societies. Indigenous Australian art, music and story telling attaches to a 40–60,000-year heritage and continues to affect the broader arts and culture of Australia. During its early western history, Australia was a collection of British colonies, therefore, its literary, visual and theatrical traditions began with strong links to the broader traditions of English and Irish literature, British art and English and Celtic music. However, the works of Australian artists – including Indigenous as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians – has, since 1788, introduced the character of a new continent to the global arts scene – exploring such themes as Aboriginality, Australian landscape, migrant and national identity, distance from other Western nations and proximity to Asia, the complexities of urban living and the "beauty and the terror" of life in the Australian bush.

neg: Charles Blackman Charles Blackman OBE (born 12 August 1928), is an Australian painter, noted for the "Schoolgirl" and "Alice in Wonderland" series of the 1950s. He was a member of the Antipodeans, a group of Melbourne painters that also included Arthur Boyd, David Boyd, John Brack, Robert Dickerson, John Perceval and Clifton Pugh. He was married for 27 years to the noted author, essayist, poet, librettist and patron of the arts, Barbara Patterson Blackman.

neg: Australian studies Australia studies is the academic field of cultural studies of Australia.

neg: Vivien Johnson Vivien Johnson is an Australian sociologist, writer on Indigenous Australian art, and editor-in-chief of the Dictionary of Australian Artists Online.

neg: Sidney Janis Sidney Janis (July 8, 1896 – November 23, 1989) was a wealthy clothing manufacturer and art collector who opened an art gallery in New York in 1948. His gallery quickly gained prominence, for he not only exhibited the work of most of the emerging leaders of Abstract Expressionism, but also that of such important European artists as Pierre Bonnard, Paul Klee, Joan Miró, and Piet Mondrian. As the critic Clement Greenberg explained in a 1958 tribute to the dealer, Janis' exhibition practices had helped to establish the legitimacy of the Americans, for his policy "not only implied, it declared, that Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Phillip Guston, Mark Rothko, and Robert Motherwell were to be judged by the same standards as Matisse and Picasso, without condescension, without making allowances." Greenberg observed that in the late 1940s "the real issue was whether ambitious artists could live in this country by what they did ambitiously. Sidney Janis helped as much as anyone to see that it was decided affirmatively."

neg: Rene Kulitja Rene Kulitja (born 1958), also known as Wanuny Kulitja, is an Aboriginal Australian artist. She works with a range of media, including paint, glass and ceramics. Her most famous design is probably "Yananyi Dreaming", which covers a Qantas Boeing 737.

neg: Indigenous Australian art Indigenous Australian art or Australian Aboriginal art is art made by the Indigenous peoples of Australia and in collaborations between Indigenous Australians and others. It includes works in a wide range of media including painting on leaves, wood carving, rock carving, sculpting, ceremonial clothing and sand painting. This article discusses works that pre-date European colonisation as well as contemporary Indigenous Australian art by Aboriginal Australians. These have been studied in recent years and have gained much international recognition.

neg: Pat Larter Patricia Larter (1936-1996) was an Australian artist who worked across mail art, video, photography, performance and painting. She was "one of the leading figures in the movement known as 'international mail art'". She is credited with coining the term "femail art" that was taken up by other mail artists around the world.


query: Which peoples inhabited this territory where Saint Walpurga was an abbess in the 8th century?

pos: Walpurgis Night Walpurgis Night is the English translation of Walpurgisnacht ] , one of the Dutch and German names for the night of 30 April, so called because it is the eve of the feast day of Saint Walpurga, an 8th-century abbess in Francia. In Germanic folklore, Walpurgisnacht, also called "Hexennacht " (Dutch: "heksennacht" ), literally "Witches' Night", is believed to be the night of a witches' meeting on the Brocken, the highest peak in the Harz Mountains, a range of wooded hills in central Germany between the rivers Weser and Elbe. The first known written occurrence of the English translation "Walpurgis Night" is from the 19th century. Local variants of Walpurgis Night are observed throughout Europe in the Netherlands, Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, and Estonia. In Denmark, the tradition with bonfires to fence off the witches going to the Brocken is observed as Saint John's Eve—essentially a midsummer celebration "with witches".

pos: Francia Francia or Frankia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks (Latin: "Regnum Francorum" ), Frankish Kingdom, Frankish Empire, Frankish Realm or occasionally Frankland, was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks, a confederation of West Germanic tribes, during late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages.

neg: Winibald Winibald (Winebald, Winnibald, Wunebald, Wynbald) (died 18 December 768) was abbot of the Benedictine double monastery of Heidenheim am Hahnenkamm. Traditionally, he is called the brother of Saint Willibald and Saint Walpurga.

neg: Hygeburg Hygeburg (floruit 780), also Hugeburc or Huneberc, was an Anglo-Saxon nun at the Abbey of Heidenheim in Germany.

neg: Wala of Corbie Wala (c. 755 – 31 August 836) was a son of Bernard, son of Charles Martel, and one of the principal advisers of his cousin Charlemagne, of Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious, and of Louis's son Lothair I. He succeeded his brother Adalard as abbot of Corbie and its new daughter foundation, Corvey, in 826 or 827.

neg: Turduli Oppidani The Turduli Oppidani or Turdulorum Oppida (Latin: "oppidums of the Turduli" or "Strongholds of the Turduli"), were a pre-Roman people of Lusitania in present-day Portugal, akin to the Lusitanians.

neg: Walfrid Walfrid, or Galfrido della Gherardesca, is an eighth-century saint from Pisa. Though he had six children with his long-time wife, Thesia, he and Thesia chose to enter the religious life. He was one of the founders of the Abbey of Palazzuolo on Monte Verde; his wife and one of his daughters took the veil in a convent built nearby. His favorite son, Gimfrid, caused Walfrid a great deal of trouble when he ran away from the monastery. Caught and permanently injured in his right hand, a penitent Gimfrid was brought back to the monastery, which he presided over after Walfrid's death.

neg: Duchy of Bavaria The Duchy of Bavaria (German: "Herzogtum Bayern") was, from the sixth through the eighth century, a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom. It was settled by Bavarian tribes and ruled by dukes ("duces") under Frankish overlordship. A new duchy was created from this area during the decline of the Carolingian Empire in the late ninth century. It became one of the stem duchies of the East Frankish realm which evolved as the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire.

neg: Adelaide, Abbess of Vilich Adelaide, Abbess of Vilich (c. 970 – 5 February 1015, also known as Adelheid, was a German abbess and saint. She was the daughter of Megingoz des Brunharingen, Count of Guelders , and Gerberga of Metzgau, a granddaughter of Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks.

neg: Coelchu Coelchu (fl. latter half of the eighth century AD) was the abbot of the School of Clonmacnoise in Ireland.

neg: Sahrawi people The Sahrawi people (Arabic: صحراويون  "ṣaḥrāwīyūn "; Berber: ⵉⵙⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⴻⵏ "Iseḥrawiyen "; Moroccan Arabic: صحراوة "Ṣeḥrawa" ; Spanish: "Saharaui" ) are the people living in the western part of the Sahara desert which includes Western Sahara (claimed by the Polisario and mostly controlled by Morocco), other parts of southern Morocco not claimed by the Polisario, most of Mauritania, and the extreme southwest of Algeria.

neg: Barghawata The Barghawatas (also Barghwata or Berghouata) were a group of Berber tribes on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, belonging to the Masmuda confederacy. After allying with the Sufri Kharijite rebellion in Morocco against the Umayyad Caliphate, they established an independent state (CE 744 - 1058) in the area of Tamesna on the Atlantic coast between Safi and Salé under the leadership of Tarif al-Matghari.

neg: Ngwa The Ngwa ("Ṅgwà" ] ), an Igbo group, constitute the largest and most populous sub-ethnicity, or clan, in southeastern Nigeria. They occupy an area of about 1328 km2 , although some accounts read at least 900 sqmi . In 1979, their population was held at an estimate of approximately 1.5 million people. Their ethnonym "Ngwa" is used to describe the people, their indigenous territory, and their native tongue. King Josaiah Ndubuisi Wachuku, who died on Friday 2 June 1950, was Eze, paramount chief and servant leader head of the Ngwa people during British colonial times.

neg: Wamba (king) Wamba (Medieval Latin: "VVamba, Vamba, Wamba"; 643 – 687/688) was the king of the Visigoths from 672 to 680. During his reign, the Visigothic kingdom encompassed all of Hispania and part of southern Gaul known as Septimania.

neg: Celtici The Celtici (in Portuguese, Spanish, and Galician languages, "Célticos") were a Celtic tribe or group of tribes of the Iberian peninsula, inhabiting three definite areas: in what today are the regions of Alentejo and the Algarve in Portugal; in the Province of Badajoz and north of Province of Huelva in Spain, in the ancient "Baeturia"; and along the coastal areas of Galicia. Classical authors give various accounts of the Celtici's relationships with the Gallaeci, Celtiberians and Turdetani.

neg: Interamici The Interamici were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, near the border with Galicia (Spain).

neg: Berbers Berbers (Berber: "Mazices" / "Imaziɣen" / "Imazighen" singular: ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ "Amaziɣ" / "Amazigh") are an ethnolinguistic group indigenous to North Africa. They are distributed in an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Siwa Oasis in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Niger River. Historically, they spoke Berber languages, which together form the Berber branch of the Afroasiatic family. Since the Muslim conquest of North Africa in the seventh century, a large number of Berbers inhabiting the Maghreb (Tamazgha) have acquired different degrees of knowledge of varieties of the languages of North Africa. After the colonization of North Africa by France, "the French government succeeded in integrating the French language in Algeria by making French the official national language and requiring all education to take place in French." Foreign languages, mainly French and to some degree Spanish, inherited from former European colonial powers, are used by most educated Berbers in Algeria and Morocco in some formal contexts, such as higher education or business.

neg: Lusitanians The Lusitanians (or Latin: "Lusitani" ) were an Indo-European people living in the west of the Iberian Peninsula prior to its conquest by the Roman Republic and the subsequent incorporation of the territory into the Roman province of Lusitania (most of modern Portugal, Extremadura and a small part of the province of Salamanca).

neg: Piemare Piemare (Lithuanian: "Piemarė" ; Latin: "Bihavelanc" ) was one of the main Curonian kihelkonds with an administrative center in Esestua (Seeburg) before the 13th century. It was located between Bandava, Duvzare and the Baltic sea on the territory of present Liepāja district in Latvia. For the first time the territory was mentioned in the memorandum between Lamekin, king of Esestua and Baudouin of Aulne Abbey, cistercian monk, vicelegate of Pope Gregory IX on 28 December 1230. Toponyms were named in partition agreement between the Bishop of Courland and the Livonian Order in 1253. The territory included the following settlements (Latin: "villae" ): "Vārtaja, Tadaiķi, Ūsaiķi, Ilga, Līpa, Gavieze, Vārve, Padone, Peke, Okte, Ģelži, Lindale, Troista, Ievade, Dzēre, Boja, Droga, Krote, Apriķi, Ilmede, Diždupļi, Mazdupļi, Grobiņa, Neres, Stroķi, Tāši, Aistere, Vērgale, Rīva, Medze, Līva, Razge, Perkone, Dunalka, Prūši, Karkele, Dzintere, Saliena and Saka".

neg: Coelerni The Coelerni were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula), part of Calaician or Gallaeci people, living in what was to become the Roman Province of Hispania Citerior, convent of "Bracara Augusta" (the modern Portuguese city of Braga), in what is now the southern part of the province of Ourense (in Galicia).

neg: Battle of the Boarn The Battle of the Boarn (West Frisian: "Slach oan de Boarn" Dutch: "Slag aan de Boorne" ) was an eighth century battle between the Franks and the Frisians near the mouth of the river Boarn in what is now the Dutch province of Friesland.

neg: Bartians The Bartians (also "Barthi", "Barthoni", "Bartens", or "Barti") were an Old Prussian tribe who were among the last pagans of Europe before the Northern Crusades forced their conversion to Christianity. They lived in Bartia (also "Bartenland" or "Barthonia"), a territory that stretched from the middle and lower flow of Łyna river, by the Świna river, and Lake Mamry, up to the Galindian woods. The territory is quite precisely known from description in Chronicon terrae Prussiae, dated 1326.


query: The Bamboko are a Bantu ethnic group of the Republic of Cameroon, Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300–600 ethnic groups in which continent, who speak Bantu languages?

pos: Mboko people The Bamboko are a Bantu ethnic group of the Republic of Cameroon. They are part of the Sawa ethnic groups, those who live on the coast.

pos: Bantu peoples Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300–600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa. Bantu is a major branch of the Niger–Congo language family spoken by most populations in Africa. There are about 650 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and "Ethnologue" counts 535 languages.

neg: Fula people The Fula people or Fulani or Fulɓe (Fula: "Fulɓe" ; French: "Peul" ; Hausa: "Fulani or Hilani" ; Portuguese: "Fula" ; Wolof: "Pël" ; Bambara: "Fulaw" ), numbering between 20 and 25 million people in total, are one of the largest ethnic groups in the Sahel and West Africa, widely dispersed across the region. The Fula people are traditionally believed to have roots in peoples from North Africa and the Middle East, who later intermingled with local West African ethnic groups. As an ethnic group, they are bound together by the Fula language and their Islamic religious affiliation, their history and their culture.

neg: Languages of Cameroon Cameroon is home to nearly 250 languages. These include 55 Afro-Asiatic languages, 2 Nilo-Saharan languages, 4 Ubangian languages, and 169 Niger–Congo languages. This latter group comprises 1 Senegambian language (Fulfulde), 28 Adamawa languages, and 142 Benue–Congo languages (130 of which are Bantu languages).

neg: Bubi people The Bubi people (also known as Voove, Pove, Bobes, Boobes, Boobees, Boobies, Boubies, Adeeyahs, Adeejahs, Adijas, Ediyas, Eris, Fernando Poans, Fernandians and Bantu-speaking Bubi) are a Bantu ethnic group of Central Africa who are indigenous to Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Once the majority group in the region, the population experienced a sharp decline due to disease and outright killing sprees during Portuguese expeditions. By the end of Spanish colonial rule in the mid 20th century, and after substantial intermarriage with newly introduced populations, such as Afro-Cubans, Krio people, Portuguese people and Spaniards, the Bubi people, again, experienced a great decline in number. Seventy-five percent perished due to tribal/clan rooted political genocide during a civil war that led to Spanish Guinea's independence from Spain. This, too, sparked mass exodus from their homeland with most of the exiles and refugees immigrating into Spain. The indigenous Bubi of Bioko Island have since been outnumbered—first by non-indigenous Krio Fernandinos; and then by members of the Fang ethnic group, who have immigrated in large numbers from Río Muni. Once numbering over 3 million, the Bubi currently number less than 100,000 worldwide.

neg: Okiek people The Okiek (Ogiek: ), sometimes called the Ogiek or Akiek (although the term Akiek sometimes refers to a distinct subgroup), are an ethnic and linguistic group based in Northern Tanzania, Southern Kenya (in the Mau Forest), and Western Kenya (in the Mount Elgon Forest). In 2000 the ethnic Okiek population was estimated to number 36,869, although the number of those speaking the Akiek language was as low as 500. Many Ogiek speakers have shifted to the languages of surrounding peoples: the Akiek in northern Tanzania now speak Maasai and the Akiek of Kinare, Kenya now speak Gikuyu. The Ogiek are one of various groups of hunter-gatherers in Kenya and Tanzania to which the term Dorobo or Ndorobo (a term of Maasai origin now considered derogatory) has been applied.

neg: Mbuti people Mbuti or Bambuti are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their languages are Central Sudanic languages (a family of the Nilo-Saharan phylum) and Bantu languages.

neg: Sakata people The Sakata people, or Basakata, are one of the Bantu peoples of Central Africa, and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They are indigenous to the Mai-Ndombe Province, formerly part of Bandundu Province. They speak the Sakata language, and Lingala as their lingua franca.

neg: Baka language Baka (also called "Be-bayaga, Be-bayaka," and "Bibaya de L’est") is a dialect cluster of Ubangian languages spoken by the Baka Pygmies of Cameroon and Gabon. The people are ethnically close to the Aka, the two together called the Mbenga ("Bambenga"), but the languages are not related, apart from some vocabulary dealing with the forest economy, which suggests the Aka may have shifted to Bantu from a language like Baka about 1500 CE.

neg: Sotho-Tswana peoples The Sotho-Tswana languages form a subgroup of Southern Bantu. It is sometimes also called "Sotho", but it is more common now to reserve "Sotho" for Sesotho or "Southern Sotho", the group of dialects spoken by the Sotho people ("Basotho").

neg: Nzebi languages The Nzebi languages are a series of Bantu languages spoken in the western Congo and in Gabon. They are coded Zone B.50 in Guthrie's classification. According to Nurse & Philippson (2003), the Nzebi languages form a valid node with West Teke (B.70). The languages are:

neg: Chewa people The Chewa are a Bantu people of central and southern Africa and the largest ethnic group in Malawi. The Chewa are closely related to people in surrounding regions such as the Tumbuka and Nsenga. They are historically also related to the Bemba, with whom they share a similar origin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As with the Nsenga and Tumbuka, a small part of Chewa territory came under the influence of the Ngoni, who were of Zulu or Natal/Transvaal origin. An alternative name, often used interchangeably with Chewa, is Nyanja. Their language is called Chichewa. Internationally, the Chewa are mainly known for their masks and their secret societies, called Nyau, as well as their agricultural techniques.

neg: Ngbandi language The Ngbandi language is a dialect continuum of the Ubangian family spoken by a half-million or so people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Ngbandi proper) and in the Central African Republic (Yakoma and others). It is primarily spoken by the Ngbandi people, which included the dictator of what was then known as Zaire, Mobutu Sese Seko.

neg: Bambalang language The Bambalang language, "Chrambo", is a Grassfields language of Cameroon.

neg: Gwere people The Gwere people, or "Bagwere", are a Bantu ethnic group in Uganda.

neg: Bemba language The Bemba language, "ChiBemba" (also "Cibemba, Ichibemba, Icibemba" and "Chiwemba"), is a major Bantu language spoken primarily in north-eastern Zambia by the Bemba people and as a lingua franca by about 18 related ethnic groups, including the Bisa people of Mpika and Lake Bangweulu, and to a lesser extent in Katanga in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Botswana. Including all its dialects, Bemba is the most spoken indigenous language in Zambia. The Lamba language is closely related and some people consider it a dialect of Bemba.

neg: Suba people (Kenya) The Suba ("Abasuba") are Bantu group of people in Kenya who speak the Suba language. Bwana Cockup Mahanga from Dhobley is one of the most prominent of them all. Their population is estimated at about 300,000, with not that many fluent speakers left. They migrated to Kenya from Uganda and settled on the two Lake Victoria islands of Rusinga and Mfangano, others also settled on the mainland areas including Gembe , Gwassi, Kaksingri of Suba South and Migori and are believed to be the last tribe to have settled in Kenya. Linguistically, the Suba are highly influenced by the neighbouring Luo, to the point of a language shift having taken place among large portions of the mainland Suba. As a result, their own language has been classified as endangered. Despite this language shift, the Suba have kept a distinct ethnic identity.

neg: Kombe people Kombe people are an African ethnic group, members of the Bantu group, who are indigenous to Equatorial Guinea. They are native speakers of the Kombe language.

neg: Beti-Pahuin peoples The Beti-Pahuin are a Bantu ethnic group located in rain forest regions of Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé and Príncipe. Though they separate themselves into several individual clans, they all share a common origin, history and culture.

neg: Ewe people The Ewe people (Ewe: "Eʋeawó" , lit. "Ewe people"; or " Eʋedukɔ́ ", lit. "Ewe nation","Eʋenyigba" Eweland;) are an African ethnic group. They are the largest ethnic group in Togo (32%), the third largest ethnic group in Ghana (14%), and are a minority ethnic group in southern Benin, Ivory Coast and Nigeria. They speak the Ewe language (Ewe: "Eʋegbe" ) which belongs to the Niger-Congo family of languages. They are related to other speakers of Gbe languages, such as, the Fon, Gen, Phla Phera, and the Aja people of Togo and Benin.

neg: Lengue people Lengue people, or "Balengue", are an African ethnic group, members of the Bantu group, who are indigenous to Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Their indigenous language is Lengue. Today Bengas inhabit the coast region of the country's mainland, between Bata and the Gabonese border. This ethnic group has become increasingly influence by Fang culture during the past couple of decades; but have maintained their linguistic identity. They are referred to as Ndowe or "Playeros" (Beach People in Spanish), one of several peoples on the Rio Muni coast.

neg: Classification of Pygmy languages The Pygmies of Equatorial Africa are those "forest people" who have, or recently had, a deep-forest hunter-gather economy and a simple, non-hierarchical societal structure based on bands, are genetically of short stature, have a deep cultural and religious affinity with the Congo forest and live in a generally subservient relationship with agricultural "patrons".


query: Who played the lead female role in Steven Spielberg's movie 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind', and was nominated best supporting actress for it?

pos: Close Encounters of the Third Kind Close Encounters of the Third Kind is a 1977 American science fiction film written and directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Richard Dreyfuss, Melinda Dillon, Teri Garr, Bob Balaban, Cary Guffey, and François Truffaut. It tells the story of Roy Neary, an everyday blue-collar worker in Indiana, whose life changes after an encounter with an unidentified flying object (UFO).

pos: Melinda Dillon Melinda Ruth Dillon (born October 13, 1939) is an American actress. She received a 1963 Tony Award nomination for her Broadway debut in the original production of "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her roles as Jillian Guiler in "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (1977) and Teresa in "Absence of Malice" (1981). Her other film appearances include "Bound for Glory" (1976), "F.I.S.T." (1978), "A Christmas Story" (1983), "Harry and the Hendersons" (1987), "The Prince of Tides" (1991) and "Magnolia" (1999).

neg: Blanche Baker Blanche Baker (born December 20, 1956) is an American actress and filmmaker. She won an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her work in the television mini-series "Holocaust". Baker is known for her role as Ginny Baker in "Sixteen Candles", and also starred in the title role of "Lolita" on Broadway.

neg: Diane Ladd Diane Ladd (born November 29, 1932) is an American actress, film director, producer and author. She has appeared in over 120 film and television roles. For the 1974 film "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore", she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television for "Alice" (1980–81), and to receive Academy Award nominations for "Wild at Heart" (1990) and "Rambling Rose" (1991). Her other film appearances include "Chinatown" (1974), "Ghosts of Mississippi" (1996), "Primary Colors" (1998), "28 Days" (2000), and "American Cowslip" (2008). Ladd is the mother of actress Laura Dern, with her ex-husband, actor Bruce Dern.

neg: Mercedes Ruehl Mercedes J. Ruehl (born February 28, 1948) is an American theater, television, and film actor. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1992 for "The Fisher King" and a Tony Award for her performance in "Lost in Yonkers" in 1991.

neg: Jessica Lange Jessica Phyllis Lange ( ; born April 20, 1949) is an American actress who has received worldwide acclaim for her work in film, theater, and television. The recipient of several awards, including two Academy Awards, one Tony Award, three Emmy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, one Screen Actors Guild Award, and three Dorian Awards; in 1998, "Entertainment Weekly" listed Lange among the 25 Greatest Actresses of the 1990s. In 2016, Lange became the twenty-second thespian in history to achieve the Triple Crown of Acting.

neg: Berlin Film Festival Award for Best Actress The Silver Bear for Best Actress (German: "Silberner Bär/Beste Darstellerin" ) is the Berlin International Film Festival's award for achievement in performance by an actress. It is selected by the jury of the festival for films in the official competition slate. The award was first presented in 1956, and can be for lead or supporting roles. The award was not presented in 1969, 1970, 1973, and 1974. Sachiko Hidari won the award for two films in the 1964 competition. In 2011 the award was given to the entire female cast of "A Separation". Shirley MacLaine is the only actress that has won the award more than once.

neg: Blue Ribbon Awards for Best Supporting Actress The Blue Ribbon Awards for Best Supporting Actress is a prize recognizing an outstanding performance by a female supporting actress in a Japanese film. It is awarded annually by the Association of Tokyo Film Journalists as one of the Blue Ribbon Awards.

neg: Close Encounters Tour The Close Encounters Tour was a concert tour by British recording artist, Robbie Williams. Running from April to December 2006, the tour supported Williams' sixth studio album, "Intensive Care". To date, it was the singer's largest tour, playing over 50 shows in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Americas and Australia. It is believed to have played to over 3 million spectators and earned over $60 million. The name is derived from the 1977 film, "Close Encounters of the Third Kind".

neg: Patty Duke Anna Marie "Patty" Duke (December 14, 1946March 29, 2016) was an American actress, appearing on stage, film, and television. She first became known as a teen star, winning an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress at age 16 for her role as Helen Keller in "The Miracle Worker" (1962), a role which she had originated on Broadway. The following year she was given her own show, "The Patty Duke Show," in which she portrayed "identical cousins". She later progressed to more mature roles such as that of Neely O'Hara in the film "Valley of the Dolls" (1967). Over the course of her career, she received ten Emmy Award nominations and three Emmy Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards. Duke also served as president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1985 to 1988.

neg: Ingrid Bergman Ingrid Bergman (] ; 29 August 191529 August 1982) was a Swedish actress who starred in a variety of European and American films. She won three Academy Awards, two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA Award, and the Tony Award for Best Actress. She is best remembered for her roles as Ilsa Lund in "Casablanca" (1942) and as Alicia Huberman in "Notorious" (1946), an Alfred Hitchcock thriller starring Cary Grant and Claude Rains.

neg: Phil Dodds Philip Van Horn Weems Dodds (May 17, 1951 – October 6, 2007), credited as Phil Dodds, was an audio engineer who appeared in the 1977 motion picture "Close Encounters of the Third Kind". Working for ARP Instruments, Inc., Dodds was on the set to install and manage the ARP 2500 synthesizer used in the movie to play the five alien tones, and to program it for the sounds the filmmakers wanted. He had performed a similar function on other science fiction films, such as Logan's Run, and some of the early Star Trek movies.

neg: Uma Thurman Uma Karuna Thurman (born April 29, 1970) is an American actress and model. She has performed in a variety of films, ranging from romantic comedies and dramas to science fiction and action movies. Following her appearances on the December 1985 and May 1986 covers of British "Vogue", she starred in "Dangerous Liaisons" (1988). Thurman rose to international prominence with her performance in Quentin Tarantino's "Pulp Fiction" (1994), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award, the BAFTA Award, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. She starred in several more films throughout the 1990s such as "Batman & Robin" (1997), "Gattaca" (1997), and "Les Misérables" (1998).

neg: Alida Valli Baroness Alida Maria Laura Altenburger von Marckenstein-Frauenberg (31 May 1921 – 22 April 2006), better known by her stage name Alida Valli (or simply Valli), was an Italian actress who appeared in more than 100 films, including Mario Soldati's "Piccolo mondo antico", Alfred Hitchcock's "The Paradine Case", Carol Reed's "The Third Man", Michelangelo Antonioni's "Il Grido", Luchino Visconti's "Senso", Bernardo Bertolucci's "1900" and Dario Argento's "Suspiria".

neg: Mia Wallace Mia Wallace is a fictional character in the 1994 Quentin Tarantino film "Pulp Fiction". Uma Thurman's performance as Wallace earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. The character is considered by both fans and professionals as one of the most iconic female film roles from the 1990s.

neg: Mary Beth Hurt Mary Beth Hurt (born September 26, 1946) is an American actress of stage and screen. She is a three-time Tony Award-nominated actress.

neg: Closet Cases of the Nerd Kind Closet Cases of the Nerd Kind (1980) is an award-winning short film spoof of the classic science fiction film "Close Encounters of the Third Kind". The film was written and produced by Rick Harper and Bob Rogers.

neg: Phil Abramson Phil Abramson (March 13, 1933 – July 5 1987) was an American set decorator. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction for the film "Close Encounters of the Third Kind".

neg: Marcia Gay Harden Marcia Gay Harden (born August 14, 1959) is an American actress. Her film breakthrough was in the 1990 Coen brothers-directed "Miller's Crossing". She followed this with roles in films including "Used People" (1992), "The First Wives Club" (1996), and "Flubber" (1997). For her performance as artist Lee Krasner in the 2000 film "Pollock", she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She earned another Academy Award nomination for her performance as Celeste Boyle in "Mystic River" (2003). Other notable film roles include "American Gun" (2005), and 2007's "The Mist" and "Into the Wild".

neg: Star Awards for Best Supporting Actress The Star Awards for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually at the Star Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1994.

neg: Mary Stuart Masterson Mary Stuart Masterson (born June 28, 1966) is an American actress and director. She has starred in the films "At Close Range" (1986), "Some Kind of Wonderful" (1987), "Chances Are" (1989), "Fried Green Tomatoes" (1991) and "Benny & Joon" (1993). She won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the 1989 film "Immediate Family", and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for the 2003 Broadway revival of "Nine".

neg: Elisabeth Shue Elisabeth Judson Shue (born October 6, 1963) is an American actress, known for her roles in the films "The Karate Kid" (1984), "Adventures in Babysitting" (1987), "Cocktail" (1988), "Back to the Future Part II" (1989), "Back to the Future Part III" (1990), "Soapdish" (1991), "Leaving Las Vegas" (1995), "The Saint" (1997), and "Hollow Man" (2000). She has won several acting awards and has been nominated for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a BAFTA. She starred as Julie Finlay in the CBS police drama "" from 2012 to 2015.


query: Where did the fictional character portrayed in Ragnarok film first appreared?

pos: Thor: Ragnarok Thor: Ragnarok is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is intended to be the sequel to 2011's "Thor" and 2013's "" and the seventeenth film installment of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Taika Waititi with a screenplay by Eric Pearson and the writing team of Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost, and stars Chris Hemsworth, Tom Hiddleston, Cate Blanchett, Idris Elba, Jeff Goldblum, Tessa Thompson, Karl Urban, Mark Ruffalo, and Anthony Hopkins. In "Thor: Ragnarok", Thor must defeat the Hulk in a gladiatorial duel in time to save Asgard from Hela and the coming Ragnarök.

pos: Hela (comics) Hela is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Asgardian goddess of death is based on the Norse goddess, Hel. The ruler of Hel and Niflheim, the character has been a frequent foe of Thor. Debuting in the Silver Age of comic books, Hela first appeared in "Journey into Mystery" #102 and was adapted from Norse mythology by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.

neg: Ragnarok (disambiguation) Ragnarök is a series of events in Norse mythology resulting in the fiery destruction and fertile rebirth of the world.

neg: Gimlé Gimlé (alternately Gimli as in Icelandic), in Norse mythology, is a place where the survivors of Ragnarök are foretold to live. It is mentioned in the Prose Edda and Völuspá and described as the most beautiful place on Earth, more beautiful than the Sun.

neg: Naddodd Naddod (Old Norse: "Naddoðr" or "Naddaðr" , literally "studded") was a Norse-Faroese Viking who is credited with the discovery of Iceland. Naddod was also one of the first settlers on the Faroe Islands after Grímur Kamban became the first to settle there around 825. Naddod was born in Agder, which comprises the two Norwegian counties of Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder.

neg: Garðar Svavarsson Garðarr Svavarsson (modern Icelandic: Garðar Svavarsson, modern Swedish: Gardar Svavarsson) was a Norseman who briefly resided in Iceland, according to the Sagas. He is said to be the second Scandinavian to reach the island of Iceland after Naddod. He and his family appear in the Icelandic Sagas with the principal source from Haukr Erlendsson's edition of Landnámabók.

neg: Ragnarok Online Ragnarok Online (spelled Ragnarök in the logo; Korean: 라그나로크 온라인 , alternatively subtitled The Final Destiny of the Gods) is a massive multiplayer online role-playing game created by Gravity based on the manhwa "Ragnarok" by Lee Myung-jin. It was released in South Korea on 31 August 2002 for Microsoft Windows. The game has spawned an animated series, "Ragnarok the Animation", and a sequel game, "". Player characters exist in a world with a player environment that gradually changes with the passage of time. Major changes in the features and history of the world take place as episodes in the RO timeline. Player characters interact in a 3D environment but are represented by 2D character sprites for front, back, side and diagonal facings. The major types of server-supported gameplay are Player vs Environment, Guild vs Guild, Player vs Player. Also supported by the game server are Group vs Group, Arena Combat, Player vs Monster, Player vs All, and various other specific scenarios at designated instance locations in the game world. Non-player character-run challenges and contests are also available with prizes, awards, and/or in a specific hall of fame listing.

neg: Thor (Comico Comics) Thor is a fictional character in the Comico comic book series "Elementals". He was created by Bill Willingham and first appeared in "Elementals" #23 (Volume 1).

neg: Mowgli Mowgli is a fictional character and the protagonist of Rudyard Kipling's "The Jungle Book" stories. He is a naked feral child from the Pench area in Seoni, India, who originally appeared in Kipling's short story "In the Rukh" (collected in "Many Inventions", 1893) and then went on to become the most prominent and memorable character in his collections "The Jungle Book" and "The Second Jungle Book" (1894–1895), which also featured stories about other characters.

neg: Lagertha Lagertha was, according to legend, a Viking shieldmaiden and ruler from what is now Norway, and the onetime wife of the famous Viking Ragnar Lodbrok. Her tale, as recorded by the chronicler Saxo in the 12th century, may be a reflection of tales about Thorgerd (Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr), a Norse deity.

neg: Barnstokkr In Norse mythology, Barnstokkr (Old Norse, literally "child-trunk") is a tree that stands in the center of King Völsung's hall. Barnstokkr is attested in chapters 2 and 3 of the "Völsunga saga", written in the 13th century from earlier tradition, partially based on events from the 5th century and the 6th century, where, during a banquet, a one-eyed stranger appears and thrusts a sword into the tree which only Sigmund is able to pull free. Scholarly theories have been put forth about the implications of Barnstokkr and its relation to other trees in Germanic paganism.

neg: Déagol Déagol is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. His story is related in "The Fellowship of the Ring", the first of three volumes comprising Tolkien's most famous novel, "The Lord of the Rings", in the chapter "The Shadow of the Past".

neg: Líf and Lífþrasir In Norse mythology, Líf (identical with the Old Norse feminine noun meaning "life, the life of the body") and Lífþrasir (Old Norse masculine name from "líf" and "þrasir". "Lexicon Poëticum" defines this name as ""Livæ amator, vitæ amans, vitæ cupidus"", "Líf's lover, lover of life, zest for life"), sometimes anglicized as Lif and Lifthrasir—female and male respectively—are two humans who are foretold to survive the events of Ragnarök by hiding in a wood called Hoddmímis holt, and after the flames have abated, to repopulate the newly risen and fertile world. Líf and Lífþrasir are mentioned in the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the thirteenth century from earlier traditional sources, and the "Prose Edda", written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Scholarly theories have been proposed about the underlying meaning and origins of the two names.

neg: Ronald Ronald ( ) is a masculine given name derived from the Old Norse "Rögnvaldr". In some cases "Ronald" is an Anglicised form of the Gaelic "Raghnall", a name likewise derived from "Rögnvaldr". The latter name is composed of the Old Norse elements "regin" ("advice", "decision") and "valdr" ("ruler"). "Ronald" was originally used in England and Scotland, where Scandinavian influences were once substantial, although now the name is common throughout the English-speaking world. A short form of "Ronald" is "Ron". Pet forms of "Ronald" include "Roni", and "Ronnie". A feminine form of "Ronald" is "Ronalda". "Rhona", a modern name apparently only dating back to the late nineteenth century, may have originated as a feminine form of "Ronald". The names "Renaud"/"Renault" and "Reynold"/"Reinhold" are cognates from French and German, respectively.

neg: Jörð In Norse mythology, Jörð (Old Norse "jǫrð", "earth" pronounced ] , Icelandic Jörð, pronounced ] , sometimes Anglicized as Jord or Jorth; also called Jarð, ] as in Old East Norse), is a female jötunn. She is the mother of the thunder god Thor, son of Odin, and the personification of the Earth. Fjörgyn and Hlóðyn are considered to be other names for Jörð. Some scholars refer to Jörð as a goddess. Jörð's name appears in skaldic poetry both as a poetic term for the land and in kennings for Thor.

neg: Hrothgar Hrothgar (Old English: "Hrōðgār" ] ; ) was a legendary Danish king living in the early 6th century.

neg: Meriadoc Brandybuck Meriadoc Brandybuck, usually referred to as Merry, is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium, featured throughout his most famous work, "The Lord of the Rings".

neg: Járngreipr In Norse mythology, Járngreipr (Old Norse "iron grippers") or Járnglófar ("iron gauntlets") are the iron gloves of the god Thor. According to the "Prose Edda", along with the hammer Mjölnir and the belt Megingjörð, Járngreipr is one of Thor's three crucial possessions. According to chapter 20 of the book "Gylfaginning", he requires the gloves to handle his powerful hammer. The reason for this may come from the forging of the hammer, when the dwarf working the bellows was bitten in his eye by a gadfly (commonly held to be Loki in disguise) which caused the handle of the hammer to be shortened.

neg: Malekith the Accursed Malekith the Accursed is a fictional character, a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is ruler of the Dark Elves of Svartalfheim, and has come into conflict with Thor. He once wielded the Casket of Ancient Winters.

neg: Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana, or "The Story of Egil One-Hand and Asmund Berserkers-Slayer", is a legendary saga, which takes place in Russia ("Rússía"), a country located between Gardariki and Hunaland, the land of the Huns. There are also adventures in Halogaland and Jotunheim, the realm of giants (Jotuns). Asmund is also known as Gnodar-Asmund and under this name he is mentioned in various other sagas. His foster-father was Illugi, who has a saga of his own in "Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra".

neg: Snarf (ThunderCats) Snarf is a fictional character featured in the "ThunderCats" franchise.

neg: Bëor Bëor the Old is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He appears in "The Silmarillion" as the leader of the First House of the Edain in the First Age, which was called the "Folk of Bëor" after him. He was the father of Baran and Belen and ancestor of Beren Camlost.


query: When was the Associate of the Supreme Court of the United States who ruled that a defendant cannot prospectively waive the protections of the Speedy trial Act born?

pos: Zedner v. United States Zedner v. United States, 547 U.S. 489 (2006) , was a United States Supreme Court case involving the right to a speedy trial. Justice Samuel Alito, writing for a unanimous Court, ruled that a defendant cannot prospectively waive the protections of the Speedy Trial Act. Justice Antonin Scalia filed a partial concurrence, objecting to Alito's use of legislative history.

pos: Antonin Scalia Antonin Gregory Scalia ( ; March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2016. Appointed to the Court by President Ronald Reagan in 1986, Scalia was described as the intellectual anchor for the originalist and textualist position in the Court's conservative wing.

neg: Anita Hill Anita Faye Hill (born July 30, 1956) is an American attorney and academic. She is a University Professor of Social Policy, Law, and Women's Studies at Brandeis University and a faculty member of Brandeis' Heller School for Social Policy and Management. She became a national figure in 1991 when she accused U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, her boss at the United States Department of Education and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, of sexual harassment.

neg: Martin Villarama Jr. Martin S. Villarama Jr. (born April 14, 1946) is a Filipino lawyer who served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from November 3, 2009 until January 16, 2016. Prior to his appointment as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court he had served as Associate Justice of Court of Appeals since March 11, 1998. He also served in the Regional Trial Court of Pasig as Judge from 1986 to 1998 and as its Executive Judge from 1992 to 1996.

neg: Robert H. Edmunds Jr. Robert Holt Edmunds Jr. (born April 17, 1949) is an American lawyer, formerly an Associate Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court.

neg: Jackson v. Indiana Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972) , was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that determined a U.S. state violated due process by involuntarily committing a criminal defendant for an indefinite period of time solely on the basis of his permanent incompetency to stand trial on the charges filed against him.

neg: North Carolina v. Alford North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed that there are constitutional barriers in place to prevent a judge from accepting a guilty plea from a defendant who wants to plead guilty while still protesting his innocence under duress as a detainee status. This type of plea has become known as an Alford plea, differing slightly from the "nolo contendere" plea in which the defendant agrees to being sentenced for the crime, but does not admit guilt. Alford died in prison in 1975.

neg: Felix Frankfurter Felix Frankfurter (November 15, 1882February 22, 1965) was an Austrian-American lawyer, professor, and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Frankfurter served on the Supreme Court from 1939 to 1962, and was a noted advocate of judicial restraint in the judgments of the Court.

neg: John Paul Stevens John Paul Stevens (born April 20, 1920) is a retired associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from December 19, 1975, until his retirement on June 29, 2010. At the time of his retirement, he was the second-oldest serving justice in the history of the Court, and the third-longest serving Supreme Court Justice in history. Stevens is widely considered to have been on the liberal side of the Court at the time of his retirement.

neg: Sherman Minton Sherman "Shay" Minton (October 20, 1890 – April 9, 1965) was a Democratic United States Senator from Indiana and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

neg: Tom C. Clark Thomas Campbell Clark (September 23, 1899June 13, 1977), who preferred Tom C. Clark, was a Texas lawyer who served as the 59th United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1949 to 1967.

neg: Thomas Tongue Thomas H. Tongue III (February 12, 1912 – May 31, 1994) was an American jurist in the state of Oregon. A native of the state, he served as the 75th associate justice of the Oregon Supreme Court, serving 13 years on the state's highest court. Tongue was the grandson of U.S. Representative Thomas H. Tongue, who was an emigrant from England in the early days of the state of Oregon.

neg: Cone v. Bell Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449 (2009), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that a defendant was entitled to a hearing to determine whether prosecutors in his 1982 death penalty trial violated his right to due process by withholding exculpatory evidence. The defendant, Gary Cone, filed a petition for postconviction relief from a 1982 death sentence in which he argued that prosecutors violated his rights to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment by withholding police reports and witness statements that potentially could have shown that his drug addiction affected his behavior. In an opinion written by Justice John Paul Stevens, the Supreme Court held that Cone was entitled to a hearing to determine whether the prosecution's failure to disclose exculpatory evidence violated Cone's right to due process; the Court noted that "the quantity and the quality of the suppressed evidence lends support to Cone’s position at trial that he habitually used excessive amounts of drugs, that his addiction affected his behavior during his crime spree". In 2016, Gary Cone died from natural causes while still sitting on Tennessee's death row.

neg: In re Oliver In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257 (1948), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court involving the application of the right of due process in state court proceedings. The Sixth Amendment in the Bill of Rights states that criminal prosecutions require the defendant "... to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation...and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence." In this case, a witness in a Michigan grand jury hearing was convicted and sentenced to jail without either notice or attorney assistance.

neg: Apprendi v. New Jersey Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000) , is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision with regard to aggravating factors in crimes. The Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial, incorporated against the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibited judges from enhancing criminal sentences beyond statutory maxima based on facts other than those decided by the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. The decision has been a cornerstone in the modern resurgence in jury trial rights. As Justice Scalia noted in his concurring opinion, the jury-trial right "has never been efficient; but it has always been free."

neg: Clarence Thomas Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American judge, lawyer, and government official who currently serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Thomas succeeded Thurgood Marshall and is the second African American to serve on the court.

neg: Everett Riley York Everett Riley York (June 25, 1860 – December 14, 1940) was an American lawyer who was one of the first law clerks to the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving Associate Justice Stanly Matthews from 1886 to 1888.

neg: Waller v. Florida Waller v. Florida, 397 U.S. 387 (1970), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which held that the Double Jeopardy Clause protects defendants from successive prosecutions by states and municipalities for offenses based on the same criminal conduct.

neg: William Rehnquist William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer and jurist who served on the Supreme Court of the United States for 33 years, first as an Associate Justice from 1972 to 1986, and then as the 16th Chief Justice of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2005. Considered a conservative, Rehnquist favored a conception of federalism that emphasized the Tenth Amendment's reservation of powers to the states. Under this view of federalism the court, for the first time since the 1930s, struck down an act of Congress as exceeding its power under the Commerce Clause.

neg: Kansas v. Carr Kansas v. Carr, 577 U.S. ___ (2016) was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States clarified several procedures for sentencing defendants in capital cases. Specifically, the Court held that judges are not required to affirmatively instruct juries about the burden of proof for establishing mitigating evidence, and that joint trials of capital defendants "are often preferable when the joined defendants’ criminal conduct arises out of a single chain of events". This case included the last majority opinion written by Justice Antonin Scalia before his death in February 2016.

neg: Musacchio v. United States Musacchio v. United States, 577 U.S. ___ (2016) was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States clarified procedures for appellate review when the government does not object to an erroneous jury instruction that adds elements to a criminal offense as well as whether a defendant may raise a statute of limitations defense for the first time on appeal. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Clarence Thomas, the Court held that when reviewing a claim that the government failed to demonstrate sufficient evidence to substantiate a criminal offense, an appellate court should assess the elements of the alleged crime, rather than the elements that were described in jury instructions. Justice Thomas explained that "[a] reviewing court’s limited determination on sufficiency review ... does not rest on how the jury was instructed." Additionally, with respect to the statute of limitations issue, Justice Thomas held that a statute of limitations defense cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.

neg: Paul V. Niemeyer Paul Victor Niemeyer (born April 5, 1941) is a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.


query: What company published the video game for which "I'll Keep Coming" and "Easy Way Out" by Low Roar were featured as trailer music?

pos: 0 (Low Roar album) 0 is the second album of Icelandic band Low Roar, released in 2014. The fourth song and the second song on the album, "I'll Keep Coming" and "Easy Way Out", became well known in 2016 when they were featured as the trailer music for Hideo Kojima's video game "Death Stranding" in addition to an episode of "Killjoys".

pos: Death Stranding Death Stranding is an upcoming action video game developed by Kojima Productions and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for PlayStation 4. It is the first game by game director Hideo Kojima and his company following the 2015 disbandment of Kojima Productions as a subsidiary of Konami and subsequent reformation as an independent studio. It was announced at Sony's E3 2016 conference, and has no set release date.

neg: Metal Gear Metal Gear (Japanese: メタルギア , Hepburn: Metaru Gia ) is a series of action-adventure stealth video games, created by Hideo Kojima and developed and published by Konami. The first game, "Metal Gear", was released in 1987 for the MSX home computer architecture. The player takes control of a special forces operative (usually either Solid Snake or Big Boss), who is assigned to find the titular superweapon "Metal Gear", a bipedal walking tank with the ability to launch nuclear weapons. Several sequels have been released for multiple consoles, which have expanded the original game's plot adding characters opposing and supporting Snake, while there have also been a few prequels exploring the origins of the Metal Gear and recurring characters.

neg: Bloody Roar (video game) Bloody Roar, known as Bloody Roar: Hyper Beast Duel in Europe and Japan, is a fighting video game originally developed by Raizing (now Eighting) as an arcade game. It was later adapted for the PlayStation by Hudson Soft and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation. The arcade version was released on July 7, 1997 and was titled Beastorizer in North America. The PlayStation version was released in Japan on November 6, 1997, in North America (under the title "Bloody Roar") on October 31, 1997 and in Europe on March 1998.

neg: Lethal League Lethal League is an indie fighting video game developed by Dutch developer Team Reptile. It was released worldwide on Steam on 27 August 2014, and a PlayStation 4 version was released on 9 May 2017.

neg: Implosion - Never Lose Hope Implosion - Never Lose Hope is an action video game developed and published by Rayark, Inc., and released on April 8, 2015 for iOS and Android and on July 6, 2017 for the Nintendo Switch.

neg: Flinthook Flinthook is an action platformer and roguelike indie video game by Tribute Games in which the player's character uses a grappling hook to traverse procedurally generated spaceships for treasure. The developers were inspired by "rogue-lites" including "Spelunky" and "Rogue Legacy". They said that the grappling hook game mechanic was their hardest design challenge. The game was released in April 2017 for Xbox One, PlayStation 4, PC, Mac and Linux. Early previews of "Flinthook" noted the accessibility and tightness of the controls. "Digital Trends" and Kotaku listed the game among the best in show at the June 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo.

neg: Troll and I Troll and I is an action-adventure video game developed by Spiral House and published by Maximum Games for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch.

neg: Left 4 Dead Left 4 Dead is a cooperative first-person shooter video game with survival horror elements, developed by Valve South and published by Valve Corporation. The game uses Valve's proprietary Source engine, and is available for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 and OS X. Development on the game was completed on November 13, 2008, and two versions were released digitally: A downloadable digital version, released on November 17, 2008, and a digital retail disc version, with a release date determined by region. The digital retail disc version was released in North America and Australia on November 18, 2008; and in Europe on November 21, 2008.

neg: VideoGames & Computer Entertainment VideoGames & Computer Entertainment (abbreviated as VG&CE) was an American magazine dedicated to covering video games on computers, home consoles and arcades. It was published by LFP, Inc. from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s. Offering game reviews, previews, game strategies and cheat codes as well as coverage of the general industry, "VG&CE" was also one of the first magazines to cover both home console and computer games. The magazine gave out annual awards in a variety of categories, divided between the best of home video games and computer video games. The magazine was known for its artwork by Alan Hunter and other freelance artists.

neg: Little Tail Story Little Tail Story (Japanese: リトルテイルストーリー , Hepburn: Ritoru Teiru Sutōrī ) is a free-to-play online social role-playing game developed by CyberConnect2 and published by Bandai Namco for Android and iOS. It is the third title in the company's "Little Tail Bronx" series, acting as a spiritual successor to "Tail Concerto" and "", and the first to appear on mobile devices. The project was headed by CyberConnect2's company president Hiroshi Matsuyama, and features music by Chikayo Fukuda with vocals by Tomoyo Mitani, who both previously collaborated on "Solatorobo".

neg: Bastion (video game) Bastion is an action role-playing video game developed by independent developer Supergiant Games and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. In the game, the player controls "the Kid" as he moves through floating, fantasy-themed environments and fights enemies of various types. It features a dynamic voiceover from a narrator, and is presented as a two-dimensional game with an isometric camera and a hand-painted, colorful art style. "Bastion"' s story follows the Kid as he collects special shards of rock to power a structure, the Bastion, in the wake of an apocalyptic Calamity.

neg: Primal Carnage Primal Carnage is an asymmetrical, class-based, online multiplayer PC game released in October 2012, created by indie development team Lukewarm Media and released by Reverb Publishing. The game pits a group of armed humans against predatory dinosaurs in various combat scenarios. Human gameplay takes the form of a first-person shooter, whilst the dinosaurs are controlled from a third-person perspective.

neg: Rock Band 4 Rock Band 4 is a 2015 music video game developed and published by Harmonix. "Rock Band 4" allows players to simulate the playing of music across many different decades and genres using instrument controllers that mimic playing lead and bass guitar, drums, and vocals. As the fourth main installment in the "Rock Band" franchise, it was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on October 6, 2015. Mad Catz, who also developed new instrument controllers for the game, marketed and distributed the title worldwide at launch; Performance Designed Products (PDP) will take over manufacturing and distribution by the end of 2016. The game shipped with more than sixty licensed songs; additional songs are available as downloadable content, which includes a library of over 2000 existing songs from prior installments.

neg: Volgarr the Viking Volgarr the Viking (stylized as Völgarr the Viking) is an action platformer video game developed by Crazy Viking Studios. Inspired by side-scrolling platform games from the 1980s like "Rastan" and "Ghosts 'n Goblins", the game is a modern interpretation of the genre, while retaining both the graphical style and the difficulty level of the earlier titles. After a successful Kickstarter campaign to crowd-fund the production of the game, "Volgarr the Viking" was published on Steam by Adult Swim Games in September 2013 and is supported on Windows, OS X and Linux-based personal computers. In October 2014, an Xbox One version of the game was published by Crazy Viking Studios itself.

neg: Take-Two Interactive Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. is an American multinational publisher and distributor of video games and video game peripherals. Take-Two wholly owns publishers Rockstar Games and 2K Games. The company's headquarters are in New York City, with international headquarters in Windsor, United Kingdom. Development studio locations include San Diego, Vancouver, Toronto and Novato, California. Notable game series published by Take-Two include "Grand Theft Auto", "Civilization", "NBA 2K", "BioShock" and "Borderlands". As owner of 2K Games, Take-Two publishes its 2K Sports titles, and creates free-to-play mobile titles through Social Point. It also acted as the publisher of Bethesda Softworks's 2006 game, "". As of September 2017, it is the third largest publicly-traded game company (after Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts) in the Americas and Europe.

neg: I Am Alive I Am Alive is a survival video game developed by Ubisoft Shanghai and published by Ubisoft. The game takes place in a post-apocalyptic setting and focuses on facing the permanent insecurity of a dystopian, decaying and hazardous world, and humanity's darkest inclinations towards brutality and materialism. Originally under development by Darkworks from 2003 until 2007, Ubisoft Shanghai completed the title. It was released for Xbox 360 on March 7, 2012, for PlayStation 3 on April 3, 2012 in North America and April 4, 2012 in Europe and also for Microsoft Windows on September 6, 2012.

neg: Guardians of Middle-earth Guardians of Middle-earth is a multiplayer online battle arena video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The setting of the game is Middle-earth, derived from "The Lord of the Rings" series, with various tie-ins to the film series of the same name. "Guardians of Middle-earth" was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles on December 4, 2012, via the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade respectively. A retail package is also released, which includes a download voucher for the game as well as a "Season Pass" for future downloadable content. It is no longer available on the PlayStation Network and the servers are down as well.

neg: Hollow Knight Hollow Knight is a metroidvania video game developed and published by Team Cherry. The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows in February 2017, and later for macOS and Linux in April 2017. A port for the Nintendo Switch will also be released in 2017. Development was partially funded through a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign, raising over A$ 57,000 by the end of 2014.

neg: Toy Story 3: The Video Game Toy Story 3: The Video Game is a platform game loosely based on the film "Toy Story 3". It was published by Disney Interactive Studios (which is the developer for iOS) and developed by Avalanche Software (PS3, Wii, Xbox 360, PC, Mac OS X), Asobo Studio (PS2, PSP) and n-Space (DS). The game was released in North America on June 15, 2010, for the iOS, Nintendo DS, Wii, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation 3, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and the Xbox 360. A special PlayStation 2 bundle with "Toy Story 3: The Video Game" was released on October 31, 2010, followed by the game's individual release on November 2, 2010.

neg: Project I.G.I.: I'm Going In Project I.G.I.: I'm Going In (released in Europe as simply Project I.G.I.) is a tactical first-person shooter video game developed by Innerloop Studios and released on December 15, 2000 by Eidos Interactive. Upon release the game received mixed reviews due to a number of shortcomings, including poorly programmed A.I., lack of a mid-game save option, and the lack of multiplayer features. However it was praised for its superb sound design and graphics, thanks in part to its use of a proprietary game engine that was previously used in Innerloop's "Joint Strike Fighter".

neg: Brawl Stars Brawl Stars is a freemium mobile real-time strategy video game developed and published by Supercell. On June 14, 2017, Supercell announced the game via livestream video on Youtube. It received an iOS soft launch in the Canadian App Store the following day, June 15, 2017. It is yet to be released on Android devices or in other countries.


query: The Ocean Cleanup is a foundation founded by a man born in what year?

pos: The Ocean Cleanup The Ocean Cleanup is a foundation that develops technologies to extract plastic pollution from the oceans and prevent more plastic debris from entering ocean waters. The organization was founded in 2013 by Boyan Slat, a Dutch born inventor-entrepreneur of Croatian origin who serves as its CEO, and has received over $31.5 million in donations since foundation, from sponsors including Salesforce.com chief executive Marc Benioff, philantrophist Peter Thiel, Julius Baer Foundation and Royal DSM. The Ocean Cleanup also raised over 2 million USD with the help of a crowdfunding campaign in 2014. The foundation’s headquarters are in Delft, the Netherlands.

pos: Boyan Slat Boyan Slat (born 27 July 1994) is a Dutch inventor, entrepreneur and Aerospace Engineering student drop-out. He was born to Croatian immigrants from Istra.

neg: Clean Oceans International Clean Oceans International, originally The Clean Oceans Project, is an ocean-oriented environmental organization founded in 2009 as an IRS 501c3 public benefit corporation. Clean Oceans International seeks to reduce plastic pollution in the oceans through a comprehensive global approach that includes research, technical innovation, public awareness, and efficient plastic waste management.

neg: Richard Munson Richard Munson, known as Dick Munson, is an American businessman, author, and activist in the field of clean energy and industrial energy efficiency. A graduate of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Michigan, he now directs the Environmental Defense Fund's clean energy efforts in the midwest .

neg: W. W. Behrens Jr. Vice Admiral William Wohlsen Behrens Jr. (September 14, 1922 – January 21, 1986) was an American naval officer and oceanographer who was instrumental in establishing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

neg: John Waters John Samuel Waters Jr. (born April 22, 1946) is an American film director, screenwriter, author, actor, stand-up comedian, journalist, visual artist, and art collector, who rose to fame in the early 1970s for his transgressive cult films.

neg: Selma Rubin Selma Rubin (March 28, 1915 – March 9, 2012) was an American environmentalist and environmental activist. She was called a co-founder of Earth Day. Rubin was a member or adviser for more than forty organizations spanning more than 57 years.

neg: John A. Knauss John Atkinson Knauss (September 1, 1925 – November 19, 2015) was an American oceanographer, meteorologist and former administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) from 1989 to 1993.

neg: Henry F. Vaughan Henry Frieze Vaughan (October 12, 1889 – March 14, 1979) was an American epidemiologist with a strong discipline in environmental health, an academic professor, and an administrator. Among the positions he held, he was the Health Commissioner for the City of Detroit (1919–1941), editor for “American Journal of Public Health” (1922–1924), President of American Public Health in 1925, trustee of the W. K. Kellogg Foundation (1933–1978), President of Council at the Michigan Department of Council (1939–1960), founder and Dean of the University of Michigan School of Public Health (1941–1960), and the co-founder and first president of the National Sanitation Foundation (1944–1966). Vaughan was born in Michigan and stayed in Michigan for most of his life contributing to the development and innovation of medical and health services in Michigan.

neg: William L. McKnight William L. McKnight (November 11, 1887 – March 4, 1978) was an American businessman and philanthropist who served his entire career in the 3M corporation, rising to chairman of the board from 1949 to 1966. He founded the McKnight Foundation in 1953.

neg: Alex Pacheco (activist) Alexander Fernando Pacheco (born August 1958) is an American animal rights activist. He is founder of 600 Million Stray Dogs Need You, co-founder and former chairman of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and a member of the advisory board of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.

neg: Hyun Jin Moon Hyun Jin Preston Moon (born 1969) is the founder and chairman of the Global Peace Foundation.

neg: Robert Calcagno Robert Calcagno born 26 June 1960 is a Monegasque politician and leader who is CEO of the Oceanographic Institute Foundation Albert I, Prince of Monaco.

neg: Omer Rains Omer L. Rains (born September 25, 1941) is an American politician, lawyer, author, ecologist, and humanitarian.

neg: Bob Meistrell Robert "Bob" Meistrell (July 31, 1928 – June 16, 2013) was an American businessman, philanthropist, surfer, and diver. Along with his twin brother Bill and business partner Bev Morgan, Meistrell helped develop and market the first commercial neoprene wetsuit. This evolved into the Body Glove surf brand, which by 2013 was a $200 million annual enterprise and a leader in the field.

neg: Ian Kiernan Ian Bruce Carrick Kiernan {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 4 October 1940) is an environmentalist and also a builder who organised the "Clean Up Australia" campaign, and in 1993 a similar "Clean Up the World" operation which attracted participation from 30 million volunteers in 80 countries.

neg: Blue Ocean Institute Blue Ocean Institute (BOI) is a 501(c)3 nonprofit conservation organization headquartered at Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, New York. Blue Ocean was founded in 2003 by MacArthur Fellow Carl Safina (president) and collaborator Mercédès Lee. A central focus of Blue Ocean Institute is to inspire a closer relationship with the sea through science, art, and literature. It shares information that enlightens personal choice, instills hope and helps restore living abundance in the sea.

neg: Otis Barton Frederick Otis Barton, Jr. (June 5, 1899 – April 15, 1992) was an American deep-sea diver, inventor and actor.

neg: Stephen O. Andersen Stephen Oliver Andersen (born 17 January 1948) is the American Director of Research at the Institute for Governance & Sustainability (IGSD) and is also Senior Expert Member of the Montreal Protocol Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) and from 1989 to 2012 was TEAP Co-Chair. He is considered one of the founders and leading figures in the success of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Stratospheric Ozone Layer, having earned one of eleven United Nations Environment Program Visionaries Awards for the first 25 years of the Montreal Protocol, the U.N. Global 500 Award that has also been earned by Jimmy Carter, Wangari Maathai, Jane Goodall and Service to America Career Achievement Medal.

neg: Conn Nugent Conn Nugent (born September 13, 1946) is President of the Heinz Center for Science, Economics and the Environment, a Washington think-tank. He oversees programs in ecosystem management, carbon pricing, and environmental health. Nugent's career has been devoted primarily to non-profit organizations, most notably International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize when he was its executive director.

neg: United Nations Foundation The United Nations Foundation was launched in 1998 with a $1 billion gift from Ted Turner to support the United Nations causes. The creation of the Foundation was intended to encourage other donors to also support the UN in its activities. The main issue areas that the Foundation addresses are child health, climate change & energy, sustainable development, technology, women, girls, and population, and supporting the United Nations. Some of the biggest global campaigns that the UN Foundation has been involved in include Nothing But Nets, the Measles & Rubella Initiative, the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, Girl Up, Shot@Life, the Digital Impact Alliance, and the Better World Campaign, among others.

neg: Jeff Corwin Jeffrey "Jeff" Corwin (born July 11, 1967) is an American biologist and wildlife conservationist, known to host many TV series including ABC's "Ocean Treks with Jeff Corwin".


query: Who designed the mall where the ballpark Diamond at the Summit is tenatively named for?

pos: Diamond at the Summit Diamond at the Summit is the tentative name of a new ballpark in Waterford Township, Michigan that has been in the planning stages since 2006. The 3,900 capacity ballpark near Summit Place Mall was planned as the home of the Oakland County Cruisers of the Frontier League.

pos: Summit Place Mall Summit Place Mall, originally Pontiac Mall, was Michigan's first enclosed shopping mall. The Mall was built on a 74 acre site located in Waterford Township, Michigan, United States. The 1400000 sqft retail center, designed by Charles N. Agree, opened in 1962 with expansions between 1987 and 1993. At its peak, it had approximately 200 inline tenants and six anchor stores: Hudson's (later Marshall Field's, then Macy's), Sears, J. C. Penney, Montgomery Ward, Service Merchandise and Kohl's.

neg: Time Warner Center Time Warner Center is a mixed use (office/commercial and residential) twin-tower building in New York City. Developed by The Related Companies and AREA Property Partners (formerly known as Apollo Real Estate Advisors), its design by David Childs and Mustafa Kemal Abadan of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, consists of two 750 ft twin towers bridged by a multi-story atrium containing upscale retail shops. Construction began in November 2000, following the demolition of the New York Coliseum, and a topping-out ceremony was held on February 27, 2003. The property had the highest-listed market value in New York City, $1.1 billion, in 2006. Originally constructed as the AOL Time Warner Center, the building encircles the western side of Columbus Circle and straddles the border between Midtown and the Upper West Side. The total floor area of 2.8 e6ft2 is occupied by office space (notably the offices of Time Warner and an R&D Center for VMware), residential condominiums, and the Mandarin Oriental, New York hotel. The Shops at Columbus Circle is an upscale shopping mall located in a curving arcade at the base of the building, with a large Whole Foods Market grocery store on the lower level.

neg: Westfield Southcenter Westfield Southcenter, formerly known as Southcenter Mall, is a shopping mall located in Tukwila, Washington, US, and owned by the Westfield Group. As of 2008 it was the largest shopping center in Washington and the Pacific Northwest.

neg: The Mall at Mill Creek The Mall at Mill Creek, formerly known as Mill Creek Mall, is a strip mall located in Secaucus, New Jersey in the New Jersey Meadowlands. It is situated in the Harmon Meadow Plaza complex, approximately six miles from New York City, and is owned by Hartz Mountain Industries. The International Council of Shopping Centers lists the mall as having a Gross leasable area (GLA) of 400000 sqft .

neg: Manassas Mall Manassas Mall is a shopping center located in Bull Run, Virginia (near Manassas). Built in 1972, it is managed and partially owned by the Pyramid Companies. formerly by Vornado Realty Trust which shelved its regional mall holdings in 2014. The mall is anchored by Macy's, Sears, and At Home.

neg: Westwood Mall (Houston) Westwood Mall was a shopping mall located in the Westwood business development in Houston, Texas. The mall was located at the intersection of Interstate 69/U.S. Route 59 and Bissonnet Street, in the Westwood portion of the Alief area in southwest Houston.

neg: Fenway (parkway) Fenway, commonly referred to as The Fenway, is a mostly one-way, one- to three-lane parkway that runs along the southern and eastern edges of the Back Bay Fens in the Fenway–Kenmore neighborhood of Boston, in the east-central part of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. As part of the Emerald Necklace park system mainly designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in the late 19th century, the Fenway, along with the Back Bay Fens and Park Drive, connects the Commonwealth Avenue Mall to the Riverway. For its entire length, the parkway travels along the Muddy River and is part of the Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston. Like others in the park system, it is maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation.

neg: The Centre at Golden Ring Golden Ring Mall, formerly owned by Simon Properties, was a shopping mall located in eastern Baltimore County, Maryland. It was located at U.S. Route 40 and Interstate 695, and was at its peak when it opened in 1974. The grand opening, a resplendent affair, was set amid the fine artwork and spacious courtyards at the mall. The grand opening was created by George Reavis "Buck" Sappenfield III, a native of Sherman, Texas, who brought the "bigger than Texas" celebration to East Baltimore. The mall included a center court filled with palm trees and fountains, as well as sculptures by Rita Blitt and Bogdan Grom. Sappenfield had created programs of similar largesse at Mounds Mall in Anderson, Indiana and Irving Mall in Irving, Texas. It would later face competition from White Marsh Mall, Hunt Valley Mall, and Eastpoint Mall. It has now been revitalized, and is known as The Centre at Golden Ring.

neg: Cielo Vista Mall Cielo Vista Mall is a shopping mall in El Paso, Texas, owned and operated by Simon Property Group. It is located on El Paso's east side, at Interstate 10 and Hawkins Blvd., and features five anchor stores operating under four brand names, and more than 140 specialty stores. It is the largest of the three malls in the metro area; its sister Simon property, Sunland Park Mall, is second.

neg: List of jewel box baseball parks Jewel Box is a term sometimes used in reference to the group of Major League Baseball ballparks built (or re-built) primarily between 1909 and 1915, after the wooden ballpark era and before the modern multipurpose stadium era. The "retro" ballparks constructed in the 1990s were an attempt to capture, to some degree, the perceived intimacy and baseball-focus of these parks.

neg: Tri-County Mall Tri-County Mall is located at the interchange of State Route 747 and Interstate 275 in the city of Springdale, Ohio, a northern suburb of Cincinnati. Originally known as Tri-County Shopping Center, it was the second open-air-type mall built in Greater Cincinnati; the first being Swifton Shopping Center, opened (in 1956) in the Bond Hill district of Cincinnati.

neg: Rainbow Pool The Rainbow Pool was a reflecting pool located on the National Mall in Washington D.C., USA. It was designed by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., and was situated between the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool (to the west), and 17th Street NW (to the east). The pool was renamed the Rainbow Pool on October 15, 1924 after it was noticed that its 124 nozzles created a "perfect rainbow" when turned on.

neg: Sugarloaf Mills Sugarloaf Mills, formerly Discover Mills, is a 1200000 sqft single story shopping mall in Lawrenceville, Georgia with over 180 specialty retailers. The mall features 13 anchors as well as a variety of theme restaurants, casual dining and entertainment venues. The mall opened in November 2001, originally as an outlet mall, but has begun to evolve into an entertainment mall, with the additions of AMC Sugarloaf Mills 18 on December 17, 2003 and Medieval Times on July 21 of 2006. The mall is also notable in that it had granted naming rights to interested companies, and was one of the first malls in the United States to do so. The Mills Corporation, the original owner of the mall, had granted the naming rights to Discover Card, and thus originally given the name "Discover Mills" as well as the tag line "Where Discover Card Is The Smart Choice". Simon Property Group is the current owner of Discover Mills from the Mills Corporation's acquisition. In October 2012, the 10-year naming rights with Discover Card ended, and the mall was renamed "Sugarloaf Mills," which was the mall's planned name when it was first developed in the late 1990s and named after the parkway the mall is located.

neg: Meadows Mall Meadows Mall is a shopping mall in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Meadows Mall is owned by the General Growth Properties Inc., and is located on 84 acre . It is a two-story enclosed mall with 960,000 ft² of space. The mall has 140 stores and 4 anchors. It is surrounded by 4,900 surface parking spaces in four different color-coded lots (Red, Blue, Yellow and Green). Its anchor stores are Dillard's Clearance Center, Macy's, JCPenney and Sears.

neg: Monmouth Mall Monmouth Mall, an enclosed split level shopping center in Eatontown, New Jersey owned and managed by Kushner Companies, is located on the corner of the intersection of NJ 35, NJ 36, and Wyckoff Road (Route 547). Currently, the mall has a gross leasable area of 1500000 sqft , making it the fourth largest shopping mall in New Jersey (tied with Willowbrook Mall), boasting over 150 shops. The mall is located near the Garden State Parkway at exit 105 and NJ 18 near the former location of the Eatontown Circle.

neg: Orange Park Mall Orange Park Mall is a shopping mall located in Bellair-Meadowbrook Terrace, an unincorporated suburban area just west of Orange Park, Florida, United States. It features Dillard's, JCPenney, Sears, Belk, Dick's Sporting Goods, and AMC Theatres as anchor stores.

neg: Pioneer Place Pioneer Place is an upscale, urban shopping mall in downtown Portland, Oregon. It consists of four blocks of retail, dining, parking, and an office tower named Pioneer Tower. The mall itself is spread out between four buildings, interconnected by skywalks or underground mall sections. The footprint of the entire complex consists of four full city blocks, bisected by SW Yamhill and Fourth, bounded north-south by SW Morrison and Taylor Streets and east-west by SW Third and Fifth Avenues.

neg: Magic Valley Mall Magic Valley Mall is a shopping mall located in Twin Falls, Idaho. The mall opened in 1986 and is named after the Magic Valley region of Idaho. At 413,000 square feet and boasting more than 80 shops, the Magic Valley Mall soon supplanted the older Blue Lakes Mall as a major shopping location in southern Idaho.

neg: The Mall at Lexington Green The Mall at Lexington Green is a hybrid enclosed shopping mall and outdoor lifestyle center in Lexington, Kentucky. Adjacent to Target and Fayette Mall, Lexington Green is ideally located at the intersection of New Circle and Nicholasville Roads just north of the region's largest retail development. Lexington Green's signature cupolas and lakefront shopping provide an oasis in the midst of Lexington, Kentucky's busiest intersection.

neg: The Fashion Mall at Keystone The Fashion Mall at Keystone, known better as The Fashion Mall, is an upscale shopping center in the northeast section of the city of Indianapolis, Indiana. The mall is located off I-465 at 86th Street and Keystone. The mall is considered the heart of the Keystone at the Crossing district. Developed, managed, and owned by Indianapolis-based Simon Property Group, the center is currently anchored by Saks Fifth Avenue and Nordstrom. The Fashion Mall consists of two two-story buildings linked by a glass archway called "The Crossing" that is also a foodcourt. The mall offers 95 specialty shops and restaurants. Over 40% of the stores in the mall have their sole location in the state of Indiana there. About 97% of the store's retail area was in use at the end of 2006.

neg: Westfield Sunrise Westfield Sunrise, commonly known as Sunrise Mall, is a shopping mall located in Massapequa, New York. The mall opened on August 30, 1973 as the first 2-level shopping center on Long Island. It was remodeled in 1991 and it was acquired by the Westfield Group in 2005.