query: John Green wrote the novel in which what film starring Shailene Woodley was created?

pos: John Green (author) John Michael Green (born August 24, 1977) is an American author, vlogger, writer, producer, actor and editor. He won the 2006 Printz Award for his debut novel, "Looking for Alaska", and his sixth novel, "The Fault in Our Stars", debuted at number one on "The New York Times" Best Seller list in January 2012. The 2014 film adaptation opened at number one at the box office. In 2014, Green was included in "Time" magazine's list of The 100 Most Influential People in the World. Another film based on a Green novel, "Paper Towns", was released on July 24, 2015.

pos: The Fault in Our Stars (film) The Fault in Our Stars is a 2014 American romantic drama film directed by Josh Boone, based on the novel of the same name by John Green. The film stars Shailene Woodley, Ansel Elgort, and Nat Wolff, with Laura Dern, Sam Trammell, and Willem Dafoe playing supporting roles. Woodley plays Hazel Grace Lancaster, a sixteen-year-old cancer patient who is forced by her parents to attend a support group, where she meets and subsequently falls in love with Augustus Waters, another cancer patient, played by Elgort.

neg: Parker (2013 film) Parker is a 2013 American action crime film directed by Taylor Hackford and written by John J. McLaughlin. Starring Jason Statham and Jennifer Lopez, the film is adapted from "Flashfire", the 19th Parker novel, written by Donald Westlake under the pen name Richard Stark.

neg: Soylent Green Soylent Green is a 1973 American science fiction thriller film directed by Richard Fleischer and starring Charlton Heston and Leigh Taylor-Young. Edward G. Robinson appears in his final film. Loosely based on the 1966 science fiction novel "Make Room! Make Room!" by Harry Harrison, it combines both police procedural and science fiction genres; the investigation into the murder of a wealthy businessman and a dystopian future of dying oceans and year-round humidity due to the greenhouse effect, resulting in suffering from pollution, poverty, overpopulation, euthanasia and depleted resources.

neg: Apple Tree Yard Apple Tree Yard is a British television thriller, adapted from the novel of the same name by Louise Doughty. The four-part series was commissioned in 2016 and the first episode had its premiere on BBC One on 22 January 2017. Emily Watson stars as the novel's original lead, Dr Yvonne Carmichael, with Ben Chaplin portraying the role of her lover, Mark Costley. "Apple Tree Yard" follows the story of Carmichael, an unhappily married forty-something scientist, who begins a secret affair with Costley whilst being completely unaware of his true identity.

neg: Will Grayson, Will Grayson Will Grayson, Will Grayson is a novel by John Green and David Levithan, published in April 2010 by Dutton Juvenile. The book's narrative is divided evenly between two boys named Will Grayson, with Green having written all of the chapters for one and Levithan having written the chapters for the other, presented in an alternating chapter fashion. The novel debuted on "The New York Times" children's best-seller list after its release and remained there for three weeks. It was the first LGBT-themed young adult novel to make it to that list.

neg: The Sea (2013 film) The Sea is a 2013 British-Irish drama film directed by Stephen Brown. It is based on the novel of the same name by John Banville, who also wrote the screenplay for the film. The film premiered in competition at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on 23 June 2013. The film had its North American premiere at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.

neg: The White Queen (novel) The White Queen is a 2009 historical novel by Philippa Gregory, the first of her series "The Cousins' War". It tells the story of Elizabeth Woodville, queen consort of King Edward IV of England. The 2013 BBC One television series "The White Queen" is a 10-part adaptation of Gregory's novels "The White Queen", "The Red Queen" (2010) and "The Kingmaker's Daughter" (2012), and features Rebecca Ferguson as Elizabeth Woodville.

neg: The Jealous God (film) The Jealous God (2005) is a 1960s set feature film by British writer-director Steven Woodcock. It is based on the novel by John Braine. The opening scenes were filmed in the grammar school in Bradford where Braine was once a pupil. Braine became famous in 1957 for his classic "Room at the Top", a book that shocked when first published because of how it exploded British class and sexual mores of the time. There’s a clip from the Oscar-winning 1958 film version of "Room at the Top" in "The Jealous God", when Vincent and Laura are seen sitting in a cinema. Allan Gill in his extraordinary movie debut, dazzles as inquisitive schoolboy #4.

neg: Amanda Brown (novelist) Amanda Brown (October 6, 1970) is an American novelist who wrote the novel "Legally Blonde" which was the basis for the film and musical of the same name.

neg: Green Darkness Green Darkness is the 1972 novel by Anya Seton. It spent sixth months on "The New York Times" Best Seller list and became her most popular novel, as well as her last completed novel.

neg: The Green (film) The Green is a 2011 drama film directed by Steven Williford, written by Williford, Paul Marcarelli and Molly Pearson, and starring Jason Butler Harner, Cheyenne Jackson, Illeana Douglas and Julia Ormond.

neg: The Californians (film) The Californians is a 2005 American independent drama film from Hart Sharp Films starring Noah Wyle. It is a modern-day adaptation of the 1886 Henry James novel "The Bostonians", with the location moved from Boston to Marin County, California, and with the political topic driving the plot changed from feminism to environmentalism. "The Californians" is the second film adaptation of "The Bostonians", after the 1984 film "The Bostonians".

neg: Green for Danger (film) Green for Danger is a 1946 British thriller film, based on the 1944 detective novel of the same name by Christianna Brand. The film was directed by Sidney Gilliat and stars Alastair Sim, Trevor Howard, Sally Gray and Rosamund John. The film was shot at Pinewood Studios in England. The title is a reference to the colour-coding used on anaesthetists' gas canisters.

neg: Carrie Pilby (film) Carrie Pilby is a 2016 American comedy film directed by Susan Johnson and written by Kara Holden and Dean Craig, based on the best-selling novel of the same name by Caren Lissner. The film stars Bel Powley, Nathan Lane, Gabriel Byrne, Jason Ritter, William Moseley, Vanessa Bayer, and Colin O'Donoghue. Principal photography began on December 14, 2015 in New York City.

neg: Green Shadows, White Whale Green Shadows, White Whale is a 1992 novel by Ray Bradbury. It gives a fictionalized account of his journey to Ireland in 1953-1954 to write a screen adaptation of the novel "Moby-Dick" with director John Huston. Bradbury has said he wrote it after reading actress Katharine Hepburn's account of filming "The African Queen" with Huston in Africa. The title itself is a play on Peter Viertel's novel "White Hunter, Black Heart", which is also about Huston.

neg: Wind River (film) Wind River is a 2017 American neo-western murder mystery thriller film written and directed by Taylor Sheridan. The film stars Jeremy Renner and Elizabeth Olsen as a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service tracker and an FBI agent, respectively, who try to solve a murder on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming. Gil Birmingham and Graham Greene also star. According to Sheridan, the opening "inspired by true events" card was a reference to the "thousands of actual stories just like it" involving sexual assault of women on reservations, his primary motivation for writing the film.

neg: The Talented Mr. Ripley (film) The Talented Mr. Ripley is a 1999 American psychological thriller film written for the screen and directed by Anthony Minghella. An adaptation of Patricia Highsmith's 1955 novel of the same name, the film stars Matt Damon as Tom Ripley, Jude Law as Dickie Greenleaf, Gwyneth Paltrow as Marge Sherwood and Cate Blanchett as Meredith Logue.

neg: Tara Road (film) Tara Road is a film based on the novel of the same name by Maeve Binchy.

neg: John Stewart (comics) John Stewart, one of the characters known as Green Lantern, is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics and was the first African-American superhero to appear in DC Comics. The character was created by Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams, and first appeared in "Green Lantern" #87 (December 1971).

neg: Orgy of the Dead Orgy of the Dead is a 1965 erotic horror film directed by Stephen C. Apostolof under the alias A. C. Stephen. The screenplay was written by cult film director Edward D. Wood Jr.. He adapted the screenplay into a novel.

neg: The Green Carnation (film) The Green Carnation is a 1954 British crime film directed by  John Lemont and starring Wayne Morris, Mary Germaine and Marcia Ashton.


query: Harvey Norman was an American comedic actor who performed in television and film productions who starred in the American sitcom "Leo & Liz in Beverly Hills", what sketch comedy series is he best known for?

pos: Leo & Liz in Beverly Hills Leo & Liz in Beverly Hills is an American sitcom starring Harvey Korman, Valerie Perrine, Sue Ball, and their monkey Bernard that was broadcast from April 25 to June 6, 1986 on Friday nights at 8:30 p.m ET on CBS.

pos: Harvey Korman Harvey Herschel Korman (February 15, 1927May 29, 2008) was an American comedic actor who performed in television and film productions and was also a voice artist. His big break was being a featured performer on CBS' "The Danny Kaye Show", but he is best remembered for his performances on the sketch comedy series "The Carol Burnett Show" and in several films by Mel Brooks.

neg: The Underground (TV series) The Underground was a sketch comedy series produced by and starring Damon Wayans. It aired on Showtime. Wayans describes the show as ""In Living Color" on steroids." The show features raunchy, sexist, and racist behavior, and as Wayans states in his opening monologue, "We decided to test the limits."

neg: Louie (TV series) Louie is an American comedy-drama television series on the FX network that began airing in 2010. It is written, directed, edited, and produced by the show's creator, comedian Louis C.K. He also stars in the show as a fictionalized version of himself, a comedian and newly divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City. The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series, consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments (described by FX president John Landgraf as "extended vignettes") that revolve around Louie's life, punctuated by live stand-up performances.

neg: Madhouse Brigade Madhouse Brigade is a half-hour sketch comedy series conceived and written by Alexander "Sandy" Marshall, and produced by Alexander Marshall, Dale Keidel and Jim Larkin. It aired in U.S. syndication in 1978 and 1979, and won Marshall an Emmy Award in 1980 as Best Writer of an Entertainment Series.

neg: The Holmes Show The Holmes Show is a Canadian sketch comedy television series that premiered on CTV on September 24, 2002. The 22 episode series stars Jessica Holmes, Roman Danylo and Kurt Smeaton. Filming took place at the CTV studios in June and August 2002. Each scene was shot twice with the second scene usually involving more improvisation. Other comedians featured include Raoul Bhaneja, Aurora Browne, James Cunningham, Jane Luk, Winston Spear, Shoshana Sperling and Scott Yaphe.

neg: Stuart Pankin Stuart Pankin (born April 8, 1946) is an American comic actor who is best known for his comedy roles, he has frequently performed at St. Vincent Summer Theatre. On television, he has played anchor Bob Charles in "Not Necessarily the News", Earl Sinclair in "Dinosaurs" and Orthodox Jew Ben Heineman in "Curb Your Enthusiasm", as well as making many guest appearances in many television shows and lending his voice into various animated shows and film. Among his approximately three dozen films was "Hollywood Knights", and he starred in "" and its sequels, as Commander Plank. He also appeared in "Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves" and "Arachnophobia" and as Jimmy in "Fatal Attraction".

neg: Barney Gumble Barnard "Barney" Gumble is a fictional character on the American animated sitcom "The Simpsons". The character is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared in the series premiere episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire". He is the town drunk of Springfield and Homer Simpson's best friend. His desperation for alcohol is a frequent butt of jokes on the show. Barney sobered up in the episode "Days of Wine and D'oh'ses", which was co-written by Castellaneta, and stayed sober for several seasons. Barney was inspired by the cartoon character Barney Rubble from "The Flintstones" and by several barflies from other television programs. In 2004, Castellaneta won an Emmy Award for voicing various characters, including Barney.

neg: Live on Tape Live on Tape is a late night comedy sketch show that aired on Saturday nights at 10pm on KLJB-TV in Davenport, Iowa from 1987 to 1989, and repeated through 1990. "Live on Tape" was the only locally produced entertainment show at that time in the Quad Cities area.

neg: Happy Days Happy Days is an American television sitcom that aired first-run from January 15, 1974, to September 24, 1984 on ABC, with a total of 255 half-hour episodes spanning over eleven seasons. Created by Garry Marshall, the series presented an idealized vision of life in the mid-1950s to mid-1960s Midwestern United States, and starred Ron Howard as teenager Richie Cunningham, Henry Winkler as his friend Arthur "Fonzie"/"The Fonz" Fonzarelli, and Tom Bosley and Marion Ross as Richie's parents, Howard and Marion Cunningham. "Happy Days" became one of the biggest hits in television history and heavily influenced the television style of its time.

neg: David Alan Grier David Alan Grier (born June 30, 1956) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his work on the sketch comedy television show "In Living Color".

neg: Haywire (TV series) Haywire is a sketch comedy television series which was aired by Fox Broadcasting Company as part of its 1990-91 lineup. "Haywire" included segments such as:

neg: Love of Chair Love of Chair was a recurring sketch on the television program "The Electric Company". It was seen primarily during the 1971–1972 season. The sketch was a parody of classic soap operas, and spoofed numerous aspects of these shows:

neg: The Catherine Tate Show The Catherine Tate Show is a British television sketch comedy written by Catherine Tate and Aschlin Ditta. Tate also stars in all but one of the show's sketches, which feature a wide range of characters. "The Catherine Tate Show" airs on BBC Two and is shown worldwide through the BBC. Collectively, the show has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards, two British Comedy Awards and an Emmy Award, and it has won two Royal Television Society Awards, two British Comedy Awards and a National Television Award since its debut in 2004.

neg: Rich Hall Richard Travis "Rich" Hall (born 10 June 1954) is an American comedian, writer, and musician, first coming to prominence as a sketch comedian in the 1980s. He wrote and performed for a range of American networks, in series such as "Fridays", "Not Necessarily the News" (popularising the "sniglet" neologism), and "Saturday Night Live".

neg: History of Saturday Night Live (2000–05) "Saturday Night Live" is an American sketch comedy series created and produced by Lorne Michaels for most of the show's run. The show has aired on NBC since 1975.

neg: Caroline in the City Caroline in the City is an American situation comedy that ran on the NBC television network. It stars Lea Thompson as cartoonist Caroline Duffy, who lives in Manhattan. The series premiered on September 21, 1995 in the "Must See TV" Thursday night block between "Seinfeld" and ""ER"". The show ran for 97 episodes over four seasons before it was cancelled; the final episode was broadcast on April 26, 1999.

neg: List of Fridays episodes "Fridays" is a sketch comedy and variety show that aired on the American Broadcasting Company for three seasons from April 11, 1980 to April 23, 1982.

neg: Dave Eastgate Dave Eastgate is an Australian actor, stand-up comedian, writer and musician. He is most known for his regular roles in the television series and sketch shows.

neg: Prop comedy Prop comedy is a comedy genre in which performers use humorous objects, or conventional objects in humorous ways. The stages and films term "prop", an abbreviation of "property", refers to any object an actor handles in the course of a performance. Though some form of prop comedy has likely existed as long as there have been comedians, the genre reached its zenith in the vaudeville era. The vaudeville team Olsen and Johnson used prop comedy extensively in their long running Broadway revue "Hellzapoppin".

neg: List of The Simpsons episodes "The Simpsons" is an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It is a satirical depiction of a middle class American lifestyle epitomized by its eponymous family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield, and lampoons American culture, society, and television, as well as many aspects of the human condition. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a pitch for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks. Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, substituting Bart for his own name. The shorts became a part of the Fox series "The Tracey Ullman Show" on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime-time show that was an early hit for Fox.

neg: Help Me Help You Help Me Help You is an American television sitcom that aired from September 26, 2006 to December 19, 2006. It was first broadcast at 9:30pm Tuesdays on ABC in the United States and on Global in Canada. "Help Me Help You" was a comedy about a collection of eccentric individuals in group psychotherapy with a respected therapist—who may quite possibly have more problems than his patients.


query: What Australian-themed American casual dining restaurant chain, based in Tampa, Florida also sponsored the 2017 Outback Bowl?

pos: 2017 Outback Bowl The 2017 Outback Bowl was an American college football bowl game played on January 2, 2017 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The 31st annual Outback Bowl featured the Iowa Hawkeyes from the Big Ten Conference and the Florida Gators from the Southeastern Conference, and was one of the 2016-17 NCAA football bowl games concluding the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The game was nationally televised by ABC, and its title sponsor was the Outback Steakhouse restaurant franchise.

pos: Outback Steakhouse Outback Steakhouse is an Australian-themed American casual dining restaurant chain, serving American cuisine, based in Tampa, Florida, with almost 1,000 locations in 23 countries throughout North and South America, Asia, and Australia. It was founded in February 1988 in Tampa by Bob Basham, Chris T. Sullivan, Trudy Cooper, and Tim Gannon, and it was owned and operated in the United States by OSI Restaurant Partners until it was acquired by Bloomin' Brands, and by other franchise and venture agreements internationally.

neg: Chris T. Sullivan Chris T. Sullivan (born February 15, 1948, in Lake City, Florida) is one of the founders of Outback Steakhouse and OSI Restaurant Partners, LLC. He also formerly held the titles of director and chairman. He is currently a board member at Bloomin’ Brands.

neg: EVOS (restaurant) EVOS Food Creations, Inc. (styled ēvōs) is a chain of franchised fast food restaurants founded in Tampa, Florida. The company operates 3 locations in Florida. The name "EVOS" derives from the word, "evolve".

neg: 2013 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl The 2013 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl was an American college football bowl game that was played on December 28, 2013 at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona. The 25th annual Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl featured the Michigan Wolverines of the Big Ten Conference and the Kansas State Wildcats of the Big 12 Conference. The game was telecast at 8:15 p.m. MST on ESPN. It is one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by the Buffalo Wild Wings restaurant franchise.

neg: Alastair McLeod Alastair McLeod is a celebrity chef based in Brisbane Australia. He is a regular guest on Ready Steady Cook, "Queensland Weekender" and ABC Radio. Alastair also hosts his own food show ″Off the Eaten Track″ that has screened in Australia, Asia, and New Zealand

neg: 2015 Cactus Bowl The 2015 Cactus Bowl was an American college football bowl game that was played on January 2, 2015, at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that concluded the 2014 FBS football season. The game started at 10:15 p.m. ET and was televised on ESPN. Sponsored by the TicketCity ticket broker company, the game was officially known as the TicketCity Cactus Bowl.

neg: 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl The 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 29, 2014 at Orlando Citrus Bowl Stadium in Orlando, Florida. This was the 25th Russell Athletic Bowl. It was one of the 2014–15 NCAA football bowl games that conclude the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season. It was sponsored by the Russell Athletic uniform company.

neg: 2014 Bahamas Bowl The 2014 Bahamas Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game that was played December 24, 2014 at Thomas Robinson Stadium in Nassau in the Bahamas. The first edition of the Bahamas Bowl featured the Central Michigan Chippewas of the Mid-American Conference against the WKU Hilltoppers of Conference USA. It began at 12:00 p.m. EST and aired on ESPN. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that concluded the 2014 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen fried chicken restaurant chain, the game was officially known as the Popeyes Bahamas Bowl.

neg: Cook Out (restaurant) Cook Out is an American privately owned fast food restaurant chain in Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Mississippi, and Maryland. Founded in Greensboro, North Carolina, the chain has since expanded and now has drive-thru restaurants in over one hundred cities. Most locations consist of a double drive-thru and outdoor seating, while many newer locations also offer traditional indoor seating. The chain itself has grown in size with many locations now spread throughout Virginia.

neg: 2016 Outback Bowl The 2016 Outback Bowl was an American college football bowl game that was played on January 1, 2016, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. It was the 30th edition of the Outback Bowl (previously called the Hall of Fame Bowl), featuring the #13 Northwestern Wildcats from the Big Ten and the #23 Tennessee Volunteers from the SEC. It was one of the 2015-16 bowl games that concluded the 2015 FBS football season, with kickoff at noon EST on ESPN2. It was sponsored by the Outback Steakhouse restaurant franchise.

neg: Pizza Haven (Australia) Pizza Haven is a defunct Australian and New Zealand pizza restaurant chain and franchise operation.

neg: Swagman Restaurant The Swagman Restaurant was a restaurant in Ferntree Gully, Melbourne, Australia, which opened in 1972 and burnt down in 1991. The restaurant was famous in Melbourne for its long-running television commercials, cabaret shows, and smorgasbord.

neg: Burrito Bar Burrito Bar is an Australian licensed, casual-dining restaurant chain specialising in Tex-Mex dishes such as burritos, nachos, taco, quesadillas and other specialty items.

neg: Colonnade (restaurant) Colonnade Restaurant is a historic restaurant in Tampa, Florida established in 1935. It was operated for at least three generations by the Whiteside family. The restaurant is known for its water views (on Bayshore Boulevard) and its seafood.

neg: Cafe Rio Cafe Rio, or Cafe Rio Mexican Grill, is a fast casual restaurant chain based in Salt Lake City, with branches in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Maryland, Montana, Nevada, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming. The company specializes in Mexican cuisine. Its menu includes appetizers, tostadas, salads, burritos, desserts, enchiladas, tacos, quesadillas, soups, and beverages. The company also provides catering services. As of October 2016, the chain has 100 locations.

neg: Taco Bueno Taco Bueno is a U.S.-based, fast-food restaurant chain specializing in Tex-Mex-style Mexican cuisine. The company is currently headquartered in Irving, Texas; its first location opened in Abilene, Texas in 1967. The food chain has locations in Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Colorado and Texas. The chain currently includes more than 180 restaurants.

neg: Frostop Frostop is the name of an American root beer brand and chain of fast food drive-in restaurants. The restaurants are known for their rotating oversized root beer mugs used as outdoor signage.

neg: 4 Fingers Crispy Chicken 4FINGERS (also known as 4FINGERS Crispy Chicken) is a Singaporean chain of fast casual restaurants that specialises in crispy Asian style fried chicken. Headquartered in Singapore, the chain was founded in 2009 and currently has 21 stores across Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia. The company expanded regionally to Malaysia in 2015 with three stores located in Kuala Lumpur], one store in Petaling Jaya and two outlets in Medan, Indonesia. From June–July 2017, 4FINGERS also opened an outlet in Melbourne, Australia[http://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/finance/2431/Singaporean-fried-chicken-chain-4FINGERS-expands-into-Australia <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] and two outlets in Queensland, Australia, with plans for expansion to Europe and the USA in the future.

neg: Fleming's Prime Steakhouse & Wine Bar Fleming's Prime Steakhouse & Wine Bar (or simply Fleming's) is an American steakhouse restaurant chain owned and operated by Bloomin' Brands, headquartered in Tampa, Florida. Founded in 1998 by Paul Fleming and Bill Allen, Fleming's first location was in Newport Beach, California. As of 2017, the company had 69 locations throughout 28 states and 1 in São Paulo, Brazil, all company-owned, with the newest located in Pasadena, CA on iconic Colorado Blvd.

neg: Cigar Bowl The Cigar Bowl was a post-season college football bowl game featuring small college teams which was held in Tampa, Florida from 1947 to 1954. It was played at Phillips Field, which was located across the Hillsborough River from downtown Tampa at the current site of Tampa Preparatory School and Julian Lane Riverfront Park. In some years, the game was part of a month-long "sports circus" in Tampa, with college basketball, golf, and tennis tournaments scheduled around the area along with horse racing and boxing.

neg: Sonic Drive-In Sonic Drive-In, more commonly known as Sonic, is an American drive-in fast-food restaurant chain based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. As of August 31, 2016, restaurants were in 45 U.S. states. In 2011, it was ranked 10th in "QSR Magazine"'s rankings of the top 50 quick-service and fast-casual restaurant brands in the nation (moving the 13th for 2015 and 2016). Known for its use of carhops on roller skates, the company annually hosts a competition to determine the top skating carhop in its system.


query: Which system is connected to Des Plaines river, Houston Ship Channel or Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal?

pos: Houston Ship Channel The Houston Ship Channel, in Houston, Texas, is part of the Port of Houston, one of the US's busiest seaports. The channel is the conduit for ocean-going vessels between Houston-area terminals and the Gulf of Mexico, and it serves an increasing volume of inland barge traffic.

pos: Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, historically known as the Chicago Drainage Canal, is a 28 mi canal system that connects the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River. It reverses the direction of the Main Stem and the South Branch of the Chicago River, which now flows out of Lake Michigan rather than into it. The related Calumet-Saganashkee Channel does the same for the Calumet River a short distance to the south, joining the Chicago canal about half way along its route to the Des Plaines. The two provide the only navigation for ships between the Great Lakes Waterway and the Mississippi River system.

neg: Houston River (Louisiana) Houston River begins at the crossing of LA 12, northeast of Starks, at the mouth of Bear Head creek in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, and terminates at the confluence with the West Fork Calcasieu River on the southwest border of Sam Houston Jones State Park.

neg: Clear Lake (Galveston Bay) Clear Lake is a brackish lake located near Houston, Texas, U.S., in Harris County. The lake feeds Galveston Bay. It is bordered by Houston (Clear Lake City), Pasadena, League City, Clear Lake Shores, Taylor Lake Village, and El Lago, Texas. NASA's Johnson Space Center lies near its shores.

neg: Miami Conservancy District The Miami Conservancy District is a river management agency operating in Southwest Ohio to control flooding of the Great Miami River and its tributaries. It was organized in 1915 following the catastrophic Great Dayton Flood of the Great Miami River in March 1913, which hit Dayton, Ohio particularly hard. Designed by Arthur Ernest Morgan, the Miami Conservancy District built levees, straightened the river channel throughout the Miami Valley, and built five dry dams on various tributaries to control flooding. The district and its projects are unusual in that they were funded almost entirely by local tax initiatives, unlike similar projects elsewhere which were funded by the federal government and coordinated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

neg: Duluth Ship Canal The Duluth Ship Canal is an artificial channel cut through Minnesota Point, providing direct access to Duluth harbor from Lake Superior. Begun privately in 1871, it was put under federal supervision and maintenance several years later. It is still an important component of the harbor facilities.

neg: Gulf Coast Lines The Gulf Coast Lines was the name of a railroad system comprising three principal railroads, as well as some smaller ones, that stretched from New Orleans, Louisiana via Baton Rouge and Houston to Brownsville, Texas. Originally chartered as subsidiaries of the Frisco Railroad, the system became independent in 1916 and was purchased by the Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1925.

neg: Chemung Canal The Chemung Canal is a former canal in New York, United States. The canal connected Seneca Lake at Watkins Glen to the Chemung River at Elmira, New York. It was planned to connect the Finger Lakes region and Pennsylvania's Susquehanna River watershed with New York's Erie Canal system. The latter connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and ultimately the Atlantic port of New York City.

neg: Lakes Subdivision The Lakes Subdivision or Lakes Sub is a railway line operated by BNSF Railway that runs about 157 mi from the Grand Forks Subdivision at Cass Lake, Minnesota, to Superior, Wisconsin, where there are a number of lines. U.S. Highway 2 runs parallel to the line for most of its route. U.S. 2 continues across the St. Louis River east of Brookston, while the rail line stays on the southern bank of the river. Prior to the creation of BNSF, the line was operated by the Burlington Northern Railroad as part of their Lake Superior Division. Today, it is operated by BNSF's Twin Cities Division.

neg: Detroit River The Detroit River flows for 24 nmi from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie as a strait in the Great Lakes system and forms part of the border between Canada and the United States. The river divides the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario - an area referred to as Detroit–Windsor. The two cities are connected by the Ambassador Bridge, the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel.

neg: White Oak Bayou White Oak Bayou is a slow-moving river in Houston, Texas. A major tributary of the city's principal waterway, Buffalo Bayou, White Oak originates near the intersection of Texas State Highway 6 and U.S. Highway 290 (the Northwest Freeway) and meanders southeast for 25 mi until it joins Buffalo Bayou in Downtown. The river serves as a greenway which connects Downtown to the Houston Heights, Oak Forest, Garden Oaks, and Inwood Forest.

neg: Alexander Island (Texas) Alexander Island is an island on the Houston Ship Channel and is located near Baytown and La Porte and is viewable on the Fred Hartman Bridge. It is located in Harris County, Texas.

neg: Port of Pittsburgh The Port of Pittsburgh is a vast river traffic region in southwestern Pennsylvania. It spans a twelve-county area including Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Blair, Butler, Clarion, Fayette, Greene, Indiana, Lawrence, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties. It encompasses essentially all 200 miles of commercially navigable waterways in southwestern Pennsylvania, including the three major rivers in this region: the Allegheny, the Monongahela, and the Ohio. These waterways are made navigable by a system of seventeen locks and dams. The Port of Pittsburgh supports over 200 river terminals and barge industry service suppliers, including privately owned public river terminals. The port complex is served by the CSX and Norfolk Southern railroads and by four interstate highways. The Port of Pittsburgh Commission acts as a comprehensive service for shippers and industries seeking information on the river system.

neg: Chicago River and Harbor Convention of 1847 The Chicago River and Harbor Convention of 1847, also known as the Harbor and River Convention of 1847, was a political convention held in Chicago, Illinois, from July 5 to July 7, 1847, to express support for federal funding of internal improvements. Noted for its size and pageantry, the event drew almost 2,500 delegates from nineteen states. Although not expressly partisan in nature, it proved to be important for the elaboration of Whig beliefs.

neg: St. Clair River The St. Clair River (French: "Rivière Sainte-Claire" ) is a 40.5 mi river in central North America which drains Lake Huron into Lake St. Clair, forming part of the international boundary between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of Michigan. The river is a significant component in the Great Lakes Waterway, with shipping channels permitting cargo vessels to travel between the upper and lower Great Lakes.

neg: Washington Canal (New Jersey) The Washington Canal, in Sayreville, New Jersey, is a waterway connecting the South River with the Raritan River, bypassing several loops at the mouth of the former.

neg: Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad The Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad (reporting mark CSS) , also known as the South Shore Line, is a Class III freight railroad operating between Chicago, Illinois, and South Bend, Indiana. The railroad serves as a link between Class I railroads and local industries in northeast Illinois and northwest Indiana. It built the South Shore Line electric interurban and operated it until 1990, when it transferred it to the Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District. The railroad is owned by the Anacostia Rail Holdings Company.

neg: Denver Harbor, Houston Denver Harbor is a historic community located in eastern Houston, Texas, United States near the Houston Ship Channel. The community, bounded by Wallisville Road, the Houston Belt and Terminal Railroad, the Southern Pacific Railroad, the Port Authority Railroad, was first settled in the 1890s and platted in 1911 and 1913. The community includes many historic bungalow and cottage homes.

neg: St. Louis Southwestern Railway The St. Louis Southwestern Railway (reporting mark SSW) , known by its nickname of "The Cotton Belt Route" or simply Cotton Belt, is a former US Class I railroad which operated between St. Louis, Missouri, and various points in the states of Arkansas and Texas from 1891 to 1992.

neg: Desbrosses Street Ferry The Desbrosses Street Ferry was a ferry route across the Hudson River (then called the North River) in the 19th and 20th centuries. It provided passengers with ferry service between the Pennsylvania Railroad's station at Jersey City and Desbrosses Street in lower Manhattan where an elevated railway station at Ninth Avenue was located and where the Metropolitan Crosstown Line provided a connection to the Grand Street Ferry.

neg: Chain boat navigation Chain-boat navigation or chain-ship navigation is a little-known chapter in the history of shipping on European rivers. From around the middle of the 19th century, vessels called chain boats were used to haul strings of barges upstream by using a fixed chain lying on the bed of a river. The chain was raised from the riverbed to pass over the deck of the steamer, being hauled by a heavy winch powered by a steam engine. A variety of companies operated chain boat services on rivers such as the Elbe, Rhine, Neckar, Main, Saale, Havel, Spree and Saône as well as other rivers in Belgium and the Netherlands. Chain boats were also used in the United States.

neg: Okeechobee Waterway The Okeechobee Waterway or Okeechobee Canal is a relatively shallow man-made waterway in the United States, stretching across Florida from Fort Myers on the west coast to Stuart on Florida's east coast. The waterway can support tows such as barges or private vessels up to 50 ft wide x 250 ft long which draw less than 10 ft , as parts of the system, especially the locks may have low water depths of just ten feet. The system of channels runs through Lake Okeechobee and consists of the Caloosahatchee River to the west of the lake and the St. Lucie Canal (C-44) east of the lake.


query: The Painted Veil is the original soundtrack of a 2006 film based on a novel by what author?

pos: The Painted Veil (soundtrack) The Painted Veil is the original soundtrack, on the Deutsche Grammophon label, of the 2006 Golden Globe-winning film "The Painted Veil" starring Naomi Watts and Edward Norton. The original score and songs were composed by Alexandre Desplat.

pos: The Painted Veil (2006 film) The Painted Veil is a 2006 American drama film directed by John Curran. The screenplay by Ron Nyswaner is based on the 1925 novel of the same title by W. Somerset Maugham. Edward Norton, Naomi Watts, Toby Jones, Anthony Wong Chau Sang and Liev Schreiber appear in the leading roles.

neg: A Year Ago in Winter A Year Ago in Winter (German: "Im Winter ein Jahr" ) is a 2008 German drama film directed by Caroline Link. It is based on the novel "Aftermath" by American author Scott Campbell, tellings the story of a "complicated family situation". The painting featured in the film was made by the Munich artist Florian Sussmayr. The film score is composed by Niki Reiser.

neg: Diamond Dove (novel) Diamond Dove (2006) is a crime novel by Australian author Adrian Hyland. It is the first in the author's series of novels featuring the recurring character Emily Tempest. It won the Best First Novel category of the 2007 Ned Kelly Awards.

neg: A Dirty Job A Dirty Job is the ninth novel by Christopher Moore, published in 2006. While reflecting the author's absurdist tendencies, the content of the novel draws in no small part from his own experiences in tending to the needs of close family and friends in the stages of dying.

neg: The Anubis Tapestry The Anubis Tapestry: Between Twilights is a 2006 fantasy novel written and illustrated by Bruce Zick.

neg: The Last Pope The Last Pope (original: "O Último Papa") is a novel by Portuguese author Luís Miguel Rocha, released in 2006.

neg: The Da Vinci Code (video game) The Da Vinci Code is a 2006 adventure puzzle video game developed by The Collective, Inc. and published by 2K Games for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. The game was released on the same day the film of the same name opened in theatres and it is based on the 2003 novel by Dan Brown, not the film. As such, the characters in the game do not resemble nor sound like their filmic counterparts.

neg: Dreams of Speaking Dreams of Speaking is a 2006 novel by Australian author Gail Jones.

neg: I Served the King of England I Served the King of England (Czech: "Obsluhoval jsem anglického krále" ) is a novel by the Czech writer Bohumil Hrabal. The story is set in Prague in the 1940s, during the Nazi occupation and early communism, and follows a young man who alternately gets into trouble and has successes. Hrabal wrote the book during a period of censorship in the early 70s. It began circulating in 1971, and was formally published in 1983. It was adapted into a 2006 film with the same title, directed by Jiří Menzel, a noted director of the Czech New Wave.

neg: Jar City (film) Jar City (Icelandic: Mýrin – "The Bog") is a 2006 Icelandic film directed by Baltasar Kormákur. It is based on "Mýrin", a novel written by Arnaldur Indriðason and released in English as "Jar City".

neg: Misfortune (novel) Misfortune, is the 2005 debut novel by Wesley Stace. The "Victorian" novel revolves around a cross-dressing heir/heiress. The book was one of the "Washington Post"'s Books of the Year and chosen by Amazon.com as one of the Ten Best Novels of 2005. It was also nominated for the Guardian First Book Award, and shortlisted for both the Commonwealth Writers Prize and the James Tiptree, Jr. Award. The author, better known as singer-songwriter John Wesley Harding, recorded the traditional ballads and folk songs in the book on the The Love Hall Tryst's 2005 album "Songs of Misfortune".

neg: High Fidelity (novel) High Fidelity is a novel by British author Nick Hornby first published in 1995. It has sold over a million copies and was later adapted into a feature film in 2000 and a Broadway musical in 2006. In 2003, the novel was listed on the BBC's survey The Big Read.

neg: Call Me Elisabeth Call Me Elisabeth (French title: Je m'appelle Elisabeth) is a 2006 French drama film directed by Jean-Pierre Améris, and based on a novel written by Anne Wiazemsky.

neg: Le Papillon des étoiles Le Papillon des étoiles ("The Butterfly of the Stars") is a 2006 novel by French author Bernard Werber.

neg: Nahar we leil Nahar we leil is a 2006 film.

neg: De Bekoring De bekoring ("The temptation") is a 2006 novel by Dutch author Hans Münstermann, which won him the AKO Literatuurprijs. It is the fifth in a series all featuring Andreas Klein as a central character, who is coming to terms with his and his family's past and present.

neg: Layer Cake (novel) Layer Cake is the debut novel of British author J. J. Connolly, first published in 2000 by Duckworth Press. It was made into a motion picture in 2004 (also called "Layer Cake"), directed by Matthew Vaughn and written for the screen by Connolly himself.

neg: Naadan Premam Naadan Premam (English: Love in the Countryside ) is a Malayalam novel written by S. K. Pottekkatt in 1941. It is a short novel written when the author was in Bombay and tells the story of an innocent village belle jilted by a modern man-about-town. It is set entirely in Mukkam, a rustic village on the banks of Iruvanjippuzha, a major tributary of River Chaliyar. Written initially as a film treatment and later converted into a novel, it was serialised in "Kerala Kaumudi" newspaper and released as a book in August 1941. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1972 but was not a success on the screen.

neg: Lady Chatterley (film) Lady Chatterley is a 2006 French drama film by Pascale Ferran. The film is an adaptation of the novel "John Thomas and Lady Jane", an earlier version of "Lady Chatterley's Lover", by D. H. Lawrence. It was released in France on 1 November 2006, followed by limited release in the U.S. on 22 June 2007 and in the UK on 24 August 2007.

neg: The Ultimate Gift The Ultimate Gift is a 2006 American drama film directed by Michael O. Sajbel from a screenplay written by Cheryl McKay, which is in turn based on the best selling novel by Jim Stovall.

neg: Ransom Seaborn The debut novel by singer-songwriter and recording artist Bill Deasy. The novel was published by Velluminous Press in 2006.


query: Which band is English, Cobra Starship or The Wombats?

pos: Cobra Starship Cobra Starship was an American dance-pop band created by former Midtown bassist and lead vocalist Gabe Saporta in 2006 in New York City, New York. After writing and recording the band's debut album "While the City Sleeps, We Rule the Streets" as a solo project, Saporta enlisted guitarist Ryland Blackinton, bassist Alex Suarez, drummer Nate Novarro, and keytarist Victoria Asher, all of whom provide backing vocals.

pos: The Wombats The Wombats are an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 2003. The band is composed of lead vocalist and guitarist Matthew Murphy, drummer Dan Haggis, and bassist Tord Øverland Knudsen, and has been since its inception. The band is signed to 14th Floor Records in the United Kingdom and Bright Antenna in the United States. The Wombats' albums have sold over 1 million copies worldwide.

neg: Psycho Motel Psycho Motel was a British hard rock band, formed by Iron Maiden guitarist Adrian Smith.

neg: English Words English Words is a Canadian Indie Rock Band based in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. It is made up of two song writing brothers (Ryan & Aaron Crane), a cousin (Todd MacLean), an old friend (Josh Byrne) and a spring chicken (Andrew Murray).

neg: Wombats RC Wombats RC is an Austrian rugby club in Wiener Neustadt.

neg: We Fell to Earth We Fell to Earth are an experimental rock band from London, England, consisting of Wendy Rae Fowler and Richard File. They performed their debut live show on 21 April 2009, at London's ICA to a sold out audience. They are represented by William Morris Agency.

neg: Katydids (band) Katydids were an English band, founded by the vocalist Susie Hug and guitarist Adam Seymour, adding Dan James on guitar, David Hunter on bass guitar, and Shane Young on drums in the late 1980s. In December 1989, "NME" had commented that Katydids were one of their tips for stardom in the 1990s. "NME"s list also included Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine, The Charlatans, The Mock Turtles, Ride and The Popinjays. However, after two unsuccessful albums, Reprise dropped Katydids and they split up until new Katydids music surfaced in 2014.

neg: Go:Audio Go:Audio were an English pop rock band from London, England. The band's sound implemented influences from pop punk and electropop, often using synthesizers and programming tools. Additionally, they were also noted for not using a bassist. And also supporting such bands as McFly, Scouting for Girls, hellogoodbye, Zebrahead and Bowling for Soup.

neg: Ultimate Painting Ultimate Painting are an English alternative rock band, formed in London in 2014. The band consists of co-frontmen Jack Cooper and James Hoare, with a revolving cast of rhythm sections.

neg: Paul Vickers Paul Vickers is the vocalist and lyricist with cult rock band Dawn of the Replicants. After the group went on indefinite hiatus in 2007, he continued to release music with various collaborators as well as branching out into comedy and writing. Since 2010 he has performed an award nominated annual cabaret show at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe as "Mr. Twonkey". He has also released three albums with Edinburgh band The Leg. In 2013 he published his first book, "Itchy Grumble", and in 2015 his first theatrical play "Jennifer's Robot Arm" debuted in London. In 2016 his show "Twonkey's Mumbo Jumbo Hotel" won the Malcolm Hardee Award for Comic Originality at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.

neg: Sky (band) Sky were an English/Australian instrumental rock group that specialised in combining a variety of musical styles, most prominently rock, classical and jazz. The group's original and best-known lineup featured classical guitarist John Williams, bass player Herbie Flowers, electric guitarist Kevin Peek, drummer Tristan Fry and keyboard player Francis Monkman.

neg: SKAndalous All-Stars The SKAndalous All-Stars are a ska band, composed of members of The Slackers, the Skatalites, Mephiskapheles, the Stubborn All-Stars, Agent 99, Ruder Than You, Sic & Mad, The Excalibur, Cocktaillica, The Hurtin' Buckaroos, Living Colour, Perfect Thyroid, the Cycle Sluts from Hell, and The Klezmatics, and is led by Slackers frontman Vic Ruggiero. Considered one of the first ska supergroups, the Skandalous All Stars built their reputation on ska and reggae stylized versions of popular rock and pop tunes. Their first two albums—"Hit Me", released in 1997, and "Punk Steady", released the following year—included dance-inspiring interpretations of songs by the Sex Pistols, The Clash, Blondie, Patti Smith, the Ramones, Kiss, Nirvana, Radiohead, Stevie Wonder, and White Zombie. With their third album, "The Age of Insects", released in 1999, the group began focusing on the original songs of keyboardist and vocalist Ruggiero.

neg: The Wombats (EP) The Wombats is a self-titled EP by The Wombats, released April 8, 2008. Distributed by KIDS in America and Bright Antenna. The EP was the first release by the band in the United States.

neg: The Wombats discography The discography of The Wombats, a Liverpool-based indie rock group, consists of three studio albums, four extended plays and six singles.

neg: Baby (The Detroit Cobras album) Baby is the third studio album by The Detroit Cobras. It was originally released in the United Kingdom by Rough Trade Records in November 2004. The following year Bloodshot Records released the album in the United States. Bloodshot's release included the "Seven Easy Pieces" EP in its entirety.

neg: Cobra (Chinese band) Cobra (眼镜蛇乐队 "Yanjingshe yuedui") was an all-female rock band from Beijing, China. The band formed in 1989, becoming the first all-female rock band in mainland China. With only one album out, they disbanded in the late 1990s. Their style was a gloomy, bluesy type of hard rock with slight touches of new wave and alternative metal. Cobra was very popular in the beginning of their career.

neg: Toe Fat Toe Fat was an English rock music band, active from June 1969 to 1971, notable for including two future members of Uriah Heep.

neg: Earth vs. The Pipettes Earth vs. The Pipettes is the second album from the British girl group, The Pipettes, and first album as a duo. "Our Love was Saved By Spacemen" was released as a viral video online, and received generally positive reviews from websites such as PopJustice and PopMatters.

neg: Spermbirds Spermbirds are a German punk band from Kaiserslautern. Formed in 1982, by the members of the melodic punk rock band Die Walter Elf (including an American G.I. stationed in Germany as vocalist), they created a fast hardcore punk group that gained popularity in Germany and beyond. Their most successful album was named "Something to Prove" mixing influences by many American hardcore punk bands.

neg: Sara (Starship song) "Sara" is a 1985 song recorded by the American rock band Starship which reached number-one on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart on March 15, 1986. It was sung only by Mickey Thomas, of the newly renamed band Starship, from their first album "Knee Deep in the Hoopla"; for this single, Grace Slick only provided the backing vocals.

neg: Shield-nosed cobra The shield-nosed cobra ("Aspidelaps scutatus") is a venomous snake in the family Elapidae.

neg: Machinae Supremacy Machinae Supremacy is a Swedish band that combines modern heavy metal, power metal and alternative rock with chiptunes. Self-defined as "SID metal", many of their songs use a SidStation that features the SID chip of the Commodore 64. They have released 32 original recordings for free download on their site, with approximately 100,000 downloads a month.


query: In what year did Commodore Byron McCandless's grandson make the first ever untethered free flight in space?

pos: Byron McCandless Commodore Byron McCandless (September 5, 1881 – May 30, 1967) was a longtime U.S. Navy officer who was awarded the Navy Cross during World War I and the Legion of Merit during World War II. He was also prominent in the field of vexillology (the study of flags), and helped design two separate versions of the Flag of the President of the United States. He was the father of Bruce McCandless, also a naval officer, and the grandfather of NASA astronaut Bruce McCandless II. Commodore McCandless was later promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral on the retired list.

pos: Bruce McCandless II Bruce McCandless II (born June 8, 1937), (Capt, USN, Ret.), is an American former naval officer and aviator, electrical engineer, and former NASA astronaut. During the first of his two Space Shuttle missions he made the first ever untethered free flight using the Manned Maneuvering Unit in 1984.

neg: Andrew J. Feustel Andrew Jay "Drew" Feustel ( ; born August 25, 1965) is an American geophysicist and a NASA astronaut. His first spaceflight in May 2009, STS-125, lasted just under 13 days. This was a mission with six other astronauts to repair the Hubble Space Telescope, aboard Space Shuttle "Atlantis". Feustel performed three spacewalks during the mission. Following several years working as a geophysicist, Feustel was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in July 2000. His second spaceflight was STS-134, which launched on May 16, 2011 and landed on June 1, 2011; that mission was the penultimate Space Shuttle flight.

neg: STS-70 STS-70 was the 21st flight of the Space Shuttle "Discovery", and the last of 7 shuttle missions to carry a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS). This was the first shuttle mission controlled from the new mission control center room at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. STS-70 was also the first flight of the new Block 1 orbiter main engine, designed to improve both engine performance and safety. The mission was launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on 13 July 1995, only six days after the landing of sister ship "Atlantis", marking the fastest turnaround between flights in the history of the program.

neg: STS-61 STS-61 was the first Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, and the fifth flight of the Space Shuttle "Endeavour". The mission launched on 2 December 1993 from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The mission restored the spaceborne observatory's vision, marred by spherical aberration, with the installation of a new main camera and a corrective optics package. This correction occurred more than three and a half years after the Hubble was launched aboard STS-31 in April 1990. The flight also brought instrument upgrades and new solar arrays to the telescope. With its very heavy workload, the STS-61 mission was one of the most complex in the Shuttle's history. It lasted almost 11 days, and crew members made five spacewalks (EVAs), an all-time record. Even the re-positioning of Intelsat VI on STS-49 in May 1992 required only four. The flight plan allowed for two additional EVAs, which could have raised the total number to seven. The final two contingency EVAs were not made. In order to complete the mission without too much fatigue, the five extravehicular working sessions were shared between two pairs of different astronauts alternating their shifts.

neg: 1986 in spaceflight The year 1986 saw the destruction of Space Shuttle Challenger shortly after lift-off, killing all seven aboard, the first in-flight deaths of American astronauts. This accident followed the successful flight of Columbia just weeks earlier, and dealt a major setback to the U.S. manned space program, suspending the Shuttle program for 32 months.

neg: Soviet crewed lunar programs The Soviet crewed lunar programs were a series of unsuccessful programs pursued by the Soviet Union to land a man on the Moon, in competition with the United States Apollo program to achieve the same goal set publicly by President John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961. The Soviet government publicly denied participating in such a competition, but secretly pursued two programs in the 1960s: crewed lunar flyby missions using Soyuz 7K-L1 (Zond) spacecraft launched with the Proton-K rocket, and a crewed lunar landing using Soyuz 7K-LOK and LK Lander spacecraft launched with the N1 rocket. Following the dual American successes of the first crewed lunar orbit on December 24–25, 1968 (Apollo 8) and the first Moon landing on July 20, 1969 (Apollo 11), and a series of catastrophic N1 failures, both Soviet programs were eventually brought to an end. The Proton-based Zond program was canceled in 1970, and the N1 / L3 program was terminated de facto in 1974 and officially canceled in 1976. Details of both Soviet programs were kept secret until 1990 when the government allowed them to be published under the policy of "glasnost".

neg: Gemini 8 Gemini 8 (officially Gemini VIII) was the sixth manned spaceflight in NASA's Gemini program. The mission conducted the first docking of two spacecraft in orbit, but suffered the first critical in-space system failure of a U.S. spacecraft which threatened the lives of the astronauts and required immediate abort of the mission. The crew was returned to Earth safely. The only other time this happened was on the flight of Apollo 13.

neg: Moller M400 Skycar The Moller Skycar is a prototype personal VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) aircraft – a "flying car" – invented by Paul Moller who has been attempting to develop such a vehicle type for more than fifty years. As of 2016, no Moller air vehicle has successfully flown in free, non-tethered flight.

neg: Operation Power Flite Operation Power Flite was a United States Air Force mission in which three Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses became the first jet aircraft to circle the world nonstop, when they made the journey in January 1957 in 45 hours and 19 minutes, using in-flight refueling to stay aloft. The mission was intended to demonstrate that the United States had the ability to drop a hydrogen bomb anywhere in the world.

neg: North American X-15 The North American X-15 was a hypersonic rocket-powered aircraft operated by the United States Air Force and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as part of the X-plane series of experimental aircraft. The X-15 set speed and altitude records in the 1960s, reaching the edge of outer space and returning with valuable data used in aircraft and spacecraft design. The X-15's official world record for the highest speed ever recorded by a manned, powered aircraft, set in October 1967 when William J. Knight flew Mach 6.72 at 102100 ft , a speed of 4520 mph (2020.278 meters per second), has remained unchallenged as of .

neg: Spaceflight (TV series) Spaceflight is a 1985 American documentary miniseries about manned spaceflight, originally broadcast by PBS in four parts. It is narrated by Martin Sheen and features interviews with many former astronauts from the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle programs. The series is a co-production of WETA-TV and WYES-TV. The final episode (Part 4) was redone after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (the revision covered the inquiry and the return to flight as well).

neg: John Young (astronaut) John Watts Young (born September 24, 1930) is an American former astronaut, naval officer and aviator, test pilot, and aeronautical engineer, who became the ninth person to walk on the Moon as Commander of the Apollo 16 mission in 1972.

neg: James Irwin James Benson "Jim" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as lunar module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and the first, and youngest, of those astronauts to die.

neg: Johnson Space Center The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Manned Spacecraft Center, where human spaceflight training, research, and flight control are conducted. It was built and leased to NASA by Joseph L. Smith & Associates, Inc. It was renamed in honor of the late U.S. president and Texas native, Lyndon B. Johnson, by an act of the United States Senate on February 19, 1973.

neg: John Herrington John Bennett Herrington (born September 14, 1958 in Chickasaw Nation) is a retired United States Naval Aviator and former NASA astronaut. In 2002, Herrington became the first enrolled member of a Native American tribe to fly in space.

neg: Robert Stanley (aviator) Robert M. Stanley (August 19, 1912 – July 16, 1977) was an American test pilot and engineer. He became the first American to fly a jet aircraft on October 2, 1942, as a civilian test pilot for Bell Aircraft. He flew the Bell XP-59A Airacomet, which was the United States’ first turbojet aircraft. The flight took place at Muroc Dry Lake, California. The Airacomet is on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

neg: Mercury-Atlas 8 Mercury-Atlas 8 (MA-8) was the fifth United States manned space mission, part of NASA's Mercury program. Astronaut Walter M. Schirra Jr., orbited the Earth six times in the Sigma 7 spacecraft on October 3, 1962, in a nine-hour flight focused mainly on technical evaluation rather than on scientific experimentation. This was the longest U.S. manned orbital flight yet achieved in the Space Race, though well behind the several-day record set by the Soviet Vostok 3 earlier in the year. It confirmed the Mercury spacecraft's durability ahead of the one-day Mercury-Atlas 9 mission that followed in 1963.

neg: John B. McKay John Barron McKay (December 8, 1922 – April 27, 1975) was an American naval officer and aviator in World War II, test pilot, and one of the first pilots assigned to the X-15 flight research program at NASA's Flight Research Center, Edwards Air Force Base, California. As a civilian research pilot and aeronautical engineer, he made 30 flights in X-15s from October 28, 1960, until September 8, 1966. His peak altitude was 295,600 feet (55.98 miles), and his highest speed was 3,863 mph (Mach 5.64).

neg: Frank Borman Frank Frederick Borman II (born March 14, 1928), (Col, USAF, Ret.), is a retired United States Air Force pilot, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut, best remembered as the Commander of Apollo 8, the first mission to fly around the Moon, making him, along with crew mates Jim Lovell and Bill Anders, the first of only 24 humans to do so. Before flying on Apollo, he set a fourteen-day spaceflight endurance record on Gemini 7, and also served on the NASA review board which investigated the Apollo 1 fire. After leaving NASA, he was the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Eastern Air Lines from 1975 to 1986. Borman is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

neg: List of human spaceflights to Mir Mir (Russian: Мир , ] ; lit. "Peace" or "World") was a Soviet and later Russian space station, operational in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001. With a mass greater than that of any previous space station, "Mir" was the first of the non-monolithic, third generation of space stations, constructed from 1986 to 1996 with a modular design. The station was the largest artificial satellite orbiting the Earth until its deorbit on 21 March 2001, a record now surpassed by the International Space Station (ISS). "Mir" served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and spacecraft systems in order to develop technologies required for the permanent occupation of space.

neg: STS-127 STS-127 (ISS assembly flight 2J/A) was a NASA Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS). It was the twenty-third flight of "Endeavour" . The primary purpose of the STS-127 mission was to deliver and install the final two components of the Japanese Experiment Module: the Exposed Facility (JEM EF), and the Exposed Section of the Experiment Logistics Module (ELM-ES). When "Endeavour" docked with the ISS on this mission in July 2009, it set a record for the most humans in space at the same time in the same vehicle, the first time thirteen people have been at the station at the same time. It also tied the record of thirteen people in space at any one time.


query: Name the former United States Army Air Forces fighter pilot, who flew the final combat mission of World War II in a North American P-51 Mustang againstJapan off Iwo Jima Island on August 14, 1945?

pos: The Last Fighter Pilot The Last Fighter Pilot is a 2017 work of creative nonfiction written by author Don Brown, which documents the final combat mission of World War II, flown by fighter pilot Captain Jerry Yellin against Japan off Iwo Jima Island on August 14, 1945 (August 15, 1945 in Tokyo.) Captain Yellin flew the final combat mission in a North American P-51 Mustang along with another pilot, First Lieutenant Phil Schlamberg, who was piloting a second P-51 as Captain Yellin's wingman. Schalmberg was apparently shot down as he and Yellin attacked a military airfield outside Tokyo about the time that Japanese Emperor Hirohito's famous Jewel Voice Broadcast was being played over the airways, effectively announcing Japan's surrender. Phil Schlamberg became the last known combat death of World War II. His body was never recovered.

pos: Jerry Yellin Jerome "Jerry" Yellin (born February 15, 1924) is a former United States Army Air Forces fighter pilot, who flew the final combat mission of World War II in a North American P-51 Mustang against a military airfield near Tokyo on August 14, 1945 (August 15, 1945 local time in Tokyo). Captain Yellin's mission was executed five days after a U.S. Army Air Force Boeing B-29 Superfortress named Bockscar had dropped a second American nuclear weapon on Japan, with the second being dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki.

neg: Kenneth M. Taylor Kenneth Marlar Taylor (December 23, 1919 – November 25, 2006) was a new United States Army Air Corps Second Lieutenant pilot stationed at Wheeler Field during the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941. Along with his fellow pilot and friend George Welch, he managed to get a fighter plane airborne under fire. Taylor claimed to have shot down four Japanese dive bombers but only two were confirmed. Taylor was injured during the incident and received several awards for his efforts, including the Distinguished Service Cross and the Purple Heart.

neg: Robert H. Moore Captain Robert H. Moore was a United States Air Force flying ace during the Korean War, credited with shooting down five enemy aircraft in the war, all as a member of the 51st Fighter Interceptor Wing. Captain Moore made his first kill on 28 October 1951 and fifth on 3 April 1952, all while flying the North American F-86 Sabre and all with the 16th Fighter Squadron except for one kill made with the 336th Fighter Squadron. He was the ninth American ace of the war.

neg: Urban L. Drew Urban Leonard Drew (March 21, 1924 – April 3, 2013), known as Ben Drew, was a fighter pilot in the United States Army Air Forces and a flying ace. He was the first and the only Allied pilot to shoot down two Luftwaffe jet-powered Me-262 aircraft in a single mission while flying a propeller-driven North American P-51 Mustang. He received the Air Force Cross for the mission in 1983.

neg: Gordon M. Graham Gordon Marion Graham (16 February 1918 – 22 March 2008) was a United States Air Force Lieutenant General. Graham was a combat pilot who, during World War II was credited with 7 aerial victories making him a flying ace. He is credited with a further 9.5 aircraft destroyed on the ground. By the end of World War II, Graham had flown 73 combat missions in the P-51 Mustang.

neg: Frederick Ashworth Vice Admiral Frederick Lincoln "Dick" Ashworth (24 January 1912 – 3 December 2005) was a United States Navy officer who served as the weaponeer on the B-29 "Bockscar" that dropped a Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan on 9 August 1945 during World War II.

neg: John R. Alison John Richardson "Johnny" Alison (November 21, 1912 – June 6, 2011) was a highly decorated American combat ace of World War II and is often cited as the father of Air Force Special Operations.

neg: Operation Tan No. 2 Operation Tan No. 2 (Japanese: 第二次丹作戰 , "Dainiji Tan Sakusen") was a long-range Kamikaze mission directed at the main Allied naval fleet anchorage at Ulithi atoll in the western Pacific on March 11, 1945 during the Pacific campaign of World War II. The Japanese hoped to take the U.S. Pacific fleet by surprise and sink or damage a significant number of the fleet's aircraft carriers or other large ships.

neg: VMF-236 Marine Fighting Squadron 236 (VMF-236) was a fighter squadron in the United States Marine Corps. The squadron, also known as the “Black Panthers”, was part of the Marine Forces Reserve for a short time following World War II and were based at Naval Air Station Denver, Colorado until their disestablishment. Originally established during World War II, they fought in the Pacific War most notably during the Bougainville Campaign and the campaign to liberate the Philippines. The squadron conducted the first dive bombing attack against Bougainville and was credited with downing 4 Japanese aircraft during the course of the war. VMSB-236 was disestablished on August 1, 1945 at Mindanao, Philippines two weeks before the surrender of Japan They were reactivated as part of the Reserves but were again deactivated in the late 1960s and remain in an inactive status today.

neg: James Jabara James "Jabby" Jabara (10 October 1923 – 17 November 1966) was the first American and United States Air Force jet ace in history. Born in Oklahoma, he lived in Kansas where he enlisted as an aviation cadet at Fort Riley after graduating from high school. Jabara attended four flying schools in Texas before he received his pilot's wings and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant. Jabara flew two tours of combat duty in Europe during World War II as a North American P-51 Mustang pilot, and scored 1.5 air victories against German aircraft.

neg: 2d Fighter Squadron (Commando) The 2d Fighter Squadron (Commando) is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the Tenth Air Force, based at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. It was inactivated on 12 November 1945.

neg: Iceal Hambleton Lieutenant Colonel Iceal E. "Gene" Hambleton, USAF (November 16, 1918 – September 19, 2004) was a United States Air Force navigator and electronic warfare officer who was shot down over South Vietnam during the 1972 Easter Offensive. He was aboard an EB-66 aircraft whose call sign was Bat 21. As the ranking navigator/EWO on the aircraft, he was seated immediately behind the pilot, giving him the call sign "Bat 21 Bravo". He survived for 11½ days behind enemy lines until he was retrieved in a daring ground operation. His rescue was the longest and most costly search and rescue mission during the Vietnam War. He received the Silver Star, the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal, the Meritorious Service Medal and a Purple Heart for his actions during this mission.

neg: James P. Hagerstrom Colonel James Philo Hagerstrom (January 14, 1921 – June 25, 1994) was a fighter pilot and flying ace of the United States Army Air Forces in World War II and the United States Air Force in the Korean War. With a career total of 14.5 victories, he is one of seven American pilots to achieve ace status in two different wars.

neg: Ed Rasimus Edward J. Rasimus (September 29, 1942–January 30, 2013) was a retired United States Air Force Major and a veteran fighter pilot of the Vietnam war. Rasimus flew more than 250 combat missions in F-105 Thunderchief and F-4 Phantom II fighters during the conflict and received the Silver Star, the Distinguished Flying Cross five times, and numerous Air Medals. Rasimus was an award-winning author residing in Northern Texas.

neg: 81st Flying Training Wing (World War II) The 81st Flying Training Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the Western Flying Training Command, and was disbanded on 1 November 1945 at the Santa Ana Army Air Base, California.

neg: Air Warning Squadron 2 Air Warning Squadron 2 (AWS-2) was a United States Marine Corps aviation command and control squadron during World War II. The squadron was tasked to provide aerial surveillance and early warning during amphibious assaults. They took part in the Battle of Guam in 1944 and would eventually move to Peleliu in 1945 assuming responsibility for air defense in that sector until the end of the war.

neg: Joseph Paskoski Joseph Paskoski (22 February 1919 – 15 April 2008) was a fighter ace in the United States Navy during World War II. He was credited with shooting down six enemy aircraft in combat and crippling an enemy battleship. Stationed to the USS Lexington, he saw combat in the pacific theater of the war, fighting from the invasion of Guam to the battle of Leyte Gulf.

neg: Harry L. Martin First Lieutenant Harry Linn Martin (January 4, 1911 - March 26, 1945) was a United States Marine Corps officer who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions on Iwo Jima on March 26, 1945.

neg: Howard Knox Ramey Howard Knox Ramey (28 June 1896 – 26 March 1943) was a United States Army Air Forces general during World War II. Ramey learned to fly in 1918 during World War I and served as an instructor at the Air Corps Advanced Flying School and as a staff officer with the 1st Bombardment Wing between the wars. He was commander of the IV Bomber Command from 12 August 1942 to 8 November 1942, and was promoted to brigadier general on 17 September 1942. In November 1942, he became deputy commander of the Seventh Air Force in Hawaii. In January 1943 he became the commander of the V Bomber Command in Australia and Papua, which he led during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. In March 1943 he disappeared on a reconnaissance flight over the Torres Strait. Neither his aircraft nor his body has ever been found.

neg: David R. Kingsley David Richard Kingsley (June 27, 1918 – June 23, 1944) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

neg: Robert P. Baldwin Robert P. Baldwin (October 19, 1917 – April 7, 1994) was an Army Air Corps and United States Air Force pilot during World War II and Korea. He became a flying ace during the Korean War, shooting down five enemy aircraft.


query: Who was the Scots-Irish builder who once worked for the principal author of the Declaration of Independence?

pos: Oak Lawn (Charlottesville, Virginia) Oak Lawn is a historic home located at Charlottesville, Virginia. The brick dwelling was built in 1822, and consists of a two-story, four bay, main block flanked by one-story, two bay wings. The central section has a front gable roof and one-story porch with a flat roof supported by four Tuscan order columns and topped by a second story balcony. Exterior chimneys arise between the main block and each of the wings. Also on the property are a contributing kitchen (1822) and two cemeteries. It was built by James Dinsmore, a Scots-Irish builder who worked for Thomas Jefferson.

pos: Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson (April 13 [O.S. April 2] 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, serving under John Adams from 1797 to 1801. A proponent of democracy, republicanism, and individual rights motivating American colonists to break from Great Britain and form a new nation, he produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national level. He was a land owner and farmer.

neg: James Gowans (architect) Sir James Gowans (1 August 1821 – 25 June 1890) was a maverick Edinburgh architect and builder.

neg: Mountjoy Square Mountjoy Square (Irish: "Cearnóg Mhuinseo" ) is a Georgian garden square in Dublin, Ireland, on the north side of the city just under a kilometre from the River Liffey. One of five Georgian squares in Dublin, it was planned and developed in the late 18th century by the Luke Gardiner, 1st Viscount Mountjoy. It was surrounded on all sides by terraced, red-brick Georgian houses. Construction began in the early 1790s and the work was completed in 1818.

neg: Joseph Fogerty Joseph Fogerty, CE, FRIBA, was an Irish civil engineer, architect, and novelist active in mid-to-late-nineteenth-century Limerick, London, and Vienna.

neg: Francis Johnston (architect) Francis Johnston (1760 – 14 March 1829) was an Irish architect, best known for building the General Post Office (GPO) on O'Connell Street, Dublin.

neg: Sir Ralph Gore, 4th Baronet Sir Ralph Gore, 4th Baronet (c. 1675 – 23 February 1733) was a Speaker of the Irish House of Commons. He is now chiefly remembered for building Belle Isle Castle.

neg: Surveyor General of Ireland The office of Surveyor General of Ireland was an appointed office under the Dublin Castle administration of Ireland in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Surveyor General was typically responsible for the surveying, design and construction of civic works, and was often involved in overseeing the construction of military barracks and public buildings. Though Surveyors General were officially appointed by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, it was not unknown for the post to be "sold" by one holder to the next. For example, Arthur Jones-Nevill succeeded Arthur Dobbs in 1743, having paid £3,300 to secure the position. And despite being dismissed for maladministration, Nevill was allowed to sell the post on to Thomas Eyre in 1752. Eyre was the last holder of the office, which was abolished in 1763.

neg: Thomas Telford Thomas Telford FRS, FRSE (9 August 1757 – 2 September 1834) was a Scottish civil engineer, architect and stonemason, and a noted road, bridge and canal builder. After establishing himself as an engineer of road and canal projects in Shropshire, he designed numerous infrastructure projects in his native Scotland, as well as harbours and tunnels. Such was his reputation as a prolific designer of highways and related bridges, he was dubbed "The Colossus of Roads" (a pun on the Colossus of Rhodes), and, reflecting his command of all types of civil engineering in the early 19th century, he was elected as the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, a post he retained for 14 years until his death.

neg: David Lennox David Lennox (1788 – 12 November 1873) was a Scottish-Australian bridge-builder and master stonemason born in Ayr, Scotland.

neg: James Spiller James Spiller (c.1761–1829) was an English architect and surveyor, a close associate of Sir John Soane. His designs included the Church of St John-at-Hackney, and the Great Synagogue, London.

neg: James Cavanah Murphy James Cavanah Murphy (1760–1814) was an Irish architect and antiquary.

neg: John Douglas (Scottish architect) John Douglas of Pinkerton (c. 170920 June 1778) was a Scottish architect who designed and reformed several country houses in the Scottish Lowlands. His work deserves to be noted for what the 2002 history of Scottish architecture remarks as an approach "of relentless surgery or concealment.". His most notable works are Killin and Ardeonaig Church, Stirlingshire (1744); Archerfield House, East Lothian (1745); Finlaystone House, Renfewshire (174647), Wardhouse (Gordonhall), Insch, Aberdeenshire (1757); and Campbeltown Town House, Argyll and Bute (175860). Several of these are listed buildings.

neg: Willie Logan (Loganair) William "Willie" Logan (1913–1966) was a Scottish construction engineer who contributed to many important infrastructure projects in Scotland during the 1950s and 1960s, primarily road networks bridges and Hydroelectric schemes. Although his family background (the business was started by his father, Duncan Logan) was based in Muir of Ord, he was educated at Dingwall Academy, and lived, in Dingwall, in a house built to his own designs called Parklea, which was also the name of his wife Helen Dunbars previous family home in Dingwall town centre.

neg: Sir James Andrews, 1st Baronet Sir James Andrews, 1st Baronet KC, PC (NI) (3 January 1877 – 18 February 1951) was Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland and brother of Prime Minister John Miller Andrews and Thomas Andrews, builder of the Titanic.

neg: Seán Mór Seoighe Seán Mór Seoighe (fl. 1680) was an Irish steward, stonemason, and builder. He was the ancestor of many of the Joyce families of County Kerry, County Limerick, and County Cork, including that of the author James Joyce, Patrick Weston Joyce and Robert Dwyer Joyce.

neg: Kinross House Kinross House is a late 17th-century country house overlooking Loch Leven, near Kinross in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. Construction of the house was begun in 1686, by the architect Sir William Bruce as his own home. It is regarded as one of his finest works, and was called by Daniel Defoe "the most beautiful and regular piece of Architecture in Scotland".

neg: John Armstrong (architect) John Armstrong (20 January 1857 – 27 April 1941) was a Scottish architect and civil engineer operating in Scotland in the late 19th century. He was a Quaker, and appears to have done much work for the Society of Friends.

neg: Thomas Mellon Thomas Alexander Mellon (February 3, 1813 – February 3, 1908) was a Scotch-Irish American, entrepreneur, lawyer, and judge, best known as the founder of Mellon Bank and patriarch of the Mellon family of Pittsburgh.

neg: Patrick Paniter Patrick Paniter (born c. 1470 - 1519) Scottish churchman and principal secretary to James IV of Scotland and the infant James V. The surname is usually written "Paniter", or "Painter", or occasionally "Panter".

neg: Scottish castles Scottish castles are buildings that combine fortifications and residence, built within the borders of modern Scotland. Castles arrived in Scotland with the introduction of feudalism in the twelfth century. Initially these were wooden motte-and-bailey constructions, but many were replaced by stone castles with a high curtain wall. During the Wars of Independence, Robert the Bruce pursued a policy of castle slighting. In the late Middle Ages new castles were built, some on a grander scale as "livery and maintenance" castles that could support a large garrison. Gunpowder weaponry led to the use of gun ports, platforms to mount guns and walls adapted to resist bombardment.

neg: Andrew Mulholland Andrew Mulholland (1791–24 August 1866), was a Northern Irish cotton and linen manufacturer.


query: Gerald Henderson Jr. was selected with the 12th overall pick in which event held at the WaMu Theater at Madison Square Garden?

pos: Gerald Henderson Jr. Jerome McKinley "Gerald" Henderson Jr. (born December 9, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Henderson played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils. He was drafted with the 12th overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Charlotte Bobcats.

pos: 2009 NBA draft The 2009 NBA draft was held on June 25, 2009, at the WaMu Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City. In this draft, the National Basketball Association (NBA) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players.

neg: 2013 Hawaii Bowl The 2013 Hawaii Bowl was an American college football bowl game that was played on December 24, 2013 at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii. The twelfth edition of the Hawaii Bowl, it featured the Boise State Broncos from the Mountain West Conference against the Oregon State Beavers from the Pac-12 Conference. It was one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season. It began at 3:00 p.m. HAST (8:00 p.m. EST) and aired on ESPN. The game was sponsored by Sheraton Hotels and Resorts and was officially known as the Sheraton Hawaii Bowl. The Oregon State Beavers defeated the Boise State Broncos 38–23.

neg: Wisconsin Union Theater Wisconsin Union Theater is a performing arts center in Madison, Wisconsin, located in the University of Wisconsin–Madison's Memorial Union. Wisconsin Union Theater performances include world stage, concerts, dance, jazz and other special events.

neg: UFC 139 UFC 139: Shogun vs. Henderson was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on November 19, 2011 at the HP Pavilion in San Jose, California. It was the first UFC event in San Jose, the longtime home and base arena for Strikeforce.

neg: 2013 NBA draft The 2013 NBA draft was held on June 27, 2013, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. The lottery took place on May 21, 2013. This was the first draft for New Orleans under their new Pelicans name after playing as the New Orleans Hornets previously. It would also be the last draft for the Charlotte Bobcats under their old name, as they went back to playing under their old Hornets moniker that they last used in 2002 once the 2013–14 NBA season was over.

neg: 1963 NBA draft The 1963 NBA draft was the 17th annual draft of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The draft was held on April 30 and May 7, 1963, before the 1963–64 season. In this draft, nine NBA teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players. A player who had finished his four-year college eligibility was eligible for selection. If a player left college early, he would not be eligible for selection until his college class graduated. In each round, the teams select in reverse order of their win–loss record in the previous season. Before the draft, a team could forfeit its first-round draft pick and then select any player from within a 50-mile radius of its home arena as their territorial pick. The Chicago Zephyrs relocated to Baltimore and became the Baltimore Bullets prior to the draft. The Syracuse Nationals participated in the draft, but relocated to Philadelphia and became the Philadelphia 76ers prior to the start of the season. The draft consisted of 15 rounds comprising 84 players selected. <br> This draft holds the record for the least number of non-territorial picks who later debuted in the NBA, with 17 (18 if the territorial pick Tom Thacker is included).

neg: 2017 WAC Women's Basketball Tournament The 2017 WAC Women's Basketball Tournament is an upcoming tournament which will be held on March 9–12, 2017 at the Orleans Arena in Paradise, Nevada. The #1 seed in the tournament will receive a first round bye to the semifinals. Grand Canyon will not compete in the 2017 women's basketball tournament. As a D2 to D1 transitioning school, they are ineligible to compete in the NCAA tournament until the 2018 season, so they can not win the conference tournament since the winner receives an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. However Grand Canyon is eligible to win the regular season title and is eligible to compete in the WNIT or WBI should they be invited. The winner of the WAC Tournament earns an automatic trip to the 2017 NCAA Tournament.

neg: 2013 NPF Draft The 2013 NPF Draft is the tenth annual NPF Draft. It was held April 1, 2013 8:00 PM ET in Nashville, TN at the Ford Theatre at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. It was broadcast on ESPN3. The first selection was LSU's Rachele Fico, picked by the Akron Racers.

neg: 2012 Mr. Olympia The 2012 Mr. Olympia contest was an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition and the feature event of Joe Weider's Olympia Fitness & Performance Weekend 2012 held September 27–30, 2012 at the Las Vegas Convention Center and Orleans Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was the 48th Mr. Olympia competition. Other events at the exhibition included the 212 Olympia Showdown,

neg: UFC 141 UFC 141: Lesnar vs. Overeem was a mixed martial arts pay-per-view event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on Friday December 30, 2011, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada.

neg: 1976 NFL Draft The 1976 National Football League draft was an annual player selection meeting held April 8–9, 1976, at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City, New York.

neg: Madison Square Garden Bowl Madison Square Garden Bowl was the name of an outdoor arena in the New York City borough of Queens. Built in 1932, the arena hosted circuses and boxing matches. Its seating capacity was 72,000 spectators on wood bleachers.

neg: National Invitation Tournament The National Invitation Tournament (NIT) is a men's college basketball tournament operated by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Played at Madison Square Garden in New York City each March and April, it was founded in 1938 and was originally the most prestigious post-season showcase for college basketball.

neg: UFC 189 UFC 189: Mendes vs. McGregor was a mixed martial arts event held on July 11, 2015, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada.

neg: List of Iowa State Cyclones in the NFL Draft The Iowa State Cyclones college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), and represents the Iowa State University in the Big 12 Conference (Big 12). ISU has had 123 players drafted into the National Football League (NFL) since the first draft held in 1936, through the 2016 NFL Draft. ISU has only seen one player taken in the first round, George Amundson with the 14th overall pick in the 1973 NFL Draft by the Houston Oilers. Troy Davis was drafted in the third round of the 1997 NFL draft by the New Orleans Saints, he has since been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Kelechi Osemele was drafted in the second round of the 2012 NFL draft by the Baltimore Ravens; he went on to win Super Bowl XLVII with the Ravens as their starting right tackle. Six former Cyclones who were drafted have been selected to a Pro Bowl or AFL All-Star Game.

neg: 1982 NBA draft The 1982 NBA draft took place on June 29, 1982, at the Felt Forum at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York.

neg: Greg Monroe Gregory Keith Monroe Jr. (born June 4, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). In his freshman season at Georgetown University, Monroe was named Big East Rookie of the Year. He was drafted by the Detroit Pistons in the 2010 NBA draft with the seventh overall pick and became the last Pistons player to wear the #10 jersey, after the Pistons retired the number for Dennis Rodman at halftime of a game against the Chicago Bulls on April 1, 2011.

neg: UFC 91 UFC 91: Couture vs. Lesnar was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on November 15, 2008 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada.

neg: 1976 Democratic National Convention The 1976 Democratic National Convention met at Madison Square Garden in New York City, from July 12 to July 15, 1976. The assembled United States Democratic Party delegates at the convention nominated former Governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia for President and Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota for Vice President. John Glenn and Barbara Jordan gave the keynote addresses. Jordan's keynote address made her the first African-American woman to deliver the keynote address at a Democratic National Convention. It was listed as #5 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank). The convention was the first in New York City since the 103-ballot 1924 convention.

neg: 2013 World Wushu Championships The 2013 World Wushu Championships were the 12th edition of the World Wushu Championships, and was held at Kuala Lumpur Badminton Stadium in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

neg: 2001 NBA All-Star Game The 2001 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game which was played on February 11, 2001 at the MCI Center in Washington, D.C., home of the Washington Wizards. This game was the 50th edition of the North American National Basketball Association (NBA) All-Star Game and was played during the 2000–01 NBA season.