query: Is Welke Airport or George Bush Intercontinental Airport further south?

pos: Welke Airport Welke Airport (FAA LID: 6Y8) is a privately owned public use airport located on Beaver Island in Charlevoix County, Michigan, United States. Scheduled passenger service to Charlevoix Municipal Airport in Charlevoix, Michigan is provided by Island Airways.

pos: George Bush Intercontinental Airport George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IATA: IAH, ICAO: KIAH, FAA LID: IAH) is an international airport in Houston, Texas, United States, under class B airspace, serving the Greater Houston metropolitan area, the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Located about 23 mi north of Downtown Houston, between Interstate 45 and Interstate 69/U.S. Highway 59 with direct access to the Hardy Toll Road expressway, George Bush Intercontinental Airport has scheduled flights to a large number of domestic and international destinations. The airport is named after George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States.

neg: Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport (IATA: SAV, ICAO: KSAV, FAA LID: SAV) is a public and military use airport owned by the City of Savannah and managed by the Savannah Airport Commission. The airport is located seven nautical miles (8 mi, 13 km) northwest of the central business district of Savannah, a city in Chatham County, Georgia, United States. It had been known as Savannah International Airport, Travis Field and Chatham Field. The airport is just off Interstate 95, between Savannah and the city of Pooler, Georgia. It is the chief commercial airport for the three-county Savannah metropolitan area, although nearly 40 percent of the airport's total passenger traffic is bound for Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, located approximately 38.5 miles (approx. 42 minutes) away by car.

neg: South West Bay Airport South West Bay Airport is an airport in Southwest Bay, Vanuatu (IATA: SWJ, ICAO: NVSX) .

neg: Wewak Airport Wewak Airport, also known as Boram Airport, is an airport in Wewak, Papua New Guinea.

neg: Olympic Dam Airport Olympic Dam Airport (IATA: YOLD) is an airport in Olympic Dam, South Australia. There have been planned expansions for the airport starting in 2006 and ongoing in 2011. Alliance Airlines operate a public transport service between Olympic Dam and Adelaide.

neg: Airport Drive (Melbourne) Airport Drive is a 5.7 kilometre highway in Melbourne, Australia, linking Centre Road at Melbourne Airport with the M80 Ring Road at Airport West. This road is an important thoroughfare for the adjacent Melbourne Airport Business Park along South Centre Road, and as an alternative to the nearby Tullamarine Freeway. Airport Drive originally opened to traffic in May 1997, and was declared a freeway under the Road Management Act of 2004.

neg: Kotoka International Airport Kotoka International Airport (IATA: ACC, ICAO: DGAA) in Accra, the capital of Greater Accra in the West African country Ghana, is an international airport and has the capacity for large aircraft such as the Boeing 747-8. The airport is operated by Ghana Airports Company Limited (GACL), which has its offices on the airport property. GACL was established as a result of the decoupling of the existing Ghana Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) in line with the modern trends in the aviation industry.

neg: Wellington International Airport Wellington International Airport (formerly known as Rongotai Airport) (IATA: WLG, ICAO: NZWN) is an international airport located in the suburb of Rongotai in Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. It lies 3 NM or 5.5 km south-east from the city centre. It is a hub for Air New Zealand and its subsidiaries. Wellington International Airport Limited, a joint venture between Infratil and the Wellington City Council, operates the airport.

neg: Gilze-Rijen Air Base Gilze-Rijen Air Base (Dutch: "Vliegbasis Gilze-Rijen" , IATA: GLZ, ICAO: EHGR ) is a military airbase in the Netherlands located between the cities of Breda and Tilburg, in the Noord-Brabant province. It is mainly, but not exclusively used as a base for attack helicopters. The airfield has two runways, the longest, complete with instrument landing system (ILS) is 2779 m long by 45 m wide in the 10/28 direction. The shorter runway (without ILS) is 1996 m by 30 m in the 02/20 direction.

neg: Southern California Logistics Airport Southern California Logistics Airport (IATA: VCV, ICAO: KVCV) , also known as Victorville Airport, is a public airport located in the city of Victorville in San Bernardino County, California, approximately 20 mi north of San Bernardino. Prior to its civil usage, the facility was George Air Force Base, from 1941 to 1992 a United States Air Force flight training facility.

neg: Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (IATA: DCA, ICAO: KDCA, FAA LID: DCA) is an international airport 3 mi south of downtown Washington, D.C. in Arlington County, Virginia, United States. It is the nearest commercial airport to the capital and serves the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. For decades it was called Washington National Airport before being renamed to honor President Ronald Reagan in 1998. The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) operates the airport with close oversight by the federal government due to its proximity to the national capital. It is a fortress hub for American Airlines.

neg: Grand Canyon Bar 10 Airport Grand Canyon Bar 10 Airport (IATA: GCT, FAA LID: 1Z1) , is a public-use airport located 60 nm south-east of the CBD of Whitmore, in Mohave County, Arizona, United States, near the Grand Canyon.

neg: Jack F. Paulus Skiway The Jack F. Paulus Skiway is an airport located at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station at the South Pole.

neg: Cincinnati West Airport Cincinnati West Airport (FAA LID: I67) , formerly Harrison Airport, is a general aviation airport in Harrison, Ohio, United States. Cincinnati West is located 2 nmi east of Harrison's central business district and about 15 nmi northwest of Downtown Cincinnati. It can be accessed from Interstate 74. The airport is owned by Cincinnati State Technical and Community College. Its fixed-base operator is Whitewater Aviation.

neg: Grand Forks International Airport Grand Forks International Airport (IATA: GFK, ICAO: KGFK, FAA LID: GFK) is a public airport five miles (8 km) northwest of Grand Forks, in Grand Forks County, North Dakota. GFK has no scheduled passenger flights out of the country but has an "international" title (like many other airports) because it has customs service for arrivals from Canada and other countries.

neg: Myrtle Beach International Airport Myrtle Beach International Airport (IATA: MYR, ICAO: KMYR, FAA LID: MYR) is a county-owned public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) southwest of the central business district of Myrtle Beach, in Horry County, South Carolina, United States. It was formerly known as Myrtle Beach Jetport (1974–1989) and is located on site of the former Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, which also includes The Market Common shopping complex.

neg: General Mitchell International Airport General Mitchell International Airport (IATA: MKE, ICAO: KMKE, FAA LID: MKE) is a civil-military airport five miles (8 km) south of downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a medium-hub primary commercial service facility.

neg: Skyway (George Bush Intercontinental Airport) Skyway (formerly TerminaLink) is a people mover system operating at George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas. The system is 0.7 miles (1.1 km) long, and runs along the north side of the airport, beyond airport security. The system serves all of the airport's five terminals, with four stations at Terminal A, Terminal B, Terminal C, and International Terminal D/E, respectively. Skyway (which operates airside) is one of two people movers currently operating at Bush Intercontinental Airport. The other people mover (which operates landside) opened in 1969 and is known as the Subway (formerly the Inter-terminal Train).

neg: La Florida Airport (Chile) La Florida Airport (IATA: LSC, ICAO: SCSE) is an airport in La Serena, Chile. This is one of a few Chilean airports with a runway running east–west (others are Balmaceda and Calama); because of the shape of the country, all others run north–south.

neg: Walgett Airport Walgett Airport (IATA: WGE, ICAO: YWLG) is an airport in Walgett, New South Wales, Australia.

neg: Western Sydney Airport The Western Sydney Airport (also known as Badgerys Creek Airport) is a designated site for the second Sydney airport, located within the suburb of Badgerys Creek . The Airport is a planned 24 hour, curfew-free airport, with Stage 1 of the Airport expected to begin construction in 2018 and be complete by 2026. The site was officially designated by the Federal Government on 15 April 2014, after decades of debate on the location of another airport within the Sydney basin.


query: Which architectural development had more towers, 80 Flatbush or Latting Observatory?

pos: 80 Flatbush 80 Flatbush is a mixed-use development encompassing two towers, proposed for the Brooklyn borough of New York City by Alloy Development. The site is in Downtown Brooklyn near Boerum Hill and Fort Greene. The completion of the project is contingent on the rezoning of the site owned by Alloy.

pos: Latting Observatory The Latting Observatory was a wooden tower in New York City built as part of the 1853 Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, adjoining the New York Crystal Palace. It was located on the North side of 42nd Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue across the street from the site of present-day Bryant Park. Conceived by Waring Latting and designed by architect William Naugle, the observatory was an octagonally-based, iron-braced wooden tower 315 ft high adjoining the Crystal Palace, with landings at three levels on the structure, allowing visitors to see into Queens, Staten Island and New Jersey. The tower, taller than the spire of Trinity Church at 290 ft , was the tallest structure in New York City from the time it was constructed in 1853 until it burned down in 1856. The tower's base was a 75-foot square, tapering to a top of six to eight feet. It could handle up to 1,500 people at a time.

neg: Beth El Jewish Center of Flatbush Beth El Jewish Center of Flatbush is a historic synagogue at 1981 Homecrest Ave. in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, New York. It was built in 1927 and is a two story plus basement, rectangular red brick building with decorative white glazed terra cotta trim. It has a tripartite front facade with a central parapet. It features Byzantine and Gothic Revival decorative elements.

neg: Wilshire Grand Center Wilshire Grand Center is a 335.3 m skyscraper in the Financial District of Downtown Los Angeles, California. It is the tallest building in Los Angeles, the tallest building in California, the tallest building west of the Mississippi River and outside of New York City and Chicago and the 9th tallest building in the United States. Its height surpasses the U.S. Bank Tower by 82 ft . The building is part of a mixed-use hotel, retail, observation decks, shopping malls and office complex, expected to revitalize downtown Los Angeles and the area surrounding the building. The development of the complex is estimated to cost $1.2 billion. The plans include 67000 sqft of retail, 677000 sqft of Class A office space and 900 hotel rooms. InterContinental is the tower's hotel component, comprising 900 rooms and suites.

neg: Flatbush Avenue (CDOT station) Flatbush Avenue is a bus rapid transit station on the CTfastrak line, located near the intersection of Flatbush Avenue and New Park Avenue in West Hartford, Connecticut. It opened with the line on March 28, 2015. The station consists of one island platform to the side of the busway, with passing lanes to allow express buses to pass buses stopped at the station. A Hartford Line commuter rail platform is planned to be added by 2022.

neg: Flatiron Building (Portland, Oregon) The Flatiron Building, also known as Ringlers Annex and Espresso Bar is a historic two-story building in downtown Portland, Oregon. Since 1989, it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Previously, it had been designated a Portland Landmark by the city's Historic Landmarks Commission in 1988. This small building has a triangular footprint, as it sits at the end of a triangular lot bounded by West Burnside, SW Stark, and 12th Streets.

neg: Fuji Xerox Towers Fuji Xerox Towers (Chinese: 富士施乐大厦), formerly known as IBM Towers, is a high-rise skyscraper located in the central business district of Singapore. It is located on 80 Anson Road, in the zone of Shenton Way and Tanjong Pagar. In fact, the building sits within four roads, namely Tanjong Pagar Road, Bernam Street, Keppel Road and Anson Road.

neg: One Financial Center One Financial Center is a modern skyscraper adjacent to Dewey Square in the Financial District of Boston, Massachusetts. Built in 1983, it is Boston's 8th-tallest building, standing 590 feet (180 meters) tall, and housing 46 floors. An unusual 90 ft (27 m) tall glass-roofed lobby, known as the atrium, occupies the first two stories. The remaining stories are offices, home to a number of law firms, Certified Public Accountants, and financial services companies.

neg: Ernst & Young Plaza The Ernst & Young Plaza is a 534-foot (163 m) tall skyscraper in Los Angeles, California. It was completed in 1985, has 41 floors and is the 18th tallest building in Los Angeles. The tower is currently owned by Brookfield Properties Inc, and was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP. Even though it is in California, this building was placed in the New York skyline in the movie "The Day After Tomorrow".

neg: Brooklyner The Brooklyner, located at 111 Lawrence Street, is a skyscraper in downtown, Brooklyn, New York City. Built by the Clarett Group and designed by GKV Architects, with WSP Cantor Seinuk (Structural Engineers), and Langan Engineering (Geotechnical Engineers), it became the tallest building in Brooklyn, surpassing the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower in 2010. Later in 2014, it was surpassed by 388 Bridge Street for the tallest skyscraper in the borough.

neg: Holmes Towers The John Haynes Holmes Towers is a public housing project for low income residents of the Yorkville section of the Upper East Side located just south of the neighborhood's northern limit at 96th Street, in New York City, New York, United States. The Isaacs Houses and the Holmes Towers border East Harlem, which has the highest concentration of public housing in the United States.The two public housing buildings, completed in 1969, are 25 stories tall and contain 537 apartments. Architects Eggers and Higgins designed the buildings. The project is located between 92nd and 93rd Streets public housing buildings in the Yorkville neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The project is located between 92nd and 93rd Streets, spanning from 1st Avenue to York Avenue / the FDR Drive.

neg: Flatiron Building (San Francisco) The Flatiron Building is a highrise completed in 1913 at 540 Market Street at Sutter Street in the Financial District of San Francisco, California. The 10-storey, 120 ft structure is designated landmark No. 155.

neg: Lincoln Towers Lincoln Towers is an apartment complex on the Upper West Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan that consists of six buildings with eight addresses on a 20 acre campus.

neg: Larvotto (Hong Kong) Larvotto (（）) is an estate in Hong Kong, developed by Sun Hung Kai Properties, Kerry Properties and Paliburg Holdings, built and sales by Sun Hung Kai and managed by Kerry. Construction area is 180,000 square feet, nine buildings and a total of 715 tenement. Located in 8 Ap Lei Chau Praya Road, Southern District, Hong Kong. The opposite of Sham Wan, it got the occupation permit at the end of April 2011.

neg: 80 South Street 80 South Street is a residential skyscraper proposed for construction in New York City. The building was planned for construction in Lower Manhattan, and designed by renowned Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. However, the project was cancelled on April 16, 2008 in the wake of a declining real estate market. A new design of the building is without the spire, decreasing the tower to 826 feet, was planned to finish in 2016. China Oceanwide Holdings Limited acquired 80 South Street in March 2016, with plans to create a 113-story tower.

neg: MCI Center (Los Angeles) MCI Center is a 126.3 m skyscraper in downtown Los Angeles, California, United States. It was completed in November, 1973 and has 33 floors. It is 32nd tallest building in Los Angeles. The Class A building has 63,032 m2 of office space with a glass atrium and courtyard. On March 21, 2005 Jamison Properties bought the building for $150 per square foot totaling $101,770,500. This purchase included 925 West Eighth Street (originally known as the "Broadway Plaza" which became known as Macy's Plaza) and the 3,000 space parking garage. In 2013, the Ratkovich Company acquired the property, and after a redesign by Johnson Fain Architects, renamed the plaza “The Bloc.” Known for the fortress-like facade, the ground level is becoming more pedestrian friendly by removing brick walls and the glass atrium. The developer is also planning a sunken, sunlight-filled public plaza that directly connects to the 7th Street / Metro Center Station. This will be the first direct underground connection of a private development to a subway station on Metro's system.

neg: Lokhandwala Minerva Lokhandwala Minerva is an 82-floor supertall skyscraper under construction in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It will have two towers of 82 floors each which will encompass parking floors from 2nd to 16th, Podium Garden on 17th floor, residential floors on 26th to 79th, service floor on 80th and penthouse on 81, 82 and terrace.

neg: Cottingley Towers Cottingley Towers & Cottingley Heights are twin high-rise towers of rented-flat accommodation in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Cottingley Towers & Cottingley Heights were previously the tallest residential buildings in Leeds, with 25 floors each. The towers are 72 m tall but are not classed as skyscrapers. They were built between 1971-2 and were refurbished in 1989.

neg: Liberty Towers (Jersey City) The Liberty Towers is an apartment complex in Jersey City, New Jersey. It consists of Liberty Towers West, and Liberty Towers East, both of which were constructed from 2001 to 2003 and have 36 floors. They are tied for the 11th tallest building in the Jersey City at 380 ft (120 m). Although they are considered two different buildings, they rise from the same podium, which is used for parking and also contains a lobby. On top of the podium is a deck with leisure facilities for the tenants. The complex has 648 units.

neg: 60 Water Street 60 Water Street is a 17-story mixed-use building in the Dumbo section of Brooklyn in New York City. Designed by Ismael Leyva and Leeser Architecture, the mixed use building is located right next to the Brooklyn Bridge and features many sustainable considerations. The building envelope design uses pattern at two scales to enliven the surface of the residential tower project. Finished in Spring 2015, the building utilizes its staggered towers to create green features including a low-intensive green roof and a garden roof deck overlooking the Brooklyn Bridge.

neg: 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments 860–880 Lake Shore Drive is a twin pair of glass-and-steel apartment towers on N. Lake Shore Drive along Lake Michigan in the Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Construction began in 1949 and the project was completed in 1951. The towers were added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1980, and were designated as Chicago Landmarks on June 10, 1996. The 26 floor, 254 ft (82 m) tall towers were designed by the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and dubbed the "Glass House" apartments. Construction was by the Chicago real estate developer Herbert Greenwald, and the Sumner S. Sollitt Company. The design principles, first expressed in the 1921 Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper competition in Berlin and built thirty years later in 860–880 Lake Shore Drive, were copied extensively and are now considered characteristic of the modern International Style as well as essential for the development of modern High-tech architecture.

neg: Divis Tower Divis Tower is a 20-floor, 200 ft tall tower in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Built in 1966 as part of the now-demolished Divis Flats complex, which comprised twelve 8-story blocks of terraces and flats, is named after the nearby Divis Mountain. The tower, a vertical complex of 850 flats, housing 2,400 residents, was designed by architect Frank Robertson for the Northern Ireland Housing Trust. The site on which Divis Tower stands was previously the site of the Sir Charles Lanyon designed Falls Road Methodist Church which opened in 1854 and closed in 1966. The site was sold to Belfast Corporation for circa £11,000.


query: This journalist wrote Diary of a Chav and has her own weekly opinion column in The Independent.

pos: Diary of a Chav Diary of a Chav is a young adult series that was written by the English journalist, author, and broadcaster Grace Dent. The series consists of six books that were originally released in the United Kingdom from 2007 to 2009. An attempt to publish the books overseas in the United States was largely unsuccessful and only the first two books, re-titled for American publication, were released.

pos: Grace Dent Grace Dent (born 3 October 1973) is an English journalist, author and broadcaster. Dent chiefly writes for "The Independent", with an opinion column on Wednesday and a television column every Saturday. She writes "Grace and Flavour", a restaurant critic for the "London Evening Standard" and contributes to magazines such as "Tatler" and "Marie Claire".

neg: French Week French Week was a weekly newspaper in English published in France.

neg: My Day My Day was a newspaper column that was written by First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt six days a week from 1935 to 1962. From 1961 until 1962, issues were only published every other day because Roosevelt became too sick to write on her usual schedule. In her column, she discussed issues such as race, women, and key events (Pearl Harbor, Prohibition, H Bomb, etc.). This column allowed Roosevelt to spread her ideas and thoughts to millions of Americans and give them a new view on the issues they faced every day. George T. Bye, Eleanor Roosevelt's literary agent, encouraged her to write the column. With this column, Roosevelt became the first First Lady to write a daily newspaper column. Roosevelt also wrote for "Ladies Home Journal", McCall's, and various articles in Vogue and other women's magazines.

neg: Bridget Jones's Diary Bridget Jones's Diary is a 1996 novel by Helen Fielding. Written in the form of a personal diary, the novel chronicles a year in the life of Bridget Jones, a thirty-something single working woman living in London. She writes about her career, self-image, vices, family, friends, and romantic relationships.

neg: Agnès Poirier Agnès Catherine Poirier (] , born 1975) is a French anglophile journalist.

neg: The Harvard Independent The Harvard Independent is a weekly newspaper produced by undergraduate students at Harvard University. It is one of the leading hard-news media outlets on the Harvard undergraduate campus. It is the oldest weekly newspaper in Cambridge, MA and at any American university.

neg: Mark Harris (journalist) Mark Harris (born 1963) is an American journalist and author. He is best known as writer of the book "Pictures at a Revolution", and as an executive editor and columnist for "Entertainment Weekly".

neg: The Spectator The Spectator is a weekly British conservative magazine on politics, culture, and current affairs. It was first published on 6 July 1828. It is currently owned by David and Frederick Barclay who also own "The Daily Telegraph" newspaper, via Press Holdings. Its principal subject areas are politics and culture. Its editorial outlook is generally supportive of the Conservative Party, although regular contributors include some outside that fold, such as Frank Field, Rod Liddle and Martin Bright. The magazine also contains arts pages on books, music, opera, and film and TV reviews. In late 2008, "Spectator Australia" was launched. This offers 12 pages of "Unique Australian Content" (including a separate editorial page) in addition to the full UK contents.

neg: Earthweek Earthweek—A Diary of the Planet is a weekly syndicated newspaper column created by Steve Newman. It reports on events in Earth's natural history.

neg: Church Times The Church Times is an independent Anglican weekly newspaper based in London and published in the United Kingdom on Fridays.

neg: Tony Parsons (British journalist) Tony Victor Parsons (born 6 November 1953) is an English journalist, broadcaster, and author. He began his career as a music journalist on the "NME", writing about punk music. Later, he wrote for "The Daily Telegraph", before going on to write for "Daily Mirror" for 18 years. Since September 2013, he has written his current column for "The Sun". Parsons was for a time a regular guest on the BBC Two arts review programme "The Late Show", and appeareds infrequently on the successor "Newsnight Review"; he also briefly hosted a series on Channel 4 called "Big Mouth".

neg: Advice column An advice column is a column traditionally presented in a magazine or newspaper, though it can also be delivered through other news media, such as the internet and broadcast news media. The advice column format is question and answer: a (usually anonymous) reader writes to the media outlet with a problem in the form of a question, and the media outlet provides an answer or response. The responses are written by an advice columnist (colloquially known in British English as an agony aunt, or agony uncle if the columnist is male). The image presented was originally of an older woman dispensing comforting advice and maternal wisdom, hence the name "aunt". An advice columnist can also be someone who gives advice to people who send in problems to the newspaper.

neg: Jean Wishart Jean Boughton Wishart {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (8 October 1920 – 16 November 2016) was a New Zealand journalist who was the editor of the "New Zealand Woman's Weekly" from 1952 until 1985.

neg: Vinayak Chakravorty Vinayak Chakravorty (born 25 March ?) is an Indian film critic, columnist and film journalist based in New Delhi.

neg: Jessica Bennett (journalist) Jessica Bennett is an American journalist who writes on gender, sexuality and culture. She is a contributing writer and columnist for "The New York Times" and a former columnist at "Time". She is the author of "Feminist Fight Club: A Survival Manual for a Sexist Workplace" (HarperCollins, 2016).

neg: Christina Patterson Christina Mary Patterson (born 1963) is a British journalist. Now a freelance, she was formerly a writer and columnist at "The Independent."

neg: Arizona City Independent The Arizona City Independent is a weekly newspaper in Arizona City, Arizona, United States. It is owned by Casa Grande Valley Newspapers Inc.

neg: News Weekly News Weekly is an Australian current affairs magazine, published by the National Civic Council, with its main headquarters in Balwyn, Victoria. It also has offices in Queensland, New South Wales, Western Australia and South Australia.

neg: The Independent The Independent is a British online newspaper. Established in 1986 as an independent national morning newspaper published in London, it was controlled by Tony O'Reilly's Independent News & Media from 1997 until it was sold to Russian oligarch Alexander Lebedev in 2010. The last printed edition of "The Independent" was published Saturday 20 March 2016, leaving only its digital editions.

neg: Kate Bassett Kate Bassett (born 11 February 1967) is a British journalist who writes for "The Times" newspaper as a theatre critic.

neg: Sheila Benson Sheila Benson is an American journalist and film critic.


query: Which university has the most acreage, University of West Florida or Gonzaga University?

pos: University of West Florida The University of West Florida, also known as West Florida and UWF, is a mid-sized public university located in Pensacola, Florida, United States. Established in 1963 as a member institution of the State University System of Florida, the University of West Florida is a comprehensive research university without faculties of law or medicine, a designated space-grant institution, and sits on the third largest campus in the State University System, at 1600 acre . The main campus is a natural preserve that is bordered by two rivers and Escambia Bay. The university's mascot is an Argonaut and its logo is the Chambered Nautilus.

pos: Gonzaga University Gonzaga University is a private, Roman Catholic university in Spokane, Washington, United States. Founded in 1887 by the Society of Jesus, it is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. It is named for the young Jesuit saint Aloysius Gonzaga. The campus houses 105 buildings on 152 acres (62 ha) of grassland along the Spokane River, in a residential setting one-half-mile (800 m) from downtown Spokane.

neg: University of Wisconsin–River Falls The University of Wisconsin–River Falls (also known as UW–River Falls or UWRF) is a public liberal arts university located in River Falls, Wisconsin. It is part of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. The 226 acre campus is situated on the Kinnickinnic River in the St. Croix River Valley. The university has 32 major buildings and two laboratory farms, with a total of 440 acre of land.

neg: West Florida West Florida (Spanish: "Florida Occidental" ) was a region on the north shore of the Gulf of Mexico which underwent several boundary and sovereignty changes during its history. The province was established by the British in 1763 out of lands ceded from the Spanish and French. As its name suggests, it was formed out of the Western part of formerly Spanish Florida (East Florida formed the eastern part), along with lands taken from French Louisiana; West Florida's capital was Pensacola. The colony included most of what is now the Florida Panhandle, as well as parts of the modern U.S. states of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.

neg: Florida Panhandle The Florida Panhandle, Northwest Florida, or West Florida, an informal, unofficial term for the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly 200 miles long and 50 to 100 miles wide (320 km by 80 to 160 km), lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia also on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. The terms West Florida and Northwest Florida are today generally synonymous with the Panhandle, although historically West Florida was the name of a British colony (1763–1783), later a Spanish colony (1783–1821), both of which included modern-day Florida west of the Apalachicola River as well as portions of what are now Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

neg: Lake Yale Lake Yale is a lake in Lake County, Florida north of the community of Grand Island and west of the city of Umatilla. It is around 4020 acres in area with a drainage basin of 15,394 acres.

neg: Tallahassee Community College Tallahassee Community College (commonly referred to as TCC) is an American state college, and is a member of the Florida College System. Tallahassee Community College is accredited by the Florida Department of Education and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Its primary campus is located on a 270 acre campus in Tallahassee, Florida, United States. In 2013, Tallahassee Community College was listed first in the nation in graduating students with A.A. degrees. TCC is also the top transfer school in the nation to both Florida State University and Florida A&M University. As of fall 2015, TCC reported 38,017 students.

neg: University of Florida Health Science Center The University of Florida Health Science Center (HSC), also known as the J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center, is the medical division of the University of Florida. Its primary campuses are located on the university's main campus in Gainesville, Florida and at UF Health at Jacksonville in Jacksonville, Florida. The Health Science Center comprises six colleges: Dentistry, Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy, Public Health and Health Professions, and Veterinary Medicine. The Gainesville campus is the only academic health center in the United States with six health-related colleges located on a single, contiguous campus. The facility was named after the fourth president of the University of Florida, J. Hillis Miller, Sr., who served from 1947 to 1953. Miller spearheaded the effort to fund and build the university's College of Medicine and its teaching hospital, which were incorporated into the Health Science Center.

neg: Rollins College Rollins College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college, founded in 1885 and located in Winter Park, Florida along the shores of Lake Virginia. Rollins is a member of the SACS, NASM, ACS, FDE, AAM, AACSB International, Council for Accreditation of Counseling, and Related Educational Programs. Rollins has about 30 undergraduate majors and several graduate programs. It was ranked #2 Regional Universities, South by U.S. News & World Report in 2017. Rollins College has ranked among the most beautiful U.S. college campuses by the Princeton Review for the past decade, ranking #1 in 2015 and #10 most recently in 2017.

neg: University of West Los Angeles The University of West Los Angeles - School of Law (also referred to as UWLA - School of Law) is a private, for-profit law school. It maintains two campuses in the Los Angeles metropolitan area in Inglewood (West Los Angeles) and Chatsworth (San Fernando Valley). The School of Law is accredited by the State Bar of California Committee of Bar Examiners, but is not accredited by the American Bar Association.

neg: University of Dayton The University of Dayton (UD) is an American private Roman Catholic national research university in Ohio's sixth-largest city, Dayton. Founded in 1850 by the Society of Mary (Marianists), it is one of three Marianist universities in the nation and the second-largest private university in Ohio. The university's campus is located in the city's southern portion and spans 388 acres on both sides of the Great Miami River. The campus is noted for the Immaculate Conception Chapel and the University of Dayton Arena. The University also operates, in China's Suzhou Industrial Park, the University of Dayton China Institute.

neg: Forest K. Ferguson Forest King Ferguson, Jr. (June 21, 1919 – May 15, 1954), nicknamed Fergie Ferguson, was an American college athlete who attended the University of Florida and was a member of the university's football, boxing, and track and field teams, and later served as a decorated officer in the U.S. Army. He is remembered as one of the most remarkable athletes that the University of Florida ever produced.

neg: W. Kent Fuchs W. Kent Fuchs ( ; born 1954) is an American university professor and academic administrator. He is the current president of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. Upon taking office on January 1, 2015, he became the university's twelfth president. He previously served as the provost of Cornell University from 2009 through 2014.

neg: University of Florida Athletic Association The University Athletic Association, Inc. (UAA) is a non-profit corporation that is responsible for maintaining the Florida Gators intercollegiate sports program of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. The UAA is run by a board of directors led by the University of Florida's athletic director. The athletic director also acts as the UAA's chief financial officer and reports directly to the president of the university.

neg: Golden West College Golden West College or GWC, is a community college providing two-year associate of arts degrees, and lower-division classes transferable to other colleges and universities. It is located in Huntington Beach, California, about 35 miles (58 km) south of Los Angeles, California.

neg: Florida Florida (Spanish for "land of flowers") is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico and Alabama, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida. Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U.S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state, and is legally the largest city by area in the contiguous United States (due to the consolidation of Jacksonville with Duval County). The Miami metropolitan area is Florida's most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital.

neg: Gonzaga Bulldogs The Gonzaga Bulldogs (also known unofficially as the Zags) are the intercollegiate athletic teams representing Gonzaga University, located in Spokane, Washington, United States. Gonzaga competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I as a member of the West Coast Conference.

neg: 2017 West Florida Argonauts football team The 2017 West Florida Argonauts football team represents the University of West Florida in the 2017 NCAA Division II football season. They are led by head coach Pete Shinnick, who was in his second season at West Florida. The Argonauts will play their home games at Blue Wahoos Stadium and are members of the Gulf South Conference.

neg: Prairie Chapel Ranch Prairie Chapel Ranch is a 1583 acre (6.4 km²) ranch in unincorporated McLennan County, Texas, located 7 mi northwest of Crawford (about 25 mi from Waco). The property was acquired by George W. Bush in 1999 and was known as the Western White House during his presidency. Bush spent vacation time at the house, where he also entertained visiting dignitaries from around the world. The ranch received its name from the Prairie Chapel School which was built nearby on land donated by mid-19th century German immigrant Heinrich Engelbrecht from Oppenwehe, Germany, who owned the land that now comprises the Bush ranch. Engelbrecht also donated land for the nearby Canaan Baptist Church (the "Prairie Chapel").

neg: 2012–13 Gonzaga Bulldogs women's basketball team The 2012–13 Gonzaga Bulldogs women's basketball team is representing Gonzaga University in the 2012–13 college basketball season. The Bulldogs (also informally referred to as the "Zags"), members of the West Coast Conference, are led by head coach Kelly Graves, in his 13th season at the school. The Zags are playing most of their home games at the McCarthey Athletic Center on the university campus in Spokane, Washington.

neg: Edward Geheves Edward Geheves was the head coach for the Gonzaga University men's basketball team during the 1918-1920 seasons. While at Gonzaga, he acquired a record of 9-17 (.346).

neg: Florida–Florida State men's basketball rivalry The Florida–Florida State men's basketball rivalry (known as the "Sunshine Showdown") is a college basketball rivalry between the two oldest public universities of the state of Florida: the University of Florida Gators and the Florida State University Seminoles. Although the in state rivalry between these two schools is most widely known in football, Florida and Florida State have had some memorable battles in basketball as well.


query: Where is the headquarters of the place that the Christian Educational Consortium meets?

pos: Christian Educational Consortium Founded in 2001, the Christian Educational Consortium (CEC) is a private school in Louisville, Kentucky. A collegiate style school for Christian home educated students, CEC classes are offered to grades 6-12. CEC meets twice a week on Tuesday and Wednesday at Indiana Wesleyan University - Louisville campus. For the 2010-2011 school year, approximately 350 students were enrolled, and currently, for the 2016-2017 school year, there are over 500 students. CEC offers over 60 different classes in all the core subjects (English, math, science,and history),the arts, and many different electives such as World View, Psychology, Journalism, Chess,Drama, Philosophy, Business, and Computer. There are also four foreign languages from which students can choose: Chinese, Italian, Spanish, and Latin. At this school, you may take anywhere from one to six classes. There are a total of eight 90-min to 120 min. periods, four on Tuesday and four on Wednesday. Each teacher will assign homework suitable for one week. The student then complete the homework during the course of the school week, for each class in which he/she is enrolled.

pos: Indiana Wesleyan University Indiana Wesleyan University (commonly referred to as IWU) is a private, evangelical Christian, liberal arts university headquartered in Marion, Indiana, that is affiliated with the Wesleyan Church denomination. IWU is the largest member of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities and the largest private university in Indiana.

neg: Christian Home & Bible School Christian Home & Bible School is a private, coeducational pre-K2 through grade 12 school located in Mount Dora, Florida. Founded in 1945, Christian Home & Bible School is affiliated with, but not directed or funded by, the Churches of Christ and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and National Christian School Association.

neg: Pakistan Adventist Seminary Pakistan Adventist Seminary is a Christian co-educational institution of higher learning located in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

neg: North Toronto Christian School North Toronto Christian School (NTCS) is a non-semestered Christian school located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

neg: Christian Outreach College Toowoomba Christian Outreach College Toowoomba (known as "COCT") is independent, co-educational, Christian day school, located in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia which offers education from prep through grade 12. COCT is a private school which caters for approximately 500 students. Over a quarter of the college campus is sporting grounds (with building plans for some ovals), while the rest is populated with buildings and gardens.

neg: Chinese Christian Schools Chinese Christian Schools, also known as "CCS" (Chinese Traditional: 華人基督教學校, Simplified: 华人基督教学校, Pinyin: "Huárén Jīdūjiào Xuéxiào"), includes elementary education. CCS is located in Alameda, California. The majority of the student population is Chinese or of other Asian ethnicity, however students of other ethnic groups are not uncommon. As CCS is a private school, all students are required to pay a nominal tuition fee.

neg: Hamilton Christian Academy Hamilton Christian Academy is a private, Protestant Christian K-12 school located in Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States.

neg: Western Michigan Christian High School Western Michigan Christian High School (commonly Western Michigan Christian, WMCHS, or WMC) is a Calvinist coeducational private secondary school in Muskegon, Michigan, United States, serving students in grades 9–12. Western Michigan Christian High School is accredited by the Michigan Association of Non-Public Schools, and is a member of Christian Schools International (CSI).

neg: Ecumenical Christian Centre Ecumenical Christian Centre (ECC) was founded in 1963 by a visionary by name M. A. Thomas. ECC is located in Whitefield in Bengaluru on a 29 acre campus.

neg: Miami Christian School Miami Christian School is a school in Miami, Florida.

neg: Coalition for Christian Outreach Coalition for Christian Outreach (CCO) is a nonprofit campus ministry headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. CCO was officially incorporated on March 23, 1971. As of September 2012, the CCO employs 225 staff members on 104 campuses and universities, primarily in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. Activities at the campuses can include Bible study, working for humanitarian causes such as Habitat for Humanity, etc. For nine consecutive years, the CCO has been named a Best Christian Workplace in the US by the Best Christian Workplace Institute.

neg: Christian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Christian Chamber of Commerce and Industry is an organisation of christian businesspeople in India. It was set up in 2010 to act as platform for Christian businesspeople so that they may benefit from networking and achieving a higher rate of growth. Its headquarters is in Hyderabad India.

neg: NorthPointe Christian Schools NorthPointe Christian Schools are Christian schools located on the North East side of Grand Rapids, Michigan. NorthPointe Christian Schools seek to provide a strong foundation for development of the Christian faith in the lives of their students. NorthPointe Christian serves over 675 students in grades three-year-old preschool through grade twelve. The elementary school curriculum builds and develops fundamental skills. The middle school reinforces and expands these skills and the high school curriculum is college preparatory with regular and AP courses offered.

neg: Lincoln Christian University Lincoln Christian University (LCU), formerly "Lincoln Christian College and Seminary" (LCCS), is a Christian higher education community whose mission is to nurture and equip Christians with a Biblical worldview to serve and lead in the church and the world. Its main campus is located in Lincoln, Illinois, with extension sites at Eastview Christian Church in Normal, Illinois, Outlook Christian Church outside of Indianapolis, Indiana and at 8965 S. Eastern Ave. Ste 150, in Las Vegas, Nevada. LCU is affiliated with the Christian churches and churches of Christ.

neg: Central Christian High School (Kidron, Ohio) Central Christian School is a private high school, middle school, and elementary school in Kidron, Ohio. It is a coed school, and they serve 330 students in grades Preschool through 12.

neg: Vandalia Christian School Vandalia Christian Academy is a private Kindergarten to Grade 12 school located in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA. It is a member of the NCCSA and was founded by Pastor David Oates in the 1970s. The school has approximately 700 students and is one of the largest Christian schools in the state.

neg: Portland Christian School The Portland Christian School System, based in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, is a private Christian school traditionally supported and affiliated with those churches of Christ which held to a premillennial eschatology characteristic of Robert Henry Boll. Founded in 1924 in the rear of the Portland Avenue Church of Christ in the Portland neighborhood with Boll's support, today the school system has over four hundred students at its campus on the east side of Louisville. The school's mission statement states that it is "committed to honoring our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, the creator of all things, with a learning environment that is based on biblical principles and is intellectually stimulating. Our desire is to work cooperatively with the student's home and church, 'so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.' II Tim. 3:17 (NIV)".

neg: Laurel Christian High School Laurel Christian High School is a Christian college preparatory school that was founded in 1982. It is located in Laurel, Mississippi (USA). The school offers a Christian-based classical education that is built on the time-honored trivium: grammar, logic, and rhetoric. Each subject taught at the school is taught within the framework of a Christian worldview. Bob Jones University has been a crucial sponsor of the school throughout the years.

neg: Cook School for Christian Leadership The Cook School for Christian Leadership is the educational branch of Cook Native American Ministries, an outreach and ministry organization located in Tempe, Arizona, and affiliated with the Presbyterian church.

neg: Ballarat Christian College Ballarat Christian College is an independent, co-educational P-12 day school located in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. Ballarat Christian College provides education for children in a Christian environment, in the evangelical Protestant tradition.

neg: Washington Theological Consortium The Washington Theological Consortium is an ecumenical organization with its regular membership composed of Christian theological schools located in or near the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area that cooperate and share resources.


query: The Walam Olum document has provoked controversy as to its authenticity since its publication by a  botanist and antiquarian who settled in Ohio in what year?

pos: Walam Olum The Walam Olum or Walum Olum, usually translated as "Red Record" or "Red Score," is purportedly a historical narrative of the Lenape (Delaware) Native American tribe. The document has provoked controversy as to its authenticity since its publication in the 1830s by botanist and antiquarian Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. Ethnographic studies in the 1980s and analysis in the 1990s of Rafinesque's manuscripts have produced significant evidence that the document is a hoax. Some Delaware people, however, believe Rafinesque based his writing on actual Lenape stories.

pos: Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe (October 22, 1783 – September 18, 1840), was a nineteenth-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimately settling in Ohio in 1815, where he made notable contributions to botany, zoology, and the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America. He also contributed to the study of ancient Mesoamerican linguistics, in addition to work he had already completed in Europe.

neg: John Bradbury (naturalist) John Bradbury (1768–1823) was a Scottish botanist noted for his travels in the United States Midwest and West in the early 19th Century and his eyewitness account of the New Madrid earthquake.

neg: Wilmatte Porter Cockerell Wilmatte Porter Cockerell (1869 - January 1, 1957) was an American botanist, entomologist and teacher notable for the numerous species of fauna and flora she discovered and collected. Copious species are named in her honour.

neg: Jonathan Alder Jonathan Alder (September 17, 1773 – January 30, 1849) was an American pioneer, and the first white settler in Madison County, Ohio. As a young child living in Virginia, Alder was kidnapped by Shawnee Indians, and later adopted by a Mingo chief in the Ohio Country. He lived with the Native Americans for many years before returning to the white community.

neg: Elijah Hayward Elijah Hayward (November 17, 1786 – September 22, 1864) was a lawyer in the U.S. State of Ohio who represented his county in the Ohio House of Representatives, sat on the Ohio Supreme Court for a short time, and was Commissioner of the General Land Office. He was a noted genealogist and historian.

neg: Robert Hamilton Bishop Robert Hamilton Bishop (July 26, 1777 in West Lothian, Scotland – April 29, 1855 in Pleasant Hill, Ohio) was a Scottish-American educator and Presbyterian minister who became the first president of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. A professor of history and political science, he wrote about the history of the early churches in the United States, as well as theology.

neg: Ada Hayden Ada Hayden (14 August 1884 – 12 August 1950) was an American botanist, educator, and preservationist. She was the curator of the Iowa State University Herbarium, which was renamed the Ada Hayden Herbarium (ISC) in her honour in 1988. During her career, she added more than 40,000 specimens to the herbarium. Her studies and conservation work were particularly important in ensuring the preservation of the tallgrass prairie. The Hayden Prairie State Preserve was also named in her honour. She was an active member of the Ecological Society of America for many years.

neg: Alum Creek State Park Alum Creek State Park is a 4630 acre Ohio state park in Delaware County, Ohio, in the United States. Alum Creek Lake was constructed from 1970 to 1974 as part of the Flood Control Act of 1962. Alum Creek Reservoir holds 3387 acre of water and is open to fishing, boating, ice fishing, ice boating and swimming. The park is just north of the state capital of Columbus and contains the remnants of a settlement by freed slaves that arrived in Ohio from North Carolina.

neg: John Thorpe (antiquarian, 1682–1750) John Thorpe (1682–1750) was an English physician, antiquarian and Fellow of the Royal Society.

neg: Joseph Whipple Congdon Joseph Whipple Congdon (April 13, 1834 – April 5, 1910) was a lawyer by trade who contributed significantly to early botanical exploration in California, particularly in the Yosemite region, where he resided in Mariposa from 1882 until 1905. Congdon was born in Pomfret, Connecticut and graduated Brown University with the class of 1855. He was admitted to the bar in Providence, Rhode Island in 1860. He served a term in the Rhode Island legislature for 1878–79. The "Analytical Class-Book of Botany", couthored with his aunt, [carrying the epigram "Science is the only interpreter of Nature"] antedated by two years the first edition of Class Book of Botany, by Asa Gray. Congdon was the botanist whom correctly diagnosed the reidiscovery of the long-lost Shortia galacifolia, a relict herb that had been long sought by Gray.

neg: George Harrison Shull George Harrison Shull (April 15, 1874 – September 28, 1954) was an eminent American plant geneticist and the younger brother of botanical illustrator and plant breeder J. Marion Shull. He was born on a farm in Clark County, Ohio, graduated from Antioch College in 1901 and from the University of Chicago (Ph.D.) in 1904, served as botanical expert to the Bureau of Plant Industry in 1903-04, and thenceforth was a botanical investigator of the Carnegie Institution at the Station for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y., giving special attention to the results of Luther Burbank's work.

neg: Timothy Plowman Timothy Plowman (November 17, 1944 – January 7, 1989) was an ethnobotanist best known for his intensive work over the course of 15 years on the genus "Erythroxylum" in general, and the cultivated coca species in particular. He collected more than 700 specimens from South America, housed in the collection of the Field Museum of Natural History.

neg: James Buckman James Buckman (November 20, 1814 – November 23, 1884) was a British pharmaceutical chemist, professor, museum curator, botanist, geologist, archaeologist, author and farmer.

neg: John Banister (naturalist) John Baptist Banister (1654 – May 1692) was an English clergyman and one of the first university-trained naturalists in North America. His primary focus was botany but he also studied insects and molluscs. He was sent out as a missionary chaplain by the garden-loving Bishop Henry Compton, with whom he soon established a correspondence. Banister was first in Barbados in the West Indies and then by April 1679 in Virginia, where, while serving a rector of the parish of Charles City he became one of Bishop Compton's most energetic plant collectors, "the first Virginia botanist of any note".

neg: W. Hamilton Barnum W. Hamilton Barnum (1878–1937), of Cleveland, Ohio, was a stamp collector who helped advance philately during the early years of the hobby.

neg: John Bartram John Bartram (March 23, 1699 – September 22, 1777) was an early American botanist, horticulturist and explorer. Carl Linnaeus said he was the "greatest natural botanist in the world."

neg: Hardy Ivy Hardy Ivy (1779–1842) is said to be the first person of European descent to permanently settle in what is now the city of Atlanta, GA.

neg: Oswald Tippo Oswald Tippo (November 27, 1911 – June 10, 1999) was an American botanist and administrator at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he served as provost and then first chancellor. He wrote the widely used textbook "College Botany" with H. J. Fuller, served as president of the Botanical Society of America in 1955, and was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

neg: Columbus Delano Columbus Delano, (June 4, 1809 – October 23, 1896) was a lawyer, rancher, banker, statesman and a member of the prominent Delano family. Delano was elected U.S. Congressman from Ohio, serving two full terms and one partial one. Prior to the American Civil War, Delano was a National Republican and then a Whig; as a Whig he was identified with the faction of the party that opposed the spread of slavery into the Western territories, and he became a Republican when the party was founded as the major anti-slavery party after the demise of the Whigs in the 1850s. During Reconstruction Delano advocated federal protection of African-Americans civil rights, and argued that the former Confederate states should be administered by the federal government, but were not part of the United States until they met the requirements for readmission to the Union. Delano served as President Ulysses S. Grant's Secretary of the Interior during a time of rapid Westward expansionism, and contended with conflicts between Native American tribes and American settlers. He was instrumental in the establishment of America's first national park, supervising the first U.S. federally funded exploratory scientific expedition into Yellowstone in 1871, and becoming America's first national park overseer in 1872. In 1874, Delano requested that Congress protect Yellowstone through creation of a federally funded administrative agency, the first Secretary of the Interior to request such preservation of a nationally important site.

neg: Thomas Worthington Barlow Thomas Worthington Barlow (1823? – 10 August 1856), was an English antiquary and naturalist.

neg: Octavius Gilchrist Octavius Graham Gilchrist ( ; 1779–1823) was an English man of letters and antiquary.


query: "Should've Said No" was a song release by what record company?

pos: Should've Said No "Should've Said No" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The song serves as the fifth and final single from her self-titled debut studio album. The song is about Swift addressing her former lover who cheated on her. It became her second number-one single on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart, and was a Top 40 hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In addition, "Should've Said No" has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

pos: Taylor Swift (album) Taylor Swift is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, released on October 24, 2006, by Big Machine Records. Swift was 16 years old at the time of the album's release and wrote its songs during her freshman year of high school. Swift has writing credits on all of the album's songs, including those co-written with Liz Rose. Swift experimented with several producers, ultimately choosing Nathan Chapman, who had produced her demo album. Musically, the album is country music styled, and lyrically it speaks of romantic relationships, a couple of which Swift wrote from observing relationships before being in one. Lyrics also touch on Swift's personal struggles in high school.

neg: Release Me (The Like album) Release Me is the second album by The Like, released in 2010 by Geffen Records under license to Downtown Records in the United States and international markets including the United Kingdom. It features the singles "Release Me" and "He's Not a Boy". The song "Don't Make a Sound" is featured in the closing credits of the 2010 film "The Next Three Days".

neg: Go-Feet Records Go-Feet Records was an English record label founded by, and predominantly used to release recordings by, the ska revival band the Beat (known as the English Beat in North America). The band had some chart success in the United Kingdom in the 1980s. The label also released a few recordings by other bands. The Beat's first release was on 2 Tone Records, but when Madness struck a deal with Stiff Records, the Beat left to form their own label.

neg: Shout Records Shout Records is a record company founded by songwriter and record producer Bert Berns in 1966.

neg: No Regrets (All-4-One album) No Regrets is the sixth studio album by American Grammy Award-winning contemporary R&B group All-4-One. It was released on September 15, 2009 through Peak Records.

neg: The Neverclaim (album) The Neverclaim is the eponymous debut studio album from contemporary Christian music band The Neverclaim, which was released on September 24, 2013 by Essential Records, and it was produced by Jason Ingram and Paul Moak. The album has seen commercial charting successes, as well as, it has received critical acclamation.

neg: You're No Good "You're No Good" is a song written by Clint Ballard, Jr., first performed by Dee Dee Warwick for Jubilee Records in 1963 with production by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It has since been covered by many artists, including charting versions by Betty Everett in 1963, The Swinging Blue Jeans in 1964, and Linda Ronstadt in 1975, whose version was a number 1 hit in the United States.

neg: Go Records Go Records (usually badged as Go!! Records) was a small independent Melbourne-based recording label which ran from 1964 to 1968. Its releases were manufactured and distributed by the Melbourne-based recording and electronics company Astor.

neg: Nocturne Records Nocturne Records was an American jazz record company and label founded in 1954 by Roy Harte, a drummer, and Harry Babasin, a bassist. Based in Hollywood, California, Nocturne concentrated on West Coast jazz.

neg: No Good (album) No Good is the first studio album by American singer Ivy Levan. The album was released on August 7, 2015 and featured the two official singles, "Biscuit" and "Killing You" featuring Sting.

neg: More (No Trend album) More is the fourth and final studio album by American no wave band No Trend. It was originally recorded in 1987 and was intended to be released through Touch & Go Records, however the label refused to release it, and the band broke up soon after. The album remained unreleased until 2001 after Morphius Archives got the rights to release the record.

neg: Body Say "Body Say" is a song recorded by American singer Demi Lovato. She co-wrote the track with Simon Wilcox and its producer, Sir Nolan. It was initially released exclusively to music streaming services through Island, Hollywood and Safehouse Records on July 1, 2016, was serviced to pop radio on July 12, 2016, and was made available to iTunes on July 15, 2016.

neg: Surprise Records Surprise Records was a record label subsidiary of Island Records.

neg: Work Group The Work Group (stylized as The WORK Group) was an American record label.

neg: WaterTower Music WaterTower Music is an American record label that is entertainment company Warner Bros.' in-house music label. It was launched in January 2010 as a reimagining and rebranding of former label New Line Records.

neg: Nothing Records Nothing Records was an American record label specializing in industrial rock and electronic music, founded by John Malm Jr. and Trent Reznor in 1992. It is considered an example of a vanity label, where an artist is able to run a label with some degree of independence from within a larger parent company—in this case, Interscope Records was the parent company.

neg: Chamillitary Entertainment Chamillitary Entertainment (sometimes credited as Chamillitary Camp Music and Chamillitary Records) is a record/entertainment company owned and run by rapper Chamillionaire. It was distributed by Universal Records until January 15, 2011 because Chamillionaire and the label parted ways. It has since been an independent record label company.

neg: Never Home Never Home is the fourth album by singer-songwriter Freedy Johnston. It was released in 1997 on Elektra Records. Johnston credited producer Danny Kortchmar with imparting a more spontaneous, live-sounding feel to this album than its predecessor, "This Perfect World".

neg: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me (album) You Don't Have to Say You Love Me is the fourth album of singer Dusty Springfield to be released in the USA, issued on the Philips Records label in 1966. The album was more or less a retitled re-issue of Springfield's British album "Ev'rything's Coming Up Dusty", recorded and released in 1965, with the addition of the two hit singles "You Don't Have To Say You Love Me" and "Little By Little", both released in 1966. In fact, "Ev'rything's Coming Up Dusty" had been released in the US a few months prior, but as the title track of "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" became a huge hit single for Springfield, Philips USA decided to repackage and retitle the album after the single.

neg: Hassle Records Hassle Records is an independent record label that was created by Chris Baker in 2005.

neg: Never Said "Never Said" is a song written and performed by Liz Phair, released as a radio-only single from her debut album "Exile in Guyville". It was the first single released from the album. Although no physical single was released for the song, a music video was released, directed by Katy McGuire.


query: What was the population in 2016 of the suburb where the main campus of Penola Catholic College is located ?

pos: Penola Catholic College Penola Catholic College (also known as PCC or simply Penola) is a co-educational secondary college, located in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Patron of the college is Saint Mary MacKillop. It has two campuses: one located at Glenroy which is commonly known as the junior campus for Years 7 and 8 students; and the other, the main campus, in Broadmeadows for the Years 9 to 12 students.

pos: Broadmeadows, Victoria Broadmeadows is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 16 km north-west from Melbourne's central business district. Its local government area is the City of Hume. At the 2016 Census, Broadmeadows had a population of 11,970.

neg: Somerville, Victoria Somerville is a township and coastal rural locality in Victoria, Australia, 53 km southeast from Melbourne's central business district, as a part of the urban enclave on Western Port comprising Somerville, Hastings, Bittern, Crib Point, and Tyabb. Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula. At the 2016 Census, Somerville had a population of 11,336 up from 10,730 in 2011, 10,704 in 2006 and 10,049 in 2001.

neg: Wantirna South, Victoria Wantirna South is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 26 km east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Knox local government area. Wantirna South recorded a population of 19,271 at the 2016 Census.

neg: Fitzroy, Victoria Fitzroy is an inner-city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3 km north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District in the local government area of the City of Yarra. At the 2016 Census, Fitzroy had a population of 10,445. Planned as Melbourne's first suburb, it was later also one of the city's first areas to gain municipal status. It occupies Melbourne's smallest and most densely populated suburban area, just 100 ha.

neg: Indooroopilly, Queensland Indooroopilly is a suburb of Brisbane, Australia 7 km west of the Brisbane central business district. The suburb covers 7.5 km². At the 2011 Australian Census the suburb recorded a population of 11,670.

neg: Lavalla Catholic College Lavalla Catholic College is a Catholic co-educational high school with 3 campuses located in the towns of Traralgon and Newborough in Victoria, Australia. Currently, the school has approximately 1,100 students enrolled across all campuses.

neg: Maitland, South Australia Maitland is a town in South Australia located 168 km west of Adelaide by road, 164 km south of Port Pirie and 46 km north of Minlaton known as the "heart of Yorke Peninsula" due to being near the centre of the region. At the 2016 census , Maitland had a population of 1,263.

neg: Petersham, New South Wales Petersham is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Petersham is located 6 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Inner West Council. Petersham is known for its extensive Portuguese commercial offerings, with many Portuguese businesses and restaurants, although only 151 (2%) of the population was actually born in Portugal and only 3.2% indicating Portuguese ancestry.

neg: LaSalle Catholic College, Bankstown LaSalle Catholic College is a Roman Catholic, co-educational, secondary, day school located in Bankstown, a south-western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

neg: Wilsonton Heights, Queensland Wilsonton Heights is a suburb of Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, located 7 km northwest of the central business district. In 2006 the suburb of Wilsonton Heights was split from the suburb of Wilsonton. At the 2011 Australian Census the suburb recorded a population of 2,822.

neg: McAuley Catholic College McAuley Catholic College is a Roman Catholic, co-educational, secondary day school situated on the Pacific Highway on the outskirts of Grafton in the Northern Rivers area of New South Wales, Australia.

neg: San Sisto College San Sisto College is a Roman Catholic secondary college for girls in Years 7 - 12, located in Carina, a suburb located in South-East Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is in the Dominican tradition and caters for approximately 700 girls.

neg: Nazareth College (Australia) Nazareth College is a Catholic, co-educational, secondary day school, located in Noble Park North, a south eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

neg: John Paul College, Canberra St John Paul II College is a systemic Catholic high school located in Nicholls, a suburb of Canberra, capital city of Australia. The school is named after Pope John Paul II, the second-longest serving pope and was the first non-Italian Pope in more than four hundred years.

neg: Dapto, New South Wales Dapto is a suburb of Wollongong in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia, located on the western side of Lake Illawarra and covering an area 7.15 square kilometres in size. As at the 2016 census , the suburb had a population of 10,730.

neg: Kearneys Spring, Queensland Kearneys Spring is a suburb of Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, located 5 km south of the city centre via New England Highway. At the 2011 Australian Census the suburb recorded a population of 7,348.

neg: Emmaus Catholic College Emmaus Catholic College is a Roman Catholic co-educational day school for years 7–12 located in Kemps Creek, Sydney, Australia . The College was established in 1988 and is under the direction of the Catholic Education, Parramatta Diocese.

neg: Punchbowl, New South Wales Punchbowl is a suburb in the south-western Sydney region, 17 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. At the 2016 census , Punchbowl had a population of 20,236.

neg: Mount Helen, Victoria Mount Helen is a fast-growing southern suburb of Ballarat situated just north of the town of Buninyong in Victoria, Australia on the Canadian Creek. At the 2016 census , the population was 2,975.

neg: Colinton, New South Wales Colinton is a locality in the Snowy Monaro Region, New South Wales, Australia. It lies on the eastern side of the Murrumbidgee River and on both sides of the Monaro Highway about 73 km south of Canberra and about 44 km north of Cooma. At the 2016 census , it had a population of 127.

neg: O'Malley, Australian Capital Territory O'Malley (postcode: 2606) is a suburb in the Canberra, Australian Capital Territory district of Woden Valley. At the 2016 census , O'Malley had a population of 991 people. There are numerous embassies in O'Malley. In 2011, 42.8% of the population was foreign-born, the fifth-highest for any Canberra suburb.


query: Who was born first, L. Ron Hubbard or Brad Anderson?

pos: L. Ron Hubbard Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986), better known as L. Ron Hubbard ( ) and often referred to by his initials, LRH, was an American author and the founder of the Church of Scientology. After establishing a career as a writer, becoming best known for his science fiction and fantasy stories, he developed a system called Dianetics which was first expounded in book form in May 1950. He subsequently developed his ideas into a wide-ranging set of doctrines and practices as part of a new religious movement that he called Scientology. His writings became the guiding texts for the Church of Scientology and a number of affiliated organizations that address such diverse topics as business administration, literacy and drug rehabilitation. The Church's dissemination of these materials led to Hubbard being listed by the "Guinness Book of World Records" as the most translated and published author in the world. The Guinness World Record for the most audio books published for one author is also held by Hubbard. In 2014, Hubbard was cited by "Smithsonian" magazine as one of the 100 most significant Americans of all time, as one of the eleven religious figures on that list.

pos: Brad Anderson (director) Brad Anderson (born 1964) is an American film director, producer and writer. A director of thriller and horror films and television projects, he is best known for having directed "The Machinist" (2004), starring Christian Bale, and "The Call" (2013), starring Halle Berry. He also produced and directed several installments of the FOX science fiction television series "Fringe".

neg: Hubbard College of Administration International Hubbard College of Administration International is an unaccredited school that teaches administration using methods developed by Church of Scientology founder, L. Ron Hubbard. The headquarters for the school is located at 320 North Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90004. The school began operations in 1990 and its current headquarters were established in 2001. It is a 501(c)(3) public charity, and as a religious organization does not file an annual return, however it states itself to be a "secular educational institution".

neg: Jon Garth Murray Jon Garth Murray (November 16, 1954 – September 29, 1995) was the second son of late controversial activist Madalyn Murray O'Hair, the first president and founder of American Atheists, Inc., in 1963. He was also the half-brother of the reverend William "Bill" Murray.

neg: Larry Anderson (actor) Larry Anderson (born September 22, 1952) is an American actor and magician.

neg: Military career of L. Ron Hubbard The military career of L. Ron Hubbard saw the future founder of Scientology serving in the United States Armed Forces as a member of the Marine Corps Reserve and, between 1941–50, the Navy Reserve. He saw active service between 1941–45, during World War II, as a naval Lieutenant (junior grade) and later as a Lieutenant. After the war he was mustered out of active service and resigned his commission in 1950.

neg: Margaret Grubb Margaret Louise "Polly" Grubb (September 22, 1907 – November 17, 1963) was the first wife of pulp fiction author and Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard, to whom she was married between 1933 and 1947. She was the mother of Hubbard's first son, L. Ron Hubbard, Jr. and his first daughter, Katherine May "Kay" Hubbard.

neg: Wes Anderson Wesley Wales Anderson (born May 1, 1969) is an American film director, film producer, screenwriter, and actor. His films are known for their distinctive visual and narrative style.

neg: Sandra Miesel Sandra Louise Miesel (born Sandra Louise Schwartz on November 25, 1941) is an American medievalist, writer and science fiction and fantasy fan. Her early work was science fiction and fantasy criticism, fields in which she has remained active. She is a literary analyst; has described herself as "the world's greatest expert" on Poul Anderson and Gordon R. Dickson, and has written front and back matter for many of Anderson's books.

neg: Fred Anderson (musician) Fred Anderson (March 22, 1929 – June 24, 2010) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist who was based in Chicago, Illinois. Anderson's playing was rooted in the swing music and hard bop idioms, but he also incorporated innovations from free jazz, rendering him, as critics Ron Wynn and Joslyn Layne have written, "a seminal figure among Chicago musicians in the '60s."

neg: William Anderson (American writer) William Anderson (born 1952) is an American author, historian and lecturer. He is a specialist in the subject of Laura Ingalls Wilder and her times.

neg: Stephen J. Anderson Stephen John Anderson is an American animator, film director, screenwriter and voice actor.

neg: Mitchell Anderson Mitchell Ogren Anderson (born August 21, 1961) is an American character actor and chef.

neg: Harold C. Anderson Harold C. Anderson was an American accountant and wilderness activist. A prominent member of the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club (PATC) in the Washington D.C. area from its inception, he was also a co-founder of The Wilderness Society.

neg: L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman? L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?, is a posthumous biography of Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard written by Bent Corydon, which makes extensive use of interviews he conducted with Hubbard's son Ronald DeWolf. Though originally published in 1987 by Lyle Stuart Inc., the book was re-issued in a paperback edition on July 25, 1992 and a hardcover edition in October 1995, both by publisher Barricade Books. The 1995 edition also featured Brian Ambry as principal researcher. The first edition of the book listed DeWolf as coauthor.

neg: Charles Morris Anderson Charles Morris Anderson (born 1957) is a landscape architect and fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Principal of the Phoenix-based landscape architecture firm WERK.us, a continuation of his practice of the Seattle-based firm Charles Anderson Landscape Architecture.

neg: Scientology and celebrities Recruiting Scientologist celebrities and getting them to endorse Scientology to the public at large has always been very important to the Church of Scientology. Scientology has had a written program governing celebrity recruitment since at least 1955, when L. Ron Hubbard created "Project Celebrity", offering rewards to Scientologists who recruited targeted celebrities. Early interested parties included former silent-screen star Gloria Swanson and jazz pianist Dave Brubeck. A Scientology policy letter of 1976 states that "rehabilitation of celebrities who are just beyond or just approaching their prime" enables the "rapid dissemination" of Scientology.

neg: Ross J. Anderson Ross John Anderson, FRS, FREng (born 15 September 1956) is a researcher, writer, and industry consultant in security engineering. He is Professor of Security Engineering at the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge where he is part of the Security Group.

neg: C. Elmer Anderson Clyde Elmer Anderson (March 16, 1912 – January 22, 1998), more commonly known as C. Elmer Anderson, was an American politician who served as the 28th Governor of Minnesota from September 27, 1951 to January 5, 1955. Anderson also served as the Lieutenant governor of Minnesota on two occasions, from 1939 to 1943 and again from 1945 to 1951.

neg: Glenn Hubbard (economist) Robert Glenn Hubbard (born September 4, 1958) is an American economist and academic. He is currently the Dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Business, where he is also Russell L. Carson Professor of Finance and Economics. Hubbard previously served as Deputy Assistant Secretary at the U.S. Department of the Treasury from 1991 to 1993, and as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors from 2001 to 2003.

neg: Brad Hansen Brad L. Hansen (born October 30, 1968) is an American politician in the state of Iowa.

neg: Rod Anderson (writer) Rodney J. Anderson BA (born 15 April 1935) is a Canadian poet, musician and Chartered Accountant. After spending decades living in Toronto, he currently lives in Cobourg, Ontario with his wife, Merike Lugus.


query: Ralph Rene distributed a pamplet about attacks against who?

pos: Ralph René Ralph René (August 24, 1933 – December 10, 2008) was an American conspiracy theorist, small press publisher and inventor. René was a vocal proponent of certain Moon landing conspiracy theories. René's last self-published work, a pamphlet he distributed called "WTC Lies and Fairy Tales", details his belief in certain 9/11 conspiracy theories.

pos: 9/11 conspiracy theories 9/11 conspiracy theories are conspiracy theories that attribute the planning and execution of the September 11 attacks against the United States to parties other than, or in addition to, al-Qaeda including that there was advance knowledge of the attacks among high-level government officials. Government investigations and independent reviews have found no evidence for the theories. Proponents of these theories claim there are inconsistencies in the official conclusions, or evidence that was either ignored or overlooked.

neg: BadBIOS BadBIOS is an alleged advanced persistent threat reported by network security researcher Dragos Ruiu in October 2013 with the ability to communicate between instances of itself across air gaps using ultrasonic communication between a computer's speakers and microphone. To date, there have been no proven occurrences of this malware.

neg: Integral cryptanalysis In cryptography, integral cryptanalysis is a cryptanalytic attack that is particularly applicable to block ciphers based on substitution-permutation networks. It was originally designed by Lars Knudsen as a dedicated attack against Square, so it is commonly known as the Square attack. It was also extended to a few other ciphers related to Square: CRYPTON, Rijndael, and SHARK. Stefan Lucks generalized the attack to what he called a "saturation attack" and used it to attack Twofish, which is not at all similar to Square, having a radically different Feistel network structure. Forms of integral cryptanalysis have since been applied to a variety of ciphers, including Hierocrypt, IDEA, Camellia, Skipjack, MISTY1, MISTY2, SAFER++, KHAZAD, and "FOX" (now called IDEA NXT).

neg: MacMag The MacMag virus, also known by various other names, was a computer virus introduced in 1988 by Richard Brandow, who at the time was editor and publisher of MacMag computer magazine in Montréal.

neg: Exploit (computer security) An exploit (from the English verb "to exploit", meaning "to use something to one’s own advantage") is a piece of software, a chunk of data, or a sequence of commands that takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer software, hardware, or something electronic (usually computerized). Such behavior frequently includes things like gaining control of a computer system, allowing privilege escalation, or a denial-of-service (DoS or related DDoS) attack.

neg: Boomerang attack In cryptography, the boomerang attack is a method for the cryptanalysis of block ciphers based on differential cryptanalysis. The attack was published in 1999 by David Wagner, who used it to break the COCONUT98 cipher.

neg: Hyperjacking Hyperjacking is an attack in which a hacker takes malicious control over the hypervisor that creates the virtual environment within a virtual machine (VM) host. The point of the attack is to target the operating system that is below that of the virtual machines so that the attacker's program can run and the applications on the VMs above it will be completely oblivious to its presence.

neg: Black hat A black hat hacker (or black-hat hacker) is a hacker who "violates computer security for little reason beyond maliciousness or for personal gain".

neg: Anti-aircraft warfare Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action." They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be 'homeland defence'. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.

neg: Stefan Savage Stefan Savage (born 1969) is an American computer science researcher, currently a Professor in the Systems and Networking Group at the University of California, San Diego. There, he holds the Irwin and Joan Jacobs Chair in Information and Computer Science. Savage is widely cited in Computer security, particularly in the areas of Email spam, network worms and malware propagation, distributed denial of service (DDOS) mitigation and traceback, Automotive hacking and wireless security. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Washington.

neg: Email storm An email storm (also called a Reply Allpocalypse) is a sudden spike of Reply All messages on an email distribution list, usually caused by a controversial or misdirected message. Such storms start when multiple members of the distribution list reply to the entire list at the same time in response to the instigating message. Other members soon respond, usually adding vitriol to the discussion, asking to be removed from the list, or pleading for the cessation of messages. If enough members reply to these unwanted messages this triggers a chain reaction of email messages. The sheer load of traffic generated by these storms can render the email servers inoperative, similar to a DDoS attack.

neg: Ping flood A ping flood is a simple denial-of-service attack where the attacker overwhelms the victim with ICMP "echo request" (ping) packets. This is most effective by using the flood option of ping which sends ICMP packets as fast as possible without waiting for replies. Most implementations of ping require the user to be privileged in order to specify the flood option. It is most successful if the attacker has more bandwidth than the victim (for instance an attacker with a DSL line and the victim on a dial-up modem). The attacker hopes that the victim will respond with ICMP "echo reply" packets, thus consuming both outgoing bandwidth as well as incoming bandwidth. If the target system is slow enough, it is possible to consume enough of its CPU cycles for a user to notice a significant slowdown.

neg: Security Protocols Open Repository SPORE, the Security Protocols Open Repository, is an online library of security protocols with comments and links to papers. Each protocol is downloadable in a variety of formats, including rules for use with automatic protocol verification tools. All protocols are described using BAN logic or the style used by Clark and Jacob, and their goals. The database includes details on formal proofs or known attacks, with references to comments, analysis & papers. A large number of protocols are listed, including many which have been shown to be insecure.

neg: HostTracker HostTracker is a prototype software system to identify and defend against online attacks and spam campaigns. The software system is to be presented by Microsoft Research Silicon Valley at SIGCOMM 2009

neg: Restriction modification system The restriction modification system (RM system) is found in bacteria and other prokaryotic organisms, and provides a defense against foreign DNA, such as that borne by bacteriophages. It was first discovered by Salvatore Luria and Mary Human in 1952 and 1953. They found that bacteriophage growing within an infected bacterium could be modified, so that upon their release and re-infection of a related bacterium the bacteriophage’s growth is restricted (inhibited) (also described by Luria in his autobiography on pages 45 and 99 in 1984). In 1953, Jean Weigle and Giuseppe Bertani reported similar examples of host-controlled modification using different bacteriophage systems. Later work by Daisy Roulland-Dussoix and Werner Arber in 1962 and many other subsequent workers led to the understanding that restriction was due to attack and breakdown of the modified bacteriophage’s DNA by specific enzymes of the recipient bacteria. As reviewed by Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith in 1975, this work resulted in the discovery of the class of enzymes now known as restriction enzymes. When these enzymes were isolated in the laboratory they could be used for controlled manipulation of DNA, thus providing the foundation for the development of genetic engineering. Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, and Hamilton Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 for their work on restriction-modification.

neg: DPP v Lennon DPP v Lennon is the first reported criminal case in the U.K. concerning so-called “denial of service” (DoS) attacks. The appeal court found that DoS attacks constituted an offence of unauthorised modification under s. 3 of the Computer Misuse Act 1990 (CMA) and thus, clarified the law regarding DoS.

neg: Teleforce Teleforce was a proposed defensive weapon by Nikola Tesla that accelerated pellets or slugs of material to a high velocity inside a vacuum chamber via electrostatic repulsion and then fired them out of aimed nozzles at intended targets. Tesla claimed to have conceived of it after studying the Van de Graaff generator. Tesla described the weapon as being able to be used against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes.

neg: Anti-tamper software Anti-tamper software (or tamper-resistant software) is software which makes it harder for an attacker to modify it. The measures involved can be passive such as obfuscation to make reverse engineering difficult or active tamper-detection techniques which aim to make a program malfunction or not operate at all if modified. It is essentially tamper resistance implemented in the software domain. It shares certain aspects but also differs from related technologies like copy protection and trusted hardware, though it is often used in combination with them. Anti-tampering technology typically makes the software somewhat larger and also has a performance impact. There are no provably secure software anti-tampering methods, thus the field is an arms race between attackers and software anti-tampering technologies.

neg: ZmEu (vulnerability scanner) ZmEu is a computer vulnerability scanner which searches for web servers that are open to attack through the phpMyAdmin program,

neg: UDP flood attack A UDP flood attack is a denial-of-service (DoS) attack using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), a sessionless/connectionless computer networking protocol.

neg: Relying party A relying party (RP) is a computer term used to refer to a server providing access to a secure software application.