query: Which dog is bigger, an Irish Wolfhound or a Siberian Husky?

pos: Irish Wolfhound The Irish Wolfhound (Irish: "Cú Faoil" , ] ) is a breed of domestic dog ("Canis lupus familiaris"), specifically a very large sighthound from Ireland. The name originates from its purposewolf hunting with dogsrather than from its appearance. Originally developed from war hounds to one used for hunting and guarding, Irish Wolfhounds can be an imposing sight due to their formidable size.

pos: Siberian Husky The Siberian Husky (Russian: Сибирский хаски) is a medium size working dog breed that originated in north-eastern Siberia, Russia. The breed belongs to the Spitz genetic family. It is recognizable by its thickly furred double coat, erect triangular ears, and distinctive markings.

neg: Shelillon (dog) The Shelillon is a breed of dog of both Spaniel and the Scottish Collie type. It is a loyal friendly breed with moderate shedding, and minimum exercise requirements. To best understand this mixed-breed dog one must understand both its parents, the Papillon and Shetland Sheepdog. A Shelillon is not an American Kennel Club recognized breed.

neg: Shieling's Signature Shieling's Signature is a Scottish Terrier who took best in show at the 1945 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. He was bred, owned, and handled by Mr. T. H. Snethen, and completed his championship at the show. He was the first Scottie to win Best In Show since 1911.

neg: Dhole The dhole /dəʊl/ ("Cuon alpinus") is a canid native to Central, South and Southeast Asia. Other English names for the species include Asiatic wild dog, Indian wild dog, whistling dog, red dog, and mountain wolf. It is genetically close to species within the genus "Canis", though its skull is convex rather than concave in profile, it lacks a third lower molar and the upper molars sport only a single cusp as opposed to two to four. During the Pleistocene, the dhole ranged throughout Asia, Europe and North America but became restricted to its historical range 12,000–18,000 years ago.

neg: American Staffordshire Terrier The American Staffordshire Terrier, also known as "Amstaff" (in the United States) or simply "Stafford", is a medium-sized, short-coated American dog breed. It is one of several breeds commonly known as pit bulls. In the early part of the twentieth century the breed gained social stature and was accepted by the American Kennel Club in 1936. The name was changed to reflect difference from the Staffordshire Bull Terrier of England.

neg: Griffon Nivernais The Griffon Nivernais (FCI No.17) is a breed of dog of the scenthound type, originating in France, and is a versatile hunting dog, used on small and large game, in packs or individually. Today's breed is a reconstruction of an ancient type of dog from the Nivernais region.

neg: Shih Tzu A Shih Tzu (English: ; ), also known as the Chrysanthemum Dog, is a toy dog breed, weighing 10–19 pounds (4.5–8.6kg) when fully grown. The exact origins of the breed are unknown, but it is thought to have originated in Tibet and then been developed in China.

neg: Field Spaniel The Field Spaniel is a medium-sized breed dog of the spaniel type. They were originally developed to be all-black show dogs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and were unpopular for work as a hunting dog. However, during the mid-20th century they were redeveloped as a longer-legged dog that was more suitable to be used for field work. They are now considered to be a rare breed, and are registered as a Vulnerable Native Breed by The Kennel Club.

neg: Wolfhound (horse) Wolfhound is a thoroughbred racehorse. He won the Haydock Sprint Cup and the Prix de la Forêt.

neg: Wolf hunting with dogs Wolf hunting with dogs is a method of wolf hunting which relies on the use of hunting dogs. While any dog, especially a hound used for hunting wolves may be loosely termed a "wolfhound", several dog breeds have been specifically bred for the purpose, some of which, such as the Irish Wolfhound, have the word in their breed name.

neg: Segugio Italiano The Segugio Italiano ] is an Italian breed of dog of the scenthound family. It comes in both short-haired and wire-haired varieties. It is thought to be an ancient breed, descended in pre-Roman eras from progenitor scenthounds in ancient Egypt. In 2009 ENCI (the Italian Kennel Club) registered 4,500 specimens of the short-haired variety and 1,740 wire-haired specimens, making this one of the top ten breeds in Italy.

neg: Cocker Spaniel Cocker Spaniels are dogs belonging to two breeds of the spaniel dog type: the American Cocker Spaniel and the English Cocker Spaniel, both of which are commonly called simply "Cocker Spaniel" in their countries of origin. In the early 20th century, Cocker Spaniels also included small hunting Spaniels.

neg: Pembroke Welsh Corgi The Pembroke Welsh Corgi ( ; Welsh for "dwarf dog") is a cattle herding dog breed which originated in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is one of two breeds known as a Welsh Corgi. The other is the Cardigan Welsh Corgi, and both descend from the line that is the northern spitz-type dog (examples include that of the Siberian Husky). Another theory is that Pembrokes are descended from the Swedish Vallhunds, which were crossed with the local Welsh herding dogs. The Pembroke Welsh Corgi is the younger of the two Corgi breeds and is a separate and distinct breed from the Cardigan. The corgi is one of the smallest dogs in the Herding Group. Pembroke Welsh Corgis are famed for being the preferred breed of Queen Elizabeth II, who has owned more than 30 during her reign. These dogs have been favored by British royalty for more than seventy years, but among British Commoners, have recently fallen into decline in terms of popularity and demand.

neg: German Shepherd The German Shepherd (German: Deutscher Schäferhund , ] ) is a breed of medium to large-sized working dog that originated in Germany. The breed's officially recognized name is German Shepherd Dog in the English language (sometimes abbreviated as "GSD"). The breed is also known as the Alsatian in Britain and Ireland. The German Shepherd is a relatively new breed of dog, with their origin dating to 1899. As part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and even acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and fourth-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom.

neg: South Russian Ovcharka The South Russian Ovcharka, also known as a Ukrainian Shepherd Dog, or South Russian Sheepdog, is a sheepdog from the Ukrainian steppes between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

neg: Dumfriesshire Hound Dumfriesshire Black and Tan Foxhounds were a pack of foxhounds kennelled at Glenholm Kennels, Kettleholm, near Lockerbie until they were disbanded in 2001. They were established by Sir John Buchanan Jardine, author of "Hounds of the World" (1937), after the First World War. The hounds are believed to have originally been created by crossing Bloodhound/Gascony blue/English Foxhound. They were larger than standard foxhounds and were black and tan. Although that pack was disbanded in 1986, there is a pack descended from them in France, known as Equipage de la Roirie.

neg: Russo-European Laika Russo-European Laika (Russko-Evropeĭskaya Láĭka) is the name of a breed of hunting dog that originated in the forested region of northern Europe and Russia, one of several breeds developed from landrace Laika dogs of very ancient Spitz type. The "Russo-European Laika" itself dates to a breeding program begun in 1944 by E. I. Shereshevsky of the All-Union Research Institute for the Hunting Industry, in Kalinin (now Tver) Province.

neg: Siberian large-toothed shrew The Siberian large-toothed shrew ("Sorex daphaenodon") is a species of shrew. An adult Siberian large-toothed shrew has a weight of 4.6-6.0 grams and a body length of 5.5-6.4 centimeters, with a tail of 2.4-3.75 centimeters. This species is found across Northeast Asia, from Mongolia through northeastern China to the Russian Far East and the Paektusan region of North Korea.

neg: Northern Inuit Dog The Northern Inuit Dog is a crossbred dog that originated in the late 1980s, in an attempt to create a domestic dog breed more closely resembling the wolf. It is currently only recognized by its own independent breed club, but by no other major kennel clubs. The dog originates from crosses among German Shepherd Dogs, Siberian Huskies, and a variety of Inuit breeds. Although the original stock is Canadian in origin, the breed was developed in the UK.

neg: Canadian Eskimo Dog The Canadian Eskimo Dog is an Arctic breed of working dog, which is often considered to be one of North America's oldest and rarest remaining purebred indigenous domestic canines. Other names include qimmiq or qimmit (Inuit language word for "dog"). They were brought from Siberia to North America by the Thule people 1,000 years ago, along with the Greenland Dog that is genetically identical.

neg: Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog The Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog is a large breed of livestock guardian dog that originated in the Carpathian Mountains of Romania.


query: Which band was formed earlier, Throwing Muses or Tegan and Sara?

pos: Throwing Muses Throwing Muses is an alternative rock band formed in 1981 in Newport, Rhode Island, that toured and recorded extensively until 1997, when its members began concentrating more on other projects. The group was originally fronted by two lead singers, Kristin Hersh, and Tanya Donelly, who both wrote the group's songs. Throwing Muses are known for performing music with shifting tempos, creative chord progressions, unorthodox song structures, and surreal lyrics. The group was set apart from other contemporary acts by Hersh's stark, candid writing style; Donelly's pop stylings and vocal harmonies; and David Narcizo's unusual drumming techniques eschewing use of cymbals. Hersh's hallucinatory, febrile songs occasionally touched on the subject of mental illness, more often drawing portraits of characters from daily life or addressing relationships.

pos: Tegan and Sara Tegan and Sara are a Canadian indie pop band formed in 1998 in Calgary, Alberta, composed of identical twin sisters Tegan Rain Quin and Sara Keirsten Quin (born September 19, 1980). Both musicians are songwriters and multi-instrumentalists.

neg: Muse discography The discography of Muse, an English rock band, consists of seven studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, five extended plays (EPs), 38 singles, two video albums, 52 music videos and four other appearances. Formed in Teignmouth, Devon in 1994, the band signed with Mushroom Records in the United Kingdom and Maverick Records in the United States before releasing their debut album "Showbiz" in 1999. The album was a success across Europe, and in the UK reached number 29 on the UK Albums Chart, as well as being certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Five singles were released from "Showbiz", with final release "Unintended" the band's first to reach the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart. Muse released their second album "Origin of Symmetry" in 2001, which reached number 3 on the UK Albums Chart and was certified double platinum by the BPI. The album's first three singles, "Plug In Baby", "New Born" and "Bliss", all reached the UK top 25.

neg: Sonia Tetlow Sonia Tetlow is an American songwriter and musician. She fronts the band Herman Put Down The Gun and plays banjo in the alterna-grass group Roxie Watson. Formerly the singer/ guitarist for Atlanta punk rock trio, STB "(Sonia Tetlow Band)", which released two critically acclaimed independent albums, "Spit" and "Swerve." Tetlow played bass guitar in the rock band Cowboy Mouth from 2004-2007.

neg: Sarane Ferret Étienne "Sarane" Ferret (1912–1970) (surname also later spelled Ferré on occasion) was a French musette and gypsy jazz guitarist and composer, a contemporary and musical associate of Django Reinhardt, and the brother of noted Gitan (gypsy) guitar players Baro and Matelo Ferret. He recorded with his own quintet in Paris in the 1940s and continued performing there, with occasional recording sessions, until his death in 1970.

neg: Siouxsie Medley Siouxsie Medley, born and raised in Los Angeles, is a musician, artist and actress. Medley is best known as the guitarist for Dead Sara, a rock band she started at age 15 with her friend Emily Armstrong, who was 16.

neg: Phantom Buffalo Phantom Buffalo is an indie-rock band from Portland, Maine. The band was known as The Ponys until 2004, when both Portland's Ponys and Chicago-based band The Ponys were invited to perform at South by Southwest. Being the lower-profile of the two bands, the Portland group decided on a name change shortly thereafter. The current lineup consists of Jonathan Balzano-Brookes (vocals, guitar), Tim Burns (guitar, vocals), Joe Domrad (drums), Jacob Chamberlain (drums), Sean Newton (bass), and Philip Willey (guitar, accordion, keyboards). The band has released music domestically on the Time-Lag Records label and in the UK on Rough Trade Records. The band's jangly, psychedelic pop music has been compared to The Byrds and New Zealand's The Chills, as well as North American indie-pop acts like The Shins and The New Pornographers.

neg: Caulfield Sisters The Caulfield Sisters (2000–present) are a critically praised independent band based in Brooklyn, New York, noted at times for their sonic similarity to Throwing Muses or Galaxie 500. They have appeared at the annual CMJ music festival in New York, were featured in the New York art magazine "Esopus" and in an April 2005 live performance on Seattle independent radio station KEXP, and have performed with bands such as Interpol.

neg: The Javelins The Javelins, sometimes also known as Ian Gillan & the Javelins, was a 1960s band fronted by Ian Gillan of Deep Purple. The band played live but never recorded in their initial spell together. The other members included rhythm guitarist Tony Tacon, bass player Tony Whitfield,drummer Keith Roach and lead guitarist Gordon Fairminer. All from Hayes/Heston area of West London.

neg: Tegan and Sara discography Canadian indie pop duo Tegan and Sara have released eight studio albums and thirteen singles. They released their first album, "Under Feet Like Ours", independently in 1999. Their first major release was "This Business of Art", released in 2000 on Vapor Records. This album contained their debut single, "The First".

neg: Fates Warning Fates Warning is an American progressive metal band, formed in 1982 by vocalist John Arch, guitarists Jim Matheos and Victor Arduini, bassist Joe DiBiase, and drummer Steve Zimmerman in Hartford, Connecticut. Their early work was heavily influenced by new wave of British heavy metal, and was key in the development of American power metal. With each work, the band developed into a pure progressive metal style. Fates Warning has experienced numerous line-up changes. From 1982 to 1996 — and temporarily in 2010 — Matheos and DiBiase were the only remaining original members of the band, with Matheos being the only constant member. Their current lineup consists of guitarist Jim Matheos, vocalist Ray Alder, bassist Joey Vera, and drummer Bobby Jarzombek. As a pioneer of the American progressive metal movement, Fates Warning rose to international fame in the 1980s and was ranked as one of the early "flagship bands of progressive metal" along with Queensrÿche, Dream Theater, Crimson Glory and Watchtower, who were responsible for creating, developing and popularizing that genre.

neg: An Horse An Horse is a two-person indie rock band from Brisbane, Australia, composed of Kate Cooper of Iron On on vocals and guitar and Damon Cox of Intercooler on drums. In 2008 they toured the United States as an opening act for Tegan and Sara, prior to the release of their first album. In August 2008, they opened for Death Cab for Cutie for their Australian tour. They also opened for Silversun Pickups along with Cage The Elephant in October 2009 for an east coast leg of their Swoon tour. After their own 2009 North American tour, An Horse played as a supporting act for Tegan and Sara in Canada in 2010. In 2012 they accompanied Nada Surf on tour in the United States.

neg: Steel Train Steel Train was an indie rock band from New Jersey. They have toured with The Juliana Theory, Tegan and Sara, Girl in a Coma, Ben Folds, The Fray, Silversun Pickups, Hanson, The Format, Gomez, O.A.R., Something Corporate, Jack's Mannequin, Barenaked Ladies, fun. and others. Other highlights include performances at Bonnaroo, Lollapalooza, Coachella, "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", and "Late Show with David Letterman". On November 13, 2012, Jack Antonoff announced on his tumblr that "there are no immediate plans to get things up and running again," and that the band would have a final show at the Bowery Ballroom on January 5, 2013. They returned for the Shadow of the City festival in 2016.

neg: Bolt Thrower Bolt Thrower were a British death metal band from Coventry, England. They formed in 1986 and released their first album with Vinyl Solution in 1988. The band then shifted to a new record label, Earache Records, soon becoming one of the best selling bands on that label. Their last label was Metal Blade Records. The band had a succession of members, and had toured Europe, the United States, and Australia. Over the course of their 30-year career, Bolt Thrower released eight studio albums, three EPs, one live album, two compilation albums and two demos. On September 14, 2016, the band announced that they were breaking up, following the death of drummer Martin Kearns exactly a year earlier.

neg: University (album) University is the 1995 album by the American alternative rock band Throwing Muses, released on Sire Records and Reprise Records in the USA, and on 4AD elsewhere. It features the single "Bright Yellow Gun", the band's first national hit. The album's radio exposure led to feature articles in "Rolling Stone" and other major music magazines.

neg: Girls Names Girls Names is a four-piece band from Belfast, Northern Ireland. Formed in 2009 as a two-piece by singer/guitarist and songwriter Cathal Cully and drummer Neil Brogan, Claire Miskimmin joined on bass the following year and Charles Hurts guitarist Philip Quinn was added to the line-up in 2012. Neil Brogan departed the band in 2013 and was replaced by current drummer Gib Cassidy. The band has released three albums, 2011's "Dead To Me", 2013's "The New Life", on Tough Love Records in Europe and Slumberland Records in the US, and 2015's 'Arms Around a Vision' on Tough Love Records, as well as several EPs, singles and split singles on labels such as Captured Tracks and CF Records.

neg: Alpha Male Gorillas Alpha Male Gorillas (AMG) are an American multi-genre band from Newburgh, New York. Formed in late 2004, the lineup currently consists of vocalist and bassist Dave Heinz, vocalist and lead guitarist Kris Bluenote, guitarist The Don, guitarist and producer Anthony De Fraia, drummer Chris Trainor and keyboardist EZI. In 2006 the band issued their debut LP, "Band of Bugouts", and enjoyed radio success from the single "Bleed Marinara".

neg: RadaR Rock Band RadaR (aka RadaR Rock Band) is a Washington DC based indie pop-rock/dance band which formed in 2014. The group features singer and songwriter, Charles Maven (Synthesizer, Keyboard), Robzie Trulove (Drums, Percussion), Jay (Guitar, Multi-instrumentalist) and Joey Garcia (Bass guitar). They say the name, RadaR, hearkens to actual Radars and how they function, stating that "people send frequencies into the world through every action they take and thought they have, leading to finding and being found by others on the same wavelength". With the release of their first single, "Give Up on the Now" in May 2015, the band quickly began to garner traction, with over 15,000 views in weeks, hitting local Maryland radio stations including, 98 Rock, and various festivals, namely Baltimore's large Pride parade (opening for Crystal Waters and CeCe Peniston ) and DC's Art All Night Event  Jim Kaponey of the Chicagoist said of them, "it's just this sort of unexpected, totally under the radar (no pun intended) gem that makes music writing so rewarding..." in his blog. New York's The Deli Magazine Performer Mag and Chicago's Faronheit among others have been covering RadaR.

neg: The High Llamas The High Llamas are an Anglo-Irish avant-pop band led by multi-instrumentalist Sean O'Hagan, who arranges and writes the group's material. Formed in 1992 after the demise of his group Microdisney, the original lineup consisted of O'Hagan, drummer Rob Allum, keyboardist/cellist Marcus Holdaway, and former Microdisney bassist Jon Fell. Guitarist John Bennett played with the band for several years, leaving in 2000. The core group is augmented by guitarist Pete Aves and vibist/percussionist Dominic Murcott, both for live performances and on record.

neg: Owen Fegan Owen Fegan (born November 1, 1972) is an Irish musician, singer-songwriter, producer, multi-instrumentalist, photographer and creative director. He is best known as the keyboard player and songwriter with the alternative rock band Rubyhorse. As a solo artist — VEMO — his debut EP "Maps of Mars" is slated for release in 2017.

neg: Stravaganzza Stravaganzza is a Dark metal band from Madrid, Spain formed in 2004. The band has since released 4 studio albums and one EP. They combine elements of extreme metal such as gothic metal, death metal, doom metal and black metal with heavily orchestrated symphonic metal and progressive/power metal.

neg: Throwing Muses discography This is the discography for the work of rock band Throwing Muses.


query: What numbered volume would one find the character "Pelendur" in the J. R. R Tolkien work?

pos: Pelendur Pelendur is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings", appearing "The Return of the King".

pos: The Return of the King The Return of the King is the third and final volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings", following "The Fellowship of the Ring" and "The Two Towers". The story begins in the kingdom of Gondor, which is soon to be attacked by the Dark Lord Sauron.

neg: The History of Middle-earth The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published between 1983 and 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, compiled and edited by his son, Christopher Tolkien. The series shows the development over time of Tolkien's conception of Middle-earth as a fictional place with its own peoples, languages, and history, from his earliest notions of a "mythology for England" through to the development of the stories that make up "The Silmarillion" and "The Lord of the Rings". It is not a "history of Middle-earth" in the sense of being a chronicle of events in Middle-earth written from an in-universe perspective. In 2000–01, the twelve volumes were republished in three limited edition omnibus volumes. Non-deluxe editions of the three volumes were published in 2002.

neg: Melian Melian the Maia is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. She appears in "The Silmarillion", the epic poem "The Lay of Leithian" and the novel "The Children of Húrin".

neg: Shire (Middle-earth) The Shire is a region of J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional Middle-earth, described in "The Lord of the Rings" and other works. The Shire refers to an area settled exclusively by Hobbits and largely removed from the goings-on in the rest of Middle-earth. It is located in the northwest of the continent, in the large region of Eriador and the Kingdom of Arnor. In the languages invented by Tolkien, its name in Westron was Sûza "Shire" or Sûzat "The Shire", while its name in Sindarin was i Drann.

neg: Eriador Eriador is a large region in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth. The Shire, a land which became famous in the Third Age and again in modern times, was located in the central west of this region. The region was also called the Lone-lands, a translation of "Eriador".

neg: The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son is the title of a work by J. R. R. Tolkien that was originally published in 1953 in volume 6 of the scholarly journal "Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association", and later republished in 1966 in "The Tolkien Reader". It is a work of historical fiction, inspired by the Old English poem "The Battle of Maldon". It is written in the form of an alliterative poem, but is also a play, being mainly a dialogue between two characters in the aftermath of the Battle of Maldon. The work was accompanied by two essays, also by Tolkien, one before and one after the main work.

neg: Smith of Wootton Major Smith of Wootton Major, first published in 1967, is a novella by J. R. R. Tolkien.

neg: The Return of the King (disambiguation) The Return of the King is the third volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel "The Lord of the Rings" as originally printed.

neg: Translations of The Hobbit J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Hobbit" has been translated into many languages. Known translations, with the first date of publishing, are:

neg: J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers

neg: Turgon In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Turgon () "the Wise" (Y.T. 1300–Y.S. 510; died aged 2426) is an Elven king of the Noldor, second son of Fingolfin, brother to Fingon, Aredhel and Argon, and ruler of the hidden city of Gondolin.

neg: Saruman Saruman the White is a fictional character and a major antagonist in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel "The Lord of the Rings". He is leader of the Istari, wizards sent to Middle-earth in human form by the godlike Valar to challenge Sauron, the main antagonist of the novel, but eventually he desires Sauron's power for himself and tries to take over Middle-earth by force. His schemes feature prominently in the second volume, "The Two Towers", and at the end of the third volume, "The Return of the King". His earlier history is given briefly in the posthumously published "The Silmarillion" and "Unfinished Tales".

neg: Déagol Déagol is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. His story is related in "The Fellowship of the Ring", the first of three volumes comprising Tolkien's most famous novel, "The Lord of the Rings", in the chapter "The Shadow of the Past".

neg: Dior Eluchíl Dior Eluchíl is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He is a character in "The Silmarillion", which was published posthumously in 1977. The material in "The Silmarillion" was written over a period of many years, from the 1920s to the early 1970s.

neg: The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005) is a nonfiction book written by scholars Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull. It is an annotated reference to J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". Hammond and Scull proceed chapter-by-chapter from the original foreword through to the end of "The Lord of the Rings". Appendices, examining the evolution of the text, changes, inconsistencies, and errors, often using comments from Tolkien's own notes and letters. Other sections cover the numerous maps of Middle-earth, chronologies of the story and its writing, and notes on the book and jacket design of the first editions of 1954-55. The book includes some previously unpublished material by Tolkien. It also reprints part of a 1951 letter in which Tolkien explicates, at some length, his conception and vision of "The Lord of the Rings". Reprinted for the first time since 1980, and corrected and expanded, is Tolkien's "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings" (previously referred to as "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings"), an index of persons, places, and things designed to aid the translator in rendering Tolkien's work into foreign languages. It is available in both hardcover and paperback.

neg: Middle-earth Middle-earth is the fictional setting of much of British writer J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium.

neg: The Lays of Beleriand The Lays of Beleriand, published in 1985, is the third volume of Christopher Tolkien's 12-volume book series, "The History of Middle-earth", in which he analyzes the unpublished manuscripts of his father J. R. R. Tolkien.

neg: The Tolkien Quizbook The Tolkien Quizbook is the quizbook on the works of J. R. R. Tolkien officially sanctioned by the Tolkien Estate, written by Andrew Murray.

neg: Durin Durin is the name of seven Kings of Dwarves in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. They were held by the Dwarves to be the reincarnations of the first one, Durin the Deathless, resembling him in appearance and said to have preserved memories of their 'earlier lives'.

neg: The History of The Hobbit The History of The Hobbit is a two-volume study of J. R. R. Tolkien’s "The Hobbit". It was published by HarperCollins in June and July 2007 in the United Kingdom, with both volumes released in the United States by Houghton Mifflin on September 21, 2007; a boxed set combining "The Hobbit" with "The History of" The Hobbit was released on October 26, 2007. A single volume edition was released on October 27, 2011.

neg: Arda (Tolkien) In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, Arda is the name given to the Earth in an imaginary period of prehistory, wherein the places mentioned in "The Lord of the Rings" and related material once existed. It included several seas and oceans, and the continents of Middle-earth, the Dark Lands, Aman (the Undying Lands), the island of Númenor, and other unknown lands left largely unnamed by Tolkien.


query: Are Gabe Saporta and Klaus Meine both entrepreneurs?

pos: Gabe Saporta Gabriel Eduardo "Gabe" Saporta (born October 11, 1979) is an Uruguayan-American musician and entrepreneur. Through late 2015, he was a singer and the primary creative force behind the electronic pop group Cobra Starship. On November 10, 2015, after nearly ten years and two Billboard Hot 100 top 10 hits, Saporta announced that the band would stop its work, and that he would be focusing on helping other musicians through his new venture, The Artist Group. Prior to Cobra Starship, Saporta had been the lead singer, bassist, and lyricist for the punk band Midtown.

pos: Klaus Meine Klaus Meine (born 25 May 1948) is a German vocalist, best known as the lead singer of the hard rock band Scorpions. He and guitarist Rudolf Schenker are the only two members of the group to appear on every Scorpions album. Meine was placed at #22 on Hit Parader's Top Heavy Metal Vocalists of All Time list in 2006.

neg: Charles Geschke Charles M. "Chuck" Geschke (born September 11, 1939) is an American businessman. He is best known as the 1982 co-founder with John Warnock of Adobe Systems Inc., the graphics and publishing software company.

neg: Gus Attridge Michael Guy Attridge, known as Gus Attridge is a South African businessman. He is the deputy CEO of Aspen Pharmacare, which he co-founded with Stephen Saad in 1997. In 2013 Attridge's 4% personal stake in the company was valued at over $320 million.

neg: Stefan Beese Stefan Beese (born October 28, 1969) is a German production designer and architect. He emigrated from Germany to the United States in 1999, where he founded the firm beesign in Los Angeles.

neg: German Startups Group German Startups Group GmbH & Co. KGaA is an entrepreneurial holding company that supports the set-up, development, funding, and – at the appropriate time – exit of young growth companies by providing them with business expertise and capital to create shareholder value. Since the second half of 2013, German Startups Group also engages in acquiring secondary shares from founders and business angels. German Startups Group was founded by Christoph Gerlinger in May 2012. The operating business was launched in June 2012, and the public release was on 27 July 2012.

neg: Luis von Ahn Luis von Ahn (born 19 August 1978) is a Guatemalan entrepreneur and a Consulting Professor in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University. He is known as one of the pioneers of crowdsourcing. He is the founder of the company reCAPTCHA, which was sold to Google in 2009, and the co-founder and CEO of Duolingo, a popular language-learning platform.

neg: Alexandre Sap Alexandre Sap is a French entrepreneur born in April 29, 1974 in Nancy, France.

neg: Rob Thrasher Robert George "Rob" Thrasher II (born in Utica, New York on February 20, 1967) is a serial entrepreneur, speaker, author and one of the founders of the Search Engine Marketing and optimization industry as highlighted in a New York Times article on November 11, 1996.

neg: Hermann Simon Hermann Simon (born 10 February 1947) is a German author and business leader. He is chairman of Simon-Kucher & Partners, Strategy & Marketing Consultants. Simon is an expert in strategy, marketing and pricing. An ongoing online survey (in German language countries) vote him the most influential management thinker after Peter Drucker. Simon has authored numerous books and writes articles for international newspapers and business magazines.

neg: Thomas Peter Friedl Thomas Peter Friedl (born January 3, 1967 in Munich) is a German media entrepreneur and film producer.

neg: Michael Capponi Michael Jean Francois Capponi (born April 5, 1972) is an American businessman. He is best known for helping to develop Miami Beach's nightlife and his humanitarian work, especially in Haiti.

neg: Karl-Heinz Kipp Karl-Heinz Kipp (born 1924) is the German billionaire founder of the Massa chain of German department stores and, having since sold the business whilst keeping the property, has a large property portfolio. In 2015 "Forbes" estimated his net wealth at $5.1 billion.

neg: Bruno Gmünder Verlag Bruno Gmünder Verlag is a German company and a book publishing house which specializes in LGBT fiction and non-fiction books as well as photo and art books for the gay community.

neg: Dale J. Stephens Dale Jasper Stephens is an American entrepreneur, speaker, and author, best known as one of the original 24 recipients of the Thiel Fellowship. He is also the founder of UnCollege, which is a social movement that aims to change the notion that going to college is the only path to success.

neg: Julius Meinl I Julius Meinl I (April 10, 1824 – December 24, 1914) was a businessman and the founder of Julius Meinl AG, commonly known as Julius Meinl.

neg: Christoph Meinel Christoph Meinel (Univ.-Prof., Dr. sc. nat., Dr. rer. nat., born 14 April 1954, Meißen, Germany) is a German scientist and university professor of computer sciences. He is president and CEO of the Hasso Plattner Institute (HPI) for IT Systems Engineering at the University of Potsdam (Germany), and a professor for Internet Technologies and Systems.

neg: Martin Eberhard Martin Eberhard (born May 15, 1960) is an American engineer and business executive. He co-founded Tesla, Inc. (then Tesla Motors) in 2003, serving as CEO until 2007. Eberhard was ranked among the top 24 innovators of 2007 by Fortune Magazine. Also in 2007, Business 2.0 Magazine ranked Eberhard number 32 of the 50 people "who matter now".

neg: Michael Gale (businessman) Michael Jonathan Gale (Born October 27, 1962) is a former Silicon Valley technology entrepreneur and venture investor. He was the Founder of VoteGlobal and sits on the Boards of numerous technology companies. He has been involved in over 100 start-up companies in the US and Asia.

neg: Ralf Stemmann Ralf Stemmann is a German-born record producer, composer, remixer, keyboards player and synthesizer programmer. As of today global record sales of productions he has been involved in as a composer, producer and arranger exceed 150 million units. He earned Latin Grammy nominations for his work with Paulina Rubio (“Yo No Soy Esa Mujer”, Best Music Video, as composer) and Luz Rios (“Aire”, Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Album, as producer). He also won the 20th Annual USA Songwriting Competition in the Latin category with the song "Enamorados" with Luz Rios in 2014. He currently resides in Malibu, California.

neg: Marc Spilker Marc A. Spilker (born June 28, 1964) is an American financial executive and investor. He is a founding Partner of GPS Investment Partners LLC and Chairman of Chiron Investment Management LLC.

neg: Sohaib Abbasi Sohaib Abbasi (born August 14, 1956) is a Pakistani-American business executive, computer scientist and philanthropist. He is the former chairman and chief executive of Informatica having served in the roles from 2004 until 2015. During his tenure as CEO, Abbasi helped to grow the company's revenue from $219 million to over $1 billion, and to increase the value of stock by over 800 percent.


query: What type of music does the artist who recorded "God Bless the U.S.A." specialize in?

pos: God Bless the U.S.A. "God Bless the U.S.A." is an American patriotic song written and recorded by country music artist Lee Greenwood, and is considered to be his signature song. The first album it appears on is 1984's "You've Got a Good Love Comin'." It reached No. 7 on the "Billboard magazine" Hot Country Singles chart when originally released in the spring of 1984, and was played at the 1984 Republican National Convention with President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan in attendance, but the song gained greater prominence during the Gulf War in 1990 and 1991, as a way of boosting morale.

pos: Lee Greenwood Melvin Lee Greenwood (born October 27, 1942) is an American country music artist. Active since 1962, he has released more than 20 major-label albums and has charted more than 35 singles on the "Billboard" country music charts.

neg: Thank God (Hank Williams song) "Thank God" is a hymn written by Fred Rose and released as a posthumous single by Hank Williams in 1955 on MGM Records. Rose had produced Williams' records and published his songs through his company Acuff-Rose. The Roy Acuff hymn "The Battle of Armageddon" was the B-side. "Thank God" was recorded between August 1948 and May 1949 at KWKH studio in Shreveport, Louisiana when the singer appeared on the Johnny Fair Syrup radio show. Williams dubbed himself "The Ol' Syrupy Sopper" and performed alone with his guitar.

neg: Beat Assailant Beat Assailant (born Adam Turner, Atlanta, 1977) is an American musical artist known for fusing hip-hop with jazz, funk, and other musical genres, which Celeste Rhoads of Allmusic writes "push the boundaries of hip-hop". "Rain or Shine", a song off his 2012 album "B", is featured in a commercial for the 2013 Nissan Juke.

neg: Ruby Terry Pastor Ruby Terry (born February 1952 as Ruby Karen Frances or Ruby Karen Francis), is an American gospel musician and Christian R&B artist. She started her music career, in 1990 with the release of "Chapter One" by Malaco Records, and all of her released have been released by that label. Her second album, "Live with the Southwest Louisiana Mass Choir", was released in 1992, and it was her breakthrough release upon the "Billboard" magazine Gospel Albums chart. The third album, "What a Time", came out in 1994, and this release charted on the aforementioned chart. She released, "God Can Do It", in 1996, yet this failed to chart.

neg: God's Will "God's Will" is a song recorded by American country music artist Martina McBride. It was released in December 2004 as the fourth single from her album "Martina". The song was written by Barry Dean and Tom Douglas.

neg: When You've Been Blessed (Feels Like Heaven) "When You've Been Blessed (Feels Like Heaven)" is a 1991 song recorded and co-written by American singer Patti LaBelle and released as the third single off her award-winning, critically acclaimed, gold-selling album "Burnin'" and released as a single in the spring of 1992. The song was written by LaBelle and former Labelle collaborator and member Nona Hendryx and featured gospel elements including a choir. This song and the singer's two previous hit singles off the album ("Feels Like Another One" and "Somebody Loves You Baby (You Know Who It Is)") helped LaBelle secure another gold-selling album.

neg: God Bless You, Amigo God Bless You, Amigo is a collection of home-recorded songs by The Felice Brothers. It was released via their website in 2012, allowing fans to choose how much to pay, with an initial minimum of $5.

neg: Here and There (Eric Dolphy album) Here and There is a jazz album by saxophonist Eric Dolphy. It was originally released in 1966 on the Prestige label as PRLP 7382. The album included three live takes recorded in different places and one studio take. The CD re-issue also includes a take of "G.W.", previously released on "Dash One". "God Bless the Child" is a bass clarinet solo, not a usual performance in jazz music and Dolphy's earliest recording of this tune. Mal Waldron's "Status Seeking" is from the same recordings that yielded "Live At The Five Spot".

neg: Stevie J Steven Aaron Jordan (born November 2, 1971) better known by his stage name Stevie J, is an American musician, record producer, songwriter, and television personality.

neg: Keith Urban Keith Lionel Urban (born 26 October 1967) is a New Zealand-born Australian country music singer, songwriter, guitarist, musician, TV show judge and record producer. In 1991, he released a self-titled debut album and charted four singles in Australia before moving to the United States the following year. He found work as a session guitarist before starting a band known as The Ranch, which recorded one studio album on Capitol Nashville and charted two singles on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart.

neg: Krissy Nordhoff Krissy Nordhoff (born June 24, 1974; as Kristen Lynn Stora) is an American Christian musician, who primarily plays a Christian pop style of worship music. She has released two studio albums, "Thank Him" in 2004 and "Downpour" in 2007, both with ICC Records. She was awarded with a GMA Dove Award, for her songwriting on "Your Great Name", where it won Worship Song of the Year at the 43rd GMA Dove Awards.

neg: Shari Addison Shari Ann Addison (born July 7, 1962), is an American gospel musician and artist. She started her music career, in 2009 with the release of "Shari Addison" by Verity Records, Zomba Records, and BET Records. This album was her breathrough on the "Billboard" magazine charts, which it placed on The "Billboard" 200 and Gospel Albums charts.

neg: Art Greenhaw Art Greenhaw is a Grammy Award-Winning recording artist, producer and mixing engineer, having won the Grammy Award in 2003 in New York City for "Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album of the Year" for the album WE CALLED HIM MR. GOSPEL MUSIC: THE JAMES BLACKWOOD TRIBUTE ALBUM. He founded the independent record label, Greenhaw Records.

neg: A Very Special Christmas A Very Special Christmas is the title of an ongoing series of Christmas music compilation albums that benefit Special Olympics. It features songs performed by artists from a variety of genres, such as U2, Stevie Nicks, Jon Bon Jovi, Madonna, The Smashing Pumpkins, No Doubt, Whitney Houston, Run–D.M.C., Jason Mraz, Willie Nelson, Bruce Springsteen and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers.

neg: Foreknown (rapper) Gary C. Bagby (born August 20, 1979), who goes by the stage name Foreknown and formerly Foreknown Apostolic, is an American Christian hip hop musician. He started making hip hop music in 2009, with his first studio album, "Ornithology", releasing in 2014 from Humble Beast Records.

neg: Jason Alvarez Jason Alvarez (born December 28, 1951, as Jesús Álvarez) is a Cuban-born American Christian musician, worship leader, guitarist, and pastor, who primarily plays a Jesus music style of music. He has released eight studio albums and two extended play, during the solo part of his career, mostly with Instruments of War or independently.

neg: Joya (singer) Joya (birth name Joya Owens born 1973) in Detroit, Michigan, United States is an American R&B/soul singer - songwriter, who released her debut album "Here I Am" on Atlas/A&M record label. Following her debut album release, Joya was a background session vocalist for various artists' including R&B/soul singer Mary J. Blige. She also toured as a background singer during Blige's "Share My World Tour" in 1998.

neg: LaRue Howard LaRue Howard (born March 13, 1970) is an American gospel musician. Her first album, "I'm Free", was released by Tribe Records in 2004. The subsequent album, "How Great Is Our God", was released in 2008 by EMI. This album was a "Billboard" magazine breakthrough release upon the Christian Albums and Gospel Albums charts. The song, "How Great Is Our God", won her the GMA Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Recorded Song of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards in 2009.

neg: Prince (musician) Prince Rogers Nelson (June 7, 1958 – April 21, 2016) was an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer. He was a musical innovator who was known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant dress and makeup, and wide vocal range. His music integrates a wide variety of styles, including funk, rock, R&B, new wave, soul, psychedelia, and pop. He has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. He won seven Grammy Awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award for the film "Purple Rain". He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, his first year of eligibility.

neg: Jeff Turzo Jeff Turzo, as singer/programming and songwriting/production partner in the electro-rock band God Lives Underwater (GLU), spent the better part of the 1990s as a producer and touring artist, first signed by Rick Rubin to American Recordings in 1993.

neg: Fats Domino Antoine "Fats" Domino Jr. (born February 26, 1928) is an American pianist and singer-songwriter of French Creole descent. Five of his records released before 1955 sold over a million copies and were certified as gold records, and he had 35 records in the U.S. "Billboard" Top 40. His musical style is based on traditional rhythm and blues, accompanied by saxophones, bass, piano, electric guitar, and drums.


query: What tpe of vegetation does Sorghum bicolor and Sweet sorghum have in common?

pos: Sorghum bicolor Sorghum bicolor, commonly called sorghum ( ) and also known as great millet, durra, jowari, or milo, is a grass species cultivated for its grain, which is used for food, both for animals and humans, and for ethanol production. Sorghum originated in northern Africa, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. Sorghum is the world's fifth most important cereal crop after rice, wheat, maize and barley. "S. bicolor" is typically an annual, but some cultivars are perennial. It grows in clumps that may reach over 4 m high. The grain is small, ranging from 2 to 4 mm in diameter. Sweet sorghums are sorghum cultivars that are primarily grown for foliage, syrup production, and ethanol; they are taller than those grown for grain.

pos: Sweet sorghum Sweet sorghum is any of the many varieties of the sorghum grass whose stalks have a high sugar content. Sweet sorghum thrives better under drier and warmer conditions than many other crops and is grown primarily for forage, silage, and syrup production. Although, in most of the United States the term "molasses" refers to a sweet syrup, made as a byproduct of sugarcane or sugar beet sugar extraction, sweet sorghum syrup is known as "sorghum molasses" in some regions of the U.S

neg: Ctenium elegans Ctenium elegans is an annual grass species in the genus "Ctenium" from African savanna areas. It is distributed from Senegal to the Sudan and grows on sandy soils of the South Sahelian and North Sudanian zones.

neg: Liparis loeselii Liparis loeselii, common names fen orchid, yellow widelip orchid, or bog twayblade, is a species of orchid. It is native to Europe, northern Asia, the eastern United States and eastern Canada. It grows in fens, bogs and dune slacks. It is a yellow flowering plant with glossy yellow-green leaves.

neg: Schizostachyum glaucifolium Schizostachyum glaucifolium, common name Polynesian ʻ ohe, is a species of bamboo.

neg: Hedysarum boreale Hedysarum boreale is a species of flowering plant in the Fabaceae, or legume family, and is known by the common names Utah sweetvetch, boreal sweet-vetch, northern sweetvetch, and plains sweet-broom. It is native to North America, where it is widespread in northern and western regions of Canada and the United States. The ssp. "mackenziei" can even be found in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

neg: Bagrada hilaris Bagrada hilaris is a species of shield bug known by the common names bagrada bug and painted bug (See a short video at YouTube). It could be mistaken for or erroneously referred to as harlequin bug. It is native to Asia. It is known elsewhere as an introduced species, including California and Arizona, where it was first reported in 2008. It is a major pest insect of "Brassica oleracea" crops (including cabbage, kale, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and broccoli), and related crucifers such as turnips, rape, and mustard. The adult and nymph of the species suck sap from the leaves of the plants, causing wilting, yellowing, and stunting of growth. Besides crucifers, the bugs are known on papaya, sorghum, maize, potato, cotton, caper, pearl millet, and some legumes. Large numbers of the bug congregate on the plants and cause extensive damage.

neg: Anthoxanthum odoratum Anthoxanthum odoratum, also known as sweet vernal grass, holy grass, vanilla grass, or buffalo grass, is a flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae. It is a short-lived perennial plant native to acidic grassland in Eurasia. It is grown as a lawn grass and a house plant, due to its sweet scent, and can also be found on unimproved pastures and meadows. 'Odoratum' is Latin for 'odorous'.

neg: Sorghum mosaic virus Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae.

neg: Pittosporum tenuifolium Pittosporum tenuifolium is a small evergreen tree, up to 10 m , native to New Zealand, commonly known as kōhūhū and black matipo, and by other Māori names "kohukohu" and "tawhiwhi". It is sometimes grown under the cultivar name 'Nigricans', so called because of its black stems. In horticulture it is valued for its coloured foliage (cultivated variations include purple, "silver" and variegated leaves), and for its tolerance of some horticulturally difficult growing conditions, including dry soils and shade (although in northwest Europe, cold and exposed situations do not suit it). The flowers generally go unnoticed because of their colour, a very dark reddish-purple, and are scented only at night. It is found growing wild in coastal and lower mountain forest areas up to an altitude of 900m.

neg: Melilotus Melilotus, known as melilot, sweet clover, and kumoniga (from the Cumans), is a genus in the family Fabaceae (the same family that also includes the "Trifolium" clovers). Members are known as common grassland plants and as weeds of cultivated ground. Originally from Europe and Asia, it is now found worldwide.

neg: Silene biafrae Silene biafrae is a species of plant in the Caryophyllaceae family. It is endemic to Cameroon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland.

neg: Strophanthus welwitschii Strophanthus welwitschii grows as a deciduous shrub or small tree up to 5 m tall, or as a liana up to 8 m long, with a stem diameter up to 10 cm . Its fragrant flowers feature a white turning purple corolla, creamy and red or purple-streaked on the inside. Its habitat is forests or rocky woodlands from 300 m to 1800 m altitude. "S. welwitschii" is used in local medicinal treatments for respiratory conditions, gonorrhoea and scabies. The plant has been used as arrow poison. "Strophanthus welwitschii" is native to Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Angola and Zambia.

neg: Peronosclerospora sorghi "Peronosclerospora sorghi" is a plant pathogen. It is the causal agent of sorghum downy mildew. The pathogen is a fungal-like protist in the oomycota, or water mold, class. "Peronosclerospora sorghi" infects susceptible plants though sexual oospores, which survive in the soil, and asexual sporangia which are disseminated by wind. Symptoms of sorghum downy mildew include chlorosis, shredding of leaves, and death. "Peronosclerospora sorghi" infects maize and sorghum around the world, but causes the most severe yield reductions in Africa. The disease is controlled mainly through genetic resistance, chemical control, crop rotation, and strategic timing of planting.

neg: Exacum tetragonum Exacum tetragonum, the bicolor Persian violet, is a species of plant in the Gentianaceae family. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist grassy forests, and it blooms in late monsoon. The plant likely is pollinated mainly by butterflies and other insects.

neg: Hordeum jubatum Hordeum jubatum, with common names foxtail barley, bobtail barley, squirreltail barley, and intermediate barley, is a perennial plant species in the grass family Poaceae. It occurs wild mainly in northern North America and adjacent northeastern Siberia. However, as it escaped often from gardens it can be found worldwide in areas with temperate to warm climates, and is considered a weed in many countries. The species is a polyploid and originated via hybridization of an East Asian "Hordeum" species with a close but extinct relative of Californian "H. brachyantherum". It is grown as an ornamental plant for its attractive inflorescences and when done flowering for its infructescence.

neg: Beta vulgaris Beta vulgaris (beet) is a plant which is included in Betoideae subfamily in the Amaranthaceae family. It is the economically most important crop of the large order Caryophyllales. It has several cultivar groups, the sugar beet, of greatest importance to produce table sugar; the root vegetable known as the beetroot or garden beet; the leaf vegetables chard and spinach beet; and mangelwurzel, which is a fodder crop. Three subspecies are typically recognised. All cultivars fall into the subspecies "Beta vulgaris" subsp. "vulgaris". The wild ancestor of the cultivated beets is the sea beet ("Beta vulgaris" subsp. "maritima").

neg: Rheum nobile Rheum nobile, the Noble rhubarb or Sikkim rhubarb or पदमचाल, is a giant herbaceous plant native to the Himalaya, from northeastern Afghanistan, east through northern Pakistan and India, Nepal, Sikkim (in India), Bhutan, and Tibet to Myanmar, occurring in the alpine zone at 4000–4800 m altitude.

neg: Citrullus lanatus Citrullus lanatus is a plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, a vine-like (scrambler and trailer) flowering plant originally from sub-Saharan Africa. It is cultivated for its fruit. The subdivision of this species into two varieties, watermelons ("Citrullus lanatus" (Thunb.) var. "lanatus") and citron melons ("Citrullus lanatus" var. "citroides" (L. H. Bailey) Mansf.), originated with the erroneous synonymization of "Citrullus lanatus" (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai and "Citrullus vulgaris" Schrad. by L.H.Bailey in 1930. Molecular data including sequences from the original collection of Thunberg and other relevant type material, show that the sweet watermelon ("Citrullus vulgaris" Schrad.) and the bitter wooly melon "Citrullus lanatus" (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai are not closely related to each other. Since 1930, thousands of papers have misapplied the name "Citrullus lanatus" (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai for the watermelon, and a proposal has therefore been submitted to conserve the name with this meaning.

neg: Panicum virgatum Panicum virgatum, commonly known as switchgrass, is a perennial warm season bunchgrass native to North America, where it occurs naturally from 55°N latitude in Canada southwards into the United States and Mexico. Switchgrass is one of the dominant species of the central North American tallgrass prairie and can be found in remnant prairies, in native grass pastures, and naturalized along roadsides. It is used primarily for soil conservation, forage production, game cover, as an ornamental grass, in phytoremediation projects, fiber, electricity, heat production, for biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and more recently as a biomass crop for ethanol and butanol.

neg: Stylosanthes biflora Stylosanthes biflora, known by the common name sidebeak pencilflower, is a species of flowering plant in the legume family. It is native to the Southeastern United States where it is widespread in open areas of native vegetation. It producers yellow-orange flowers in the summer and fall.

neg: Melilotus altissimus Melilotus altissimus, known by the common names tall yellow sweetclover and tall melilot, is a plant species of the genus "Melilotus".


query: In addition to her role in ATL, what role did Lauren London play in the BET Comedy-drama "The Game"?

pos: Lauren London Lauren Nicole London (born December 5, 1984) is an American film actress, model, television personality and occasional television actress. Beginning her career in music videos and later transitioning into film and television acting, London earned recognition for her performance in the 2006 film "ATL", as well as the television shows "90210" and "Entourage", and as Kiera Whitaker on the BET Comedy-drama, "The Game".

pos: ATL (film) ATL is a 2006 American comedy-drama film, and the feature film directorial debut of music video director Chris Robinson. The screenplay was written by Tina Gordon Chism from an original story by Antwone Fisher, and is loosely based on the experiences of the film's producers Dallas Austin and Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins (of the R&B group TLC) growing up in Atlanta, Georgia (ATL). The film is a coming-of-age tale concerning Rashad, played by Atlanta native and hip hop artist T.I. in his film debut, and his friends in their final year in high school and on the verge of adulthood. The film also stars Antwan Andre Patton, aka Big Boi of the hip hop group OutKast, Evan Ross, Jackie Long, Lauren London, and Mykelti Williamson.

neg: Tilt (TV series) Tilt is an American drama television series set against the backdrop of the (fictional) World Championship of Poker tournament in Las Vegas, and with the tagline "You're playing poker. They're playing you." The series first aired on January 13, 2005, and is the second original drama series from ESPN, following "Playmakers". It was created by Brian Koppelman and David Levien, who co-wrote the poker-themed feature film "Rounders".

neg: The Game (U.S. TV series) The Game is an American comedy-drama television series created by Mara Brock Akil. Premiering on October 1, 2006, the series debuted as the only new comedy series chosen for The CW's primetime schedule. Along with "Runaway", it was one of only two series on the new network not to be inherited from either of its predecessor networks, The WB and UPN, during the network's first season. The series is a spinoff of the long-running UPN/CW sitcom "Girlfriends".

neg: Lauren Jackson Lauren Elizabeth Jackson {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 11 May 1981) is an Australian former professional basketball player. The daughter of two national basketball team players, Jackson was awarded a scholarship to the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in 1997, when she was 16. In 1998, she led the AIS side that won the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) championship. Jackson joined the Canberra Capitals for the 1999 season when she turned 18, and played with the team off and on until 2006, winning four more WNBL championships. From 2010 to 2016, Jackson played with the Canberra Capitals, which she did during the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) offseason during the time she continued WNBA play.

neg: Game Plan (TV series) Game Plan (千方百计) is a Singaporean Chinese drama which debuted on 9 October 2012. This series was the second production by Wawa Pictures to be broadcast on MediaCorp Channel 8, the last series being ""The Oath"". It will also be the third Wawa production featuring Christopher Lee and Jesseca Liu, and the seventh pair-up for both of them.

neg: BET Awards 2012 The 2012 BET Awards were held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California on July 1, 2012. The awards recognize Americans in music, acting, sports, and other fields of entertainment over the past year. Actor Samuel L. Jackson hosted the event for the first time. A tribute to Whitney Houston was performed this evening following her death earlier in the year.

neg: Lauren Walsh Lauren Walsh is an American film actress best known for her roles in films such as "18 Year Old Virgin" and "Meet the Spartans". Her debut came in a Jason J. Gray short entitled "At Day's End". In 2008-2009 she starred in Aaron James Sorensen movie Campus Radio.

neg: Neil Stuke Neil Robert Stuke (born 15 August 1966 in Dover, Kent) is an English actor best known for his role of Matthew in the TV sitcom "Game On" and more recently for playing Billy Lamb in the BBC legal drama "Silk".

neg: Laya Lewis Laya Lewis (born 14 May 1992 in London) is an English actress, best known for her role as Liv Malone in the fifth and sixth series of the hit British TV drama "Skins".

neg: You Bet Your Life (disambiguation) You Bet Your Life was an American game show.

neg: Allyce Beasley Allyce Beasley (born July 6, 1954) is an American actress. She is known for her role as rhyming, love-struck receptionist Agnes DiPesto in the television series "Moonlighting". From September 2000 to March 30, 2007, she was the announcer on Playhouse Disney, a morning lineup of programming for toddlers on Disney Channel.(replaced by Disney Junior). She also appeared briefly as a guidance counselor in the Reese Witherspoon film comedy "Legally Blonde" and played Coach's daughter, Lisa Pantusso, on "Cheers".

neg: Deal with It (TV series) Deal With It is an American comedy television game show series that debuted on July 17, 2013, and airs weekly on TBS. The series features stand-up comic Theo Von, as he and a guest comedian dare people to pull pranks on the public. On August 20, 2013, TBS renewed "Deal with It" for a 12 episode second season. Season 2 premiered on March 19, 2014.

neg: Bette Porter Bette Porter is a fictional character on the Showtime television network series "The L Word", played by Jennifer Beals. She was ranked No. 10 in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters.

neg: Poker Night at the Inventory Poker Night at the Inventory is a poker video game developed by Telltale Games. It features four characters: Tycho from the "Penny Arcade" webcomic, Max from the "Sam & Max" franchise, the Heavy from "Team Fortress 2", and Strong Bad from the "Homestar Runner" web series. The game was released on November 22, 2010.

neg: Tish Cyrus Leticia Jean Cyrus (born May 13, 1967) is an American actress and producer. She produced the films "The Last Song", "LOL" and "So Undercover".

neg: Gabrielle Reece Gabrielle Allyse Reece (born January 6, 1970) is an American professional volleyball player, sports announcer, fashion model and actress.

neg: True to the Game (film) True to the Game is an American drama film based on Teri Woods' novel of the same name. It was directed by Preston A. Whitmore II, written by Nia Hill, and starring Columbus Short, Andra Fuller, Vivica A. Fox, Nelsan Ellis (in his final film role) and Jennifer Freeman.

neg: Sharon Pierre-Louis Sharon Pierre-Louis is an American actress. She is best known for her guest star recurring role on Freeform's Switched at Birth and her series regular role as Nisha Randall in "The Lying Game".

neg: Queens of Drama Queens of Drama is an American scripted reality drama television series. The series follows former daytime and primetime soap stars who form a production company to develop and produce of a new serialized drama pilot for television. It stars Lindsay Hartley, Crystal Hunt, Vanessa Marcil, Chrystee Pharris, and Hunter Tylo, along with Donna Mills as a fictionalized version of herself. Mills stars as a no-nonsense queen bee of the group.

neg: National Bingo Night (Australian game show) National Bingo Night was an Australian game show, based on the American game show of the same name, which premiered on the Seven Network on 21 October 2007. The show was hosted by former "Home and Away" star Tim Campbell with former Girlband member Renee Bargh acting as the number caller. Tanveer Ahmed acted as the "commissioner", who refereed the playing studio audience. The show was axed after six weeks.

neg: Lauren Conrad Lauren Katherine Tell (née Conrad; born February 1, 1986) is an American television personality, fashion designer, and author. Born and raised in Laguna Beach, California, she attended Laguna Beach High School. In September 2004, at the age of 18, Conrad came to prominence after being cast in the reality television series "", which documented her life and those of her friends.


query: What was the nationality of the woman who impersonated granddaughter of King Alexander III?

pos: False Margaret False Margaret (or Margareth or Margareta) (c. 1260 – 1301) was a Norwegian woman who impersonated Margaret, Maid of Norway.

pos: Margaret, Maid of Norway Margaret, Maid of Norway (9 April 1283 – 26 September 1290) was a Norwegian princess who was recognised as Queen of Scots following the death of her grandfather, King Alexander III, in March 1286. Her death in Orkney while travelling to Scotland sparked off the disputed succession which led to the Wars of Scottish Independence.

neg: Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna of Russia Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna of Russia (Russian: Елисавета Александровна Романова , "Elisaveta Aleksandrovna Romanova" ; 15 November [O.S. 3 November] 1806 12 May [O.S. 30 April] 1808 ) was the younger child of Alexander I of Russia and his wife, Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden).

neg: Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Πριγκίπισσα Όλγα της Ελλάδας και Δανίας , Serbian Cyrillic: "Кнегиња Олга Карађорђевић"; 11 June 1903 – 16 October 1997) was the granddaughter of King George I of Greece and wife of Prince Paul, Prince Regent of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

neg: Michelle Anches Michelle Anches (? - 1926) was a woman who claimed to be the Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia. In 1925, Anches headed to Denmark to meet with Grand Duchess Tatiana's grandmother, Maria Feodorovna. But Michelle was killed in her house, so she never met her alleged grandmother. There are still unknown details about her death. Michelle Anches was considered very similar to the Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia.

neg: Princess Margaretha of Sweden Princess Margaretha of Sweden (Margaretha Sofia Lovisa Ingeborg; 25 June 1899 – 4 January 1977) was a member of the Swedish Royal Family and a Princess of Denmark by marriage, the eldest sister of Märtha, Crown Princess of Norway, Queen Astrid of the Belgians and Prince Carl Bernadotte.

neg: Vimolchatra Princess Vimalachatra of Thailand (Thai: วิมลฉัตร ; rtgs: Wimonchat ; 27 June 1921 – 5 December 2009), was a Princess of Thailand, a member of Thai Royal Family. She was one of the longest-living royal personages in Thailand. She was the direct granddaughter of King Chulalongkorn.

neg: Tamar of Georgia Tamar the Great (Georgian: თამარი , "Tamari") ( 1160 – 18 January 1213) reigned as the Queen of Georgia from 1184 to 1213, presiding over the apex of the Georgian Golden Age. A member of the Bagrationi dynasty, her position as the first woman to rule Georgia in her own right was emphasized by the title "mepe" ("king"), afforded to Tamar in the medieval Georgian sources.

neg: Princess Elene of Georgia Elene (Georgian: ელენე ; 1753 – 17 June 1786) was a Georgian princess royal ("batonishvili"), a daughter of Heraclius II, King of Kartli and Kakheti. She was the mother of Solomon II of Imereti, the last king to have reigned in the Georgian polities.

neg: Sophie of Württemberg Sophie of Württemberg (Sophia Frederika Mathilde; 17 June 1818 – 3 June 1877) was Queen of the Netherlands as the first wife of King William III.

neg: Princess Léa of Belgium Princess Léa of Belgium (born Léa Inga Dora Wolman in Brussels, Belgium, on 2 December 1951) is the dowager of Prince Alexander of Belgium, she is the aunt of King Philippe of Belgium.

neg: Princess Alexandrine-Louise of Denmark Princess Alexandrine-Louise of Denmark (Alexandrine-Louise Caroline-Mathilde Dagmar) (12 December 1914 – 26 April 1962) was a Danish princess as a daughter of Prince Harald of Denmark and granddaughter of Frederick VIII of Denmark.

neg: Countess Anastasia Hendrikova Countess Anastasia Vasilyevna Hendrikova, (23 June 1887 – 4 September 1918), was a lady in waiting at the court of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra. She was arrested by the Bolsheviks and shot to death outside Perm in the fall of 1918.

neg: Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ ; 69 – August 12, 30 BC), known to history simply as Cleopatra, was the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, briefly survived as pharaoh by her son Caesarion. After her reign, Egypt became a province of the recently established Roman Empire.

neg: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark Princess Ingeborg of Denmark ("Ingeborg Charlotte Caroline Frederikke Louise"; 2 August 1878 – 12 March 1958), was a Princess of Sweden by marriage to Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland. She was the daughter of Frederick VIII of Denmark, and the maternal grandmother of Harald V of Norway, Baudouin and Albert II of Belgium, and the female line great grandmother of Henri of Luxembourg.

neg: Alexandra Albedinskaya Alexandra Sergeyevna Albedinskaya (Russian: Алекса́ндра Серге́евна Альбединская ; 30 November 1834 – 12 September 1913), was a Russian noble and courtier. She was the royal mistress of Alexander II of Russia from the early 1850s until 1862.

neg: Ancestry of Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II, present sovereign of the Commonwealth realms, is the daughter of King George VI, the second son of King George V and Queen Mary; and of Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth, and, after her daughter's accession to the throne, the Queen Mother), the daughter of Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, and his wife, Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne.

neg: Catherine I of Russia Catherine I (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна , "Yekaterina I Alekseyevna" , born Polish: "Marta Helena Skowrońska" , later known as Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727 ) was the second wife of Peter the Great and Empress of Russia from 1725 until her death.

neg: Elisabeth of Valois Elisabeth of Valois (Spanish: "Isabel de Valois" ; French: "Élisabeth de France" ) (2 April 1545 – 3 October 1568) was a Spanish queen consort. The eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici, she married Philip II of Spain as his third wife.

neg: Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia (Russian: О́льга Алекса́ндровна ; 13 June [O.S. 1 June] 1882 – 24 November 1960) was the youngest child and younger daughter of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and younger sister of Emperor Nicholas II.

neg: Caroline of Ansbach Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1 March 1683 – 20 November 1737), commonly known as Caroline of Ansbach, was Queen of Great Britain as the wife of King George II.

neg: Alexander I of Kakheti Alexander I (Georgian: ალექსანდრე I, "Alek’sandre I" ) (1445 or 1456 – April 27, 1511), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 1476 to 1511. Alexander's pliancy and flexible diplomacy earned him security from the neighboring powers, only to be murdered by his own son George II "the Bad".


query: The Royal Banner of the Royal Arms of Scotland, commonly the Lion Rampant of Scotland, and historically as the Royal Standard of Scotland, is the Royal Banner of Scotland, and historically, the Royal Standard of the Kingdom of Scotland, historically used by the King of Scots, the banner differs from Scotland's national flag, the Saltire, in that its correct use is restricted by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland to only a few Great Officers of State who officially represent the Sovereign in Scotland, which is called what, and is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories?

pos: Royal Banner of Scotland The Royal Banner of the Royal Arms of Scotland, also known as the Royal Banner of Scotland, or more commonly the Lion Rampant of Scotland, and historically as the Royal Standard of Scotland, (Scottish Gaelic: "Bratach rìoghail na h-Alba" , Scots: "Ryal banner o Scotland" ) or Banner of the King of Scots, is the Royal Banner of Scotland, and historically, the Royal Standard of the Kingdom of Scotland. Used historically by the King of Scots, the banner differs from Scotland's national flag, the Saltire, in that its correct use is restricted by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland to only a few Great Officers of State who officially represent the Sovereign in Scotland. It is also used in an official capacity at royal residences in Scotland when the Sovereign is not present.

pos: Monarchy of the United Kingdom The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952.

neg: Armour-Bearer and Squire of His Majesty's Body The Armour-Bearer is one of the Great Offices of the Royal Household in Scotland.

neg: Pound Scots The pound Scots (Modern Scots: "Pund Scots", Middle Scots: "Pund Scottis") was the unit of currency in the Kingdom of Scotland before the kingdom unified with the Kingdom of England in 1707. It was introduced by David I, in the 12th century, on the model of English and French money, divided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence. The Scottish currency was later debased relative to sterling and, by the time of James III, the pound sterling was valued at four pounds Scots.

neg: Laird Laird ( ) is a generic name for the owner of a large, long-established Scottish estate, roughly equivalent to an esquire in England, yet ranking above the same in Scotland. In the Scottish order of precedence, a laird ranks below a baron and above a gentleman. This rank is only held by those lairds holding official recognition in a territorial designation by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. They are usually styled ["name"] ["surname"] of ["lairdship"], and are traditionally entitled to place "The Much Honoured" before their name.

neg: Coat of arms of Guernsey The coat of arms of Guernsey is the official symbol of the Channel Island of Guernsey. It is a red shield with three gold lions (historically described as leopards) passant guardant surmounted by a small branch of leaves. It is very similar to the arms of Normandy, Jersey and England.

neg: Scottish monarchs' family tree This is a family tree for the kings of Scotland, since the unification under the House of Alpin in 834, to the personal union with England in 1603 under James VI of Scotland. It includes also the Houses of Dunkeld, Balliol, Bruce, and Stewart.

neg: Pursuivant A pursuivant or, more correctly, pursuivant of arms, is a junior officer of arms. Most pursuivants are attached to official heraldic authorities, such as the College of Arms in London or the Court of the Lord Lyon in Edinburgh. In the mediaeval era, many great nobles employed their own officers of arms. Today, there still exist some private pursuivants that are not employed by a government authority. In Scotland, for example, several pursuivants of arms have been appointed by Clan Chiefs. These pursuivants of arms look after matters of heraldic and genealogical importance for clan members.

neg: Courts of Scotland The courts of Scotland are responsible for administration of justice in Scotland, under statutory, common law and equitable provisions within Scots law. The courts are presided over by the judiciary of Scotland, who are the various judicial office holders responsible for issuing judgments, ensuring fair trials, and deciding on sentencing. The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland, subject to appeals to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court, which is only subject to the authority of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on devolution issues and human rights compatibility issues.

neg: Alexander le Scrimgeour During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Alexander fought at the battle of Stirling Bridge and was confirmed as Constable of Dundee and the heritetory bearer of the Royal Standard of Scotland by William Wallace and Parliament on 29 March 1298. He was also granted lands at Dudhope. Robert de Brus confirmed in a charter the rights that had previously been granted to Alexander by Wallace. Alexander fought in the battle of Methven, where he was captured by the English and taken to Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where he was executed by hanging on 4 August 1306.

neg: Kenneth MacAlpin Cináed mac Ailpin (Modern Gaelic: "Coinneach mac Ailpein "), commonly anglicised as Kenneth MacAlpin and known in most modern regnal lists as Kenneth I (810 – 13 February 858), was a king of the Picts who, according to national myth, was the first king of Scots. He was thus later known by the posthumous nickname of An Ferbasach , "The Conqueror". The dynasty that ruled Scotland for much of the medieval period claimed descent from him, and the current British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II is descended from him through Malcolm III, Robert the Bruce and James VI and I.

neg: Great Officer of State In the United Kingdom the Great Officers of State are traditional ministers of The Crown who either inherit their positions or are appointed to exercise certain largely ceremonial functions or to operate as members of the government. Separate Great Officers of State exist for England and for Scotland, and formerly for Ireland. Many of the Great Officers became largely ceremonial because historically they were so influential that their powers had to be resumed by the Crown or dissipated.

neg: Clan Macfie Clan Macfie is a Scottish clan. Since 1981, the clan has been officially registered with the Court of the Lord Lyon, which is the heraldic authority of Scotland. The clan is considered an armigerous clan because even though the clan is recognised by the Court of the Lord Lyon, it is currently without a chief recognised by the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the judge of the Court of the Lord Lyon. The official clan name "Macfie" is derived from the Common Gaelic "Mac Dhuibhshíthe" (modern Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic: "MacDhubhShìth" . This Gaelic patronymic name has been Anglicised into various forms, many of which are considered associated names of the clan. The clan has a long history with the islands of Colonsay and Oronsay in the Scottish Inner Hebrides, and today many monuments to various lairds and churchmen of the clan are found on these islands.

neg: Lord Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty The Lord Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty, is the British monarch's personal representative in an area which has been defined since 1975 as consisting of the local government districts of Ross and Cromarty and Skye and Lochalsh in Scotland, and this definition was renewed by the Lord-Lieutenants (Scotland) Order 1996. Previously, the area of the lieutenancy was the county of Ross and Cromarty, which was abolished as a local government area by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. The districts were created, under the 1973 act as districts of the two-tier Highland region and abolished as local government areas under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1994, which turned the Highland region into a unitary council area.

neg: List of cultural icons of the United Kingdom Symbols of the United Kingdom are mostly interchangeable with symbols of Britain. This page could, theoretically, be called British cultural icons. The list includes certain symbols of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland which, for one reason or another, may be perceived to be shared by other parts of the United Kingdom, or were founded or invented after the British Act of Union 1707, or before the creation of the constituent countries (hence the inclusion of Stonehenge). At a stretch, they could be things which were created or invented, or people who were born, before the Act of Union but after the Union of the Crowns in 1603.

neg: St. Andrew's cross (philately) In philately, a St. Andrew's cross is a saltire (an heraldic ordinary) or crossed x design that occurs on some philatelic items; on a few sheets of stamps, censor labels and a few British Forces air letter sheets issued during World War II.

neg: Scottish clan A Scottish clan (from Gaelic "clann ", "children") is a kinship group among the Scottish people. Clans give a sense of shared identity and descent to members, and in modern times have an official structure recognised by the Court of the Lord Lyon, which regulates Scottish heraldry and coats of arms. Most clans have their own tartan patterns, usually dating from the 19th century, which members may incorporate into kilts or other clothing.

neg: Lion (heraldry) The lion is a common charge in heraldry. It traditionally symbolises courage, nobility, royalty, strength, stateliness and valour, because historically it has been regarded as the "king of beasts". Lion refers also to a Judeo-Christian symbolism. The Lion of Judah stands in the coat of arms of Jerusalem. Similar looking lion can be found e.g. in the coat of arms of the Swedish royal House of Bjelbo, from there in turn derived into the coat of arms of Finland, formerly belonging to Sweden, and many others examples for similar historical reasons.

neg: Royal Scottish Academy The Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) is the country’s national academy of art. It promotes contemporary Scottish art.

neg: Flag of the United Kingdom The national flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Jack, also known as the Union Flag.

neg: Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom In the British peerage, a royal duke is a duke who is a member of the British Royal Family, entitled to the style of "His Royal Highness". Royal dukedoms are the highest titles in the British roll of peerage. They are titles created for legitimate sons and male line grandsons of the British monarch, usually upon reaching their majority or marriage. The titles can be inherited but cease to be "royal" once they pass beyond the grandsons of a monarch. As with any peerage, once the title becomes extinct, it may subsequently be recreated by the reigning monarch at any time.

neg: Heraldic badge A heraldic badge, an emblem, an impresa, or device, or personal device worn as a badge indicates allegiance to, or the property of, an individual or family. Medieval forms are usually called a livery badge, and also a cognizance. They are para-heraldic, not necessarily using elements from the coat of arms of the person or family they represent, though many do, often taking the crest or supporters. Their use was more flexible than that of arms proper.


query: The Russian novel "Antonina" was influenced by an English novel by what author?

pos: Antonina (Tur novel) Antonina is a 1851 novel by Evgenia Tur, one of several Russian novels influenced by "Jane Eyre". A first English translation by Michael Katz was published by Northwestern University Press in 1996.

pos: Jane Eyre Jane Eyre (originally published as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography) is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published on 16 October 1847, by Smith, Elder & Co. of London, England, under the pen name "Currer Bell". The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York.

neg: Dead Souls Dead Souls (Russian: Мёртвые ду́ши, "Myórtvyjye dúshi" ) is a novel by Nikolai Gogol, first published in 1842, and widely regarded as an exemplar of 19th-century Russian literature. The purpose of the novel was to demonstrate the flaws and faults of the Russian mentality and character. Gogol portrayed those defects through Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov (Russian: Павел Иванович Чичиков) and the people whom he encounters in his endeavours. These people are typical of the Russian middle-class of the time. Gogol himself saw it as an "epic poem in prose", and within the book as a "novel in verse". Despite supposedly completing the trilogy's second part, Gogol destroyed it shortly before his death. Although the novel ends in mid-sentence (like Sterne's "Sentimental Journey"), it is usually regarded as complete in the extant form.

neg: The Darling (short story) "The Darling" (Russian: Душечка , "Dushechka " ) is a short story by Russian author Anton Chekhov, first published in the No.1, 1899, issue of "Semya" (Family) magazine, on January 3, in Moscow. The story follows the life of a woman who is referred to by others as "darling".

neg: Android Karenina Android Karenina is a 2010 parody novel written by Ben H. Winters and based on "Anna Karenina" by Leo Tolstoy. The novel is a mashup, adding steampunk elements to the Russian 19th-century environment of "Anna Karenina," a book first published in 1877.

neg: Blood Red, Snow White Blood Red, Snow White is a historical novel by Marcus Sedgwick published in 2007. It is a novel of the Russian Revolution, a fictionalised account of the time the author Arthur Ransome spent in Russia. It was shortlisted for the 2007 Costa Children's Book Award.

neg: Thomas Love Peacock Thomas Love Peacock (18 October 1785 – 23 January 1866) was an English novelist, poet, and official of the East India Company. He was a close friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley and they influenced each other's work. Peacock wrote satirical novels, each with the same basic setting: characters at a table discussing and criticising the philosophical opinions of the day.

neg: Nikolai Tolstoy Count Nikolai Dmitrievich Tolstoy-Miloslavsky (Russian: Николай Дмитриевич Толстой-Милославский ; born 23 June 1935) is an Anglo-Russian author who writes under the name Nikolai Tolstoy. A member of the Tolstoy family, he is a former parliamentary candidate of the UK Independence Party.

neg: English novel The English novel is an important part of English literature. This article mainly concerns novels, written in English, by novelists who were born or have spent a significant part of their lives in England, or Scotland, or Wales, or Northern Ireland (or Ireland before 1922). However, given the nature of the subject, this guideline has been applied with common sense, and reference is made to novels in other languages or novelists who are not primarily British where appropriate.

neg: The White Night of St. Petersburg The White Night of St. Petersburg is a novelised biography of Grand Duke Nicholas Kostantinovich Romanov set in Russia at the end of the 19th century and start of the 20th century.

neg: A Dreary Story A Dreary Story (Russian: Скучная история , "Skuchnaya istoriya " , translated also as "A Boring Story") is a 1889 novella by Anton Chekhov, subtitled "From the Notebooks of an Old Man". Influenced by the death of Chekhov's brother Nikolay from tuberculosis, it has been described as one of Chekhov's most enduring works, and as "a penetrating study into the mind of an elderly and dying professor of medicine".

neg: The Improvisatore The Improvisatore (Danish: "Improvisatoren" ) is an autobiographical novel by Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875). First published in 1835, it was an immediate success and is considered to be Andersen's breakthrough. The story, reflecting Andersen's own travels in Italy in 1833, reveals much about his own life and aspirations as experienced by Antonio, the novel's principal character.

neg: Effi Briest Effi Briest is a realist novel by Theodor Fontane. Published in book form in 1895, "Effi Briest" marks both a watershed and a climax in the poetic realism of literature. It can be thematically compared to other novels on 19th century marriage from a female perspective, such as "Anna Karenina" and "Madame Bovary", which are also adultery tragedies.

neg: Viktor Klyushnikov Viktor Petrovich Klyushnikov (Russian: Виктор Петрович Клюшников , born 22 March 1841, village Leksianovka, Gzhatsk region, Smolensk Governorate, Imperial Russia, - 19 November 1892, Saint Petersburg, Imperial Russia) was a Russian writer, editor and journalist, whose debut novel, "Marevo" (Марево, Haze, "Russky Vestnik", 1864), was considered by contemporary Russian critics to be one of the four 'great anti-nihilist' novels of the time, alongside "Troubled Seas" by Alexey Pisemsky, "No Way Out" by Nikolai Leskov and "Demons" by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Both Ivan Turgenev and Alexey K. Tolstoy reacted positively, hailing the arrival of the original, even if erratic literary talent, "who [was playing] with his gift in acrobatic fashion," according to Tolstoy.

neg: The Death of Ivan the Terrible The Death of Ivan the Terrible (Russian: Смерть Иоанна Грозного, "Smert Ioa′nna Gro′znogo" ) is a historical drama by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy written in 1863 and first published in the January 1866 issue of "Otechestvennye zapiski" magazine. It is the first part of a trilogy that is followed by "Tsar Fiodor Ioannovich" and concludes with "Tsar Boris". All three plays were banned by the censor. It dramatises the story of Ivan IV of Russia and is written in blank verse. Tolstoy was influenced by the work of William Shakespeare in writing the trilogy, which formed the core of his reputation as a writer in the Russia of his day and as a dramatist to this day.

neg: Anna Karenina (2012 film) Anna Karenina is a 2012 British historical romance film directed by Joe Wright. Adapted by Tom Stoppard from Leo Tolstoy's 1877 novel of the same name, the film depicts the tragedy of Russian aristocrat and socialite Anna Karenina, wife of senior statesman Alexei Karenin, and her affair with the affluent officer Count Vronsky which leads to her ultimate demise. Keira Knightley stars in the lead role as Karenina, marking her third collaboration with Wright following both "Pride & Prejudice" (2005) and "Atonement" (2007), while Jude Law and Aaron Taylor-Johnson appear as Karenin and Vronsky, respectively. Matthew Macfadyen, Kelly Macdonald, Domhnall Gleeson and Alicia Vikander appear in key supporting roles.

neg: Anna on the Neck "Anna on the Neck" (Russian: Анна на шее , "Anna na sheye " ) is a 1895 short story by Anton Chekhov

neg: The Tale of Chloe The Tale of Chloe, subtitled An Episode in the History of Beau Beamish, is a novel by English novelist George Meredith, first published in 1879, and as a novel in 1890.

neg: The Requiem (short story) "The Requiem" (Russian: Панихида , "Panikhida " ) is a 1886 short story by Anton Chekhov.

neg: Kashtanka "Kashtanka" (Russian: Каштанка ) is a 1887 short story by Anton Chekhov.

neg: Adaptations of Anna Karenina This is a list of adaptations of "Anna Karenina", the novel by Leo Tolstoy.

neg: The Village of Stepanchikovo The Village of Stepanchikovo (Russian: Село Степанчиково и его обитатели , "Selo Stepanchikovo i ego obitateli"), also known as The Friend of the Family, is a novel written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky and first published in 1859.