query: Who is the director of a film which featured the winner of FX's inaugural MMA competition?

pos: Fight Life Fight Life is a feature-length documentary on the sport of mixed martial arts. The film is directed by independent filmmaker James Z. Feng and produced by RiLL Films. The film focuses on the lives of professional mixed martial arts fighters outside the cage, primarily profiling Jake Shields, and Lyle Beerbohm. The film unveils the sport of Mixed martial arts and what it takes to be a modern-day professional fighter. Many notables MMA stars and experts are featured in this film, including: Nick Diaz, Gilbert Melendez, Chuck Liddell, Frank Shamrock, Miesha Tate, John McCarthy, Julianna Pena, Michael Chiesa, Herschel Walker, Sam Sheridan, Mark Coleman, Tyron Woodley, Ryan Schultz, Matt Lindland, Mike Swick, and Cody McKenzie. In 2013, "Fight Life" went on to win the Best Documentary Award at the United Film Festival.

pos: Michael Chiesa Michael Keith Chiesa ( ; born December 7, 1987) is an American mixed martial artist. A professional MMA competitor since 2008, Chiesa was the winner of FX's inaugural . He currently fights for the UFC in the lightweight division where he is the #9 contender in official UFC rankings.

neg: The Vault (film) The Vault is a 2017 American thriller film directed by Dan Bush and written by Dan Bush and Conal Byrne. The film stars Francesca Eastwood, Taryn Manning, Scott Haze, Q'orianka Kilcher, Clifton Collins Jr. and James Franco. The film was released on September 1, 2017, by FilmRise.

neg: Matthew Riddle Matthew Fredrick "Matt" Riddle (born January 14, 1986) is an American professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist. A professional MMA competitor since 2008, Riddle made a name for himself by appearing on SpikeTV's "The Ultimate Fighter 7", and went on to go on a four-fight win streak in the UFC before he was fired after testing positive for marijuana in February 2013. In 2014, Riddle began training for a career in professional wrestling, and made his debut in February 2015. In 2016, readers of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" recognized him as the wrestling Rookie of the Year and the Most Improved wrestler of the year.

neg: Rory Markham Rory Markham (born March 25, 1982) is an American professional mixed martial artist, stuntman and actor who most recently competed in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2003, currently fighting in XFO MMA. Markham has also formerly competed for the IFL, representing the Quad Cities Silverbacks.

neg: Never Surrender (film) Never Surrender is a 2009 film about an MMA champion who finds himself fighting in illegal underground cage fights. The film's cast features a number of real MMA fighters. It was filmed in Los Angeles, California and was produced by Destiny Entertainment Productions. It is distributed in the United States by Lions Gate Entertainment.

neg: Series 7: The Contenders Series 7: The Contenders is a 2001 dark comedy directed by Daniel Minahan. The film is presented as a marathon of the seventh series of an American reality television show called "The Contenders," where six people, picked at random from a national lottery, are each given a pistol and forced to hunt and kill each other for the cameras. The film is a dark satire of the reality television genre. It stars Brooke Smith as Dawn, the reigning champion from the fifth and sixth series.

neg: Cung Le Cung Le (Vietnamese: "Lê Cung" ; born May 25, 1972) is a Vietnamese-born American actor, retired mixed martial artist and Sanshou kickboxer. He competed as a middleweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), holding a record of 2–2 with the organization. In Sanshou, he is a former International Kickboxing Federation Light Heavyweight World Champion, having a professional Sanshou record of 16–0 before moving to mixed martial arts (Le also held a kickboxing record of 17–0). He defeated Frank Shamrock to become the second Strikeforce Middleweight Champion before vacating the title to further pursue his acting career. Le is perhaps best known in mixed martial arts for competing in Strikeforce, holding a record of 7–1 with the organization before its demise.

neg: Kickboxer 4 Kickboxer 4: The Aggressor is a 1994 direct-to-video release martial-arts film directed by Albert Pyun. The film is the fourth entry in the "Kickboxer" series. This was the last film to star Sasha Mitchell, who reprises his role as David Sloan.

neg: Jason Dent Jason William Dent (born June 12, 1980) is an American mixed martial artist. The Lightweight competitor has held several regional championships, most recently he won the International Fighting and Boxing League (IFBL) Welterweight Championship. He runs the GriffonRawl MMA Academy in Mentor, Ohio, and previously hosted an MMA oriented radio talk show on WWGK Radio ("AM 1540 KNR2") in Cleveland. and was a competitor on SpikeTV's "".

neg: Rob Wilkinson Rob “Razor” Wilkinson (born February 22, 1992) is an Australian mixed martial artist. He is the middleweight champion for Australia Fighting Championship and BRACE. Wilkinson currently fights in Middleweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).

neg: Matt Arroyo Matthew Vincent Arroyo (born September 1, 1982) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He was featured on the Ultimate Fighting Championship reality television show "", fighting on Team Serra. He fights out of Tampa, Florida with Gracie Tampa, under Royce Gracie black belt Rob Kahn.

neg: The Hurt Business The Hurt Business (stylized as "THE HURT BUSINE$$") is a 2016 American documentary film about mixed martial arts, its history, and rise from a stigmatized, fringe event to a mainstream sport. It is directed by Vlad Yudin and narrated by Kevin Costner.

neg: Final Girl (film) Final Girl is an American action thriller horror film directed by Tyler Shields in his directorial debut, written by Adam Prince, based on the story by Stephen Scarlata, Alejandro Seri, and Johnny Silver. It stars Abigail Breslin, Alexander Ludwig, and Wes Bentley. Breslin plays a young woman who is trained from childhood to defeat a group of high school boys who hunt and kill their female classmates. Cinedigm gave it a limited release in cinemas and through video on demand on August 14, 2015.

neg: Tough Guy Contest The Tough Guy Contest, founded in 1979 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania by CV Productions, Inc., introduced regulated mixed martial arts competition in the United States and established the first MMA league.

neg: Bleed for This Bleed for This is a 2016 American biographical sports film written and directed by Ben Younger and based on the life of former world champion boxer Vinny Pazienza (officially Vinny Paz since 2001). The film stars Miles Teller as Pazienza, with Aaron Eckhart, Katey Sagal, Ciarán Hinds, and Ted Levine in supporting roles.

neg: Combate Americas Combate Americas is the first Hispanic mixed martial arts sports and media franchise. It was founded in August 2011 by UFC co-creator Campbell McLaren. It premiered on Mun2 on February 23, 2014.

neg: Jason Von Flue Jason Lee Von Flue (born August 1, 1975) is an American mixed martial artist, who is perhaps most notable for appearing on the second season of "The Ultimate Fighter". A professional competitor since 1999, he has competed for the UFC, WEC, Strikeforce and King of the Cage.

neg: Tekken 2: Kazuya's Revenge Tekken 2: Kazuya's Revenge (also known as Tekken: A Man Called X) is a 2014 American martial arts film directed by Wych Kaos and is the prequel to the 2009 film "Tekken", itself based on the fighting game series of the same name. The film stars Kane Kosugi, Rade Šerbedžija, and Kelly Wenham. Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa and Gary Daniels reprise their roles as Heihachi Mishima and Bryan Fury, respectively.

neg: Cuban Fury Cuban Fury is a 2014 British romantic comedy film directed by James Griffiths, written by Jon Brown, and starring Nick Frost, Rashida Jones and Chris O'Dowd. The film was a minor box office success but received mixed reviews from critics.

neg: Tony Ferguson Anthony Armand "Tony" Ferguson (born February 12, 1984) is an American professional mixed martial artist currently competing in the Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional competitor since 2008, Ferguson was the winner of . He is currently #2 in official UFC Lightweight rankings.

neg: Impulse (2010 film) Impulse is a 2010 suspense thriller short film starring Chris Masterson and written and directed by Scott Beck and Bryan Woods. The film is about the last day on earth as deadly events unfold around a man (Chris Masterson) racing to his final and most significant act. The film made its debut on the closing night of the 2010 LA Shorts Fest and was later invited to the Sofia Independent Film Festival alongside "The New Tenants" and "The Hurt Locker". "Impulse" was picked up for distribution by Shorts International and is available worldwide on iTunes, DirecTV, Dish Network and AT&T Uverse.


query: Who was older, Reinhold Schünzel or Mohsen Makhmalbaf?

pos: Reinhold Schünzel Reinhold Schünzel (7 November 1886 – 11 November 1954) was a German actor and director, active in both Germany and the United States. The son of a German father and a Jewish mother, he was born in St. Pauli, the poorest part of Hamburg. Despite being Jewish, Schünzel was allowed by the Nazis to continue making films for several years until he eventually left to live abroad.

pos: Mohsen Makhmalbaf Mohsen Makhmalbaf (Persian: محسن مخملباف  , "Mohsen Makhmalbaaf"; born May 29, 1957) is an Iranian film director, writer, film editor, and producer. He has made more than 20 feature films, won some 50 awards and been a juror in more than 15 major film festivals. His award-winning films include "Kandahar"; his latest documentary is "The Gardener" and latest feature "The President".

neg: Adelbert Mühlschlegel Adelbert Mühlschlegel (June 16, 1897 – July 29, 1980) was a prominent German Bahá'í from a Protestant family. He became a Bahá'í in 1920, translated Bahá'í literature and served as a member of the National Spiritual Assembly of Germany.

neg: Chamel Roukoz General Chamel Roukoz (Arabic: العميد شامل روكز  ) is a Lebanese Brigadier General. He is the oldest commander of the Rangers Regiment and is a LAF Commander-in-Chief candidate.

neg: Joseph Schacht Joseph Franz Schacht (born in Ratibor, 15 March 1902, died in Englewood, 1 August 1969) was a British-German professor of Arabic and Islam at Columbia University in New York. He was the leading Western scholar on Islamic law, whose "Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence" (1950) is still considered a centrally important work on the subject. The author of many articles in the first and second editions of the "Encyclopaedia of Islam", Schacht also edited the second edition of "The Legacy of Islam" for the "Legacy" series of Oxford University Press and authored a textbook under the title "An Introduction to Islamic Law" (1964).

neg: Rafik Schami Rafik Schami (Arabic: رفيق شامي  ) (born Suheil Fadel (سهيل فاضل ) June 1946) is a German author, storyteller and critic.

neg: Reinhold Quaatz Reinhold Quaatz (born 8 May 1876 in Berlin - died 15 August 1953 in West Berlin) was a German conservative politician active during the Weimar Republic. Although associated with right-wing and völkisch tendencies Quaatz was half-Jewish in ancestry.

neg: Piet Retief Pieter Mauritz Retief (12 November 1780 – 6 February 1838) was a Voortrekker leader. Settling in 1814 in the frontier region of the Cape Colony, he assumed command of punitive expeditions in response to raiding parties from the adjacent Xhosa territory. He became a spokesperson for the frontier farmers who voiced their discontent, and wrote the Voortrekkers' declaration at their departure from the colony.

neg: Eddy Scharf Eduard "Eddy" Scharf (born November 7, 1953 in Cologne) is a German professional poker player best known for winning two World Series of Poker bracelets.

neg: Carl Schiøtz Carl Schiøtz (2 November 1877 – 20 September 1938) was a Norwegian physician and professor of hygiene and bacteriology at the University of Oslo. He was born in Hamar, and was the brother of military officer Johannes Henrik Schiøtz.

neg: Max Schoen Max Schoen (11 May 1888 – 27 May 1959) was an American music educator, psychologist and scholar.

neg: Reinhold Hanisch Reinhold Hanisch (27 January 1884, Grünwald an der Neiße near Gablonz/Neiße, northern Bohemia, Imperial & Royal Austria 2? February (death date controversial) 1937, in Vienna, aged 53) was an Austrian migrant worker and sometime business partner of the young Adolf Hitler. Hanisch, who published articles on Hitler, with whom he had lived in 1910, is, next to August Kubizek, one of the few witnesses to Hitler's Vienna years.

neg: Marinus van der Goes van Naters Jonkheer Marinus van der Goes van Naters (21 December 1900 – 12 February 2005) was a Dutch nobleman and politician. He was born in Nijmegen. He was a member of the House of Representatives from 1937 to 1967 and in-parliament chairman of the Social Democratic parties SDAP and its successor the Dutch Labour Party from 1945 to 1951. From 1940 to 1944 during World War II he was held hostage by the German occupiers in various camps, including Buchenwald concentration camp.

neg: Mentz Schulerud Mentz Schulerud (19 October 1915 – 18 May 2003) was a Norwegian author, radio personality and theatre director. He was known for his encyclopaedic knowledge of the city of Oslo.

neg: Paulus Schäfer Paulus Schäfer (born 31 March 1978, Gerwen, Nuenen) is a guitarist, composer and arranger who is considered to be one of the most talented gypsy jazz or "jazz manouche" guitar players from the Netherlands. Paulus was born into a Dutch Sinti-Romani (Gypsy) community where he was taught to play the guitar at a very early age. Like almost all gypsy jazz players and gypsy jazz fans, Paulus considers Django Reinhardt his idol.

neg: Helmold III, Count of Schwerin Helmhold III, Count of Schwerin (died 1295) was a German nobleman. He was a son of Count Gunzelin III of Schwerin-Boizenburg and Margaret of Mecklenburg. Helmhold III was the ruling Count of Schwerin-Neustadt and Marnitz from 1274 until his death.

neg: Karl Mauch Karl Gottlieb Mauch (7 May 1837 – 4 April 1875) was a German explorer and geographer of Africa. He reported on the archaeological ruins of Great Zimbabwe in 1871 during his search for the biblical land of Ophir.

neg: Mohammad Baqer Mirza Mohammad Baqer Mirza better known in the West as Safi Mirza (15 September 1587, Mashhad – 2 February 1614, Rasht) was the oldest son of king (shah) Abbas the Great (r. 1588-1629), and the crown prince of the Safavid Dynasty during Abbas' reign and his own short life.

neg: Reinhold Muchow Reinhold Muchow (21 December 1905 in Berlin – 12 September 1933 in Bacharach) was a Nazi Party politician. Especially prized in the early years of the movement for his organisational skills, he was associated with the economically left wing of the party.

neg: Werner Scharff Werner Scharff (August 16, 1912 – March 16, 1945) was a Jewish-German resistance activist against the Nazi regime. He was executed in Sachsenhausen concentration camp because of his activities in the "Community for Peace and Development" "(German: "Gemeinschaft für Frieden und Aufbau")", which he founded together with Hans Winkler in Luckenwalde.

neg: Reinhard Schmitz Reinhard Schmitz (born 9 June 1951) is a former professional German footballer.

neg: Ewald Marggraff Mr. Willem Frederik Ewald Marggraff (9 June 1923, Vught – 7 December 2003, Vught) was a controversial wealthy son of a famous family of Dutch nobility.


query: What is the common way to distinguish the Manx cat because of the cat body-type mutation?

pos: Manx cat The Manx cat ( , in earlier times often spelled Manks), is a breed of domestic cat ("Felis catus") originating on the Isle of Man, with a naturally occurring mutation that shortens the tail. Many Manx have a small stub of a tail, but Manx cats are best known as being entirely tailless; this is the most distinguishing characteristic of the breed, along with elongated hind legs and a rounded head. Manx cats come in all coat colours and patterns, though all-white specimens are rare, and the coat range of the original stock was more limited. Long-haired variants are sometimes considered a separate breed, the Cymric. Manx are prized as skilled hunters, and thus have often been sought by farmers with rodent problems, and been a preferred ship's cat breed. They are said to be social, tame and active. An old local term for the cats on their home island is stubbin. Manx have been exhibited in cat shows since the 1800s, with the first known breed standard published in 1903.

pos: Cat body-type mutation Cats, like all living organisms, occasionally have mutations that affect their body type. Sometimes, these cat body-type mutations are striking enough that humans select for and perpetuate them. This is not always in the best interests of the cat, as many of these mutations are harmful; some are even lethal in their homozygous form.

neg: Cat o' nine tails The cat o' nine tails, commonly shortened to the cat, is a type of multi-tailed whip that originated as an implement for severe physical punishment, notably in the Royal Navy and Army of the United Kingdom, and also as a judicial punishment in Britain and some other countries.

neg: Congenital sensorineural deafness in cats Congenital sensorineural deafness occurs in domestic cats with a white coat. It is a congenital deafness caused by a degeneration of the inner ear. Deafness can occur in white cats with yellow, green or blue irises, although it is mostly likely in white cats with blue irises. In white cats with mixed-coloured eyes (odd-eyed cats), it has been found that deafness is more likely to affect the ear on the blue-eyed side. White cats can have blue, gold, green, or copper coloured odd eyes.

neg: Balinese cat The Balinese is a long-haired breed of domestic cat with Siamese-style point coloration and sapphire-blue eyes. The Balinese is also known as the purebred long-haired Siamese, since it originated as a natural mutation of that breed, and hence is essentially the same cat with a medium-length silky coat and a distinctively plumed tail.

neg: Anthracite budgerigar mutation The Anthracite budgerigar mutation is an extremely rare mutation that occurs in the budgerigar. The mutation, similar to the Violet budgerigar mutation, causes a difference in the coloring of budgerigars. Anthracites have black or very dark gray feathers, possibly with some white depending on the budgerigar in particular. The mutation is believed to have started in Germany, and tends to be local to that area. Currently, most owners wishing to obtain an Anthracite need to import these budgerigars from Germany.

neg: Substitution model In biology, a substitution model describes the process from which a sequence of symbols changes into another set of traits. For example, in cladistics, each position in the sequence might correspond to a property of a species which can either be present or absent. The alphabet could then consist of "0" for absence and "1" for presence. Then the sequence 00110 could mean, for example, that a species does not have feathers or lay eggs, does have fur, is warm-blooded, and cannot breathe underwater. Another sequence 11010 would mean that a species has feathers, lays eggs, does not have fur, is warm-blooded, and cannot breathe underwater. In phylogenetics, sequences are often obtained by firstly obtaining a nucleotide or protein sequence alignment, and then taking the bases or amino acids at corresponding positions in the alignment as the characters. Sequences achieved by this might look like AGCGGAGCTTA and GCCGTAGACGC.

neg: Kurilian Bobtail The Kurilian Bobtail is a cat breed (or breed group, depending on registry) originating from the Kuril Islands, as well as Sakhalin Island and the Kamchatka peninsula of Russia. Short- or long-haired, it has a semi-cobby body type and a distinct short, fluffy tail. The back is slightly arched with hind legs longer than the front, similar to those of the Manx. The breed is also called the Kuril Islands Bobtail, Kuril Bobtail (both often misspelled "Kurile") and Curilsk Bobtail, and may be referred to without "Bobtail". It is sometimes also spelled Kurilean. The original short-haired variant is a natural breed, known on the islands for over 200 years. As selectively bred pets, they have been popular in Russia and to some extent other parts of Europe, especially for their rodent-hunting abilities, since the middle of the 20th century, but remain rare in North America as of 2011 .

neg: Deer of Great Britain There are six types of deer living wild in Great Britain: the Scottish red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, sika deer, Reeves's muntjac, and the Chinese water deer. Of those, Scottish red and roe deer are native and have lived in the isles throughout the Holocene. Fallow deer have been reintroduced twice, by the Romans and the Normans, after it died out in the last ice age. The other three are escaped or released alien species.

neg: Feline hepatic lipidosis Feline hepatic lipidosis, also known as feline fatty liver syndrome, is one of the most common forms of liver disease of cats. The disease officially has no known cause, though obesity is known to increase the risk. The disease begins when the cat stops eating from a loss of appetite, forcing the liver to convert body fat into usable energy. If this process continues for too long, fat builds up in the cells of the liver, and the disease has officially onset. Prognosis varies depending on the stage of the disease, with both a high recovery and mortality rate at different stages. The disease is reversible through intense feeding. Treatment may involve the insertion of a temporary feeding tube to ensure adequate caloric intake for cats that have stopped eating as a result of this disease.

neg: Bakeneko The bakeneko (化け猫, "changed cat") is a type of Japanese "yōkai", or supernatural creature. According to its name, it is a cat that has changed into a "yōkai". It is often confused with the "nekomata", another cat-like "yōkai", and the distinction between the two can often be quite ambiguous.

neg: Russian White, Black and Tabby The Russian White, Russian Black, and Russian Tabby are breeds of cat created in 1971, derived from the Russian Blue. The Black and Tabby Russians came from the original mating which created the Russian White. It is appropriate to consider their origins first.

neg: Lists of cats The cat ("Felis silvestris catus"), also known as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from other felines, is a small carnivorous species of crepuscular mammal that is often valued by humans for its companionship and its ability to hunt vermin.

neg: Phantom cat Phantom cats, also known as Alien Big Cats (ABCs), are large felines, such as jaguars, cougars, and leopards, which allegedly appear in regions outside their indigenous range. Sightings, tracks and predation have been reported in a number of countries and states including Canada, Britain, Australia, Spain, Ireland, New Zealand, Finland, Denmark, the Eastern United States, Hawaii, Italy and Luxembourg.

neg: European Shorthair The European Shorthair, also called the European or in WCF Celtic Shorthair, is a breed originating in Europe. The term has also been used as an elaborate way of referring to common domestic cats of Europe, causing some confusion as the pedigree cats of this breed also should resemble the typical domestic cats of Europe. This role was held until the beginning of the 20th century by the British Shorthair, even though stockier than the majority of common European cats, until 1949 when the European Shorthair was recognized by the Fédération internationale féline (FIFe). The oldest known European Shorthair registered in FIFe was born in 1940, as the origin of the European Shorthair predates the formation of FIFe in 1949. Breed standards describing the European Shorthair as an established breed can be found in different cat books from the 1930ies.

neg: Sam Sawet The Sam Sawet (Thai: แซมเศวต ) is a natural breed of cat that originated in Thailand. This breed has not yet been recognized by any major cat registries. It is a new discovery with undetermined breed standards. It is known to be a medium-sized cat, usually between 9 and 13 pounds.

neg: Tjilpa Tjilpa is the name given to a marsupial cat amongst the Northern Aranda language group of Australian Aboriginal people. There are many dreamtime stories of tribes of ancestral Tjilpa-men, who had a significant mythological role. The geographical range of these stories includes Aranda, Unmatjera, Kaititja, Ngalia, Ilpara and Kukatja lands.

neg: Toxocara malayasiensis Toxocara malayesiensis, is a feline roundworm, is parasite of cats. Feline roundworms are in the fecal matter of cats and can be transmitted to humans with potentially serious consequences.

neg: Leopard The leopard ("Panthera pardus") is one of the five "big cats" in the genus "Panthera". It is a member of the family Felidae with a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia. Fossil records suggest that in the Late Pleistocene it occurred in Europe and Japan.

neg: Kashmir cat The Kashmir type of cat is not recognized as its own breed by many cat fancier and breeder organizations, being usually more of a label of a coat type: semi-long-haired to long-haired, and grey or brown. The variety is essentially a solid-colored Himalayan, and has been the subject of much disagreement. They were originally born in litters of Himalayans and have been bred to each other to create pure coats with rich lilac to chocolate colors.

neg: Polecat-ferret hybrid A Polecat-Ferret hybrid is a cross between a European polecat ("Mustela putorius") and a ferret ("Mustela putorius furo"). Crossbreeds between the two animals typically have a distinct white throat patch, white feet and white hairs interspersed among the fur. It is currently impossible to distinguish pure polecats from hybrids through DNA analysis, as the two forms are too closely related and inter-mixed to be separated through current (2010) genetic methods.

neg: Selkirk Rex The Selkirk Rex is a breed of cat with highly curled hair.


query: When  did the revolutionary wave which  Syria enjoyed an improvement in relations with several of the states in its region in the 21st century, prior to began

pos: Foreign relations of Syria Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its Arab neighbors, and securing the return of the Golan Heights, have been the primary goals of Syria's foreign policy. At many points in its history, Syria has seen virulent tension with its geographically cultural neighbors, such as Turkey, Israel, Iraq, and Lebanon. Syria enjoyed an improvement in relations with several of the states in its region in the 21st century, prior to the Arab Spring and the Syrian Civil War.

pos: Arab Spring The Arab Spring, (Arabic: الربيع العربي  "ar-Rabīʻ al-ʻArabī") also referred to as Arab revolutions (Arabic: الثورات العربية  "aṯ-'awrāt al-ʻarabiyyah"), was a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations, protests, riots, coups and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East that began on 17 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution.

neg: French Algeria French Algeria (French: "Alger" to 1839, then "Algérie " afterward; unofficially "Algérie française ", Arabic: الجزائر الفرنسية  , "Al-Jaza'ir al-Fransiyah ") began in 1827 with the blockade of Algiers by the French navy and lasted from 1830 to 1962, under a variety of governmental systems. From 1848 until independence, the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria was administered as an integral part of France. The vast arid interior of Algeria, like the rest of French North Africa, was never considered part of France. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European immigrants, known as "colons " and later, as "pieds-noirs ". However, indigenous Muslims remained a majority of the territory's population throughout its history. Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population with its lack of political and economic status fueled calls for greater political autonomy, and eventually independence, from France. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the Algerian War began. The war concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence following the March 1962 Evian agreements and the July 1962 self-determination referendum.

neg: Years of Lead (Morocco) The Years of Lead (Arabic: سنوات الرصاص  "Sanawāt ar-Ruṣāṣ", French: "années de plomb" ) is the term used to describe a period of the rule of King Hassan II of Morocco (mainly the 1960s through the 1980s) marked by state violence against dissidents and democracy activists.

neg: Revolutionary wave A revolutionary wave is a series of revolutions occurring in various locations in a similar time period. In many cases, past revolutions and revolutionary waves may inspire current ones, or an initial revolution inspires other concurrent "affiliate revolutions" with similar aims.

neg: Solution process Solution process (Turkish: "Çözüm süreci" ), also known as the Kurdish–Turkish peace process, was a peace process, which had aimed to resolve the long-running Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978-present). The conflict has been ongoing since 1984 and resulted in some 40,000-100,000 mortal casualties and great economic losses for Turkey as well as high damage to the Kurdish population. Though there was a unilateral cease-fire between 1999 and 2004, the sides failed to gain understanding and the conflict became increasingly violent. The 2013 truce was working until September 2014, when the relations became strained due to spillover of the Syrian Civil War; the truce fully collapsed in July 2015, with the renewed full-scale warfare in South-Eastern Turkey.

neg: Tajikistani Civil War The Tajikistani Civil War (Tajik: Ҷанги шаҳрвандии Тоҷикистон, "Jangi şahrvandi‘i Tojikiston/Çangi şahrvandiji Toçikiston" ); also known as the Tajik Civil War or the War in Tajikistan, began in May 1992 when ethnic groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan, which were mainly Islamic-oriented groups following Wahhabi ideology , rose up against the government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, which was dominated by people from the Khujand and Kulyab regions. Politically, the rebel groups were led by liberal democratic reformers and Islamists, who fought together and later organized under the banner of the United Tajik Opposition. By June 1997, an estimated 20,000 to 100,000 people had been killed.

neg: Arab–Israeli conflict The Arab–Israeli conflict (Arabic:  , "Al-Sira'a Al'Arabi Al-Israili "  ; Hebrew:  , "Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli-Aravi "  ) is the political tension, military conflicts and disputes between a number of Arab countries and Israel. The roots of the modern Arab–Israeli conflict are bound in the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism towards the end of the 19th century. Territory regarded by the Jewish people as their historical homeland is also regarded by the Pan-Arab movement as historically and currently belonging to the Palestinians, and in the Pan-Islamic context, as Muslim lands. The sectarian conflict between Palestinian Jews and Arabs emerged in the early 20th century, peaking into a full-scale civil war in 1947 and transforming into the First Arab–Israeli War in May 1948 following the Israeli Declaration of Independence.

neg: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region (Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا  "Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Arabi Al-Ishtiraki – Qutr Suriya"), officially the Syrian Regional Branch (Syria being a "region" of the Arab nation in Ba'ath ideology), is a neo-Ba'athist organisation founded on 7 April 1947 by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and followers of Zaki al-Arsuzi. It was first the regional branch of the original Ba'ath Party (1947–1966) before it changed its allegiance to the Syrian-dominated Ba'ath movement (1966–present) following the 1966 split within the original Ba'ath Party. The party has ruled Syria continuously since the 1963 Syrian coup d'état which brought the Ba'athists to power.

neg: Capture of Damascus (1920) The 1920 capture of Damascus was the final stage of the Franco-Syrian War, when French forces captured Damascus with little resistance. The Kingdom of Syria was brought to an end and the French mandate of Syria was put into effect. Shortly after, in September 1920, Damascus was established as the capital of the State of Damascus under French Mandate.

neg: Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan The Kofi Annan peace plan for Syria or the six-point peace plan for Syria was launched in March 2012 by the Arab League and the United Nations (UN), when the violent Syrian conflict or civil war had raged for a year.

neg: 2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike On 18 June 2017, under Operation Laylat al-Qadr (Persian: عملیات لیلةالقدر  ), Iran's Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) fired six surface-to-surface mid-range ballistic missile from domestic bases targeting ISIL forces in the Syrian Deir ez-Zor Governorate in response to the terrorist attacks in Tehran earlier that month. Next day, the IRGC published aerial videos recorded by the Damascus-based IRGC drones flying over the city during the operation, confirming that the missiles had successfully hit the targets with precision. The attack constituted the first operational use of Iran's ballistic missiles since the Iran-Iraq war of the 1980s.

neg: Rojava The Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, most commonly known as Rojava, is a "de facto" autonomous region originating in and consisting of three self-governing cantons in northern Syria, namely Afrin Canton, Jazira Canton and Kobanî Canton, as well as adjacent areas of northern Syria like Shahba region. The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 as part of the ongoing Rojava conflict and the wider Syrian Civil War, establishing and gradually expanding a secular polity based on the democratic confederalist principles of democratic socialism, gender equality, and ecological sustainability.

neg: Jordanian intervention in the Syrian Civil War The Jordanian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War began on 22 September 2014, with air strikes on Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) targets, and escalated after the murder on Muath al-Kasasbeh, a captured Jordanian pilot, by ISIL, in early 2015.

neg: North Yemen Civil War The North Yemen Civil War (Arabic: ثورة 26 سبتمبر  , "Thawra 26 Sabtambar", "26 September Revolution") was fought in North Yemen from 1962 to 1970 between royalist partisans of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom and supporters of the Yemen Arab Republic. The war began with a "coup d'état" carried out in 1962 by revolutionary republicans led by the army under the command of Abdullah as-Sallal, who dethroned the newly crowned Imam Muhammad al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. The Imam escaped to the Saudi Arabian border where he rallied popular support from northern Shia tribes to retake power, escalating shortly to a full-scale civil war.

neg: 2011 Omani protests The 2011 Omani protests were a series of protests in the Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred as part of the revolutionary wave popularly known as the "Arab Spring".

neg: Colour revolution Colour revolution (sometimes called the coloured revolution) or color revolution is a term that was widely used by worldwide media to describe various related movements that developed in several societies in the former Soviet Union and the Balkans during the early 2000s. The term has also been applied to a number of revolutions elsewhere, including in the Middle East. Some observers (such as Justin Raimondo and Michael Lind) have called the events a revolutionary wave, the origins of which can be traced back to the 1986 People Power Revolution (also known as the "Yellow Revolution") in the Philippines.

neg: Yemeni Crisis (2011–present) The Yemeni Crisis began with the 2011–12 revolution against President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who had led Yemen for more than two decades. After Saleh left office in early 2012 as part of a mediated agreement between the Yemeni government and opposition groups, the government led by Saleh's former vice president, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, struggled to unite the fractious political landscape of the country and fend off threats both from Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and Houthi militants that had been waging a protracted insurgency in the north for years. In 2014, Houthi fighters swept into the capital of Sana'a and forced Hadi to negotiate a "unity government" with other political factions. The rebels continued to apply pressure on the weakened government until, after his presidential palace and private residence came under attack from the militant group, Hadi resigned along with his ministers in January 2015. The following month, the Houthis declared themselves in control of the government, dissolving Parliament and installing an interim Revolutionary Committee led by Mohammed Ali al-Houthi, a cousin of Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi. However, Hadi escaped to Aden, where he declared that he remains Yemen's legitimate president, proclaimed the country's temporary capital, and called on loyal government officials and members of the military to rally to him. On 27 March 2015, BBC reported that Hadi had "fled rebel forces in the city of Aden" and subsequently "arrived in Saudi Arabia's capital Riyadh" as "Saudi authorities began air strikes in Yemen".

neg: Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War The inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War started after fighting erupted between the Syrian opposition groups: the Free Syrian Army (FSA), the Army of Mujahedeen, the Islamic Front, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). In early January 2014, serious clashes between the groups erupted in the north of the country. Opposition groups near Aleppo attacked ISIL in two areas, Atarib and Anadan, which were both strongholds of the fundamentalist Sunni organization. Despite the conflict between ISIL and other rebels, one faction of ISIL has cooperated with the al-Nusra Front and the Green Battalion (a group of Saudi fighters) to combat Hezbollah in the Battle of Qalamoun.

neg: Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons The destruction of Syria's chemical weapons began in September 2013 on the basis of several international agreements with Syria that stipulated an initial destruction deadline of 30 June 2014. United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118 of 27 September 2013 required Syria to assume responsibility for and follow a timeline for the destruction of its chemical weapons and its chemical weapon production facilities. The resolution bound Syria to the implementation plan presented in a decision of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). On 23 June 2014, the last declared chemical weapons were shipped out of Syria for destruction. The destruction of the most dangerous chemical weapons was performed at sea aboard the "Cape Ray", a vessel of the United States Maritime Administration's Ready Reserve Force, crewed with U.S. civilian merchant mariners. The actual destruction operations, performed by a team of U.S. Army civilians and contractors, destroyed 600 metric tons of chemical agents in 42 days. However, despite these efforts, the use of chemical weapons in Syria have continued to be reported, with the latest being the chemical attack on Khan Shaykhun in April 2017, which has been alleged to have been perpetrated by the Syrian government.

neg: History of Iraq (2003–11) The history of Iraq from 2003 to 2011 is characterized by a large United States military deployment on Iraqi territory, beginning with the U.S.-led invasion of the country in March 2003 which overthrew the Ba'ath Party government of Saddam Hussein and ending with the departure of US troops from the country in 2011 (though the Iraq War that commenced in 2003 continued and subsequently intensified during 2013). Troops for the invasion came primarily from the United States, the United Kingdom and Poland, but 29 other nations also provided some troops, and there were varying levels of assistance from Japan and other countries.

neg: Alawite State The Alawite State (Arabic: دولة جبل العلويين  , "Dawlat Jabal al-‘Alawiyyīn ", French: "Alaouites" , informally as "État des Alaouites " or "Le territoire des Alaouites ") and named after the locally-dominant Alawites, was a French mandate territory on the coast of present-day Syria after World War I. The French Mandate from the League of Nations lasted from 1920 to 1946.


query: Which film produced by Blumhouse Products stars Ethan Hawke, Lena Headey, Adelaide Kane and Max Burkholder?

pos: Blumhouse Productions Blumhouse Productions is an American film and television production company, founded by Jason Blum. Blumhouse is mostly known for producing low-budget horror films, such as "Paranormal Activity", "Insidious", "The Purge", "Sinister", "The Gift", "Split" and "Get Out". In 2014, Blumhouse produced the Academy Award–nominated film "Whiplash", for which Blum was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. The company currently has a 10-year first-look deal with Universal Pictures.

pos: The Purge The Purge is a 2013 American dystopian horror film written and directed by James DeMonaco and is the first installment in "The Purge" franchise. The film stars Ethan Hawke, Lena Headey, Adelaide Kane and Max Burkholder as a family held hostage during "The Purge," which is a 12-hour time period where all illegal acts are de-criminalized.

neg: The Descendants The Descendants is a 2011 American comedy-drama film directed by Alexander Payne. The screenplay by Payne, Nat Faxon and Jim Rash is based on the novel of the same name by Kaui Hart Hemmings. The film stars George Clooney, Shailene Woodley, Amara Miller, Beau Bridges, Judy Greer, Matthew Lillard, and Robert Forster, and was released by Fox Searchlight Pictures in the United States on November 18, 2011 after being screened at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival.

neg: The Phenom (film) The Phenom is a 2016 American sports drama film written and directed by Noah Buschel, starring Johnny Simmons, Paul Giamatti, and Ethan Hawke. The film was released on June 24, 2016, by RLJ Entertainment.

neg: Deliver Us from Evil (2014 film) Deliver Us from Evil is a 2014 American supernatural horror film directed by Scott Derrickson and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. The film is officially based on a 2001 non-fiction book entitled "Beware the Night" by Ralph Sarchie and Lisa Collier Cool, and its marketing campaign highlighted that it was "inspired by actual accounts". The film stars Eric Bana, Édgar Ramírez, Sean Harris, Olivia Munn, and Joel McHale in the main roles and was released on July 2, 2014.

neg: The Woman in the Fifth The Woman in the Fifth (French title La femme du Vème) is a 2011 French-British-Polish drama film directed and written by Paweł Pawlikowski. Adapted from Douglas Kennedy's 2007 novel of the same name, the film centers on a divorced American writer (Ethan Hawke) who moves to Paris to be closer to his young daughter. As he embarks on an affair with a mysterious widow (Kristin Scott Thomas), a dark force seems to be taking control of his life.

neg: Ethan Tobman Ethan Tobman (born May 30, 1979) is a Canadian film production designer.

neg: 40 Days and Nights 40 Days and Nights is a 2012 disaster film loosely based on the 2009 film 2012. Produced by The Asylum and directed by Peter Geiger, the film stars Monica Keena, Alex Carter, Christianna Carmine, Emily Sandifer, and Mitch Lerner. It is a modern take on Noah's Ark and the Genesis flood narrative.

neg: Shane Salerno Shane Salerno (born November 27, 1972) is an American screenwriter, producer, and director. His writing credits include the movies "Armageddon", "Savages," "Shaft", and the TV series "Hawaii Five-0". He was chosen by director James Cameron to work on the four sequels to "Avatar", set to release in 2020, 2021, 2024 and 2025. He spent ten years writing, producing, financing, and directing the documentary "Salinger", and co-writing with David Shields the companion book which became a "New York Times" bestseller. Salerno is also the founder and president of The Story Factory, which produces film and TV series based on literary properties.

neg: Storefront Hitchcock Storefront Hitchcock is the title of a soundtrack album by Robyn Hitchcock, released in support of a film of the same name, which was directed by Jonathan Demme.

neg: Lying (film) Lying is a 2006 American independent experimental film starring Chloë Sevigny and Jena Malone, Leelee Sobieski, as well as Henry Gummer. It was directed by video artist M. Blash. It premiered at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival Directors Fortnight and had a limited US release in 2008, with a DVD release following in May 2009. The film was given a small theatrical re-release in September 2009.

neg: Black Mass (film) Black Mass is a 2015 American biographical crime drama film directed by Scott Cooper and written by Mark Mallouk and Jez Butterworth, based on the 2001 book "Black Mass: The True Story of an Unholy Alliance Between the FBI and the Irish Mob" by Dick Lehr and Gerard O'Neill. The film has an ensemble cast including Johnny Depp, Joel Edgerton, Benedict Cumberbatch, Kevin Bacon, Jesse Plemons, Peter Sarsgaard, Rory Cochrane, Adam Scott, Dakota Johnson and Corey Stoll.

neg: The Mummy (2017 film) The Mummy is a 2017 American action-adventure film directed by Alex Kurtzman and written by David Koepp, Christopher McQuarrie and Dylan Kussman, with a story by Kurtzman, Jon Spaihts and Jenny Lumet. It is a reboot of "The Mummy" franchise and the first installment in the Universal's Dark Universe. The film stars Tom Cruise, Annabelle Wallis, Sofia Boutella, Jake Johnson, Courtney B. Vance and Russell Crowe.

neg: Death Toll Death Toll is a 2008 action film starring DMX, Lou Diamond Phillips, Alec Rayme, Leila Arcieri and Keshia Knight Pulliam, written and produced by Daniel Garcia and directed by Phenomenon. Filming was done in Louisiana in New Orleans and Baton Rouge.

neg: 13 Sins 13 Sins is a 2014 American horror comedy film directed by Daniel Stamm. The film is a remake of the 2006 Thai horror comedy film "13 Beloved". Mark Webber stars as Elliot, a meek salesman who accepts a series of increasingly disturbing and criminal challenges. It premiered at the 2014 SXSW film festival and was released theatrically in the United States on April 18, 2014.

neg: Monster Mash (1995 film) Monster Mash (also known as Monster Mash: The Movie and Frankenstein Sings) is a horror-themed musical film, based on the Bobby "Boris" Pickett song "Monster Mash" and the 1967 stage musical, "I'm Sorry the Bridge is Out, You'll Have to Spend the Night", also by Pickett and Sheldon Allman. The film starred Pickett himself as Dr. Frankenstein, was produced and distributed by Prism Pictures, and originally released to cinemas in November 14, 1995.

neg: Lena Headey filmography Lena Headey is an English actress and producer. Headey studied acting at Shelley College where she performed in a number of school productions at the Royal National Theatre. She made her film debut in the 1992 mystery drama "Waterland". After appearing in a series of supporting parts throughout the 1990s, she went on to find fame for lead performances in big-budget films such as the fantasy film "The Brothers Grimm" (2005) and the action film "300" (2007), portraying Gorgo, Queen of Sparta, a role she yet again played in "" (2014).

neg: Five Fingers (2006 film) Five Fingers is a 2006 American drama-thriller film directed by Laurence Malkin, and written by Chad Thumann and Malkin. The film had ten producers, including actor Laurence Fishburne, who stars in it alongside Ryan Phillippe, Gina Torres, Touriya Haoud, Saïd Taghmaoui and Colm Meaney. "Five Fingers" was filmed in the Netherlands, Morocco, and Louisiana in 2004.

neg: A House, A Home A House, A Home is a 2012 American short film/narrative music video scored by Alialujah Choir and features Portland Cello Project. Based on the song of the same name by Adam Shearer and Adam Selzer, the film adaptation was directed by Daniel Fickle, produced by Mark Smith, and written by Daniel Fickle and Mark Smith. Starring Meredith Adelaide and Calvin Morie McCarthy the film begins at the last lines of the song "A House, A Home": "You die knowing he'll bury you / Next to your love in the ground..." and tells a story of how a love, a death and another death are reconciled in a subterranean world.

neg: Helen (film) Helen is a 2009 American drama film starring Ashley Judd and directed by Sandra Nettelbeck. It follows a professor (Judd) who overcomes severe depression after a massive breakdown, with the help of new friend Matilda (Smith). Filming took place late 2007 in Vancouver.

neg: Bad Words (film) Bad Words is a 2013 American black comedy film directed by Jason Bateman and written by Andrew Dodge. Marking Bateman's directorial debut, the film stars Bateman as a middle-aged eighth grade dropout who enters the National Golden Quill Spelling Bee through a loophole. It also stars Kathryn Hahn, Rohan Chand, Ben Falcone, Philip Baker Hall, and Allison Janney.

neg: The Curse of Sleeping Beauty The Curse of Sleeping Beauty is a 2016 American fantasy horror film directed by Pearry Reginald Teo and written by Teo alongside Josh Nadler. The film stars Ethan Peck, India Eisley and Natalie Hall. Filming took place in Los Angeles, California. The film was released by 2B Films on May 13, 2016.


query: Adriana Ocampo has led six research expeditions to study what geological formation that is more than 180 km in diameter and 20 km in depth

pos: Adriana Ocampo Adriana Ocampo is a Colombian planetary geologist and the Science Program Manager at NASA Headquarters. Her research contributed to the understanding of the Chicxulub impact crater. She has led six research expeditions to the Chicxulub impact site. Ocampo and her colleagues also discovered the Aorounga Crater Chain in Chad in 1996.

pos: Chicxulub crater The Chicxulub crater ( ; ] ) is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Its center is located near the town of Chicxulub, after which the crater is named. It was formed by a large asteroid or comet about 10 to 15 kilometres (6 to 9 miles) in diameter, the Chicxulub impactor, striking the Earth. The date of the impact coincides precisely with the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg boundary), slightly less than 66 million years ago, and a widely accepted theory is that worldwide climate disruption from the event was the cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, a mass extinction in which 75% of plant and animal species on Earth suddenly became extinct, including all non-avian dinosaurs. The crater is more than 180 km in diameter and 20 km in depth, well into the continental crust of the region of about 10–30 km depth. It makes the feature the third of the largest confirmed impact structures on Earth.

neg: Surface features of Venus The surface of Venus is dominated by geologic features that include volcanoes, large impact craters, and aeolian erosion and sedimentation landforms. Venus has a topography reflecting its single, strong crustal plate, with a unimodal elevation distribution (over 90% of the surface lies within an elevation of -1.0 and 2.5 km) that preserves geologic structures for long periods of time. Studies of the Venusian surface are based on imaging, radar, and altimetry data collected from several exploratory space probes, particularly "Magellan", since 1961 (see Venus Exploration). Despite its similarities to Earth in size, mass, density, and possibly composition, Venus has a unique geology that is unlike Earth's. Although much older than Earth's, the surface of Venus is relatively young compared to other terrestrial planets (<500 million years old), possibly due to a global-scale resurfacing event that buried much of the previous rock record. Venus is believed to have approximately the same bulk elemental composition as Earth, due to the physical similarities, but the exact composition is unknown. The surface conditions on Venus are more extreme than on Earth, with temperatures ranging from 453 to 473 °C and pressures of 95 bar. Venus lacks water, which makes crustal rock stronger and helps preserve surface features. The features observed provide evidence for the geological processes at work. Twenty feature types have been categorized thus far. These classes include local features, such as craters, coronae, and undae, as well as regional-scale features, such as planitiae, plana, and tesserae.

neg: Pasochoa Pasochoa (4,200 metres) is an extinct volcano located in the Guayllabamba river basin in the Ecuadorian Andes. The current mountain form is a collapsed crater with a semicircular shape. This structure emerged approximately 100 thousand years ago due to an eruption which destroyed the crater and occidental slope of the previous volcanic cone.

neg: Santos Basin The Santos Basin (Portuguese: "Bacia de Santos" ) is an approximately 352000 km2 large mostly offshore sedimentary basin. It is located in the south Atlantic Ocean, some 300 km southeast of Santos, Brazil. The basin is one of the Brazilian basins to have resulted from the break-up of Gondwana since the Early Cretaceous, where a sequence of rift basins formed on both sides of the South Atlantic; the Pelotas, Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins in Brazil, and the Namibia, Kwanza and Congo Basins in southwestern Africa.

neg: Brasiliano orogeny Brasiliano orogeny or Brasiliano cycle (Portuguese: "Orogênese Brasiliana" and "Ciclo Brasiliano") refers to a series of orogenies of Neoproterozoic age exposed chiefly in Brazil but also in other parts of South America. The Brasiliano orogeny is a regional name for the larger Pan-African/Brasiliano orogeny that extended not only in South America but across most of Gondwana. In a wide sense the Brasiliano orogeny includes also the Pampean orogeny. Almeida "et al". coined the term Brasiliano Orogenic Cycle in 1973. The orogeny led to the closure of several oceans and aulacogens including the Adamastor Ocean, the Goianides Ocean, the Puncoviscana Ocean and the Peri-Franciscano Ocean.

neg: Eramosa The term was first used for a stratigraphic unit by Williams (1915) who named the Eramosa Member (of the Lockport Formation) for the bituminous dolomites exposed below the Guelph Formation along the Eramosa River, northeast of Guelph, Ontario. No detailed description of the type section has ever been published, and the status of the unit has been subject to many different interpretations. Until recently, the Eramosa in Ontario was regarded as the highest Member of the Lockport Formation, with gradational contacts with the Goat Island Member (below) and the Guelph Formation (above). In 1995, the US Geological Survey proposed a revised stratigraphy based on studies in the Niagara region. It extended the Lockport to Group status and included, from base to top, the Gasport, Goat Island, Eramosa, and Guelph as Formations within the Lockport Group. In a “reference section” in the Niagara River Gorge, the Eramosa was divided into six “units” recognized throughout the Niagara region, but a shaley lower unit previously named for the Hamilton area (the Vinemount Member) was transferred to the Goat Island Formation. Brunton (2009) has proposed a revision for Ontario which restores the Vinemount Member to the Eramosa and recognizes two other members.

neg: La Negra Formation La Negra Formation (Spanish: "Formación La Negra" ) is a geologic formation of Jurassic age, composed chiefly of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, located in the Coast Range of northern Chile. The formation originated in marine and continental (terrestrial) conditions, and bears evidence of submarine volcanism as well as large explosive eruptions. The volcanism of La Negra Formation is thought to have lasted for about five million years.

neg: Meteora The Meteora ( ; Greek: Μετέωρα , ] ) is a rock formation in central Greece hosting one of the largest and most precipitously built complexes of Eastern Orthodox monasteries, second in importance only to Mount Athos. The six monasteries are built on immense natural pillars and hill-like rounded boulders that dominate the local area. It is located near the town of Kalambaka at the northwestern edge of the Plain of Thessaly near the Pineios river and Pindus Mountains.

neg: Alcheringa (journal) Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology is the official journal of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. The journal is international in scope and publishes articles on all aspects of palaeontology and its ramifications into the earth and biological sciences, including: taxonomy, biostratigraphy, micropalaeontology, vertebrate palaeontology, palaeobotany, palynology, palaeobiology, palaeoanatomy, palaeoecology, biostratinomy, biogeography, chronobiology, biogeochemistry and palichnology. The journal was established in 1975 and is currently published as four issues per year. Alcheringa is derived from the Arrernte language of the Arrernte aboriginal people of the Alice Springs area of central Australia. Alcheringa (also spelt "altjeringa") is the popularized English version of an Arunta expression that means 'in the beginning' or 'from all eternity'. "Alcheringa" is also the name given to a 2.7-2.8 billion year old stromatolite from the Pilbara region of Western Australia, and symbolizes the antiquity of life and its record in sedimentary rocks. An image of the stromatolite is illustrated on the cover of the journal.

neg: Wallaby Plateau The Wallaby Plateau, which is also known as the Cuvier Plateau, is a large bathymetric high that is located about 450 km west of Carnarvon, Western Australia. The Wallaby Plateau covers approximately 100,000 km2 and lies in water depths of 2,200 m to greater than 5,000 m . In the west, the Wallaby Plateau is separated from the Zenith Plateau by a 100-150 km wide, north to northeast-trending bathymetric trough. "Wallaby Plateau" is the name used by the Australian geologists and government for this undersea plateau. This name was first used in a "Hartog" AGSO bathymetric map and formally recognized in a peer-reviewed paper by Symonds and Cameron in 1977. In contrast, the internationally recognized name for it is "Cuvier Plateau". "Cuvier" is a historical name that is presumably derived from the adjacent Cape Cuvier. Cape Cuvier was named for Georges Cuvier, zoologist and statesman, by a French expedition led by Baudin in 1800 – 1803. The Wallaby Plateau lies inside the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone.

neg: Olstad Glacier Olstad Glacier ( ) is a heavily crevassed glacier descending to the west coast of Peter I Island about 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) south of Tofte Glacier. Peter I Island was circumnavigated by the Norwegian whale catcher "Odd I" in January 1927 and was explored from the "Norvegia" in February 1929. The glacier is named for Ola Olstad, Norwegian zoologist who, transported by various whaling ships, conducted research in South Georgia, South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago in 1927-28.

neg: Veldhoven Formation The Veldhoven Formation (Dutch: "Formatie van Veldhoven" ; abbreviation: VE) is a geologic formation in the subsurface of the Netherlands. The formation consists of an alternation of marine clay and sand from the Oligocene epoch.

neg: Large low-shear-velocity provinces Large low-shear-velocity provinces, LLSVPs, also called superplumes, are characteristic structures of parts of the lowermost mantle (the region surrounding the outer core) of the Earth. These provinces are characterized by slow shear wave velocities and were discovered by seismic tomography of the deep Earth. There are two main provinces: the African LLSVP and the Pacific LLSVP. Both extend laterally for thousands of kilometers and possibly up to 1000 km vertically from the core-mantle boundary. The Pacific LLSVP has specific dimensions of 3000 km across and 300 m higher than the surrounding ocean-floor, and is situated over four hotspots that suggest multiple mantle plumes underneath. These zones represent around 3% of the volume of the Earth. Other names for LLSVPs include "superwells", "thermo-chemical piles", or "hidden reservoirs". Some of these names, however, are more interpretive of their geodynamical or geochemical effects, while many questions remain about their nature.

neg: Geodynamics of Venus NASA's Magellan spacecraft mission discovered that Venus has a geologically young surface with a relatively uniform age of 500±200 Ma (million years). The age of Venus was revealed by the observation of over 900 impact craters on the surface of the planet. These impact craters are nearly uniformly distributed over the surface of Venus and less than 10% have been modified by plains of volcanism or deformation. These observations indicate that a catastrophic resurfacing event took place on Venus around 500 Ma, and was followed by a dramatic decline in resurfacing rate. The radar images from the Magellan missions revealed that the terrestrial style of plate tectonics is not active on Venus and the surface appears to be immobile at the present time. Despite these surface observations, there are numerous surface features that indicate an actively convecting interior. The Soviet Venera landings revealed that the surface of Venus is essentially basaltic in composition based on geochemical measurements and morphology of volcanic flows. The surface of Venus is dominated by patterns of basaltic volcanism, and by compressional and extensional tectonic deformation, such as the highly deformed tesserae terrain and the pancake like volcano-tectonic features known as coronae. The planet's surface can be broadly characterized by its low lying plains, which cover about 80% of the surface, 'continental' plateaus and volcanic swells. There is also an abundance of small and large shield volcanoes distributed over the planet's surface. Based on its surface features, it appears that Venus is tectonically and convectively alive but has a lithosphere that is static.

neg: Miño Volcano Miño Volcano is a symmetrical cone-shaped stratovolcano located in El Loa Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile. It lies a few kilometres northwest of Aucanquilcha volcano and at its foot originates Loa River. The major settlement in its vicinity is Ollagüe. The volcano has erupted mafic andesite. Potassium-argon dating has yielded ages of 3.59±0.11 and 3.27±0.40 million years ago for Miño. This volcano is usually considered part of Aucanquilcha, and lava flows appear to originate from the summit.

neg: Guadalupe Group The Guadalupe Group (Spanish: "Grupo Guadalupe" , KG, Ksg) is a geological group of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The group, a sequence of shales and sandstones, is subdivided into three formations; Arenisca Dura, Plaeners and Arenisca Labor-Tierna, and dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Campanian-Maastrichtian epochs and at its type section has a thickness of 750 m .

neg: Gustava Aigner Dr. Gustava Kahler, née Aigner, (29 April 190622 March 1987) was an Austrian geologist and palaeontologist. She was noted in particular for her work with Franz Heritsch and with her husband, Franz Kahler. In recognition of her discovery of graptolites in the northern greywacke zone, her former fellow student, Ida Peltzmann, named two species for her.

neg: Guaratiba Group The Guaratiba Group (Portuguese: "Grupo Guaratiba" ) is a geological group of the Santos Basin offshore of the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina. The group forms the pre-salt layer in the petroleum-rich basin and hosts the biggest oil fields of Brazil, as Lula, Júpiter and many more. The group contains, depending on the definition, three to four formations and dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Hauterivian to Early Aptian epochs. The total thickness of the group, representing the first phase of sedimentation after the break-up of Gondwana in the Santos Basin, is estimated at 4200 m .

neg: Large igneous province In geology, a large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of igneous rocks, including plutonic rocks (intrusive) or volcanic rock formations (extrusive), arising when hot magma extrudes from inside the Earth and flows out. The source of many or all LIPs is variously attributed to mantle plumes or to processes associated with plate tectonics. Types of LIPs can include "large volcanic provinces" (LVP), created through flood basalt, and "large plutonic provinces" (LPP). Rampino and Stothers (1988) cite eleven distinct flood-basalt episodes - occurring in the past 250 million years - which created volcanic provinces and plateaus and coincided with mass extinctions. However, more flood basalts have been recognized, such as the large Ontong Java Plateau, and the medium-sized Chilcotin Group, though the latter may be linked to the Columbia River Basalt Group. Formation depends on a range of factors, such as continental configuration, latitude, volume, rate, duration of eruption, style and setting (continental vs. oceanic), the pre-existing climate state, and the biota resilience to change.

neg: Cheuquemó Formation Cheuquemó Formation (Spanish: "Formación Cheuquemó" ) is a geological formation of sedimentary rock in south-central Chile. The sediments of the formation were deposited during the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene epochs. The formations lower sections are made up of conglomerate, then successions of sandstone, tuff and mudstone rich in organic material follows. The formation indicates that sedimentation occurred in a estuarine (paralic) and other non-marine (continental) environments. It contains fossils of the following genera: "Mytilus", "Cardium" and "Turritella". Stratigraphically it overlies the Bahía Mansa Metamorphic Complex and underlies the Miocene Santo Domingo Formation.

neg: Coquimbo Formation Coquimbo Formation (Spanish: "Formación Coquimbo" ) is a Miocene and Pliocene sedimentary formation located in Coquimbo Region in Norte Chico, Chile. In the area of Tongoy the Coquimbo Formation was deposited in an ancient bay that was formed in a graben or half-graben, with a normal fault dipping east. Sea level changes during the Holocene have caused erosion to cut several marine terraces into the formation.


query: Are Calceolaria and Arrhenatherum both flowers?

pos: Calceolaria Calceolaria ( ), also called lady's purse, slipper flower and pocketbook flower, or slipperwort, is a genus of plants in the Calceolariaceae family, sometimes classified in Scrophulariaceae by some authors. This genus consists of about 388 species of shrubs, lianas and herbs, and the geographical range extends from Patagonia to central Mexico, with its distribution centre in Andean region. "Calceolaria" species have usually yellow or orange flowers, which can have red or purple spots. The "Calceolaria" Herbeohybrida group, also called "C. herbeohybrida" Voss, is a group of ornamental hybrids known only in cultivation, called florists slipperwort.

pos: Arrhenatherum Arrhenatherum, commonly called oatgrass or button-grass, is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in grass family.

neg: Caltha appendiculata Caltha appendiculata is a low (2½-7 cm high) dioecious, perennial herb, often growing in dense clusters over considerable areas, with thick rhizomes. The strong stems are sparingly branched, somewhat elongated, and covered by the remains of old sheaths. Its thick and fleshy leaves consist of a short leafstalk and a blade of between six and ten mm long, which is ovate, elliptical or oblong in outline, has an entire margin or is split into three lobes, and usually is retuse at the tip. Near the midrib on the upward leaf face are two or three narrow leaflike outgrowths. This makes the leafblade in its entirety reminiscent of an opened book. These appendages are in fact homologous with the ears at the base of the leafblade of Northern Hemisphere "Caltha" species.

neg: Oenothera caespitosa Oenothera caespitosa, known commonly as tufted evening primrose, desert evening primrose, rock-rose evening primrose, or fragrant evening primrose, is a perennial plant of the genus "Oenothera" native to much of western and central North America. It produces a rosette of lobed or toothed leaves each up to 36 centimeters long around a woody caudex.

neg: Calathea warscewiczii Calathea warscewiczii is a species of evergreen, perennial, herbaceous plant in the Marantaceae family, endemic to Costa Rica and Nicaragua. It grows up to 0.5 to 1 meters (20-40 inches) high, by 0.5 to 1 meters (20-40 inches) wide, with patterned lanceoate leaves, and white cone-like inflorescences that fade to yellow or pink.

neg: Calochlaena Calochlaena is a genus of ferns within the Dicksoniaceae family. Although these ground ferns resemble bracken, they are only distantly related. Five species are known from Melanesia, Polynesia and eastern Australia. "Calochlaena dubia", is a common fern of the east coast of Australia. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek "kalos" "beautiful" and "chlaina" "cloak", and refers to the soft hairs on the species.

neg: Caladenia alpina Caladenia alpina, commonly known as mountain or alpine caladenia, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is native to subalpine areas of south-eastern Australia and to New Zealand. It has a single fleshy leaf and a thin wiry flowering spike bearing two white flowers with red bars on the labellum. In New Zealand this orchid is sometimes known as "Caladenia lyallii".

neg: Antirhea Antirhea is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family.

neg: Calophyllum soulattri Calophyllum soulattri is a species of flowering plant in the Calophyllaceae family.

neg: Calceolaria dilatata Calceolaria dilatata is a species of plant in the Calceolariaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador.

neg: Pholisma arenarium Pholisma arenarium is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known by several common names, including desert Christmas tree, scaly-stemmed sand plant, and purple sand food. It is native to northwestern Mexico, Arizona and southern California, where it grows in many habitat types, including desert, chaparral, and sandy coastal dunes. It is a fleshy perennial herb taking a compact cylindrical or ovate shape up to 20 or 30 centimeters tall above ground, often with part of the stem below the sandy surface. It is a parasitic plant growing on the roots or of various shrubs such as burrobush, Yerba Santa, California croton, rabbitbrush, and ragweeds. As a heterotroph which derives its nutrients from other plants, it lacks chlorophyll and is brownish-gray or whitish in color. There are hairy, glandular, pointed leaves along the surface of the plant. Flowers emerge between them, each roughly one centimeter wide, the rounded corolla lavender to deep or bright purple with a white margin.

neg: Calceolaria bentae Calceolaria bentae is a species of plant in the Calceolariaceae family.

neg: Arnoglossum ovatum Arnoglossum ovatum (ovateleaf cacalia) is a Florida species of plants in the sunflower family. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States from southern North Carolina to eastern Texas.

neg: Coelogyne calcicola Coelogyne calcicola is a species of orchid.

neg: Ptychopetalum Ptychopetalum is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the family Olacaceae (not to be confused with the Oleaceae or olive family), native to the Amazon rainforest. The indigenous name for the genus is Muira Puama, "potency wood". The species are shrubs or small trees growing to about 14 feet in height. Its leaves are short-petioled, up to 3 inches in length and 2 inches in breadth light green on upper surface, dark brown on lower surface. The inflorescences consist of short axillary racemes of 4 to 6 flowers each. The root is strongly tough and fibrous, internally light brown with thin bark and broad wood, has a faint odor, and tastes slightly saline and acrid.

neg: Calceolaria lanata Calceolaria lanata is a species of plant in the Calceolariaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador.

neg: Arnicastrum guerrerense Arnicastrum guerrerense (sometimes called "A. guerrense"), of the family Asteraceae, is a perennial herb with yellow flowers. It is found in Mexico. It was discovered in 1983 in the mountains of Sierra Madre del Sur in the Mexican state of Guerrero and described in the scientific magazine "Systematic Botany" 3 years later. It was found at 3200m above sea level in a coniferous forest with predominant "Pinus hartwegii" and "Abies". Although it is just known from Mexico, the Mexican red list of endangered plants describes it as non-endemic.

neg: Caladenia sericea Caladenia sericea, commonly known as the silky blue orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a common orchid in the high rainfall areas of the state and has a single, broad, silky leaf and up to four blue-mauve flowers.

neg: Calophyllum trapezifolium Calophyllum trapezifolium is a species of flowering plant in the Calophyllaceae family.

neg: Caltha obtusa Caltha obtusa, commonly known as white caltha, is a small (usually 2–6 cm), perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Ranunculaceae, that grows in open vegetations in mountainous areas, and is endemic to New Zealand’s South Island.

neg: Ania (plant) Ania is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family Orchidaceae.

neg: Ctenanthe Ctenanthe is a genus of flowering plants of the family Marantaceae described as a genus in 1884. They are evergreen perennials, native to Central and South America (primarily Brazil). They are grown for their attractive, often variegated foliage. They are frost tender, requiring a minimum temperature of 13 C .


query: Do Franz Viehböck and Pedro Duque share the same nationality?

pos: Franz Viehböck Franz Artur Viehböck (born August 24, 1960 in Vienna) is an Austrian electrical engineer, and was Austria's first cosmonaut. He was titulated "„Austronaut“" by his country's media. He visited the Mir space station in 1991 aboard Soyuz TM-13, returning aboard Soyuz TM-12 after spending just over a week in space.

pos: Pedro Duque Pedro Duque Duque (born 14 March 1963) is a Spanish astronaut and a veteran of two space missions.

neg: Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard (] ; born 3 October 1938), better known simply as PPK, is a Peruvian economist, politician and public administrator who is the 66th and current President of Peru. He previously served as Prime Minister of Peru from 2005 to 2006.

neg: Franz Erhard Walther Franz Erhard Walther (b. July 22, 1939 in Fulda, Germany) is a German multi-disciplinary conceptual and process artist. He participated in Documentas 5, 6, 7, and 8. In 1994 he won the Piepenbrock Prize for Sculpture.

neg: Pedro Scuro Pedro Scuro (Neto) is an independent sociologist and jurist. He earned a Ph.D. (University of Leeds, 1989) under the supervision of Zygmunt Bauman and philosopher of science Jerome Ravetz.

neg: Heinz Vieluf Heinz Siegfried Vieluf Cabrera (born 30 March 1959) is a businessman, philanthropist, and politician from the Dominican Republic. He is Senator for the province of Monte Cristi, elected in 2006, and re-elected in 2010 and 2016.

neg: Franz Bosbach Franz Bosbach (born 11 January 1952) is a German historian and .

neg: Claudio Pizarro Claudio Miguel Pizarro Bosio (] ; born 3 October 1978) is a Peruvian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Bundesliga club 1. FC Köln and the Peru national team. He is well renowned for his goal scoring ability, especially when heading the ball.

neg: Franz Völker Franz Völker (March 31, 1899, Neu-Isenburg, Grand Duchy of Hesse - December 4, 1965, Darmstadt, Hesse) was a dramatic tenor who enjoyed a major European career. He excelled specifically as a performer of the operas of Richard Wagner.

neg: Pavel Vieira Pavel Vieira (born 15 February 1992) is a Bissau-Guinean footballer. He is a Guinea-Bissau full international with one cap in a World Cup Qualifying game.

neg: Duarte Lobo Duarte Lobo (ca. 1565 – 24 September 1646; Latinized as "Eduardus Lupus") was a Portuguese composer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque. He was one of the most famous Portuguese composers of the time, together with Filipe de Magalhães, Manuel Cardoso, composers who all began their academic studies as students of Manuel Mendes. Along with John IV, King of Portugal, they represent the "golden age" of Portuguese polyphony.

neg: Eduard Franck Eduard Franck (5 October 1817 – 1 December 1893) was a German composer, pianist and music pedagogue.

neg: Ferdinand Hanusch Ferdinand Hanusch, also spelled in French Ferdinand Hannouche, (November 9, 1866, in Obersdorf bei Wigstadtl, Austrian Silesia (now Horní Ves nearby Vítkov, Czech Republic) – September 28, 1923, in Vienna, Austria) was an Austrian socialist politician.

neg: Anton Zischka Anton Emmerich Zischka (von Trochnov) (September 14, 1904 in Vienna – May 31, 1997 Pollença (Majorca, Spain)) was an Austrian journalist and one of the most successful non-fiction writers in the 20th century. He wrote also under the pseudonyms "Rupert Donkan", "Thomas Daring", "Darius Plecha" and "Antal Sorba". His some 40 books that mostly covered non-fictional economic and technical topics have been translated into 18 languages.

neg: Princess Francisca of Brazil Dona Francisca (2 August 1824 – 27 March 1898) was a princess of the Empire of Brazil. She was a daughter of Emperor Dom Pedro I, who also reigned as King Dom Pedro IV of Portugal, and his first wife, Dona Maria Leopoldina. She married a son of Louis Philippe I and had three children. Through her only surviving daughter, she is an ancestor of Prince Henri, Count of Paris, the present Orléanist pretender to the French throne.

neg: Carlos Duque Carlos Alberto Duque Jaén (March 12, 1930 – October 31, 2014) was a Panamanian businessman and politician who was President-for-Life of Panama's Partido Revolucionario Democrático (PRD). He was a presidential candidate for the PRD in the 1989 presidential election.

neg: Jurij Vega Baron Jurij Bartolomej Vega (also Veha; Latin: "Georgius Bartholomaei Vecha" ; German: "Georg Freiherr von Vega" ; born "Vehovec", March 23, 1754 – September 26, 1802) was a Slovene mathematician, physicist and artillery officer.

neg: Pedro Simón "Fray" Pedro Simón (San Lorenzo de la Parrilla, Spain, 1574 - Ubaté, Colombia, ca. 1628) was a Spanish franciscan friar, professor and chronicler of the indigenous peoples of Colombia and Venezuela, at the time forming the New Kingdom of Granada. Pedro Simón is one of the most important Muisca scholars forming the basis for later scholars such as Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita, Alexander von Humboldt, Javier Ocampo López and many others.

neg: Christoph Franz Christoph Franz (born 2 May 1960 in Frankfurt) was Chief Executive Officer of Lufthansa until 1 May 2014 (replaced by Carsten Spohr).

neg: Vieira Portuense Francisco Vieira (Porto, 13 May 1765 – Funchal, 2 May 1805), who choose the artistic name of Vieira Portuense, was a Portuguese painter, one of the introducers of Neoclassicism in Portuguese painting. He was, in the neoclassical style, one of the two great Portuguese painters of his generation, with Domingos Sequeira.

neg: Jaime Duque Jaime Duque (born 2 June 1931) is a Colombian fencer. He competed in three events at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

neg: Fernán Caballero Fernán Caballero (24 December 1796, Morges, Vaud – 7 April 1877) was the pseudonym adopted from the name of a village in the province of Ciudad Real by the Spanish novelist Cecilia Francisca Josefa Böhl de Faber.


query: Are Kaohsiung and Yinchuan both cities in Asia?

pos: Kaohsiung Kaohsiung City (; old names: Takao, Takow, Takau) is a special municipality in Taiwan located in southern-western Taiwan and facing the Taiwan Strait. It is largest municipality by area at 2951.85 km2 , stretching from Mt. Jade to Taiping Island. Since its start in the 17th century, Kaohsiung has grown from a small trading village, into the political, economic, transportation, manufacturing, refining, shipbuilding, and industrial center of southern Taiwan.

pos: Yinchuan Yinchuan is the capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, and historically it was the former capital of the Western Xia Empire of the Tanguts. It has an area of 4467 sqkm and a total population of 1.99 million. Its built up area is home to 1,290,170 inhabitants spread on three urban districts. The name of the city literally means "silver river".

neg: Kaohsiung Metropolitan Park The Kaohsiung Metropolitan Park () is a park in Nanzih District and Ciaotou District of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The park is under the management of Construction and Planning Agency of the Ministry of the Interior.

neg: Kao Koong-lian Kao Koong-lian () is a politician in the Republic of China. He was the Vice Chairman and Secretary-General of the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) from 2008 to 2014.

neg: Xinzuoying Station Xinzuoying Station (TRA, ) or Zuoying Station (THSR and KMRT), is a major railway station served by Taiwan Railway Administration, Taiwan High Speed Rail, and Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit located in Zuoying District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Passengers can transfer between TRA Western Line, KMRT Red Line, and THSR at this station, and it is the only rail station in southern Taiwan where three rail systems converge. The station handles over 64,000 passengers daily on conventional rail, metro, and high-speed rail.

neg: Confucius Temple of Kaohsiung The Confucius Temple of Kaohsiung () is a temple dedicated to the memory of Confucius near Lotus Lake, Zuoying District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

neg: Shizuishan Shizuishan () is a prefecture-level city and is the northernmost and, by population, the second-largest (after the regional capital of Yinchuan) city in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and is bordered on all sides except the south by Inner Mongolia. It also sits on the western (left) bank of the Yellow River.

neg: Taiwan Sugar Museum (Kaohsiung) The Taiwan Sugar Museum () is a museum about sugar in Qiaotou District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

neg: Kaohsiung International Airport Station The Kaohsiung MRT Kaohsiung International Airport Station is a station on the Red Line in Siaogang District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The station refers to the nearby Kaohsiung International Airport.

neg: Kaohsiung Station Kaohsiung Station () is a railway station located in Sanmin District of Kaohsiung, Taiwan which serves the Taiwan Railway Administration Western Line, Pingtung Line and the Kaohsiung MRT Red Line.

neg: Yinxu Yinxu ( ] ; ) is the site of one of the ancient and major historical capitals of China. It is the source of the archeological discovery of oracle bones and oracle bone script, which resulted in the recognition of the earliest known Chinese writing. The archeological remnants (or ruins) known as Yinxu represent the ancient city of Yin, the last capital of China's Shang dynasty which existed through eight generations for 255 years, and through the reign of 12 kings. Yinxu was discovered, or rediscovered, in 1899; it is one of China's oldest and largest archeological sites, and is an UNESCO World Heritage Site. Yinxu is located in northernmost Henan province near the modern city of Anyang, and near the Hebei and Shanxi province borders. Public access to the site is permitted.

neg: China Steel Corporation Headquarters The China Steel Corporation Headquarters () is a skyscraper in Qianzhen District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

neg: Lichuan, Hubei Lichuan () is a county-level city of the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, in southwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, located 52 km west of Enshi City, the prefecture seat, as the crow flies. It has approximately 73,000 inhabitants.

neg: Mituo District Mituo District () is a rural district of Kaohsiung City in southern Taiwan.

neg: Yichuan County, Henan Yichuan County is a county of Henan, China. It is under the administration of prefecture-level city of Luoyang.

neg: Yinchuan Poetry Prize Yinchuan International Prize for Poetry is poetry award established in Yinchuan, China, to recognize international and Chinese language poets of exceptional talent.

neg: Lotus Pond, Kaohsiung Lianchihtan () is a man-made lake and popular tourist destination on the east side of Zuoying District in Kaohsiung City in southern Taiwan. Opened in 1951, it is famous for the lotus plants on the lake and the numerous temples around the lake, including the Spring and Autumn Pavilions (春秋閣), the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas (龍虎塔), and the Confucian Temple (孔廟).

neg: Daliao Station The Kaohsiung MRT Daliao Station is a terminus on the Orange Line in Daliao District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.

neg: Xinxing District, Kaohsiung Sinsing District () is a downtown district of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.

neg: YinYueTai YinYueTai (), is one of the major music video sharing sites in China.

neg: Qingdao–Yinchuan Passageway The Qingdao-Yinchuan Passageway is a proposed high-speed rail line running from Qingdao in the coastal province of Shandong to Yinchuan in Ningxia. The line will pass through the cities of Jinan, Shijiazhuang, and Taiyuan. Announced in 2016 as part of the national "Eight Vertical and Eight Horizontal" high-speed railway network, the line comprises the existing Qingdao–Taiyuan High-Speed Railway and the Taiyuan–Zhongwei–Yinchuan Railway.

neg: G3016 Qingshuihe–Yining Expressway The Qingshuihe–Yining Expressway (, Uyghur: چىڭسىخوزا-غۇلجا يۇقىرى سۈرئەتلىك تاشيولى  ), commonly referred to as the "Qingyi Expressway" (), is a 56.36 km in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang, China. It connects the towns of Qingshuihe, in Huocheng County, and Bayandai, in Yining City (also known as Ghulja). It opened on 20 April 2009.


query: Which 2017 American television film stars an actress who also appeared in "Private Parts", "Annie" and "Blind Date"?

pos: Dirty Dancing (2017 film) Dirty Dancing is a 2017 American television film directed by Wayne Blair and written by Jessica Sharzer. It is a remake of the 1987 film of the same name. The film stars Abigail Breslin, Colt Prattes, Nicole Scherzinger, Bruce Greenwood, Debra Messing, Sarah Hyland, Tony Roberts, Billy Dee Williams, and J. Quinton Johnson. It aired on May 24, 2017, on ABC. In its original broadcast, the film was seen by 6.61 million viewers with a 1.4 Nielsen rating in the 18-49 age demographic and a 5 share.

pos: Sarah Hyland Sarah Jane Hyland (born November 24, 1990) is an American actress. Born in New York City, Hyland attended the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan, followed by small roles in the films "Private Parts" (1997), "Annie" (1999), and "Blind Date" (2007). She gained her first major role as Haley Dunphy on the ABC sitcom "Modern Family", for which she has received critical acclaim and numerous accolades and nominations, sharing four Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series with her cast members and garnering a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.

neg: Adam Driver Adam Douglas Driver (born November 19, 1983) is an American actor. He rose to prominence in the supporting role of Adam Sackler in the HBO comedy-drama series "Girls" (2012–2017), for which he received three consecutive nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. He made his Broadway debut in "Mrs. Warren's Profession" (2010). In 2011, he returned to Broadway in "Man and Boy" and made his feature film debut in "J. Edgar".

neg: Paget Brewster Paget Valerie Brewster ( ; born March 10, 1969) is an American actress and singer. She was first recognized for her recurring role as Kathy on the fourth season of the NBC sitcom "Friends". Her breakthrough role came as Special Agent Emily Prentiss on the CBS crime drama "Criminal Minds", on which she appeared regularly from 2006 to 2012 and has since returned to for guest appearances before returning regularly in 2016. Her other roles include Elise and Mr. Mumbles on The Hub's "Dan Vs.", Frankie Dart on Yahoo's "Community", Sadie Doyle on the "Thrilling Adventure Hour" segment "Beyond Belief" and Sara Kingsley on the Fox sitcom "Grandfathered". She has also made numerous guest appearances on "Two and a Half Men", "" and "Modern Family". She currently stars as Dodo Bellacourt on the Comedy Central series "Another Period".

neg: American Woman (TV series) American Woman is an upcoming American sitcom, based on the life of "Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" star Kyle Richards. The series, announced on July 25, 2016, will star Alicia Silverstone. It was greenlit by TV Land in November 2016 for 12 episodes, but a premiere date had not been set. In September 2017, it was revealed that the series had been shifted to Paramount Network.

neg: Caren Lissner Caren Lissner is an American novelist, essayist, and newspaper editor. Her published novels include "Carrie Pilby" (2003) and "Starting from Square Two" (2004). She has also published essays, articles, and satire in "The New York Times," "The Philadelphia Inquirer," "The Atlantic," and McSweeney's Internet Tendency. She is editor-in-chief of the "Hudson Reporter" group of newspapers based in Hoboken, New Jersey. Her novel "Carrie Pilby" was re-released July 1, 2010 by Harlequin Teen and was made into an independent film starring Bel Powley and Nathan Lane The film debuted in theaters in March, 2017 and was scheduled to debut on Netflix in September, 2017.

neg: Marisa Ryan Marisa Ryan (born November 20, 1974) is an American actress, best known for her role as Elizabeth Cooper-MacGillis in the NBC sitcom "Major Dad" (1989—1993), and as Abby Bernstein in the 2001 comedy film "Wet Hot American Summer", its Netflix prequel series, "" (2015) and its Netflix sequel series "" (2017).

neg: Anne Archer Anne Archer (born August 24, 1947) is an American actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1987 film "Fatal Attraction". Her other film appearances include "Paradise Alley" (1978), "Patriot Games" (1992), "Short Cuts" (1993), "Clear and Present Danger" (1994) and "Lullaby" (2014). On stage, she starred as Mrs. Robinson in the West End production of "The Graduate" in 2001, and in the title role of "The Trial of Jane Fonda" at the 2014 Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

neg: Lady Bird (film) Lady Bird is a 2017 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Greta Gerwig. It stars Saoirse Ronan, Laurie Metcalf, Tracy Letts, Lucas Hedges, Timothée Chalamet, Beanie Feldstein, Stephen McKinley Henderson and Lois Smith.

neg: Widows (2018 film) Widows is an upcoming heist thriller film directed by Steve McQueen from a screenplay by McQueen and Gillian Flynn, based upon the 1983 ITV series "Widows". 20th Century Fox will release the film on November 16, 2018.

neg: Sarah G. Buxton Sarah Galbraith Buxton (born March 23, 1965) is an American actress. She has appeared in films such as "Lovelines" (1984), "The Sure Thing" (1985) and "Less Than Zero" (1987), and well as guest starred in a number of television shows in early career. On television, Buxton is best known for playing villainous Annie Douglas Richards in the NBC soap opera, "Sunset Beach" from 1997 to 1999. She later played another soap villain, Morgan DeWitt, on "The Bold and the Beautiful" (2000–01, 2005).

neg: Maria Pitillo Maria Pitillo (born January 8, 1965) is a former American actress who has starred in film and on TV, most notably as Audrey Timmonds in "Godzilla" (1998), a role which garnered her a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress. She also had a recurring role on the TV series "Providence".

neg: Charity Shea Charity Shea (born December 4, 1983) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as troubled teenager Samantha Best in "The Best Years". She has starred in films including "Alpha Dog" with Justin Timberlake and Bruce Willis. She appears as "April" on the VH1 series "Single Ladies" a drama series, starring alongside Denise Vasi & LisaRaye McCoy.

neg: Taraji P. Henson Taraji Penda Henson ( ; born September 11, 1970) is an American actress, singer and author. She studied acting at Howard University and began her Hollywood career in guest-roles on several television shows before making her breakthrough in "Baby Boy" (2001). She received praise for playing a prostitute in "Hustle & Flow" (2005) and a single mother in David Fincher's "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" (2008); for the latter, she received Academy Award, SAG Award and Critics Choice Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress; for the former, she received a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture nomination. In 2010, she appeared in the comedy "Date Night" and co-starred in the remake of "The Karate Kid".

neg: Pollyanna McIntosh Pollyanna McIntosh (born 15 March 1979) is a Scottish actress, writer and director known for her roles in the films "Exam" (2009), "The Woman" (2011), "Filth" (2013), "Let Us Prey" (2014) and the first season of Joe R. Lansdale's "Hap and Leonard" (2016) and a recurring role in the seventh and eighth seasons of "The Walking Dead" (2017).

neg: April Haney April Lerman (born February 6, 1969) is an American former child actress who played the role of Kate, an orphan in the 1982 film of the musical "Annie". She also was a regular cast member on the first season of "Charles in Charge" (1984), where she played the character of Lila Pembroke.

neg: Ashley Benson Ashley Victoria Benson (born December 18, 1989) is an American actress, known for portraying the role of Hanna Marin in the teen mystery-drama television series "Pretty Little Liars" (2010-2017). She has also portrayed Abigail Deveraux on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives", Mia Torcoletti on the supernatural television series "Eastwick", and Brit in the 2013 crime thriller film "Spring Breakers".

neg: Michelle Williams on screen and stage Michelle Williams is an American actress who has appeared in film, television and stage. Her first screen appearance was at the age of 13 in a 1993 episode of the television series "Baywatch", and she made her film debut as the love interest of the teenage lead in "Lassie" (1994). She subsequently had guest roles in the television sitcoms "Step by Step" and "Home Improvement" and played the younger version of Natasha Henstridge's character in the science fiction film "Species" (1995). Greater success came to Williams when she began starring as the sexually troubled teenager Jen Lindley in the teen drama "Dawson's Creek" (1998–2003). In 1999, she made her stage debut with the Tracy Letts-written play "Killer Joe", in which she played the naive young daughter of a dysfunctional family.

neg: Jillian Bell Jillian Leigh Bell (born April 25, 1984) is an American comedian, actress, and screenwriter. She is best known for her recurring roles as Jillian Belk on "Workaholics" and Dixie on the final season of "Eastbound & Down", as well as appearing in "22 Jump Street" and "Fist Fight" (2017).

neg: Blind (2016 film) Blind is a 2016 American drama film directed by Michael Mailer and written by John Buffalo Mailer. The film stars Alec Baldwin, Demi Moore, Viva Bianca, Dylan McDermott and James McCaffrey. The film was released on July 14, 2017, by Vertical Entertainment.

neg: Ellen Pompeo Ellen Kathleen Pompeo ( , born November 10, 1969) is an American actress and producer. Born in Everett, Massachusetts, Pompeo moved to New York City at 26 where she was discovered by a casting director who signed her for an advertisement campaign for L'Oreal. She made her screen debut with NBC's legal drama "Law & Order", and then guest-starred in other television shows, including the comedy "Strangers with Candy", the medical drama "Strong Medicine" and the sitcom "Friends".

neg: Kinna McInroe Kinna McInroe (born April 30, 1973) is an American actress, known for her role as Nina in the film "Office Space". She appeared in several television series including "", "Strong Medicine", "Criminal Minds" and "The Bernie Mac Show".