query: In what year was the concentration camp that Mary Kessell visited in Germany established?

pos: Mary Kessell Mary M Kessell (13 November 1914 – 1977) was a British figurative painter, illustrator, designer and war artist. Born in London, she studied at the Clapham School of Art, then later at the Central School of Arts and Crafts. At the end of the Second World War, she was commissioned to work in Germany as an official British war artist; one of only three women selected. She spent six weeks in Germany, travelling to the recently liberated Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as well as other major cities including Berlin. She produced charcoal drawings of refugees, primarily of women and children which she subsequently sold to the War Artists Advisory Committee. After the war Kessell collaborated with the Needlework Development Scheme, NDS, to produce experimental designs for machine and hand embroidery as well as working for Shell as a designer. She later returned to the Central School to teach at the School of Silversmithing and Jewellery alongside the painter Richard Hamilton.

pos: Bergen-Belsen concentration camp Bergen-Belsen ] , or Belsen, was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an "exchange camp", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps.

neg: El Agheila concentration camp The El Agheila concentration camp was an Italian concentration camp established in El Agheila in the Italian colony of Libya during the Pacification of Libya that occurred from 1928 to 1932. The camp is recorded as having a population of 10,900 people.

neg: Dessauer Ufer Dessauer Ufer was a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp in Nazi Germany, located inside the Port of Hamburg on the "Kleiner Grasbrook" in Veddel. It was in operation from July 1944 to April 1945. Inmates were mostly used for forced labour at rubble clearing and building in the Hamburg port area.

neg: Otto Förschner Otto Förschner (November 4, 1902 – May 28, 1946) was a German SS commander and a Nazi concentration camp official. He served as commandant of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp and the Kaufering concentration camp in the Dachau camp system. He was indicted for his crimes, found guilty and hanged in May 1946.

neg: Oflag V-B Oflag V-B was a World War II German prisoner-of-war camp for officers ("Offizierlager"), in operation from 1940 until 1942. It was located in Biberach in south-eastern Baden-Württemberg.

neg: Eleonore Poelsleitner Eleonore Polsleitner was a female guard at the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria.

neg: Gertrud Luckner Gertrud Luckner (26 September 1900, Liverpool, England, UK – 31 August 1995, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany) was a Christian social worker involved in the German resistance to Nazism. A member of the banned German Catholic Peace Movement, she organised food packages for Jews deported to Poland, and travelled Germany giving assistance to Jewish families. On one such journey, she was arrested, and spent the remainder of the war in Ravensbrück concentration camp. She was named as righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 1966.

neg: Stara Gradiška concentration camp Stara Gradiška was one of the most notorious concentration and extermination camps in Croatia during World War II, mainly due to the crimes committed there against women and children. The camp was specially constructed for women and children of Serb, Jew, and Romani ethnicity. It was established by the Ustaše (Ustasha) regime of the Independent State of Croatia ("NDH") in 1941 at the Stara Gradiška prison near the village of Stara Gradiška. as the fifth subcamp of the Jasenovac concentration camp.

neg: Szebnie concentration camp The Szebnie concentration camp (German: "Lager Szebnie" ) was established during World War II by Germany, within the semi-colonial territory of General Government in the south-eastern part of occupied Poland. It was located near the town of Szebnie approximately 10 km east of Jasło and 42 km south-west of Rzeszów. The facility was constructed in 1940 originally as horse stables for the Wehrmacht, adjacent to a manorial estate where the German officers stationed (photo). Over the course of the camp's operation thousands of people perished there, including Soviet prisoners of war, Polish Jews, non-Jewish Poles, Ukrainians, and Romani people. The charred remains of the camp were entered by the Soviets on

neg: List of subcamps of Majdanek The following is a list of subcamps of the Majdanek concentration camp run by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. The list, supplied by the Majdanek State Museum, identifies two German categories of the KL Lublin/Majdanek subcamps; the "Arbeitzlagers", and the so-called "Kommandos". The satellite camps were named "Aussenlager" (external camp), "Nebenlager" (extension or subcamp), and "Arbeitslager" (labor camp). Some of them were less than ten kilometers away from the main camp, with prisoner populations ranging from several dozens to several thousand.

neg: Stutthof trials Stutthof trials were a series of war crime tribunals held in postwar Poland for the prosecution of Stutthof concentration camp staff and officials, responsible for the murder of up to 85,000 prisoners during the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany in World War II. None of the Stutthof commandants were ever tried in Poland. "SS-Sturmbannführer" Max Pauly was sentenced to death in Germany but not for the crimes committed at Stutthof; only as the commandant of the Neuengamme concentration camp in Hamburg.

neg: Beisfjord massacre The Beisfjord massacre (Norwegian: "Beisfjord-massakren" ) was a massacre on 18 July 1942 in Beisfjord, Norway of 288 political prisoners who were killed at "Lager I Beisfjord" (German for "Beisfjord Camp No.1", Norwegian: "Beisfjord fangeleir" ). The massacre had been ordered a few days earlier by the "Reichskommissar" for Norway Josef Terboven.

neg: Allach (concentration camp) Allach, the largest sub-camp of Dachau concentration camp, opened on March 19th, 1943 because of a workforce shortage in the armament and building industry of Nazi Germany. The camp was also the manufacturing site of Allach porcelain and German Dress uniform Swords and daggers.Allach remained open from March 1943 through its liberation on April 22, 1945, by the US Army.

neg: Helmbrechts concentration camp Helmbrechts concentration camp was a women's subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp founded near Hof, Germany in the summer of 1944. The first prisoners who came to the camp were political prisoners from the Ravensbrück camp in northern Germany.

neg: Kvænangen concentration camp Kvænangen concentration camp was established in the municipality of Kvænangen in Northern Norway by the Nazi administration of occupied Norway in August 1942, as annex to Grini. It consisted of two subcamps, "Veidal" and Badderen, which was also known as "Veiskaret". The camp remained open until 11 November 1942, during which time about 400 prisoners were put to slave labor building a shelter over 6 km of road in the area. The shelter was known as "Norway's longest" wooden house.

neg: Celle massacre The Celle massacre (euphemistically called ""Celler Hasenjagd"", "hare chase of Celle") was a massacre of concentration camp inmates that took place in Celle, Prussian Hanover, in the last weeks of the Second World War. On 8 April, 1945 over 3,000 concentration camp internees were killed in an Allied air raid and subsequent attacks by SS guards, Gestapo, and Nazi party officials, as well as members of the public. Some of the perpetrators of the massacre were later tried but all of those convicted for the crime were set free in the early 1950s.

neg: Kamp Schoorl Kamp Schoorl was the first concentration camp in the Netherlands. The camp was built in 1939 as a Dutch army camp.

neg: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland were established during World War II in hundreds of locations across occupied Poland. Most Jewish ghettos had been created by Nazi Germany between October 1939 and July 1942 in order to confine and segregate Poland's Jewish population of about 3.5 million for the purpose of persecution, terror, and exploitation. In smaller towns, ghettos often served as staging points for Jewish slave-labor and mass deportation actions, while in the urban centers they resembled walled-off prison-islands described by some historians as little more than instruments of "slow, passive murder," with dead bodies littering the streets.

neg: Sid Ahmed el Maghrun concentration camp The Sid Ahmed el Maghrun concentration camp was an Italian concentration camp established in El Magrun (also known as Sid Ahmed el Maghrun) in the Italian colony of Libya during the Pacification of Libya that occurred from 1928 to 1932. The camp is recorded as having a population of 13,050 people.

neg: Oflag 64 Oflag 64 was a World War II German prisoner-of-war camp for officers located at Szubin a few miles south of Bydgoszcz, in Pomorze, Poland, which at that time was occupied by Nazi Germany. It was probably the only German POW camp set up exclusively for U.S. Army ground component officers. At most other camps there were several nationalities, although they were usually separated into national compounds.

neg: Erich Muhsfeldt Erich Mühsfeldt, also Mussfeld, and Erich Mußfeldt, (18 February 1913 – 24 January 1948) was a SS NCO who served in two extermination camps during World War II in occupied Poland, including at Auschwitz as well as at the Majdanek concentration camp. He was arrested and charged by the Allies originally in 1946, then transferred to Poland where the full extent of his war crimes was revealed thanks to new evidence. He was retried by the Supreme National Tribunal at the Auschwitz Trial in Kraków, and found guilty of crimes against humanity. Muhsfeldt was sentenced to death by hanging in December 1947, and executed on 24 January 1948.


query: What is the position of the player, who played with Chris Jones, currently with Derby County?

pos: Chris Jones (footballer, born 1985) Chris Jones is a Welsh semi-professional footballer currently playing for Cymru Alliance side Porthmadog. A former professional with Leeds United, Jones is currently in his fourth season with City. He made several appearances for Leeds and was heavily involved with the first team. Chris was playing with the likes of Aaron Lennon, James Milner, Rio Ferdinand, Scott Carson and Alan Smith during his spell with the Yorkshire outfit.

pos: Scott Carson Scott Paul Carson (born 3 September 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Championship club Derby County.

neg: Michael Jones (footballer) Michael Jones (born 3 December 1987 in Liverpool, England) is an English footballer, who plays for Hyde. He started his senior career at Wrexham before moving to Northwich Victoria in 2008, where he stayed for a year before moving to Hyde in summer 2009.

neg: Chris Birchall Christopher Birchall CM (born 5 May 1984) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He scored 21 goals in 322 league and cup appearances in a 16-year professional career, and scored four goals in 43 international matches.

neg: 2013–14 Derby County F.C. season The 2013–14 season was the 108th season in the Football League and 115th season overall of association football played by Derby County F.C., an English football club based in Derby, Derbyshire. Their tenth-place finish in the 2012–13 season meant it was their sixth consecutive season in the second tier, and their 46th overall.

neg: Chris McCready Christopher James "Chris" McCready (born 5 September 1981, Ellesmere Port, England) is an English footballer, currently without a club. He is able to play in right, left and central defence.

neg: Richard Jones (cricketer, born 1986) Richard Alan Jones (born 6 November 1986 in Stourbridge) is an English cricketer who plays county cricket for Leicestershire on loan from Warwickshire and at club level for Old Hill.

neg: Chris Day Christopher Nicholas "Chris" Day (born 28 July 1975) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Stevenage.

neg: Liam O'Neil (footballer) Liam Christian James O'Neil (born 31 July 1993) is an English footballer who participates as a defender and Midfielder for League Two side Cambridge United.

neg: Chris Smith (footballer, born 1990) Christopher David Smith (born 12 October 1990) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for Chasetown.

neg: Matt Jones (rugby union) Matthew Jones (born 4 April 1984) is a Welsh international rugby union player. A fly-half, he played for the Ospreys and the Wales Under-21 team, figuring in the Grand Slam winning side. In 2005 he was part of the senior Wales squad summer tour of North America and attained his first full cap against Canada.

neg: Craig Bryson Craig James Bryson (born 6 November 1986) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Cardiff City, on loan from Derby County. He plays in central midfield as a box-to-box midfielder.

neg: Chris Coleman (footballer) Christopher Patrick Coleman, OBE (born 10 June 1970) is a Welsh professional football manager and former player who is the current manager of the Wales national team.

neg: Darren Wassall Darren Wassall (born 1968) is an English football player and coach, who played as a defender. He has been academy director of Derby County since 2009; he was also the club's head coach on a temporary basis during 2016. He played for Nottingham Forest, Derby County, Birmingham City and Burton Albion, and also had loan spells with Hereford United, Bury and Manchester City, making a total of 177 Football League appearances.

neg: Sam Jones (footballer, born 1991) Samuel Isaac "Sam" Jones (born 18 September 1991) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for League Two side Grimsby Town.

neg: Bryan Jones Anicézio Bryan Jones Anicézio, known as Bryan (born 23 January 1990 in Campinas) is a forward. He currently plays .

neg: Chris Woods Christopher Charles Eric "Chris" Woods (born 14 November 1959) is a former England international football goalkeeper, who played in the Football League and Premier League for Nottingham Forest, Queens Park Rangers, Norwich City, Sheffield Wednesday, Reading, Southampton and Burnley, in the Scottish Football League for Rangers, and in Major League Soccer for the Colorado Rapids. He was working as the goalkeeping coach at Everton and United States. But, with the departure of David Moyes, he followed him to Manchester United to replace Eric Steele as the new goalkeeping coach. In June 2015 he became goalkeeping coach at West Ham United.

neg: Jamie Hanson James William Hanson (born 10 November 1995) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender or Midfielder for Football League Championship club Derby County.

neg: Jessica Carter Jessica "Jess" Carter (born 27 October 1997) is an English football midfielder who plays for Birmingham City F.C.

neg: Kevin Phillips (footballer) Kevin Mark Phillips (born 25 July 1973) is an English former professional footballer and current assistant coach at Derby County.

neg: Nick Williams (rugby union) Nick Williams (born 2 December 1983) is a rugby union player who currently plays for Cardiff Blues. His position is No 8

neg: Max Lowe Max Josef Lowe (born 11 May 1997) is an English professional footballer who plays for Championship side Derby County. He has represented England at under-16, under-17, under-18 and under-20 level.


query: In which states did Pietro's Pizza and LaRosa's Pizzeria serve in

pos: Pietro's Pizza Pietro's Pizza is a small pizza chain in the U.S. state of Oregon. Founded in 1957, the chain grew to about 80 restaurants and changed owners several times before shrinking to only four stores. The company is based in Milwaukie, Oregon.

pos: LaRosa's Pizzeria LaRosa's Pizzeria is a chain of pizzerias serving neighborhoods throughout the Cincinnati, Greater Dayton, central Ohio, Northern Kentucky, Southeast Indiana and central Tennessee areas. It was founded in 1954 by Donald "Buddy" LaRosa, along with partners Richard "Muzzie" Minella, Mike Soldano and Frank "Head" Serraino. Originally called Papa Gino's, LaRosa later bought out his partners, and changed the name to LaRosa's.

neg: Two Pesos Two Pesos was a Tex-Mex restaurant chain in the U.S. state of Texas that opened in 1982 in Houston. It was similar to Taco Cabana but Two Pesos never opened in Taco Cabana's home market of San Antonio. The Two Pesos chain was sold to Taco Cabana in 1993 after losing a drawn-out trade dress suit that appeared before the United States Supreme Court.

neg: Papa's Tomato Pies Papa's Tomato Pies is a historic pizzeria selling tomato pies in New Jersey. It was founded by Giuseppe "Joe" Papa in 1912 on South Clinton Avenue in Trenton, New Jersey. Papa's is the oldest family owned and longest continuously operating pizzeria in the United States. Papa's is the second oldest pizzeria in the United States after Lombardi's Pizza, however Lombardi's closed for a decade from 1984 to 1994 and was reopened under new management.

neg: Black Tap Black Tap Craft Burgers & Beer is a gourmet burger restaurant chain in New York City, New York, run by Michelin-starred chef Joe Isidori.

neg: Toppers Pizza (American restaurant) Toppers Pizza is a chain of pizzerias in the United States. The chain was founded by Scott Gittrich in 1991 in Champaign, Illinois, but the original location closed in the mid-1990s. The first Toppers Pizza location in Wisconsin opened in Whitewater in 1993. The company is headquartered in Whitewater, Wisconsin. The first official franchise store opened in Eau Claire, WI in 1997.

neg: Freebirds World Burrito Freebirds World Burrito, Freebirds for short, is a regional chain of fast casual burrito restaurants founded in 1987 in Santa Barbara, California, USA. by Mark Orfalea. The restaurant chain expanded into Texas in 1990 under Orfalea's leadership. In 1994 Mark's college friend and manager of the Texas location, Pierre Dube, purchased control of the restaurant and gradually expanded the chain to span 19 restaurants in Texas. Orfalea retained ownership of the original California location and a license to continue using the name in California. The Texas Freebirds World Burrito chain, which was headquartered in College Station, was purchased by private-equity Tavistock Group in 2007. The chain, headquartered in the Tavistock Restaurants offices in Emeryville, California, has grown to over 60 locations in Texas, 5 locations in Utah and others scattered throughout states of Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Tennessee.

neg: La Colombe Coffee Roasters La Colombe Coffee Roasters (originally La Colombe Torrefaction) is a US coffee roaster and retailer headquartered in Philadelphia. The company currently has cafés in Philadelphia, New York, Washington, Boston, Chicago, and Los Angeles. La Colombe is representative of roasters that originated in the third wave of coffee, and was one of the early pioneers of direct trade coffee sourcing.

neg: Peppes Pizza Peppes Pizza is a Norwegian pizza chain that serves American style and Italian style pizza. Peppes is the largest pizza chain in Scandinavia. The restaurant was founded by two Americans, Louis Jordan and his wife Anne from Hartford, Connecticut. The restaurant chain is part of Umoe Catering As which consists of restaurants such as Burger King, TGI Fridays, La Baguette and Cafe Opus. Peppes Pizza is one of the first restaurants that brought foreign food to Norway. 9 million pizzas are served by Peppes each year with deliveries in 11 cities in Norway. Their menu was first put online in March 1995. The servings have been described as enough for two people and that the pizza chain is "a cut above the rest".

neg: O'Charley's O'Charley's is a casual dining restaurants chain in the United States, with more than 200+ company-owned locations. O'Charley's is located in 17 Southern and Midwestern states, including four franchised O'Charley's restaurants in Michigan, four franchised O'Charley's in Ohio, and three joint venture O'Charley's restaurants in Louisiana.

neg: Pizza in the United States Many regional variations of pizza the United States have been developed, many bearing only a casual resemblance to the Italian original. Pizza became most popular in America after soldiers stationed in Italy returned from World War II. During the latter half of the 20th century, pizza in the United States became an iconic dish of considerable popularity. The American slang terms "za" and "slice" can also refer to pizza. The thickness of the crust depends on what the consumer prefers; both thick and thin crust are popular. Often, foods such as barbecued chicken and bacon cheeseburgers are used to create new types of pizza.

neg: The Old Spaghetti Factory The Old Spaghetti Factory is an Italian-style chain restaurant in the United States and Canada. The U.S. restaurants are owned by OSF International, based in Portland, Oregon, while the Canadian restaurants are owned by The Old Spaghetti Factory Canada Ltd. In 2003, the U.S. company alone had 45 restaurants, in 14 states and Japan, and sales of $105 million. The U.S. firm also operated an Old Spaghetti Factory in Hamburg, Germany, from 1983 to 1993, but that was its only European location.

neg: Pizza Delight Pizza Delight is a Canadian pizza restaurant franchise. Founded in 1968 in Shediac, New Brunswick by Léandre Bourque and later purchased by Bernard Imbeault and two of his friends, its head offices are now located in Moncton. The restaurant serves mainly Pizza, Pasta, Salads. Today it has over 95 restaurants, and operates in Ontario, Quebec, and Atlantic Canada.

neg: Barbara Lazaroff Barbara Ellen Lazaroff (Born New York, NY) is primarily known as a designer and restaurateur. The best example of her design work is the original Spago, done in collaboration with her partner Wolfgang Puck, which won the James Beard Foundation's Best Restaurant Award in 1994. With this project, Lazaroff launched a new concept in kitchen design by creating the first exhibition kitchen in an American fine dinning restaurant, now a widely popular style. Other design projects include Chinois on Main, Trattoria del Lupo, Postrio Bar & Grill and Granita.

neg: Pok Pok Pok Pok is a Thai restaurant in Portland, Oregon, and New York City. The founder and chief chef is Andy Ricker. Its Portland location is at 3226 Southeast Division Street, while the New York City location is on the Columbia Street Waterfront in Brooklyn. Pok Pok Phat Thai and Pok Pok LA opened in the Chinatown neighborhood of Los Angeles in December 2014 and November 2015 respectively, but Pok Pok Phat Thai closed in August 2016.

neg: Pick-N-Pay Supermarkets Pick-N-Pay Supermarkets was a chain of supermarkets which operated in the Greater Cleveland, Ohio area. The company's origin can be traced to the year 1928 and the opening of a small dairy store in Cleveland Heights, Ohio by Edward Silverberg who then expanded his operation and created a chain of such stores which he called Farmview Creamery Stores. In 1938, Mr. Silverberg opened a supermarket on E. 185th Street which he called Pick-N-Pay. In 1940, he changed the name of all his stores to Pick-N-Pay Supermarkets. He grew the chain to a total of 10 stores and in 1951 sold the company to Cook Coffee Company (later, as of 1969, Cook United, Inc.). Under Cook Coffee's ownership, the chain continued to grow through expansion and through Pick-N-Pay's acquisition of the Foodtown supermarkets in 1959. In 1972, it was sold to a group of private investors led by Julius Kravitz (previously the head of Foodtown). who continued the use of the brand for the newly independent company. Principal competitors in the Greater Cleveland market were the Fisher-Fazio-Costa, Stop-N-Shop, and Heinen's grocery chains.

neg: Home Run Inn Home Run Inn is a restaurant chain known for their Chicago-style pizza as well as frozen pizzas. Home Run Inn is headquartered in Woodridge, Illinois of the United States.

neg: California Pizza Kitchen California Pizza Kitchen, known within the food industry as CPK, is a polished casual dining restaurant chain that specializes in California-style pizza. The restaurant was started in 1985 by attorneys Rick Rosenfield and Larry Flax in Beverly Hills, California, United States.

neg: Ocean State Job Lot Ocean State Job Lot, headquartered in North Kingstown, Rhode Island, is an American chain of 127 discount stores operating in New England, New York and New Jersey. The chain takes its name from Rhode Island's nickname, "The Ocean State".

neg: East Side Mario's East Side Mario's is a Canadian chain of casual dining restaurants, managed by its parent holding company Prime Restaurants. The restaurant specializes in Italian-American cuisine. Individual locations aim to recreate the historic ambience found at the corner of Canal Street and Mulberry Street in Lower Manhattan. The brand is marketed as "A taste of little Italy". It is best recognized by its old logo featuring the Statue of Liberty holding a large tomato instead of a torch, as well as the jingle containing the catch phrase "Hey, budda boom budda bing".

neg: John's Incredible Pizza Company John’s Incredible Pizza Company is an American all-you-can-eat buffet restaurant and entertainment business founded by John Parlet in 1997. The company has 11 locations on the United States West Coast. Its corporate office is located in Rancho Santa Margarita, California.

neg: Mother's Pizza Mother's Pizza Parlour and Spaghetti House, or simply Mother's Pizza, is a restaurant revival of a major 1970s and 1980s chain of the same name, which grew to 120 locations in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.


query: What is the name of the book written by Chet Bowers that explores parallels between modern physics and Eastern mysticism?

pos: Chet Bowers C.A. (Chet) Bowers (born June 4, 1935) is an American educator, author, lecturer and environmental activist. He has written more than 20 books that focus on the cultural, linguistic and technological roots of the current ecological crisis as well as the educational reforms necessary to promote greater ecological awareness. Bowers' influence has been credited by several authors. Fritjof Capra, author of the best seller, "The Tao of Physics", physicist and founder of the Center for Ecoliteracy, says, "C.A.Bowers has argued eloquently, language is metaphoric, conveying tacit understandings shared within a culture."

pos: The Tao of Physics The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism is a 1975 book by physicist Fritjof Capra. It was a bestseller in the United States and has been published in 43 editions in 23 languages. The fourth edition in English was published in 2000.

neg: Prakasa Prakāśa is a concept of Kashmir Shaivism translated by various authors as "light", "splendour", "light of consciousness" (identified with "Śiva") (Swami Lakshman Joo), "luminous and undifferentiated consciousness" (Paul E. Murphy) or "primordial light beyond all manifestations" (Paul Muller-Ortega). Fellow Tantric practitioners Tibetan Buddhists practice Clear Light yoga based on a similar concept.

neg: Prakṛti Prakṛti, also Prakṛiti or Prakṛuti (from Sanskrit language प्रकृति, prakṛti), means "nature". It is a key concept in Hinduism, formulated by its Samkhya school, and refers to the primal matter with three different innate qualities (Guṇas) whose equilibrium is the basis of all observed empirical reality. Prakriti, in this school, contrasts with Purusha which is pure awareness and metaphysical consciousness. The term is also found in the texts of other Indian religions such as Jainism, and Buddhism.

neg: Liber Aleph Liber Aleph vel CXI: The Book of Wisdom or Folly is the title of "The Equinox", volume III, number VI, by Aleister Crowley. The book is written in the form of an epistle to his magical son, Charles Stansfeld Jones, Frater Achad, whom Crowley later doubted as being his true magical son, asserting that Achad had in fact gone insane, citing as evidence Achad's "upending the tree of life" in his "Q.B.L., or The Bride's Reception", the first of Achad's major qabalistic works.

neg: Scholarly approaches of mysticism Scholarly approaches to mysticism include typologies of mysticism, and the explanation of mystical states. Since the 19th century, mystical experience has evolved as a distinctive concept. It is closely related to "mysticism" but lays sole emphasis on the experiential aspect, be it spontaneous or induced by human behavior, whereas mysticism encompasses a broad range of practices aiming at a transformation of the person, not just inducing mystical experiences.

neg: Vril The Coming Race is an 1871 novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton, reprinted as Vril, the Power of the Coming Race. Among its readers have been those who believed that its account of a superior subterranean master race and the energy-form called "Vril" was accurate, to the extent that some theosophists, notably Helena Blavatsky, William Scott-Elliot, and Rudolf Steiner, accepted the book as being (at least in part) based on occult truth. A book, "The Morning of the Magicians" (1960), suggested that a secret Vril Society existed in pre-Nazi Berlin. However, there is no evidence for the existence of such a society.

neg: The East and the West The East and the West or Prachya o Paschatya is a book written by Swami Vivekananda. In this book Swami Vivekananda made a comparative study of eastern and Western cultures.

neg: Eric M. Rogers Eric M. Rogers (15 August 1902 – 1 July 1990) was a British author and physics educator. He is perhaps best known for his 1960 textbook "Physics for the Inquiring Mind". The book, subtitled "The Methods, Nature, and Philosophy of Physical Science", was based on courses he gave at Princeton University, where he taught from 1942 to 1971. Rogers also headed the Nuffield Science Teaching Project program in physics education in the 1960s.

neg: Manly P. Hall Manly Palmer Hall (March 18, 1901 – August 29, 1990) was a Canadian-born author, lecturer, astrologer and mystic. He is best known for his 1928 work "The Secret Teachings of All Ages". Over his 70 year career, he gave thousands of lectures, including two at Carnegie Hall, and published over 150 volumes. In 1934, he founded The Philosophical Research Society in Los Angeles, which he dedicated to the "Truth Seekers of All Time", with a research library, lecture hall and publishing house. Many of his lectures can be found online and his books are still in print.

neg: Instant Physics Instant Physics (full title: Instant Physics: From Aristotle to Einstein, and Beyond) is a book by Tony Rothman first published by Fawcett Columbine in 1995. The book, meant for readers with a minimal amount of mathematical training, consists of ten chapters that cover most of the essential topics in physics, from classical mechanics and thermodynamics to nuclear physics, general relativity, and quantum mechanics. It has proven very popular with the public and as of 2017 remains in print.

neg: Zohar The Zohar (Hebrew: זֹהַר , lit. "Splendor" or "Radiance") is the foundational work in the literature of Jewish mystical thought known as Kabbalah. It is a group of books including commentary on the mystical aspects of the Torah (the five books of Moses) and scriptural interpretations as well as material on mysticism, mythical cosmogony, and mystical psychology. The Zohar contains discussions of the nature of God, the origin and structure of the universe, the nature of souls, redemption, the relationship of Ego to Darkness and "true self" to "The Light of God", and the relationship between the "universal energy" and man. Its scriptural exegesis can be considered an esoteric form of the Rabbinic literature known as Midrash, which elaborates on the Torah.

neg: The Evolution of Physics The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta is a science book for the lay reader, by Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld, tracing the development of ideas in physics. It was originally published in 1938 by Cambridge University Press. It was a popular success, and was featured in a Time magazine cover story.

neg: Theophysics Theophysics is a term used occasionally in philosophy for an approach to cosmology that attempts to reconcile physical cosmology and religious cosmology. It is related to the term physicotheology, the difference between them being that the aim of physicotheology is to derive theology from physics, whereas that of theophysics is to unify physics and theology.

neg: Menas Kafatos Menas C. Kafatos (Greek: Μηνάς Καφάτος ; born 25 March 1945) is an American physicist of Greek descent and a writer on spirituality and science. His publications include: "The Nonlocal Universe" and "The Conscious Universe". Kafatos has written and lectured extensively promoting discourse between science, spirituality, and religion. He has held numerous positions at institutions including Chapman University, George Mason University, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

neg: Yin and yang In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang (陰陽 "yīnyáng", lit. "dark-bright", "negative-positive") describe how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another. Many tangible dualities (such as light and dark, fire and water, expanding and contracting) are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang. This duality lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine, and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise, such as baguazhang, taijiquan (t'ai chi), and qigong (Chi Kung), as well as appearing in the pages of the "I Ching".

neg: The Physics of Superheroes The Physics of Superheroes is a popular science book by physics professor and long-time comic-book fan James Kakalios. First published in 2005, it explores the basic laws of physics. Kakalios does not set out to show where the world of superheroes contradicts modern science, granting the heroes one or more "miracle exceptions" from natural law. Instead, he focuses on examples of comic book scenes that can be used to understand the diverse laws of physics from an unusual angle, such as Gwen Stacy's death and Ant-Man's ability to punch his way out of a paper bag. Kakalios relates these elements of comic books to principles of physics, such as levers and torque, and in this way covers diverse topics, from mechanics to the quantum world.

neg: Sacred Books of the East The Sacred Books of the East is a monumental 50-volume set of English translations of Asian religious writings, edited by Max Müller and published by the Oxford University Press between 1879 and 1910. It incorporates the essential sacred texts of Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Zoroastrianism, Jainism, and Islam.

neg: Ernest Wood Ernest Egerton Wood (18 August 1883 – 17 September 1965) was a noted English yogi, theosophist, Sanskrit scholar, and author of numerous books, including "Concentration – An Approach to Meditation", "Yoga" and "The Pinnacle of Indian Thought" (1967).

neg: Life Science Library The Life Science Library is a series of hardbound books published by Time Life between 1963 and 1967, popular in its prime. Each of the twenty-six volumes explore a major topic of the natural sciences. They are intended for, and written at a level appropriate to, an educated lay readership. In each volume, the text of each of eight chapters is followed by a "Picture Essay" lavishly illustrating the subject of the preceding chapter. They were available in a monthly subscription from "Life" magazine. Each volume takes complex scientific concepts and provides explanations that can be easily understood. Einstein's Theory of Relativity is explained in a cartoon about a spy drama involving a train traveling very close to the speed of light; probability is explained with poker hands and the atomic table with common household items. Although progress has overtaken much of them, their explanations of basic science and the history of discovery in an area is still excellent. The Consulting Editors of the series are microbiologist René Dubos, physicist Henry Margenau, and physicist and novelist C. P. Snow.

neg: Prana In Hindu philosophy including yoga, Indian medicine, and martial arts, Prana (प्राण , prāṇa ; the Sanskrit word for "life force" or "vital principle") is all cosmic energy. Prana is often referred to as the "life force" or "life energy". It also includes energies present in inanimate objects. In literature, prana is sometimes described as originating from the Sun and connecting the elements of the Universe. This life energy has been vividly invoked and described in the ancient Vedas and Upanishads.

neg: The Quantum Universe The Quantum Universe: Everything That Can Happen Does Happen is a 2011 book by the theoretical physicists Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw.


query: Ringer is the name of an American television series that initially aired on The CW from September 13, 2011 to April 17, 2012 featuring Justin Bruening as what character?

pos: Justin Bruening Justin Bruening (born September 24, 1979) is an American actor and former fashion model. In 2003, his acting career began when he was cast in the role of Jamie Martin on the daytime drama "All My Children", earning him a Soap Opera Digest Award in 2005 for the portrayal. In late 2007, not long after leaving the role, Bruening was cast as Mike Traceur, the son of character Michael Knight, a new take on the original "Knight Rider" series. In 2011, he was cast as Tyler Berrett, a recurring role on The CW series "Ringer" starring Sarah Michelle Gellar and in 2013, he joined "Ravenswood."

pos: Ringer (TV series) Ringer is an American television series that initially aired on The CW from September 13, 2011 to April 17, 2012. The series stars Sarah Michelle Gellar, who plays twin sisters Bridget Kelly and Siobhan Martin. On May 13, 2011, it was reported that the project had been picked up to series by The CW. On October 12, 2011, The CW ordered a full first season of 22 episodes.

neg: Whores Don't Make That Much "Whores Don't Make That Much" is the fourteenth episode of the American television series "Ringer". It made its premiere on The CW on February 21, 2012. The episode was written by Robert Doherty and directed by Janice Cooke. In the episode, the truth about what caused the rift between Bridget and Siobhan is revealed while Juliet's scheme takes a dark path.

neg: The Return (The Vampire Diaries) "The Return" is the premiere episode of the second season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 23rd episode of the series overall. It originally aired on September 9, 2010. The episode was written by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec and directed by J. Miller Tobin.

neg: Easy Money (TV series) Easy Money is a comedy-drama television series that aired on The CW from October 5, 2008 to August 16, 2009. The series was created by Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider. The show—along with "Valentine", "Surviving Suburbia", and "In Harm's Way"—are shows programmed by Media Rights Capital (MRC), an independent producer of television programming. The Sunday night block (5pm–10pm) was sold to the producers on a leased-time basis from The CW after the network had no ratings success with the night.

neg: Charmed (season 3) The third season of "Charmed", an American supernatural drama television series, began airing on October 5, 2000 on The WB. Airing on Thursdays at 9:00 pm, the season consisted of 22 episodes and concluded its airing on May 17, 2001. It is the last season to feature original cast member Shannen Doherty, as she left the series at the end of the season. Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete third season in a six-disc box set on November 15, 2005.

neg: Justin Whalin Justin Garrett Whalin (born September 6, 1974) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as the teenage Andy Barclay in "Child's Play 3" and Jimmy Olsen in the American television series "".

neg: David Brisbin David Brisbin (born June 26, 1952) is an American television actor who gained fame as Mr Ernst on the Nickelodeon television show "Hey Dude" and as a newscaster in Paramount's "Forrest Gump". He has made frequent guest appearances on "ER".

neg: Aeriél Miranda Aeriél Christine Miranda (born April 3, 1992) is an American actress. She is best known for her recurring role as Shana Fring on the ABC Family series, "Pretty Little Liars" (2013–2014). She was first introduced as Shana on the "Pretty Little Liars" web series, "Pretty Dirty Secrets", prior to appearing on "Pretty Little Liars". Miranda also had a recurring role as Lana on the ABC Family series "The Nine Lives of Chloe King" (2011).

neg: Justin Kucsulain Justin Kucsulain (born 11 August 1984) is an American actor.

neg: Dave Willis David Willis (born May 1, 1970) is an American voice actor, writer, producer and musician who is widely known for his work in animation, particularly his long association with Adult Swim for whom he created the series "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", and "Squidbillies" and worked on other programs like "Space Ghost Coast to Coast". Willis is also known for voicing the character Barry Dylan in the FXX series "Archer".

neg: Hung (TV series) Hung is a comedy-drama television series which ran on HBO from June 28, 2009 to December 4, 2011. It was created by Colette Burson and Dmitry Lipkin and stars Thomas Jane as Ray Drecker, a struggling suburban Detroit high school basketball and baseball coach who resorts to male prostitution. The second season premiered on June 27, 2010 and concluded its ten-episode run on September 12, 2010. The third and final season premiered on October 2, 2011 and concluded its ten-episode run on December 4, 2011.

neg: Arrow (season 1) The first season of the American action television series "Arrow" premiered on October 10, 2012 at 8:00 pm (ET) on The CW, consisting of a total of 23 episodes after the network ordered a full season on October 22, 2012. The series is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow, a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp. The showrunners for this season were Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg.

neg: Wake (The Secret Circle) "Wake" is the 6th episode of the first season of the CW television series "The Secret Circle", and the series' 6th episode overall. It was aired on October 20, 2011. The episode was written by Andrea Newman and it was directed by Guy Bee.

neg: Tormund Giantsbane Tormund Giantsbane is a fictional character in the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation "Game of Thrones".

neg: The Doctor (Once Upon a Time) "The Doctor" is the fifth episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 27th episode overall, which aired on October 28, 2012.

neg: Casey Sander Clinton O. "Casey" Sander (born July 6, 1956) is an American actor known as the character "Captain" Jimmy Wennick on the short-lived TV series "Tucker". His television credits also include "Criminal Minds", "The Golden Girls","Grace Under Fire", "Home Improvement", "Malcolm in the Middle", "Rules of Engagement", "Sons of Anarchy", "Mad Men", "Silicon Valley", "The Newsroom", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" (on which he portrayed the father of Xander Harris), "Hunter", and "Marvin Marvin", among other shows. He has a recurring role on the TV sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" as Bernadette's father, Mike.

neg: The Originals (season 1) "The Originals" is an American supernatural drama television series created by Julie Plec for The CW. A spin-off of "The Vampire Diaries", the series makes use of certain characters and story elements from the series of books of the same name. The first season premiered with a special preview on October 3, 2013, following the season premiere of its parent series, before premiering in its regular time slot on October 8, 2013.

neg: Audrina Patridge Audrina Cathleen Patridge (born May 9, 1985) is an American television personality, television presenter, actress, and model. In 2006, she rose to prominence after being cast in the reality television series "The Hills", which chronicled the personal and professional lives of Patridge and friends Lauren Conrad, Heidi Montag, and Whitney Port. During its production, she was cast in positions with Quixote Studios and Epic Records. As the series progressed, Patridge resumed an on-again/off-again relationship with boyfriend Justin Brescia. Consequentially, it became a central focus of the series, and was carried through each subsequent season.

neg: Medallion (The Secret Circle) "Medallion" is the 13th episode of the first season of the CW television series The Secret Circle, and the series' 13th episode overall. It was aired on February 2, 2012. The episode was written by Andrew Miller & Andrea Newman and it was directed by Liz Friedlander.

neg: Brett Dier Brett Dier (born February 14, 1990) is a Canadian actor. He is best known for his role as Michael Cordero Jr. on "Jane the Virgin". He is also known for his recurring roles in the Canadian TV shows "Bomb Girls" and "The L.A. Complex".

neg: List of Franklin & Bash episodes "Franklin & Bash" is an American legal comedy-drama series created by Kevin Falls and Bill Chais that airs on TNT. It stars Breckin Meyer as Jared Franklin, and Mark-Paul Gosselaar as Peter Bash, two unconventional lawyers and longtime friends that are recruited by the head of a firm to bring new life and perspective to the work place. "Franklin & Bash" premiered on June 1, 2011.


query: What American musician recorded both "Lonely" by Sharon Sheeley and "Summertime Blues"?

pos: Lonely (Sharon Sheeley song) "Lonely" is a song written by Sharon Sheeley and recorded by Eddie Cochran. It was recorded in May 1958 and released posthumously as a single on Liberty F-55278 in August 1960. In the UK the single rose to number 41 on the charts. The U.S. release did not chart. The flip side, "Sweetie Pie", reached number 38 on the UK Singles chart.

pos: Eddie Cochran Edward Raymond Cochran (October 3, 1938 – April 17, 1960) was an American musician. Cochran's rockabilly songs, such as "Twenty Flight Rock", "Summertime Blues", "C'mon Everybody", and "Somethin' Else", captured teenage frustration and desire in the mid-1950s and early 1960s. He experimented with multitrack recording, distortion techniques, and overdubbing even on his earliest singles. He played the guitar, piano, bass, and drums. His image as a sharply dressed and good-looking young man with a rebellious attitude epitomized the stance of the 1950s rocker, and in death he achieved an iconic status.

neg: Sharon Brown (singer) Sharon Brown is an American singer-songwriter and musician who was born in Harlem, New York, US. She is the niece of songwriter Phil Medley, who co-wrote the song "Twist and Shout". She is also the daughter of drummer William Brown, who played with musicians such as The Isley Brothers and Cannonball Adderley.

neg: The Lonely Hours The Lonely Hours is a 1964 studio album by Sarah Vaughan, arranged by Benny Carter.

neg: Jimmie Lee Robinson Jimmie Lee Robinson (April 30, 1931 – July 6, 2002), also known as Lonesome Lee, was an American blues musician who was predominantly known for his involvement in the Chicago blues scene in the 1950s and 1960s. He performed with other blues musicians of the period and worked as a session musician. Following a hiatus from music, Robinson returned to the profession in the 1990s to record his own material for full-length albums.

neg: Summertime (Selah Sue song) "Summertime" is a song performed by Belgian musician and songwriter Selah Sue from her self-titled debut album "Selah Sue". It was released on the 4 November 2011 as a Digital download in Belgium. The song was written by Sanne Putseys and produced by Patrice.

neg: Bobby Sheehan (musician) Robert Vaughan "Bobby" Sheehan (June 12, 1968 – August 20, 1999) was an American musician and songwriter best known as a founding member and bassist of Blues Traveler.

neg: Summer Surf Summer Surf is the fifth studio album of surf music by Dick Dale and His Del-Tones. Dale wrote three of the tracks on the album, with Beach Boys' session musician Steve Douglas writing another three. The rest are culled from various writers that were not necessarily writing in the classic surf style. For example, the track titled "Glory Wave," written in the style of a spiritual, was originally written for the 1964 beach party film, "Surf Party," where it was performed by Jackie DeShannon.

neg: Chastity Brown Chastity Brown (born June 1, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter and musician based out of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Critics have dubbed her "a banjo-playing soul-singer" and "a rocking, rolling encyclopedia of roots music."

neg: Summertime (Bon Jovi song) "Summertime" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi, taken from their 2007 "Lost Highway" album. This song, unlike their last three singles, features a much heavier guitar part, similar to some older tracks off the "Bounce" and "Crush" albums. This single was released only in Canada.

neg: Cecil Augusta Cecil Augusta (born 1920) is an American Delta blues singer and guitarist. He recorded a single track, "Stop All the Buses", for Alan Lomax in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1959, which was ignored until it was released on the album "Blues Songbook", a selection of Lomax's field recordings, in 2003 The musicologist David Evans described Augusta as "the perfect example of an artist who shows up at a field recording session and leaves before anyone realizes how good he was" and noted his unique acoustic guitar technique, elements of which later became integral to electric blues playing.

neg: Trouble Time Trouble Time is a 1992 blues album by Tinsley Ellis. It was recorded by Mark Richardson at Triclops Sound Studios and Ricky Keller at Southern Living Studio in Atlanta, Georgia with horns recorded by Lynn Fuston at Classic Recording Nashville, Tennessee. It was mixed by Rodney Mills assisted by Russ Fowler and Tag George at Southern Tracks Studios Atlanta, Georgia, mastered by Dr. Toby Mountain at Northeastern Digital, Southborough, Massachusetts, and produced by Ricky Keller, Tinsley Ellis and Bruce Iglauer with Michael Rothschild as executive producer. Tinsley wrote/co-wrote all songs except "Hey Hey Baby", "What Have I Done Wrong?" and "The Axe".

neg: Stevie Ray Vaughan Stephen Ray Vaughan (October 3, 1954 – August 27, 1990) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. In spite of a short-lived mainstream career spanning seven years, he was one of the most influential guitarists in the revival of blues in the 1980s and one of the greatest guitarists of all time. AllMusic describes him as "a rocking powerhouse of a guitarist who gave blues a burst of momentum in the '80s, with influence still felt long after his tragic death."

neg: Tinsley Ellis Tinsley Ellis (born June 4, 1957) is an American blues and rock musician, who grew up in southern Florida.

neg: Shari Ulrich Sharon (Shari) Ulrich, (born 17 October 1951) is an American/Canadian musician-songwriter. She has won a Juno Award for "Most Promising Female Vocalist of the Year", and worked as a television host, actor, film composer, and songwriting educator. A multi-instrumentalist, she plays violin, mandolin, guitar, piano and dulcimer.

neg: Rose Maddox Roselea Arbana "Rose" Maddox (August 15, 1925 – April 15, 1998) was an American country singer-songwriter and fiddle player, who was the lead singer with the Maddox Brothers and Rose before a successful solo career. Her musical styles straddled hillbilly music, rockabilly and gospel. She was noted for her "reputation as a lusty firebrand", and her "colorful Western costumes"; she was one of the earliest clients of Hollywood tailor Nathan Turk.

neg: Garth Porter Garth Ivan Richard Porter (born 24 September 1948) is a New Zealand-born Australian multi-instrumental musician, songwriter and record producer. He was a member, on keyboards and backing vocals, of the pop group, Sherbet (1970–84), and co-wrote both of their number-one singles, "Summer Love" (March 1975) and "Howzat" (May 1976). Porter is a co-writer and producer for country music singer Lee Kernaghan.

neg: Summer (Cassadee Pope song) "Summer" is a song by American singer-songwriter Cassadee Pope from her second extended play, also titled "Summer" (2016). Pope wrote the song with Kelly Archer and Emily Shackelton. Production was handled by Corey Crowder, who also produced Pope's chart-topping collaboration with Chris Young that year, "Think of You". It serves as the EP's lead single.

neg: Johnny Lee Schell Johnny Lee Schell is an American guitarist and songwriter. In the 1970s, he premiered as a prominent member of a Texas-based southern rock band, Baby. Since his professional debut, he has played with dozens of well-known recording artists. His inclusion on albums such as Bonnie Raitt's "Green Light" (1982) and "Nick of Time" (1989) has lent him his bearing in American pop music culture. Yet, Schell's works had already journeyed from North America to Australia, when he worked with Australian soul singer Renée Geyer on her album "So Lucky" (1981). As a member of Bonnie Raitt's road band, Schell backed the Australian Geyer while recording "So Lucky" (renamed "Renee Geyer" for international market) at Shangri La studios in Malibu, California. Other members included Ian McLagan (formerly of The Faces) and drummer/producer extraordinaire Ricky Fataar.

neg: Matthews' Southern Comfort (album) Matthews' Southern Comfort is the debut solo album by country rock/folk rock musician Ian Matthews, and was his first album after leaving Fairport Convention in 1969. The musicians who played on it with Matthews were luminaries of the British folk rock scene and included ex-Fairport colleagues Ashley Hutchings, Simon Nicol and Richard Thompson, plus Gerry Conway, the drummer from Eclection and Fotheringay. The touring and recording band Matthews Southern Comfort who went on to release two more albums, "Second Spring" and "Later That Same Year", would not be formed till later, with only pedal steel player Gordon Huntley and Matthews appearing on all three albums. The album was released on the Uni label (a subsidiary of MCA Records) in January 1970 simultaneously with a first single "Colorado Springs Eternal", and took its name from a song, "Southern Comfort", by Canadian folk duo Ian and Sylvia (Tyson), which eventually appeared as the final track on "Second Spring".

neg: 5-10-15 Hours "5-10-15 Hours" is a rhythm-and-blues song written by Rudy Toombs in 1952 for Ruth Brown and was one of several number-one R&B hits he wrote for her. Her recording is smooth, sophisticated blues shouting at its best, has a touch of suppliance more characteristic of the vocal qualities of popular singers than of the blues. The recording features a tenor sax solo by Willis Jackson.

neg: Sammy Price Samuel Blythe Price (October 6, 1908 – April 14, 1992) was an American jazz, boogie-woogie and jump blues pianist and bandleader.


query: Neville Patrick Chamberlain, is an English former footballer, his brother, Mark, was also a footballer, and his nephew, Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Liverpool, and which country's national team?

pos: Neville Chamberlain (footballer) Neville Patrick Chamberlain (born 22 January 1960) is an English former footballer. A forward, he scored 73 goals in 296 league games in a ten-year professional career in the Football League. His brother, Mark, was also a footballer, and his nephews Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain and Christian Oxlade-Chamberlain play for Liverpool and Portsmouth respectively, with Alex also an England international.

pos: Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain Alexander Mark David Oxlade-Chamberlain (born 15 August 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Liverpool and the England national team.

neg: David Ospina David Ospina Ramírez (] , born 31 August 1988) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for English club Arsenal and the Colombia national team.

neg: Justine Lorton-Radburn Justine Joanna Lorton (born Justine Joanna Lorton 11 March 1974) is an English footballer, and former England international player. A deep–lying forward player, Lorton enjoyed two spells at Arsenal Ladies as well as playing in Iceland and Sweden.

neg: Ross Barkley Ross Barkley (born 5 December 1993) is a professional English footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Premier League club Everton and the England national team. He has played for Everton for most of his career, which included loan spells for Sheffield Wednesday and Leeds United.

neg: List of Scotland international footballers The Scotland national football team is the joint-oldest international football team, having played in the first official international match, a goalless draw on 30 November 1872 against England. Since then, the team has established a long-standing rivalry with England, particularly in the annual British Home Championship, which Scotland won 24 times outright and shared a further 17 times. The team has enjoyed less success in continental and global competition. Even though Scotland has participated in eight FIFA World Cup and two UEFA European Championship final tournaments, the team has never progressed beyond the first round of any major tournament.

neg: Craig Rocastle Craig Aaron Rocastle (born 17 August 1981) is an English-born former Grenadian international footballer. He is a cousin of the late England and Arsenal midfielder David Rocastle.

neg: David Buchanan (footballer, born 1962) David Buchanan (born 23 June 1962), also known as Dave Buchanan, is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker in the Football League for Leicester City, Northampton Town, Peterborough United, Sunderland and York City, and in non-League football for North Shields, Blyth Spartans and Newcastle Blue Star. He represented the England national youth team in 1979 and earned two caps with the semi-professional national team in 1986.

neg: Football in England Association football is the national sport in England, where the first modern set of rules for the code were established in 1863, which were a major influence on the development of the modern Laws of the Game. With over 40,000 association football clubs, England has more clubs involved in the code than any other country as well as the world's first club (Sheffield F.C.), the world's oldest professional association football club (Notts County F.C), the oldest national governing body (the Football Association), the first national team, the oldest national knockout competition (the FA Cup) and the oldest national league (the English Football League). Today England's top domestic league, the Premier League, is one of the most popular and richest sports leagues in the world, with six of the ten richest football clubs in the world.

neg: Andros Townsend Andros Darryl Townsend (born 16 July 1991) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Premier League club Crystal Palace and the England national team.

neg: Fernandinho (footballer) Fernando Luiz Roza (born 4 May 1985), or simply Fernandinho (] ; meaning "Little Fernando"), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Manchester City and the Brazil national team. He has also captained both sides on many occasions.

neg: Pat Van Den Hauwe Patrick William Roger "Pat" Van Den Hauwe (born 16 December 1960) is a former professional footballer who made 401 appearances in the Football League playing for Birmingham City, Everton, Tottenham Hotspur and Millwall. He made 13 appearances for the Wales national team.

neg: Fraser Forster Fraser Gerard Forster (born 17 March 1988) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Premier League club Southampton and the England national team.

neg: Kyle Walker Kyle Andrew Walker (born 28 May 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a right back for Premier League club Manchester City and the England national team.

neg: Ronald Koeman Ronald Koeman (] ; born 21 March 1963) is a former Dutch footballer and the current manager of English club Everton. He is the younger brother of former Feyenoord coach Erwin Koeman and the son of former Dutch international Martin Koeman. A composed player on the ball, Koeman was capable of being deployed both as a defender and as a midfielder, and he frequently played as a sweeper, due to his vision and his ability on the ball. Regarded as one of the best and most prolific attacking central defenders of all time, Koeman was renowned for his long-range passing, as well as his shooting accuracy and power from distance, especially on free kicks, and is the top scoring defender in world football; he was also an accurate penalty kick taker.

neg: Oğuzhan Özyakup Oğuzhan Özyakup (born 23 September 1992), nicknamed Ozzie, is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Beşiktaş and for the Turkey national team. Özyakup has previously featured for clubs AZ and Arsenal. While at Arsenal, he won the 2008–09 and 2009–10 Premier Academy League, as well as the 2008–09 FA Youth Cup. Özyakup also won the 2015–16 and 2016–17 Süper Lig with Beşiktaş.

neg: Owusu Afriyie Owusu Afriyie (born 1 September 1980) is a Ghanaian former professional footballer. Nicknamed Arriky, he played as a midfielder in Ghana, Spain, Portugal, Austria, and England.

neg: Ronald de Boer Ronaldus "Ronald" de Boer (] ; born 15 May 1970) is a Dutch former football midfielder who played for the Netherlands national team as well as a host of professional clubs in Europe. He is the older twin brother of Frank de Boer.

neg: Morocco at the FIFA World Cup The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of "Fédération Internationale de Football Association" (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, due to World War II.

neg: Ron Flowers Ronald Flowers (born 28 July 1934) is an English former professional footballer, who played as a midfielder, and is most known for his time at Wolverhampton Wanderers. He was a member of England's victorious 1966 World Cup squad. He is the elder brother of John Flowers.

neg: Rugby union in England Rugby union in England is one of the leading professional and recreational team sports. In 1871 the Rugby Football Union, the governing body for rugby union in England, was formed by 21 rugby clubs, and the first international match, which involved England, was played in Scotland. The English national team compete annually in the Six Nations Championship, and are former world champions after winning the 2003 Rugby World Cup. The top domestic men's club competition is the Aviva Premiership, and English clubs also compete in international competitions such as the European Rugby Champions Cup. The top domestic women's competition is the Premier 15s.

neg: Neil Rioch Daniel Gordon "Neil" Rioch (born 13 April 1951) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender in the Football League for Aston Villa, York City, Northampton Town and Plymouth Argyle, in the North American Soccer League for Toronto Metros and Portland Timbers. The younger brother of Scotland captain Bruce Rioch he was one of the ball boys at the 1966 World Cup final and claims to be the first Englishman to touch the ball at that event (see http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Rioch's+riddle+keeps+football+fans+guessing.-a0456898046). He was also on the books of Luton Town without making a league appearance. He was capped by the England national youth team in 1969.


query: The Michael Polanyi Center (MPC) at which private Baptist university in Waco, Texas, was the first center at a research university exclusively dedicated to intelligent design study?

pos: Michael Polanyi Center The Michael Polanyi Center (MPC) at Baylor University, Texas was the first center at a research university exclusively dedicated to intelligent design study. It was founded in 1999 "with the primary aim of advancing the

pos: Baylor University Baylor University (BU) is a private Baptist university in Waco, Texas. Chartered in 1845 by the last Congress of the Republic of Texas, it is the oldest continuously-operating university in Texas and one of the first educational institutions west of the Mississippi River in the United States. Located on the banks of the Brazos River next to I-35, between the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and Austin, the university's 1,000-acre campus is the largest Baptist university campus in the world.

neg: Evolutionary Informatics Lab The Evolutionary Informatics Lab is a cyberspace entity created in 2007 by Baylor University professor Robert J. Marks II conducting research on mathematical details of evolutionary computation and purported to underlie intelligent design It defines evolutionary informatics and serves as a showcase for those researchers' writings.

neg: Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns The Discovery Institute has conducted a series of related public relations campaigns which seek to promote intelligent design while attempting to discredit evolutionary biology, which the Institute terms "Darwinism." The Discovery Institute is the driving force behind the pseudoscientific intelligent design movement and the Institute directs the campaigns through its Center for Science and Culture division with guidance from its public relations firm, Creative Response Concepts.

neg: Western Design Center The Western Design Center (WDC), located in Mesa, Arizona, USA, is a company developing and manufacturing MOS 65xx-based microprocessors, microcontrollers (µCs), and related support devices. WDC was founded in 1978 by co-holder of the MOS Technology 6502 patent, Bill Mensch, himself a former MOS Technology employee.

neg: LeTourneau University LeTourneau University (LETU) is a private, interdenominational Christian university located in Longview, Texas, United States with programs in engineering, aeronautical science, education and business. The university also provides graduate and undergraduate degree programs for working adults online and at education centers in Texas in Dallas, Houston, and Longview.

neg: Larry Caldwell Larry Caldwell, a pro-intelligent design activist and attorney, has been active in bringing litigation in causes supporting the intelligent design movement. Caldwell along with his wife, Jeanne Caldwell a Christian school teacher who "takes the Bible literally" previously operated Quality Science Education for All (but that corporation has had its status suspended), and are currently appealing to the Supreme Court of the United States an Establishment Clause of the First Amendment suit against the University of California, Berkeley.

neg: Why Darwin Matters Why Darwin Matters: The Case Against Intelligent Design is a 2006 book by Michael Shermer, a historian of science. Shermer argues that intelligent design is bad science, that different fields of science converge in supporting evolution, and that religion and science are not in conflict. As a former young Earth creationist, Shermer explores the beliefs and critiques the claims behind it.

neg: Intelligent design movement The intelligent design movement is a neo-creationist religious campaign for broad social, academic and political change to promote and support the pseudoscientific idea of intelligent design (ID), which asserts that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection." Its chief activities are a campaign to promote public awareness of this concept, the lobbying of policymakers to include its teaching in high school science classes, and legal action, either to defend such teaching or to remove barriers otherwise preventing it. The movement arose out of the previous Christian fundamentalist and evangelistic creation science movement in the United States, and is driven by a small group of proponents. The overall goal of the intelligent design movement is to overthrow materialism and atheism. Its proponents believe that society has suffered "devastating" cultural consequences from adopting materialism and that science is the cause of the decay into materialism because it seeks only natural explanations, and is therefore atheistic. They believe that the scientific theory of evolution implies that humans have no spiritual nature, no moral purpose, and no intrinsic meaning. They seek to "reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview" represented by the theory of evolution in favor of "a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions."

neg: Anthony B. Pinn Anthony B. Pinn is an American professor, author, and public intellectual working at the intersections of African-American religion, constructive theology, and humanist thought. Pinn is the Agnes Cullen Arnold Professor of Humanities and Professor of Religious Studies at Rice University. He is also the Founder and Executive Director of the Center for Engaged Research and Collaborative Learning in Houston, Texas, and Director of Research for the Institute for Humanist Studies in Washington, D.C. He earned his Ph.D. in the Study of Religion at Harvard University in 1994. His dissertation was entitled "I Wonder as I Wonder: An Examination of the Problem of Evil in African-American Religious Thought." The topic of theological responses to evil and suffering in Black religion provided the foundation of Pinn's early work. Today, Pinn's research interests span theory and method in the study of religion, black religious aesthetics, religion and popular culture, and African-American humanism.

neg: Intercollegiate Studies Institute The Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Inc. (or ISI), is a nonprofit educational organization that promotes conservative thought on college campuses. It lists the following six as its core beliefs: limited government, individual liberty, personal responsibility, the rule of law, free-market economics, and traditional Judeo-Christian values.

neg: Wedge strategy The wedge strategy is a political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the pseudoscientific intelligent design movement. The strategy was put forth in a Discovery Institute manifesto known as the Wedge Document, which describes a broad social, political, and academic agenda whose ultimate goal is to defeat materialism, naturalism, evolution, and "reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions." The strategy also aims to affirm what it calls "God's reality." Its goal is to change American culture by shaping public policy to reflect conservative Christian, namely evangelical Protestant, values. The wedge metaphor is attributed to Phillip E. Johnson and depicts a metal wedge splitting a log to represent an aggressive public relations program to create an opening for the supernatural in the public's understanding of science.

neg: Darwinism, Design and Public Education Darwinism, Design and Public Education is a 2003 anthology, consisting largely of rewritten versions of essays from a 1998 issue of Michigan State University Press's journal, "Rhetoric and Public Affairs", edited by intelligent design activists John Angus Campbell (who serves on the journal's editorial board) and Stephen C. Meyer, neither of whom are scientists. The book is promoted as being a "peer-reviewed science book", however in reviewing it Barbara Forrest notes that:

neg: Arlington Baptist College Arlington Baptist University is a private, four-year Bible university in Arlington, Texas. It is the official education institution of the World Baptist Fellowship which offers both undergraduate and graduate level degree programs.

neg: Wright State University Wright State University is a public research university in Fairborn, Ohio, a suburb of Dayton. Originally operating as a branch campus for Ohio State University and Miami University, Wright State became an independent institution in 1967. Its name honors the aviation pioneers Orville and Wilbur Wright, who were residents of Dayton. In 1969, a 173 acre branch campus opened on the shore of Grand Lake St. Marys in Celina, Ohio. The university offers degrees at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral level.

neg: Moody Bible Institute Moody Bible Institute (MBI) is a Christian institution of higher education that was founded by evangelist and businessman Dwight Lyman Moody in 1886. Since its founding, MBI's main campus has been located in the Near North Side of Chicago. Moody also operates an undergraduate campus in Spokane, Washington, and a graduate campus in Plymouth, MI.

neg: Kennedy Institute of Ethics The Kennedy Institute of Ethics (also known as Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics) is one of the most prestigious bioethics institutes in the world. Located at Healy Hall, it was established at Georgetown University in 1971 as a bioethics center, think tank and library. Its first director, , said the institution's goal was to "bring expertise to the new and growing ethical problems in medicine today." The Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation granted $1.35 million to the Institute, contributing to the establishment of its Bioethics Research Library and providing for two Chairs. The Institute was soon in need of more financial support, which it received from Georgetown University and by several public, private and governmental grants. The philosopher Tom Beauchamp and the bioethicist Robert Veatch were among the first scholars to join the Kennedy Institute of Ethics. The institute features a top-ranked graduate program in applied ethics.

neg: Wayland Baptist University Wayland Baptist University is private, coeducational Baptist university based in Plainview, Texas. Wayland Baptist has a total of 14 campuses in five Texas cities, six states, and in Kenya. On August 31, 1908, the university was chartered by the state of Texas, under the name Wayland Literary and Technical Institute. The university had another name change in 1910 to Wayland Baptist College. In 1981, it attained university status and settled with the current name, Wayland Baptist University. It currently has a total enrollment of approximately 5,000 .

neg: Theresa Cameron Theresa Ann Cameron (January 29, 1954 - May 2012) was the first African-American woman to be awarded tenure in the College of Design at Arizona State University when she achieved that accomplishment in 2000. After spending her entire childhood in foster care, Dr. Cameron put herself through college and eventually obtained her Doctorate in Design from Harvard's Graduate School of Design in 1991. Her childhood experience is chronicled in her book "Foster Care Odyssey in America: A Black Girl's Story" published in 2002.

neg: Oregon Graduate Center The Oregon Graduate Center was a unique, private, postgraduate-only research university in Washington County, Oregon, on the west side of Portland, from 1963 to 2001. The Center was renamed the Oregon Graduate Institute in 1989. The Institute merged with the state medical college in 2001, and became the OGI School of Science and Engineering within the medical college. The School was discontinued in 2008 and its campus in 2014. Demolition of the campus buildings began February 2017.

neg: Specified complexity Specified complexity is a concept proposed by William Dembski and used by him and others to promote the pseudoscientific arguments of intelligent design. According to Dembski, the concept can formalize a property that singles out patterns that are both "specified" and "complex", in specific senses defined by Dembski. Dembski states that specified complexity is a reliable marker of design by an intelligent agent—a central tenet to intelligent design, which Dembski argues for in opposition to modern evolutionary theory. The concept of specified complexity is widely regarded as mathematically unsound and has not been the basis for further independent work in information theory, in the theory of complex systems, or in biology. Proponents of intelligent design use specified complexity as one of their two main arguments, alongside irreducible complexity.

neg: Thomas M. Siebel Center for Computer Science The Thomas M. Siebel Center for Computer Science is a $50 million, 225,000 sqft integrated research and educational facility designed by Bohlin Cywinski Jackson located on the Urbana campus at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). The Siebel Center houses the Department of Computer Science, which currently shares the distinction of being one of the top five Computer Science departments in the nation with Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The center has over 225,000 square feet (21,000 m²) of research, office, and laboratory space, an undergraduate population of 1,650, over 700 graduate students, and 70 faculty and research members. The Siebel Center claims to be the first "Computing Habitat", featuring a fully interactive environment and intelligent building system. The facility is equipped with computer-controlled locks, proximity and location sensors, cameras to track room activity, and other sensory and control features.


query: In what year was the fort that George Armistead commanded during the Battle of Baltimore first built?

pos: George Armistead George Armistead (April 10, 1780 – April 25, 1818) was an American military officer who served as the commander of Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812.

pos: Fort McHenry Fort McHenry, in Baltimore, Maryland, is a historical American coastal pentagonal bastion fort best known for its role in the War of 1812, when it successfully defended Baltimore Harbor from an attack by the British navy from the Chesapeake Bay September 13–14, 1814. It was first built in 1798 and was used continuously by U.S. armed forces through World War I and by the Coast Guard in World War II. It was designated a national park in 1925, and in 1939 was redesignated a "National Monument and Historic Shrine".

neg: Fort Loyal Fort Loyal was a British settler refuge and colonial outpost built in 1678 at Falmouth (present-day Portland, Maine) in Casco Bay. It was destroyed in 1690 by Abenaki and French forces at the Battle of Fort Loyal. The fort was rebuilt in 1742 and renamed Falmouth Fort before King George's War and rearmed again in 1755 for the French and Indian War. The fort was rebuilt a final time in 1775 for the American Revolution.

neg: Fort DeRussy (Washington, D.C.) Fort DeRussy was an American Civil War-era fortification constructed in 1861 on a hilltop along the west bank of Rock Creek within Washington, D.C., as part of the defenses of the national capital.

neg: Fort Loudoun (Pennsylvania) Fort Loudoun (or Fort Loudon, after the modern spelling of the town) was a fort in colonial Pennsylvania, one of several forts in colonial America named after John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun. The fort was built in 1756 during the French and Indian War by the Second Battalion of the Pennsylvania Regiment under Colonel John Armstrong, and served as a post on the Forbes Road during the Forbes expedition that successfully drove the French away from Fort Duquesne.

neg: Washington Monument (Baltimore) The Washington Monument is the centerpiece of intersecting Mount Vernon Place and Washington Place, an urban square in the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood north of downtown Baltimore, Maryland. It was the first major monument begun to honor George Washington (1732-1799).

neg: Fort Ligonier Fort Ligonier is a British fortification from the French and Indian War located in Ligonier, Pennsylvania, United States. The fort served as a staging area for the Forbes Expedition of 1758. During the eight years of its existence as a garrison, Fort Ligonier was never taken by an enemy. It served as a post of passage to the new Fort Pitt, and during Pontiac's War of 1763, was a vital link in the British communication and supply lines. It was attacked twice and besieged by the Native Americans, prior to the decisive victory at Bushy Run in August of that year. The fort was decommissioned from active service in 1766. Today, there is a museum next to the reconstructed fort. Inside the museum there are artifacts from the battle. An individual can take a guided tour of the fort, and on Fort Ligonier Days, the fort's cannons are fired.

neg: Fort Early and Jubal Early Monument The Fort Early and Jubal Early Monument was started in the early 1900s, and consists of the remains of an American Civil War fort and monument located on a 1.29 acre site at Lynchburg, Virginia. Confederate forces under the command of Lt. Gen. Jubal Early constructed the roughly square earthen fort in June 1864 as part of the outer defenses of Lynchburg as the Union Army of West Virginia, under Maj. Gen. David Hunter, advanced from the north and west in an attempt to capture the city during the Battle of Lynchburg. It is the only section of the Lynchburg defenses still in existence.

neg: Fort Christina Fort Christina (later renamed Fort Altena; Swedish: "Fort Kristina" ) was the first Swedish settlement in North America and the principal settlement of the New Sweden colony. Built in 1638 and named after Queen Christina of Sweden, it was located approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) east of the present downtown Wilmington, Delaware, at the confluence of the Brandywine River and the Christina River, approximately 2 mi (3 km) upstream from the mouth of the Christina on the Delaware River.

neg: North Point State Battlefield North Point State Battlefield is a publicly owned historic preserve in Dundalk, Baltimore County, Maryland, that commemorates a portion of the site where the Battle of North Point was fought during the War of 1812. On September 12, 1814, Brigadier General John Stricker commanded forces of the Maryland Militia from within the park's borders. Stricker's men fought the invading British forces from behind a fenceline along the monument's eastern edge.

neg: Fort Ninigret Fort Ninigret is a historic fort or trading post site at Fort Neck Road in Charlestown, Rhode Island, purportedly built and occupied by either Indians or early European settlers in the seventeenth century. At its 1883 Dedication, Commissioner George Carmichael, Jr. referred to it as "the oldest military post on the Atlantic coast."

neg: Fort Presque Isle Fort Presque Isle (also Fort de la Presqu'île) was a fort built by French soldiers in summer 1753 along Presque Isle Bay at present-day Erie, Pennsylvania, to protect the northern terminus of the Venango Path. It was the first of the French posts built in the Ohio Country, and was part of a line that included Fort Le Boeuf, Fort Machault, and Fort Duquesne.

neg: Old Fort Church Old Fort Church is an historic African-American Methodist church located on Old Baltimore Pike in Christiana, New Castle County, Delaware. The church was originally built on Schoolbell Road (in Christiana Hundred) near Christiana in 1850. In 1897, it was dismantled and reconstructed on its present site. It is a one story, three bay by three bay, gable-roofed brick structure. It features modified lancet-type windows that illuminate the main block. The gable ends have various types of decorative wood shingles painted dark green.

neg: Fort George, Jamaica Fort George is situated on the Titchfield Peninsula in the town of Port Antonio, in the parish of Portland, Jamaica. The proposal for a fort in Port Antonio was first discussed in 1728, when a committee of the House of Assembly met to consider measures to be taken in the face of a possible Spanish invasion. In 1729, Christian Lilly was assigned the task of building a fort which, after being built, became known as Fort George in honour of King George I of Great Britain. Lilly had built some of the walls at the Royal Citadel, Plymouth, and the bastion at Fort George was designed as a smaller version of the Citadel.

neg: Fort Washington Park Fort Washington, located near the community of Fort Washington, Maryland, was for many decades the only defensive fort protecting Washington D.C. The original fort, overlooking the Potomac River, was completed in 1809, and was begun as Fort Warburton, but renamed in 1808. During the War of 1812, the fort was destroyed by its own garrison during a British advance.

neg: Fort Garrison Fort Garrison, also known as Oulton's Garrison, Risteau's Garrison, and Olton's Garrison, is a historic fortification building located at Stevenson, Baltimore County, Maryland on Garrison Farms Court. It is a rectangular fieldstone building built about 1695. The fort was built to serve as a stronghold against attacks by Native Americans and was used during the French and Indian War. It is approximately 48 feet long and 18 feet wide with one large stone fireplace. Modifications in the early-19th century raised the height of the fort building adding a second story loft and a wood shingle roof. It was constructed following a 1693 order from Governor Francis Nicholson and his Council. The property was acquired in 1965 by the Baltimore County Department of Recreation and Parks.

neg: Fort Algernon Fort Algernon (also spelled Fort Algernourne) was established in the fall of 1609 at the mouth of Hampton Roads at Point Comfort in the Virginia Colony. A strategic point for guarding the shipping channel leading from the Chesapeake Bay, Fort Monroe was built there beginning in the 1830s. The area is now known as Old Point Comfort. Long part of Elizabeth City County, the site is now located in the independent city of Hampton, Virginia.

neg: Fort Evans Fort Evans is a Civil War-era rectangular earthen fort located in Leesburg, Virginia. It was the first of three forts constructed in 1861 to protect Leesburg from possible invasion after Virginia seceded from the Union.

neg: Old Fort of Nassau The Old Fort of Nassau was a fort in Nassau, Bahamas, first built in 1697 and lasted for nearly two hundred years with a rich legacy of history until it was finally demolished in 1897.

neg: Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744) The Siege of Annapolis Royal (also known as the Siege of Fort Anne) in 1744 involved two of four attempts by the French, along with their Acadian and native allies, to regain the capital of Nova Scotia/Acadia, Annapolis Royal, during King George's War. The Siege is noted for Governor of Nova Scotia Paul Mascarene successfully defending the last British outpost in the colony and for the first arrival of New England Ranger John Gorham to Nova Scotia. The French and Mi'kmaq land forces were thwarted on both attempts on the capital because of the failure of French naval support to arrive.

neg: Fort Defiance, Tennessee Fort Defiance (formerly also known as Fort Sevier and Fort Bruce) was a fort built during the American Civil War at Clarksville, Tennessee, on the Cumberland River. It changed hands several times during the war, and is now preserved by the city administration.

neg: Siege of Fort Harrison The Siege of Fort Harrison was an engagement that lasted from September 4 to 15, 1812. The first American land victory during the War of 1812, it was won by an outnumbered United States force garrisoned inside the fort against a combined Native American force near modern Terre Haute, Indiana.


query: The 2008 PapaJohns.com Bowl was played at a stadium that was opened in what year?

pos: 2008 PapaJohns.com Bowl The 2008 PapaJohns.com Bowl was the third edition of the college football bowl game, and was played at Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. The game was played starting at 2 PM US CST on Monday, December 29, 2008. The game, telecast on ESPN, pitted the Rutgers Scarlet Knights against the North Carolina State Wolfpack.

pos: Legion Field Legion Field is a stadium in Birmingham, Alabama, United States, primarily designed to be used as a venue for American football, but is occasionally used for other large outdoor events. The stadium is named in honor of the American Legion, a U.S. organization of military veterans and opened in 1927. Since the 2004 removal of the upper deck, Legion Field seats approximately 71,594 spectators. At its peak it seated 83,091 people for football and had the name "Football Capital of the South" emblazoned from the facade on its upper deck. Legion Field is colloquially called "The Old Gray Lady" and "The Gray Lady on Graymont". The stadium's current primary tenant are the University of Alabama at Birmingham Blazers, a member of Conference USA.

neg: Arizona Stadium Arizona Stadium is an outdoor college football stadium in Tucson, Arizona. On the campus of the University of Arizona, it is the home field of the Arizona Wildcats of the Pac-12 Conference.

neg: Olympic Stadium (Hoquiam) Olympic Stadium is a stadium in Hoquiam, Washington which opened in 1938. The City of Hoquiam first got the idea for an all-wood stadium in the early 1930s when it applied for a Civil Works Administration grant. In 1932, the grant was approved. Construction began in early 1938 with the stadium officially opening to the public on Nov. 24, 1938. A renovation grant was awarded through the "Save America's Treasures" program requested by Congressional Representative Norm Dicks in 2005. Dicks also backed the State Historic Preservation Office request to add the stadium to the National Register of Historic Places which was granted in 2006.

neg: National Bowl The National Bowl (originally the Milton Keynes Bowl) is an entertainment venue located in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. The site was a former clay-pit (for brick-making), filled in and raised to form an amphitheatre using sub-soil excavated by the many new developments in the area and it has a current maximum capacity of 65,000. The arena is open-air grassland, without seats.

neg: Powhatan Sports Complex The L.R. Hill Sports Complex is an athletic building on the campus of Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. Construction started in August 2007 and the building opened on September 13, 2008. Built by S.B. Ballard, who has constructed many buildings at ODU including the Ted Constant Center and the University Village Apartments.

neg: Independence Bowl The Independence Bowl is a post-season National Collegiate Athletic Association-sanctioned Division I college football bowl game that is played annually each December at Independence Stadium in Shreveport, Louisiana. The Independence Bowl was named because it was inaugurated in 1976, the year of the United States Bicentennial.

neg: Apogee Stadium Apogee Stadium is a college football stadium located at the junction of Interstate 35 East and West in Denton, Texas. Opened in 2011, it is home to the University of North Texas (UNT) Mean Green football team, which competes in Conference USA. The facility replaced Fouts Field, where the school's football program had been based since 1952.

neg: Charlie W. Johnson Stadium Charlie W. Johnson Stadium is a stadium in Columbia, South Carolina. It is primarily used for American football, and is the home field of the Benedict College. The stadium has also been host of the South Carolina High School League's Class 1A football state championship games since 2010 and was also the host of the Class 2A games from 2011 to 2013. The stadium holds 11,000 people and opened in 2006.

neg: Harvard Stadium Harvard Stadium is a U-shaped football stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, in the United States. Built in 1903, it was a pioneering execution of reinforced concrete in the construction of large structures. Because of its early importance in these areas, and its influence on the design of later stadiums, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987. The Stadium is owned and operated by Harvard University and is home to the Harvard Crimson football program. It was also home for the New England Patriots in the 1970 season, their first after the AFL–NFL merger, before the completion of Foxboro Stadium.

neg: TD Stadium TD Stadium (formerly known as TD Waterhouse Stadium) is an 10,000-seat Canadian football stadium located at 100 Philip Aziz Avenue on the campus of the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario. It was built in 2000 at a cost of approximately $10.5-million and replaced J.W. Little Stadium.

neg: 2008 Arkansas Razorbacks football team The 2008 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the 2008 football season. The Razorbacks played five home games at Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville, Arkansas and one home game at War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock, Arkansas. The Razorbacks finished the season with an overall record of 5–7 and a conference record of 2–6 in Bobby Petrino's inaugural season.

neg: Spartan Stadium (East Lansing, Michigan) Spartan Stadium (formerly College Field, Macklin Field and Macklin Stadium) opened in 1923 in East Lansing, Michigan, United States. It is primarily used for football, and is the home field of the Michigan State University Spartans. After the addition of luxury boxes and club seating in 2004–2005, the capacity of the stadium grew from 72,027 to 75,005—though it has held more than 80,000 fans—making it the Big Ten's sixth largest stadium.

neg: Phillips Field (Florida) Phillips Field was a medium-sized stadium (maximum capacity approximately 20,000) located on the west bank of the Hillsborough River across from downtown Tampa, immediately adjacent to the University of Tampa. It opened on October 4, 1937, and served as the home for the University of Tampa's football team from 1937 to 1967. The facility was named for local businessman I. W. Phillips, who donated the land to the school so that the Spartans would not have to share nearby Plant Field, which was often unavailable due to its use for many different sports and community events.

neg: Bryant–Denny Stadium Bryant–Denny Stadium is an outdoor stadium in the southeastern United States, on the campus of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. It is the home field of the Alabama Crimson Tide football team of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).

neg: New Orleans Bowl The New Orleans Bowl is an NCAA-sanctioned post-season college football bowl game that has been played annually at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana since 2001. The game was sponsored by Wyndham Hotels & Resorts from 2002 to 2004 and was officially called the Wyndham New Orleans Bowl. R+L Carriers replaced Wyndham as the sponsor in 2006, and thus it became officially known as the R+L Carriers New Orleans Bowl.

neg: Petco Park Petco Park is a baseball park located in the downtown area of San Diego, California, United States, that is home to the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB). The park opened in 2004, replacing Qualcomm Stadium, which the Padres shared with the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). Petco Park is named after the San Diego-based pet supplies retailer Petco, which paid for the naming rights until 2026. In addition to baseball, the park is also used as venue for concerts, soccer, golf, and rugby sevens.

neg: Harry Turpin Stadium Harry Turpin Stadium is a 15,971-seat multi-purpose stadium in Natchitoches, Louisiana. It opened in 1975 and is home to the Northwestern State University Demons football team.

neg: Santa Ana Stadium Santa Ana Stadium, also known as Eddie West Field or the Santa Ana Bowl, is a city-owned and operated 9,000-capacity American football and soccer stadium located in downtown Santa Ana. The field was named after Eddie West, a writer for the Orange County Register and tireless supporter of the Santa Ana College Dons and all Orange County sports.

neg: California Memorial Stadium California Memorial Stadium is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley in Berkeley, California. Commonly known as Memorial Stadium, it is the home field for the University of California Golden Bears of the Pac-12 Conference. The venue opened in 1923 and currently seats around 63,000 fans for football. The playing field runs NW-SE, at an elevation of 410 feet (125 m) above sea level, and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on November 27, 2006. The stadium is located on the Hayward Fault, which passes directly under the playing field, nearly from goal post to goal post.

neg: Yale Bowl The Yale Bowl is a football stadium in New Haven, Connecticut on the border of West Haven, about 1.5 mi west of the main campus of Yale University. The home of the Yale Bulldogs football team, it was built in 1913-14 with 70,896 seats; renovations have since reduced its capacity to 61,446. Despite the renovations, no stadium in the United States is both older and larger than the Yale Bowl.

neg: 2008 LSU Tigers baseball team The 2008 LSU Tigers baseball team represented Louisiana State University in the NCAA Division I baseball season of 2008. This was the final year for the team in the original Alex Box Stadium. A new stadium was built during the season and opened on opening day of the 2009 season.