query: Are Shipping News and Gene both rock bands?

pos: Shipping News Shipping News is an American post-rock/post-hardcore band. The group formed in the fall of 1996 when members Jason Noble and Jeff Mueller, who were both in Rodan, collaborated to create music for the Chicago-based syndicated National Public Radio program "This American Life". Kyle Crabtree was later recruited as drummer which completed the original lineup. In 2004, Todd Cook, former member of Parlour, The For Carnation, and the reunited Slint, was recruited as bass player.

pos: Gene (band) Gene were an English alternative rock quartet that rose to prominence in the mid-1990s. Formed in 1993, they were popularly labelled as a Britpop band and often drew comparisons to The Smiths because of their Morrissey-esque lead singer, Martin Rossiter. Gene's music was influenced by The Jam, The Smiths, The Style Council and The Clash.

neg: Belly (band) Belly is an alternative rock band formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1991 by former Throwing Muses member Tanya Donelly (who was also in The Breeders). The original lineup consisted of Donelly on lead vocals and guitar, Fred Abong on bass, and brothers Tom and Chris Gorman on guitar and drums respectively. Although formed in Boston, the group's members are all from the Newport, Rhode Island area, and identify themselves as a Rhode Island band as opposed to a Boston one.

neg: Blue Gene (Gene Pitney album) Blue Gene is American singer Gene Pitney's fifth album, released on the Musicor label in 1963. The album contained the Burt Bacharach and Hal David hit "Twenty Four Hours from Tulsa", a top 10 hit in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia and a top 20 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 (#17), as well as the minor hit "Yesterday's Hero" (#64).

neg: Cassette (South African band) Cassette is a South African rock band.

neg: Gene and The Gents Gene and The Gents were an Irish showband from Enniskillen, who achieved chart success with tracks including "The Way You Wrinkle Your Nose" and "I Came As a Stranger and Stayed As a Friend" as well as "Puppet on a String".

neg: The Beach Boys The Beach Boys are an American rock band formed in Hawthorne, California, in 1961. The group's original lineup consisted of brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson; their cousin Mike Love; and their friend Al Jardine. Distinguished by their vocal harmonies and early surf songs, they are one of the most influential acts of the rock era. The group, led by their principal songwriter and producer Brian, pioneered novel approaches to popular music form and production, combining their affinities for jazz-based vocal groups, 1950s rock and roll, and black R&B to create their unique sound. He later arranged his compositions for studio orchestras and explored a variety of other styles, often incorporating classical or jazz elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways.

neg: Band of Oz The Band of Oz is a prominent band of the United States beach music genre. Starting in the mid-1960s with high school students, the band turned professional in the early-1970s with a core group mostly from the Greenville, North Carolina Rose High School Stage Band, that featured Chuck French on trumpet, Gary Warren saxophone, Randy Hignite keyboards, Jim Heidenreich drums, Johnnie Byrd bass, Buddy Johnson vocals and Keith Houston guitar. In 1971 Billy Bazemore replaced Johnson.

neg: Girl Monstar Girl Monstar were an all female Australian rock band which formed 1988 with the line-up of Damian Child on bass guitar; Anne McCue on lead guitar and vocals; Sherry Valier (aka Sherry Rich) on vocals and rhythm guitar (ex-Cactus Fever); and Sue World on drums and vocals (ex-Wet Ones). Both of their singles, "Surfing on a Wave of Love" / "He's Hell" (1989) and "Joe Cool" (1990), topped the Australian Independent charts. They issued one album, "Monstereo Delicio", in July 1992 on Timberyard Records. Child was replaced by Janene Abbott but the group disbanded in 1993. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described their sound "trash pop style mixed tough guitar riffs with strong harmonies". Valier as Rich, is a country rock artist and has issued solo material as well as performing in bands. McCue is also an alternative country artist, she relocated to Nashville and has released several solo albums.

neg: The Ultimate School of Rock & Roll The Ultimate School Of Rock & Roll is a 32-track CD by Gene Summers. It is a compilation of his biggest hits including out-takes and alternate tracks. The CD was released nationally in the United States by Crystal Clear Sound Records in 1997 and is still in print. It was issued as a deluxe edition with an insert booklet containing 16 printed pages with extensive photos plus exclusive liner notes by Phil York (Yorktown Digital, USA).

neg: Roxy Music Roxy Music were an English rock band formed in 1971 by Bryan Ferry, who became the band's lead vocalist and chief songwriter, and bassist Graham Simpson. Alongside Ferry, the other longtime members were Phil Manzanera (guitar), Andy Mackay (saxophone and oboe) and Paul Thompson (drums and percussion), and other former members include Brian Eno (synthesizer and "treatments"), Eddie Jobson (synthesiser and violin), and John Gustafson (bass). Although the band took a break from group activities in 1976 and again in 1983, they reunited for a concert tour in 2001, and toured together intermittently between that time and their break-up in 2011. Ferry frequently enlisted members of Roxy Music as session musicians for his solo releases.

neg: Protein (band) Protein was a punk, alternative, post-grunge, metal band formed in 1994 in San Francisco, California.

neg: The Cryan' Shames The Cryan' Shames are an American garage rock band from Hinsdale, Illinois. They originally formed as The Travelers, with founding members Tom Doody ("Toad"), Gerry Stone ("Stonehenge"), Dave Purple ("Grape") of The Prowlers, Denny Conroy from Possum River, and Jim Fairs from The Roosters, Jim Pilster ("J.C. Hooke", so named because he was born without a left hand and wore a hook), and Bill Hughes. The band's most successful moment came with their cover of The Searchers song, "Sugar and Spice".

neg: Radio America (band) Radio America is a rock group based in New York City, currently signed to Mother West records by Charles Newman (member of Flare and producer/engineer of the The Magnetic Fields, "Lemony Snicket," We Are Scientists, Kris Gruen, Lori Michaels, the Bowmans, Earlymay, etc.) In stark contrast to the radio network of the same name, Radio America are known not only for their award-winning live act but also for their openly leftist politics. After years as a three-piece (bass/drums/guitar with all members contributing vocals), the group currently performs as a four-piece act led by singer-songwriters Jesse Reno (vocals/bass) and Tom Stuart (vocals/guitar). The band's most recent full-length, the album "Raise High", was released in September 2006.

neg: Odds (band) Odds are a Canadian alternative rock band. The band's power pop style has been frequently compared to that of contemporaries such as Squeeze, Elvis Costello, Tom Petty, The Clash, XTC, The Tubes, and other bands they have influenced, such as Sloan, Weezer, and Franz Ferdinand.

neg: Retribution Gospel Choir Retribution Gospel Choir is an indie rock band based in Duluth, Minnesota. Current members of the band include Alan Sparhawk (guitar, vocals, sampler) and Steve Garrington (bass), both of whom are also in the band Low, and Eric Pollard (drums, vocals). Despite sharing the majority of their members, RGC's high-energy performance differs greatly from Low's subdued, minimalist feel. Until 2008, Matt Livingston played bass for the band. Sparhawk's wife Mimi Parker appears on vocals on one Retribution Gospel Choir track as well.

neg: Tropical Storm Gene The name Gene has been used two times in the Western Pacific:

neg: Captain Tractor Captain Tractor is a Canadian folk rock band, based in Edmonton, Alberta. They play a punk-influenced variant of Celtic folk music, similar to such bands as Great Big Sea, The Pogues or Spirit of the West. Their songs are often rich in local, cultural, and geographical references.

neg: DNA (American band) DNA was a no wave band formed in 1978 by guitarist Arto Lindsay and keyboardist Robin Crutchfield. Rather than playing their instruments in a traditional manner, they instead focused on making unique and unusual sounds. Their music was described as spare, noisy, and angular and was compared to some of Captain Beefheart's output as well as the works of Anton Webern.

neg: News (album) NEWS is the fifth studio album by NEWS, a Japanese pop boy band. The album was released on July 17, 2013. The album consists of seventeen tracks, four of which are solo songs. Below are the list of tracks:

neg: Roadmaster (album) Roadmaster is a country rock album by Gene Clark released in 1973. The album was compiled from various unreleased recordings for A&M Records made in 1970 through 1972. Eight tracks yielded from an April 1972 recording session featuring Clarence White, Chris Ethridge, Spooner Oldham, Sneaky Pete Kleinow, Byron Berline and Michael Clarke; two tracks ("One in A Hundred" and "She's the Kind of Girl") derived from an unissued single reassembling the five original Byrds prior to their 1973 reunion album; and the remaining track, "Here Tonight", had been recorded with The Flying Burrito Brothers. Initially released in the Netherlands and Germany only on the A&M subsidiary Ariola, it was reissued on compact disc for the American market in 1994.

neg: The Church (band) The Church are an Australian psychedelic rock band formed in Sydney in 1980. Initially associated with new wave, neo-psychedelia and indie rock, their music later came to feature slower tempos and surreal soundscapes reminiscent of dream pop and post-rock. Glenn A. Baker has written that "From the release of the 'She Never Said' single in November 1980, this unique Sydney-originated entity has purveyed a distinctive, ethereal, psychedelic-tinged sound which has alternatively found favour and disfavor in Australia." The "Los Angeles Times" has described the band's music as "dense, shimmering, exquisite guitar pop".


query: Who is the artist that created the albums Laminar Flow and Mystery Girl?

pos: Laminar Flow (album) Laminar Flow is the twenty-first album by Roy Orbison recorded at Wishbone Recording Studio in Muscle Shoals, Alabama and released in 1979 on the Asylum Records label. It was the last album of new material Orbison would release in his lifetime - his next studio effort, "", featured re-recordings of old Orbison hits whilst "Mystery Girl" and "King Of Hearts", his final collections of all-new material, were released posthumously.

pos: Mystery Girl Mystery Girl is the twenty-second album by Roy Orbison, the last album recorded whle he was alive and posthumously released on the Virgin label in 1989. The album became a hit worldwide, reaching #5 on the US "Billboard" 200, and #2 on the UK Albums Chart.

neg: Eclair Fifi Clair Stirling, known more widely by her stage name Eclair Fifi, is a Scottish DJ, artist and illustrator, currently signed to LuckyMe. She is an illustrator & designer for the label and hosts a monthly show on London radio station Rinse FM.

neg: Duniya (The Intrinsic Passion of Mysterious Joy) Duniya (The Intrinsic Passion of Mysterious Joy) is the debut album of Loop Guru, released on December 13, 1994 through Nation Records.

neg: Monica Lionheart Monica Ginestre, better known by her stage name Monica Lionheart, is an American electro-acoustic, singer-songwriter, producer, DJ and multi-instrumentalist. She began her music career as a member of Iluminada, is the founder of the electronic rock band Zigmat, and collaborated in Pacha Massive before forming her own solo project in 2012.

neg: Glazed (album) Glazed is the first studio album by the Canadian rock band Mystery Machine.

neg: Scotty Granger Scotty Granger (born July 19, 1987) also known as Scotty Grand and Scotty G, is an American pop, R&B and dance music singer/producer/songwriter. He plays piano, guitar, flute, sax, and piccolo, among others.

neg: Out Flow Out Flow is a compilation album by Japanese music production unit I've Sound and volume five in their "Girls Compilation" album series. It was released in a limited edition box set with the "Lament" album and the "I've P.V Collection Vol.3: See You" DVD on September 5, 2003. The two albums later received individual releases on October 30, 2003.

neg: Lili K. Lillianna Kryzanek (born July 1, 1991), better known as her stage name Lili K. is an American jazz and soul vocalist and songwriter born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and based in Chicago, Illinois. She released her debut album "Ruby" on April 21, 2015, after becoming widely known for her feature work with artists such as Chance the Rapper and Vic Mensa.

neg: Woo Hye-lim Woo Hye-rim (born September 1, 1992), also known as Hyerim (also spelled as Hyelim) or Lim, is a South Korean singer-songwriter. She was a member of the South Korean girl group Wonder Girls.

neg: Lyraka Lyraka is a multimedia art project. There has been one musical CD released from the project, Lyraka Volume 1, with another in the works. Also in the making is a graphic novel collaboration between the project's original creator, Jasmine Aliara, and horror artist Vince Locke. The project features several portraits both commissioned and licensed from fantasy artist Ken Kelly as well as Locke.

neg: Girl on Fire (album) Girl on Fire is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Alicia Keys. The album, which was released on November 22, 2012, is Keys' first release with RCA Records following Sony Music Entertainment's decision to close J Records during a company reshuffle. "Girl on Fire" was conceived shortly after Keys' marriage to record producer and rapper Swizz Beatz as well as the birth of her first child, Egypt. It is an R&B album with a mixture of conventional genre songs and piano ballads, some of which touch on Keys' marriage and motherhood.

neg: Kytami Kyla Tamiko LeBlanc (née Uyede), better known by her stage name Kytami, is a Canadian musician. Born in Vancouver, she started taking violin lessons at the age of three, and trained classically at the Vancouver Academy of Music from ages 3 to 17. At the age of 23 started playing in a band at the Dubh Linn Gate Pub. In 2002 she moved back to Vancouver and recorded her first album "Conflation". In 2006 she co-founded the group Delhi 2 Dublin, but left in late 2010 to continue pursuing her solo career. The "Kytami" stage name blends her first and middle names. She is of mixed Japanese, Filipino, and English descent.

neg: Dee (singer) Dee (born Martin Granger) is an electro-pop dance-rock Canadian singer, songwriter, disc jockey, producer, multi-instrumentalist, and remixer.

neg: Rivkah (artist) Rivkah (born November 13, 1981) is best known as the artist, writer, and creator of the ongoing teen graphic novel series "Steady Beat".

neg: Shock G Gregory Jacobs, commonly known by his stage name Shock G (as well as by his alter ego Humpty Hump) is an American musician and rapper, known as the lead vocalist for the hip hop group Digital Underground. He is responsible for Digital Underground's "The Humpty Dance", 2Pac's breakthrough single "I Get Around", and co-producer of 2Pac's debut album "2Pacalypse Now".

neg: Constance Demby Constance "Connie" Demby is singer, experimental musical instrument inventor, painter, sculptor, and multi-media producer. Her work falls into several categories, including ambient or space music. She is considered a pioneer in new age music best known for her album "Novus Magnificat".

neg: LA Confidential (song) "LA Confidential" is a song by Canadian rapper Tory Lanez. The song was released on January 29, 2016 by EMI Records, Mad Love Records, Interscope Records and Virgin Records. The song is produced by Benny Blanco, Cashmere Cat, Pop and Toro.

neg: Girl Talk (musician) Gregg Michael Gillis (born October 26, 1981), known by the stage name Girl Talk, is an American disc jockey that specializes in mashups and digital sampling. Gillis has released five LPs on the record label Illegal Art and EPs on both 333 and 12 Apostles. He was trained as an engineer.

neg: Mystery Walk Mystery Walk is a 1984 album by M + M (also known as Martha And The Muffins), produced by Daniel Lanois. The opening tracks, "Black Stations/White Stations" and "Cooling The Medium" were both released as singles, with the first track being the more successful of the two, achieving hit status in Canada and reaching #2 on the U.S. dance music chart.

neg: Joe Lamont Joe Lamont is an Australian American rock singer, songwriter and musician. Lamont has been a member of several rock bands; while in these bands, he was known as Joe Lamente. In 1985, he released a solo album entitled "Secrets You Keep".

neg: Terry G Gabriel Oche Amanyi, popularly known by his stage name Terry G, is a Nigerian musician and producer. He is widely known for his eccentric dress-sense, controversial lyrics and awkward identity. He has been described by "The Punch" as "one of the world's weirdest singers", by "Vanguard" as a "Weird singer", and by "Channels TV" as the "Craziest musician in Nigeria". In 2013, he released his fourth album titled "Book of Ginger".


query: What was the real name o the entertainer that Nima Nourizadeh directed a music video for?f

pos: Nima Nourizadeh Nima Nourizadeh (Persian: نیما نوری‌زاده  ; born 12 November 1977) is an Iranian-British film director, music video director, and commercial director. His debut film is "Project X", released in March 2012. Prior to making "Project X", he directed music videos for Dizzee Rascal, Pink Grease, Franz Ferdinand, Bat for Lashes, Santigold, Hot Chip, Yelle and Lily Allen. He also directed advertisements for Adidas. Nourizadeh is the son of political activist Alireza Nourizadeh and his siblings are electronic music producers Omid 16B and Navid. His second film was the 2015 action comedy "American Ultra", starring Jesse Eisenberg, Kristen Stewart, Connie Britton, John Leguizamo, and Topher Grace.

pos: Santigold Santi White (born September 25, 1976), better known by her stage name Santigold (formerly Santogold), is an American singer and producer. Her debut album, "Santogold", including the singles "Creator" and "L.E.S. Artistes", received very favorable reviews in 2008. Her second album, "Master of My Make-Believe", was released in 2012. In February 2016, she released her third album "99¢".

neg: Annie Khalid Noor–ul–Ain Khalid, popularly known as Annie or Annie Khalid (Urdu:  ) (born 1987 in Lahore, Pakistan ) is an English-Pakistani musician and model.

neg: Zinat Pirzadeh Zinat Pirzadeh (born 22 February 1967), is an Iranian Swedish female comedian. She has been called the "funniest female immigrant in Sweden.

neg: Leila Mourad Layla Murad (Arabic: ليلى مراد  ) (February 17, 1918 – November 21, 1995) was an Egyptian singer and actress, and one of the most prominent superstars in the Arab world in her era. Born "Lillian Zaki Murad Mordechai" to a Jewish family in the Al Daher District in Cairo, she later changed her name to Layla Murad as a stage-name. Layla married three times and converted to Islam in 1947.

neg: Viguen Vigen or Viguen, born Vigen Derderian (Persian: ویگن دردریان  , "Vigen Derderyân"; Armenian: Վիգեն Դէրդէրեան , "Vigen Dērdērean"; November 23, 1929 - October 26, 2003), known as "King of Iranian pop" and the "Sultan of Jazz", was an Iranian pop music singer and actor, well known throughout the Near East. Vigen sang both in Persian and Armenian.

neg: Şehrazat Şehrazat Kemali Söylemezoğlu (born September 3, 1952), known by her stage name Şehrazat or Şehro, is a Turkish celebutante, television personality, businesswoman, philanthropist, composer, songwriter, record producer, occasional jazz, and pop music singer.

neg: Haitham Yousif Haitham Yousif (born Haitham Abed Yousif Sadiq, (Arabic: هيثم عبد يوسف صادق  , Syriac: ܗܝܬܡ ܥܒܕ ܝܘܣܦ ), November 29, 1969) is an Iraqi singer, composer and songwriter. He is referred as the Prince of Love in the Middle East.

neg: Mizz Nina Shazrina binti Azman (born 1 July 1980), who is known as Mizz Nina, is a Malaysian fashion designer and television host. she is a former musician, singer-songwriter and rapper.

neg: Akif Islamzade Akif Islamzade (Azerbaijani: "Akif İslamzadə" , born August 8, 1948) is a popular Azerbaijani singer.

neg: Nima Rumba Nima Rumba is a singer, lyricist, musician, and actor from Nepal.

neg: Anna F. Anna Wappel (born 18 December 1985), known professionally as Anna F., is an Austrian singer-songwriter and actress.

neg: Tehran Von Ghasri Tehran Von Ghasri or simply Tehran Ghasri (Persian: تهران قصری  , ] ) professionally known as Tehran or sometimes Tehran SoParvaz is an Iranian-American international comedian, host, actor, TV and radio personality, entertainer of Persian and black-American descent. A close friend to Max Amini, Tehran was brought up in Washington D.C where he started his career. Half Persian, half Black, He is a bilingual comedian in Persian and English.

neg: Frank D Don Otoide Frank Isimhmen Chineyene (born November 16 1985), known by his stage name Rt Hon Frank D Don, is a Nigerian entertainer, comedian and actor.

neg: Mumtaz Sorcar Mumtaz Sorcar (Bengali: মুমতাজ সরকার ), informally (pet name) known as "Pratiti Sorcar", is an Indian film actress. She is the youngest daughter of world-famous magician PC Sorcar Junior and Jayashree Devi.She has participated in the popular reality tv show, Bigg Boss Bangla but eventually got evicted after staying for a month in the house. Mumtaz started her career with a music video for singer Mehreen from Bangladesh. She first appeared in the short film "Bhorai: The Maladies of Dawn" directed by Subhrajit Mitra produced by NIBS.

neg: Niloofar Parsa Niloofar Parsa (Persian: نیلوفر پارسا  ) is an Iranian actor. She was born in Tehran in 1990.

neg: Milko Foucault-Larche Milko Foucault – Larche (born Milko Foucault – Larche (pronounced 'fooko-lar-shay') on [1 June 1960] is a Mauritian Australian entertainer. He is best known in Australia for his tribute to Charles Aznavour, "Aznavour... From Today" and most likely the only Aznavour tribute of its kind in Australia.

neg: Remy Munasifi Remy Munasifi (born June 16, 1980) is an Arab-American stand-up comedian, parody musician and video artist who became an Internet celebrity after his production of comedic sketches based on Arabs under the name "GoRemy" on YouTube. His videos have gained over 89 million views as of March 2016.

neg: Fred Buscaglione Ferdinando "Fred" Buscaglione (] ; 23 November 1921 – 3 February 1960) was an Italian singer and actor who became very popular in the late 1950s. His public persona – the character he played both in his songs and his movies – was of a humorous mobster with a penchant for whisky and women.

neg: Ferdausi Rahman Ferdausi Rahman (née Begum ; born 28 June 1941) also known as "Ferdausi Begum" is a Bangladeshi playback singer. She is the daughter of folk singer Abbas Uddin. She sang some popular film songs for Pakistani films also in the 1960s especially working with the music composer Robin Ghosh in film Chakori released in 1967.

neg: Numa Numa (video) Numa Numa is an Internet meme based on a video by American vlogger Gary Brolsma made after the song "Dragostea Din Tei" as performed by O-Zone. Brolsma's video, entitled Numa Numa Dance, was released on December 6, 2004 on the website Newgrounds.com under the username "Gman250" and shows Brolsma lip-synching the hit song with lively gesticulations and dance moves, which later got taken down by the Newgrounds moderation team in late 2016. The video title is derived from the Romanian words ""nu mă nu mă"" that occur in the refrain of O-Zone's song. It was the first Numa Numa-themed video to gain widespread attention. Less than three months after the release, it had been viewed more than two million times on the debut website alone.

neg: Ebrahim Monsefi Ebrahim Monsefi (in Persian: ابراهیم منصفی, 1945, Bandar Abbas – 1997) was an Iranian singer, musician and poet.


query: The film "Tap Roots" is loosely based on the life story of a Southern Unionist that held what position in MIssissippi's Reconstruction government?

pos: Tap Roots Tap Roots is a 1948 Technicolor Western war film set during the American Civil War. It is very loosely based on the true life story of Newton Knight, a farm owner who attempted to secede Jones County from Mississippi.

pos: Newton Knight Newton Knight (November 10, 1829 – February 16, 1922) was an American farmer, soldier and Southern Unionist in Mississippi, best known as the leader of the Knight Company, a band of Confederate army deserters who resisted the Confederacy during the Civil War. Local legends tell of Knight and his men forming the "Free State of Jones" in the area in and around Jones County, Mississippi, at the height of the war. The nature and extent of the Knight Company's opposition to the Confederate government is disputed among historians. After the war, Knight joined the Republican Party and served in Mississippi's Reconstruction government as a deputy US Marshal.

neg: Harvey Johnson, Jr. Harvey Johnson, Jr. (born December 21, 1946), is an American politician from Mississippi. He was elected in 1997 as the first African American Mayor of Jackson, Mississippi, serving two terms. He was known for his achievements in gaining reinvestment in the city to revitalize downtown.

neg: Colonel Stone Johnson Colonel Stone Johnson (September 9, 1918 – January 19, 2012) was an African-American activist in the Civil Rights Movement. A railway worker and union representative by trade, he got involved in the civil rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama in the mid 1950s, working with Fred Shuttlesworth. He started a civil rights organization called the Civil Rights Guards that protected homes and business involved in the movement, usually while armed.

neg: John E. Rankin John Elliott Rankin (March 29, 1882 – November 26, 1960) was a Democratic congressman who served for sixteen terms from the U.S. State of Mississippi, from 1920 to 1952. He was co-author of the bill for the Tennessee Valley Authority and supported the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, which brought investment and jobs to the South. He was described as a "racial demagogue", supporting racial segregation and white supremacy.

neg: Caesar Antoine Caesar Carpentier Antoine (1836–1921) was a politician, the third of three African-American Republicans who were elected and served as the Lieutenant Governor of the U.S. state of Louisiana during the era of Reconstruction. He left office in 1877, the last Republican to hold the lieutenant governorship until 1988. That year Paul Jude Hardy, a former Louisiana Secretary of State and a former Democrat, was elected.

neg: George Raymond Jr. George Raymond, Jr. (January 1, 1943 – March 8, 1973) was an African-American civil rights activist, a member of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, a Freedom Rider, and head of the Congress of Racial Equality in Mississippi in the 1960s. Raymond influenced many of Mississippi's most known activists, such as Anne Moody, C. O. Chinn, and Annie Devine to join the movement and was influential in many of Mississippi's most notable Civil Rights activities such as a Woolworth's lunchcounter sit-in and protests in Jackson, Mississippi, Meredith Mississippi March, and Freedom Summer.

neg: John Andrew Singleton John Andrew Singleton (July 30, 1895 - August 1, 1970) was a civil rights activist, dentist, and member of the Nebraska House of Representatives. He served as president of the Omaha, Nebraska and then the Jamaica, New York branches of the NAACP. He was an outspoken activist and received the nickname "the militant dentist" while living in Jamaica, New York.

neg: Edmund J. Davis Edmund Jackson Davis (October 2, 1827 – February 24, 1883) was an American lawyer, soldier, and politician. He was a Southern Unionist and a general in the Union Army in the American Civil War. He also served for one term from 1870 to 1874 as the 14th Governor of Texas.

neg: Joseph Edison Walker Joseph Edison Walker (March 31, 1879 – July 28, 1958) was a leading African American physician, businessman and religious leader. After graduating from college and medical school, he practiced as a doctor in Mississippi, where he was born and reared. He also became president of a bank and an insurance company serving blacks. In 1920 he moved with his family to Memphis, Tennessee for more opportunities.

neg: Martin Sennet Conner Martin Sennett Conner, known as Mike Conner (August 31, 1891 – September 16, 1950), was an American lawyer, Democratic politician, and college sports administrator who served as the governor of Mississippi from 1932 to 1936.

neg: John Black (U.S. Senator) John Black (August 11, 1800 – August 29, 1854) was a politician from the U.S. state of Mississippi, most notably serving in the United States Senate as a Whig from 1832 to 1838.

neg: Elizabeth Tyler (KKK organizer) Mary Elizabeth "Bessie" Tyler (July 10, 1881 – September 10, 1924) was an Atlanta public-relations professional who, starting in 1920 along with Edward Young Clarke, helped to turn the initially anemic second Ku Klux Klan into a mass-membership organization with a broader social agenda.

neg: Southern Unionist In the United States, Southern Unionists were white people living in the Confederate States of America, opposed to secession, and against the Civil War. These people are also referred to as Southern Loyalists, Union Loyalists and Lincoln Loyalists. Pro-Confederates in the South derided them as Tories. During reconstruction these terms were replaced by "scalawag", which covered all Southern whites who supported the Republican Party. Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia (which included West Virginia at that time) were home to the largest populations of loyalists, thousands of whom volunteered for Union military service.

neg: George W. Littlefield George Washington Littlefield (June 21, 1842 – November 10, 1920) was a Confederate Army officer, cattleman, banker, and regent of the University of Texas. Born in Mississippi, Littlefield moved to Texas with his family when he was a boy.

neg: Henry Lincoln Johnson Henry Lincoln "Linc" Johnson (July 27, 1870 – September 10, 1925) was an American attorney and politician from the state of Georgia. He is best remembered as one of the most prominent African-American Republicans of the first two decades of the 20th century and as a leader of the dominant black-and-tan faction of the Republican Party of Georgia. He was appointed by President William Howard Taft as Recorder of the Deeds for the District of Columbia, at the time regarded as the premier political patronage position reserved for black Americans.

neg: Petticoat affair The Petticoat affair (also known as the Eaton affair) was an 1829–1831 U.S. scandal involving members of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet and their wives. Led by Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun, these women (the "petticoats") socially ostracized John Eaton, the Secretary of War, and his wife Peggy over disapproval of the circumstances surrounding their marriage and what they considered her failure to meet the moral standards of a cabinet wife. The affair shook up the Jackson administration and led to the resignation of all but one cabinet member. It facilitated Martin Van Buren's rise to the presidency and was, in part, responsible for Calhoun's transformation from a national political figure with presidential aspirations into a sectional leader of the slave-holding Southern states.

neg: Maggie L. Walker Maggie Lena Walker (July 15, 1864 – December 15, 1934) was an African-American teacher and businesswoman. Walker was the first female bank president of any race to charter a bank in the United States. As a leader, she achieved successes with the vision to make tangible improvements in the way of life for African Americans and women. Disabled by paralysis and limited to a wheelchair later in life, Walker also became an example for people with disabilities.

neg: Jack Reed (Mississippi politician) Jack Raymond Reed, Sr. (May 19, 1924 – January 27, 2016), was an American businessman and politician from his native Tupelo, Mississippi.

neg: Isaac H. Hilliard Isaac H. Hilliard (1811-1868) was an American planter and cotton factor in the Antebellum South. He was an advocate of the Confederate States of America. During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, he moved his family slaves to Texas and later Louisiana. In the postbellum years, he was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson and liquidated his cotton-factoring business. His Arkansas plantation was inherited by his sons.

neg: Henry R. Jackson Henry Rootes Jackson (June 24, 1820 – May 23, 1898) was a major general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

neg: Howard Kester Howard Kester was an American preacher, organizer, and activist, most known for his work organizing the Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU) beginning in 1934. His work was inspired by a radical version of Christianity called the Social Gospel, influenced by Reinhold Niebuhr among others, and a Marxist critique of the Southern economy. A white Southerner himself, he firmly believed that the only way to create a new "Eden" was to end racial strife by uniting poor black and whites around a common cause. His views on race began when, as a college student, he toured Poland with the YMCA. After visiting a Jewish ghetto he began to see a parallel between Europe's treatment of Jews and America's treatment of blacks. Kester worked with numerous organizations throughout his life that sought equality in the United States: NAACP, Fellowship of Reconciliation, Fellowship of Southern Churchmen, and the Committee on Economic and Racial Justice. In 1936 he published "Revolt Among the Sharecroppers" on behalf of the STFU.


query: Which actress from the film "My Old Lady" was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II?

pos: My Old Lady (film) My Old Lady is a British–French–American comedy-drama film written and directed by Israel Horovitz in his feature directorial debut. He had previously directed "3 Weeks After Paradise", a 51-minute testimonial from 2002 about his family's experiences following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York's World Trade Center. The film stars Maggie Smith, Kevin Kline, Kristin Scott Thomas, and Dominique Pinon. It was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.

pos: Maggie Smith Dame Margaret Natalie Smith, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 28 December 1934) known as Maggie Smith, is an English actress. She has had an extensive, varied career on stage, film and television spanning over sixty-five years. Smith has appeared in over 50 films and is one of Britain's most recognisable actresses. A prominent figure in British culture for six decades, she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II in 1990 for services to the performing arts, and received the Companion of Honour from the Queen in 2014 for services to drama.

neg: Margaret Yarde Margaret Yarde (2 April 1878 – 11 March 1944) was a British film actress.

neg: Laura Carmichael Laura Elizabeth Carmichael (born 16 July 1986) is an English actress, most widely known for her performance as Lady Edith Crawley in the ITV (UK) and PBS (U.S.) television period drama series" Downton Abbey". Her other television work includes "Marcella" (2016)., and the feature film "A United Kingdom" (2016).

neg: Marsha Fitzalan Lady Marcia Mary Josephine Fitzalan Howard, better known as Marsha Fitzalan (born 10 March 1953, Bonn, West Germany) is an English actress.

neg: Sylvia Syms Sylvia May Laura Syms OBE (born 6 January 1934) is an English actress, best known for her roles in the films "Woman in a Dressing Gown" (1957), "Ice Cold in Alex" (1958), "No Trees in the Street" (1959), "Victim" (1961), "The Tamarind Seed" (1974) and "The Queen" (2006). She remains active in films, television and theatre.

neg: Jane Vezin Jane Elizabeth Vezin ("née" Thomson; 24 February 1829 – 17 April 1902) was a British actress.

neg: Marie Lloyd Matilda Alice Victoria Wood (12 February 1870 – 7 October 1922), professionally known as Marie Lloyd ; was an English music hall singer, comedian and musical theatre actress. She was best known for her performances of songs such as "The Boy I Love Is Up in the Gallery", "My Old Man (Said Follow the Van)" and "Oh Mr Porter What Shall I Do". She received both criticism and praise for her use of innuendo and double entendre during her performances, but enjoyed a long and prosperous career, during which she was affectionately called the "Queen of the Music Hall".

neg: Henriette, Lady Abel Smith Dame Henriette, Lady Abel Smith (6 June 1914 – 3 May 2005), was Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Elizabeth II from 1949 to 1987.

neg: Elizabeth Bennett (actress) Elizabeth Bennett (born 20 July 1944) is a British actress.

neg: Renée Asherson Dorothy Renée Ascherson (19 May 1915 – 30 October 2014), known professionally as Renée Asherson, was an English actress. Much of her theatrical career was spent in Shakespearean plays, appearing at such venues as the Old Vic, the Liverpool Playhouse, and the Westminster Theatre. Her first stage appearance was on 17 October 1935, aged 20, and her first major film appearance was in "The Way Ahead" (1944). Her last film appearance was in "The Others" (2001).

neg: Siân Phillips Dame Jane Elizabeth Ailwên Phillips, DBE (born 14 May 1933), known professionally as Siân Phillips ( ), is a Welsh actress, author and singer.

neg: Jo Van Fleet Catherine Josephine Van Fleet (December 29, 1915 – June 10, 1996) was an American theatre and film actress. Known primarily for playing roles older than she was, her career spanned over three decades, and she won an Academy Award as well as a Tony Award.

neg: Helena Michell Helena Elizabeth Anne Michell is an Australian-born English actress.

neg: Fay Compton Virginia Lilian Emmeline Compton-Mackenzie, CBE ( ; 18 September 1894 – 12 December 1978), known professionally as Fay Compton, was an English actress from a notable lineage of actors; her father was actor/manager Edward Compton; her mother Virginia Bateman was a distinguished member of the profession, as were her elder sister, the actress Viola Compton, and her uncles and aunts. Her grandfather was the 19th century theatrical luminary Henry Compton. Author Compton Mackenzie was her elder brother.

neg: Virginia Maskell Virginia Elizabeth Maskell, Lady Shakerley (27 February 1936 – 25 January 1968) was an English actress.

neg: Lady's Choice (film) Lady's Choice (German: Damenwahl) is a 1953 West German comedy film directed by  E.W. Emo and starring  Georg Thomalla, Grethe Weiser and Willy Fritsch.

neg: Elizabeth Boutell Elizabeth Boutell, née Davenport (early 1650s?—1715), was a British actress.

neg: Betty Balfour Betty Balfour (27 March 1903 – 4 November 1977) was an English screen actress, popular during the silent era, and known as the "British Mary Pickford" and "Britain's Queen of Happiness". She was best known to audiences for her "Squibs" series of films.

neg: Anne Aubrey Anne Aubrey (born 1 January 1937) is a retired English film actress.

neg: Old Lady 31 Old Lady 31 is a 1920 American silent comedy drama film produced and distributed by Metro Pictures and directed by John Ince. It is based on a novel by Louise Forsslund that was turned into a play by Rachel Crothers. The film starred actress Emma Dunn reprising her 1916 stage success for the screen. The film was remade in 1940 as "The Captain Is a Lady".

neg: Barbara Windsor Dame Barbara Windsor, DBE (born Barbara Ann Deeks; 6 August 1937) is an English actress, known for her appearances in the "Carry On" films and for playing Peggy Mitchell in the BBC One soap opera "EastEnders". She joined the cast of "EastEnders" in 1994 and won the 1999 British Soap Award for Best Actress. She left the show in 2010, before returning for three episodes between 2013 and 2015. Her character's final appearances were broadcast in June 2016.


query: The revolution, in which Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leads was a monarch during, is also referred to as what?

pos: Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, KG (20 February 1632 – 26 July 1712), English politician who was part of the 'Immortal Seven' group that invited William III, Prince of Orange to depose James II of England as monarch during the Glorious Revolution. He was commonly known as Lord Danby and Marquess of Carmarthen when he was a prominent political figure, served in a variety of offices under Kings Charles II and William III of England. He was a prominent politician who had fallen out of favour due to corruption and other scandals but was restored to prominence under William

pos: Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange. William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascension to the throne as William III of England jointly with his wife, Mary II, James's daughter, after the Declaration of Right, leading to the Bill of Rights 1689.

neg: Age of Revolution The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1774 to 1849 in which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in many parts of Europe and the Americas. The period is noted for the change in government from absolutist monarchies to constitutionalist states and republics. The Age of Revolution includes the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the Haitian Revolution, the Greek Revolution, the revolt of the slaves in Latin America, the First Italian War of Independence and the 1848 revolutions in Italy, and the independence movements of Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America. In a way, it includes the Industrial Revolution. The period would generally weaken the imperialist European states, who would lose major assets throughout the New World. For the British, the loss of the Thirteen Colonies would bring a change in direction for the British Empire, with Asia and the Pacific becoming new targets for expansion.

neg: Hundred Days The Hundred Days (French: "les Cent-Jours" ] ) marked the period between Napoleon's return from exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 111 days). This period saw the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the Waterloo Campaign, the Neapolitan War as well as several other minor campaigns. The phrase "les Cent Jours" (the hundred days) was first used by the prefect of Paris, Gaspard, comte de Chabrol, in his speech welcoming the king back to Paris on 8 July.

neg: Whiggism Whiggism, in North America sometimes spelled Whigism, is a historical political philosophy that grew out of the Parliamentarian faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651). The Whigs' key policy positions were the supremacy of Parliament (as opposed to that of the king), tolerance of Protestant dissenters, and opposition to a "Papist" (Roman Catholic) on the throne, especially James II or one of his descendants. After the huge success (from the Whig point of view) of the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689, Whiggism dominated English and British politics until about 1760, although in practice the political group splintered into different factions. After 1760 the Whigs lost power, apart from sharing it in some short-lived coalition governments, but Whiggism fashioned itself into a generalised belief system that emphasised innovation and liberty and was strongly held by about half of the leading families in England and Scotland, as well as most merchants, Dissenters, and the middle classes. The opposing Tory position was held by the other great families, the Church of England, most of the landed gentry, and officers of the army and the navy.

neg: Bedchamber crisis The Bedchamber Crisis occurred on 7 May 1839 after Whig politician Lord Melbourne declared his intention to resign as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after a government bill was passed by a very narrow margin of only five votes in the House of Commons. The distraught young Queen Victoria, whose ardent political sympathies were with the Whigs, first asked the Duke of Wellington, a former Tory prime minister, to form a new government, but he politely declined. She then reluctantly invited Tory leader Robert Peel to form a government. Peel realised that such a government would hold a minority in the House of Commons and would be structurally weak, possibly damaging his future political career.

neg: Timeline of Mary Wollstonecraft The lifetime of British writer, philosopher, and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) encompassed most of the second half of the eighteenth century, a time of great political and social upheaval throughout Europe and America: political reform movements in Britain gained strength, the American colonists successfully rebelled, and the French revolution erupted. Wollstonecraft experienced only the headiest of these days, not living to see the end of the democratic revolution when Napoleon crowned himself emperor. Although Britain was still revelling in its mid-century imperial conquests and its triumph in the Seven Years' War, it was the French revolution that defined Wollstonecraft's generation. As poet Robert Southey later wrote: "few persons but those who have lived in it can conceive or comprehend what the memory of the French Revolution was, nor what a visionary world seemed to open upon those who were just entering it. Old things seemed passing away, and nothing was dreamt of but the regeneration of the human race."

neg: Edward VI of England Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine. The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was England's first monarch to be raised as a Protestant. During his reign, the realm was governed by a Regency Council because he never reached his majority. The Council was first led by his uncle Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (1547–1549), and then by John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick, from 1551 Duke of Northumberland.

neg: Isaac Barré Isaac Barré (1726 – 20 July 1802) was an Irish soldier and politician. He earned distinction serving with the British Army during the Seven Years' War and later became a prominent Member of Parliament, in which role he became a vocal supporter of William Pitt. He is known for coining the term "Sons of Liberty" in reference to American Whigs opposed to the British government's policies.

neg: George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington Admiral of the Fleet George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (27 January 166317 January 1733) was a Royal Navy officer and statesman. While still a lieutenant, he delivered a letter from various captains to Prince William of Orange, who had just landed at Torbay, assuring the Prince of the captains' support; the Prince gave Byng a response which ultimately led to the Royal Navy switching allegiance to the Prince and the Glorious Revolution of November 1688.

neg: North ministry Tory Lord North led the government of the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. He oversaw the Falklands Crisis, the Gordon Riots and much of the American War of Independence. It was headed by North at the pleasure of King George III.

neg: Ancien Régime The Ancien Régime (] ; French for "old regime") was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages (  15th century ) until 1792, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the . The Ancien Régime was ruled by the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The term is occasionally used to refer to the similar feudal systems of the time elsewhere in Europe. The administrative and social structures of the Ancien Régime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts (like the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts), internal conflicts and civil wars, but they remained a patchwork of local privilege and historic differences until the French Revolution ended the system.

neg: Monarchy of the United Kingdom The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952.

neg: List of regicides of Charles I Following the trial of Charles I in January 1649, 59 commissioners (judges) signed his death warrant. They, along with the several key associates and numerous court officials, were the subject of punishment following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 with the coronation of Charles II. Charles I's trial and execution had followed the second English Civil War in which his supporters, Royalist "Cavaliers", were opposed by the Parliamentarian "Roundheads", led by Oliver Cromwell.

neg: Wars of the Three Kingdoms The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, sometimes known as the British Civil Wars, formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in England, Ireland and Scotland between 1639 and 1651. The English Civil War proper has become the best-known of these conflicts and included the execution of the kingdoms' monarch, Charles I, by the English parliament in 1649.

neg: English Reformation Parliament The Reformation Parliament was so-called because it was the English Parliament, beginning in 1529, that passed and enabled the major pieces of legislation leading to the English Reformation. 'English' is included to distinguish it from the Scottish Reformation Parliament.

neg: Republicanism in the United Kingdom Republicanism in the United Kingdom refers to the political movement that seeks to replace the United Kingdom's monarchy with a republic. For those who want a non-hereditary head of state, the method by which one should be chosen is not agreed upon, with some favouring an elected president, some an appointed head of state with little power. Others support something akin to the Swiss model, without a head of state at all.

neg: Atlantic Revolutions The Atlantic Revolutions were a revolutionary wave in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It was associated with the Atlantic World during the era from the 1770s to the 1820s.

neg: Colour revolution Colour revolution (sometimes called the coloured revolution) or color revolution is a term that was widely used by worldwide media to describe various related movements that developed in several societies in the former Soviet Union and the Balkans during the early 2000s. The term has also been applied to a number of revolutions elsewhere, including in the Middle East. Some observers (such as Justin Raimondo and Michael Lind) have called the events a revolutionary wave, the origins of which can be traced back to the 1986 People Power Revolution (also known as the "Yellow Revolution") in the Philippines.

neg: Revolutionary wave A revolutionary wave is a series of revolutions occurring in various locations in a similar time period. In many cases, past revolutions and revolutionary waves may inspire current ones, or an initial revolution inspires other concurrent "affiliate revolutions" with similar aims.

neg: Revolutions of 1830 The Revolutions of 1830 were a revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland. It was followed eighteen years later, by another and possibly even stronger wave of revolutions known as the Revolutions of 1848.

neg: Monarchy of the North The Monarchy of the North (Portuguese: "Monarquia do Norte" ), officially the Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese: "Reino de Portugal" ), was a short-lived revolution and monarchist government that occurred in the North of Portugal, in early 1919. The movement, also known as the Kingdom of Traulitânia (Portuguese: "Reino da Traulitânia" ), based in Porto, lasted from 19 January to 13 February 1919.


query: The Mitrokhin Commission was set up to investigate ties to which Soviet security agency?

pos: Mitrokhin Commission The Mitrokhin Commission was an Italian parliamentary commission set up in 2002 to investigate alleged KGB ties of some Italian politicians.

pos: KGB The KGB, an initialism for Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (Russian: "Комите́т Госуда́рственной Безопа́сности" ("КГБ") ; ] ), translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991, as a direct successor of such preceding agencies as Cheka, NKGB, NKVD and MGB, a committee was attached to the Council of Ministers. It was the chief government agency of "union-republican jurisdiction", acting as internal security, intelligence and secret police. Similar agencies were constituted in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from Russia, and consisted of many ministries, state committees and state commissions.

neg: National Security Agency The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence. The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, specializing in a discipline known as signals intelligence (SIGINT). The NSA is also tasked with the protection of U.S. communications networks and information systems. The NSA relies on a variety of measures to accomplish its mission, the majority of which are clandestine.

neg: Georgy Rogozin Georgy Georgievich Rogozin (Russian: Георгий Георгиевич Рогозин , 7 August 1942 – 6 March 2014) was a Doctor of Juridical Science, Major general retired FSB, professor, academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Academician of International Informatization Academy, rector, head of the workshop on the preparation of psychological portraits of the individual (criminology), 1st Vice-President, Russian Union of energy efficiency, Emeritus member of Presidium of the Federation "Koshiki karate" of Russia, and Director of Strategic Planning "Elbim bank". He was a key figure in the protection of the President of Russia and a member of a documentary film "The Call of the Abyss" (Russian: Зов бездны ) and "Storm of consciousness" (Russian: Штурм сознания ), which aroused wide public resonance.

neg: Semyon Aralov Semyon Ivanovich Aralov (Russian: Семён Иванович Аралов , 18 December 1880 – 22 May 1969) was the first head of the Soviet Red Army Intelligence Directorate and subsequently had a career in the Soviet diplomatic service.

neg: Yan Chernyak Yan Chernyak (6 April 1909 – 19 February 1995) was a World War II era spy who led a network of several dozen people in Nazi Germany working for the Soviet Union's military intelligence GRU. He was nicknamed "man without a shadow" for his ability to move around undetected.

neg: 2006 Georgian–Russian espionage controversy The 2006 Georgian–Russian espionage controversy began when the Government of Georgia arrested four Russian officers on charges of espionage, on September 27, 2006. The Western and Georgian media sources report that relations between the two post-Soviet nations have significantly deteriorated after Georgia and NATO agreed to hold talks on closer relations.

neg: Alexander Grigoryev Alexander Andreyevich Grigoryev (in Russian: Александр Андреевич Григорьев , b. October 4, 1949, in Leningrad, Soviet Union - December 10, 2008) was a Russian security services official.

neg: Procurator General of the Soviet Union The Procurator General of the USSR ("Генеральный прокурор СССР" in Russian, or "Generalnyi prokuror SSSR"), was the highest functionary of the Office of Public Procurator of the USSR, responsible for the whole system of offices of public procurators and supervision of their activities on the territory of the Soviet Union.

neg: Joint State Political Directorate The Joint State Political Directorate (also translated as the All-Union State Political Administration and Unified State Political Directorate) was the secret police of the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1934. Its official name was "Joint State Political Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR" (Russian: Объединённое государственное политическое управление при СНК СССР)", Obyedinyonnoye gosudarstvennoye politicheskoye upravleniye pri SNK SSSR", or ОГПУ (OGPU).

neg: Sicherheitspolizei The Sicherheitspolizei (English: Security Police ), often abbreviated as SiPo, was a term used in Germany for security police. In the Nazi era, it was used to describe the state political and criminal investigation security agencies. It was made up by the combined forces of the Gestapo (secret state police) and the Kripo (criminal police) between 1936 and 1939. As a formal agency, the SiPo was folded into the RSHA in 1939, but the term continued to be used informally until the end of World War II in Europe.

neg: Venona project The Venona project was a counterintelligence program initiated by the United States Army's Signal Intelligence Service (later the National Security Agency) that ran for nearly four decades, spanning 1943 to 1980. The purpose of the Venona project was the decryption of messages transmitted by the intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union, e.g. the NKVD, the KGB (First Chief Directorate) and the GRU (military intelligence). During the 37-year duration of the Venona project, the Signal Intelligence Service obtained approximately 3,000 Soviet messages (only some of which were ever decrypted); the Signal-Intelligence yield included discovery of the Cambridge Five espionage ring in the UK and Soviet espionage of the Manhattan Project in the U.S. The Venona project remained secret for more than 15 years after it concluded, and some of the decoded Soviet messages were not declassified and published until 1995.

neg: Cold War espionage Cold War espionage describes the intelligence gathering activities during the Cold War (circa 1947-1991) between the Western allies (chief US, UK and NATO) and the Eastern Bloc (The Soviet Union and aligned countries of Warsaw Pact). Because each side was preparing to fight the other, intelligence on the opposing side's intentions, military, and technology was of paramount importance. To gather information, the two relied on a wide variety of military and civilian agencies.

neg: Ministry of Communications (Soviet Union) The Ministry of Communications of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: Министерство связи СССР ) was the central state administration body on communications in the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1991. It had authority over the postal, telegraph and telephone communications as well as public radio, technical means of radio and television broadcasting, and the distribution of periodicals in the country.

neg: Semyon Gendin Semyon Gendin (1902 – February 23, 1939) was head of the was the foreign military intelligence agency of the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union. He served in the Cheka, the Joint State Political Directorate and NKVD. His rank was equivalent to that of a Soviet Red Army Komdiv (division commander). He was a recipient of the Order of Lenin (1937), the Order of the Red Banner (1927, 1938) and the Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army" (1938). During the Great Purge, he was arrested on October 22, 1938, sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union on February 22, 1939 and executed the next day.

neg: Kersten Committee The Select Committee to Investigate Communist Aggression and the Forced Incorporation of the Baltic States into the U.S.S.R., also known as the Kersten Committee after its chairman, Rep. Charles J. Kersten was established in 1953 to investigate the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union. The committee terminated March 4, 1954, when it was replaced by the Select Committee on Communist Aggression.

neg: State Committee on the State of Emergency The State Committee on the State of Emergency (Russian: Государственный комитет по чрезвычайному положению, ГКЧП , "Gosudarstvennyi Komitet po Chrezvechainomu Polozheniyu", GKChP), also known as the "Gang of Eight", was a group of eight high-level officials within the Soviet government, the Communist Party, and the KGB, who attempted a coup against Mikhail Gorbachev on 19 August 1991. The coup ultimately failed, with the provisional government collapsing by 22 August 1991 and several of the conspirators being prosecuted by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

neg: Ministry for State Security (Russia) The Ministry for State Security, or MGB (Russian: "Ministerstvo gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti"; МГБ, "Министе́рство госуда́рственной безопа́сности"; IPA: [mʲɪnʲɪˈsʲtʲɛrstvə ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪnnəj bʲɪzɐˈpasnəsʲtʲɪ]), is a planned security agency of the Russian Federation. News of its coming creation made headlines in September 2016 under the Presidency of Vladimir Putin. According to various sources, the ministry will merge the federal security services, federal bodyguard services, and foreign intelligence services into a unified agency.

neg: Soviet Border Troops Soviet Border Troops, (Russian: Пограничные войска СССР, "Pogranichnyye Voiska SSSR" ) were the militarized border guard of the Soviet Union, subordinated to its subsequently reorganized state security agency: first to "Cheka"/OGPU, then to NKVD/MGB and, finally, to KGB. Accordingly, they were known as NKVD Border Troops and KGB Border Troops (with Russian abbreviations - "НКВД СССР"/- "КГБ СССР" added on the end of official names). Unlike border guards of many other countries, Soviet Border Troops also included the maritime border guarding units (i.e., a coast guard).

neg: Vladimir Bogomolov (bodyguard) Vladimir Viktorovich Bogomolov (Russian: Владимир Викторович Богомолов ; c. 1945 – 2009) was a Soviet security officer and a bodyguard of Leonid Brezhnev.

neg: Andrei Soldatov Andrei Alekseyevich Soldatov (Russian: Андрей Алексеевич Солдатов , born 4 October 1975 in Moscow, Russia) is a Russian investigative journalist and Russian security services expert. Together with a journalist Irina Borogan he is a co-founder and editor of the Agentura.Ru web site.

neg: Anatoly Blatov Anatoly Ivanovich Blatov (born Ivanov, Russian: Анатолий Иванович Блатов (Иванов) ; 11 July 1914 – 1 October 1988) was a Soviet diplomat and Communist Party official. Between 1972 and 1982 he was assistant to Leonid Brezhnev.


query: Where is the singer and songwriter who recorded a demo of "Love the Way You Lie" alongside Alex da Kid from?

pos: Love the Way You Lie "Love the Way You Lie" is a song recorded by the American rapper Eminem, featuring the Barbadian singer Rihanna, from Eminem's seventh studio album "Recovery" (2010). The singer and songwriter Skylar Grey wrote and recorded a demo of the song alongside the producer Alex da Kid when she felt she was in an abusive romantic relationship with the music industry. Eminem wrote the verses and chose Rihanna to sing the chorus, resulting in a collaboration influenced by their past experiences in difficult relationships. Recording sessions were held in Ferndale, Michigan, and Dublin, Ireland. Backed by guitar, piano and violin, the track is a midtempo hip hop ballad with a pop refrain, sung by Rihanna, and describes two lovers who refuse to separate despite being in a dangerous love–hate relationship.

pos: Skylar Grey Holly Brook Hafermann (born February 23, 1986), who goes by the stage name Skylar Grey, is an American singer and songwriter from Mazomanie, Wisconsin. In 2004, under the pseudonym Holly Brook, at the age of 17, she signed a publishing deal with Universal Music Publishing Group and a recording contract with Linkin Park’s Machine Shop Recordings imprint. In 2006, she also released her debut album, "Like Blood Like Honey", under the aforementioned labels.

neg: Nino Alejandro Christopher Caesar Alejandro (born July 22, 1976) is a Filipino-American singer/songwriter/musician from Manila, Philippines.

neg: Lil' Mo Cynthia Karen Loving, (born November 19, 1978) best known by her stage name Lil' Mo, is an American R&B singer, radio personality, songwriter, and record producer. She debuted on the music scene as Missy Elliott's protégée and contributed guest vocals to some of Elliott's work, most notably the record-breaking "Hot Boyz". Under the wing of Elliott, Lil' Mo would land a contract deal with Elektra Records and release charting singles of her own, including "Ta Da", "Superwoman Pt. II", "4Ever", "Hot Girls", and her debut single "5 Minutes".

neg: The Way You Love Me (Keri Hilson song) "The Way You Love Me" is a song recorded by American R&B singer-songwriter Keri Hilson featuring rapper Rick Ross from the former's second studio album "No Boys Allowed" (2010). It was written by Stanley Benton, India Boodram, Paul Dawson, Hilson, Kesia Hollins, Jazmyn Michel as well as William Roberts, and was produced by Polow da Don. "The Way You Love Me" surfaced online on November 7, 2010; its explicit lyrics fueled controversy, with music critics accusing the singer of swerving into a racy lane. However, Hilson clarified in several interviews that the song was not just sexual but also had a message for empowerment of women. She added that "The Way You Love Me" was not a song "meant for children".

neg: Alex Winston Alexandra Leigh Winston is an American indie pop rock singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist from Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.

neg: The Way (Daniel Bedingfield song) "The Way" is a song recorded by English singer Daniel Bedingfield. It was released on 23 May 2005 as the third and final single from his second studio album, "Second First Impression" (2004). It was written by Bedingfield and produced by Bedingfield and Jack Puig.

neg: Alex Loves... Alex Loves... is the eighth studio album by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal. It was originally released in January 2008, on the label EMI as the follow-up to his 2002 album "Saga of a Married Man". The album is considered to be a departure from O'Neal's sound, because it consists of cover versions mainly of standard R&B songs, with the exception of the last song "We're On Our Way", which was co-written by O'Neal.

neg: Amity Dry Amity Renae Dry is an Australian singer/songwriter and a reality show contestant.

neg: Zyra (singer) Alexandra Cheatle (born 6 June 1994), known by her stage name Zyra, is a Grammy nominated singer, songwriter and producer from the United Kingdom.

neg: Nathan Leigh Jones Nathan Leigh Jones (or "NLJ") is a pop singer, songwriter and pianist born in Adelaide, Australia, currently living between both Sydney, Australia and New York City.

neg: Tasha Holiday Tasha Holiday is a contemporary R&B singer who was signed to MCA Records in the 1990s. Her biggest success was with the single "Just the Way You Like It" which peaked in the top thirty of the "Billboard" R&B singles chart, and became one of BET's most played music videos. "Billboard" Magazine called her album "Just the Way You Like It" "a promising debut". She also sang vocals on the single "Don't You Worry" by reggae artist Ruffa.

neg: The Sun (Demy and Alex Leon song) "The Sun" is a song by Greek singer Demy and Alex Leon featuring Epsilon. It was released as a digital download in Greece on 15 May 2013 as the lead single from her second studio album "Rodino Oneiro" (2014). The song peaked at number 1 on the Greek Singles Chart.

neg: The Way That I Love You "The Way That I Love You" is a song recorded by American recording artist Ashanti, for her fourth studio album "The Declaration" (2008). It was written by Ashanti alongside the song's producer L.T. Hutton. It was released as the lead single for the album.

neg: Easton Corbin Dan Easton Corbin (born April 12, 1982) is an American country music singer. He signed to Mercury Records Nashville in 2009 and released his self-titled debut album in March 2010, featuring the two number one hits "A Little More Country Than That" and "Roll with It", as well as the number 14 hit "I Can't Love You Back". His second album, "All Over the Road", was released in September 2012. Its first single, "Lovin' You Is Fun", was released in February 2012. The album's second single, "All Over the Road", was released in January 2013. As of 2013, he had sold over 470,000 albums and over 2 million singles.

neg: Christina Perri Christina Judith Perri (born August 19, 1986) is an American singer and songwriter from Bucks County, Pennsylvania. After her debut single "Jar of Hearts" was featured on the Fox television series "So You Think You Can Dance" in 2010, Perri released her debut extended play, "The Ocean Way Sessions". Soon after, she signed with Atlantic Records and released her debut studio album, "Lovestrong" (2011).

neg: Zalon Zalon Thompson (born 23 October 1983) is a British pop singer, songwriter and record producer. He is widely known for his backing vocals with Amy Winehouse on her Grammy Award winning "Back to Black" album and tour.

neg: That's No Way to Tell a Lie "That's No Way to Tell a Lie" is the debut single by Manic Street Preachers vocalist/guitarist James Dean Bradfield, released on 10 July 2006 on Columbia Records. It is from the album "The Great Western". The song premiered on Janice Long's show on BBC Radio 2 in late April.

neg: B Howard Brandon Alexander Howard, also known as B. Howard (born April 2, 1981), is an American singer, record producer and songwriter. He is the co-founder of the company and record label 6 Point Entertainment. His album "Genesis" was released through 6 Point Entertainment in 2010. Howard was credited as songwriter and producer on the song "I Ain't Gotta Tell You" from Ne-Yo's album "In My Own Words", which topped the Billboard 200 chart in 2006. Howard was also credited as a songwriter on "Can't Get Tired of Me" from the album "Face Off", a collaborative album by Omarion and Bow Wow, which debuted at number 11 on the Billboard 200 in 2007. In 2016, Howard's single, "Don't Say You Love Me", hit number 11 on Billboard's Top Dance charts.

neg: James TW James Taylor-Watts (born 27 October 1997), better known as James TW, is a British singer-songwriter. His single "When You Love Someone" peaked at number 28 on the "Billboard" Adult Pop Songs chart.

neg: Jamie Lee Wilson Jamie Lee Wilson, also known as JVMIE, is an Australian singer, songwriter and music producer. She is best known for the 2017 single Back 2 Love in collaboration with Grammy Award-winning producer Dave Audé which peaked at #2 on the Billboard Club Dance Chart and #31 on the Billboard Hot Dance Electronic Songs Chart.

neg: Alexandra Savior Alexandra Savior McDermott (born June 14, 1995), known professionally as Alexandra Savior, is an American singer-songwriter originally from Portland, Oregon. Her debut album, "Belladonna of Sadness", was released by Columbia Records on April 7, 2017.


query: Which movie was co-written by the person who directed "Blood"?

pos: Nick Murphy (director) Nick Murphy is an award winning British film director and television director. He is best known for directing the films "The Awakening" (2011) (also writer) and "Blood" (2012).

pos: The Awakening (2011 film) The Awakening is a 2011 British horror film directed and co-written by Nick Murphy, starring Rebecca Hall, Dominic West, Isaac Hempstead-Wright and Imelda Staunton.

neg: Lincoln O'Barry Lincoln O'Barry (born February 23, 1972) is an American director, producer and animal rights activist. O'Barry is known for the Animal Planet series "Blood Dolphins". He is the son of Ric O'Barry, former Flipper dolphin trainer and the founder of the Ric O'Barry Dolphin Project.

neg: Slasher (2007 film) Slasher is a 2007 horror film written and directed by Frank W. Montag, and co-written by Jörn Döring.

neg: Todd Farmer Todd Farmer (born November 21, 1968) is an American screenwriter and actor known for his work in the horror genre, having written the scripts for "Jason X" (2001), "The Messengers" (2007), "My Bloody Valentine 3D" (2009), and "Drive Angry" (2011).

neg: Colonel Blood (film) Colonel Blood (1934) was a British film written and directed by W.P. Lipscomb. It was a dramatised account of Thomas Blood, a 17th-century adventurer in England.

neg: Necrosis (film) Necrosis (released internationally as Blood Snow) is a 2009 independent psychological thriller film directed by Jason Robert Stephens and stars James Kyson Lee, Tiffany, George Stults and Michael Berryman.

neg: Blood and Sand (1941 film) Blood and Sand (1941) is a Technicolor film directed by Rouben Mamoulian, produced by 20th Century Fox, and starring Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, Rita Hayworth, and Alla Nazimova. It is based on the critical 1908 Spanish novel about bullfighting, "Blood and Sand" ("Sangre y arena"), by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez. The supporting cast features Anthony Quinn, Lynn Bari, Laird Cregar, J. Carrol Naish, John Carradine and George Reeves.

neg: Flipped (2015 film) Flipped (also known as Blood Rush) is a 2015 thriller film starring Michael Madsen and Stella Maeve.

neg: Jimmy Sangster James Henry Kinmel Sangster (2 December 1927 – 19 August 2011) was a British screenwriter and director, known for his work for horror film producers Hammer Film Productions, including scripts for "The Curse of Frankenstein" (the first British horror film to be shot in colour) and "Dracula" (US: "Horror of Dracula").

neg: Charles Leavitt Charles Leavitt (born 1970) is an American screenwriter best known for writing the 2006 film "Blood Diamond".

neg: No Retreat, No Surrender 3: Blood Brothers No Retreat, No Surrender 3: Blood Brothers (aka No Retreat, No Surrender 3) is a 1990 American action film directed by Lucas Lowe, and starring Loren Avedon and Keith Vitali. While financed by Seasonal Entertainment, the film does not continue the story of the original film "No Retreat, No Surrender" or the sequel, both directed by Corey Yuen.

neg: Bloodrage Bloodrage (also known as Never Pick Up A Stranger) is a 1979 American horror film directed by Joseph Zito (under the pseudonym Joseph Bigwood) and written by Robert Jahn.

neg: Brain of Blood Brain of Blood (also known as The Creature's Revenge, The Oozing Skull, and The Undying Brain) is a 1971 American horror film directed by Al Adamson and starring Grant Williams, Kent Taylor and Reed Hadley. The film was shot in one go and is the only one of Hemisphere Production's films to be filmed in the United States. It was also Hadley's last film appearance before his death in 1972.

neg: Life Blood (film) Life Blood is a supernatural horror thriller film released in 2009. The film was directed and produced by Ron Carlson.

neg: BloodRayne (film) BloodRayne is a 2005 German-American fantasy action horror film set in 18th-century Romania, directed by Uwe Boll. The film features a cast of Kristanna Loken, Michael Madsen, Matthew Davis, Will Sanderson, Billy Zane, Udo Kier, Michael Paré, Meat Loaf, Michelle Rodriguez, Ben Kingsley, and Geraldine Chaplin. The screenplay by Guinevere Turner is based on the video game of the same name from Majesco Entertainment and the game developer, Terminal Reality.

neg: Blood Games (film) Blood Games is a 1989 slasher film directed by Tanya Rosenberg. The film stars Laura Albert and concerns the plight of a stranded all-girl baseball team.

neg: Blood Freak Blood Freak is a 1972 American horror film, directed by Brad F. Grinter and starring Steve Hawkes.

neg: Roots of Blood Raíces de sangre (] ) (Roots of Blood) is a Mexican movie written and directed by Jesús Salvador Treviño released in 1978 in Mexico and other countries. According to some sources, it had a wide release on May 30, 1979, but other sources show it was playing in US theaters as early as August 1978.

neg: Blood Work (film) Blood Work is a 2002 American mystery thriller film produced, directed by, and starring Clint Eastwood. The film co-stars Jeff Daniels, Wanda De Jesús, and Anjelica Huston. It is based on the novel of the same name by Michael Connelly.

neg: Maniac (2012 film) Maniac is a 2012 French-American psychological slasher film directed by Franck Khalfoun and written by Alexandre Aja, Grégory Levasseur, and C.A. Rosenberg. The film was produced by the French film companies La Petite Reine and Studio 37. It is a remake of the 1980 film "Maniac" and stars Elijah Wood as Frank Zito, a brutal serial killer. The film also stars Nora Arnezeder, Jan Broberg, and America Olivo.

neg: Blood in the Water (film) Blood in the Water is a television film that aired on the Discovery Channel in 2009. It was directed by Richard Bedser. It is based on a true-life series of shark attacks that became the inspiration for Peter Benchley's novel "Jaws". It was the season premiere of Shark Week on August 2 for the 2009 season by "Blood in the Water".


query: While Cereus is a genus of the family Cactacea, what genus is the Lysichiton from?

pos: Cereus (plant) Cereus is a genus of cacti (family Cactaceae) including around 33 species of large columnar cacti from South America. The name is derived from Greek (κηρός) and Latin words meaning "wax" or "torch". The genus "Cereus" was one of the first cactus genera to be described; the circumscription varies depending on the authority. The term "cereus" is also sometimes used for a ceroid cactus, any cactus with a very elongated body, including columnar growth cacti and epiphytic cacti.

pos: Lysichiton Lysichiton is a genus in the family Araceae. These plants are known commonly as skunk cabbage or less often as swamp lantern. The spelling Lysichitum is also found. The genus has two species, one found in north-east Asia (Japan and Russian Far East), the other in north-west America (Aleutians to Santa Cruz County in California).

neg: Lepidopleurus Lepidopleurus is an extant genus of chitons in the family Leptochitonidae.

neg: Lyconus Lyconus is a genus of merluccid hakes known only from the Atlantic Ocean.

neg: Lysmata amboinensis Lysmata amboinensis is an omnivorous shrimp species known by several common names including the Pacific cleaner shrimp. It is considered a cleaner shrimp as eating parasites and dead tissue from fish makes up a large part of its diet. The species is a natural part of the coral reef ecosystem and is widespread across the tropics typically living at depths of 5-40 m .

neg: Polymesoda Polymesoda is a genus of clams in the family Corbiculidae, or alternately, the Cyrenidae.

neg: Aeromonas tecta Aeromonas tecta is a Gram-negative bacterium of the genus "Aeromonas" isolated from stool of a child with diarrhoea, a healthy patient, and environmental sources.

neg: Psalmopoeus Psalmopoeus is a genus of the family "Theraphosidae" containing various species of tarantulas. The genus is native to Central America and South America including the West Indies. These species are believed to be relatively venomous, and research in the venom of "P. cambridgei" shows it to be similar to capsaicin, the molecule causing irritation in chili peppers. These molecules activate sensory cells to send pain signals to the brain. Genetic engineers are working on blocking the receptors that are activated by these molecules.

neg: Cerein Cereins are a group of bacteriocins produced by various strains of the bacterium "Bacillus cereus". Although all cereins are by definition produced by "B. cereus", it is possible that they are chemically quite different from one another. Cereins have been found to be active against other strains of "B. cereus", as well as a broad range of other gram-positive bacteria. Like other bacteriocins, cereins are generally named after the strain in which their production was first discovered. Named cereins include cerein 7, cerein 7B, cerein 8A, and cerein MRX1.

neg: Physalia Physalia is a genus of the order Siphonophorae, colonies of four specialized polyps and medusoids that drift on the surface of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. Although these organisms look like a single multicellular organism, each specimen is actually a colony of minute organisms called zooids that have to work together for survival. A gas-filled bladder resembling a blue bottle provides buoyancy, and long tentacles of venomous cnidocytes provide a means of capturing prey. A sail on the float, which may be left or right-handed, propels "Physalia" about the sea, often in groups. These siphonophores sometimes become stranded on beaches, where their toxic nematocysts can remain potent for weeks or months in moist conditions. Both species of this siphonophore resemble a jellyfish in appearance, with their gas-filled float and cluster of polyps beneath, which can hang up to 30 or 165 feet below the surface of the sea.

neg: Cactus A cactus (plural: "cacti", "cactuses", or "cactus") is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word "cactus" derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Greek κάκτος , "kaktos", a name originally used by Theophrastus for a spiny plant whose identity is not certain. Cacti occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Most cacti live in habitats subject to at least some drought. Many live in extremely dry environments, even being found in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on earth. Cacti show many adaptations to conserve water. Almost all cacti are succulents, meaning they have thickened, fleshy parts adapted to store water. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of most cacti where this vital process takes place. Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only spines, which are highly modified leaves. As well as defending against herbivores, spines help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade. In the absence of leaves, enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis. Cacti are native to the Americas, ranging from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north—except for "Rhipsalis baccifera", which also grows in Africa and Sri Lanka.

neg: Lyssomanes Lyssomanes is a spider genus of the Salticidae family (jumping spiders). About 90 species have been described, ranging from South and Central America, up to the southern United States.

neg: Chiton (genus) Chiton is a genus of chitons, a polyplacophoran mollusk in the family Chitonidae.

neg: Cephalosorus Cephalosorus is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family.

neg: Leeuwenhoekiella Leeuwenhoekiella is a strictly aerobic bacterial genus from the family of Cytophagaceae.

neg: Erysimum Erysimum (wallflower) is a genus of flowering plants that includes about 180 species of popular garden plants and many wild forms in the botanical family "Brassicaceae". The genus "Cheiranthus" is sometimes included here in whole or in part. Erysimum has since the early 21st century been ascribed to a monogeneric cruciferous tribe, Erysimeae, characterized by sessile, stellate and/or malpighiaceous trichomes, yellow to orange flowers and multiseeded siliques.

neg: Chitonida Chitonida is an order of chitons.

neg: Cuban gambusia The Cuban gambusia ("Gambusia punctata") is a species of freshwater fish. It is a member of the family Poeciliidae of order Cyprinodontiformes, and is the type species of its genus. It is native to Cuba, inhabiting primarily stagnant lakes or ponds and slow-moving streams. A carnivorous surface feeder, it occurs in shoals near the shoreline.

neg: Streptomyces chartreusis Streptomyces chartreusis is a bacterium species from the genus of "Streptomyces" which has been isolated from soil in Africa. "Streptomyces chartreusis" produces N-deacyltunicamycin, elsamicin A, aminoacyclase and chartreusin.

neg: Cavichona Cavichona is a genus of ciliates in the family Spirochonidae.

neg: Ceramoporidae Ceramoporidae is a family of bryozoans placed in the Cystoporata. Species are from the Paleozoic.

neg: Cereus chalybaeus Cereus chalybaeus is a cactus from the genus "Cereus", a genus consisting of about 25 species of tree-like cacti. "Cereus chalybaeus" is a columnar cactus with 5-6 ribbs. It is few-branched and often purple tinged. It has spines that at first are red, but with age turn black. In summer it bears funnel-shaped flowers, which can be up to 8 inches long. The inner petals are white and the outer petals are either purple or red. "Cereus chalybaeus" can grow up to 10 feet tall and can be up to 28 inches in diameter. This plant is native in hardiness zones 13-15 (Northern Argentina and Uruguay).


query: In which year did this American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer and stage showgirl and appeared in Autumn Leaves pass away?

pos: Autumn Leaves (film) Autumn Leaves is a 1956 American drama film by Columbia Pictures starring Joan Crawford and Cliff Robertson in an older woman/younger man tale of mental illness. The screenplay was written by Jean Rouverol and Hugo Butler, though it was credited to Jack Jevne, Rouverol and Butler being blacklisted at the time of the film's release.

pos: Joan Crawford Joan Crawford (born Lucille Fay LeSueur; (March 23, 190? – May 10, 1977) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer and stage showgirl. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema.

neg: Sharon Farrell Sharon Farrell (born December 24, 1940) is an American television and film actress, and former dancer. Originally beginning her career as a ballerina with the American Ballet Theatre company, Farrell made her film debut in 1959 in "Kiss Her Goodbye", followed by roles in "40 Pounds of Trouble" (1962), "A Lovely Way to Die" (1968), and the neo-noir "Marlowe" (1969). She would go on to work prolifically in television, including recurring parts in the series "Saints and Sinner" (1962), "Dr. Kildare" (1965), and "Hawaii Five-O" (1977–1980).

neg: Lena Horne Lena Mary Calhoun Horne (June 30, 1917 – May 9, 2010) was an American jazz and pop music singer, dancer, actress, and civil rights activist. Horne's career spanned over 70 years appearing in film, television, and theater. Horne joined the chorus of the Cotton Club at the age of 16 and became a nightclub performer before moving to Hollywood, where she had small parts in numerous movies, and more substantial parts in the 1943 films "Cabin in the Sky" and "Stormy Weather". Because of the Red Scare and her political activism, Horne found herself blacklisted and unable to get work in Hollywood.

neg: Anna Karen Morrow Anna Karen Morrow, also known as Anna K. Morrow (September 20, 1914 – July 1, 2009) was an American model turned film and television actress.

neg: Robert Emmett Keane Robert Emmett Keane (March 4, 1883 – July 2, 1981) was an American actor of both the stage and screen. He was also known professionally by the names: Emmett Keane, Robert Keane, R. Emmett Keane, and Robert E. Keane. He began on stage in the 1910s, with his first Broadway appearance being in the 1914 production of "The Passing Show of 1914". He would continue on the stage through the mid-1930s, appearing in both London and New York theater productions. His film career began in 1930, and over the twenty-five years of that career he would appear in between 170–200 films. At the very tail end of his acting life he would make several appearances on the small screen. Married twice, the first time would be a short-lived union with Muriel Inetta Window, an opera singer, vaudeville actress and 1913 Peacock Girl with the Ziegfeld Follies. They were married in approximately 1916 and divorced in 1920. After his divorce, he would marry the actress Claire Whitney in 1921, and they would remain married until her death in 1969. He retired in 1958, and would die on July 2, 1981 and be buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles, next to his wife, Claire (although her grave is unmarked).

neg: Mary Eaton Mary Eaton (January 29, 1901 – October 10, 1948) was a leading American stage actress, singer, and dancer in the 1910s and 1920s. A professional performer since childhood, she enjoyed success in stage productions such as the "Ziegfeld Follies" and early sound films such as "Glorifying the American Girl" and "The Cocoanuts," but found her career in sharp decline by the mid-1930s. A battle with alcoholism led to her death in 1948 from liver failure.

neg: Margaret Avery Margaret Avery (born January 20, 1944) is an American actress and singer. She began her career appearing on stage and later has had starring roles in films include "Cool Breeze" (1972), "Which Way Is Up?" (1977), "Scott Joplin" (1977), and "The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh" (1979).

neg: Nora Marlowe Nora Marlowe (September 5, 1915 – December 31, 1977) was an American film and television character actress.

neg: Christine Ebersole Christine Ebersole (born February 21, 1953) is an American actress and singer. She has appeared in film, television, and on stage. She appeared on Broadway in the musical "42nd Street", winning a Tony Award, and appeared both Off-Broadway and on Broadway in the musical "Grey Gardens", winning her second Tony Award. She has co-starred on the TBS sitcom "Sullivan & Son", where she played Carol Walsh.

neg: Jane Frazee Mary Jane Frehse (July 18, 1918 – September 6, 1985), known as Jane Frazee, was an American actress, singer, and dancer.

neg: Bess Armstrong Elizabeth Key "Bess" Armstrong (born December 11, 1953) is an American film, stage and television actress. She is best known for her roles in films "The Four Seasons" (1981), "High Road to China" (1983), "Jaws 3-D" (1983), and "Nothing in Common" (1986). Armstrong also starred in the critically acclaimed ABC drama series "My So-Called Life" and had lead roles in a number of made-for-television films.

neg: Kathryn Crosby Kathryn Crosby (born November 25, 1933) is a retired American actress and singer who performed in films under the stage-names Kathryn Grant and Kathryn Grandstaff.

neg: Sheila MacRae Sheila MacRae (born Sheila Margaret Stevens; 24 September 1921 – 6 March 2014) was an English-born American actress, singer, and dancer.

neg: Kim Novak Marilyn Pauline "Kim" Novak (born February 13, 1933) is a retired American film and television actress, currently engaged as a visual artist.

neg: Patricia Pearcy Patricia Sue Pearcy (born September 10, 1946) is an American film, stage, and television actress. She began her career in theatre, appearing on Broadway and in local theatre companies in Connecticut and Kentucky before making her film debut in Monte Hellman's "Cockfighter" (1974).

neg: Aleta Mitchell Aleta Mitchell is an American film, television and theatre actress

neg: Virginia Sale Virginia Sale (May 20, 1899 – August 23, 1992) was an American character actress whose career spanned six decades, during most of which she played older women, even when she was in her twenties. Over the 46 years she was active as an actress, she worked in films, stage, radio and television. She was famous for her one-woman stage show, "Americana Sketches", which she did for more than 1,000 performances during a 15-year span.

neg: Dorothy Provine Dorothy Michelle Provine (January 20, 1935 – April 25, 2010) was an American singer, dancer, actress, and comedienne.

neg: Lyn Thomas Lyn Thomas (1929–2004) was an American stage, television and film actress.

neg: Tempest Storm Tempest Storm (born Annie Blanche Banks, February 29, 1928), and dubbed the Queen of Exotic Dancers is a burlesque star and motion picture actress. Along with Lili St. Cyr, Sally Rand, and Blaze Starr, she was one of the best known burlesque performers of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Her career as an exotic dancer spanned more than 60 years and she was still performing in the early 21st century.

neg: Mary Tyler Moore filmography and awards Mary Tyler Moore (December 29, 1936 – January 25, 2017) was an American actress, known for her roles in the television sitcoms "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" (1970–1977), in which she starred as Mary Richards, a thirtyish single woman who worked as a local news producer in Minneapolis, and "The Dick Van Dyke Show" (1961–1966), in which she played Laura Petrie, a former dancer turned Westchester homemaker, wife and mother. Her notable film work includes 1967's "Thoroughly Modern Millie" and 1980's "Ordinary People", in which she played a role that was very different from the television characters she had portrayed, and for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.