query: What is the birthdate of this American acress, model, dance, and a recording artist/rapper from New York, who was featured on the mixtape The S.O.U.L. Tape 2?

pos: The S.O.U.L. Tape 2 The S.O.U.L. Tape 2 is the seventh mixtape by American rapper Fabolous. It was released on November 22, 2012, by Desert Storm Records and Def Jam Recordings. The mixtape features guest appearances from Broadway, J. Cole, Pusha T, Troy Ave, Trey Songz, Cassie, Wale, Joe Budden and Teyana Taylor.

pos: Teyana Taylor Teyana Taylor (born December 10, 1990), is an American actress, model, dancer, and a recording artist/rapper from Harlem, New York. In 2007, Taylor signed a record deal with American musician Pharrell Williams' Star Trak Entertainment imprint, before making her first national appearance on MTV's "My Super Sweet 16". In 2012, she signed to Kanye West's GOOD Music label through Def Jam, after asking for her release from Star Trak. As an aspiring songwriter, Taylor has worked with and written records for major artists such as Usher, Chris Brown, and Omarion. Taylor has appeared on runways during Fashion Week and has also landed high-profile features, such as on Kanye West’s "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy".

neg: Smyle (Kyle album) Smyle is the second commercial mixtape by American hip hop recording artist Kyle. It features guest appearances from Chance the Rapper, Jesse Rutherford and Yuna. It was released through Indie-Pop on October 2, 2015.

neg: It's a Vibe "It's a Vibe" is a song by American rapper 2 Chainz. The song features fellow American singers Ty Dolla Sign, Trey Songz and Jhené Aiko. It was released on March 14, 2017 as the second single from his fourth studio album "Pretty Girls Like Trap Music". The track was produced by Murda Beatz and Cubeatz.

neg: Danny Brown Daniel Dewan Sewell (born March 16, 1981), better known by his stage name Danny Brown, is an American rapper from Detroit, Michigan. He is best known for his individuality, being described by MTV as "one of rap's most unique figures in recent memory". In 2010, after amassing several mixtapes, Brown released his debut studio album, "The Hybrid". Brown began to gain major recognition after the release of his second studio album, "XXX", which received critical acclaim and earned him such accolades as "Spin", as well as "Metro Times" "Artist of the Year". In 2013, he entered a US "Billboard" chart, with the release of his third studio album, "Old", which reached number 18 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart and spawned three singles, "Dip", "25 Bucks" and "Smokin & Drinkin". His latest studio album, "Atrocity Exhibition", was released on September 27, 2016.

neg: Bones (rapper) Elmo Kennedy O'Connor (born January 11, 1994), known professionally as Bones, is an American rapper from Howell, Michigan. He is notable for the frenetic pace at which he releases new music, including over 44 mixtapes and 100 music videos since 2011, and his resistance to signing with a major record label or charging money for his music despite significant popularity and label interest.

neg: Dej Loaf Deja Trimble (born April 8, 1991), better known by her stage name Dej Loaf (stylized as DeJ Loaf), is an American rapper, singer and songwriter from Detroit, Michigan. She began her music career in 2011, and released her debut single "Just Do It" in 2012. In October 2014, she released her second mixtape, "Sell Sole".

neg: Sex, Drugs, & Hip-Hop Sex, Drugs, & Hip-Hop is a mixtape by rapper Tony Yayo. The mixtape features exclusive tracks from Tony Yayo with appearances by Bun B, Ron Browz, Slim Thug, Mr. Porter, Too Short, Gucci Mane, Danny Brown and others. It was released for digital download on July 30, 2012 on datpiff.

neg: Slay-Z Slay-Z is the second mixtape by American rapper Azealia Banks. It was independently released as a free download on March 24, 2016. The eight-song project features collaborations with Rick Ross and Nina Sky; its production was handled by various musicians, including Benga, Coki, An Expresso, and Kaytranada. On July 12, 2017 it was re-released under Banks' record label, Chaos & Glory Recordings, to iTunes and other online music stores.

neg: Young M.A Katorah Marrero (born April 3, 1992), better known by her stage name Young M.A, is an American rapper. She is best known for her 2016 hit single "Ooouuu".

neg: Tia London Tia London (born Latia Bell, July 22, 1988, Chicago, Illinois, United States) is an American singer-songwriter and rapper.

neg: Do My Dance "Do My Dance" is produced by David D.A. Doman for American rapper Tyga featuring 2 Chainz. The song was first released on October 2, 2012 as the lead single from the rapper's mixtape, "Well Done 3" (2012). The song features undredited vocals from American singer Cassie

neg: E Reece Ebon Herndon is an American rapper-songwriter, actor, and model, commonly known by his stage name E Reece. He rose to fame in the mid-2000s when he signed a recording contract with Kajmere Sounds in 2005. Reece released his first studio album "A New Breed" in 2006, which spawned the singles "Everything" and "Life Changes". Following the release of his first album, Reece went on a promo tour in late 2006.

neg: Johnny Ortiz Johnny Ortiz (born Juan Ortiz) is an American freestyle and dance-pop singer. Born in Brooklyn, New York, he released his debut single, "Fantasy Girl", in 1988 and released eight albums from 2010 to 2017. He reached the "Billboard" charts with the singles "Memories", "Runaway Love", and "Dreamboy/Dreamgirl", a duet with Cynthia.

neg: Rayne Storm A. Ladson (born December 7 1983), better known by his stage name Rayne Storm, is an American rapper and producer from Harlem, New York. He initially gained attention in 2006 from his mixtape "Storms Coming". Since the release of his mixtape, Rayne has been signed to Digiindie and has made a number of guest appearances. On January 1, 2016, Rayne released his EP titled "Supreme" with features from Teyana Taylor, Tash (rapper) of Tha Alkaholiks, DecadeZ and more.

neg: New York (Ja Rule song) "New York" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Ja Rule, released October 27, 2004 as the second single from his sixth studio album "R.U.L.E." (2004). The track, produced by Cool & Dre, features fellow New York rappers Fat Joe and Jadakiss. The song's chorus is based on Boogie Down Productions' 1990 song, "100 Guns". The song peaked at number 27 on the US Hot 100 chart, number 14 on US R&B and Hip-Hop, and number 10 on Hot Rap Tracks.

neg: Lumidee Lumidee Cedeño (born October 13, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and rapper. Cedeño was born in East Harlem, New York, where she was raised by her grandparents. She quickly rose to fame in 2003 with the release of her song "Never Leave You (Uh Oooh, Uh Oooh)", which reached the top ten in over ten countries and number one in several European countries.

neg: TheGoodPerry Perry Paris Moise (born September 21, 1996), better known by his stage name TheGoodPerry (formerly known as Burberry Perry), is an American record producer and hip hop recording artist from Nyack, New York. Perry gained recognition for his production in Lil Yachty's hit debut single "One Night" from his debut mixtape "Lil Boat" in 2016. In May 2016, Perry released his debut self-titled EP "Burberry Perry". On July 27, 2016, Perry changed his name from Burberry Perry to TheGoodPerry because of a lawsuit filed from the British clothing-line Burberry. Perry frequently collaborates with Isaac Tebbs and Lil Yachty, both playing a part in Summer Songs 2.

neg: Siya Michele Sherman (born March 23, 1987) better known by her stage name Siya is an American hip hop recording artist from Brooklyn, New York City. In 2012, she signed with American R&B singer-songwriter Tank's R&B Money label imprint. She starred in the Oxygen reality TV series "Sisterhood of Hip Hop". Siya has collaborated with artists such as Chris Brown and Sage the Gemini and  Khaos Da Rapper . Siya has performed alongside artists such as Wyclef Jean at the world famous B.B. Kings, as well as opened up for Fat Joe and Fabolous during a concert at Nassau Coliseum in Long Island, New York.

neg: Smino Christopher Smith Jr (born October 2, 1991), better known by his stage name, Smino, is an American rapper from St. Louis, Missouri. In 2015, he released two EPs: "S!Ck S!Ck S!Ck" and "blkjuptr". His debut album, "blkswn" was released on March 14, 2017.

neg: Kid Ink Brian Todd Collins (born April 1, 1986), better known by his stage name Kid Ink is an American rapper and record producer from Los Angeles, California. He is signed to RCA Records. He released the independent album "Up & Away", an EP titled "Almost Home", and his second studio album "My Own Lane". The latter spawned the singles "Show Me", "Iz U Down", and "Main Chick". On February 3, 2015, he released his third studio album "Full Speed", which spawned the singles "Body Language", "Hotel", and "Be Real". On December 25, 2015, he released a surprise fourth studio album "Summer in the Winter" with the supporting single "Promise". Kid Ink has also released "RSS2" (a mixtape) in 2016, and EP 7 Series with leading single "F with U" in 2017.

neg: Lil Yachty Miles Parks McCollum (born August 23, 1996), better known by his stage name Lil Yachty, is an American rapper and singer. Yachty first gained recognition in August 2015 for his singles "One Night" and "Minnesota" from his debut EP "Summer Songs". He released his debut mixtape "Lil Boat" in March 2016. On June 10, 2016, Yachty announced that he had signed a joint venture record deal with Quality Control Music, Capitol Records, and Motown Records. His mixtapes "Lil Boat" and "Summer Songs 2" were released in 2016 and his debut studio album "Teenage Emotions" in 2017.


query: What was the nickname of the Brazilian heiress that signed the Lei Aurea?

pos: Lei Áurea The Lei Áurea (] ; English: Golden Law ), adopted on May 13, 1888, was the law that abolished slavery in Brazil. It was signed by Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (1846–1921), an opponent of slavery, who acted as regent to Emperor Dom Pedro II, who was in Europe.

pos: Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil Dona Isabel (English: Isabella; 29 July 1846 – 14 November 1921), nicknamed "the Redemptress", was the heiress presumptive to the throne of the Empire of Brazil, bearing the title of Princess Imperial. She also served as the Empire's regent on three occasions.

neg: Isabel, Duchess of Braganza "Dona" Isabel, Duchess of Braganza ("née" Isabel Inês Castro Curvelo de Herédia; born 22 November 1966), is a Portuguese businesswoman who married Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, the current pretender to the defunct Portuguese throne.

neg: Gadelha Gadelha is a Brazilian surname that may refer to the following people:

neg: First Lady of Brazil The First Lady of Brazil (Portuguese: "Primeira-dama do Brasil") is the spouse of the President of Brazil. If the holder of the title is a woman, she can be referred to by the honorific title "Dona".

neg: Leilah Assunção Leilah Assunção, or Leilah Assumpção (born Maria de Lourdes Torres de Assunção) is a Brazilian dramatist, actress and writer. She was born June 18, 1943 in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. She graduated from the University of São Paulo in 1964 with a degree in English and also completed extra courses in theater and literary criticism in Brazil and England. Although she is known as a playwright, she began her career working as an actress and a model, performing in "Vereda de Salvacao" by Jorge de Enrade in 1963 and "The Three-penny opera" by Bertolt Brecht in 1964. From there, she transitioned into writing stories for magazines and soap operas, eventually leading into her work as a playwright.

neg: Princess Francisca of Brazil Dona Francisca (2 August 1824 – 27 March 1898) was a princess of the Empire of Brazil. She was a daughter of Emperor Dom Pedro I, who also reigned as King Dom Pedro IV of Portugal, and his first wife, Dona Maria Leopoldina. She married a son of Louis Philippe I and had three children. Through her only surviving daughter, she is an ancestor of Prince Henri, Count of Paris, the present Orléanist pretender to the French throne.

neg: Lilia Michel Lilia Michel (July 30, 1926 – August 10, 2011) was a Mexican television and film actress most active during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, earning her the nickname of "the jewel" of the film era.

neg: Kafunga Olavo Leite de Bastos, commonly known by the nickname Kafunga (August 7, 1914 – November 17, 1991), was an association footballer who played goalkeeper, who spent his entire career defending Atlético Mineiro.

neg: José Carlos da Silva Mayrink Ferrão José Carlos Mayrink da Silva Ferrão (December 5, 1771 – January 15, 1846) was a Brazilian politician and landowner. Son of Captain Baltazar João Mayrink and Maria Dorotéia Joaquina de Seixas, was also brother of Maria Dorotéia Joaquina de Seixas Brandão, also known as "Marilia de Dirceu". He adopted the name of Silva Ferrão family.

neg: Saoirse (given name) Saoirse (] , ] or ] ; roughly or ) is an Irish female given name meaning "freedom", which became popular in Ireland in the 1920s.

neg: Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild Charlotte Béatrice de Rothschild (] ) (14 September 1864 – 7 April 1934) was a French socialite, art collector, and a member of the prominent Rothschild banking family of France.

neg: Claudia Paz Vidia Arredondo Barra (1920 – April 24, 2015), better known by her pseudonym Claudia Paz, was a Chilean actress.

neg: Rodrigo Augusto da Silva Rodrigo Augusto da Silva (December 7, 1833 — October 17, 1889), nicknamed "the diplomat", was a politician, diplomat, lawyer, monarchist and journalist of the Empire of Brazil. He is best known as the minister that authored and countersigned with Princess Isabel, then Princess Imperial Regent the law that ended slavery in Brazil. Rodrigo was born in São Paulo into a family of wealthy financiers. His father, the Baron of Tietê, was also a politician and leader of the conservative party in São Paulo.

neg: Carmélia Alves Carmélia Alves (February 14, 1923 – November 3, 2012) was a Brazilian singer known as "Queen of Baião," as she was one of the country's best known baião performers. Baião is a folk rhythm popular in Northeast Brazil.

neg: Iolanda Iolanda is a given name used in Italian, Portuguese and Romanian languages. Notable persons with this name include:

neg: Paula Fernandes Paula Fernandes de Souza (] ; born August 28, 1984 in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais) is a Brazilian singer, songwriter and arranger. In a poll organized among readers of VIP magazine in 2011, she was named the 16th "sexiest woman in the world." That same year, she was one of the most accessed on Google Brazil.

neg: Emilinha Borba Emilinha Borba (August 31, 1923 in Rio de Janeiro – October 3, 2005) was a Brazilian singer and actress. She was named "Rainha do Rádio", "Queen of the Radio" in 1953. Borba endured for 30 years as a popular Brazilian radio singer and was noted for rumbas and sambas.

neg: Luísa de Barros, Countess of Barral Luísa Margarida de Barros Portugal (13 April 1816 – January 1891), later Countess of Barral, was a Brazilian noble, preceptor of Brazilian princesses Isabel and Leopoldina, rumored to be the major love interest of Pedro II of Brazil and later part of Louis Philippe I of France's court.

neg: Marília Gabriela Marília Gabriela Baston de Toledo, also known as Gabi, (born 31 May 1948) is a Brazilian journalist, interviewer, actress, singer, television presenter and writer.

neg: Alda Garrido Alda Palm Garrido (São Paulo, August 18, 1896 – Rio de Janeiro, December 8, 1970) was a Brazilian vaudeville actress. A comedian, she played the title role in Pedro Bloch's production "Dona Xepa" and then repeated the performance in the film, adapted in 1959.

neg: Lucinha Lins Lúcia Maria Werner Vianna Lins (born March 9, 1948), better known as Lucinha Lins, is a Brazilian actress and singer.


query: The Duchess of Malfi was composed by the artist of what nationality?

pos: The Duchess of Malfi (opera) The Duchess of Malfi is an opera in three acts by the British composer Stephen Oliver, based on the eponymous play by John Webster. Oliver originally wrote this opera, his ninth in 1971, at age 21, for a production at the Oxford Playhouse on commission from the Oxford University Opera Club. The premiere was on November 23, 1971, with the following cast members:

pos: Stephen Oliver (composer) Stephen Michael Harding Oliver (10 March 1950 – 29 April 1992) was an English composer, best known for his operas.

neg: Fausto Bordalo Dias Fausto (] ), , born Carlos Fausto Bordalo Gomes Dias; 26 November 1948 in Atlantic Ocean, registered as Trancoso, ), is a Portuguese composer and singer.

neg: Alastair (Baron Hans Henning Voigt) Hans Henning Otto Harry Baron von Voigt (20 October 1887 – 30 October 1969), best known by his nickname Alastair, was a German artist, composer, dancer, mime, poet, singer and translator.

neg: Mohamed Bajeddoub Mohamed Bajeddoub (Arabic: محمد باجدوب  ; born 1945 in Safi, Morocco) is an acclaimed Moroccan artist of the traditional Andalusian music.

neg: The Magic Flute discography The following is a partial discography of the opera "The Magic Flute" ("Die Zauberflöte") by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It was composed and first performed in 1791, the year of the composer's death. Since the first complete recordings in 1937, the opera has been recorded many times.

neg: Armande de Polignac Armande de Polignac, Comtesse de Chabannes-La Palice (Marie Armande Mathilde; 8 January 1876 – 29 April 1962) was a French composer, the niece of Prince Edmond de Polignac and Princess Winnaretta de Polignac, the patron of Ravel, Stravinsky and Milhaud. She studied with Vincent d'Indy at Schola Cantorum, and married the Comte de Chabanne la Palice.

neg: Garbo (singer) Renato Abate (born 25 April 1958), best known as Garbo, is an Italian singer-songwriter and record producer. He is considered as one of the most important exponents of Italian new wave music.

neg: Mélanie Bonis Mélanie Hélène Bonis, known as Mel Bonis (b. 4th arrondissement of Paris, 21 January 1858 – d. Sarcelles (Val-d'Oise), 18 March 1937) was a prolific French classical composer. She wrote more than 300 compositions, including works for piano solo and four hands, organ pieces, chamber music, mélodies, choral music, a mass, and works for orchestra. The organist Auguste Bazille was one of her teachers.

neg: Léonard Gautier Jean Léonard Louis Anton Gautier (12 July 1866 – 27 October 1955) was a German-born French composer famous for his simple eighth-note melody piano piece called "Le Secret" which at one time appeared in all of the popular piano anthologies and still continues appearing in current famous piano collection pieces such as "The Piano Bench of Classical Music".

neg: Melchiorre Delfico (caricaturist) Baron Melchiorre De Filippis Delfico (1825 – 22 December 1895) was an Italian artist, composer, singer, conductor, writer, librettist and a master of the Neapolitan art of caricature who inspired, among others, Carlo Pellegrini.

neg: Jehan Fresneau Jehan Fresneau (also Fresnau, Frasnau) (fl. ca. 1468 – 1505) was a French composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the composers in the renowned Milan chapel in the mid-1470s, which was disbanded after the assassination of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza.

neg: Mara Galassi Mara Galassi (born in Milan in 1956) is an Italian harpist, musicologist and recording artist specializing in the music for Early harps, including Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque, in particular double (cross-strung) and triple harps of the Renaissance and Baroque eras, as well as Classical era single-action pedal harps.

neg: The Lute Player (Caravaggio) The Lute Player is a composition by the Italian Baroque master Caravaggio. It exists in three versions, one in the Wildenstein Collection, another in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg and a third from Badminton House, Gloucestershire, which came to light in 2007.

neg: Gaetano Donizetti Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (] ; 29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini, Donizetti was a leading composer of the "bel canto" opera style during the first half of the nineteenth century. Donizetti's close association with the bel canto style was undoubtedly an influence on other composers such as Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901).

neg: Philippe Lafontaine Philippe Lafontaine (born 24 May 1955) is a Belgian singer and composer.

neg: Ralph Vaughan Williams Ralph Vaughan Williams {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( 12 October 1872– 26 August 1958) was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, written over nearly fifty years. Strongly influenced by Tudor music and English folk-song, his output marked a decisive break in British music from its German-dominated style of the 19th century.

neg: Diane, Duchess of Württemberg Diane, Duchess of Württemberg (née "Princess Diane Françoise Maria da Gloria de Orléans"; born 24 March 1940) is a French princess who is married to Carl, Duke of Württemberg, head of the House of Württemberg. Duchess Diane is a successful artist and sculptor.

neg: The Duchess of Malfi (Brecht) The Duchess of Malfi is an adaptation by the twentieth-century German dramatist Bertolt Brecht of the English seventeenth-century tragedy by John Webster. He collaborated with H. R. Hays and Anglo American poet, W. H. Auden. It was written during Brecht's period of exile in the United States. In premiered in New York, in 1946.

neg: Marianna Bottini Marianna Bottini née Motroni-Andreozzi (7 November 1802 – 25 January 1858) was an Italian composer and harp teacher. She was born in Lucca, daughter of the nobleman Sebastiano Motroni-Andreozzi and his wife Eleonora Flekestein.

neg: Désirée Artôt Désirée Artôt (21 July 1835 – 3 April 1907) was a Belgian soprano (initially a mezzo-soprano), who was famed in German and Italian opera and sang mainly in Germany. In 1868 she was engaged, briefly, to Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, who may have coded her name into works such as his First Piano Concerto and the "Romeo and Juliet" Fantasy-Overture. After her 1869 marriage to the Spanish baritone Mariano Padilla y Ramos, she was known as Désirée Artôt de Padilla or Désirée Artôt-Padilla.

neg: Anna Caroline Oury Anna Caroline Oury ("née" De Belleville), also known as Ninette de Belleville, Ninette von Belleville or Ninette de Belleville-Oury (24 June 1808 – 22 July 1880), was a German pianist and composer of French ancestry.


query: Love Dimension was a song by this Australian singer born in 1966 who received a gold sales certification in what year?

pos: Love Dimension "Love Dimension" is a 1989 song by Australian singer Kate Ceberano. It was released as the second single from her third solo album, "Brave". It was released in July 1989 on the Festival Records label and spent thirteen weeks in the top 50 and peaked at No.14 on the Australian singles charts.

pos: Kate Ceberano Catherine "Kate" Ceberano {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( , born 17 November 1966) is an Australian singer. She achieved success in the soul, jazz and pop genres, as well as in her brief forays into musicals—with "Jesus Christ Superstar"—and film. She has also achieved success as a songwriter, with the hit "Pash" receiving a gold sales certification in 1998.

neg: Jimmy Hannan Jimmy Hannan (born 25 August 1937) is a Gold Logie-winning Australian variety show host, singer and entertainer and game show host. One of the pioneers of television, Hannan won the 1965 Gold Logie award.

neg: Celine Dion albums discography Canadian singer Celine Dion has released twenty-six studio albums, seven live albums, seventeen compilation albums, and twenty-one box sets. Her debut album, "La voix du bon Dieu" was issued in 1981. In the '80s, Dion released her French-language albums in Canada, with several compilation albums issued also in France. Her first English-language album, entitled "Unison" was released in 1990 and has sold over three million copies worldwide. It was followed by "Dion chante Plamondon" in 1991 and "Celine Dion" in 1992. The latter became one of six of her albums to be certified Diamond in Canada for shipments of at least one million units. Dion's popularity became well-established with her 1993 album, "The Colour of My Love", which topped the charts in various countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, and has sold twenty million copies around the world. In the United States, it was certified six-times platinum. Released in 1995, "D'eux" became the best-selling French-language album in history, with sales of ten million copies worldwide. In France alone, "D'eux" spent forty-four weeks at the top of the chart and has sold 4.5 million units, becoming the best-selling album of all time. It also became Dion's first out of six Diamond-certified albums in France.

neg: Marlisa Punzalan Marlisa Ann Punzalan (born 1 October 1999), also known mononymously as Marlisa, is an Australian singer who won the sixth season of "The X Factor Australia" in 2014. She became the youngest contestant to win the show at age 15. Punzalan subsequently received a recording contract with Sony Music Australia and released her debut single "Stand by You", which debuted at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association. This was followed by the release of her self-titled debut album "Marlisa", which debuted at number six the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold. "Stand by You" was nominated for the ARIA Award for Song of the Year in 2015.

neg: Gold Vol. 1 Gold Vol. 1 is a French-language compilation album by Canadian singer Celine Dion, released in France by Versailles on 2 October 1995. It features fourteen rare songs recorded between 1982 and 1988, including the Eurovision-winning "Ne partez pas sans moi". Later, the album was also released in other countries around the world. It was issued under many different titles, with many different covers, and by various music labels. "Gold Vol. 1" was certified 2× Gold in France, where it peaked at number thirty on the chart. It also charted in Belgium Wallonia, Japan and the United Kingdom.

neg: Rozlyne Clarke Rozlyne Clarke (born Roslyn Howell, 9 July 1967) is an Australian dance music singer, best known in France.

neg: Margaret Urlich Margaret Urlich (born 24 January 1965 in Auckland, New Zealand) is an ARIA Award-winning musician based in New South Wales. Urlich moved to Sydney, Australia, in 1988 to pursue her singing career. Her debut solo album, "Safety in Numbers", released in 1989, was highly successful and won "Breakthrough Artist - Album" at the 1991 ARIA Awards. Its follow-up "Chameleon Dreams" was also a success when released in 1992. Urlich has been successful Trans-Tasman, selling over 400,000 albums during her career, ranking her as one of New Zealand's most successful recording artists.

neg: Nicole Millar Nicole Millar is a female Australian singer. She is best known for her award-winning collaboration "High" with Peking Duk.

neg: Jack (album) Jack is the twentieth studio album by Australian singer John Farnham. The album was released in Australia on 15 October 2010, and supported by a series of performances titled "John Farnham Live!". The album features covers of iconic music by Percy Sledge, Jerry Vale, Curtis Mayfield and Ray Charles

neg: Now: The Hits of Summer 2012 Now: The Hits of Summer 2012 is a compilation of songs popular in Australia during summer 2011. The album was the 15th compilation of 2011 and the 46th compilation of 2012. It was certified gold.

neg: Reece Mastin Reece Mastin (born 24 November 1994) is an English-born Australian singer and songwriter who won the third season of "The X Factor Australia" in 2011. Mastin subsequently signed with Sony Music Australia. His debut single "Good Night" reached number one in Australia and New Zealand, and became Sony Music Australia's fastest selling digital single. Mastin's self-titled debut album debuted at number two on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified double platinum. His second studio album "Beautiful Nightmare" (2012) included the hit singles "Shut Up & Kiss Me" and "Shout It Out", the latter became Mastin's second number-one single in Australia. "Good Night" and "Shout It Out" earned him two ARIA No. 1 Chart Awards. In 2015, Mastin parted ways with Sony and signed with independent label Social Family Records. His third studio album "Change Colours" was released in October 2015, and debuted at number 12.

neg: Percy Sledge Percy Tyrone Sledge (November 25, 1940 – April 14, 2015) was an American R&B, soul and gospel singer. He is best known for the song "When a Man Loves a Woman", a No. 1 hit on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and R&B singles charts in 1966. It was awarded a million-selling, Gold-certified disc from the RIAA.

neg: The Loved One (song) "The Loved One" is a song by Australian R&B, rock band The Loved Ones and was released in May 1966 as the debut single ahead of their extended play, "Blueberry Hill", which appeared in December. The song also featured on their debut long play album, "Magic Box", in October 1967. "The Loved One", which reached No. 2 on the Australian Top 40 singles charts in 1966.

neg: Matt Corby Matthew John Corby (born 7 November 1990) is an Australian singer-songwriter. He achieved his commercial breakthrough with his fourth EP, "Into the Flame" (2011), which peaked at No. 3 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and by April 2012, was certified 6× Platinum by ARIA. His 2011 single "Brother" and his 2013 single "Resolution" both won ARIA Music Awards for Song of the Year. He is the 26th Australian male singer and the 100th Australian act to reach the number one position on the ARIA albums chart with his debut album "Telluric" (2016).

neg: Lift (Shannon Noll album) Lift is the second studio album by Australian singer-songwriter Shannon Noll. It was released by Sony BMG in Australia on 16 October 2005. Noll co-wrote eleven out of the thirteen songs in the album. The album debuted at number 1 on the Australian Recording Industry Association album chart on 23 October 2005 with a platinum certification and was eventually certified three times platinum. All four singles released from the album reached the Top 10 of the ARIA single chart, and proved to be very popular radio hits, with both "Shine" and "Now I Run" ending 2006 within the Top 10 most played songs on Australian radio.

neg: Jamie O'Neal Jamie O'Neal (born 3 June 1966) is an Australian country singer and songwriter.

neg: Robyn Green (singer) Robyn Green is an Australian gospel singer. She released her first album, "Here's The Answer", in 1986. She is an influential Indigenous Australian Pentecostal worship leader.

neg: 1966 Australian Drivers' Championship The 1966 Australian Drivers' Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of racing cars complying with either the Australian National Formula or the Australian 1½ Litre Formula. The winner of the title, which was the tenth Australian Drivers' Championship, was awarded the 1966 CAMS Gold Star.

neg: Chloë (Australian singer) Chloë is an Australian singer-songwriter born in Melbourne

neg: CeCe Winans Priscilla Marie Winans Love known professionally as CeCe Winans (born October 8, 1964) is an American gospel singer, who has sold over 12 million records worldwide and won ten Grammy Awards. She is the best-selling female gospel artist of all time, as of 2015.

neg: Stan Walker discography New Zealand-Australian recording artist Stan Walker has released five studio albums, two compilation albums, nineteen singles—including three as a featured artist—and seventeen music videos. In 2009, Walker won the seventh season of "Australian Idol", and signed a recording contract with Sony Music Australia. Walker's debut studio album "Introducing Stan Walker", which contained selected songs he performed on "Australian Idol", was released on 11 December 2009. The album debuted at number three on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart, and number two on the New Zealand Albums Chart. It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association, and triple platinum by the Recorded Music NZ. The album's lead single "Black Box" peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart, and number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart, eventually being certified double platinum in both countries.


query: What is the third studio album by the singer of Uptown Funk?

pos: Jeff Bhasker Jeff Bhasker (also known as Billy Kraven and U.G.L.Y.) is an American record producer, songwriter, keyboardist, vocalist, and multi-instrumentalist. He collaborated with rapper and producer Kanye West on the albums "808s & Heartbreak", "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", and "Watch the Throne". He has won Grammy Awards for the songs "Run This Town" by Jay-Z, "All of the Lights" by Kanye West, "We Are Young" by Fun., and "Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson. Bhasker received the 2016 Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical for co-producing Mark Ronson's album "Uptown Special" and producing Nate Ruess's album "Grand Romantic" among other records.

pos: Mark Ronson Mark Daniel Ronson (born 4 September 1975) is an English musician, DJ, singer, songwriter and record producer. Although his debut album "Here Comes the Fuzz" failed to make an impact on the charts, his second album "Version" reached number two in the UK and included three top 10 singles. This earned him a Brit Award for Best British Male Solo Artist in 2008. His third studio album, "Record Collection", was released on 27 September 2010, peaking at number two in the UK.

neg: For One to Love For One to Love, is a studio album by American jazz singer Cécile McLorin Salvant. It is the singer's third album and the follow up to her debut album, "WomanChild" (2013).

neg: What's the Flavor? What's the Flavor? is the third album by rapper Young MC. The album was released in 1993 and was not only his last album for Capitol Records, but his last for a major record label.

neg: Yasss Bish "Yasss Bish" is a song recorded by American rapper Nicki Minaj for her third studio album "The Pinkprint" (2014), which did not make the final cut. It was written by Minaj along with the song's producers, Joseph DaVinci & Soulja Boy, who is also credited as a guest vocalist. The track was released through her official SoundCloud account as the album's third promotional single on May 3, 2014 following "Lookin Ass" and "Chi-Raq".

neg: Part III Part III is the third studio album by American R&B group 112 released on March 20, 2001 by Bad Boy Records. Unlike the previous releases, the album is described as having edgier, techno-flavored jams, resulting in a more modern and forward-sounding effort. The album was the group's last album with the label.

neg: III (Moderat album) III is the third studio album by electronic trio Moderat. It was released on April 1, 2016. "III" is the third installment to Moderat's album trilogy that includes "Moderat" and "II".

neg: Life Is Sweet (album) Life Is Sweet is the third album by American singer-songwriter Maria McKee, released in 1996 (see 1996 in music). According to her official site, this album is her favorite.

neg: Hot Sauce (album) Hot Sauce is the third album released by smooth jazz artist Jessy J. It debuted at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Jazz chart, released on September 6, 2011. The album features guest performances by Saunders Sermons, Paul Brown, Joe Sample, Harvey Mason, and Ray Parker, Jr.

neg: Glamorest Life Glamorest Life is the third studio album by American rapper Trina, released on October 4, 2005.

neg: Sweat (Nelly album) Sweat is the third studio album by American rapper Nelly. It was intended to be released on August 17, 2004, before being delayed and released on September 13, 2004, by Universal Records. Production was handled by several producers, including Jason "Jay E" Epperson, Midi Mafia, The Neptunes, Trife, Jazze Pha, Doe and The Alchemist. Released in conjunction with "Suit", Nelly was intended to release a single album before conceptualizing and releasing two albums simultaneously, both which would contrast each other's themes. Nelly characterized "Sweat" as "more up-tempo" and "energetic" while describing "Suit" as more of "a grown-up and sexy vibe [...] it's more melodic".

neg: Felton Pilate Felton C. Pilate II (born November 5, 1952 in Jackson, Mississippi) is an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer known as a member of the 1970s and 1980s funk/R&B band Con Funk Shun, and as a collaborator with rapper MC Hammer. Pilate's joint effort with Hammer sold over 30 million albums from 1989 to 1992, including the album "Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em" (1990).

neg: Uptown Funk "Uptown Funk" (stylised as "UpTown Funk!") is a song recorded by British record producer Mark Ronson and American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars, for Ronson's fourth studio album, "Uptown Special" (2015). RCA Records released the song as the album's lead single on 10 November 2014. Jeff Bhasker assisted the artists in co-writing and co-producing the track, with additional writing from Philip Lawrence. The song became a worldwide phenomenon with its major impact on pop culture. According to "Billboard," the song remains the biggest hit of the 2010s.

neg: My Life (Mary J. Blige album) My Life is the second studio album by American R&B recording artist Mary J. Blige, released on November 29, 1994, by Uptown Records. Many of the topics on "My Life" deal with clinical depression, Blige's battling with both drugs and alcohol, as well as being in an abusive relationship. Similar to her debut album "What's the 411?", "My Life" features vast production from Sean Combs for his newly founded label, Bad Boy Entertainment, which was at the time backed by Arista Records.

neg: Can You Feel Me Can You Feel Me is the third studio album released by rapper Dru Down. It peaked at #54 at the Billboard 200 chart, and #14 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop albums chart.

neg: Faith (Lords of the Underground song) "Faith" is the third and final single released from the Lords of the Underground's second album, "Keepers of the Funk". The song was produced by the Lords of the Underground themselves and featured singer, Deniece Williams, as well as sampling her 1976 song, "Free". "Faith" has thus far been the group's final charting single, peaking at 49 on the Hot Rap Singles and 31 on the Dance/Maxi-Singles chart. It was also the group's only charting single not to be produced by either Marley Marl or K-Def.

neg: I Am... Sasha Fierce I Am... Sasha Fierce is the third studio album by American singer Beyoncé. It was released on November 12, 2008 through Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment. In its initial release, the album was formatted as a double album, intending to market Beyoncé's contrasting facets of artistry. The first disc, "I Am...", contains slow and midtempo pop and R&B ballads, while the second, "Sasha Fierce" (named after Beyoncé's on-stage alter ego), focuses on more uptempo beats that blend electropop and Europop genres. In composing the songs' lyrics, Beyoncé worked with writers, with each session accompanied by live orchestration.

neg: The Grand Bounce The Grand Bounce is the third solo album by Gord Downie, the lead singer of The Tragically Hip. It was released on 8 June 2010.

neg: The Heat (Toni Braxton album) The Heat is the third studio album by American singer Toni Braxton. Released in the United States on April 25, 2000 by LaFace Records, the album marked Braxton's departure from her ballads in favor of a more urban sound. Most of the songs (including the nearly instrumental "The Art of Love") were written and produced by Braxton and her husband Keri Lewis (a former member of Mint Condition), two ballads were penned by Diane Warren, and collaborations featured rappers Dr. Dre and Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes.

neg: Jesse James (singer) Jesse James (born James Herbert McClelland, October 3, 1943) is an American soul singer who had several minor US hits from the late 1960s to the late 1980s, and has continued to record since then.

neg: Third Coast Kings Third Coast Kings is a funk / soul band based in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The Kings were formed in 2007 by drummer James Keovongsak. Their record label Record Kicks describes them as ""an eight element proper deep funk and soul outfit from Detroit/Ann Arbor, Michigan, that is influenced by the great James Brown, as well as the many artists from the 60s and 70s whose music was carefully salvaged by the crate digging revolution.""

neg: III (Stanton Moore album) III is Stanton Moore's third studio solo album released 2006. As each of Moore's solo albums have had unique character, "III" features keyboardist Robert Walter and guitarist Will Bernard for a 1970s-like soul funk with a "sense of authenticity" as "artists who live it."


query: Edwin A. Zundel was a West Point graduate in the same class as the first Chairman of what military position?

pos: Edwin A. Zundel Edwin Albert Zundel (29 March 1893 – 13 February 1985) was a United States Army brigadier general who served on the Western Front during World War I, in the Southwest Pacific Area during World War II, and as Inspector General, Far East Command, and Inspector General, United Nations Troops—Korea during the Korean War. He was a member of the West Point class of 1915, "the class the stars fell on" that also included Omar Bradley and Dwight Eisenhower.

pos: Omar Bradley General of the Army Omar Nelson Bradley (February 12, 1893 – April 8, 1981), nicknamed "Brad", was a highly distinguished senior officer of the United States Army during and after World War II. Bradley was the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and oversaw the U.S. military's policy-making in the Korean War.

neg: Joint Chiefs of Staff The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the United States Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States, the Secretary of Defense, the Homeland Security Council and the National Security Council on military matters. The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of the "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff" ("CJCS"), "Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff" ("VCJCS"), the Military Service Chiefs from the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force, and the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, all appointed by the President following Senate confirmation. Each of the individual Military Service Chiefs, outside of their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations, works directly for the Secretary of the Military Department concerned, i.e., Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force.

neg: Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Theodore "Ted" Roosevelt III (September 13, 1887 – July 12, 1944), known as Theodore Jr., was an American government, business, and military leader. He was the eldest son of President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt. Roosevelt is known for his World War II service, including the directing of troops at Utah Beach during the Normandy landings, for which he received the Medal of Honor.

neg: William Chamberlaine William Chamberlaine (March 1, 1871 – June 8, 1925) was a career officer in the United States Army. A graduate of the United States Military Academy and a veteran of the Spanish-American War, Chamberlaine was most notable for his service as a brigadier general in charge of Artillery units during World War I.

neg: Edwin P. Smith Lieutenant General Edwin Paul Smith (born August 8, 1945) commanded the U.S. Army, Pacific from October 1998 to his retirement in November 2002. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1967 and went on to earn two graduate degrees. He earned a Master of Arts in English from the University of Kentucky and a Master of Business Administration from Long Island University. Smith is also a graduate of the Canadian National Defense College.

neg: Arthur MacArthur Jr. Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur Jr. (June 2, 1845 – September 5, 1912), was a United States Army general. He became the military Governor-General of the American-occupied Philippines in 1900 but his term ended a year later due to clashes with the civilian governor, future President William Howard Taft. His son, Douglas MacArthur, was one of only five men promoted to the five-star rank of General of the Army during World War II. In addition to their both being promoted to the rank of general officer, Arthur MacArthur Jr. and Douglas MacArthur also share the distinction of having been the first father and son to each be awarded a Medal of Honor.

neg: Ronne Froman Veronica Froman-Blue, better known by her maiden name Veronica "Ronne" Froman (RADM, USN, Ret.), is an American retired naval officer. She was the first woman to serve as commander of the United States Navy Region Southwest, a position known as the "Navy Mayor of San Diego". She retired from the Navy in 2001 with the rank of rear admiral, after a 31-year career.

neg: Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States In the United States armed forces, the Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States are the senior service chaplains who lead and represent the Chaplain Corps of the United States Army, Navy, and Air Force. The Navy created the first Office of the Chief of Chaplains in 1917; the Army followed in 1920, and the Air Force established its own in 1948 after it became a separate branch.

neg: Alvin Duke Chandler Alvin Duke Chandler (August 18, 1902 – May 26, 1987) was the twenty-first president of the College of William & Mary, serving from 1951 to 1960. He also served as the chancellor of The Colleges of William & Mary from 1960 to 1962; after that system was disbanded, he served as Chancellor of the College from 1962 to 1974. Prior to his career at the College of William & Mary, Chandler served in the United States Navy, eventually reaching the rank of Vice-Admiral. His father, Julian Alvin Carroll Chandler, also served as president of the College of William & Mary. His personal papers as well as the papers from his time as president can be found in the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary.

neg: William Ruthven Smith William Ruthven Smith (April 2, 1868 – July 15, 1941) was a career United States Army officer who commanded the 36th Infantry Division during its deployment in France during World War I and later became Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.

neg: Nathan Farragut Twining Nathan Farragut Twining ( ; October 11, 1897 – March 29, 1982) was a United States Air Force general, born in Monroe, Wisconsin. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force from 1953 until 1957, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1957 to 1960. He was the first member of the Air Force to serve as Chairman.

neg: Department of Physical Education The Department of Physical Education (also known by its initials DPE) is the academic department that oversees the physical development program at the United States Military Academy at West Point, NY. DPE is headquartered in the Arvin Cadet Physical Development Center. DPE has 24 Military faculty and 25 civilian instructors and professors. The head of the department holds the ceremonial title of Master of the Sword, known within the department as the MOS. This title dates back to when the Cadets at West Point were taught swordsmanship as part of their military & physical training. The current Master of the Sword is COL Nicholas Gist, who has held the position since 2015. The department's stated mission is:

neg: William A. Knowlton General William Allen Knowlton (June 19, 1920 – August 10, 2008) was a United States Army four-star general, and a former Superintendent of the United States Military Academy. As a full general, he served as Commander, Allied Land Forces South East Europe, and as the United States Military Representative to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

neg: David H. Huntoon Lieutenant General David Holmes Huntoon, Jr., USA completed a 40-year military career serving as the Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York. He commanded West Point from July 15, 2010 until July 15, 2013, and retired from the Army on November 1, 2013. During his time in uniform, Huntoon served in infantry, planning, operations, training, strategy, and leader development positions, and commanded organizations from Platoon level to Army Major Command. Throughout his military career, Huntoon had alternating assignments between operational and leader development postings, and he gained a reputation as a highly skilled and innovative educator and a soldier-focused commander. He is the only Army general officer to have led the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, the U.S. Army War College, and the U.S. Military Academy. Huntoon has unique experience in leader development in the U.S. military, and significantly influenced leader development programs in the U.S. Army as a general officer. As a Major, Huntoon wrote principal elements of the U.S. operational plan for the U.S. invasion of Panama (1989), and was a lead planner in the XVIII Airborne Corps plan for Operation Desert Storm (1990-1991).

neg: Joseph Dunford Joseph Francis Dunford Jr. (born December 8, 1955) is a United States Marine Corps General. He is the 19th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was also the 36th Commandant of the Marine Corps. Dunford is the first Marine Corps officer to serve in four different four-star positions; the others include commander of the International Security Assistance Force and United States Forces-Afghanistan from February 2013 until August 2014, and as the 32nd Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps from October 23, 2010, to December 15, 2012. He has also commanded several units, including the 5th Marine Regiment during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. As Chairman, Dunford is the highest-ranking military officer in the United States Armed Forces.

neg: Charles R. Forbes Charles Robert Forbes (February 14, 1878 – April 10, 1952) was appointed the first Director of the Veterans' Bureau by President Warren G. Harding on August 9, 1921 and served until February 28, 1923. Caught for army desertion in 1900, he returned to the military and was a decorated World War I veteran. He first became active in politics in the Pacific Northwest. In 1912, Forbes moved to Hawaii and served as chairman on various federal commissions. While Senator Warren G. Harding was on vacation in Hawaii the two met by chance and became friends. After the 1920 U.S. Presidential election, President Harding appointed Forbes director to the newly created Veterans' Bureau, a powerful position in charge of millions of dollars in government expenditures and supplies.

neg: Edwin N. Clark Edwin Norman Clark (1902–1982) was born in Parkersburg, Iowa in 1902. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in June 1922 but resigned his commission in September of the same year. He immediately entered Harvard Law School and upon graduation practiced law in New York.

neg: Roger Welles Roger Welles (1862–1932) was a U. S. naval officer, the first commander of USS "Oklahoma" and appointed the first "Navy Mayor" of San Diego.

neg: Henry A. Norman Major Henry Arthur Norman was among the first African American military pilots during World War II. Although a member of the 598th Field Artillery Battalion (and not the famed 332nd Fighter Group or 477th Bombardment Group), he trained at Tuskegee and is generally counted among the Tuskegee Airmen. A career military man, he served as part of the peacetime occupation forces in Germany, seeing armed combat again during the Korean War. He eventually becoming a commissioned officer during an era in which that was rare for African-Americans, overseeing the 20th Army Air Corps. After a rescue mission following the North Sea Flood of 1953 he was personally presented an award for meritorious conduct by the Queen of the Netherlands. Following an honorable discharge from the Army, he earned a PhD in Education from the Ohio State University, and became the principal of the Lincoln School in Gallipolis. He was a direct, male-line descendent of black Revolutionary War hero Bazabeel Norman.

neg: Edwin F. Harding Edwin Forrest Harding (September 18, 1886June 5, 1970) commanded the 32nd Infantry Division at the beginning of World War II. He graduated 74th among his classmates from the United States Military Academy in 1909, who included John C. H. Lee (12), Jacob L. Devers (39), George S. Patton (46), Horace H. Fuller (59), Robert L. Eichelberger (68), and William H. Simpson (101). His first field command, the 32nd division was the first American unit, after the Battle for Guadalcanal, to engage in offensive operations in the Pacific Theater of Operations. The 32nd was understrength, ill-trained, poorly equipped, and thrust into its first battle against seasoned Japanese units. The unit finally logged a total of 654 days of combat during World War II, more than any other U.S. Army division. They were among the first to enter the war and were still engaging attacking Japanese after the Armistice was declared.

neg: Daniel J. Dill Daniel J. Dill was a military officer and politician.


query: Which case changed the idea of marriage : Georgia v. Randolph or Loving v. Virginia?

pos: Georgia v. Randolph Georgia v. Randolph, 547 U.S. 103 (2006), is a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court held that without a search warrant, police had no constitutional right to search a house where one resident consents to the search while another resident objects. The Court distinguished this case from the "co-occupant consent rule" established in "United States v. Matlock", 415 U.S. 164 (1974), which permitted one resident to consent in absence of the co-occupant.

pos: Loving v. Virginia Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) is a landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme Court, which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage.

neg: Garden State Equality v. Dow Garden State Equality v. Dow (82 A. 3d 336 - NJ: Superior Court, Law Div. 2013) is a New Jersey Superior Court case that held on September 27, 2013, that the New Jersey's marriage laws violated the rights of same-sex couples to equal protection of the law under the New Jersey State Constitution. The trial court and a State Appellate Court refused the State's request for a stay of the trial court's decision, and the New Jersey Supreme Court refused to do so on a 7-0 vote. The ruling took effect on October 21, 2013; and New Jersey Governor Chris Christie dropped the State's plans to appeal that same day, ending the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples in New Jersey.

neg: Anti-miscegenation laws Anti-miscegenation laws or miscegenation laws were laws that enforced racial segregation at the level of marriage and intimate relationships by criminalizing interracial marriage and sometimes also sex between members of different races. Such laws were first introduced in North America from the late seventeenth century onwards by several of the Thirteen Colonies, and subsequently by many US states and US territories and remained in force in many US states until 1967. After the Second World War, an increasing number of states repealed their anti-miscegenation laws. In 1967, in "Loving v. Virginia", the remaining anti-miscegenation laws were held to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States. Similar laws were also enforced in Nazi Germany as part of the Nuremberg laws, and in South Africa as part of the system of Apartheid.

neg: Pace v. Alabama Pace v. Alabama, 106 U.S. 583 (1883), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court affirmed that Alabama's anti-miscegenation statute was constitutional. This ruling was rejected by the Supreme Court in 1964 in "McLaughlin v. Florida" and in 1967 in "Loving v. Virginia". "Pace v. Alabama" is possibly the first recorded interracial sex court case in America.

neg: Marriage Equality Act (New York) The Marriage Equality Act is a 2011 New York State law that allows gender-neutral marriages for both same- and opposite-sex couples, while prohibiting state and local courts and governments from penalizing religious and religious-supervised institutions, their employees, or clergy for refusing to sanctify or recognize marriages in contradiction with their religious doctrines, or for refusing to provide services and accommodations for such weddings. It was introduced to the New York State Assembly by Assemblyman Daniel O'Donnell. It was signed into law on June 24, 2011, and took effect on July 24, 2011.

neg: Southern Manifesto The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 101 politicians (99 Southern Democrats and two Republicans) from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. The Congressmen drafted the document to counter the landmark Supreme Court 1954 ruling "Brown v. Board of Education", which determined that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. School segregation laws were some of the most enduring and best-known of the Jim Crow laws that characterized the American South and border states at the time.

neg: Washington v. Davis Washington v. Davis, 426 US 229 (1976) was a United States Supreme Court case that established that laws that have a racially-discriminatory effect but were not adopted to advance a racially-discriminatory purpose are valid, under the US Constitution.

neg: Hyde v Hyde Hyde v Hyde is a landmark case of the English Court of Probate and Divorce. The case was heard 20 March 1866 before Lord Penzance, and established the common law definition of marriage.

neg: Stanley v. Georgia Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969) , was a United States Supreme Court decision that helped to establish an implied "right to privacy" in U.S. law, in the form of mere possession of obscene materials.

neg: LGBT rights in the United States Virgin Islands Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. Virgin Islands face legal challenges and discrimination not faced by other people. Same-sex sexual activity is no longer criminalized, and neither is same-sex marriage. The Virgin Islands lacks a hate crimes statute and provides LGBT residents no protection against discrimination. Following the Supreme Court's ruling in "Obergefell v. Hodges" on June 26, 2015, which found the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples unconstitutional, same-sex marriage became legal in the islands.

neg: Edith Windsor Edith "Edie" Windsor (née Schlain; June 20, 1929 – September 12, 2017) was an American LGBT rights activist and a technology manager at IBM. She was the lead plaintiff in the Supreme Court of the United States case "United States v. Windsor", which successfully overturned Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act and was considered a landmark legal victory for the same-sex marriage movement in the United States.

neg: Alliance for Marriage The Alliance for Marriage (AFM), founded in 1999, is a non-profit organization based in the United States. The organization describes itself as "dedicated to promoting marriage and addressing the epidemic of fatherless families in the United States." The group was founded by Matt Daniels and is headquartered in Virginia. AFM is most known for their role as the organization that drafted the proposed Federal Marriage Amendment (FMA) to the United States Constitution, introduced originally by Rep. Ronnie Shows (D-MS). The amendment would define marriage in the United States as the union of one man and one woman. The amendment was later renamed the Marriage Protection Amendment, which, as of 2014, last failed a Senate cloture motion in June 2006.

neg: Harper v. Paradise Harper v Paradise 210 S.E.2d 710 (1974) is a case heard by the Supreme Court of Georgia.

neg: LGBT rights in Vermont The establishment of LGBT rights in the US state of Vermont is a recent occurrence, with the majority of progress having taken place in the past century. It was one of 37 US states, along with the District of Columbia, that issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples, until the landmark Supreme Court ruling of Obergefell v. Hodges that legalized equal marriage rights for same-sex couples nationwide.

neg: Same-sex marriage in Alabama Same-sex marriage has been legal in Alabama since June 26, 2015, after the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in "Obergefell v. Hodges", but some counties in Alabama do not issue marriage licenses to any couples to avoid issuing them to same-sex couples following the decision.

neg: Brenner v. Scott In Brenner v. Scott and its companion case, Grimsley v. Scott, a U.S. district court found Florida's constitutional and statutory same-sex marriage bans unconstitutional. On August 21, 2014, the court issued a preliminary injunction that prevents that state from enforcing its bans and then stayed its injunction until stays are lifted in the three same-sex marriage cases then petitioning for a writ of certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court–"Bostic", "Bishop", and "Kitchen"–and for 91 days thereafter. When the district court's preliminary injunction took effect on January 6, 2015, enforcement of Florida's bans on same-sex marriage ended.

neg: McGuire v. McGuire McGuire v. McGuire, 157 Neb. 226, 59 N.W.2d 336 (1953) was a Nebraska Supreme Court case between plaintiff Lydia McGuire and defendant-appellant former husband Charles McGuire. The case involved the scope of legally providing for a spouse in a marriage. This case helped to determine a precedence for financial responsibilities of one spouse for another.

neg: Marriage license A marriage license is a document issued, either by a church or state authority, authorizing a couple to marry. The procedure for obtaining a license varies between countries and has changed over time. Marriage licenses began to be issued in the Middle Ages, to permit a marriage which would otherwise be illegal (for instance, if the necessary period of notice for the marriage had not been given).

neg: Breedlove v. Suttles Breedlove v. Suttles, 302 U.S. 277 (1937) , is an overturned United States Supreme Court decision which upheld the constitutionality of requiring the payment of a poll tax in order to vote in state elections.

neg: LGBT rights in Tennessee Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Tennesseans face some legal challenges that non-LGBT Tennesseans do not. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in the state. Marriage licenses are issued to same-sex couples in Tennessee since the Supreme Court ruling in "Obergefell v. Hodges" on June 26, 2015.

neg: Robert McIlwaine Robert D. McIlwaine III (September 18, 1924 – February 21, 2015) was an American lawyer and public official. He is known for his defense of Virginia's policies of racial segregation in the civil rights cases in which he represented the state as a lawyer for the attorney general’s office, including "Loving v. Virginia".


query: The Auburn Tigers football team, plays their home games at Cliff Hare Stadium, in what largest city with a 2016 population of 63,118?

pos: 1968 Auburn Tigers football team The 1968 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1968 college football season. It was the Tigers' 77th overall and 35th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Ralph "Shug" Jordan, in his 18th year, and played their home games at Cliff Hare Stadium in Auburn and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished with a record of seven wins and four losses (7–4 overall, 4–2 in the SEC) and with a victory over Arizona in the Sun Bowl.

pos: Auburn, Alabama Auburn is a city in Lee County, Alabama, United States. It is the largest city in eastern Alabama with a 2016 population of 63,118. It is a principal city of the Auburn-Opelika Metropolitan Area. The Auburn-Opelika, AL MSA with a population of 158,991, along with the Columbus, GA-AL MSA and Tuskegee, Alabama, comprises the greater Columbus-Auburn-Opelika, GA-AL CSA, a region home to 501,649 residents.

neg: Houston Houston ( ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2016 population of 2.303 million within an area of 667 sqmi , it is also the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the principal city of the Greater Houston metro area, which is the fifth-most populated MSA in the United States.

neg: History of Auburn University Auburn University (AU or Auburn) is a public university located in Auburn, Alabama, United States With more than 25,000 students and 1,200 faculty members, it is one of the largest universities in the state.

neg: Lincoln, Nebraska Lincoln (pronounced ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Lancaster County. The city covers 93.46 sqmi with a population of 280,364 in 2016. It is the second-most populous city in Nebraska and the 71st-largest in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the state called the Lincoln Metropolitan and Lincoln-Beatrice Combined Statistical Areas. The statistical area is home to 348,720 people, making it the 105th-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

neg: Bryant–Denny Stadium Bryant–Denny Stadium is an outdoor stadium in the southeastern United States, on the campus of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. It is the home field of the Alabama Crimson Tide football team of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).

neg: Charlotte, North Carolina Charlotte is the largest city in the state of North Carolina. It is the county seat of Mecklenburg County. In 2016, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 842,051, making it the 17th-largest city in the United States based on population. The Charlotte metropolitan area ranks 22nd-largest in the U.S., and had a 2016 population of 2,474,314. The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2016 U.S. Census population estimate of 2,632,249. Between 2004 and 2014, Charlotte was ranked as the country's fastest growing metro area, with 888,000 new residents. Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015, it also tops the 50 largest U.S. cities as the millennial hub. It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States, just behind Jacksonville, Florida. It is the third-fastest growing major city in the United States. It is listed as a "gamma-minus" global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Residents are referred to as "Charlotteans".

neg: Troy, Ohio Troy is a city in and the county seat of Miami County, Ohio, United States. The population was 25,058 at the 2010 census, making it the largest city in the county and the 61st largest city in Ohio; it is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area. Troy is home to an annual Strawberry Festival the first weekend in June.

neg: Auburn Mall (Auburn, Alabama) Auburn Mall is a regional shopping mall located in Auburn, Alabama, United States, and combines traditional mall shopping with village streetscape shopping. The mall has a gross leasable area of 527000 sqft . The two main department stores, Belk, and Dillard's, are supplemented by more than 50 specialty stores. These stores include Ann Taylor Loft, JoS. A. Bank, Talbots, Chico's, and Hibbett Sports.

neg: Arkansas–Auburn football rivalry The Arkansas–Auburn football rivalry, is an American college football rivalry between the University of Arkansas and Auburn University. The first game between the Razorbacks and Tigers was played in 1984 in the Liberty Bowl. With the admission of Arkansas as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) in 1992, the rivalry became an annual game between these members of the SEC Western Division.

neg: Auburndale, Florida Auburndale is a city in Polk County, Florida, United States. The population was 11,032 at the 2000 census. According to the U.S Census estimates of 2005, the city had a population of 12,381. It is part of the Lakeland–Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area.

neg: College Park, Georgia College Park is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia, adjacent to the southern boundary of the city of Atlanta. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,942. Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport is partially located in the city's boundaries (including the domestic terminal, Concourse T, Concourse A, and about two-thirds of Concourse B), and the Georgia International Convention Center, owned and operated by the City of College Park, is within the city limits.

neg: 1894 Auburn Tigers football team The 1894 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1894 college football season. It was the Tigers' third overall season and they competed as an independent. The team was led by head coach Forrest M. Hall, in his first and only year as head coach of the Tigers. They finished with a record of one win and three losses (1–3). While the team had a losing record and outscored their opponents 106–48, the squad has the distinction of achieving the largest win in Auburn history, defeating Georgia Tech 94–0 on November 17.

neg: Drake Field (stadium) Drake Field was an American football, baseball, and track stadium on the campus of Auburn University, in Auburn, Alabama, United States. From 1911 to 1939, Drake field was the home field of the Auburn University Tigers football team. The stadium was also home to the Auburn University Tigers baseball team from 1911 through 1949, and the Auburn High School Tigers football team from 1911 through 1920 and 1935 through 1939. It had a capacity of 7,550 in 1939.

neg: 2016 Alabama Crimson Tide football team The 2016 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA", "Bama" or "The Tide") represented the University of Alabama in the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. This season marked the Crimson Tide's 122nd overall season, 83rd as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and its 25th within the SEC Western Division. They played their home games at Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa, Alabama and were led by tenth year head coach Nick Saban. They finished the season 14–1, were SEC champions and advanced to the College Football Playoff National Championship game, for the second consecutive year, where they were defeated by Clemson.

neg: Los Angeles Los Angeles ( ; Spanish for "The Angels"; ] ), officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A., is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a U.S. Census-estimated 2016 population of 3,976,322, it is the second most populous city in the United States (after New York City) and the most populous city in the state of California. Located in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over 10000 ft , Los Angeles covers an area of about 469 sqmi . The city is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the country. Los Angeles is the center of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, with 13,131,431 residents, and is part of the larger designated Los Angeles-Long Beach combined statistical area (CSA), the second most populous in the nation with a 2015 estimated population of 18.7 million.

neg: 1946 Auburn Tigers football team The 1946 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1946 college football season. It was the Tigers' 55th overall and 14th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Carl M. Voyles, in his third year, and played their home games at Auburn Stadium in Auburn, the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of four wins and six losses (4–6 overall, 1–5 in the SEC).

neg: 1960–61 Auburn Tigers men's basketball team The 1960–61 Auburn Tigers men's basketball team represented Auburn University in the 1960–61 college basketball season. The team's head coach was Joel Eaves, who was in his twelfth season at Auburn. The team played their home games at Auburn Sports Arena in Auburn, Alabama. They finished the season 15–7, 8–6 in SEC play.

neg: Auburn High School (New York) Auburn High School is the only public high school in Auburn, New York, U.S., a city approximately 25 miles southwest of Syracuse in central New York.

neg: Hot Springs Village, Arkansas Hot Springs Village is a census-designated place (CDP) in Garland and Saline counties in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As it is situated in two counties, it is also part of two metropolitan statistical areas. The portion in Garland County is within the Hot Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the portion extending into Saline County is part of the Little Rock–North Little Rock–Conway Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 12,807 at the 2010 census. It is the largest gated community in the United States.

neg: Auburndale High School Auburndale High School is a four-year public high school located in Auburndale, Florida, a city of 14,033 (2012 U.S. Census estimate). The school serves about 1,550 students from ninth through twelfth grades. The minority rate is 37% and the free/reduced lunch rate is 49%.

neg: Dayton, Ohio Dayton ( ) is the sixth-largest city in the state of Ohio and is the county seat of Montgomery County. A small portion of the city extends into Greene County. In the 2010 census, the population was 141,527, and the Dayton metropolitan area had 799,232 residents, making it Ohio's fourth-largest metropolitan area, after Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Columbus and the 63rd-largest in the United States. The Dayton-Springfield-Greenville Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,080,044 in 2010, making it the 43rd-largest in the United States. Dayton is within Ohio's Miami Valley region, just north of the Cincinnati–Northern Kentucky metropolitan area.


query: What philosopher was born in Chornukhy in 1722?

pos: Chornukhy Chornukhy (Ukrainian: Чорнýхи , Russian: Чернýхи ) is an urban-type settlement and the administrative center of Chornukhy Raion, Poltava Oblast of central Ukraine. Chornukhy is known as the birthplace of philosopher Gregory Skovoroda; a monument testifies to this.

pos: Gregory Skovoroda Gregory Skovoroda, also Hryhorii Skovoroda, or Grigory Skovoroda (Latin: "Gregorius Scovoroda" , Ukrainian: Григорій Савич Сковорода , "Hryhorii Savych Skovoroda"; Russian: Григо́рий Са́ввич Сковорода́ , "Grigory Savvich Skovoroda"; 3 December 1722 – 9 November 1794)

neg: Pierre Hadot Pierre Hadot (] ; February 21, 1922 – April 24, 2010) was a French philosopher and historian of philosophy specializing in ancient philosophy, particularly Neoplatonism.

neg: Jñānagarbha Jñānagarbha (Tibetan: ཡེ་ཤེས་སྙིང་པོ་, Wyl. ye shes snying po) was an 8th-century Buddhist philosopher from Nalanda who wrote on Madhyamika and Yogacara and is considered part of Bhāviveka's Svatantrika tradition. He was a student of Shrigupta and the teacher and ordaining master of Shantarakshita.

neg: Kaadsiddheshwar Shri Samarth Muppin Kaadsiddheswar Maharaj was one of the great gurus in the Navnath tradition of Hindu philosophy. He was a disciple of Shri Samarth Siddharameshwar Maharaj, disciple of Shri Samarth Bhausaheb Maharaj, disciple of Shri Gurulingajangam Maharaj (Shri Nimbargi Maharaj), disciple of the 22nd Shri Samarth Muppin Kaadsiddheswar Maharaj.

neg: Pyrrho Pyrrho ( ; Greek: Πύρρων "Pyrrōn", c. 360 BC – c. 270 BC), was a Greek philosopher of Classical antiquity and is credited as being the first Greek skeptic philosopher.

neg: John Gregory (moralist) John Gregory (3 June 1724 – 9 February 1773), a.k.a. John Gregorie, was an eighteenth-century Scottish physician, medical writer and moralist.

neg: Khudiram Das Khudiram Das (Bengali: ক্ষুদিরাম দাস) (9 October 1916 - 28 April 2002) was a scholar, educationist, critic, litterateur, an authority on Rabindra literature and linguistic expert.

neg: Bryson of Achaea Bryson of Achaea (or Bryson the Achaean; Greek: Βρύσων ὁ Ἀχαιός , "gen".: Βρύσωνος; fl. 330 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher.

neg: Sibnarayan Ray Sibnarayan Ray (1921–2008) was a Bengali thinker, educationist, philosopher and literary critic of twentieth century India. A radical humanist, he is widely reputed for his works on Marxist-revolutionary Manabendra Nath Roy, and famous polymath Bertrand Russell, commenting on Ray, once said that "... Sibnarayan Ray stands for a point of view which I consider important in every part of the world. ... His writings ably represents a more reasonable point of view than that of most writers of our time."

neg: Gaudapada Gauḍapāda (c.6th century CE), also referred as Gauḍapādācārya , was an early medieval era scholar of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. While details of his biography are uncertain, his ideas inspired others such as Adi Shankara who called him a "Paramaguru" (highest teacher).

neg: Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya, also known as K.C. Bhattacharya, (12 May 1875 – 11 December 1949) was a philosopher at the University of Calcutta known for his method of "constructive interpretation" through which relations and problematics of ancient Indian philosophical systems are drawn out and developed so that they can be studied like problems of modern philosophy. He was especially interested in the problematic of how the mind (or consciousness) creates an apparently material universe. Bhattacharya encouraged the idea of an immersive cosmopolitanism in which Indian systems of philosophy were modernized through assimilation and immersion rather than to through a blind imitation of European ideas.

neg: David Hume David Hume ( ; born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.

neg: Ananda Ranga Pillai M. R. Ry. Ananda Ranga Pillai (30 March 1709 – 16 January 1761), (often pronounced as "Ānañtarañkam Pillai" (

neg: Likhud Brothers The Likhud Brothers (Russian: Братья Лихуды ) were two Greek monks from Cephalonia who founded and managed the Slavic Greek Latin Academy in Moscow between 1685 and 1694. Their names were Ioannikios Leichoudes (Greek: Ιωαννίκιος Λειχούδης ) or Ioannikii Likhud (Russian: Иоанникий Лихуд , 1633–1717) and Sophronios Leichoudes (Greek: Σωφρόνιος Λειχούδης ) or Sofronii Likhud (Russian: Софроний Лихуд , 1653–1730).

neg: Michail Papageorgiou Michail Papageorgiou (Greek: Μιχαήλ Παπαγεωργίου ; 1727–1796) was a Greek philosopher.

neg: Ioannis Chalkeus Ioannis Chalkeus (Aromanian: "Joan Chalkeus", Greek: Ιωάννης Χαλκεύς , 1667-between 1730 and 1740) or Chalkias, was an Aromanian scholar, philosopher and figure of the modern Greek Enlightenment.

neg: Adavi Jayatirthacharya Adavi Jayatirthacharya / Jaya-tirtha alias Vishnu Tirtha (1756–1806) was a Hindu seer, scholar, writer, philosopher and exponent of Madhvacharya's works and Dvaita school of thought.

neg: George Henry Radcliffe Parkinson George Henry Radcliffe Parkinson (1923-2015) (known as ‘Harry’), was a philosopher and historian of philosophy.

neg: Madhvacharya Madhva Acharya (ಮಧ್ವಾಚಾರ್ಯರು)(] ; CE 1238–1317), also known as Purna Prajña and Ananda Teertha, was a Hindu philosopher and the chief proponent of the Dvaita (dualism) school of Vedanta. Madhva called his philosophy as "Tattvavada" meaning "the realist viewpoint".

neg: Kapila Kapila (Hindi: कपिल ऋषि ) is a given name of different individuals in ancient and medieval Indian texts, of which the most well-known is the founder of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy. Kapila of Samkhya fame is considered a Vedic sage, estimated to have lived in the 6th-century BCE, or the 7th-century BCE.

neg: Johann Jakob Müller (philosopher) Johann Jakob Müller (31 May 1650 - 13 April 1716) was a German moral philosopher.


query: In "The Bowery", Lilliam Harmer played a historical character known for attacking alcohol-serving establishments with what?

pos: Lillian Harmer Lillian Harmer (September 8, 1883 – May 14, 1946) was an American character actress who had a brief career during the 1930s. During her short career she would appear in over 60 films, mostly in uncredited roles. She would occasionally be cast in a featured supporting role, as in "A Shriek in the Night" (1933) and "The Bowery" (1933), in which she played the historical character of Carrie Nation.

pos: Carrie Nation Carrie Amelia Nation (forename sometimes spelled Carry; November 25, 1846 – June 9, 1911) was an American woman who was a radical member of the temperance movement, which opposed alcohol before the advent of Prohibition. She is particularly noteworthy for attacking alcohol-serving establishments (most often taverns) with a hatchet.

neg: The Drinker's Dictionary The Drinker's Dictionary is a list of 228 "round-about phrases" to describe drunkenness. It was published January 6, 1737 (1736 Old Style) in the "Pennsylvania Gazette". The "Pennsylvania Gazette" publication is attributed to Benjamin Franklin and appears in his memoirs; however, a very similar wordlist appears in the "New England Weekly Journal" on July 6, 1736 and differences between the two suggest earlier origins by a different author. Franklin deemed drunkenness as a vice that could never be a virtue, so various terms and phrases were created to mask the inappropriateness of the act.

neg: Eliot Ness Eliot Ness (April 19, 1903 – May 16, 1957) was an American Prohibition agent, famous for his efforts to enforce Prohibition in Chicago, Illinois, bringing down Al Capone, and the leader of a famous team of law enforcement agents nicknamed The Untouchables. His co-authorship of a popular autobiography, "The Untouchables", which was released shortly after his death, launched several television and motion picture portrayals that established Ness's posthumous fame as an incorruptible crime fighter.

neg: Giller (fishing) Giller is a 19th-century term for a person who fishes using a gillnet, as used in the Chesapeake Bay region from the early 19th to the mid-20th centuries. Gillers worked individually or in groups of two or three men using a small boat from which they set and gathered a gillnet. Gillnets first appeared on the Potomac River in 1838 to fish for American shad, and rapidly became the most popular type of fishing gear in the bay region because they allowed the independent fisherman to work with limited resources, following the fish with his boat and net as they moved from place to place in search of food or to spawn. Gillnet fishing in Chesapeake Bay shad fisheries frequently led to conflict among states bordering the bay, with Pennsylvania seiners blaming Maryland gillers for over-harvesting and blocking shad passage upstream into the Susquehanna River, and Maryland gillers blaming Virginia pound-netters for intercepting fish on their northward migration up the bay. Conflicts sometimes erupted into violent confrontations, called "Gillers Wars," during one of which in 1876, a giller in Charles County, Maryland was indicted by the county court for assault with intent to kill the captains of a steamer and a tug. Upon trial he was found not guilty, but his case evidences the extent of the trouble between gillnetters and other bay users that led to involvement by state authorities in regulating fishing and settling disputes involving gillers.

neg: The Bowery House The Bowery House is an historic hotel on the Bowery in the Nolita neighborhood of New York City established by Italian race car driver Alessandro Zampedri and American real estate entrepreneur Sanford Kunkel.

neg: Boston Tea Party The Boston Tea Party was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. The demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, in defiance of the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company. They boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into Boston Harbor. The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution. The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history, and since then other political protests such as the Tea Party movement have referred to themselves as historical successors to the Boston protest of 1773.

neg: Michael Diversey Michael Diversey (born Diversy as shown on his grave in St. Boniface Catholic Cemetery in Chicago; December 10, 1810 – December 12, 1869) was an American beer brewer, owner of the Diversey Beer Brewery. Diversey was an immigrant from Illingen Saarland, Germany. He landed in the US in 1830, and went into partnership with English immigrant William Lill around 1841. The company changed its name and became the Lill & Diversey Brewery, also known simply as The Chicago Brewery. It was destroyed in the 1871 Great Chicago Fire

neg: Pfaff's beer cellar Pfaff's was a drinking establishment in Manhattan, New York City, known for its literary and artistic clientele.

neg: Jack Benny Jack Benny (born Benjamin Kubelsky; February 14, 1894 – December 26, 1974) was an American comedian, vaudevillian, radio, television and film actor, and violinist. Recognized as a leading American entertainer of the 20th century, Benny portrayed his character as a miser, playing his violin badly. In character, he would claim to be 39 years of age, regardless of his actual age.

neg: B'hoy and g'hal B'hoy and g'hal (meant to evoke an Irish pronunciation of "boy" and "gal", respectively) were the prevailing slang words used to describe the young men and women of the rough-and-tumble working class culture of Lower Manhattan in the late 1840s and into the period of the American Civil War. They spoke a slang, with phrases such as "hi-hi", "lam him", and "cheese it".

neg: Jimmy Kelly (saloon keeper) Giovanni de Silvio or Jimmy Kelly (fl. 1900–1914) was an American saloon keeper, political organizer and underworld figure in New York City during the start of the 20th century. He was the owner the Fourteenth Street saloon "The Folly" as well as the popular "Mandarin Cafe" in Chinatown, located in the notorious "Bloody Angle" along Doyers Street, and was a hangout for politicians, gang leaders and other noted criminals of the era. His cafe was also the scene of several violent incidents, especially during the Tong War, which included, in 1910, the fourth attempted suicide of Chinatown character John "Dippy" Rice and the 1912 murder of Hen Ken Yum, the latter a high-level member of the On Leong Tong and a lieutenant of Mock Duck.

neg: Adalbert J. Volck Adalbert J. Volck (1828–1912) was a dentist, political cartoonist, and caricaturist born in Bavaria. He was best known for his support of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, through his political cartoons (below), smuggling items for the Confederate army, and personally assisting President Jefferson Davis by acting as a courier. Volck lived in Baltimore and was a member of the Charcoal Club of Baltimore for whom he created a "ceremonial growler, or beer pitcher."

neg: Wizard Staff Wizard Staff (also known as Wisest Wizard or Wizard Sticks or Wizard) is a drinking game in which players play individually in an attempt to consume more beer than their opponents. As a player drinks, their current can of beer is taped to the top of their previous cans before being opened. It is then opened and consumed from the top of the staff, making the task more difficult as more beers are consumed, not only because of increased inebriation, but also because it simply becomes more physically challenging as the staff becomes taller. Once a staff is taller than its owner, that person has reached wizard status. At the end of the night, whoever is left with the longest staff (in other words, consumed the most beer) is declared the "Wisest Wizard".

neg: Barbara Holland Barbara Murray Holland (April 5, 1933 – September 7, 2010) was an American author who wrote in defense of such modern-day vices as cursing, drinking, eating fatty food and smoking cigarettes, as well as a memoir of her time spent growing up in Chevy Chase, Maryland, near Washington, D.C.

neg: Leo Vincent Brothers Leo Vincent Brothers a.k.a. ""Vincent Bader"" (1899 – 1950) was an early 20th-century gangster who gained notoriety throughout the underworld after being convicted of the 1930 murder of Chicago Tribune reporter Jake Lingle.

neg: Grog Grog is any of a variety of alcoholic beverages. The word originally referred to a drink made with water and rum, which British Vice Admiral Edward Vernon introduced into the naval squadron he commanded in the West Indies on 21 August 1740. Vernon wore a coat of grogram cloth and was nicknamed "Old Grogram" or "Old Grog". Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, which agrees with this story of the word's origin, states that the word "grog" was first used in this sense in 1770, though other sources cite 1749.

neg: Cincinnati riots of 1884 The Cincinnati riots of 1884, also known as the Cincinnati Courthouse riots, were caused by public outrage over the decision of a jury to return a verdict of manslaughter in what was seen as a clear case of murder. A mob in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, attempted to find and lynch the perpetrator. In the violence that followed over the next few days, more than 50 people died and the courthouse was destroyed. It was one of the most destructive riots in American history.

neg: Drunkard's cloak A Drunkard's cloak was a type of pillory used in various jurisdictions to punish miscreants.

neg: Samuel Bowers Samuel Holloway Bowers (August 25, 1924 – November 5, 2006), Former Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard, was a convicted murderer and leading white supremacist activist in Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement. In response to this movement, he co-founded a reactionary organization, the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Bowers committed two notorious murders of civil rights activists in southern Mississippi: The 1964 murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner near Philadelphia, for which he served six years in federal prison; and the 1966 murder of Vernon Dahmer in Hattiesburg, for which he was sentenced to life in prison 32 years after the crime. He also was accused of bombings of Jewish targets in the cities of Jackson and Meridian in 1967 and 1968 (according to the man who was convicted of some of the bombings, Thomas A. Tarrants III). He died in prison at the age of 82.

neg: Orange Riots The Orange Riots took place in Manhattan, New York City in 1870 and 1871, and they involved violent conflict between Irish Protestants, called "Orangemen", and Irish Catholics, along with the New York City Police Department and the New York State National Guard. The riot caused the deaths of over 60 civilians – mostly Irish laborers – and three Guardsmen.

neg: Ralph Capone Ralph "Bottles" Capone, Sr., (January 12, 1894 – November 22, 1974) was a Chicago mobster and an older brother of Al Capone and Frank Capone. Ralph Capone got the nickname "Bottles" not from involvement in the Capone bootlegging empire, but from his running the legitimate non-alcoholic beverage and bottling operations in Chicago. Further family lore suggests that the nickname was specifically tied to his lobbying the Illinois Legislature to put into law that milk bottling companies had to stamp the date that the milk was bottled on the bottle. He was most famous for being named by the Chicago Crime Commission "Public Enemy Number Three" when his brother Al was "Public Enemy Number One".