query: Lichtenberg's Avertissement, is a poster intended to deter the citizens of Göttingen, Germany, from attending the performance of Jacob Philadelphia in 1777, it was written by which German scientist, satirist, and Anglophile?

pos: Lichtenberg's Avertissement Lichtenberg's Avertissement, written by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, is a poster intended to deter the citizens of Göttingen, Germany, from attending the performance of Jacob Philadelphia in 1777. The performance was supposed to be an exhibition of scientific experiments; however, Lichtenberg considered it to be a magic show. He was angered by the alleged deception and posted the following satire in order to persuade people to avoid the performance. As a result of the extravagant claims that were posted, Philadelphia left Göttingen without giving any exhibitions.

pos: Georg Christoph Lichtenberg Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1 July 1742 – 24 February 1799) was a German scientist, satirist, and Anglophile. As a scientist, he was the first to hold a professorship explicitly dedicated to experimental physics in Germany. Today, he is remembered for his posthumously published notebooks, which he himself called "Sudelbücher", a description modelled on the English bookkeeping term "scrapbooks", and for his discovery of the strange tree-like electrical discharge patterns now called Lichtenberg figures.

neg: Elhanan Rosenstein Elhanan Rosenstein (אלחנן ראזענשטיין in his Yiddish spelling; 1796–1869), son of the Rabbi Zanvil Rosenstein of Bonn and father of the physician Samuel Siegmund Rosenstein, was a rabbi who served in Berlin from 1846 until 1869. Despite being a writer and having a high position in the German Jewish community, Rosenstein was known in his time as being an inarticulate orator in German.

neg: Samuel James Arnold Samuel James Arnold (1774–1852) was an English dramatist and theatrical manager. Under his management the Lyceum Theatre, London became the English Opera House, and staged the first English productions of many operas, including in 1824 Carl Maria von Weber's "Der Freischütz".

neg: Antoine Lavoisier Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution; ] ; 26 August 17438 May 1794;) was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry".

neg: Benjamin Constant Henri-Benjamin Constant de Rebecque (] ; 25 October 1767 – 8 December 1830), or simply Benjamin Constant, was a Swiss-French political activist and writer on politics and religion. He was the author of a partly biographical psychological novel, "Adolphe". He was a fervent liberal of the early 19th century, who influenced the Trienio Liberal movement in Spain, the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Portugal, the Greek War of Independence, the November Uprising in Poland, the Belgian Revolution, and Liberalism in Brazil and Mexico.

neg: Solomon Steinheim Solomon Ludwig (Levy) Steinheim (pseudonym: "Abadjah Ben Amos"; 1789–1866) was a German physician, poet, and philosopher.

neg: Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels ( , ; ] ; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman.

neg: George Atwood George Atwood (October 1745, London – 11 July 1807, London) was an English mathematician who invented a machine for illustrating the effects of Newton's first law of motion. He was also a renowned chess player whose skill for recording many games of his own and of other players, including François-André Danican Philidor, the leading master of his time, left a valuable historical record for future generations.

neg: Pierre Étienne Louis Dumont Pierre Étienne Louis Dumont (18 July 1759 – 29 September 1829), known as Étienne Dumont, sometimes anglicised as Stephen Dumont, was a Genevan political writer. He is chiefly remembered as the French editor of the writings of the English philosopher and social reformer, Jeremy Bentham.

neg: Johann Euler Johann Albrecht Euler (27 November 1734 – 17 September 1800) was a Swiss-Russian astronomer and mathematician. Also known as "Johann Albert Euler" or "John-Albert Euler", he was the first child born to the great Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), who had emigrated [for the first time] to Saint-Petersburg on 17 May 1727. His mother was Katharina Gsell (1707–1773) whose maternal grandmother was the famous scientific illustrator Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717) and whose father was the Swiss Baroque painter Georg Gsell (1673–1740) who had emigrated to Russia in 1716. Katharina married Leonhard Euler on 7 January 1734 and Johann Albert would be the eldest of their 13 children (only 5 of whom survived childhood).

neg: John Rutherford (physician) John Rutherford (1 August 1695 – 6 March 1779, Edinburgh) was a Scottish physician and professor at the University of Edinburgh Medical School. He is the father of the scientist Daniel Rutherford and the grandfather of the writer Walter Scott.

neg: Letter to M. D'Alembert on Spectacles Letter to M. D'Alembert on Spectacles (French: "Lettre a M. D'Alembert sur les spectacles" ) is a 1758 essay written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in opposition to an article published in the "Encyclopédie" by Jean d'Alembert, that proposed the establishment of a theatre in Geneva. More generally, it is a critical analysis of the effects of culture on morals, that clarifies the links between politics and social life. Rousseau relates the issue of a theatre in Geneva to the broader social context, warning of the potential the theatre has to corrupt the morality in society.

neg: William Jacob William Jacob (c. 1761 – 17 December 1851) was an English merchant, scientist, parliamentarian, public official and advocate for expanded British trade. In his later life he was a significant and effective advocate for the repeal of the Corn Laws.

neg: Henry Kater Henry Kater (16 April 1777 – 26 April 1835) was an English physicist of German descent.

neg: Germany. A Winter's Tale Germany. A Winter's Tale (German: "Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen" ) is a satirical epic poem by the German writer Heinrich Heine (1797–1856), describing the thoughts of a journey from Paris to Hamburg the author made in Winter 1843. The title refers to Shakespeare's "Winter's Tale", similar to his poem "Atta Troll: Ein Sommernachtstraum" ("Atta Troll: A Midsummer Night's Dream"), written 1841–46.

neg: The Physicists The Physicists (German: "Die Physiker" ) is a satiric drama written in 1961 by Swiss writer Friedrich Dürrenmatt. Informed by the Second World War and the many recent advances in science and nuclear technology, the play deals with questions of scientific ethics and humanity's ability to handle its intellectual responsibilities. It is often recognized as his most impressive yet most easily understood work.

neg: Saul Berlin Saul Berlin (also Saul Hirschel after his father; 1740 at Glogau – November 16, 1794 in London) was a German Jewish scholar who published a number of works in opposition to rabbinic Judaism.

neg: Jacob Hübner Jacob Hübner (20 June 1761 – 13 September 1826, in Augsburg) was a German entomologist. He was the author of "Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge" (1796–1805), a founding work of entomology.

neg: Johann Georg Sturm Johann Georg Sturm (1742–1793) was a German natural history illustrator noted for the plates in Joseph Gaertner's "De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum", and for co-authoring "Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen". He was the father of Jacob Sturm (1771–1848), a noted entomologist, who engraved the illustrations for the supplement to "De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum".

neg: Richard Laughton Richard Laughton (1670?–1723) was an English churchman and academic, now known as a natural philosopher and populariser of the ideas of Isaac Newton.

neg: George Engelmann bibliography This George Engelmann bibliography provides an overview of works written by the 19th century scientist George Engelmann. They appeared mostly in journals such as the "London Journal of Botany", the "Botanischen Zeitung", the "Boston Journal of Natural History", the "American Journal of Science and Arts", the "Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis", the "Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia", the "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club", the "American Naturalist", and the "Botanical Gazette or the Gardeners' Chronicle".


query: Rollye James is a talk show host who was a guest host on a late night talk show that airs from 1:00 am - 5:00 am, and is distributed by who?

pos: Rollye James Rochelle "Rollye" James is an American radio talk show host. She hosted "The Rollye James Show" nationally and on international shortwave on WWCR from 2000 to 2011. Rollye revived her show, broadcasting weeknights 10pm – midnight, via live stream and podcast on June 19, 2013. She is also the author of "What Am I Doing Here? (when everything I want is somewhere else)", a motivational book punctuated with numerous historical radio anecdotes published by Nickajack Press. Rollye James was also a guest host on "Coast to Coast AM" on Friday and Monday nights for several months in 2000, which helped increase the audience for her own show.

pos: Coast to Coast AM Coast to Coast AM is an American late-night radio talk show that deals with a variety of topics. Most frequently the topics relate to either the paranormal or conspiracy theories. The program is distributed by Premiere Networks, both as part of its talk network and separately as a syndicated program. The program now airs seven nights a week 1:00 a.m. – 5:00 a.m. Eastern Time Zone.

neg: Jimmy Kimmel Live! Jimmy Kimmel Live! is an American late-night talk show, created and hosted by Jimmy Kimmel, and broadcasts on ABC. The nightly hour-long show made its debut on January 26, 2003, as the first program to air immediately following ABC's coverage of Super Bowl XXXVII. "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" is produced by Jackhole Productions in association with ABC Studios. Having aired for more than twice as long as either "The Dick Cavett Show" (1969–1975) or "Politically Incorrect" (1997–2002), it is the longest running late-night talk show in ABC's history at 14 years and counting as of March 18, 2017.

neg: Michael King (radio host) Michael King, nicknamed "The Cajun Contractor", is the host and co-creator of the American nationally syndicated weekly radio program "Home Talk USA". "Home Talk USA" first aired in New Orleans, Louisiana on January 24, 2004. His show has 3.3 million listeners worldwide.

neg: The Edge with Jake Sasseville The Edge with Jake Sasseville was an American late-night television talk show created and hosted by Jake Sasseville. The series combined celebrity interviews, unscripted comedy, and behind-the-scenes footage. The program was produced by Sasseville's production company, Foot in Mouth, Inc., and was based in New York, New York. It began on Public-access television in Auburn, Maine in 2001, aired briefly on Fox affiliates in Maine in 2004, and its first 13-episode national season began airing on at least 37 ABC affiliates on February 14, 2008. The show stopped airing in 2010 and Sasseville now hosts "Late Night Republic". When it ran, in most markets, the program aired at 1:05 a.m. on Friday mornings following "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" The program has followed an unusual path of obtaining nationwide exposure by purchasing blocks of airtime in local markets and selling advertising itself. Initial nationwide sponsors included the Ford Motor Company, Overstock.com, and Red Bull.

neg: FYI (U.S. TV network) FYI (stylized as fyi,) is an American digital cable and satellite channel that is owned by A&E Networks, a cable network joint venture between the Disney–ABC Television Group subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company and the Hearst Corporation (each own 50%). The network features lifestyle programming, with a mix of reality, culinary, home renovation and makeover series.

neg: PM East/PM West PM East/PM West was a late night talk show hosted by Mike Wallace and Joyce Davidson in New York City (where the "PM East" portion originated), and "San Francisco Chronicle" television critic Terrence O'Flaherty in San Francisco ("PM West"). The program was seen from June 12, 1961, to June 22, 1962.

neg: Eat Bulaga! Eat Bulaga! (or "EB") is the longest running noontime variety show in the Philippines produced by Television And Production Exponents Inc. (TAPE). First air date is July 30, 1979 and the show is currently aired by GMA Network. The show broadcasts from The New TAPE Studios (Eastside Studio) at the Broadway Centrum in New Manila, Quezon City. "Eat Bulaga!" is aired Weekdays at 12:00 pm to 2:30 pm and Saturdays at 11:30 am to 2:30 pm (PST). The show is also broadcast worldwide through GMA Pinoy TV and via livestreaming on YouTube. The name approximately translates to "Lunchtime Surprise!".

neg: The Tavis Smiley Show The Tavis Smiley Show is an American public broadcasting radio talk show. A television show, simply titled "Tavis Smiley", is a late-night television program on Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Both shows feature Tavis Smiley as host.

neg: The Howard Stern Show (WWOR) The Howard Stern Show was an American late-night television variety show, hosted by radio personality Howard Stern. It aired Saturdays, beginning at 11:00pm, from July 14, 1990 to August 8, 1992.

neg: The Lia Show The Lia Show, formerly known as "Neon Nights", is a nationally syndicated country music and entertainment radio program hosted by Lia Knight (born in Kentucky). The program airs nightly from 7 pm to midnight locally across the United States. Based out of Seattle, Washington, The Lia Show is a very artist-driven program with loads of interviews from the top names in the country music industry and many from the film and television industries. The show contributes a measure of its success to its caller hotlines. Putting on caller-intensive shows allowed for it to become more emotional and real.

neg: The X Show The X Show is a magazine, variety, and interview/talk program that aired on FX Network in the US from May 1999 to April 2001. Running time was originally one hour, but this was later reduced to a half-hour. The show was 'guy-themed' much like a TV equivalent of Maxim magazine (e.g., co-host Daphne Brogdon would conduct hot tub interviews.) The X Show had numerous hosts and co-hosts, both male and female and would frequently feature spokesmodels. Ava Cadell was featured in segments providing sexual information and Chris Gore would host segments about movies.

neg: America (U.S. TV series) America is an American lifestyle and variety talk show that aired weekday afternoons in syndication during the 1985-86 television season. The program premiered on September 16, 1985 and was initially hosted by Stuart Damon, Sarah Purcell, McLean Stevenson and Olivia Moens, with Charlie O'Donnell announcing. "America" was recorded before a live studio audience.

neg: America Live with Megyn Kelly America Live with Megyn Kelly is an American news program that aired on the Fox News Channel. The show aired from February 1, 2010 to late 2013, and was hosted by Megyn Kelly, former co-host of "America's Newsroom". It aired 1:003:00 PM Eastern Standard Time Monday through Friday.

neg: Morning Joe Morning Joe is a weekday NBC News morning news and talk show, airing from 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time on the network's cable news channel MSNBC. It features former GOP representative Joe Scarborough providing both enterprise reporting and discussion on the news of the day in a panel format with co-hosts Mika Brzezinski and Willie Geist. It was created as the replacement for "Imus in the Morning," which was cancelled in April 2007 after simulcasting on MSNBC since 1996.

neg: CBS News Sunday Morning CBS News Sunday Morning is an American newsmagazine television program that has aired on CBS since January 28, 1979. Created by Robert Northshield and original host Charles Kuralt, the 90-minute program currently airs Sundays from 9:00 to 10:30 a.m. Eastern, Pacific Time from 7:00 to 8:30 a.m. and 8:00 to 9:30 a.m. in all other time zones (live in the Eastern and Central time zones, and on tape delay elsewhere). The show is hosted by Jane Pauley, who succeeded Charles Osgood on October 9, 2016. Osgood was the host for twenty-two years, taking over from Kuralt in April 1994. Substitute host is Lee Cowan.

neg: Univision America Univision America (stylized as Univision AMerica) was a Spanish-language talk radio network produced and distributed by Univision Communications. It was launched on July 4, 2012 on 9 U.S. AM radio stations in California, Texas, Illinois, Nevada, and Florida. As of March 2014, it added one FM station in New York. The stations are all owned and operated by Univision Radio. The network featured local, national and international news, weather and traffic updates, as well as shows focused on the issues that matter most to Hispanics.

neg: Life Today with James Robison Life Today with James Robinson is a syndicated television series with two studios based in Los Angeles, California and New York City. It is hosted by James Robison and Betty Robison. In Canada, the series airs on Global and In Australia, the series airs on 7flix formerly Network Ten.

neg: Gregory Aull Gregory Aull (born February 15, 1961, Brooklyn, New York, United States) is currently the American technical director for "The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon" on NBC. He has also worked in various technical capacities for Howard Stern, "Saturday Night Live", Rosanne Barr and Conan O'Brien. For his efforts he has received 10 Emmy Award nominations including one win with "Saturday Night Live".

neg: Late Night Live Late Night Live is a radio program broadcast by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National and podcast and streamed over the World Wide Web.

neg: Jeffrey James Jeffrey James is an Australian television news, business and current affairs anchor. During 2007 and 2008 he presented for international business news network CNBC Asia where he hosted Squawk Australia from the channel's new studio centre in Sydney. The programme was broadcast worldwide each weekday morning.

neg: The Late Show (1950s TV series) The Late Show is an Australian television variety series which aired from 1957 to 1959 on Melbourne station HSV-7. Aired on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays and competing in the time-slot with GTV-9's popular "In Melbourne Tonight", the series included a mix of music and comedy. People who hosted the series during its run included John D'Arcy, Bert Newton and original host Noel Ferrier.


query: The builder of the Tudor Barn married the daughter of a noted what?

pos: Tudor Barn, Eltham The Tudor Barn is a large brick barn in Eltham in the Royal Borough of Greenwich. It was built in 1525 by William Roper. The Ropers lived next door in a manor house in the center of a moat for several years. William married Margaret More, the daughter of Thomas More, who at the time was the lord chancellor to Henry VIII. It is a Grade II* listed building (as Well Hall Art Gallery).

pos: Thomas More Sir Thomas More ( ; 7 February 14786 July 1535), venerated by Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532. He wrote "Utopia", published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary ideal island nation.

neg: William Thomas Turner Barn The William Thomas Turner Barn was built in 1898 near Gardner, Kansas, United States. The Turner barn is regarded as an outstanding example of barn construction, built by Arthur J. Clinton, a highly regarded barn builder. The barn has been extensively photographed and has been featured in magazines, greeting cards, calendars and other publications.

neg: Eleanor Neville, Countess of Northumberland Lady Eleanor Neville (c. 1397–1472) was the second daughter of Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland (died 1425), by his second wife, Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Katherine Swynford.

neg: Henry Wentworth Sir Henry Wentworth of Nettlestead, Suffolk, KB (born c.1448, died between 17 August 1499 and 27 February 1501), "de jure" 4th Baron Despenser, was the grandfather of Henry VIII's third wife, Jane Seymour, and the great-grandfather of Jane's son, Edward VI.

neg: Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland (  1379 – 13 November 1440), was the fourth of the four children (and only daughter) of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and his mistress, later wife, Katherine Swynford. In her widowhood, she was a powerful landowner in the North of England.

neg: Anne Fairfax Anne, Lady Fairfax (born Anne Vere, also known as Anne Fairfax) (1617/8 – 1665) was an English noblewoman. She was the wife of Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, commander-in-chief of the New Model Army. She followed her husband as he fought and she was briefly taken prisoner. It is said that she was ejected after heckling the court at the trial of Charles I.

neg: Katherine Neville, Baroness Hastings Katherine Neville, Baroness Hastings (1442 – between January and 25 March 1504), was a noblewoman and a member of the powerful Neville family of northern England. She was one of the six daughters of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and the sister of military commander Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, known to history as "Warwick the Kingmaker".

neg: Norfolk House Norfolk House, at 31 St James's Square, London, was built in 1722 for the Duke of Norfolk. It was a royal residence for a short time only, when Frederick, Prince of Wales, father of King George III, lived there 1737–1741, after his marriage in 1736 to Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, daughter of Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha. King George III was born in the house, which was offered to the royal couple by the 9th Duke of Norfolk.

neg: Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond (11 June 1430 – 3 November 1456), also known as Edmund of Hadham (Welsh: "Edmwnd Tudur"), was the father of King Henry VII of England and a member of the Tudor family of Penmynydd, North Wales. Born to Owen Tudor and the dowager queen Catherine of Valois, Edmund was half-brother to Henry VI of England. After being raised for several years by Katherine de la Pole, Henry took an interest in Edmund's upbringing. Once he came to age, Edmund was granted a title and lands by Henry. Both Edmund and his brother Jasper, were each made advisers to the King as they were his remaining blood relatives.

neg: Anne Bassett Anne Bassett was an English courtier of the Tudor period, whose charms attracted the attention of King Henry VIII.

neg: Rochford Hall Rochford Hall is a manor in Rochford, Essex, England. During the reign of King Henry VIII, it belonged to Thomas Boleyn, who was then Viscount Rochford, and it was the marital home of his daughter Mary Boleyn, sister of Anne Boleyn, and Mary's second husband, Sir William Stafford. It is now privately owned by Rochford Hundred Golf Club where it acts as the clubhouse and is a Grade I listed building.

neg: Joan of Acre Joan of Acre (April 1272 – 23 April 1307) was an English princess, a daughter of King Edward I of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile. The name "Acre" derives from her birthplace in the Holy Land while her parents were on a crusade.

neg: Mary Benson (hostess) Mary Benson (née Sidgwick; 1841–1918) was an English hostess of the Victorian era. She was the wife of Revd. Edward Benson, who during their marriage became Archbishop of Canterbury. Their children included several prolific authors and contributors to cultural life. During her marriage, she was involved with Lucy Tait (February 11, 1856 - December 5, 1938), daughter of the previous Archbishop of Canterbury. She was described by Gladstone, the British Prime Minister, as the 'cleverest woman in Europe'.

neg: Sir Thomas Parr Sir Thomas Parr (c. 1483 – 11 November 1517) was an English knight, courtier and Lord of the Manor of Kendal in Westmorland (now Cumbria) during the Tudor period. He is best known as the father of Catherine Parr, queen consort of England and the sixth and final wife of King Henry VIII.

neg: Rebecca Boone Rebecca Ann (Bryan) Boone (January 9, 1739 – March 18, 1813) was an American pioneer and the wife of famed frontiersman Daniel Boone. No contemporary portrait of her exists, but people who knew her said that when she met her future husband she was nearly as tall as he and very attractive with black hair and dark eyes.

neg: Windsor Castle Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is notable for its long association with the English and later British royal family and for its architecture. The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion of England by William the Conqueror. Since the time of Henry I, it has been used by the reigning monarch and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. The castle's lavish early 19th-century State Apartments were described by the art historian Hugh Roberts as "a superb and unrivalled sequence of rooms widely regarded as the finest and most complete expression of later Georgian taste". Inside the castle walls is the 15th-century St George's Chapel, considered by the historian John Martin Robinson to be "one of the supreme achievements of English Perpendicular Gothic" design.

neg: Christina Piper Christina Piper, née "Törne" (1673 in Stockholm – 1752 in Krageholm Castle, Scania), was a Swedish countess, landowner and entrepreneur, married to the statesman and military count Carl Piper. During the tenure of her spouse in office, she played a considerable political role. Christina Piper became known in history as a landowner and builder. She is known as one of the most successful female entrepreneurs in contemporary Scandinavia, and as one of the greatest builders in the history of Scania.

neg: Richard Bertie (courtier) Richard Bertie (ca. 15179 April 1582) was an English landowner and religious evangelical. He was the second husband of Catherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, Duchess Dowager of Suffolk and a woman whom Henry VIII was considering as his seventh wife shortly before his death; she also received a proposal from the King of Poland.

neg: Tudor House (Stamford, Vermont) The Tudor House is a historic house on Vermont Route 8 in Stamford, Vermont. Built in 1900 by what was probably then the town's wealthiest residents, this transitional Queen Anne/Colonial Revival house is one of the most architecturally sophisticated buildings in the rural mountain community. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

neg: Joan Bulmer Joan Bulmer (1519–December 1590), born Joan Acworth, was an English gentlewoman during the reign of Henry VIII. The daughter of George Acworth and Margaret Wilberforce, Joan married William Bulmer at a young age. The marriage was short lived, however, as she left his house to enter into the service of Agnes Tinley, the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk. While in service to the duchess Bulmer became acquainted with Catherine Howard, who would go on to become the fifth wife of King Henry VIII. It was during this time that Joan became involved in an affair with Edward Waldegrave.

neg: Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon ("née" Lady Anne Stafford) (c. 1483–1544) was the daughter of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, and Lady Katherine Woodville. She was the wife of Sir Walter Herbert, and George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, and served in the household of King Henry VIII's daughter, Princess Mary, the future Queen Mary I.


query: George Davidson Todd, mayor of Louisville, Kentucky, came to Louisville at age 18 to work for which leading American manufacturer of hardware goods?

pos: George Davidson Todd George Davidson Todd was Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky from 1896 to 1897. His descendants were early settlers of Kentucky, and his father, Harry Innes Todd, was a two-term sheriff of Franklin County, Kentucky as well as state prison trustee and warden. George Davidson Todd came to Louisville at age 18 to work for the W.B. Belknap hardware company, later known as Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company. He started his own company, the "Todd-Donigan Iron Company", in 1880.

pos: Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company, also known as Belknap Hardware Company or simply Belknap Hardware, located in Louisville, Kentucky, was at one time a leading American manufacturer of hardware goods and a major wholesale competitor of retail sales companies Sears, Roebuck, and Company and Montgomery Ward. Belknap excelled both in catalog sales and widespread distribution of its own name-brand manufactured products.

neg: Harold M. Stratton Harold Meade Stratton (November 12, 1879 – March 14, 1962), a.k.a. Harry Stratton, was an American engineer and businessman, he was president of the Stratton Grain Company, as well as co-founder and chairman of the Briggs & Stratton engine manufacturers.

neg: George Keats George Keats (28 February 1797 – 24 December 1841) was a businessman and civic leader in Louisville, Kentucky, as it emerged from a frontier entrepôt into a mercantile center of the old northwest. He was also the younger brother of the English poet John Keats.

neg: Bruce Dayton Bruce Bliss Dayton (August 16, 1918 – November 13, 2015) was an American retail executive, businessman, and philanthropist. Dayton was the last surviving of member of the five Dayton brothers – all grandsons of George Dayton, the founder of The Dayton Company – who expanded their grandfather's Dayton's department store in downtown Minneapolis from a single location into the national Target Corporation, one of the largest retail store chains in the United States. Dayton served as the chief executive officer (CEO) of the Dayton Hudson Corporation, the company now known as the Target Corporation, before becoming the chairman of Dayton Hudson from 1970 to 1977.

neg: Wright and Taylor Building The Wright and Taylor Building is a historic building located in the central business district of Louisville, Kentucky.

neg: Reading Hardware Company Reading Hardware Company, also known as "The Hardware," is a historic factory complex and national historic district located in Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania. The district includes five contributing buildings along with the previously listed Reading Hardware Company Butt Works. They include brick and heavy timber frame buildings dated to the late-19th century, and early-20th century reinforced concrete buildings.

neg: Frederic W. Lincoln Jr. (politician) Frederic Walker Lincoln Jr. (February 27, 1817 – September 12, 1898) was an American manufacturer and politician, serving as the sixteenth and eighteenth mayor of Boston, Massachusetts from 1858–1860 and 1863–1867, respectively.

neg: Merrick Machine Company Merrick Machine Company is a U.S. manufacturer based out of Alda Nebraska that produces custom automated housing machinery, The Auto Dolly, and The Auto Dolly accessory products, Merrick Originals. Merrick Machine Co was the founding business under the parent name of Triad, which now includes five other companies, all owned by the Merrick family. These companies are structured as limited partnerships and include Triad Fastener, Denver Plastics Nebraska, Denver Plastics Colorado, Merrick Machine Company, Fu-Tek Tool, and Triad Products. Each business is a stand-alone company doing business in separate facilities with independent offices, manufacturing, and warehousing.

neg: Southside, Louisville Southside is a neighborhood in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Its boundaries are Third Street to the west, Woodlawn Avenue, Allmond Avenue and Hiawatha Avenue to the north, the CSX railroad tracks to the east, and the southern boundary of the Greater Louisville Technology Park (formerly Naval Ordnance), Southside Drive and Kenwood Drive to the south.

neg: George D. Prentice George Dennison Prentice (December 18, 1802 – January 22, 1870) was the editor of the "Louisville Journal", which he built into a major newspaper in Louisville, Kentucky. He attracted readers by satire as well as exaggerated reporting and support of the Know-Nothing Party in the 1850s. His writing was said to contribute to rabid anti-Catholic and anti-foreigner sentiment, and a riot in 1855. During the Civil War, he created and wrote about a fictional guerrilla "Sue Mundy", whose activities he used to taunt the Union military commander of the state.

neg: Birmingham Steel Corporation Birmingham Steel Corporation was a steel producer in the United States, which made steel merchant and rebar products. The company was formed in 1983 by AEA Investors, Inc. and managed by CEO James Todd. It bought steel mini-mills in Kankakee, Illinois and the mills previously run by Todd at Birmingham Bolt. They then bought the Jackson, Mississippi-based Mississippi Steel Division of Magna Corp. The company went public on NYSE in 1985.

neg: Hemingray Glass Company The Hemingray Glass Company was an American glass manufacturing company. The company was founded by Robert Hemingray and Ralph Gray in 1848. In its early years the company went through numerous and frequent name changes, including Gray & Hemingray; Gray, Hemingray & Bros.; Gray, Hemingray & Brother; Hemingray Bros. & Company and R. Hemingray & Company before incorporating into the Hemingray Glass Company, Inc in 1870. The Hemingray company had factories in Cincinnati, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky with main production in Muncie, Indiana. Though Hemingray was best known for its telegraph insulators, the company produced many other glass items including bottles, fruit jars, pressed glass dishes, tumblers, battery jars, fishbowls, lantern globes, and oil lamps. In 1933, the company was sold to the Owens-Illinois Glass Company but production remained in Muncie under the Hemingray name.

neg: William Kaye William Kaye (February 13, 1813 – November 19, 1890) was the fourteenth Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky from April 4, 1863 to April 1, 1865. He was born in Yorkshire, England to a clothing manufacturer, trained as a machinist, and came to Louisville in 1836. In 1841 he founded Kaye & Co., which was well known for its brass and bell works, including the bell in the Cathedral of the Assumption.

neg: Union Station (Louisville) The Union Station of Louisville, Kentucky is a historic railroad station that serves as offices for the Transit Authority of River City, as it has since mid-April 1980 after receiving a year-long restoration costing approximately $2 million. It was one of three union stations in Kentucky, the other two being in Paducah and Owensboro. It superseded previous, smaller, railroad depots located in Louisville, most notably one located at Tenth and Maple in 1868-1869, and another L&N station built in 1858. The station was formally opened on September 7, 1891 by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. There was a claim made at the time that it was the largest railroad station in the Southern United States, covering forty acres (16 ha).

neg: James S. Lithgow James Smith Lithgow (November 29, 1812 — February 21, 1902) was an American politician, and the sixteenth Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky from January 2, 1866 to February 14, 1867. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and apprenticed as a coppersmith there.

neg: L. Grief and Bro., Inc. Manufactory L. Grief and Bro., Inc. Manufactory is a historic factory building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a three-story brick and steel industrial building constructed about 1914-15. It features an expanse of multi-light steel windows, a metal cornice, and sawtooth monitors. It encompasses almost an entire city block and over 60000 sqft of interior space. It served as a clothing factory for L. Greif & Bro., Inc., makers of the men's clothing brand, 'Griffin,' and for a time the country's second-largest men's clothing company. The company was sold to a national conglomerate in 1957.

neg: George Roby Dempster George Roby Dempster (September 16, 1887 – September 18, 1964) was an American businessman, inventor, and politician, active primarily in Knoxville, Tennessee, during the first half of the twentieth century. Dempster is best known for the invention of the Dempster-Dumpster, a now-commonly-used trash receptacle that can be mechanically emptied into garbage trucks. During the 1910s and 1920s, the Dempster Brothers Construction Company, operated by Dempster and his brothers, built a number of roads and railroads across the Southern Appalachian region. Dempster also served as a city manager and mayor of Knoxville, where he became legendary for his political battles with eccentric Knoxville businessman Cas Walker and "Knoxville Journal" editor Guy Smith, Jr.

neg: Handy Hardware Handy Hardware is a hardware store distribution center serving 1,000 retailers in 9 states in the United States, from Colorado to Florida, and in Mexico and Central America as well. It was founded in 1961 in Houston, Texas.

neg: George Huffman George Phillips Huffman (September 6, 1862 – December 31, 1897) was an American businessman. His Davis Sewing Machine Company, which began producing bicycles in the late 19th century, was the precursor to the Huffman Manufacturing Company (later became the Huffy Corporation), a manufacturer of bicycles.

neg: Levi Todd Levi Todd (October 4, 1756 – September 6, 1807) was an 18th-century American pioneer who, with his brothers John and Robert Todd, helped found present-day Lexington, Kentucky and were leading prominent landowners and statesmen in the state of Kentucky prior to its admission into the United States in 1792.

neg: Thomas Means Thomas Williamson Means (November 3, 1803 – June 8, 1890) was a settler of Hanging Rock, Ohio, and a native of South Carolina. Together with his brother Hugh he became notable in Ashland, Kentucky, after he built the Buena Vista Furnace and became a director of the Kentucky Coal, Iron & Manufacturing Company. He was also the father of Ashland Mayor John Means.


query: Jon Amiel and Kurt Gerron have what in common?

pos: Jon Amiel Jon Amiel (born 20 May 1948) is an English film director who has since the early 1980s worked in film and television in both the UK and the US.

pos: Kurt Gerron Kurt Gerron (11 May 1897 – 28 October 1944) was a German Jewish actor and film director.

neg: Robin Hahnel Robin Eric Hahnel (born March 25, 1946) is an American economist and professor of economics at Portland State University. He was a professor at American University for many years and traveled extensively advising on economic matters all over the world. He is best known for his work on participatory economics with "Z Magazine" editor Michael Albert.

neg: Prisoner of Paradise Prisoner of Paradise is a 2002 documentary film directed by Malcolm Clarke and Stuart Sender, and produced as a British-Canadian-American collaboration. The film tells the true story of Kurt Gerron, a German-Jewish cabaret and film actor in the 1920s and 1930s who was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in Czechoslovakia during World War II. There he was ordered to write and direct a Nazi propaganda film. In addition to gaining positive reviews, the film was nominated for "Best Feature Documentary" in the 2003 Academy Awards. Clarke won the Directors Guild of Canada Award; he and Sender were together nominated for the 2003 Directors Guild of America Award.

neg: Greg Germann Gregory Andrew "Greg" Germann ( ; born February 26, 1958) is an American actor. He is well known for playing Richard Fish on the television series "Ally McBeal", which earned him a Screen Actors Guild award and two Emmy nominations. He also is known for his role as Eric "Rico" Morrow on the sitcom "Ned & Stacey" and as Tom Krane on the 10-episode special of "Law & Order".

neg: Jil Kroesen Jill Kroesen is a performer and writer who has not only participated in rock'n'roll bands and avant-garde productions, but has also produced original music theater works and written for independent publications. After studying with Robert Ashley & Terry Riley at Mills, Kroesen moved to New York City. There, she worked briefly in Rhys Chatham's group before focusing on her own musical theater works and performance art works. Other roles include Robert Ashley's early-1980s opera-for-TV project "Perfect Lives", and her own recording for Lovely Music, "Stop Vicious Cycles". Kroesen's work in graphic and visual arts led to her receiving a video fellowship from the New York Foundation for the Arts in 1985, after which she continued her work as a video engineer.

neg: Amiel Amiel is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

neg: Farn Carpmael Philip Nevil "Farn" Carpmael (1908–1988) was an English rower who won the Wingfield Sculls twice.

neg: Simon Joyner Simon Joyner (born 1971) is an American singer-songwriter from Omaha, Nebraska, United States. He has influenced the music of Bright Eyes. In the early 1990s, Beck listed Joyner in his top 10 albums when asked by "Rolling Stone". He is also known for the so-called "Peel Incident," when British DJ John Peel played his album, "The Cowardly Traveller Pays His Toll", from beginning to end on air. Joyner has collaborated with John Darnielle, of The Mountain Goats. He is named after Paul Simon.

neg: Jack Dishel Jack Dishel (born Yevgeny Leonidovich Dishel) is an American musician, actor, writer, comic and producer. Born in the Soviet Union, he grew up in the US from the age of three. He releases and performs music under the band name Only Son and was previously the lead guitarist for The Moldy Peaches.

neg: Daniel Gerroll Daniel Gerroll (born 16 October 1951) is a British theatre, television and film actor.

neg: Mort Drucker Mort Drucker (born March 22, 1929) is an American caricaturist and comics artist best known as a contributor for over five decades in "Mad", where he specialized in satires on the leading feature films and television series. Some sources list his birth date as March 22 and others as March 29.

neg: Kurt Wallace Kurt Wallace (born July 17, 1957) is an American Republican politician. He is a member of the Alabama House of Representatives, being first elected in 2010. Additionally, he hosts a weekly radio show on the Veritas Radio Network entitled "The Flow".

neg: H. C. Westermann H. C. Westermann (Horace Clifford "Cliff" Westermann) (December 11, 1922 – November 3, 1981) was a highly influential and important American sculptor and printmaker whose art constituted a scathing commentary on militarism and materialism. His sculptures frequently incorporated traditional carpentry and marquetry techniques. From the late 1950s until his death in 1981, Westermann worked with a number of materials and formal devices to address a range of personal, literary, artistic, and pop-cultural references. The artist’s sculptural oeuvre is distinguished by its intricate craftsmanship, in which wood, metal, glass, and other materials are laboriously hand-tooled, and by its ability to convey an offbeat, often humorous, individualistic sensibility.

neg: Harvey Kurtzman Harvey Kurtzman ( ; October 3, 1924 – February 21, 1993) was an American cartoonist and editor. His best-known work includes writing and editing the parodic comic book "Mad" from 1952 until 1956, and writing the "Little Annie Fanny" strips in "Playboy" from 1962 until 1988. His work is noted for its satire and parody of popular culture, social critique, and attention to detail. Kurtzman's working method has been likened to that of an auteur, and he expected those who illustrated his stories to follow his layouts strictly.

neg: Jon Martin Jon Martin (born as Michele Lorefice; Serrinha Bahia, Brazil, 29 September 1983) is an Italian dj, songwriter, singer and record producer of pop and house music.

neg: Jon Guenther Jon Guenther is an American software engineer and the author of nearly forty novels in a variety of genres and under multiple pseudonyms. In addition to books under his own name, he has written many novels in "The Executioner" series created by Don Pendleton about the fictional character Mack Bolan. He is also creator of the Christian Pulp brand and genre.

neg: Tony Geiss Nicholas Anthony "Tony" Geiss (November 16, 1924 – January 21, 2011) was an American producer, screenwriter, songwriter and author, known principally for his children's work.

neg: Michael Jonzun Michael Jonzun, a musician and producer of electro, and especially electro funk, was born in Florida, and formed the Jonzun Crew in Boston with Steve Thorpe and Gordy Worthy. In the early 1980s, the group recorded electro dance tracks including "Pack Jam (Look Out for the OVC)" and "Space Cowboy". The former was inspired by Michael Jonzun's distaste toward the popular "Pac-Man" video game.

neg: Amiel Daemion Amiel Muki Daemion (born 13 August 1979 in New York City, United States), also known as just Amiel, is an American-Australian pop singer, songwriter and actress. She moved to Australia with her family at the age of two and starred in films in the 1990s, including "The Silver Brumby", which also starred Russell Crowe and Caroline Goodall. Her music career shot to fame in 1999 when she teamed up with producer Josh G. Abrahams for the song "Addicted to Bass" which became a top twenty hit in Australia, this led to Daemion releasing studio albums such as "Audio Out" in 2003 and "These Ties" in 2005.

neg: Jacob Sager Weinstein Jacob Sager Weinstein (born January 8, 1972) is an American humorist, comedy writer, and screenwriter. For three years he was a staff writer for "Dennis Miller Live", for which he received a Writers Guild of America award in 2001. Earlier he was a contributor to "The Onion", and he has also written for "McSweeney's Internet Tendency", the "North American Review", and "The New Republic".

neg: Chad Gervich Chad Gervich is a published author, television writer and producer, and playwright.


query: Aline Camboulives specializes in a sport where a significant component of the difficulty comes from what feature of the course?

pos: Aline Camboulives Aline Camboulives (born 13 July 1973) is a French long distance runner who specialises in mountain running and road running. Triple French champion of Marathon (2011, 2012 and 2015), she was previously a cyclist, member of the French team in 2002.

pos: Fell running Fell running, sometimes known as hill running or mountain running, is the sport of running and racing, off road, over upland country where the gradient climbed is a significant component of the difficulty. The name arises from the origins of the English sport on the fells of northern Britain, especially those in the Lake District.

neg: 3000 metres steeplechase The 3000 metres steeplechase or 3000-meter steeplechase is the most common distance for the steeplechase in track and field. It is an obstacle race over the distance of the 3000 metres, which derives its name from the horse racing steeplechase.

neg: General classification in the Tour of Britain The General classification in the Tour of Britain is the most prestigious classification out of the four in the Tour of Britain, the one which is won by the overall winner. Historically the leader of this competition has worn a yellow jersey, but, for the 2011 edition due to sponsorship, it has become known as the "IG Markets Gold Jersey". In 2017, it became a green jersey in light of sponsorship from Ovo Energy.

neg: Tour de stade A tour de stade (] , “tour of the stadium”) is a physical exercise in which a person runs up and down all the stairs in every section of a stadium. The practice is associated in particular with Harvard Stadium at Harvard University, where it has been practiced for at least twenty years. Long-distance runners use the exercise to develop explosiveness.

neg: Amateur sports Amateur sports are sports in which participants engage largely or entirely without remuneration. The distinction is made between amateur sporting participants and professional sporting participants, who are financially remunerated for the time they spend competing and training. In the majority of sports which feature professional players, the professionals will participate at a higher standard of play than amateur competitors, as they can train full-time without the stress of having another job. The majority of worldwide sporting participants are amateurs. Sporting amateurism was a zealously guarded ideal in the 19th century, especially among the upper classes, but faced steady erosion throughout the 20th century with the continuing growth of pro sports and monetisation of amateur and collegiate sports, and is now strictly held as an ideal by fewer and fewer organisations governing sports, even as they maintain the word "amateur" in their titles.

neg: Sport diving (sport) Sport Diving is an underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in a swimming pool that test the competitors’ competency in recreational scuba diving technique. The sport was developed in Spain during the late 1990s and is currently played mainly in Europe. It is known as "Plongée Sportive en Piscine" in French and as "Buceo De Competición" in Spanish.

neg: Race stage In sports, a stage, or leg, or heat, is a unit of a race which has been divided in several parts for the reason such as length of the distance to be covered, as in a multi-day event. Usually, such a race consists of "ordinary" stages, but sometimes stages are held as an individual time trial or a team time trial. Long races such as the Tour de France, Absa Cape Epic or the Giro d'Italia are known for their stages of one day each, whereas the boat sailing VELUX 5 Oceans Race is broken down in usually four stages of several weeks duration each, where the competitors are racing continuously day and night. In bicycling and running events, a race with stages is known as a stage race.

neg: Canne de combat Canne de combat is a French martial art. As weapon, it uses a cane or "canne" (a kind of walking-stick) designed for fighting. "Canne de combat" was standardized in the 1970s for sporting competition by Maurice Sarry. The "canne" is very light, made of chestnut wood and slightly tapered. A padded suit and a fencing mask are worn for protection.

neg: Hurdling Hurdling is the act of running and jumping over an obstacle at speed. In the early 19th century, hurdlers ran at and jumped over each hurdle, landing on both feet and checking their forward motion. After experimenting with different step patterns the 3-step for high hurdles, 7-step for low hurdles, and 15-step for intermediate hurdles was decided on. In the sport of athletics, hurdling forms the basis of a number track and field events which are a highly specialized form of obstacle racing. In these events, a series of barriers known as hurdles are set at precisely measured heights and distances which each athlete must pass by running over. Failure to pass over, by passing under, or intentionally knocking over hurdles will result in disqualification.

neg: NorthStone Country Club NorthStone Country Club is a private club located in Huntersville, North Carolina in the center of NorthStone housing community. Convenient to Charlotte and Lake Norman - North Carolina's largest lake - NorthStone Country Club is situated on 237 acre . The P.B. Dye signature course was rated "Number One" by Charlotte's Business Journal. The Club launched the Academy of Golf at NorthStone in 2001. The Academy features an indoor/outdoor hitting facility complete with video, training aids and golf-specific fitness equipment. NorthStone Country Club offers members four swimming pools, three Plexi-pave tennis courts, children's play center and picnic area. NorthStone offers a number of children's programs including summer camps, Nike Junior Golf School, junior golf and tennis clinics, swim team and swim lessons, and a variety of teen activities.

neg: Tough Mudder Tough Mudder is an endurance event series in which participants attempt 10–12 mile-long (16–19 km) obstacle courses that tests mental as well as physical strength. It was co-founded by Will Dean, a former British counter terrorism officer, and Guy Livingstone, a former corporate lawyer. The obstacles often play on common human fears, such as fire, water, electricity and heights. The main principle of the Tough Mudder revolves around teamwork. The Tough Mudder organization values camaraderie throughout the course, designing obstacles that encourage group participation. Participants must commit to helping others complete the course, putting teammates before themselves, and overcoming fears. An average 78% of entrants successfully complete the course.

neg: Australian Autocross Autocross in Australia is type of motorsport sanctioned by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS), which defines it as a speed event staged on a dirt course less than two kilometres long. Racers are timed against the clock, aiming to complete the course in the shortest time.

neg: Water skiing Water skiing is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski. The sport requires sufficient area on a smooth stretch of water, one or two skis, a tow boat with tow rope, three people (depending on state boating laws), and a personal flotation device. In addition, the skier must have adequate upper and lower body strength, muscular endurance, and good balance. Skiing is a fun pastime that allows people of all skill levels and ages to enjoy. There is no minimum age necessary to water ski.

neg: Alpe d'Huez Triathlon The Triathlon EDF Alpe d'Huez, named after its sponsor Électricité de France (EDF), was established in 2006 by World Triathlon Champion Cyrille Neveu. It is not sanctioned by the International Triathlon Union (ITU) or Fédération Française de Triathlon (FFTRI). The long course event comprises a 2.2 km swim, a 115 km cycle and a 22 km run. It starts with the swim at the reservoir Lac du Verney then the cycling features the 21 bends used by the Tour de France as it climbs 1120 m to the ski resort of Alpe d'Huez for the run.

neg: Wheelchair racing Wheelchair racing is the racing of wheelchairs in track and road races. Wheelchair racing is open to athletes with any qualifying type of disability, amputees, spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy and partially sighted (when combined with another disability). Athletes are classified in accordance with the nature and severity of their disability or combinations of disabilities. Like running, it can take place on a track or as a road race. The main competitions take place at the Summer Paralympics which wheelchair racing and athletics has been a part of since 1960. Competitors compete in specialized wheelchairs which allow the athletes to reach speeds of 30 km/h or more. It is one of the most prominent forms of Paralympic athletics.

neg: Commissaire (cycling) Commissaire is the generic term for an official in competitive cycling, approximately equivalent to umpires or referees in other sports. The vast majority of cycling events require two or more commissaires to fulfil a variety of roles, including supervising pre-and post-race formalities, briefing riders and race officials, checking the compliance of equipment, monitoring compliance with the rules and maintaining safety during racing, resolving disputes and judging results. Sitting as a panel they serve as a "race jury" chaired by the Chief Commissaire to resolve contentious decisions, although this term is now deprecated. The Chief Commissaire or President of the Commissaires' Panel is the holder of ultimate authority over the event.

neg: Motorcycle racing Motorcycle racing (also called moto racing and bike racing) is the motorcycle sport of racing motorcycles. Major genres include motorcycle road racing and off-road racing, both either on circuits or open courses, and track racing. Other categories include hill climbs, drag racing and land speed record trials.

neg: Tour de Santa Catarina The Tour de Santa Catarina (also Volta Ciclística Internacional de Santa Catarina – Portuguese for "International Cycling Tour of Santa Catarina") is a multi-stage road bicycle racing event held in the state of Santa Catarina, in the south of Brazil. The first edition was held in 1987. The competition is famous for the traditional mountain stage at Serra do Rio do Rastro, which is one of Brazil's toughest climbs with an average gradient of 10% over an extent of 7 km. The competition is part of the UCI America Tour.

neg: Underwater target shooting Underwater Target Shooting is an underwater sport that tests a competitors’ ability to accurately use a speargun via a set of individual and team events conducted in a swimming pool using free diving or Apnoea technique. The sport was developed in France during the early 1980s and is currently practised mainly in Europe. It is known as "Tir sur cible subaquatique" in French and as "Tiro al Blanco Subacuático" in Spanish.

neg: Contact sport Contact sports are sports that emphasize or require physical contact between players. Some sports, such as mixed martial arts, are scored on impacting an opponent, while others, including rugby football, require tackling of players. These sports are often known as full-contact, as the sport cannot be undertaken without contact. Other sports have contact, but such events are illegal under the rules of the game or are accidental and do not form part of the sport.

neg: Triathlon A triathlon is a multiple-stage competition involving the completion of three continuous and sequential endurance disciplines. While many variations of the sport exist, triathlon, in its most popular form, involves swimming, cycling, and running in immediate succession over various distances. Triathletes compete for fastest overall course completion time, including timed "transitions" between the individual swim, cycle, and run components. The word "triathlon" is of Greek origin from τρεῖς or "treis" ("three") and ἆθλος or "athlos" ("competition").


query: Who was born first Scott Pembroke or André Cayatte?

pos: Scott Pembroke Scott Pembroke (September 13, 1889 – February 21, 1951) was an American director, actor and screenwriter. He directed 73 films between 1920 and 1937. He was born in San Francisco, California and died in Pasadena, California.

pos: André Cayatte André Cayatte (3 February 1909, Carcassonne – 6 February 1989, Paris) was a French filmmaker and lawyer, who became known for his films centering on themes of crime, justice, and moral responsibility.

neg: Andre Davis (disambiguation) André Davis (born 1979) is a former American football wide receiver.

neg: Scott Gammer Scott Gammer (born 24 October 1976) is a British boxer, based in Wales. He is a former holder of the British heavyweight title.

neg: Scott LeDoux Alan Scott LeDoux, nicknamed "The Fighting Frenchman," (January 7, 1949 – August 11, 2011) was a politician, professional heavyweight boxer, professional wrestler and referee.

neg: Scott Patterson (curler) Scott C. Patterson (1969 – January 25, 2004) was a Canadian professional curler, from Pembroke, Ontario. Patterson was the only man to skip two North Bay rinks to the Brier - 1994 and '99. He also went was a member of the 1993 Northern Ontario mixed team. Also, while attending University in Sudbury, at Laurentian University, he won the Ontario Universities' Championship. Scott Patterson was a longtime member of the North Bay Granite Club.

neg: Clarence Gosse Clarence Lloyd Gosse, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (October 20, 1912 – December 21, 1996) was a Canadian physician and the 25th Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia.

neg: Edward A. Christmas Edward A. Christmas (October 10, 1903 - October 17, 1969) was an American Thoroughbred horse racing trainer. Born in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, he is best known for training Gallorette, the 1946 American Champion Older Female Horse and U. S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee.

neg: Scotty Lago Scotty Lago (born November 12, 1987) is an American snowboarder. He is the 2004 world quarterpipe champion and winner of a bronze medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

neg: Bernard Braden Bernard Chastey Braden (16 May 1916 – 2 February 1993) was a Canadian-born actor and comedian who is best known for his appearances in UK television and radio shows.

neg: Les Witte Leslie "Les" Witte (April 2, 1911 – December 23, 1973), nicknamed "Beanie" and "One Grand Witte", was a two-time consensus All-American basketball player for the Wyoming Cowboys in 1932 and 1934. A forward, he was the first All-American in University of Wyoming history and was also the first Wyoming player to score 1,000 career points, finishing with 1,069, which was the inspiration for his "One Grand Witte" nickname.

neg: Jeff Pain Jeffrey "Jeff" Pain (born December 14, 1970) is an American-born, Canadian skeleton racer who has competed since 1995. He is regarded as one of the most successful male competitors in the history of the Canadian skeleton program. He was born in Anchorage, Alaska and his middle name is Thomas.

neg: Adrian King (cricketer) Adrian Anselm King (born 8 March 1952) is a former West Indian cricketer who played both for the Windward Islands in West Indian domestic cricket and for Bermuda internationally.

neg: Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire may refer to:

neg: Scott Newman (cricketer) Scott Alexander Newman (born 3 November 1979) is an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Middlesex and Surrey. He is a left-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler.

neg: B. Scott Brandon Scott Sessoms, best known as B. Scott (born March 21, 1981 in Franklin, Virginia) is an American television personality, radio show host and internet celebrity who is known for his YouTube videoblogs and website LoveBScott.com. He is also a contributing editor to The Glam Network, and an "Ebony Magazine" advice columnist.

neg: Neil Stonechild Neil Stonechild (August 24, 1973 – November 25, 1990) was a Saulteaux First Nations teenager who died of hypothermia. There were accusations that the Saskatoon Police Service may have taken him to the northwest section of the city and abandoned him in a field on a night when temperatures were below −28 °C (−18 °F). The practice is known as a starlight tour, and a number of such cases in Saskatoon area have been referred to collectively as the Saskatoon freezing deaths.

neg: Caylen Croft Kris Pavone (born May 2, 1980) is an American elementary school teacher, children's book author, illustrator and retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he wrestled under the ring name Caylen Croft. He was one half of the DudeBusters tag team with Trent Barreta.

neg: Fabrice Aurieng Fabrice Jean Andre Aurieng (born 7 December 1981 in Sainte-Clotilde) is a French Savate kickboxer.

neg: Scott Roth (athlete) Scott Roth (born June 25, 1988) is an American pole vaulter.

neg: Yvon Durelle Yvon Durelle (October 14, 1929 – January 6, 2007), born in Baie-Ste-Anne, New Brunswick, Canada, was an Acadian Canadian champion boxer.

neg: George William Kyte George William Kyte, KC (July 10, 1864 – November 6, 1940) was a Canadian politician from the province of Nova Scotia.


query: Which magazine prvides information on nurtrion, Prevention or Bloomberg Businessweek?

pos: Prevention (magazine) Prevention is an American healthy lifestyle magazine, started in 1950, and published by Rodale Press in Emmaus, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The range of subjects includes food, nutrition, workouts, beauty, and cooking. It was founded by J. I. Rodale and is currently led by Editorial Director Anne Alexander. It is one of the largest magazines in the world, with a circulation of 2 million editions around the world, and over 10,000,000 readers a month. The last edition of the Australian version of "Prevention" was published in December 2016.

pos: Bloomberg Businessweek Bloomberg Businessweek is an American weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L.P. "Businessweek" was founded in 1929, the magazine was created to provide information and interpretation about what was happening in the business world. It is headquartered in New York City. Megan Murphy was appointed editor of the magazine in November 2016.

neg: Echelon Magazine Echelon Magazine is an online publication in America serving the LGBT business professional. Formerly the title also included a magazine with biographical profiles of corporate executives and entrepreneurs as well as features on businesses involving the GLBT community.

neg: Pragati Pragati: The Indian National Interest Review is a publication on strategic affairs, economic policy and governance. It is published by the Indian National Interest.

neg: Risk Management (magazine) Risk Management is a magazine dedicated to issues of interest to practicing risk managers. It is published by the Risk and Insurance Management Society.

neg: Ingeniøren Ingeniøren (full name: Nyhedsmagasinet Ingeniøren, literally "The News Magazine "The Engineer"") is a Danish weekly newspaper specialising in engineering topics.

neg: Licensing.biz Licensing.biz is an online trade magazine published by NewBay Media and based in Hertford, Hertfordshire. Originally aimed at European members of the licensing industry, it has since expanded to cover the trade worldwide.

neg: Fortune (magazine) Fortune is a multinational business magazine, published and owned by Time Inc. and headquartered in New York City. The publication was founded by Henry Luce in 1929. The magazine competes with "Forbes" and "Bloomberg Businessweek" in the national business magazine category and distinguishes itself with long, in-depth feature articles. The magazine regularly publishes ranked lists, perhaps best known is the Fortune 500, a ranking of companies by revenue that it has published annually since 1955.

neg: Yeni Aktüel Yeni Aktüel ("New News" in Turkish; increasingly downplays the "Yeni" and may be referred to simply as "Aktüel") is a Turkish weekly news magazine.

neg: Journal of Infection Prevention The Journal of Infection Prevention is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal that covers the field of infectious diseases. The editor-in-chief is Neil Wigglesworth (Public Health Wales). It was established in 2000 and is published by Sage Publications on behalf of the Infection Prevention Society.

neg: TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin is a peer-reviewed bimonthly academic medical journal about primary medical services and preventive medicine.

neg: Novi magazin Novi magazin (Serbian Cyrillic: Нови магазин, English: "New Magazine") is a Serbian-language weekly print news magazine headquartered in Belgrade. It features original articles on social, economic, and political topics, with the editorial policy described as "moderately critical [of the Serbian government] and pro-European". The magazine was founded in 2011.

neg: Biotech Week Biotech Week is a weekly biotechnology and pharmaceutical trade magazine. The magazine was established in 1999. It is published by NewsRX. The magazine covers a broad range of medical issues and financial related information about companies in these industries. The magazine is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.

neg: BNET BNET was an online magazine dedicated to issues of business management.

neg: Mediaweek Mediaweek was a New York–based trade magazine owned by e5 Global Media. It is part of Adweek Media Group, which in October 2008 announced the merging of its three separate editorial teams ("Adweek", "Brandweek" and Mediaweek) into one. In 2011, "Mediaweek" and "Brandweek" were merged into Adweek.

neg: Yes! (U.S. magazine) Yes! is a non-profit, ad-free magazine that covers topics of social justice, environmental sustainability, alternative economics, and peace. The magazine is published by Positive Futures Network, founded by David Korten and Sarah van Gelder; Korten's wife, Fran Korten, is the publisher. The first issue of the magazine was published in winter 1997. It has ISSN 1089-6651  and sn 96044464.

neg: Bloomberg TV Indonesia Bloomberg TV Indonesia was a 24-hour business news channel in Indonesia, owned by "Idea Karya Indonesia". It was launched on July 11, 2013 on First Media. Most of its live programs are broadcast from a high definition studio in the heart of Jakarta .

neg: Chiropractic Economics Chiropractic Economics is an American magazine published 20 times a year in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. The magazine provides news and information for practicing chiropractors, with a focus on office management, patient relations, personal development, financial planning, legal, clinical and research data, and wellness/nutrition.

neg: News Weekly News Weekly is an Australian current affairs magazine, published by the National Civic Council, with its main headquarters in Balwyn, Victoria. It also has offices in Queensland, New South Wales, Western Australia and South Australia.

neg: Pacific Standard Pacific Standard, formerly Miller-McCune, is an American magazine, published bimonthly in print and continuously online by the nonprofit Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy, headquartered in Santa Barbara, California.

neg: Sanctuary Asia Sanctuary Asia is India's first and one of its leading environmental news magazines. The publication is a privately owned, self-supporting venture and does not accept any donations. Its funding sources are advertisements, subscriptions and content provision. It is published in a bimonthly cycle at a one-year, six-issue individual subscription price of Rs.575/-.

neg: MoneySense (Philippines) MoneySense is a Filipino personal finance magazine published on a bimonthly basis by MoneyTree Publishing Corp.


query: Which Kenyan-Mexican Academy Award-winning actress is a  star of Star Wars: The Last Jedi?

pos: Star Wars: The Last Jedi Star Wars: The Last Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VIII – The Last Jedi) is an upcoming American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the second film in the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy, following "" (2015). The film is produced by Lucasfilm and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It stars Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Gwendoline Christie, and Andy Serkis in returning roles. New cast members include Benicio del Toro, Laura Dern, and Kelly Marie Tran. Fisher died in December 2016, making "The Last Jedi" her final film role.

pos: Lupita Nyong'o Lupita Amondi Nyong'o (] , ] ; born March 1, 1983) is a Kenyan-Mexican actress. She was born in Mexico to Kenyan parents and raised in Kenya. She attended college in the United States, earning a bachelor's degree in film and theater studies from Hampshire College.

neg: Emily Cranz Emily Cranz (born 21 September 1942) is an American-born Mexican actress, singer, and dancer.

neg: Wanuri Kahiu Wanuri Kahiu is a Kenyan film director. She has received several awards and nominations for the films which she directed, including the awards for Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best Picture at the Africa Movie Academy Awards in 2009.

neg: Mizuo Peck Mizuo Peck (born August 18, 1977) is an American actress best known for playing Sacagawea in the film "Night at the Museum" and its sequels "" and "".

neg: 3rd Africa Movie Academy Awards The 3rd Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 10, 2007 at the Gloryland Cultural Center in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, to honor the best African films of 2006. The ceremony was broadcast live on Nigerian national television. Numerous African & international celebrities and top Nigerian politicians attended the event, including Nigerian musician Tuface Idibia and Ghanaian hiplife band VIP. Nollywood actor Richard Mofe-Damijo and South African actress Thami Ngubeni hosted the ceremony. Special guests of honor were Academy Award winners Cuba Gooding, Jr. and Mo'Nique. Nollywood's favourite acting duo Osita Iheme and Chinedu Ikedieze received the "Lifetime Achievement Award".

neg: Nida Blanca Dorothy Acueza Jones (January 6, 1936 – November 7, 2001) popularly known by her stage name Nida Blanca, was a Filipina actress. She starred in over 163 movies and 14 television shows and received over 16 awards for movies and six awards for television during her 50-year film career. She was named one of 15 Best Actresses of all Time by "YES!" magazine.

neg: Tomoko Tabata Tomoko Tabata (田畑 智子 , Tabata Tomoko , born December 26, 1980) is a Japanese actress. She won the best supporting actress award from the Mainichi in 2004 for "The Hidden Blade" and "Blood and Bones", and the best actress award at the Mainichi Film Awards for "Fugainai Boku wa Sora o Mita" in 2012.

neg: Barbara Carrera Barbara Carrera (born Barbara Kingsbury on December 31, 1945) is a Nicaraguan American film and television actress and former model. She is known for her roles as SPECTRE assassin Fatima Blush in "Never Say Never Again", as Natalia Rambova in "Condorman", and as Angelica Nero on the soap opera "Dallas".

neg: Dania Ramirez Dania Jissel Ramirez (born November 8, 1979) is a Dominican-American television and film actress. Her credits include the roles of Maya Herrera in "Heroes", Alex in "Entourage", and Blanca during the last season of "The Sopranos" on television. Her film roles include Alex Guerrero in "She Hate Me" and Callisto in the feature film "".

neg: Cassian Andor Cassian Andor is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise, portrayed by Mexican actor Diego Luna in the 2016 film "Rogue One". He is a pilot and Intelligence officer for the Rebel Alliance, and captain of the Rogue One, a rebel unit attempting to steal the plans to the Death Star, a powerful weapon.

neg: Giselle Itié Giselle Itié Ramos (born October 3, 1982) is a Mexican-Brazilian actress. Itié is best known for her roles as Anabela Palhares in the Brazilian television series Bela, a Feia and as Sandra in the Action movie The Expendables.

neg: Rosa Mia Rosita Quinto Stecza (1925 – November 28, 2006), known by her screen name Rosa Mia, was an award-winning actress and one of the few female directors in the Philippines. She was known as the "Queen of Tearjerker Movies" for her work mostly on the drama genre typified in motherly roles.

neg: Ariadne Díaz Ariadne Díaz (] ; (born Ariadne Rosales Diaz on August 16, 1986 in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico) is a Mexican actress and former model.

neg: Sabine Singh Sabine Erika Singh (born August 4, 1974) is an American actress.

neg: Jenny Shircore Jenny Shircore is a British make-up artist. She won the Academy Award for Best Makeup for her work in "Elizabeth". She won a British Academy Film Award in 2010 for her work in "The Young Victoria".

neg: Bárbara Mori Bárbara Mori Ochoa (] ; born 2 February 1978) is an Uruguayan born Mexican actress, model, producer and writer.

neg: Ruth Maingi Ruth Ndulu Maingi (born 22 May 1983) is a Kenyan actress. She is one of Kenya's most celebrated actresses and quite notable for having leading roles in both television and film projects.

neg: Manuela Ímaz Manuela Ímaz (born Manuela Eugenia Ímaz Houglín on June 14, 1979) is a Mexican actress, born in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico.

neg: Daniela Zacherl Daniela Zacherl is an Austrian actress who made her debut in the 2012 Malayalam film "Spanish Masala".

neg: Taraji P. Henson Taraji Penda Henson ( ; born September 11, 1970) is an American actress, singer and author. She studied acting at Howard University and began her Hollywood career in guest-roles on several television shows before making her breakthrough in "Baby Boy" (2001). She received praise for playing a prostitute in "Hustle & Flow" (2005) and a single mother in David Fincher's "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" (2008); for the latter, she received Academy Award, SAG Award and Critics Choice Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress; for the former, she received a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture nomination. In 2010, she appeared in the comedy "Date Night" and co-starred in the remake of "The Karate Kid".

neg: Zuria Vega Zuria Vega (] ; born Zuria Valeria Vega Sisto on January 10, 1989) is a Mexican actress and singer.


query: which  religious belief which holds that the universe, Earth, and all life on Earth were created by direct acts of God did ICR espouses its world view

pos: Institute for Creation Research The Institute for Creation Research (ICR) is a Creationist apologetics institute in Dallas, Texas that specializes in media promotion of pseudoscientific creation science and interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative as a historical event. The ICR adopts the Bible as an inerrant and literal documentary of scientific and historical fact as well as religious and moral truths, and espouses a Young Earth creationist worldview. It rejects evolutionary biology, which it views as a corrupting moral and social influence and threat to religious belief. The ICR was formed by Henry M. Morris in 1972 following an organizational split with the Creation Science Research Center (CSRC).

pos: Young Earth creationism Young Earth creationism (YEC) is a form of creationism, a religious belief which holds that the universe, Earth, and all life on Earth were created by direct acts of God less than 10,000 years ago. Its primary adherents are Christians who subscribe to a literal interpretation of the creation narrative in the Bible's Book of Genesis and believe that God created the Earth in six 24-hour days. In contrast to YEC, old Earth creationism is the belief in a metaphorical interpretation of the Book of Genesis and the scientifically-determined estimated ages of the Earth and Universe.

neg: Sikhism Sikhism ( ), or Sikhi (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖੀ "Sikkhī ", ] , from "Sikh", meaning a "disciple", or a "learner"), is a monotheistic Indian religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent about the end of the 15th century. It is one of the youngest of the major world religions. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, unity of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all, and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life. In the early 21st century there were nearly 25 million Sikhs worldwide, the great majority of them living in the Indian state of Punjab.

neg: Spinozism Spinozism (also spelled Spinoza-ism or Spinozaism) is the monist philosophical system of Baruch Spinoza which defines "God" as a singular self-subsistent substance, with both matter and thought being attributes of such.

neg: World The world is the planet Earth and all life upon it, including human civilization. In a philosophical context, the world is the whole of the physical Universe, or an ontological world. In a theological context, the "world" is the material or the profane sphere, as opposed to the celestial, spiritual, transcendent or sacred. The "end of the world" refers to scenarios of the final end of human history, often in religious contexts.

neg: Kafir Kafir (Arabic: كافر  "kāfir "; plural كفّار "kuffār "; feminine كافرة "kāfirah ") is an Arabic term (from the root K-F-R "to cover") meaning "unbeliever", or "disbeliever". The term alludes to a person who rejects or disbelieves in God and the teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and denies the dominion and authority of God; or otherwise does not heed the beliefs and prescriptions held by the religion of Islam. It is used as a derogatory term. Unbelief is called "kufr". "Kafir" is sometimes used interchangeably with "mushrik" (مشرك , those who commit polytheism), another type of religious wrongdoer mentioned frequently in the Quran and Islamic works. The practice of declaring another self-professed Muslim a kafir is known as "takfir". The person who denies the existence of a creator is called "Dahriya".

neg: Infinity (philosophy) In philosophy and theology, infinity is explored in articles under headings such as the Ultimate, the Absolute, God, and Zeno's paradoxes. In Greek philosophy, for example in Anaximander, 'the Boundless' is the origin of all that is. He took the beginning or first principle to be an endless, unlimited primordial mass (ἄπειρον, "apeiron"). The Jain metaphysics and mathematics was the first to define and delineate different "types" of infinities. The work of the mathematician Georg Cantor first placed infinity into a coherent mathematical framework. Keenly aware of his departure from traditional wisdom, Cantor also presented a comprehensive historical and philosophical discussion of infinity. In Judeo-Christian theology, for example in the work of Duns Scotus, the infinite nature of God invokes a sense of being without constraint, rather than a sense of being unlimited in quantity. In ethics infinity plays an important role designating that which cannot be defined or reduced to knowledge or power.

neg: Divine providence In theology, divine providence, or just providence, is God's intervention in the world. The term "Divine Providence" (usually capitalized) is also used as a title of God. A distinction is usually made between "general providence", which refers to God's continuous upholding the existence and natural order of the universe, and "special providence", which refers to God's extraordinary intervention in the life of people. Miracles generally fall in the latter category.

neg: Theology of Pope Benedict XVI The theology of Pope Benedict XVI, as promulgated during his pontificate, consists mainly of three encyclical letters on love (2005), hope (2007), and "charity in truth" (2009), as well as apostolic documents and various speeches and interviews. Benedict's theology underwent developments over the years, many of which were characterized by his leadership position in the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which is entrusted with preserving the Catholic faith in its entirety. His theology originated in the view that God speaks to us through the Church today and not just through the Bible. The Bible is not a natural science textbook, but rather it is the essential testimonial of God’s revelation. One cannot get from it a scientific explanation of how the world arose; one can only glean religious experience from it. Thus Scripture would not wish to inform us about how the different species of plant life gradually appeared or how the sun and the moon and the stars were established. Its purpose ultimately would be to say one thing: God created the world.

neg: Belief Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case, with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true. In the context of Ancient Greek thought, two related concepts were identified with regards to the concept of belief: "pistis" and "doxa". Simplified, we may say that "pistis" refers to "trust" and "confidence", while "doxa" refers to "opinion" and "acceptance". The English word "orthodoxy" derives from "doxa". Jonathan Leicester suggests that belief has the purpose of guiding action rather than indicating truth.

neg: Raëlism Raëlism (also known as Raëlianism or the Raëlian movement) is a UFO religion that was founded in 1974 by Claude Vorilhon (b. 1946), now known as Raël. The Raëlian Movement teaches that life on Earth was scientifically created by a species of extraterrestrials, which they call the Elohim. Members of this species appeared human when having personal contacts with the descendants of the humans that they made. They purposefully misinformed early humanity that they were angels, cherubim, or gods. Raëlians believe that messengers, or prophets, of the Elohim include Buddha, Jesus, and others who informed humans of each era. The founder of Raëlism received the final message of the Elohim and that its purpose is to inform the world about Elohim and that if humans become aware and peaceful enough, they wish to be welcomed by them.

neg: Atheism in Hinduism Atheism (Sanskrit: निरीश्वरवाद , "nir-īśvara-vāda" , lit. "statement of no Lord", "doctrine of godlessness") or disbelief in God or gods has been a historically propounded viewpoint in many of the orthodox and heterodox streams of Hindu philosophies. In Indian philosophy, three schools of thought are commonly referred to as "nastika" for rejecting the doctrine of Vedas: Jainism, Buddhism and Cārvāka. Though "nastika", meaning heterodox, refers to the non-belief in the Vedas rather than non-belief in God, all these schools also reject the notion of a creator god.

neg: Stoic physics Stoic physics is the natural philosophy adopted by the Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome used to explain the natural processes at work in the universe. To the Stoics the universe is a single pantheistic God, but one which is also a material substance. The primitive substance of the universe is a divine essence ("pneuma") which is the basis of everything which exists. The separation of force from matter produces a divine fire ("aether") which, as the basis of all matter, is differentiated into elements and shaped by the tension caused by the "pneuma" working according to the divine reason ("logos") of the universe. These processes are responsible for the formation, the development, and ultimately, the destruction of the universe in a never-ending cycle ("palingenesis"). The human soul is an emanation from the fiery "aether" which permeates the universe, and sensation is transmission of "pneuma-currents" from objects, which interact with the substance of the mind, which is the soul's ruling part. The Stoics also recognised the existence of other gods and divine agents as manifestations of the one primitive God-substance.

neg: Ein Sof Ein Sof, or Ayn Sof ( , Hebrew: אין סוף ), in Kabbalah, is understood as God prior to his self-manifestation in the production of any spiritual realm, probably derived from Ibn Gabirol's term, "the Endless One" ("she-en lo tiklah"). "Ein Sof" may be translated as "unending", "(there is) no end", or infinity. It was first used by Azriel, who, sharing the Neoplatonic belief that God can have no desire, thought, word, or action, emphasized by it the negation of any attribute. Of the Ein Sof, nothing ("Ein") can be grasped ("Sof"-limitation). It is the origin of the Ohr Ein Sof, the "Infinite Light" of paradoxical divine self-knowledge, nullified within the Ein Sof prior to creation. In Lurianic Kabbalah, the first act of creation, the Tzimtzum self "withdrawal" of God to create an "empty space", takes place from there. In Hasidism, the Tzimtzum is only the illusionary concealment of the Ohr Ein Sof, giving rise to monistic panentheism. Consequently, Hasidism focuses on the Atzmus divine essence, rooted higher within the Godhead than the Ein Sof, which is limited to infinitude, and reflected in the essence (Etzem) of the Torah and the soul.

neg: Hindu–Islamic relations Hinduism is a diversity-filled socio-religious way of life of the Hindu people of the Indian subcontinent, their diaspora, and some other regions which had Hindu influence in the ancient and medieval times. In Hinduism God can be worshiped in the name one believes or in the form one believes and allows idol worship, hence Hinduism's concept of God does not contradict the concept of Allah, the Islamic God. Islam is a monotheistic religion in which the supreme deity is Allah (Arabic: الله  "the God" : see God in Islam), the last Islamic prophet being Muhammad, whom Muslims believe delivered the Islamic scripture, the Qur'an. Hinduism mostly shares common terms with the "dhārmic" religions, including Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Islam shares common terms with the Abrahamic religions–those religions claiming descent from Abraham–being, from oldest to youngest, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Baha'i Faith.

neg: Prehistoric religion Prehistoric religions are the religious beliefs and practices of prehistoric people such as Paleolithic religion, Mesolithic religion, Neolithic religion and Bronze Age religion.

neg: God Speaks God Speaks, The Theme of Creation and Its Purpose (ISBN  ) is the principal book by Meher Baba, and the most significant religious text used by his followers. It covers Meher Baba's view of the process of Creation and its purpose and has been in print continuously since 1955.

neg: Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism The Ringing Cedars (Russian: Звенящие Кедры) or Anastasianism is a new spiritual and religious movement that started in central Russia in 1997, on the basis of the series of ten books entitled "The Ringing Cedars of Russia" written by Vladimir Megre. The knowledge contained in the books is attributed to an archetypal wise woman from Siberia named Anastasia. Many Anastasians are Rodnovers, that is to say proponents of the return to a Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery) or other indigenous religion. The books that the movement relies upon offer a holistic worldview teaching about humanity's relationship with nature, God and the universe, the creation of the world, the power of thought in modelling the future, cyclical eschatology, the right relationship between men and women, and education.

neg: Didaskalogenic There are two types of misconceptions that people have about the world, particularly the world as understood by science. There are common working (common sense) assumptions that contradict the conclusions of scientific study, such as the concept of impetus . On the other hand, there are misconceptions that emerge (or are installed) through the course of formal instruction - we can be termed didaskalogenic (born through teaching). Both the content associated with a particular subject, and its implications, are influenced by mode of instruction used to present it. Instructional strategies range from the Socratic to the passive lecture format. Given their inherently abstract nature, many scientific concepts, such as Newton's laws of motion directly conflict a "working" and immediate understanding of the world. Where this is the case, such conceptual conflicts can give rise to serious obstacles to students' acceptance and understanding of scientific ideas. In contrast, a wide range of other scientific ideas, assumptions, and concepts are not obviously related to practical experience. Students' misconceptions about these more abstract scientific ideas, for example, the atomic theory, the wave–particle nature of light, the cell theory of biological organization and continuity, and various aspects of modern evolutionary theory are often grounded in, and influenced by past instruction. In analogy to physician-induced (iatrogenic) disease (iatrogenesis), didaskologenic (or didaktikogenic) (from the Greek "dáskalos" for "teacher") ideas (and misconceptions) arise from and are reinforced during the course of instruction. Particularly in the more abstract sciences, where many ideas are inherently counter-intuitive, didaskologenic scientific misconceptions often arise through the use of inappropriate analogies in the course of instruction.

neg: Aetherius Society The Aetherius Society is a millenarian, New Age, UFO religion. It was founded by George King in the mid-1950s as the result of what King claimed were contacts with extraterrestrial intelligences, whom he referred to as “Cosmic Masters”. Regarded as firmly based in Theosophy, the Aetherius Society combines UFO claims, yoga, and ideas from various world religions, notably Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. Stefan Isaksson notes that it has “become a complex religious belief system that includes an extraterrestrial hierarchy of various spiritual masters and such concepts as universal karma and religious healing.” The religion's goal is to prevent worldly destruction by improving cooperation between humanity and various alien 'masters', and by using 'spiritual energy' to improve the spiritual calibre of the world. The society has claimed that various disasters may be prevented or relieved by prayer, often aided by "Spiritual Energy Batteries" meant to store healing psychic energy The society also believes that it is to make the way for the "Next Master," a messianic figure who will descend upon Earth in a flying saucer, possessing 'magic' more powerful than all the world's armies. The society is named after Aetherius, a being King claims to have telepathically contacted and channeled. Aetherius is believed to be a Cosmic Master from Venus, as are Buddha and Jesus. The society's membership, although international in composition, is not very large. David V. Barrett suggested in 2011 that the worldwide membership was now into the thousands, with the largest number of members being in the United Kingdom, United States and New Zealand.

neg: Middleworld In ancient Maya cosmology, Middleworld is the Earth, or the world of men. "In ancient Maya thought, the universe was suffused with sacredness that resonated from the presence of deities. The ancestors, spirits and deities not only resided in the Upperworld and the Underworld (sometimes called Xibalba), but also shared the Middleworld, or Earth with its human and animal populations." All three were joined by the World Tree, a giant ceiba tree which served as the central pole holding the worlds together. The nine levels of the Underworld were represented by the roots, Middleworld by the trunk, and the thirteen heavens of the Skyworld by the branches. This concept is similar to the beliefs held by many ancient cultures, including the Norse, who thought that they inhabited a middle-earth. The Maya also believed that their pyramid temples were sites at which these worlds could be transversed. Maya kings, by undergoing ritual and trance, could open portals which would allow the gods - inhabitants of the sky and under worlds, to communicate with Middleworld.

neg: False god In some monotheistic religious denominations, the deities of pagan religions -- as well as other competing entities or objects to which particular importance is attributed -- are often called false gods. Conversely, polytheistic pagans may regard the gods of various monotheistic religions as "false gods" because they do not believe that any real deity possesses the properties ascribed by monotheists to their sole deity. Atheists, who do not believe in any deities, do not usually use the term "false god" even though that would encompass all deities from the atheist viewpoint. Usage of this term is generally limited to theists, who believe in some deity or deities, but not in others.