query: What structure under the Hudson River did Mark di Suvero have his sculpture Joie de Vivre placed?

pos: Joie de Vivre Joie de Vivre (English: Joy of Life) is an outdoor sculpture by Mark di Suvero, located at Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. The 70-foot sculpture, composed of "open-ended tetrahedrons", was installed by the intersection of Broadway and Cedar Street in June 2006 and was previously located at the Holland Tunnel rotary (also named St. John's Park).

pos: Holland Tunnel The Holland Tunnel is a highway tunnel under the Hudson River between Manhattan in New York City and Jersey City, New Jersey. Its two tubes carry eastbound and westbound Interstate 78. In New Jersey, it is also designated NJ 139. An integral conduit within the New York Metropolitan Area, it opened in 1927 as the first of two vehicular tunnels under the river, the other being the Lincoln Tunnel. Both are operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

neg: Storm King Mountain (New York) Storm King Mountain is along the west bank of the Hudson River south of Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York. Together with Breakneck Ridge on the opposite bank of the river it forms "Wey-Gat" or Wind Gate, the picturesque northern gateway to the Hudson Highlands. Its distinctive curved ridge is the most prominent aspect of the view south down Newburgh Bay, from Newburgh, Beacon, and the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge. It can also be seen by southbound travelers on nearby sections of the New York State Thruway. This view was popular with early artists of the Hudson River School, and helped give them their name.

neg: America's Response Monument America's Response Monument, subtitled De Oppresso Liber, is a life-and-a-half scale bronze statue in front of One World Trade Center, across from the National September 11 Memorial in New York City. Unofficially known as the Horse Soldier Statue, it is the first publicly accessible monument dedicated to the United States Special Forces.

neg: Bayonne Bridge The Bayonne Bridge is an arch bridge spanning the Kill Van Kull connecting Bayonne, New Jersey with Staten Island, New York City. It carries NY 440 and NJ 440. The Bayonne Bridge is the fifth-longest steel arch bridge in the world, and was the longest in the world at the time of its completion. The bridge is also one of four connecting New Jersey with Staten Island; the other two roadway bridges are the Goethals Bridge in Elizabeth and Outerbridge Crossing in Perth Amboy, and the rail-only Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge, all of which traverse the Arthur Kill.

neg: Viviry River The Viviry River is a river that runs through the municipalities of St-Lazare, Vaudreuil-Dorion and Hudson in Québec (Canada) and empties out into the lac des Deux Montagnes, at Sandy Beach and Parsons Point. The physiographic unit is known as the Viviry River Valley.

neg: The Lovers (sculpture) The Lovers is a public art work by artist Mark di Suvero located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The sculpture is an abstract form; it is installed on the lawn.

neg: Jackson Street Bridge The Jackson Street Bridge is a bridge on the Passaic River between Newark and Harrison, New Jersey. The swing bridge is the 6th bridge from the river's mouth at Newark Bay and is 4.6 mi upstream from it. Opened in 1903 and substantially rehabilitated in 1991 it is listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places (ID#1274) and is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. The bridge was re-lamped in 2012.

neg: African Elephant (sculpture) African Elephant is an outdoor 1982 life-size Cor-ten steel sculpture depicting an African elephant by Robert Fowler (with assistance from John Long and Phil Schalekamp). The statue was originally installed at the Houston Zoo's main entrance, but was relocated in 2000, and underwent restoration work at the time.

neg: Notre Dame Island Notre Dame Island (French: "Île Notre-Dame" ) is an artificial island located in the Saint Lawrence River in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located immediately east of Saint Helen's Island and west of the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the city of Saint-Lambert on the south shore. Together with Saint Helen's Island, it makes up Parc Jean-Drapeau, which forms part of the Hochelaga Archipelago. To the southwest, the island is connected to the embankment separating the seaway and Lachine Rapids.

neg: Wave Hill Wave Hill is a 28 acre estate in the Hudson Hill section of Riverdale, Bronx, in New York City. Wave Hill currently consists of public horticultural gardens and a cultural center, all situated on the slopes overlooking the Hudson River, with expansive views across the river to the New Jersey Palisades. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the estate includes two houses and a botanical garden. The oldest part of the main house, Wave Hill House, dates back to 1843; Glyndor House dates from 1927 and contains a multi-room art gallery. Perkins Visitor Center, which was originally a garage, contains a gift shop and an information desk.

neg: Hudson River Maritime Museum The Hudson River Maritime Museum is a maritime museum dedicated to the Hudson River.

neg: Poland (sculpture) Poland is a public art work by artist Mark di Suvero located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The sculpture is an abstract form; it is installed on the lawn.

neg: Bunyon's Chess Bunyon's Chess is an outdoor 1965 sculpture by Mark di Suvero, installed at Olympic Sculpture Park in Seattle, Washington. The stainless steel and wood piece is 22 ft tall.

neg: Amsterdam Bridge, Toronto Amsterdam Bridge is a bridge on the waterfront in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The steel structure is a cable footbridge that crosses over the Simcoe Street Slip from York Quay to Rees Street Slip.

neg: Bear Mountain State Park Bear Mountain State Park is a 5205 acre state park located on the west side of the Hudson River in Rockland County, New York. The park offers biking, hiking, boating, picnicking, swimming, cross-country skiing, cross-country running, sledding and ice skating. It also includes several facilities such as the Perkins Memorial Tower, the Trailside Museum and Zoo, the Bear Mountain Inn, a merry-go-round, pool, and a skating rink. It is managed by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission.

neg: Louis Riel (sculpture) The Louis Riel sculpture by Miguel Joyal located at 450 Broadway Avenue facing the Assiniboine River on the grounds of the Manitoba Legislative Building, was unveiled on May 12, 1996. The history surrounding Louis Riel as a figure of Métis resistance in both Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the communal need for his remembrance as well as the construction of the monument itself all constitute a part of this sculpture’s design.he was hanged on November 1885

neg: Christopher Street Pier The Christopher Street Pier is a group of piers in Hudson River Park on the Hudson River waterfront of Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City, numbered 42, 45, 46, and 51. "Christopher Street Pier" usually refers specifically to Pier 45 opposite W. 10th Street, which can be reached by crossing West Street.

neg: River Line (Conrail) The River Line is a rail corridor located between Jersey City, New Jersey and Selkirk, New York, running along the west side of the Hudson Palisades and after passing through a tunnel at Haverstraw, New York, along the west bank of the Hudson River. A parallel track, which was operated as part of the River Line from Jersey City to Weehawken, New Jersey, was known as the Weehawken Branch. The River Line has since been split into several sections, following the 1999 division of Conrail assets between Norfolk Southern Railway and CSX Transportation.

neg: La Rivière (Maillol) La Rivière ("The River") is a lead or bronze sculpture by Aristide Maillol.

neg: Lowline (park) The Lowline, formerly known as the Delancey Underground, is a proposal for the world's first underground park in the New York City borough of Manhattan that would be located under the eastbound roadway of Delancey Street on the Lower East Side, in the former Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal adjacent to the Essex Street station (trains ). Co-founders James Ramsey and Dan Barasch have suggested natural light would be directed below ground using a system that has been described in the proposed plan as "remote skylights", providing an area in which trees and grass could be grown beneath city streets. Light collectors would be placed at ground level or on surrounding rooftops, with suggested locations, including the median on Delancey Street. Artificial lighting would be used to supplement the redirected sunlight on cloudy days and at night. The area, with ceilings 20 ft high, extends three blocks east from Essex Street to Clinton Street and was used until 1948 as a station and balloon loop for streetcars crossing the Williamsburg Bridge to and from Brooklyn. R. Boykin Curry IV is the third urban entrepreneur behind the proposal.

neg: St. Clair Tunnel The St. Clair Tunnel is the name for two separate rail tunnels which were built under the St. Clair River between Sarnia, Ontario and Port Huron, Michigan. It was the first full-size subaqueous tunnel built in North America. (By full-size it is meant that it allowed a railroad to run through it.) It is a National Historic Landmark of the United States, and has been designated a civil engineering landmark by both US and Canadian engineering bodies.


query: Which shopping mall is located near Sampige Road in Bangalore, India?

pos: Sampige Road metro station Sampige Road, officially named Mantri Square Sampige Road, is a metro station on the Green Line of the Namma Metro serving the Malleswaram area of Bangalore, India. It was opened to the public on 1 March 2014. The station was constructed by Mantri Developers and consists of two basements, one ground and one upper floor. The station was named Mantri Square Sampige Road due to a PPP agreement between the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (BMRCL) and Mantri. Mantri Square is a shopping mall located near the station.

pos: Mantri Square Mantri Square (Kannada: ಮಂತ್ರಿ ಸ್ಕ್ವೇರ್ ) is a shopping mall situated in the Malleswaram locality in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Mantri Square is one of the biggest malls in the country.

neg: The Mall (Bromley) The Mall is a shopping centre in Bromley, South East London, United Kingdom. It is small in size and is often overshadowed by the main shopping centre in Bromley "The Glades".

neg: Freedom Park, Bangalore Freedom Park is located in the Central Business District of the city of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It was formerly the Central Jail.

neg: Southgate Shopping Centre Southgate Shopping Centre is a large shopping centre in Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Mondeor and is one of the ten largest shopping centres in South Africa, with over 160 commercial tenants. The centre has long served the nearby township of Soweto. Opened in late 1990 as Apartheid came to an end, the centre prides itself on the cosmopolitan nature of its clientele.

neg: Tannery Road Tannery Road is located North East in the Bangalore Cantonment, India. It is a 4 km long narrow road (about 40 ft. wide) with around 700 shops, named after the tanneries of the British India period located at the end of the Road. Tannery Road was officially renamed as Dr B S Ambedkar Road many years back, but it still is referred to by its old name. Tannery Road touches Fraser Town, Richards Town, Giddappa Block, Periyar Nagar and Pillanna Garden. The Tannery Road area is highly populated with a high density. The suburb presents a picture which is a shocking contrast to the hi-tech image of Bangalore. As elections has not brought about any changes, the residents express disillusionment with politicians and politics. Pot-holes and broken pavements are a common feature of Tannery Road, in addition to heavy traffic, water problems, garbage, etc. There is scant respect for traffic rules, and vehicles of all types zoom past in all directions. Residents have to dodge puddles of dirty water and garbage, to move around.

neg: Dundrum Town Centre "Dundrum Town Centre" is a shopping centre located in Dundrum, Dublin, Ireland. It is Ireland's second largest shopping centre with over 169 tenants, almost 140,000 square metres of floor space, and over 3,400 car parking spaces. It is located just south of the town centre of Dundrum.

neg: Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai) Phoenix Marketcity, is the second largest shopping Mall in India; situated in Kurla, a suburb of Mumbai. It is

neg: Ideapark Ideapark is a shopping mall in Lempäälä, Finland. It is notable for being very large by Nordic standards. The mall was built on a greenfield site alongside the Helsinki–Tampere motorway (Finnish national road 3) approximately twelve kilometres south of Tampere. It was opened for business on December 1, 2006.

neg: Samoothiri Tower Samoothiri Tower is a proposed multistorey tower located in the southern Indian city of Kozhikode. The tower will be built as the information centre for the tourism of Malabar. The tower will stand 62m tall when completed and will have a historic museum in the first two floors along with a viewing gallery on the 14th floor from which the panoramic views of the whole city can be enjoyed.

neg: The Ridge, Shimla The Ridge road is a large open space, located in the heart of Shimla, the capital city of Himachal Pradesh, India. The Ridge is the hub of all cultural activities of Shimla. It is situated along the Mall Road, which is the famous shopping center of Shimla. Most major places of Shimla like Snowdon, Mall, Jakhoo hill, etc. are connected through the Ridge.

neg: Raghuleela Mall, Vashi Raghuleela is a mall situated in Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India. Developed by Raghuleela Properties Pvt.Ltd., Raghuleela Mall is a 4-storeyed air-conditioned mall covering an area of approximately 375000 sqft on each floor with lifts, escalators and central staircase atrium to connect all the four levels.

neg: Bommasandra Bommasandra is a suburb of Bangalore in the state of Karnataka, India.

neg: Malleswaram Ladies' Association Malleswaram Ladies Association High School, is an all-girls school for day scholars in Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

neg: Sunway Putra Mall Sunway Putra Shopping Centre, previously known as The Mall or Putra Place, is a shopping mall located along Jalan Putra in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is situated across the street from the Putra World Trade Centre and the Seri Pacific Hotel.

neg: Inorbit Mall Inorbit Mall is a subsidiary of the K. Raheja Corporation which runs shopping malls in various parts of India. The first Inorbit Mall opened in 2004, in Malad, Mumbai. Inorbit Malls launched their second property in Navi Mumbai at Vashi, in October 2008; third in Hyderabad in October 2009. fourth in Pune in April 2011 which was closed down in November 2016, fifth in Bangalore on 15 September 2012 and sixth in Vadodara on 5 September 2013.

neg: List of shopping malls in Northern India There are numerous shopping malls in North India, most of which are concentrated in Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jaipur, Chandigarh and other metropolitan cities in North India. World Trade Park, Jaipur in Jaipur is currently the largest Mall in North India and 2nd The Great India Place in Noida.

neg: Murugeshpalya Murugeshpalya is a neighbourhood in Bangalore, India.

neg: Suddaguntepalya Suddagunte Palya or S.G.Palya is an area located in South Bangalore, off Hosur Road. It is 10 km from Kempegowda Bus Station and Bangalore City Railway Station and 40 km from Bangalore International Airport. The locality is home to various paying guests accommodations and hostels as Christ University is located here.

neg: Swami Vivekananda Road metro station Swami Vivekananda Road, commonly referred to by the abbreviation SV Road, is a station on the Purple Line of the Namma Metro in Bangalore, India.

neg: Mall of Scandinavia Mall of Scandinavia is a shopping mall located in Solna Municipality, Stockholm, Sweden. It was inaugurated on November 12, 2015, and is the second largest mall in the Nordic countries with 224 stores, many of them with double-height storefronts up to 8 m tall. 50,000 shoppers showed up to the opening of the mall. About 20-25% of the leasable area is dedicated to experiences, including 22 restaurants and a 15 screen multiplex with the first purpose-built commercial IMAX theatre in the Nordic region. The shopping mall has 3,700 parking spaces and a retail gross leasable area of 101,048 m2 , making it the third largest shopping mall in the Nordic countries after Sello in Espoo, Finland, and Sørlandsenteret in Kristiansand, Norway. The building also house an additional 42,000 m2 of office space and condominiums.

neg: M G Road, Bangalore Mahatma Gandhi Road also known as M.G. Road is a road in Bengaluru, India. It runs east from Trinity circle at one end to Anil Kumble circle at the other. Known as South Parade in pre-independence era, it was renamed as Mahatma Gandhi Road on 26 February 1948.


query: John Campanius was a Lutheran priest assigned to a colony established during what devastating war?

pos: John Campanius John Campanius (Swedish: "Johannes Jone Holmiensis Campanius") (August 15, 1601 – September 17, 1683), also known as John Campanius Holm, was a Swedish Lutheran priest assigned to the New Sweden colony.

pos: New Sweden New Sweden (Swedish: "Nya Sverige", Finnish: "Uusi Ruotsi" , Latin: "Nova Svecia" ) was a Swedish colony along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in North America from 1638 to 1655, established during the devastating Thirty Years' War while Sweden was a significant Northern European military power. New Sweden was one part of Swedish colonization efforts in the Americas.

neg: Battle of Hampden The Battle of Hampden was an action in the British campaign to conquer present-day Maine and remake it into the colony of New Ireland during the War of 1812. Sir John Sherbrooke led a British force from Halifax, Nova Scotia to establish New Ireland, which lasted until the end of the war, eight months later. The brief life of the colony yielded customs revenues which were subsequently used to finance a military library in Halifax and found Dalhousie College.

neg: Benjamin Church (ranger) Benjamin Church (c. 1639 – January 17, 1718) was an English colonist in North America. He was a military leader of the historic predecessor of the United States Army Rangers, captain of the first Ranger force in America (1676). Church was commissioned by Josiah Winslow, the Governor of the Plymouth Colony, to form the first ranger company for King Philip's War. He later commanded the company to raid Acadia during King William's and [Queen Anne's wars in the early 1700s, as French and English hostilities played out in North America. The two powers were competing for control in colonial territories. He was promoted to major and ended his service at the rank of colonel, as noted on his gravestone.

neg: Johann Gottlob Schmeisser Johann Gottlob Schmeisser (22 March 1751 – 21 December 1806) was an Evangelical Lutheran minister who was the second minister of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia and served for 24 years. He arrived during the American Revolution, and, after being in the village for only two months, he was involved in the defense of the town during the Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782).

neg: Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War or Great War occurred between 1409 and 1411, pitting the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania against the Teutonic Knights. Inspired by the local Samogitian uprising, the war began by Teutonic invasion of Poland in August 1409. As neither side was ready for a full-scale war, Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia brokered a nine-month truce. After the truce expired in June 1410, the military-religious monks were decisively defeated in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), one of the largest battles in medieval Europe. Most of the Teutonic leadership was killed or taken prisoner. While defeated, the Teutonic Knights withstood the siege on their capital in Marienburg (Malbork) and suffered only minimal territorial losses in the Peace of Thorn (1411). Territorial disputes lasted until the Peace of Melno of 1422. However, the Knights never recovered their former power and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and economic decline in their lands. The war shifted the balance of power in Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant power in the region.

neg: Russo-Swedish War (1741–43) The Russo–Swedish War of 1741–1743, known as the Hats' Russian War in Sweden and the Hats' War in Finland, which resulted in the Lesser Wrath (Finnish: "Pikkuviha" , Swedish: "Lilla ofreden" ), or the occupation of Finland, was instigated by the Hats, a Swedish political party that aspired to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War, and by French diplomacy, which sought to divert Russia's attention from supporting its long-standing ally, the Habsburg monarchy, in the War of the Austrian Succession.

neg: Charlotina Charlotina was the suggested name for a popularly proposed British crown colony which was to be established in America following the end of the Seven Years' War, in which Great Britain had acquired a large portion of New France in 1763. However, the proposal was met with little official enthusiasm, as the British government's Royal Proclamation of 1763 forbade the creation of new colonies in the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. Had such a colony been founded, it would have included the region lying west of the Maumee and Wabash rivers; north of the Ohio River; east of the upper Mississippi River; and south of the Great Lakes. These boundaries would include portions of modern-day Minnesota, Ohio, Indiana, and the entirety of Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin. Charlotina would have included modern-day cities such as Chicago, Milwaukee, Toledo, Detroit, Fort Wayne, and parts of Minneapolis and St. Paul.

neg: Strasbourg Bishops' War The Strasbourg Bishops' War (German: "Bischöflichen Krieg" , French: "Guerre des Evêques" ) (1592–1604) was a conflict between Protestants and Catholics for control of the Bishopric of Strasbourg. It was one of only two sectarian or confessional conflicts, both highly localised, that occurred within the Holy Roman Empire between the Peace of Augsburg (1555) and the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War (1618). It was less bloody than the Cologne War (1583–88). It coincided with the Counter-Reformation and the Spanish Winter (1598–99), and the Catholic victory caused Protestants in Germany great worry that the tide had turned decidedly against them.

neg: Siege of Stralsund (1678) The Siege of Stralsund was a battle between the Electorate of Brandenburg and the Swedish Empire on 10 and 11 October 1678, during the Scanian War. After two days of bombardment, the severely devastated Swedish fortress of Stralsund surrendered to the Brandenburgers. The remainder of Swedish Pomerania was taken by the end of the year, yet most of the province including Stralsund was returned to Sweden by the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Peace of Lund, both concluded in 1679.

neg: Camp Bidwell Camp Bidwell, later Camp Chico, was a U.S. Army post during the American Civil War. Camp Bidwell was named for John Bidwell, the founder of the nearby town of Chico, California and a that time a Brigadier General of the California Militia. It was established a mile outside Chico, by Lt. Col. Ambrose E. Hooker with Company A, 6th California Infantry, on August 26, 1863. Although a Company F, 2nd California Cavalry and Company K, 2nd California Infantry under Captain Augustus W. Starr had been there from July 31, 1863, Lt. Col. Hooker moved the camp to a new location for its better defense and for better sanitation.

neg: 1780 Black Camp Rebellion The 1780 Black Camp Rebellion was a brief loyalist uprising in Sussex County, Delaware, that occurred during the American Revolutionary War. It was a local reaction to the American War of Independence by Tories (loyalists) who opposed the independence movement and intended to secure Sussex County for the British.

neg: Lusitanian War The Lusitanian War, called in Greek "Pyrinos Polemos" ("the Fiery War"), was a war of resistance fought by the Lusitanian tribes of Hispania Ulterior against the advancing legions of the Roman Republic from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitanians revolted on two separate occasions (155 and again 146) and were pacified. In 154 BC, a long war in Hispania Citerior, known as the Numantine War, was begun by the Celtiberians. It lasted until 133 and is an important event in the integration of what would become Portugal into the Roman and Latin-speaking world.

neg: Charleston in the American Civil War Charleston, South Carolina, was a hotbed of secession at the start of the American Civil War and an important Atlantic Ocean port city for the fledgling Confederate States of America. The first shots against the Federal government were those fired there by cadets of the Citadel to stop a ship from resupplying the Federally held Ft. Sumter. Three months later, the bombardment of Fort Sumter triggered a massive call for Federal troops to put down the rebellion. Although the city and its surrounding fortifications were repeatedly targeted by the Union Army and Navy, Charleston did not fall to Federal forces until the last months of the war.

neg: Military history of Canada The military history of Canada comprises hundreds of years of armed actions in the territory encompassing modern Canada, and interventions by the Canadian military in conflicts and peacekeeping worldwide. For thousands of years, the area that would become Canada was the site of sporadic intertribal conflicts among Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the 17th and 18th centuries, Canada was the site of four colonial wars and two additional wars in Nova Scotia and Acadia between New France and New England; the conflicts spanned almost seventy years, as each allied with various First Nation groups.

neg: Johann Flierl Johann Flierl (16 April 1858 – 30 September 1947), was a pioneer Lutheran missionary in New Guinea. He established mission schools and organised the construction of roads and communication between otherwise remote interior locations. Under his leadership, Lutheran evangelicalism flourished in New Guinea. He founded the Evangelical Lutheran Mission in the Sattelberg, and a string of filial stations on the northeastern coast of New Guinea including the Malahang Mission Station.

neg: John Winthrop John Winthrop (12 January 1587/88 – 26 March 1649) was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England, following Plymouth Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630 and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies.

neg: John Rous John Rous (21 May 1702 – 3 April 1760) was a privateer and then an officer of the Royal Navy. He served during King George's War and the French and Indian War. Rous was also the senior naval officer on the Nova Scotia station during Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755). Rous' daughter Mary married Richard Bulkeley (governor) and is buried in the Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia).

neg: Camp Alger Camp Alger, near Falls Church, Virginia, was established May 18, 1898, for the Spanish American War effort. It was approved by Secretary of War Russell A. Alger for whom it was named. By August 1898, more than 35,000 troops were stationed at the camp.

neg: Gustaf Adolph Lutheran Church The Gustaf Adolph Lutheran Church is a historic church at 29 Capitol Hill Road in New Sweden, Maine. The congregation was established by Swedish immigrants to the area in 1871, and the Gothic Revival sanctuary was built in 1879-80. In 1896 the church was named in honor of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. The church congregation was in 2003 subjected to one of the nation's largest cases of arsenic poisoning, apparently perpetrated by one of its parishioners.

neg: Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy (also Pieter Cornelisz Plockhoy van Zierikzee or Peter Cornelius van Zurick-zee; c. 1625, possibly in Zierikzee, Netherlands – c. 1664–1670, Lewes, Delaware) was a Dutch Mennonite and Collegiant utopist who founded a settlement in 1663 near "Horekill" (Lewes Creek) on the banks of "Godyn's Bay" (Delaware Bay), near present-day Lewes, Delaware. The settlement was destroyed within a year by England.

neg: Dominion of New England The Dominion of New England in America (1686–89) was an administrative union of English colonies covering New England and the Mid-Atlantic Colonies (except for the Colony of Pennsylvania). Its political structure represented centralized control similar to the model used by the Spanish monarchy through the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The dominion was unacceptable to most colonists, because they deeply resented being stripped of their rights and having their colonial charter revoked. Governor Sir Edmund Andros tried to make legal and structural changes, but most of these were undone and the Dominion was overthrown as soon as word was received that King James had left the throne in England. One notable change was the introduction of the Church of England into Massachusetts, whose Puritan leaders had previously refused to allow it any sort of foothold.


query: what did the maker of Boston Beer Company inherited from his father

pos: Yuengling D. G. Yuengling & Son is the oldest operating brewing company in the United States, established in 1829. It is one of the largest breweries by volume in the country. Based on volume sold in 2016, Yuengling was the top craft beer company in the U.S. Based on sales in 2011, Yuengling was tied with the Boston Beer Company, maker of Samuel Adams brands, as the largest American-owned brewery. Its headquarters are in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. Yuengling produces about 2.8 million barrels annually, operating two Pennsylvania facilities and a brewery in Tampa, Florida.

pos: Samuel Adams (beer) Samuel Adams is the flagship brand of the Boston Beer Company. The brand name (often shortened to Sam Adams) was chosen in honor of Founding Father Samuel Adams. Adams inherited his father's brewery on King Street (modern day State Street). Some histories say he was a brewer, while others describe him as a maltster. The Samuel Adams brewery is located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, where visitors can take a tour, and shop beers and merchandise. Samuel Adams beer is brewed by the Boston Beer Company, which was founded by Jim Koch and Rhonda Kallman. Samuel Adams beer was started using a recipe now known as the Samuel Adams Boston Lager.

neg: Liefmans Brewery Liefmans is a Belgian brewery which produces oud bruin and other Belgian beers. It was founded in 1679. The company went bankrupt in 2008 and was acquired by Duvel Moortgat. Liefmans' wheat beer, Dentergems Wit, and a Belgian ale, Lucifer, were subsequently taken over by Het Anker Brewery.

neg: A. D. Grover Albert Deane Grover (18 February 1865 Boston, Massachusetts — 23 October 1927 Manhattan, New York) was an American banjoist, composer, teacher, and prolific inventor of musical parts and accessories for stringed instruments. He was a founding member of the Boston Ideal Banjo, Mandolin and Guitar Club. Grover held over 50 patents for musical instrument parts, and founded the musical accessories company A. D. Grover & Son. His father, Stephen Grover (1820–1885), was a Boston piano maker.

neg: Gustav Fabergé Gustav Fabergé (1814–1893) was a Baltic German jeweller and father of the famous Peter Carl Fabergé, maker of Fabergé eggs. He established his own business in Saint Petersburg, which his son inherited.

neg: Noah Beery Sr. Noah Nicholas Beery (January 17, 1882 – April 1, 1946) was an American actor who appeared in films from 1913 to 1945. He was the older brother of Academy Award-winning actor Wallace Beery and the father of character actor Noah Beery Jr. Beery was billed as either Noah Beery or Noah Beery Sr. depending upon the film.

neg: Henry Crimmel Henry Crimmel (February 14, 1844 – October 10, 1917) was an American glassmaker who became well known in Ohio and Indiana. A German that came with his family to America at the age of eight years, the American Civil War veteran started at the lowest level in glass making, and learned every aspect of the business. A skilled glassblower known for his glassmaking expertise and the recipient of two patents, he also worked in management in at least three glass factories – and was one of the co-founders of the Novelty Glass Company (of Fostoria) and the reorganized version of Sneath Glass Company. He retired with over 50 years in the industry.

neg: Filtered beer Filtered beer refers to any ale, lager, or fermented malt beverage in which the sediment left over from the brewing process has been removed. Ancient techniques included the use of straw mats, cloth, or straws, and frequently left some sediment in the drink. Modern filtration, introduced at the end of the 19th century, uses a mechanical process that can remove all sediment, including yeast, from the beer. Such beer is known as bright beer and requires force carbonation before bottling or serving from a keg. In the United Kingdom a beer which has been filtered in the brewery is known as "brewery-conditioned," as opposed to unfiltered cask ales

neg: Tom Potter (brewer) Tom Potter is the co-founder and former Chairman and CEO of Brooklyn Brewery.

neg: Benjamin Bates IV Born in Mansfield, Massachusetts, he was known later in his life as the "Mansfield Man" or "Great Mansfield," for his employment and philanthropic impact in the New England area. In the early 1830s, he moved to Bristol, Maine, and began a working residency at B. T. Loring Company before creating the Davis, Bates & Turner–a craft goods and service firm. He worked long hours at the firm often at the expense of his family life, and ushered in the early manifestations of Taylorism in industrial Maine to the praise and controversy of the public. After he sustained the Manhattan financial panic of 1873 in Maine, he became a public celebrity and created Bates, Turner & Co. Bates eventually moved to the then-booming town of Lewiston to establish the Bates Manufacturing Company and served as its president from 1850 to 1862. During the 1850s, water quality was a principal issue of the government, and the Maine State Legislature contracted Bates to build the Lewiston Water Power Company: a large mill-based enterprise that built the first canal in the city.

neg: Beer in New Jersey The production of beer in New Jersey has been in a state of recovery since Prohibition (1919-1933) and the Great Depression (1929-1945). Currently, the state has 28 licensed breweries, including a large production brewery owned by an international beverage company, Anheuser-Busch InBev, and several independent microbreweries and brewpubs. The growth of the microbreweries and brewpubs since the 1990s has been aided by the loosening of the state's licensing restrictions and strict alcohol control laws, many of which were a legacy of Prohibition.

neg: Cains Brewery Cains is a brewery in Liverpool, England, founded in 1858 by Robert Cain. The company merged with Peter Walker & Son in 1921 to form Walker Cains. Peter Walker & Son had a large brewery in Warrington so sold its Liverpool brewery to Higsons in 1923. Boddingtons of Manchester took over in 1985. In 1990 Whitbread acquired Boddington's brewing operations and closed the then Higsons Brewery in 1990. It was reopened by GB Breweries, who became part of Bryggerigruppen in 1991, and in 2002 was sold to Gardener-Shaw for £3.4 million.

neg: John Ballantine House The John Ballantine House was the home of Jeannette Boyd (1838–1919) and John Holme Ballantine (1834–1895). John was the son of Peter Ballantine, founder of the Ballantine beer brewery, and became president of the family business in 1883 after his father died. Ballantine died in 1895 of throat cancer.

neg: Beerbohm family The Beerbohm family are the descendants of Julius Ewald Edward Beerbohm (9 April 1810 – 30 August 1892), the son of Ernest Henery Beerbohm (12 May 1763 – 22 May 1838) and Henrietta Radke (1767–1855), and of Dutch, Lithuanian and German origin, who hailed from Memel (now renamed Klaipėda and the chief port of Lithuania) on the Baltic coast. He moved to England in about 1830 and set up as a corn merchant. He first married an Englishwoman, Constantia Draper (1827–1858); the couple had four children. Following her death, in 1860 he married Eliza Draper (1834–1918), Constantia's sister, and had another five children. As a deceased wife's sister, Eliza's marriage to Julius Beerbohm was celebrated outside the United Kingdom.

neg: H. & J. Pfaff Brewing Company The H. & J. Pfaff Brewing Company was a brewery founded by brothers Henry and Jacob Pfaff in 1857, in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

neg: Fulton Beer Fulton Beer is a brewery in the North Loop area of Minneapolis, USA. According to the brewery, it was founded in 2009 by friends Ryan Petz, Jim Diley, Brian Hoffman and Peter Grande, who had been homebrewing for several years out of Diley's garage in the Fulton neighborhood of South Minneapolis. The owners cite the American engineer and inventor Robert Fulton as the namesake of the brand.

neg: John Adams Sr. John Adams Sr. (February 8, 1691 – May 25, 1761) was a British colonial farmer and minister. He was the father of the second U.S. President, John Adams, and grandfather of the sixth President, John Quincy Adams. He was the son of Joseph Adams Jr. (1654-1737), the grandson of Joseph Adams Sr. (1626-1694), and the great-grandson of Henry Adams, who emigrated from Braintree, Essex, in England to Massachusetts Bay Colony in about 1638. He was also descended from John and Priscilla Alden. Adams worked as a farmer and cobbler (also called a cord-wainer or shoemaker) for most of his life.

neg: George Ludlum Hartford George Ludlum Hartford (November 7, 1864 – September 23, 1957) was the longtime Chairman and Treasurer of the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P), serving in those positions for over 40 years from 1916 until his death. He was the successor to his father, George Huntington Hartford (1832–1917) and lead the company with his younger brother, John Augustine Hartford (1872–1951). Under the terms of their father's will, the two brothers had total control of the company's voting stock as long as either was alive. "Mr. George" as he was known to distinguish him from his father, "Mr. Hartford", was considered the "financial genius" at the firm who balanced his brother, "Mr. John" who was the firm's "merchandising power". They built the chain into the world's largest retailer with annual sales of $4.5 billion in 1957 when George died. "Time Magazine" interviewed John and his brother George who were on their cover in November 1950. Wall Street Journal in an editorial on August 29, 2011 wrote "Together the brothers, neither of whom had finished high school, built what would be, for 40 years, the largest retail outlet in the world." "The New York Times" in an editorial on September 7, 2011 wrote that John and George Hartford "were among the 20th century’s most accomplished and visionary businessmen."

neg: Charles Addington Hanbury Charles Addington Hanbury (c. 1828 – 13 December 1900) was a member of the Hanbury brewing family and a master of the Brewers' Company in 1857.

neg: Robert Portner Robert Portner (1837-) was a successful grocer-turned-brewer who supplied beer to Union troops during the Civil War. Based in Alexandria, Virginia, Portner found success after the war with the Portner Brewing Company. Portner's patented a system to chill lager as well as a machine used to make ice.

neg: Abel Bliss Professorship Abel Bliss, Jr. was born on August 8, 1853. His father, Abel Bliss, Sr., was a native of Wilbraham, Mass, and was born on February 9, 1810. His mother was Lucinda Blake, a native of the Bay State and born in Springfield, October 14, 1816. He was the sixth of the seven children born into his family, and attended high school at Englewood, and afterward was a student of engineering at University of Illinois at Champaign. He was married, on February 21, 1877, to Nettie Lynk. He gave up engineering partway through his degree, due to circumstances that required him to take charge of the family farm, where he grew wealthy through his agricultural business and real estate investments. In June 1874, the University granted him a partial certificate in civil engineering. His business ventures included agriculture and real estate, and by 1929, he was a partner in the land development and oil production company of Bliss & Wetherbee. Mr. Bliss died in the mid-1930s.

neg: Cervecería Nacional Dominicana Cerveceria Nacional Dominicana (CND), is the primary beer producer in the Dominican Republic, the company is owned by AmBev and Grupo León Jimenes. It was founded in 1929 by the American entrepreneur Charles H. Wanzer. It was the first brewery in the Dominican Republic and the largest in the Antilles and Central America with sales of 3.8 million hectoliters. It first released its major brand "Presidente" in 1935, and has since expanded to other brands such as Bohemia Especial, Presidente Light and Ambar. The first two are pilsener beers that fall in the category of lager beers, and the latter is the company's first incursion into dark beer. CND also distributes Miller products and Heineken. Its current brewery complex was opened in 1951. It employs 2,500 people and produces up to 500 million liters of beer.


query: Mitan-myeon is located in what mountain region?

pos: Mitan-myeon Mitan-myeon (Hangul: 미탄면 ; Hanja:  ) is a myeon (township) in Pyeongchang county of Gangwon-do South Korea. The myeon is located in northern central part of the county. The total area of Mitan-myeon is 109.74 square kilometers, and, as of 2008, the population was 1,881 people.

pos: Pyeongchang County Pyeongchang (] ; in full, "Pyeongchang-gun" ] ; ) is a county in Gangwon province of South Korea located in the Taebaek Mountains region. It is home to several Buddhist temples, including Woljeongsa. It is approximately 180 km east of Seoul, the capital of South Korea. Pyeongchang will host the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics.

neg: Geumcheon-myeon, Cheongdo County Geumcheon-myeon is a myeon, or township, in eastern Cheongdo County, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. Geumcheon-myeon is composed of 10 subdivisions known as ri.

neg: Daemisan (Gangwon) Daemisan is a mountain in the county of Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do in South Korea. It has an elevation of 1243.4 m .

neg: Kwannam Kwannam (] ) is a traditional Korean term used to refer to the southern region of Hamgyong province, including portions of modern-day North Hamgyong and South Hamgyong, North Korea. Its literal meaning is "South of the Ridge", the ridge (Korean, "kwan")in question being Mach'ŏnnyŏng 마천령 摩天嶺. The term is no longer in common use.

neg: Seongaksan Seongaksan is a mountain of Jeollabuk-do, western South Korea. It has an elevation of 1,141 metres.

neg: Maebongsan (Wonju/Yeongwol, Gangwon-do) Maebongsan is a mountain between the county of Yeongwol and the city of Wonju, Gangwon-do in South Korea. It has an elevation of 1095 m .

neg: Daeamsan Daeamsan is a mountain in the province of Gangwon-do, South Korea. It sits on the boundary between the counties of Inje and Yanggu. Daeamsan has an elevation of 1304 m .

neg: Sojeong-myeon Sojeong-myeon () is township of Sejong City, South Korea.

neg: Samaksan Samaksan is a mountain in the city of Chuncheon, Gangwon-do in South Korea. It has an elevation of 654 m .

neg: Baekdeoksan Baekdeoksan is a mountain that sits between the counties of Yeongwol and Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do in South Korea. It has an elevation of 1350 m .

neg: Manhaengsan Manhaengsan is a mountain of Jeollabuk-do, western South Korea. It has an elevation of 910 metres.

neg: Jiyangsan Jiyangsan (Korean for Mount Jiyang ) is a mountain in Sinwol-dong, in the Yangcheon district of Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. The wooded trail on the mountain is listed as one of Seoul's "110 favorable walking locations" by the Seoul Metropolitan Government.

neg: Jakseongsan Jakseongsan is a mountain of South Korea. It has an elevation of 846 metres.

neg: Socheon-myeon Socheon-myeon (Hangeul: 소천면, Hanja: 小川面) is a myeon or a township in Bonghwa county of North Gyeongsang province in South Korea. The total area of Socheon-myeon is 264.17 square kilometers, and, as of 2006, the population was 2,519 people. Socheon-myeon is further divided into seven "ri", or small villages.

neg: Cheontaesan (Chungcheong) Cheontaesan is a South Korean mountain in the counties of Geumsan, Chungcheongnam-do and Yeongdong, Chungcheongbuk-do in South Korea. It has an elevation of 714.7 m .

neg: Bongseong-myeon Bongseong-myeon (Hangeul: 봉성면, Hanja: 鳳城面) is a myeon or a township in Bonghwa county of North Gyeongsang province in South Korea. The total area of Bongseong-myeon is 66.69 square kilometers, and, as of 2006, the population was 2,583 people. Bongseong-myeon is further divided into seven "ri", or small villages.

neg: Myohyangsan Myohyang-san ("Mysterious Fragrant Mountain") is a mountain in North Korea. It is named after the mystic shapes and fragrances found in the area. It is a sacred site as, according to legend, it was the home of King Tangun, forefather of the Korean people.

neg: Hwangbyeongsan Hwangbyeongsan is a mountain in the county of Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do in South Korea. It has an elevation of 1407.1 m .

neg: Taebaek Mountains The Taebaek Mountains are a mountain range that stretches across North Korea and South Korea. They form the main ridge of the Korean peninsula.

neg: Unmusan Unmusan is a mountain in the county of Hoengseong, Gangwon-do in South Korea. It has an elevation of 980.3 m .

neg: Hwayasan Hwayasan is a mountain in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Its area extends across Gapyeong County and Yangpyeong County. Hwayasan has an elevation of 755 m .


query: Jules Granier wrote the Easter song Hosanna, that was recorded by an Italian operatic tenor who sang to great acclaim at the major opera houses of Europe and the Americas, and was born in what year?

pos: Jules Granier Jules Granier (1770–1821) was a French composer, born in Paris, France. He wrote the Easter song "Hosanna" recorded by the Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. The song "Hosanna" describes a prayer to God, and is a hymn of praise.

pos: Enrico Caruso Enrico Caruso (] ; 25 February 1873 – 2 August 1921) was an Italian operatic tenor. He sang to great acclaim at the major opera houses of Europe and the Americas, appearing in a wide variety of roles from the Italian and French repertoires that ranged from the lyric to the dramatic. Caruso also made approximately 260 commercially released recordings from 1902 to 1920. All of these recordings, which span most of his stage career, remain available today on CDs and as downloads and digital streams.

neg: Luigi Agnesi Luigi Agnesi (17 July 1833 – 2 February 1875) was a Belgian operatic bass-baritone, conductor and composer.

neg: Sergio Franchi Sergio Franchi (April 6, 1926 – May 1, 1990), born Sergio Franci Galli, was an Italian-American tenor and actor who enjoyed success in the United States and internationally after gaining notice in Britain in the early 1960s. In 1962 RCA Victor signed him to a seven-year contract and in October of that year Franchi appeared on "The Ed Sullivan Show" and performed at New York's Carnegie Hall. Sol Hurok managed Franchi's initial American concert tour.

neg: Aroldo Lindi Aroldo Lindi, born Gustav Harald Lindau, (26 May 1888 – 8 March 1944) was a Swedish operatic tenor who enjoyed an international career, appearing at La Scala and at Covent Garden from 1925. In the United States, he appeared with the Philadelphia Grand Opera Company, the Philadelphia Civic Opera Company and the Chicago Civic Opera.

neg: Marie Wilt Marie Wilt (also Maria Vilda and Marie Liebenthaler) (30 January 1833 – 24 September 1891) was an Austrian dramatic coloratura soprano. Possessing a wide vocal range with a significant amount of power and flexibility, Wilt sang a wide repertoire that encompassed the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the German operas of Richard Wagner, the grand operas of Giuseppe Verdi, and the bel canto operas of Bellini, Rossini, and Donizetti. She sang for many years at the Vienna Hofoper (now Vienna State Opera) and for a number of seasons at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London. She notably portrayed the role of Sulamith in the world premiere of Karl Goldmark's "Die Königin von Saba" in 1875. Also a regular performer of the concert repertoire, Wilt often appeared in performances of works by Beethoven, Haydn, and Mendelssohn.

neg: Fortune Gallo Fortune Thomas Gallo (May 9, 1878 – March 28, 1970) (born Fortunato Gallo) was an Italian-born opera impresario. Gallo was owner and General Manager of the traveling San Carlo Opera Company from 1913 until its disbandment in the late 1950s.

neg: Giulia Grisi Giulia Grisi (22 May 1811 – 29 November 1869) was an Italian opera singer. She performed widely in Europe, the United States and South America and is widely considered to be one of the leading sopranos of the 19th century.

neg: Alessandro Corbelli Alessandro Corbelli (born September 21, 1952) is an Italian baritone opera singer. One of the world's pre-eminent singers specializing in Mozart and Rossini, Corbelli has sung in many major opera houses around the world and won admiration for his elegant singing style and sharp characterizations, especially in comic roles.

neg: Jean Madeira Jean Madeira, née Jean Browning (born November 14, 1918, in Centralia, Illinois; died on July 10, 1972, in Providence, Rhode Island) was an American mezzo-soprano, particularly known for her work in late-romantic German repertoire such as the operas of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.

neg: Antonietta Fricci Antonietta Fricci (born Antonie Frietsche) (8 January 1840 – 7 September 1912) was an Austrian-born opera singer known for her performances in leading soprano and mezzo-soprano roles in the opera houses of Europe. She was married to the Italian tenor Pietro Neri-Baraldi from 1863 until his death in 1902.

neg: Leo Nucci Leo Nucci (born 16 April 1942) is an Italian operatic baritone, particularly suited to Verdi roles.

neg: Mario Altéry Mario Altéry (12 September 1892 – 13 March 1974) was a French operatic tenor who performed with the Opéra de Paris and Opéra-Comique as well as singing in numerous operettas. Born in Nice, his real name was Philippe Altare.

neg: Carlotta Patti Carlotta Patti (c. 1840 – 27 June 1889) was a nineteenth-century operatic soprano and sister to famed soprano Adelina Patti. Various sources list her birth year as 1835, 1840, and 1842. Born into a musical family, Patti studied the piano in her youth before following her younger sister's inclination toward singing. As a child, Carlotta developed a handicap which caused a noticeable limp in her walk. Due to this condition she mostly avoided operatic performances and preferred to sing on the concert stage. While not able to achieve her sister's level of acclaim, Carlotta nonetheless received top billing in concerts in the United States of America, Great Britain, and Australia. She was known for her extensive vocal range, reportedly being able to reach a G sharp in altissimo. She often sang songs such as "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen" that highlighted this extensive range. Carlotta Patti died of cancer in Paris on 27 June 1889.

neg: Sofia Scalchi Sofia Scalchi (November 29, 1850 – August 22, 1922) was an Italian operatic contralto who could also sing in the mezzo-soprano range. Her career was international, and she appeared at leading theatres in both Europe and America.

neg: Raffaele Cardone Raffaele Cardone (born 1934) is an Italian-born operatic tenor and the founder and Artistic Director of Miami Lyric Opera.

neg: Luigi Infantino Luigi Infantino (] ; 24 April 1921 – 22 June 1991) was an Italian operatic tenor, particularly associated with the lyric Italian and French repertories.

neg: Dina Barberini Dina Barberini (17 March 1862 - 26 December 1932) was an Italian operatic soprano who had an active international career from the 1880s into the early part of the 20th century. She later embarked on a second career as a voice teacher.

neg: Virginia Mariani Campolieti Virginia Mariani Campolieti (born 4 December 1869, d. 1941) was an Italian pianist, orchestra conductor and composer. She was born in Genoa, Italy, and studied piano at the Liceo Musicale Rossini in Pesaro with Mario Vitale and Luigi Torchi, graduating in 1892. She conducted some of her opera performances. She composed "Dal sogno alla vita", opera.

neg: Gottardo Aldighieri Gottardo Aldighieri (6 January 1824 – 11 May 1906) was an Italian operatic baritone who had a major opera career in Italy from 1858 to 1885. He possessed a powerful and beautiful voice and appeared on the stages of most of Italy's great opera houses. He sang a broad repertoire which encompassed works by Italian, French, and German composers. His vocal range was wide, which enabled him to tackle some tenor roles during his career, although he mostly stayed within the baritone repertory. The composer Luigi Arditi devoted his famous waltz song, "Il bacio", to him. He was married to the soprano Maria Spezia-Aldighieri, who also had an important opera career in Italy. He is the great grandfather of singer George Aaron.

neg: Dominic Cossa Dominic Cossa (born May 13, 1935) is an American operatic lyric baritone particularly associated with the Italian and French repertoire.

neg: Charles Aznavour Charles Aznavour ( ; ] ; born Shahnour Vaghinag Aznavourian, Armenian: Շահնուր Վաղինակ Ազնավուրեան ; 22 May 1924) is a French, later naturalised Armenian, singer, songwriter, actor, public activist and diplomat. Aznavour is known for his unique tenor voice: clear and ringing in its upper reaches, with gravelly and profound low notes. In a career spanning over 80 years, he has written more than 800 songs. On disc, he recorded more than 1,200 songs, sung in eight languages.


query: What year was Jet Li's replacement in "Once Upon a Time in China and America" born?

pos: Once Upon a Time in China and America Once Upon a Time in China and America, also known as Once Upon a Time in China VI, is a 1997 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Lau Kar-wing and Sammo Hung in his last directorial effort until "The Bodyguard", who also worked on the film's fight choreography. The film is the sixth and final installment in the "Once Upon a Time in China" film series. It also saw the return of Jet Li as Chinese folk hero Wong Fei-hung, who was replaced by Vincent Zhao in the fourth and fifth films. The film was released in the Hong Kong on 1 February 1997.

pos: Vincent Zhao Vincent Zhao Wenzhuo (born 10 April 1972), sometimes credited as Vincent Chiu or Chiu Man-cheuk, is a Chinese actor and martial artist. Zhao is best known for playing the Chinese folk hero Wong Fei-hung in the "Once Upon a Time in China" film and television series.

neg: Alicia Coppola Alicia Coppola (born April 12, 1968) is an American television and film actress.

neg: Tzi Ma Tzi Ma (; born June 10, 1962) is a Hong Kong-American character actor who has made numerous appearances in American films and television series including "Dante's Peak, Rush Hour, 24", and "The Man in the High Castle."

neg: The One (2001 film) The One is a 2001 American science fiction-martial arts film written and directed by James Wong and starring Jet Li, Delroy Lindo, Jason Statham and Carla Gugino. The film was released in the United States on November 2, 2001.

neg: Tommy Chong Thomas B. Kin Chong (born May 24, 1938) is a Canadian-American comedian, actor, writer, and cannabis rights activist who is known for his marijuana-themed Cheech & Chong comedy albums and movies with Cheech Marin, as well as playing the character Leo on Fox's "That '70s Show". He became a naturalized United States citizen in the late 1980s.

neg: Wang Luoyong Wang Luoyong (王洛勇) is an actor from China who appeared in American films. He first appeared in "" as Grandmaster Yip Man. He had recently appeared in CCTV's "The Legend of Bruce Lee" as Shao Ruhai, a master of Hung Ga and the first to train Bruce Lee (played by Danny Chan). His character "Shao Ruhai" is semi-based on James Yimm Lee. He is also the first Chinese Broadway singer.

neg: Jackie Rice Jacqueline Sobreo Rice, (born on April 27, 1990 in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines), better known by her screen name Jackie Rice, is a Filipino-American actress, television personality and commercial model.

neg: Julie Warner Juliet Mia "Julie" Warner (born February 9, 1965) is an American actress.

neg: Bruce Lee Lee Jun-fan (; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973), known professionally as Bruce Lee, was a Hong Kong and American actor, film director, martial artist, martial arts instructor, philosopher and founder of the martial art Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-chuen. He is widely considered by commentators, critics, media, and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists of all time, and a pop culture icon of the 20th century. He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films.

neg: Ron Yuan Ronald Winston "Ron" Yuan (born February 20, 1973) is an American actor, voice actor, martial artist, action director, director and stunt choreographer. He is known for his roles on Sons of Anarchy, Prison Break, Golden Boy, and . He also supplied the voice of Sgt. Fideltin Rusk in the video game series .

neg: Tony Amendola Tony Amendola (born August 24, 1951) is an American actor who is best known for playing the Jaffa master Bra'tac in "Stargate SG-1". Amendola is also known for his recurring role as revolutionary leader Edouard Kagame of Liber8 in the television show "Continuum". He is currently playing a character on ABC's "Once Upon a Time" as Pinocchio's creator/father, Geppetto.

neg: Xue Xiaolu Xue Xiaolu is a Chinese film director and screenwriter. Her first major feature was 2010's "Ocean Heaven", which stars in Jet Li, and this was followed by 2013's "Finding Mr. Right", starring Tang Wei and Wu Xiubo. Xue is also a teacher at the Beijing Film Academy, and has been a volunteer for 14 years with Beijing Stars and Rain, a non-governmental educational organization for autistic children.

neg: Cindy Cheung (actress) Cindy Cheung (born January 27, 1970) is an American actress of Chinese descent. She is a founding member of Mr. Miyagi's Theatre Company and she has an MFA in Acting from the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. She is the best known for playing the role of Young-Soon Choi in "Lady in the Water" and Elaine Cheng in "Children of Invention".

neg: Ping Wu Ping Wu (born May 16, 1956) is an American television and film actor.

neg: Lia Chang Lia Chang (born 29 September 1963) is an American actress, journalist, and photographer. After beginning her career modeling and acting in New York and on tour, Chang added parallel careers as a portrait and botanical photographer and journalist.

neg: Frankie Huang Frankie Huang (born March 22, 1981) is a Taiwanese actor and television host.

neg: Li Xuejian Li Xuejian (born July 7, 1954) is a Chinese actor. He is played the role Song Jiang in "The Water Margin", a 1998 television series adapted from the Chinese classical novel of the same title.

neg: Kong Lin Kong Lin () (born 5 January 1969), also known as Kong Ling (), is a mainland Chinese actress, television series and movie producer, art director, and semi-rock-pop singer. Born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang she now lives in Beijing, Jilin.

neg: Yuan Yuan (actor) Yuan Yuan (born Yuan Chengyi on 31 July 1953) is a Chinese actor, director and producer.

neg: Michelle Krusiec Michelle J. Krusiec (; born October 2, 1974) is a Taiwanese American actress, writer and producer.

neg: Al Leong Albert "Al" Leong (born September 30, 1952), aka Al "Ka Bong", is an American stuntman and actor. Characterized by his impressive martial arts skills (including Northern Shaolin Kung Fu, Tae Kwon Do, Kali,& Jujutsu), long wavy hair, and a prominent Fu Manchu moustache, he has had a number of small but memorable roles as a henchman in some of the most popular action films (which usually resulted in his character's death), including "Lethal Weapon" and "Die Hard". He also collaborated with director John Carpenter in "Big Trouble in Little China" and "They Live". Such appearances in many action films have garnered him a cult following. He is also known for his role in "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure", as Genghis Khan.


query: Icons of Evolution was written by a professor who was devoted to destroying what theory?

pos: Icons of Evolution Icons of Evolution is a book by Jonathan Wells, an intelligent design advocate and fellow of the Discovery Institute, in which Wells criticized the paradigm of evolution by attacking how it is taught. The book includes a 2002 video companion. In 2000, Wells summarized the book's contents in an article in the "American Spectator". Several of the scientists whose work is sourced in the book have written rebuttals to Wells, stating that they were quoted out of context, that their work has been misrepresented, or that it does not imply Wells' conclusions.

pos: Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate) John Corrigan "Jonathan" Wells (born 1942) is an American molecular biologist, author and advocate of the pseudoscientific argument of intelligent design. Wells joined the Unification Church in 1974, and subsequently wrote that the teachings of church founder Sun Myung Moon, his own studies at the Unification Theological Seminary and his prayers convinced him to devote his life to "destroying Darwinism." The term "Darwinism" is often used by intelligent design proponents to refer to the scientific consensus on evolution. He gained a PhD in religious studies at Yale University in 1986, then became Director of the Unification Church’s inter-religious outreach organization in New York City. In 1989, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in molecular and cellular biology in 1994. He became a member of several scientific associations and has published in academic journals.

neg: Stuart Kauffman Stuart Alan Kauffman (born September 28, 1939) is an American medical doctor, theoretical biologist, and complex systems researcher who studies the origin of life on Earth. He was a professor the University of Chicago, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Calgary. He is currently emeritus professor of biochemistry at the University of Pennsylvania and affiliate faculty at the Institute for Systems Biology. He has a number of awards including a MacArthur Fellowship and a Wiener Medal.

neg: Walter Alvarez Walter Alvarez (born October 3, 1940) is a professor in the Earth and Planetary Science department at the University of California, Berkeley. He is most widely known for the theory that dinosaurs were killed by an asteroid impact, developed in collaboration with his father, Nobel Prize winning physicist Luis Alvarez.

neg: Stephen F. Eisenman Stephen F. Eisenman (born 1956) is a professor of art history at Northwestern University, a widely published writer and critic, a curator and an activist who has campaigned against U.S. sanctioned torture, long-term solitary confinement and animal abuse.

neg: Ronald Fisher Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher FRS (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962), who published as R. A. Fisher, was a British statistician and biologist who used mathematics to combine Mendelian genetics and natural selection. This contributed to the revival of Darwinism in the early 20th century revision of the theory of evolution known as the modern synthesis.

neg: Felix Adler (professor) Felix Adler (August 13, 1851 – April 24, 1933) was a German American professor of political and social ethics, rationalist, influential lecturer on euthanasia, religious leader and social reformer who founded the Ethical Culture movement.

neg: Joseph Kerman Joseph Wilfred Kerman (April 3, 1924 – March 17, 2014) was an American critic and musicologist. One of the leading musicologists of his generation, his 1985 book "Contemplating Music: Challenges to Musicology" (published in the UK as "Musicology") was described by Philip Brett in "The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians" as "a defining moment in the field." He was Professor Emeritus of Musicology at the University of California, Berkeley.

neg: Charles Hubbard Judd Charles Hubbard Judd (February 20, 1873 – July 18, 1946) was an American educational psychologist who played an influential role in the formation of the discipline. Part of the larger scientific movement of this period, Judd pushed for the use of scientific methods to the understanding of education and, thus, wanted to limit the use of theory in the field.

neg: Wedge strategy The wedge strategy is a political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the pseudoscientific intelligent design movement. The strategy was put forth in a Discovery Institute manifesto known as the Wedge Document, which describes a broad social, political, and academic agenda whose ultimate goal is to defeat materialism, naturalism, evolution, and "reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions." The strategy also aims to affirm what it calls "God's reality." Its goal is to change American culture by shaping public policy to reflect conservative Christian, namely evangelical Protestant, values. The wedge metaphor is attributed to Phillip E. Johnson and depicts a metal wedge splitting a log to represent an aggressive public relations program to create an opening for the supernatural in the public's understanding of science.

neg: Theodore Jennings Theodore W. Jennings (Ted Jennings) is an American scholar, theologian and author. He is Professor of Biblical and Constructive Theology at the United Church of Christ's Chicago Theological Seminary, where he has previously served as Acting Academic Dean. Jennings has gained a notoriety for his work on Ritual Studies, the Messianic politics of Pauline discourse, and theological engagement with the work of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Jacques Derrida.

neg: Darwiniana Darwiniana is a collection of essays by botanist Asa Gray. The articles both defended the theory of evolution from the standpoint of botany, and sought reconciliation with theology by arguing theistic evolution, that natural selection is not inconsistent with Christianity.

neg: Peter Kreeft Peter John Kreeft ( ; born 16 March 1937 in Paterson, New Jersey) is a professor of philosophy at Boston College and The King's College. He is the author of numerous books as well as a popular writer of Christian philosophy, theology and apologetics. He also formulated, together with Ronald K. Tacelli, SJ, "Twenty Arguments for the Existence of God".

neg: Victor Papanek Victor Joseph Papanek (22 November 1923 – 10 January 1998) was a designer and educator who became a strong advocate of the socially and ecologically responsible design of products, tools, and community infrastructures. He disapproved of manufactured products that were unsafe, showy, maladapted, or essentially useless. His products, writings, and lectures were collectively considered an example and inspired many designers. Papanek was a philosopher of design and as such he was an untiring, eloquent promoter of design aims and approaches that would be sensitive to social and ecological considerations. He wrote that "design has become the most powerful tool with which man shapes his tools and environments (and, by extension, society and himself).

neg: Ben M. Bogard Benjamin Marcus "Ben" Bogard (March 9, 1868 – May 29, 1951) was an American Baptist clergyman, author, editor, educator, radio broadcaster, and champion debater in primarily the U.S. state of Arkansas. In 1924, Bogard founded the American Baptist Association, commonly called the Missionary Baptist denomination, based in Texarkana, Texas. In 1928, Bogard successfully pushed for an Arkansas state law which banned the teaching of the theory of evolution in public schools; the law was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1968, seventeen years after Bogard's death.

neg: Charles Lane Poor Charles Lane Poor (January 18, 1866 – September 27, 1951) was an American astronomy professor, noted for his opposition to Einstein's theory of relativity.

neg: Eugenie Scott Eugenie Carol Scott (born October 24, 1945) is an American physical anthropologist, a former university professor and educator who has been active in opposing the teaching of young earth creationism and intelligent design in schools.

neg: Lawrence B. Slobodkin Lawrence B. (Larry) Slobodkin (June 22, 1928 in The Bronx – September 12, 2009 in Old Field, New York) was an American ecologist and Professor Emeritus at the Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, State University of New York. He was one of the leading pioneers of modern ecology. His innovative thinking and research, provocative teaching, and visionary leadership helped transform ecology into a modern science, with deep links to evolution.

neg: Kurt Johnson (entomologist) Kurt Johnson (born 1946) is an American entomologist who is also a recognized figure in comparative religion and consciousness studies. His scientific career began while he was a Christian monk, during which time he completed his doctoral studies in evolution and ecology. He is known in science for his writing on taxonomy, evolution and ecology (especially about butterflies) and in particular for his published research and popular writing on the scientific career of famous Russian–American novelist and lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov. His book "Nabokov's Blues" (co-authored with journalist S. Coates) was named a "top 10 book in science" in 2000 at the "Washington Post", "Library Journal", "Booklist" and "HMS Beagle".

neg: Project Steve Project Steve is a list of scientists with the given name Stephen/Steven or a variation thereof (e.g., Stephanie, Stefan, Esteban, etc.) who "support evolution". It was originally created by the National Center for Science Education as a "tongue-in-cheek parody" of creationist attempts to collect a list of scientists who "doubt evolution," such as the Answers in Genesis' list of scientists who accept the biblical account of the Genesis creation narrative or the Discovery Institute's "A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism". The list pokes fun at such endeavors to make it clear that, "We did not wish to mislead the public into thinking that scientific issues are decided by who has the longer list of scientists!" It also honors Stephen Jay Gould.

neg: Dean H. Kenyon Dean H. Kenyon (born c. 1939) is Professor Emeritus of Biology at San Francisco State University, a young Earth creationist, and one of the instigators of the intelligent design movement. He is the author of "Biochemical Predestination".

neg: Dean Falk Dean Falk (born June 25, 1944) is an American academic Neuroanthropologist who specializes in the evolution of the brain and cognition in higher primates. She is a Professor of Anthropology at Florida State University.


query: Where is the organization located which Stephen M. Schwebel served from 1997-2000?

pos: Stephen M. Schwebel Stephen Myron Schwebel (born March 10, 1929), is an American jurist, counsel and independent arbitrator. He serves as President of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal and as a member of the U.S. national group at the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Previously, he served as President of the International Monetary Fund Administrative Tribunal (1994–2010), as President of the International Court of Justice (1997–2000), as Vice President of the International Court of Justice (1994–1997) and as Judge of the International Court of Justice (1981–2000). Prior to his tenure on the World Court, Judge Schwebel served as Deputy Legal Adviser to the U.S. Department of State (1974–1981) and as Assistant Legal Adviser to the U.S. Dept. of State (1961–1967). He has also served as a professor of law at Harvard Law School (1959–1961) and Johns Hopkins University (1967–1981). Judge Schwebel is noted for his expansive opinions in momentous cases such as "Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons", " Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua" and " Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America)".

pos: International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice (French: "Cour internationale de justice" ; commonly referred to as the World Court, ICJ or The Hague) is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations (UN). Seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, the court settles legal disputes submitted to it by states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.

neg: Online Film Critics Society The Online Film Critics Society (OFCS) is an international professional association of online film journalists, historians and scholars who publish their work on the World Wide Web. The organization was founded in January 1997 by Harvey Karten, an early online critic who discovered that membership in the New York Film Critics Circle was open only to journalists working for newspapers and magazines. Online critics have generally found it difficult to gain acceptance for their work, and one role of the OFCS is to provide professional recognition to the most productive and successful online critics.

neg: Krell Institute Krell Institute is a 501(3)(c) corporation located in Ames, Iowa near Iowa State University. The organization was founded in 1997 in support of the US Department of Energy's Computational Science Graduate Fellowship program (CSGF), and has since grown to include a number of other US government contracts towards its mission of serving the science, technology, and education communities.

neg: American Council of the Blind The American Council of the Blind (ACB) is a nationwide organization in the United States. It is an organization mainly made up of blind and visually impaired people who want to achieve independence and equality (although there are many sighted members with common aims).

neg: Center for Strategic and International Studies The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is an American think tank based in Washington, D.C., in the United States. CSIS was founded as the "Center for Strategic and International Studies" of Georgetown University in 1962. The center conducts policy studies and strategic analyses of political, economic and security issues throughout the world, with a specific focus on issues concerning international relations, trade, technology, finance, energy and geostrategy.

neg: South Carolina Commission for the Blind The South Carolina Commission for the Blind (SCCB) is a government agency in the United States of America in the state of South Carolina.

neg: South Carolina State University South Carolina State University (often referred to as SCSU or SC State) is a four-year historically black university located in Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States. It is the only state funded, historically black land-grant institution in South Carolina, is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS).

neg: Illinois Police Reserves The Illinois Police Reserves is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Chicago, Illinois providing auxiliary police services to suburban Chicago communities.

neg: United States Energy Association The United States Energy Association (USEA) is the U.S. Member Committee of the World Energy Council. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., USEA is an association of public and private energy-related organizations, corporations, and government agencies.

neg: Center for Effective Government The Center for Effective Government, formerly OMB Watch, was a liberal think tank and advocacy group based in Washington, D.C. It was focused on government transparency. Founded in 1983, the organization ceased operations in 2016, folding its work into the Project On Government Oversight.

neg: International Society for Bipolar Disorders The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) is a non-profit organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where it was founded June 17, 1999. The society focuses on research and education in bipolar disorders.

neg: Organization for International Economic Relations The Organization for International Economic Relations ("OiER") (in German: "Organisation für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen") is based in Vienna, Austria and is a non-profit, non-governmental global network that focuses on building partnerships and identifying trends in a global context and in addressing key future-oriented issues in areas of sustainability, innovation, communication, environment, energy and mobility.

neg: Silicon Valley Leadership Group The Silicon Valley Leadership Group (SVLG) is a non-profit advocacy group in Silicon Valley, California, in the United States. Its members are businesses that operate in the valley and its purpose is to influence public policy relating to the valley.

neg: Kansas Health Foundation The Kansas Health Foundation (KHF) is a nonprofit organization based in Wichita, Kansas (USA), but is statewide in its focus and grantmaking abilities. Its mission is to improve public health and wellness throughout Kansas. Through grantmaking, the foundation works to "improve the health of all Kansans by promoting health and wellness in schools, neighborhoods and workplaces; to grow leaders in communities; inspire decision makers; and act as a voice for healthy public policy in Kansas for generations."

neg: Louisiana Bucket Brigade The Louisiana Bucket Brigade is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit environmental health and justice organization based in New Orleans, Louisiana. Founded in 2000, the organization works with communities neighboring state oil refineries and chemical plants to address air quality issues.

neg: Capital Research Center Capital Research Center (CRC) is an American conservative non-profit organization located in Washington, D.C. and founded in 1984 by Willa Johnson "to study non-profit organizations, with a special focus on reviving the American traditions of charity, philanthropy, and voluntarism." The group opposes the growth of government-welfare programs and promotes private sector alternatives. It discourages donations by corporations to non-profits supporting what it sees as anti-business or liberal policies. The Capital Research Center is sometimes described as right wing or as being part of the New Right.

neg: Mississippi Heritage Trust The Mississippi Heritage Trust (MHT) was established in 1992 as a non-profit preservation organization in the state of Mississippi. Its mission is to save and renew places meaningful to Mississippians and their history, which is accomplished by education, advocacy, and preservation. MHT is supported by private resources that include special funding events, membership fees, grants, and gifts. MHT is governed by a Board of Trustees, with day-to-day operation under the guidance of an Executive Director and staff located in Jackson, Mississippi.

neg: US Human Rights Network The US Human Rights Network (USHRN) is a national network composed of over 200 self-identified grassroots human rights organizations and over 700 individuals working to strengthen what they regard as the protection of human rights in the United States. The organization seeks "to challenge the pernicious belief that the United States is inherently superior to other countries of the world, and that neither the U.S. government nor the U.S. rights movements have anything to gain from the domestic application of human rights." Members include organizers, lawyers, policy groups, educators, researchers, and scholars. The US Human Rights Network is currently headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.

neg: Potomac Conference of Seventh-day Adventists The Potomac Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the State of Virginia, and the Washington Metropolitan Area in the United States. Its headquarters are in Staunton, Virginia. It is a part of the Columbia Union Conference, which is one of the Unions within the North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists.

neg: Misaskim Misaskim (Hebrew: מתעסקים  "Mit'asḳim", attendants, a term used for members of a "Chevra Kadisha" (Jewish burial society); pronounced "Misaskim" in Ashkenazi Hebrew) is an American Orthodox Jewish not-for-profit organization founded in 2004 that provides services for the care of the dead and the needs and conveniences of mourners in accordance to Jewish law and custom. Misaskim also provides help during situations of crisis. Misaskim is directed by Rabbi Yankie (Jack) Meyer, one of the organization's founders, and by Rabbi Meir Weill. In January 2017, Rabbi Yosef C. Golding, formerly COO of Agudath Israel of America, was hired as Executive Director.

neg: Saylor Foundation The Saylor Foundation (under its legal name, The Constitution Foundation) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization headquartered in Washington, DC. It was established in 1999 by its sole trustee, Michael J. Saylor, who is Chairman, CEO, and President of the business intelligence company MicroStrategy. Since 2008, the focus of the foundation has been its Free Education Initiative which has led to the creation of 241 courses representing 10 of the highest enrollment majors in the US. Saylor is the author of the 2012 book, "", which extols the open education movement.


query: What Dmitri Shostakovich opera (Opus 29) was attacked under direct orders from Joseph Stalin?

pos: Symphony No. 4 (Shostakovich) Dmitri Shostakovich composed his Symphony No. 4 in C minor, Opus 43, between September 1935 and May 1936, after abandoning some preliminary sketch material. In January 1936, halfway through this period, "Pravda"—under direct orders from Joseph Stalin—published an editorial "Muddle Instead of Music" that denounced the composer and targeted his opera "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk". Despite this attack, and despite the oppressive political climate of the time, Shostakovich completed the symphony and planned its premiere for December 1936 in Leningrad. After rehearsals began, the orchestra's management cancelled the performance, offering a statement that Shostakovich had withdrawn the work. He may have agreed to withdraw it to relieve orchestra officials of responsibility. The symphony was premiered on 30 December 1961 by the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra led by Kirill Kondrashin.

pos: Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (opera) Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (Russian: "Леди Макбет Мценского уезда" , or "Ledi Makbet Mtsenskogo uyezda") is an opera in four acts and nine scenes by Dmitri Shostakovich, his Opus 29. The libretto, jointly written by Alexander Preys and the composer, is based on the novel of the same name by Nikolai Leskov. (The opera is incorrectly named "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk" on several commercial CD and DVD recordings.)

neg: Genoveva Genoveva, Op. 81, is an opera in four acts by Robert Schumann in the genre of German Romanticism with a libretto by Robert Reinick and the composer. The only opera Schumann ever wrote, it received its first performance on 25 June 1850 at the Stadttheater in Leipzig, with the composer conducting. It received only three performances during the premiere, and the negative criticism it received in the press played a decisive role in Schumann's decision to not write a second opera.

neg: Anti-Katyn Anti-Katyn (Polish: "Anty-Katyń" , Russian: Анти-Катынь ) is a propaganda campaign intended to reduce the impact of the Katyn massacre of 1940 — when approximately 22,000 Polish citizens were murdered by the NKVD on the orders of Joseph Stalin — by referencing the deaths of thousands of Russian and Red Army soldiers at Polish internment camps from 1919–1924.

neg: The Idiot (opera) The Idiot (Op.144, 1985), is a Russian-language opera by Mieczyslaw Weinberg after Dostoyevsky's novel of the same name. The piece was given its world premiere at the National Theatre Mannheim, on 9 May 2013, conducted by Thomas Sanderling, followed by a recording on Pan Classics.

neg: Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee The Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC, Russian: Еврейский антифашистский комитет "Yevreysky antifashistsky komitet", ЕАК) was organized by the Jewish Bund (labor union) leaders Henryk Erlich and Victor Alter, upon an initiative of Soviet authorities, in fall 1941; both were released from prison in connection with their participation. Following their re-arrest, in December 1941, the Committee was reformed on Joseph Stalin's order in Kuibyshev in April 1942 with the official support of the Soviet authorities. It was designed to influence international public opinion and organize political and material support for the Soviet fight against Nazi Germany, particularly from the West. In 1952, as part of the persecution of Jews in the last year part of Stalin's rule (for example, the "Doctors' plot"), most prominent members of the JAC were arrested on trumped-up spying charges, tortured, tried in secret proceedings, and executed in the basement of Lubyanka Prison. Stalin and elements of the KGB were worried about their influence and connections with the West. They were officially rehabilitated in 1988.

neg: Karlštejn (opera) Karlštejn (1916) is an opera by Czech composer Vítězslav Novák, a pupil of Dvořák. It was the composer's second opera and written with nationalist intentions during World War I. The plot is based on Jaroslav Vrchlický's drama of the same name. It was moderately successful and performed over 70 times in Prague.

neg: Historia von D. Johann Fausten (opera) Historia von D. Johann Fausten is an opera by the Russian composer Alfred Schnittke (1934-1998) in three acts, with introduction and epilogue to the German libretto by Jörg Morgener (Jürgen Köchel) and Alfred Schnittke after the anonymous prose book of the same name (published by Johannes Spies in 1587).

neg: The Gadfly Suite The Gadfly Suite, Op. 97a, is a suite for orchestra arranged from the composition by Dmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975) for the 1955 Soviet film "The Gadfly", based on the novel of the same name by Ethel Lilian Voynich (1864–1960).

neg: Solomon Mikhoels Solomon (Shloyme) Mikhoels (Yiddish: שלמה מיכאעלס , Russian: Cоломон (Шлойме) Михоэлс , 16 March [O.S. 4 March] 1890 – 13 January 1948) was a Soviet Jewish actor and the artistic director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater. Mikhoels served as the chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee during World War II. However, as Joseph Stalin pursued an increasingly anti-Semitic line after the War, Mikhoels's position as a leader of the Jewish community led to increasing persecution from the Soviet state. In 1948, Mikhoels was murdered on the orders of Stalin and his body was run over to create the impression of a traffic accident.

neg: Stalin (disambiguation) Joseph Stalin (1878–1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953.

neg: Orango (Shostakovich) Orango is an unfinished satirical opera sketched in 1932 by Dmitri Shostakovich. The manuscript was found by Olga Digonskaya, a Russian musicologist, in the Glinka Museum, Moscow in 2004. The plan was for a prologue and three acts but only about a quarter of the "Prologue" was sketched.

neg: Daphne (opera) Daphne, Op.82, is an opera in one act by Richard Strauss, subtitled "Bucolic Tragedy in One Act". The German libretto was by Joseph Gregor. The opera is based loosely on the mythological figure Daphne from Ovid's "Metamorphoses" and includes elements taken from "The Bacchae" by Euripides. The opera premiered at the Semperoper in Dresden on 15 October 1938, originally intended as a double bill with Strauss' "Friedenstag", but as the scale of "Daphne" grew, that idea was abandoned. The conductor of the first performance was Karl Böhm, to whom the opera was dedicated.

neg: Servilia (opera) Servilia (Russian: Сервилия , "Serviliya", the name of a main character), is an opera in five acts by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The work was completed in 1901, and was first performed in 1902 in St. Petersburg, Russia. The composer wrote the libretto, which is based on the drama by Lev Alexandrovich Mey. The story is set in Ancient Rome during Nero's reign.

neg: Isaac Schwartz Isaac Iosifovich Schwartz (Russian: Исаак Иосифович Шварц ; 13 May 1923 – 27 December 2009), also known as Isaak Shvarts, was a Soviet composer.

neg: Violin Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich) The Violin Concerto No. 2 in C sharp minor, Opus 129, was Dmitri Shostakovich's last concerto. He wrote it in the spring of 1967 as an early 60th birthday present for its dedicatee, David Oistrakh. It was premiered unofficially in Bolshevo, near Moscow, on 13 September 1967, and officially on 26 September by Oistrakh and the Moscow Philharmonic under Kirill Kondrashin in Moscow.

neg: Quatre études (Stravinsky) Quatre études, pour orchestre (English: Four Studies, for Orchestra ) is a collection of arrangements of works by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. This composition was finished in 1928 and premiered in Berlin in 1930 by Ernest Ansermet. It was revised afterwards in 1952.

neg: Dead Souls (opera) Dead Souls («Мёртвые души») is a 1976 Russian-language opera in three acts by Rodion Shchedrin based on the verse-novel "Dead Souls" by Gogol, to a libretto by the composer. It was premiered at the Kirov in 1977, and overseas in Boston in 1988.

neg: Johannes Raudmets Johannes Raudmets (also known as Ivan Ivanovich Raudmets) (January 1, 1892 – September 9, 1937) was an Estonian Soviet Komdiv (division commander). He fought in the Imperial Russian Army in World War I before going over to the Bolsheviks in the subsequent civil war. He was a recipient of the Order of the Red Banner. During the Great Purge, he was arrested on June 11, 1937 and later executed. Some sources give the date of his execution as August 25, 1937. After the death of Joseph Stalin, he was rehabilitated in 1966.

neg: Anna Karenina (Carlson) Anna Karenina is an opera in two acts by American composer David Carlson, based on the novel "Anna Karenina" by Leo Tolstoy, commissioned by Florida Grand Opera to celebrate the 2007 opening of the Ziff Ballet Opera House at the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, co-commissioned by Opera Theatre of Saint Louis. The libretto is by British director Colin Graham, originally contemplated for Benjamin Britten's opera commissioned by the Bolshoi Theatre (the project was cancelled by the British after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia). Graham was to have directed the original production; after his death only weeks before the opera's opening night, the direction was taken over by Mark Streshinsky. The opera is in two acts with a prologue and an epilogue, lasting just over two hours.

neg: Iron Foundry Factory: machine-music (Russian: Завод: музыка машин , "Zavod: muzyka mashin "), Op. 19, commonly referred to as the Iron Foundry, is the most well-known work by Soviet composer Alexander Mosolov and a prime example of Soviet futurist music. It was composed between 1926 and 1927 as the first movement of the ballet suite "Stal" ("Steel"). The remaining movements of "Steel", "In Prison," "At the Ball," and "On the Square" have been lost, and "Iron Foundry" is performed today as a standalone orchestral episode.

neg: Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa (German: "Unternehmen Barbarossa") was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, starting Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.


query: Who was born first Rémi Lange or Max Reinhardt?

pos: Rémi Lange Rémi Lange (born 4 February 1969 in Gennevilliers, Hauts-de-Seine) is a French film director. Lange's films have mostly been released directly to video, except "Omelette" (1998) where he filmed his own coming out, and its sequel "Les Yeux brouillés" (2000), which both had general cinematic release in France. His films have been shown and have won awards at film festivals around the world.

pos: Max Reinhardt Max Reinhardt (September 9, 1873 – October 30, 1943) was an Austrian-born American theatre and film director, intendant, and theatrical producer. With his innovative stage productions, he is regarded as one of the most prominent directors of German-language theatre in the early 20th century. In 1920, he established the Salzburg Festival with the performance of Hofmannsthal's "Jedermann".

neg: Max Rowley (cyclist) Max Rowley (29 May 1923 - 12 August 1987) was an Australian racing cyclist.

neg: Darren Lange Darren Niel Lange (born 5 August 1971), from Toowoomba, Australia is a former freestyle swimming champion. He competed in the Australian Olympic trials on three occasions to qualify for an Australian Team but fell short, although in 1991 he qualified for the World Championship Team. Darren went on to represent Australia on eleven national teams including the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Two years later Darren achieved gold and silver medals at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, Canada.

neg: Max Blümich Reinhold Max Blümich (Bluemich) (3 November 1886 – 23 February 1942, Falkenberg/Elster) was a German chess master and editor.

neg: Remady & Manu-L Remady & Manu-L is a Swiss deep house duo consisting of Manu-L (born: Emanuel Gut) and Remady (born: Marc Würgler; 12 December 1977).

neg: Fritz Müller Johann Friedrich Theodor Müller (31 March 1821 – 21 May 1897), better known as Fritz Müller, and also as Müller-Desterro, was a German biologist who emigrated to southern Brazil, where he lived in and near the German community of Blumenau, Santa Catarina. There he studied the natural history of the Atlantic forest south of São Paulo, and was an early advocate of Darwinism. He lived in Brazil for the rest of his life. Müllerian mimicry is named after him.

neg: Thomas Lange Thomas Lange (born 27 February 1964) is a German rower who won two gold and one bronze Olympic medals in the single sculls.

neg: Joseph Reinhardt Joseph "Nin-Nin" Reinhardt (1912-1982) was the younger brother of the famous jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt and played rhythm guitar on most of Django's pre-war recordings, especially those with the Paris-based Quintette du Hot Club de France between 1934 and 1939. From 1943 onwards he also made recordings in his on right which show him to be a gypsy jazz stylist of some distinction and with his own guitar voice somewhat distinct from Django's. He was an early pioneer of the amplified jazz guitar in France and performed for years on a home-made instrument of his own design.

neg: Max Sailer Max Sailer (20 December 1882 – 5 February 1964) was a German racecar driver.

neg: German Masters (golf) The German Masters was a European Tour men's professional golf tournament played in Germany and hosted and promoted by Germany's most successful golfer Bernhard Langer and his brother Erwin.

neg: Mitch Rein Mitch Rein (born 26 April 1990 in Kiama, New South Wales) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who currently plays for the Penrith Panthers of National Rugby League. Rein plays in the hooker position, and previously played for the St. George Illawarra Dragons.

neg: Georgy Langemak Georgy Erikhovich Langemak (Russian: Георгий Эрихович Лангемак ) (26 June (N.S. 8 July) 1898–11 January 1938) was a Soviet rocket designer of German/Swiss background.

neg: Arthur Reinhardt Arthur Reinhardt (17 April 1893 – 16 December 1973) was a German actor. He appeared in more than sixty films from 1927 to 1955.

neg: Klaus Lange Klaus Lange (born September 14, 1939) is a former West German handball player who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics.

neg: Reinhard Schmitz Reinhard Schmitz (born 9 June 1951) is a former professional German footballer.

neg: Claudia Reinhardt Claudia Reinhardt (born 1964) is a contemporary German photographer. She lives and works in Norway and Berlin.

neg: Mathias Lauridsen Mathias Lauridsen (born January 13, 1984) is a Danish model. He broke onto the international fashion scene debuting at Marc by Marc Jacobs in New York and Miu Miu in Paris, for the Spring 2004 collections. His consistent work for major international fashion brands and publications has solidified his status as a male supermodel. In 2014, Vogue listed him as one of the top 10 male models of all time.

neg: Max Fricke Max Fricke (born 29 March 1996) is an Australian speedway rider who won the Australian Under-21 Championship in 2013, 2014, and 2015.

neg: Maxi Kleber Maximilian "Maxi" Kleber (born January 29, 1992) is a German professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Standing at 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in), he plays at the power forward position.

neg: Rémi Sergio Rémi Sergio (born 1 December 1987 in Marseille, France) is a French football player who currently plays for Consolat Marseille.

neg: Julius Reinhardt (footballer) Julius Reinhardt (born 29 March 1988) is a German footballer who currently plays for Chemnitzer FC.