query: Sir Ralph Lilley Turner MC created what type of book based on Proto-Indo-Aryan language also known as Proto-Indic language?

pos: Ralph Lilley Turner Sir Ralph Lilley Turner MC (5 October 1888 – 22 April 1983) was an English Indian languages philologist and university administrator. He is notable for composing an Indo-Aryan comparative dictionary. He is also the author of some publications concerning the Romani language.

pos: Proto-Indo-Aryan language Proto-Indo-Aryan (sometimes Proto-Indic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages. It is intended to reconstruct the language of the Proto-Indo-Aryans. It is descended from Proto-Indo-Iranian and thus from Proto-Indo-European. It is a Satem language.

neg: Adi Dharam Adi Dharam or ādi dharam ( आदि धरम, আদি ধারাম, આદિ ધરમ, ଆଦି ଧର୍ମ, ఆది ధారణ, ஆடி தரம், ആദി താരം, ಆದಿ ಧರಮ್) (literal meaning the ancient or the root "(Ādi)" religion ("Dharam") ) refers to the tribal religion or the traditional religion or the indigenous religion or the Adivasi (Hindi for original settlers) religion of the indigenous peoples of India. It is an umbrella term used to denote the religion of indigenous peoples of India. The term 'Adi Dharam' was made popular by the tribal scholar and philosopher Ram Dayal Munda when he sought to unite the ancestral beliefs of the all the indigenous people of India

neg: Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben The Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (LIV, ""Lexicon of the Indo-European Verbs"") is an etymological dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verb. The first edition appeared in 1998, edited by Helmut Rix. A second edition followed in 2001. The book may be seen as an update to the verb entries of the "Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch" ("IEW") by Julius Pokorny. It was the first dictionary fully utilizing the modern three-laryngeal theory with reconstructions of Indo-European verbal roots.

neg: Indo-Hittite In Indo-European linguistics, the term Indo-Hittite (also Indo-Anatolian) refers to Sturtevant's 1926 hypothesis that the Anatolian languages may have split off a Pre-Proto-Indo-European language considerably earlier than the separation of the remaining Indo-European languages. The term may be somewhat confusing, as the prefix "Indo-" does not refer to the Indo-Aryan branch in particular, but is iconic for "Indo-European", and the "-Hittite" part refers to the Anatolian language family as a whole.

neg: Grammar of the Gothic Language Grammar of the Gothic Language is a book by Joseph Wright describing the extinct Gothic language, first published in 1910. It includes the language's development from Proto-Indo-European (then known as "Indo-Germanic") and Proto-Germanic ("Primitive Germanic"), and part of Ulfilas's bible translation. It superseded Wright's earlier "A Primer of the Gothic Language", and has been reprinted many times throughout the 20th century.

neg: The Indian Ideology The Indian Ideology is a 2012 book by the British Marxist historian Perry Anderson, published by Three Essays Collective. A near-polemical critique of the modern Indian nation-building project, the book consists of three essays originally published in the "London Review of Books" ("LRB") in July–August 2012.

neg: The Indian War of Independence (book) The Indian War of Independence is an Indian nationalist history of the 1857 revolt by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar that was first published in 1909. The book, initially written in Marathi, was penned by Savarkar in response to celebrations in Britain of the 50th anniversary of the 1857 Indian uprising with records from India Office archives and the whole project received support from Indian nationalists in Britain including the likes of Madame Cama, V.V.S. Iyer and M.P.T. Acharya, as well as Indian students who had dared not show their support or sympathy for India House openly. Published during Savarkar's stay in London at the India House, the book was influenced by histories of the French Revolution and the American Revolution, as much as it sought to bring the Indian movement to public attention in Britain as well as to inspire nationalist revolution in India.

neg: Assamese language Assamese ( ) or Asamiya (Assamese: অসমীয়া "Ôxômiya ") is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Assam, where it is an official language. It is the easternmost Indo-Aryan language and by extension the easternmost indigenous Indo-European language; it is spoken by over 15 million native speakers, and serves as a "lingua franca" in the region. It is also spoken in parts of Arunachal Pradesh and other northeast Indian states. Nagamese, an Assamese-based Creole language is widely used in Nagaland and parts of Assam. Nefamese is an Assamese-based pidgin used in Arunachal Pradesh. Small pockets of Assamese speakers can be found in Bangladesh. The Indo-Aryan dialects of North Bengal and northwest Bangladesh are linguistically closer to Assamese, have cultural and literary affinities with Bengali. In the past, it was the court language of the Ahom kingdom from the 17th century.

neg: Dravidian Nationalism Dravidian nationalism or Dravidianism developed in Madras Presidency which comprises the four major ethno-linguistic groups in South India. This idea was popularized during the 1930s to 1950s by a series of small movements and organizations that contended that the South Indians (Dravidians) formed a racial and a cultural entity that was different from the north Indians. This particular movement claimed that the Brahmins were originally from the north and they imposed their language, Sanskrit, religion and heritage on the southern people.

neg: The Arctic Home in the Vedas The Arctic Home in the Vedas is a history book on the origin of Aryanic People by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a mathematician turned astronomer, historian, journalist, philosopher and political leader of India. It propounded the theory that the North Pole was the original home of Aryans during the pre-glacial period which they had to leave due to the ice deluge around 8000 B.C. and had to migrate to the Northern parts of Europe and Asia in search of lands for new settlements. In support to his theory, Tilak presented certain Vedic hymns, Avestic passages, Vedic chronology and Vedic calendars with interpretations of the contents in detail.

neg: Proto-language (disambiguation) A proto-language is a hypothetical or reconstructed language from which a number of known languages are believed to have descended in historical linguistics.

neg: Siddhaṃ script Siddhaṃ , also known in its later evolved form as Siddhamātṛkā, is the name of a script used for writing Sanskrit from c. 550 – c. 1200. It is descended from the Brahmi script via the Gupta script and later evolved into the Assamese alphabet, the Bengali alphabet, and the Tibetan alphabet. There is some confusion over the spelling: "Siddhāṃ " and "Siddhaṃ " are both common, though "Siddhaṃ " is preferred as "correct". The script is a refinement of the script used during the Gupta Empire.

neg: Abanindranath Tagore Abanindranath Tagore (অবনীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর) (7 August 1871 – 5 December 1951) was the principal artist and creator of "Indian Society of Oriental Art". He was also the first major exponent of Swadeshi values in Indian art, thereby founding the influential Bengal school of art, which led to the development of modern Indian painting He was also a noted writer, particularly for children. Popularly known as 'Aban Thakur', his books "Rajkahini, Budo Angla, Nalak," and "Khirer Putul" are landmarks in Bengali language children's literature.

neg: Dravidian folk religion The early Dravidian religion constituted a non-Vedic form of Hinduism in that they were either historically or are at present Āgamic. The Agamas are non-Vedic in origin, and have been dated either as post-Vedic texts, or as pre-Vedic compositions. The "Agamas" are a collection of Tamil and Sanskrit scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of "murti", worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. The worship of tutelary deity, sacred flora and fauna in Hinduism is also recognized as a survival of the pre-Vedic Dravidian religion. Dravidian linguistic influence on early Vedic religion is evident, many of these features are already present in the oldest known Indo-Aryan language, the language of the "Rigveda" (c. 1500 BCE), which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian. The linguistic evidence for Dravidian impact grows increasingly strong as we move from the Samhitas down through the later Vedic works and into the classical post-Vedic literature. This represents an early religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans that went on to influence Indian civilization.

neg: Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent The languages of the Indian subcontinent are divided into various language families, of which the Indo-Iranian and the Dravidian languages are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated language families such as Sino-Tibetan, spoken by smaller groups. Linguistic records begin with the appearance of the Brāhmī script from about the 3rd century BCE.

neg: Kitab Kitab (Arabic: کتاب  ), also transcribed as kitaab, kitáb, or kitāb, is the Arabic word for book, from the root K-T-B. The word is also used in the Persian, Hindi, Bengali, Sylheti, Nepalese, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Punjabi, Urdu as ("kitab"), while in Assamese (as "kitap"), Swahili (as "kitabu"), Tatar, Kyrgyz, Turkish (as "kitap"), Bosnian and Serbian (as "ćitap") languages and in some contexts in Greek ("κιτάπι"). The word is also related to katav, the Hebrew word for reporter. It is part of titles of many Arabic language books. Some prominent examples are:

neg: The People of India The People of India is a title that has been used for at least three books, all of which focussed primarily on ethnography.

neg: Early Irish literature Early Irish literature is the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe. The earliest existing examples of the written Irish language are Ogham inscriptions dating from the 4th century. Extant manuscripts do not go back farther than the 8th century. Two works written by Saint Patrick, his "Confessio" and "Letter to Coroticus" were written in Latin some time in the 5th century, and preserved in the "Book of Armagh".

neg: Sumitra Mangesh Katre Dr. Sumitra Mangesh Katre (Prof. S. M. Katre) (11 April 1906 – 21 October 1998), a lexicographer, Indo Aryan and Paninian linguist, was born at Honnavar, Karnataka and died in San Jose, California, USA. Prof. Katre initiated the gigantic Sanskrit Dictionary Project, "An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Sanskrit on Historical Principles", with its 11 million slips preserved in the scriptorium.

neg: Prashasti Prashasti (IAST: Praśasti, Sanskrit for "praise") inscriptions are euologistic inscriptions issued by Indian rulers from 1st millennium CE onwards. Written in form of poetry or ornate prose, the "prashasti"s were generally composed by the court poets.

neg: Proto-Semitic language The Proto-Semitic language is the hypothetical proto-language ancestral to the historical Semitic languages of the Middle East. Its original Urheimat has been proposed to be in northern Mesopotamia, the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, with a 2009 study proposing that it may have originated about 7400 BC. Semitic is considered a subfamily of the larger Afroasiatic macrofamily.


query: The Schenectady County Historical Society, located in Schenectady, is an independent non-for-profit corporation that operates the Mabee Farm Historic Site, located in what town in New York?

pos: Mabee House The Mabee Farm Historic Site, part of the Schenectady County Historical Society, is the oldest house still standing in the Mohawk Valley. It is located in the town of Rotterdam, New York, in the hamlet of Rotterdam Junction, New York, along New York State Highway 5S, about six miles (10 km) west of the city of Schenectady.

pos: Schenectady County Historical Society The Schenectady County Historical Society, located in Schenectady, New York, was established on July 14, 1905, under the Membership Corporation Laws of the State of New York. The Society is an independent not-for-profit corporation, not a unit of government. Its stated mission as embodied in its constitution was, and remains, “to promote and encourage original historical research; to disseminate a greater knowledge of the history of the State of New York and particularly of Schenectady County; to gather, preserve, display, and make available for study artifacts, books, manuscripts, papers, photographs and other records and materials relating to the early and current history of Schenectady County, New York and of the surrounding area; to encourage the suitable marking of places of historic interest; to acquire by purchase, gifts, devise, or otherwise the title to or the custody and control of historic sites and structures.”

neg: Marilla, New York Marilla is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 5,327 at the 2010 census. The name of the town is derived from Marilla Rogers, an early school teacher.

neg: Boylston, New York Boylston is a town in Oswego County, New York, U.S.. The population was 549 at the 2010 census. The name is that of the first landowner of the tract that became the town.

neg: Stockbridge, New York Stockbridge is a town in Madison County, New York, United States. The population was 2,103 at the 2010 census. The name is derived from a group of Native Americans.

neg: Macomb Reservation State Park Macomb Reservation State Park is a 600 acre state park in the Town of Schuyler Falls in Clinton County, New York, United States. The park is located on the Salmon River, outside the Adirondack Park, and 2 mi west of the hamlet of Schuyler Falls.

neg: Queensbury, New York Queensbury is a town in Warren County, New York, United States. The population was 27,901 at the 2010 census. It contains the county seat of Warren County, located at a municipal center complex on U.S. Route 9 south of the village of Lake George. It was moved to the complex in 1963 from the original county seat of Lake George. The town is located in the southeastern corner of the county and is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is named in honor of Queen Charlotte, the consort of George III of Great Britain and Ireland. Although primarily located north of the city of Glens Falls, Queensbury surrounds the city on three sides.

neg: Canisteo, New York Canisteo is a town in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 3,391 at the 2010 census. The name was taken from a former Indian village located here.

neg: Clarence Center, New York Clarence Center is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Clarence in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 2,257 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

neg: Middleburgh, New York Middleburgh is a town in Schoharie County, New York, United States. The population was 3,515 at the 2000 census.

neg: Savannah, New York Savannah is a town in the southeast portion of Wayne County, New York, United States. The population was 1,730 at the 2010 census.

neg: South Farmingdale, New York South Farmingdale is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 14,486 at the 2010 census.

neg: Johnstown (town), New York Johnstown is a town located in Fulton County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 7,098. The name of the town is from landowner William Johnson.

neg: Mooers, New York Mooers is a town in Clinton County, New York, United States. The population was 3,592 at the 2010 census. The town is named after Benjamin Mooers, an early settler.

neg: Goshen, New York Goshen is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 13,687 at the 2010 census. The town is named after the Land of Goshen.

neg: Potter, New York Potter is a town in Yates County, New York, in the United States. The Town of Potter is located in the northwest part of the county and is south of Canandaigua, New York. The population was 1,865 at the 2010 census.

neg: Beekmantown, New York Beekmantown is a town in Clinton County, New York, United States. The population was 5,545 at the 2010 census. The town name is that of William Beekman, an original landowner. It is on the east border of the county, just north of Plattsburgh.

neg: Evans, New York Evans is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 16,356 at the 2010 census. The town derives its name from David E. Evans, an agent of the Holland Land Company and nephew of land agent Joseph Ellicott.

neg: Clarkstown, New York Clarkstown is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States. The town is on the eastern border of the county, located north of the town of Orangetown, east of the town of Ramapo, south of the town of Haverstraw, and west of the Hudson River. As of the 2010 census, the town had a total population of 84,187. The community of New City, the county seat of Rockland County, is also the seat of town government and of the Clarkstown Police Department, the county sheriff's police office, and the county correctional facility. New City makes up about 41.47% of the town's population.

neg: Mariaville Lake, New York Mariaville Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Schenectady County, New York, United States. The population was 722 at the 2010 census.

neg: Norway, New York Norway is a town in Herkimer County, New York, United States. The population was 762 at the 2010 census.

neg: Dickinson, Broome County, New York Dickinson is a town in Broome County, New York, United States. The population was 5,278 at the 2010 census. The town was named after Daniel S. Dickinson.


query: What footballer, born March 16 1989, scored a goal in the 2015 FA Cup Final?

pos: 2015 FA Cup Final The 2015 FA Cup Final was the 134th final of the FA Cup, the world's oldest football cup competition. The match was contested by Arsenal and Aston Villa at Wembley Stadium in London. The match was played on 30 May 2015 and was the final match of the competition. Arsenal won the match 4–0 with goals from Theo Walcott, Alexis Sánchez, Per Mertesacker and Olivier Giroud, for a record 12th title. This was the sixth FA Cup win for manager Arsène Wenger, putting him in joint-first place for wins with George Ramsay.

pos: Theo Walcott Theo James Walcott (born 16 March 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Premier League club Arsenal and the England national team.

neg: 2015 Malaysia FA Cup Final The 2015 Malaysia FA Cup Final was a football match which was played on 26 May 2015, to determine the champion of the 2015 Malaysia FA Cup.

neg: Danny Welbeck Daniel Nii Tackie Mensah Welbeck (born 26 November 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays for Premier League club Arsenal and the England national team. He primarily plays as a forward but can also play as a winger.

neg: Lateef Elford-Alliyu Lateef Elford-Alliyu (born 1 June 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker and is currently unattached.

neg: Sam Byram Samuel Mark "Sam" Byram (born 16 September 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays for Premier League club West Ham United. He primarily plays as a right back, but can also play as a right midfielder or right winger.

neg: James Hanson (footballer, born 1987) James Robert Hanson (born 9 November 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays for Sheffield United as a striker.

neg: Nathan Doyle Nathan Luke Robert Doyle (born 12 January 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender or midfielder and is unattached. He has represented England at under-16, under-17, under-18 and under-19 levels.

neg: Danny May Daniel William "Danny" May (born 19 November 1988) is an English footballer who plays for Royston Town F.C.. He plays mostly as a right back.

neg: Kelvin Wilson Kelvin James Wilson (born 3 September 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back.

neg: Cody McDonald Cody Darren John McDonald (born 30 May 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for AFC Wimbledon.

neg: Nathan Luscombe Nathan John Luscombe (born 6 November 1989) is an English footballer who plays as a winger for Celtic Nation F.C..

neg: Billy Lumley William Daniel "Billy" Lumley (born 28 December 1989) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.

neg: Matty Taylor (footballer, born 1990) Matthew James Taylor (born 30 March 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Championship club Bristol City.

neg: Lee Lucas Lee Paul Lucas (born 10 June 1992) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

neg: Steve Arnold (footballer, born 1989) Steven John William Arnold (born 22 August 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Gillingham.

neg: Joe Newell Joseph Peter "Joe" Newell (born 15 March 1993) is an English footballer who plays for Rotherham United as a full-back, midfielder or winger.

neg: Jake Livermore Jake Cyril Livermore (born 14 November 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club West Bromwich Albion and the England national team.

neg: Danny Hart (footballer) Danny Gary Hart (born 26 April 1989) is an English footballer who plays for Potters Bar Town.

neg: 2009 FA Cup Final The 2009 FA Cup Final was the 128th final of the world's oldest domestic football cup competition, the FA Cup. The final was played at Wembley Stadium in London on 30 May 2009 and marked the third time that the final has been staged at the stadium since it was rebuilt. The match was contested by Chelsea, who beat Arsenal 2–1 in their semi-final, and Everton who beat Manchester United 4–2 on penalties after a 0–0 draw after extra time. After Louis Saha opened the scoring after just 25 seconds, the fastest ever goal in an FA Cup Final, Didier Drogba equalised in the 21st minute before Frank Lampard scored the winner with 19 minutes left to play to give Chelsea their fifth FA Cup success.

neg: Mike Phenix Michael "Mike" Phenix (born 15 March 1989) is an English footballer who plays for Salford City.

neg: David Ball (footballer) David Michael Ball (born 14 December 1989) is an English footballer who plays for Rotherham United as a striker.


query: Veitchia is a flowering plan from the Arecaceae family, what family is the Lamium plant from?

pos: Veitchia Veitchia is a genus of flowering plant in the Arecaceae family.

pos: Lamium Lamium (dead-nettles) is a genus of about 40–50 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, of which it is the type genus. They are all herbaceous plants native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, but several have become very successful weeds of crop fields and are now widely naturalised across much of the temperate world.

neg: Zygophyllum Zygophyllum is the type genus of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae. The generic name is derived from the Greek words ζυγόν ("zygon"), meaning "yoke," and φυλλον ("phyllon"), meaning "leaf." It refers to the leaves, each of which have two leaflets. The more than 50 species the genus contains are distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, central Asia and Australia.

neg: Caricaceae The Caricaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, found primarily in tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa. They are short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small trees growing to 5–10 m tall. One species, "Vasconcellea horovitziana" is a liana and the three species of the genus "Jarilla" are herbs. Some species bear edible fruit and produce papain.

neg: Elmerrillia Elmerrillia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae). The genus includes five species of evergreen trees, which range across the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, and Malesia.

neg: Orania (plant) Orania is a genus of the Arecaceae family of palm trees, and includes flowering plants native to Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and New Guinea.

neg: Hamamelidaceae Hamamelidaceae, commonly referred to as the witch-hazel family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. The clade consists of shrubs and small trees positioned within the woody clade of the core Saxifragales. The earlier Cronquist system recognized Hamamelidaceae in the Hamamelidales order.

neg: Fernelia Fernelia is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. The genus is endemic to the Mascarene Islands.

neg: Vella (plant) Vella is a genus of plants in the family Brassicaceae, under which there are no fewer than six species. Species are many branched, and have hairy, sessile, entire leaves that are narrower in width at their bases, widening out to form ovals. Fruits are stiff follicles. "Vella" is endemic to that area of land encompassing Algeria, Morocco, and Spain.

neg: Heterolamium Heterolamium is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1965. The 2 known species are both endemic to China.

neg: Leucosceptrum Leucosceptrum is a genus of flowering plant in the Lamiaceae family, first described in 1806. It contains only one known species, Leucosceptrum canum, native to south-western China (Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan),the eastern Himalayas (Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, Nagaland, Bangladesh), and northern Indochina (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam).

neg: Amorpheae The tribe Amorpheae is an early-branching monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae or Papilionaceae. It is found from Mexico to Argentina. It was recently included in an informal monophyletic clade known as the dalbergioids "sensu lato". This tribe is consistently resolved as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses. It is estimated to have arisen 36.9 ± 3.0 million years ago (in the Eocene). A node-based definition for Amorpheae is: "the MRCA of "Psorothamnus arborescens" and "Eysenhardtia orthocarpa"." The tribe exhibits the following morphological synapomorphies: "epidermal glands throughout the plant body; dry, indehiscent fruits that are single-seeded; and terminal inflorescences."

neg: Vochysiaceae Vochysiaceae is a plant family belonging to the order of Myrtales.

neg: Plectranthus verticillatus Plectranthus verticillatus (syn. "Plectranthus nummularius"), Swedish ivy, Swedish begonia or whorled plectranthus) is a plant in the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae), genus "Plectranthus".

neg: Paraphlomis Paraphlomis is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, first described in 1901. It is native to China, Himalayas, and Southeast Asia.

neg: Lamiaceae or Labiatae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint or deadnettle family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs, such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, and perilla. Some species are shrubs, trees (such as teak), or, rarely, vines. Many members of the family are widely cultivated, not only for their aromatic qualities but also their ease of cultivation, since they are readily propagated by stem cuttings. Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative foliage, such as "Coleus". Others are grown for seed, such as "Salvia hispanica" (chia), or for their edible tubers, such as "Plectranthus edulis", "Plectranthus esculentus", "Plectranthus rotundifolius", and "Stachys affinis" (Chinese artichoke).

neg: Chenopodium Chenopodium is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classification systems, notably the widely used Cronquist system, separate it and its relatives as Chenopodiaceae, but this leaves the rest of the Amaranthaceae polyphyletic. However, among the Amaranthaceae, the genus "Chenopodium" is the namesake member of the subfamily Chenopodioideae.

neg: Lyonia jamaicensis Lyonia jamaicensis is a species of plant in the Ericaceae family. It is endemic to Jamaica.

neg: Viscaceae The Viscaceae are a family of flowering plants. In past decades, several systems of plant taxonomy recognized this family, notably the 1981 Cronquist system. In this circumscription, the family includes the several genera of mistletoes.

neg: Carlemanniaceae The Carlemanniaceae are a tropical East Asian and Southeast Asian family of subshrub to herbaceous perennial flowering plants with 2 genera. Older systems of plant taxonomy place the two genera, "Carlemannia", and "Silvianthus" within the Caprifoliaceae or the Rubiaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification of 2003 places the group in the Lamiales, as a plant family more closely related to the Oleaceae than to the Caprifoliaceae.

neg: Araceae The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-like bract. Also known as the arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroids. This family of 114 genera and about 3750 known species is most diverse in the New World tropics, although also distributed in the Old World tropics and northern temperate regions.

neg: Lycopodiaceae The Lycopodiaceae (class Lycopodiopsida, order Lycopodiales) are a family of vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses, comprising 16 accepted genera and ca 400 known species. These plants bear spores on specialized structures at the apex of a shoot; they resemble a tiny battle club, from which the common name derives. They are non-flowering and do not produce seeds.


query: The Richardson number was named after which English mathematician?

pos: Richardson number The Richardson number (Ri) is named after Lewis Fry Richardson (1881 – 1953). It is the dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of the buoyancy term to the flow shear term:

pos: Lewis Fry Richardson Lewis Fry Richardson, FRS (11 October 1881 – 30 September 1953) was an English mathematician, physicist, meteorologist, psychologist and pacifist who pioneered modern mathematical techniques of weather forecasting, and the application of similar techniques to studying the causes of wars and how to prevent them. He is also noted for his pioneering work concerning fractals and a method for solving a system of linear equations known as modified Richardson iteration.

neg: Lawrence Rooke Lawrence Rooke (also Laurence) (1622–26 June 1662) was an English astronomer and mathematician. He was also one of the founders of the Royal Society, although he died as it was being formally constituted.

neg: Alexander Oppenheim Sir Alexander Oppenheim, OBE FRSE PMN (4 February 1903 – 13 December 1997) was a British mathematician. In mathematics, his most notable contribution is his Oppenheim conjecture.

neg: Percy John Harding Percy John Harding (15 June 1845, London – 1943?) was an English mathematician, noteworthy as an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1912.

neg: John Couch Adams John Couch Adams FRS (5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892) was a British mathematician and astronomer.

neg: Richardson's theorem In mathematics, Richardson's theorem establishes a limit on the extent to which an algorithm can decide whether certain mathematical expressions are equal. It states that for a certain fairly natural class of expressions, it is undecidable whether a particular expression "E" satisfies the equation "E" = 0, and similarly undecidable whether the functions defined by expressions "E" and "F" are everywhere equal (in fact "E" = "F" if and only if "E" - "F" = 0). It was proved in 1968 by computer scientist Daniel Richardson of the University of Bath.

neg: W. V. D. Hodge Sir William Vallance Douglas Hodge FRS FRSE (17 June 1903 – 7 July 1975) was a British mathematician, specifically a geometer.

neg: John Leech (mathematician) John Leech (21 July 1926 in Weybridge, Surrey – 28 September 1992 in Scotland) was a British mathematician working in number theory, geometry and combinatorial group theory. He is best known for his discovery of the Leech lattice in 1965. He also discovered Ta(3) in 1957. Leech was married to Jenifer Haselgrove, a British radio scientist.

neg: Alfred George Greenhill Sir (Alfred) George Greenhill, F.R.S. (29 November 1847 in London – 10 February 1927 in London), was a British mathematician.

neg: Nicholas Richardson Nicholas James Richardson is a British Classical scholar and formerly Warden of Greyfriars, Oxford, from 2004 until 2007.

neg: John Clayton Taylor John Clayton Taylor {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 4 August 1930) is a British mathematical physicist. He is an Emeritus Professor of Mathematical Physics at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of the University of Cambridge and an Emeritus Fellow of Robinson College.

neg: John Hadley John Hadley (16 April 1682 – 14 February 1744) was an English mathematician, and laid claim to the invention of the octant, two years after Thomas Godfrey claimed the same.

neg: Modified Richardson iteration Modified Richardson iteration is an iterative method for solving a system of linear equations. Richardson iteration was proposed by Lewis Richardson in his work dated 1910. It is similar to the Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel method.

neg: Edward Linfoot Edward Hubert Linfoot was a British mathematician, primarily known for his work on optics, but also noted for his work in pure mathematics.

neg: William Richardson (Cambridge University cricketer) William Richardson (Cambridge University cricketer)

neg: Hermite–Minkowski theorem In mathematics, especially in algebraic number theory, the Hermite–Minkowski theorem states that for any integer "N" there are only finitely many number fields, i.e., finite field extensions "K" of the rational numbers Q, such that the discriminant of "K"/Q is at most "N". The theorem is named after Charles Hermite and Hermann Minkowski.

neg: Henry John Stephen Smith Henry John Stephen Smith (2 November 1826 – 9 February 1883) was a mathematician remembered for his work in elementary divisors, quadratic forms, and Smith–Minkowski–Siegel mass formula in number theory. In matrix theory he is visible today in having his name on the Smith normal form of a matrix.

neg: Joseph Richardson (British politician) Joseph Richardson (1830 – 25 September 1902) was a Liberal Party politician in England.

neg: William Allen Whitworth William Allen Whitworth (1 February 1840 – 12 March 1905) was an English mathematician and a priest in the Church of England.

neg: Benjamin Ward Richardson Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. (31 October 1828 – 21 November 1896) was an eminent British physician, anaesthetist, physiologist, sanitarian, and a prolific writer on medical history. He was the recipient of the Fothergill gold medal, awarded by the Medical Society of London in 1854 and of the Astley Cooper triennial prize for an essay in physiology.

neg: Harold Edwards (mathematician) Harold Mortimer Edwards, Jr. (born August 6, 1936) is an American mathematician working in number theory, algebra, and the history and philosophy of mathematics.


query: Between Roddy Woomble and Tom Fletcher, who had more diverse job experiences?

pos: Roddy Woomble Roderick "Roddy" Woomble (born 13 August 1976) is a Scottish singer, songwriter and writer. He is best known as the lead vocalist of indie rock band Idlewild, with whom he has recorded seven studio albums. In 2006, Woomble released his debut solo album, "My Secret is My Silence", and released two subsequent albums, "The Impossible Song & Other Songs" and "Listen to Keep", in 2011 and 2013, respectively. He will release his fourth studio album "The Deluder" on 1st September 2017.

pos: Tom Fletcher Thomas "Tom" Michael Fletcher (born 17 July 1985) is an English singer-songwriter, guitarist, children's author and YouTube vlogger. Among his accomplishments, he is one of the lead vocalists and guitarists of English pop rock band McFly, in addition to being the group's founder and principal songwriter. He originally auditioned and was accepted into the band Busted before losing out on the place after the record label Island decided the band should be a trio rather than a four-piece. However, he still carried on writing with the band and penned multiple of their hits alongside James Bourne. In his thirteen-year career as a professional songwriter, Fletcher has penned ten UK number one singles and twenty-one top ten singles. He is credited as having written songs for bands including One Direction, Busted, The Vamps and 5 Seconds of Summer.

neg: Noddy Holder Neville John "Noddy" Holder MBE (born 15 June 1946) is an English musician and actor. He was the lead vocalist and guitarist of English glam rock band Slade, one of the UK's most successful acts of the 1970s. Holder co-wrote most of Slade's material with bassist Jim Lea and is known for his powerful voice.

neg: Tom Wiedenbauer Thomas John "Tom" Wiedenbauer (born November 5, 1958) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder and MLB first-base coach for the Cleveland Indians.

neg: Jason Fletcher Jason Fletcher (born March 22, 1975) is an American sports agent who works primarily with NFL players and coaches, but also represents athletes in other sports including baseball, basketball, and the UFC. A graduate of the University of Louisiana-Lafayette, he received his Bachelor of Science degree in Biological Science. Jason was on a scholarship for football, but also participated in track and field during his time at school. Jake Delhomme Pro Bowl quarterback for the Carolina Panthers and Brandon Stokley wide receiver for the Denver Broncos were college teammates. Jason Fletcher was an NFL undrafted free agent from 1998–2000, having opportunities with several NFL teams and in 2000 and 2001 played in the arena football league with the Los Angeles Avengers where NFL great Stan Brock was head coach.

neg: Bob Wooff Robert Hanson "Bob" Wooff (May 7, 1900 – March 23, 1992) was an English-born farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Turtleford from 1944 to 1948, from 1952 to 1956, from 1960 to 1961 and from 1964 to 1971 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and then New Democratic Party (NDP) member.

neg: Cecil Dowdy Cecil Dowdy (September 5, 1945 – November 24, 2002) was an American college football player and businessman. He played offensive tackle for the University of Alabama Crimson Tide from 1964 through 1966. He was a member of both the 1964 and 1965 national championship teams. Dowdy was also a unanimous selection to the 1966 College Football All-America Team.

neg: Rod Woodward Rodney William "Rod" Woodward (September 22, 1944 – September 27, 2016) was a defensive back in the Canadian Football League for twelve years. Woodward won the Grey Cup as a member of the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1973 and 1976. He died in 2016 after a fall, having experienced the effects of dementia in his later years.

neg: Tommy Sampson Thomas William Sampson (born 18 August 1954 in Southwark, Greater London) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League, as a defender. After he finished playing he went on to manage Herne Bay, Tonbridge Angels, Dartford FC. and Deal Town. His most successful management moment was when he guided Deal Town to victory in the FA Vase in May 2000. However he suffered a stroke in December 2007, when he was manager of Redhill and stopped his management career in August 2008.

neg: Roger Lloyd-Pack Roger Lloyd-Pack (8 February 1944 – 15 January 2014) was an English actor. He was best known for the role of Trigger in "Only Fools and Horses" from 1981 to 2003. He had a supporting role of Owen Newitt in "The Vicar of Dibley" from 1994 to 2007, and as Tom in "The Old Guys" with Clive Swift. He was also well known for his appearance as Barty Crouch, Sr. in the film "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" and his appearances in "Doctor Who" as John Lumic in the episodes "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel". He was sometimes credited without the hyphen in his surname. He died early in 2014 from pancreatic cancer.

neg: Wave Racer Tom Purcell, better known by his stage name Wave Racer, is an Australian DJ and future bass producer from Sydney. The name "Wave Racer" is adapted from a Nintendo 64 game. His debut single consisting of two songs, "Rock U Tonite" and "Stoopid", was released in 2013. He signed with Australian label Future Classic who also signed future bass artists like Cashmere Cat and Flume. His "Flash Drive" EP was released in 2015, featuring guest appearances by Lido and Baby.

neg: T. J. Turner Thomas James "T. J." Turner (May 16, 1963 – August 24, 2009) was an American football defensive end in the National Football League for the Miami Dolphins. He played college football for the University of Houston. A 1981 Parade All-American, he was considered to be the top defensive end prospect in the nation coming out of high school. At Houston, he had 30 sacks, and compiled 19 sacks and 180 tackles in his last two seasons. His 52 tackles in 1982 were the most by a freshman in Houston history. As a Dolphin, he was given the nickname "Wrong-Way T.J." after taking a wrong turn onto the Florida Turnpike, blaming the mistake on the confusing Golden Glades Interchange. He drove 50 miles before attempting to turn around, at which point he flipped his truck and was cited for careless driving. He died on August 24, 2009 at age of 46.

neg: Joby Ingram-Dodd Joby Ingram-Dodd (born 14 July 1980), is a former Welsh racing cyclist. He represented Wales at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester. He has now moved on to become an actor, writer and producer. Currently working for Space Dive Productions Limited, his involved with a number of projects including 2 feature films and 3 TV series.

neg: John Fletcher (Queensland politician) John William Fletcher OBE (25 January 1884 – 13 March 1965) was a politician in Queensland, Australia. He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

neg: Tex Fletcher Geremino Bisceglia (January 17, 1910 in Harrison, New York - March 14, 1987 in Newburgh, New York), better known as Tex Fletcher, was a singing cowboy with credits as a recording artist, Broadway and movie actor, night club performer, and radio and television personality.

neg: Rushton Moreve Rushton Moreve (born John Rushton Morey; November 6, 1948 – July 1, 1981) was an American bass guitarist best known for his work with the rock band Steppenwolf from 1967–68 and again in 1978. According to singer John Kay, Moreve was an intuitive bassist with a melodic style that brought a non-commercial sound to Steppenwolf, a technique exemplified on the hit he co-wrote with Kay, "Magic Carpet Ride".

neg: James Fletcher-Watson James Fletcher-Watson (25 July 1913 – 12 June 2004) was a British watercolourist and architect.

neg: Kingsley Fletcher Kingsley Fletcher ((1956--) 01, 1956 ) is a North Carolina preacher and author, and the Suapolor ("pathfinder" or "waymaker") of the Se (Shai) Traditional Area in the Dangme West District of Ghana, West Africa, where he carries the title "Drolor" and the royal name Bosso Adamtey I. He is the first chancellor of the University of Professional Studies.

neg: Arthur Fletcher (rugby league) Arthur Fletcher is an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s, and 1950s, playing at representative level for Yorkshire, and at club level for Fryston Colliery (Under 21), Wheldale Colliery, Wakefield Trinity (captain) (Heritage № 536), as a stand-off/five-eighth , or scrum-half/halfback , i.e. number 6, or 7.

neg: William Thomas Fletcher William Thomas Fletcher is an American mathematician.

neg: Rex Hunt Rex James Hunt (born 7 March 1949) is an Australian television and radio personality, and a former Australian rules football player. He is also a veteran Australian rules football commentator known for his habit of making up quirky nicknames for players. He has also been known around the world for fishing and wildlife programs on the Seven Network and overseas stations. He is a former police officer who reached the senior rank of Sergeant in Victoria Police at age 30. He also previously owned a restaurant, the "D'lish Fish" located in Port Melbourne.

neg: Ashley Noffke Ashley Allan Noffke (born 30 April 1977 in Nambour, Queensland) is a former Australian professional cricketer who played domestically for Queensland (1998–2009) and Western Australia (2009–2010). Noffke, who primarily plays as a right-arm fast-medium bowler, also made a single appearance for the Australian national side, appearing in a One Day International against India in February 2008.


query: What racer won a race at the 2001 Target Grand Prix of Chicago survived one of the racing sport's biggest accidents in Fort Worth Texas, in 2003?

pos: 2001 Target Grand Prix of Chicago The 2001 Target Grand Prix, known informally as the 2001 Grand Prix of Chicago, was a Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) motor race held on July 29, 2001 at Chicago Motor Speedway in Cicero, Illinois, USA. It was the 12th round of the 2001 CART FedEx Championship Series season. Kenny Bräck won his third race of the season and of his CART career for Team Rahal ahead of Patrick Carpentier and Gil de Ferran.

pos: Kenny Bräck Kenneth "Kenny" Bräck (born 21 March 1966) is a Swedish former race car driver. Until his retirement from racing, he competed in the CART, Indy Racing League and the IROC series. He is the winner of the 1999 Indianapolis 500 and the 1998 driving champion of the Indy Racing League. He survived one of the racing sport's biggest accidents in Fort Worth, Texas, in 2003, in which a deceleration of 214g was measured. Eighteen months later he made a comeback at the Indy 500 and set the fastest qualifying time of the field. He retired from IndyCar racing after the race.

neg: Jason Leffler Jason Charles Leffler (September 16, 1975 – June 12, 2013) was an American professional open-wheel and stock car racing driver. Leffler began racing in the open-wheel ranks, competing in the 2000 Indianapolis 500 before moving to primarily NASCAR competition. He died from injuries sustained in a 410 sprint car race at Bridgeport Speedway in Bridgeport, New Jersey.

neg: Phil Bishop Phil Bishop (1912-14 July 1970) was a motorcycle speedway rider who began racing in 1929, finally retiring from racing in 1963. Known as the 'King of Crash', Bishop survived many crashes whilst racing, but died in a road accident in 1970.

neg: Pete Orr (racing driver) Charles "Pete" Orr (July 29, 1956 – November 18, 2002) was an American stock car racing driver. Regarded as a superstar in Florida late model competition, Orr competed primarily in the lower levels of racing, but did have a brief NASCAR Busch Series career; his death from lymphoma in 2002 led to the State of Florida enacting insurance reform.

neg: Tom Baldwin (racing driver) Tom (Tiger Tom) Baldwin (March 14, 1947 – August 19, 2004) was a NASCAR Modified race driver. He competed for 40 seasons, winning 6 modified races as well as numerous other races. His 11 wins at Riverhead Raceway spanned from June 30, 1978 to June 6, 1992. He was given the "Most Popular Driver" award on the Modified tour for 2003. He died in an accident on lap 10 of the New England Dodge Dealers 150 at the Thompson International Speedway on August 19, 2004. He spun into the infield to miss another competitor's car and struck a concrete block protecting a light pole driver's side first.

neg: 2011 AAA Texas 500 The 2011 AAA Texas 500 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series event held on November 6, 2011 at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, Texas. Contested over 334 laps, the event was the eighth race in the Chase for the Sprint Cup during the 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season. Tony Stewart led 173 of the 334 laps and won the race while Carl Edwards and Kasey Kahne finished second and third respectively. The race featured five cautions and twenty-three lead changes, while Stewart's win was his fourth of the season and second in a row after winning the previous week's race as well.

neg: Doug Chandler John Douglas Chandler (born September 27, 1965) is an American former professional motorcycle racer. He earned a reputation as one of the most versatile racers of the 1980s and 1990s. Chandler is one of only four riders in AMA racing history to win the AMA Grand Slam, representing national wins at a mile, half-mile, short track, TT and road race. He was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2006.

neg: Walter Villa Walter Villa (born August 13, 1943 - June 18, 2002) was an Italian four-time Grand Prix motorcycle road racing world champion. He was known for his quiet, unassuming nature off the bike who became a ruthless competitor once the races began.

neg: Tony Stewart Anthony Wayne Stewart (born May 20, 1971), nicknamed Smoke, is an American former professional stock car racing driver and NASCAR team owner. He is a three-time NASCAR Sprint Cup Series (today known as the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series) champion as a driver, winning titles in 2002, 2005 and 2011. In 2011 Stewart had an ownership interest in the team. He won again as an owner with Kevin Harvick's title in 2014. Throughout his racing career, Stewart has won racing titles in Indy, midget, sprint, and USAC Silver Crown cars. He is the only driver in history to win a championship in both IndyCar and NASCAR.

neg: Kenny Irwin Jr. Kenneth Dale Irwin Jr. (August 5, 1969 – July 7, 2000) was an American stock car racing driver. He had driven in all three NASCAR national touring series, and had two total victories, both in the Craftsman Truck Series. Before that, he raced in the United States Auto Club against Tony Stewart, who was one of his fiercest rivals. He died as a result of injuries suffered in a crash during a practice session at New Hampshire Motor Speedway.

neg: Johnny Cecotto Alberto "Johnny" Cecotto (born January 25, 1956) is a Venezuelan former Grand Prix motorcycle racer and auto racer. He rose to prominence as a teenage prodigy in 1975 when he became the youngest motorcycle road racing world champion at the age of 19. Despite the auspicious beginning to his motorcycle racing career, he suffered numerous injuries and mechanical problems which curtailed his success in motorcycle Grand Prix racing. At the age of 24, Cecotto turned his attention to auto racing where he reached the pinnacle of the sport as a Formula One driver. He later became a successful Touring Car racer. He is the last of a select group of competitors who competed at the highest level in motorcycle and auto racing which, includes John Surtees and Mike Hailwood among others.

neg: Buddy Rice Buddy Rice (born January 31, 1976) is an American racecar driver. He is best known for winning the 2004 Indianapolis 500 while driving for Rahal Letterman Racing, and the 2009 24 Hours of Daytona for Brumos Racing.

neg: 2008 Daytona 500 The 2008 Daytona 500 was the 50th annual running of the event. It was held on February 17, 2008 at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida. The race was the 50th to be run since the first in 1959, won by Lee Petty. To commemorate the event, the Harley J. Earl Trophy, which goes to the winner of the race, was plated in gold instead of silver. In addition, the winning car was placed on display for one year at the Daytona 500 Experience attraction just outside Turn Four. Ryan Newman won the race, his only win in the 2008 season.

neg: 2006 Grand Prix of Denver The 2006 Grand Prix of Denver was the tenth round of the 2006 Bridgestone Presents the Champ Car World Series Powered by Ford season, held on August 13, 2006 on the streets of Denver, Colorado. Sébastien Bourdais took the pole while the race was won by A. J. Allmendinger. Bourdais' race ended when he and Paul Tracy crashed in the final turn of the final lap of the race as Tracy attempted to pass Bourdais to take second place. Tracy and Bourdais got into a confrontation outside their cars (pictured). Tracy was subsequently fined and penalized three championship points for avoidable contact for the incident.

neg: Mack Hellings Ronald 'Mack' Hellings (September 14, 1915 – November 11, 1951) was an American racecar driver from Fort Dodge, Iowa. He died in a plane crash in Kern County, California in 1951.

neg: Jimmy Spencer Jimmy Spencer (born February 15, 1957) is a former American racing driver, team owner, and television commentator. He is best known for competing in NASCAR. He hosted the NASCAR-inspired talk show, "What’s the Deal?", on Speed, and was co-host, with John Roberts and Kenny Wallace, of the Speed's pre-race and post-race NASCAR shows "NASCAR RaceDay" and "NASCAR Victory Lane". Before retiring, Spencer had segment on Speed's "NASCAR Race Hub" offering commentary and answering viewer questions (Tuesdays and Thursdays). During his days racing modifieds, he was nicknamed "Mr. Excitement" for his aggressive racing style. Spencer is one of the few drivers to have won a race in all three of NASCAR's top series: Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, Xfinity Series, and Camping World Truck Series

neg: Don Gay Donald ("Don" or "Donnie") Gay (Born September 18, 1953 in Mesquite, Texas) is an American eight-time Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) world champion bullrider. Born to Neal Gay and Evelyn "Cookie" Foster, he was only a year old when his mother died of leukemia. Neal then married Kay Gay, who raised Don and his brother Pete as her own. Don grew up in Mesquite, Texas, and started rodeo at age 6. His father, Neal Gay, was a well-known rodeo competitor and rodeo producer. Don was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1979; his father was inducted in 1993, becoming the only father and son to receive that honor. In 2015, Don was inducted into the Bull Riding Hall of Fame. Don retired from professional rodeo in 1989.

neg: Johnny Mauro Johnny Mauro (October 25, 1910 – January 23, 2003) was an American racecar driver. He was born in Denver Colorado on October 25, 1910. Mauro and his family owned several car dealerships, leading him to being the only Ferrari importer in Denver for many years. He raced in Indy cars for Ferrari in the 1940s and 1950s, and was the mastermind behind the United States Truck Driving School (USTDS), a company still owned by his daughter Arlene and her husband Dick Lammers. When Mauro died in January 2003 in an auto accident, he owned a large collection of cars he had acquired, all of them restored, including a Ford Model A, an Alfa Romeo, a Fiat, a few Mercedes, a quarter midget race car, a Buick, and his prized possession, a red 1984 Ferrari GTO with only a few thousand original miles.

neg: Andrew McFarlane (motocross racer) Andrew McFarlane (30 May 1977 – 2 May 2010) was an Australian motocross racer who died of injuries sustained on 2 May 2010 in an accident during a practice lap at the third round of the 2010 Australian Motocross Championship at Broadford held on State Motorcycle Sports Complex in Broadford, north of Melbourne, Australia. He was 32. He was married and had one daughter. This series would have been McFarlane's final season, as he had already announced his retirement from races earlier in 2010 to embark on a management role with JDR Motorex KTM.

neg: Kirk McCarthy Kirk Richard McCarthy (18 November 1966 – 15 August 2004), in Melbourne Victoria, Australia, was an Australian motorcycle road racer who competed in several major championships both at home and internationally. He was killed in an Australian Superbike Championship race at Queensland Raceway in 2004.

neg: Jim Trueman James R. Trueman (May 25, 1935 – June 11, 1986) was an American businessman and automobile racing team owner. His most successful business ventures were Red Roof Inn motels and the Truesports racing team. Bobby Rahal won the 1986 Indianapolis 500 for the team. Eleven days after the victory, Trueman succumbed to cancer and died at the age of 51.


query: Northland Mall was a shopping mall located on the north side of Columbus, Ohio, and was  the first of the four directionally-named shopping hubs in Columbus, along with which 860000 sqft shopping center located on the west side of Columbus, Ohio, in 1969?

pos: Northland Mall Northland Mall was a shopping mall located on the north side of Columbus, Ohio, at the intersection of Morse Road and Karl Road. It opened in 1964 as an open-air shopping center and the first shopping mall in Columbus. Northland was the first of the four directionally-named shopping hubs in Columbus, along with Eastland (1967), Westland (1969) and Southland (1975) [a small strip center, now closed]. Though popular through the 1990s, three new shopping centers were completed in the late 1990s and early 2000s that took businesses and shoppers away from Northland. It closed in 2002 and was demolished in 2004. The site has subsequently been redeveloped as Northland Village, a multi-use complex containing government offices, retail stores and the Franklin County Dog Shelter and Adoption Center.

pos: Westland Mall (Columbus) Westland Mall was an 860000 sqft shopping center located on the west side of Columbus, Ohio, at the western intersection of U.S. Route 40 and Interstate 270.

neg: Sugarloaf Mills Sugarloaf Mills, formerly Discover Mills, is a 1200000 sqft single story shopping mall in Lawrenceville, Georgia with over 180 specialty retailers. The mall features 13 anchors as well as a variety of theme restaurants, casual dining and entertainment venues. The mall opened in November 2001, originally as an outlet mall, but has begun to evolve into an entertainment mall, with the additions of AMC Sugarloaf Mills 18 on December 17, 2003 and Medieval Times on July 21 of 2006. The mall is also notable in that it had granted naming rights to interested companies, and was one of the first malls in the United States to do so. The Mills Corporation, the original owner of the mall, had granted the naming rights to Discover Card, and thus originally given the name "Discover Mills" as well as the tag line "Where Discover Card Is The Smart Choice". Simon Property Group is the current owner of Discover Mills from the Mills Corporation's acquisition. In October 2012, the 10-year naming rights with Discover Card ended, and the mall was renamed "Sugarloaf Mills," which was the mall's planned name when it was first developed in the late 1990s and named after the parkway the mall is located.

neg: Polaris Fashion Place Polaris Fashion Place is a two level shopping mall and surrounding retail plaza serving Columbus, Ohio, United States. The mall, owned locally by WP Glimcher, is located off Interstate 71 on Polaris Parkway in Delaware County just to the north of the boundary between Delaware and Franklin County. The mall features eight anchor stores: H&M, JCPenney, Macy's, Saks Fifth Avenue, Sears, Von Maur, Dick's Sporting Goods, and Field & Stream, as well as an outdoor promenade which includes XXI Forever and Barnes & Noble.

neg: Galleria Shopping Centre (Toronto) The Galleria Shopping Centre (also known as Galleria Mall) is a shopping centre located at Dufferin and Dupont streets in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The shopping centre is a single storey, enclosed (one of only three enclosed shopping centres in the Old City of Toronto), and has approximately 50 tenants. It was opened in 1972 and has an area of 21124 m2 . In August 2015 the mall was reported to have been sold to Freed Developments, with strong indications that the site will be redeveloped.

neg: The 9 Cleveland The 9 Cleveland is a residential and commercial complex located in Downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States, at the corner of East Ninth Street and Euclid Avenue. It includes three buildings, the largest of which is a 29-story, 383 ft tower commonly known by its previous name of Ameritrust Tower and formerly known as the Cleveland Trust Tower. The tower was completed in 1971 and is an example of brutalist architecture, the only high-rise building designed by Marcel Breuer and Hamilton Smith. The complex also includes the adjacent Cleveland Trust Company Building, completed in 1908, and the Swetland Building.

neg: Harts Stores Harts Stores (Hart's Family Center) was a regional general merchandise chain in the midwestern United States, headquartered for many years in Columbus, Ohio.

neg: Fashion Square Mall Fashion Square Mall is an enclosed shopping mall located in the northern edge of Saginaw Charter Township, Michigan. It lies within the boundaries of M-84 (Bay Road) to the west, Tittabawassee Road to the north, Fashion Square Blvd. to the east, and Schust Road to the south. The mall serves the city of Saginaw, its suburbs, and the greater Great Lakes Bay Region . It features more than 100 tenants, including a food court, and its anchor stores are JCPenney, Macy's and Sears.

neg: Circle Centre Circle Centre Mall is a large indoor shopping mall located in Downtown Indianapolis. Circle Centre Mall was opened to the public on September 8, 1995, and incorporates existing downtown structures such as the former L. S. Ayres flagship store.

neg: Great Northern Mall (Ohio) Great Northern Mall, is a single-level enclosed shopping mall in North Olmsted, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland. Its anchor stores are Macy's, Dillard's, Sears, J. C. Penney and Dick's Sporting Goods.

neg: PNC Center (Akron) PNC Center, formerly the National City Center, is a skyscraper located in downtown Akron, Ohio. It is the second tallest building in the city. It stands in the Cascade Plaza. Constructed in 1969, it is currently owned by Akron Redevelopment Corporation.

neg: Pioneer Place Pioneer Place is an upscale, urban shopping mall in downtown Portland, Oregon. It consists of four blocks of retail, dining, parking, and an office tower named Pioneer Tower. The mall itself is spread out between four buildings, interconnected by skywalks or underground mall sections. The footprint of the entire complex consists of four full city blocks, bisected by SW Yamhill and Fourth, bounded north-south by SW Morrison and Taylor Streets and east-west by SW Third and Fifth Avenues.

neg: West Acres Shopping Center West Acres Shopping Center is a regional shopping mall located in Fargo, North Dakota near the intersection of Interstates 29 and 94. It is the largest mall in North Dakota and includes four major anchors, nearly 130 stores and services, and a 750-seat food court. The mall is also home to The Roger Maris Museum, a collection of regional art, the Touchstone Energy Dinosaur Playland, and a collection of spearfishing decoys created by John Jensen.

neg: Time Warner Center Time Warner Center is a mixed use (office/commercial and residential) twin-tower building in New York City. Developed by The Related Companies and AREA Property Partners (formerly known as Apollo Real Estate Advisors), its design by David Childs and Mustafa Kemal Abadan of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, consists of two 750 ft twin towers bridged by a multi-story atrium containing upscale retail shops. Construction began in November 2000, following the demolition of the New York Coliseum, and a topping-out ceremony was held on February 27, 2003. The property had the highest-listed market value in New York City, $1.1 billion, in 2006. Originally constructed as the AOL Time Warner Center, the building encircles the western side of Columbus Circle and straddles the border between Midtown and the Upper West Side. The total floor area of 2.8 e6ft2 is occupied by office space (notably the offices of Time Warner and an R&D Center for VMware), residential condominiums, and the Mandarin Oriental, New York hotel. The Shops at Columbus Circle is an upscale shopping mall located in a curving arcade at the base of the building, with a large Whole Foods Market grocery store on the lower level.

neg: Station Mall The Station Mall in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, is the second largest shopping mall in Northern Ontario, trailing just behind the New Sudbury Centre in Greater Sudbury in area, while also lagging behind the Intercity Shopping Centre in Thunder Bay in number of stores. Station Mall has 97 stores and 555000 sqft of retail space on one level . Built in 1973, the mall has since undergone two major expansions. Its major tenants include Sears, Walmart and the 52000 sqft Galaxy Cinemas movie theatre complex. The mall is located on the waterfront in downtown Sault Ste. Marie, and is roughly five minutes away from the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge to the United States. The Sault Ste. Marie railway station is located in the mall parking lot.

neg: University District, Columbus, Ohio The University District (or University Area), is a 2.8 sqmi area located two miles (3 km) north of Downtown Columbus, Ohio that is home to the main campus of The Ohio State University, the Battelle Institute, and the Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute. It is generally accepted as the area bounded to the north by Clintonville at Glen Echo Ravine; to the south by the Short North at 5th Avenue; to the west by the Olentangy River and to east by the ConRail railroad tracks. Points of interest include, but are not limited to, the Ohio Stadium and Old North Columbus; The district is Columbus' most densely populated area and contains more than 650 businesses, human service agencies, churches, and schools. University District businesses include boutiques, mixed retail, several tattoo studios, the Landmark Gateway theater, and a diverse range of restaurants and bars.

neg: Core Pacific City Core Pacific City, also known as the Living Mall () is a shopping center in Taipei, Taiwan, and has a total floor space of 204,190 square meters. Built in 2001, the structure is a complex of two buildings - an L-shaped building which contains specialty boutiques connected to a sphere which contains the Mira Department Store. The complex consists of 12 above-ground stories and 7 underground levels. When it first opened, the mall was open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. As one of the first of several large-scale malls in Taiwan, Core Pacific's planners expected it to change local consumer behavior to Western-style one-stop shopping.

neg: West Park Mall West Park Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Opened in 1981, it is anchored by Macy's (91,175 sq. ft.), JCPenney (100,466 sq. ft.), Furniture Factory (80,710 sq. ft.), Old Navy, and Barnes & Noble.

neg: Westmere, New York Westmere is a hamlet in the town of Guilderland, Albany County, New York. Since the 1970 Census a census-designated place (CDP) has been established with the name of Westmere for tabulating the population of what the census has defined as the boundaries for Westmere. The population was 7,284 at the 2010 census. It is a suburb of the neighboring city of Albany. U.S. Route 20 (Western Avenue) bisects the community and is the major thoroughfare and main street. Along Western Avenue are numerous strip malls, shopping plazas, and commercial buildings, with residential use on the side streets to the north and south. Crossgates Mall, the Capital District's largest shopping mall, is in Westmere's northeastern corner.

neg: Westfarms Westfarms, sometimes referred to as Westfarms Mall, is an upscale shopping mall located seven miles (11 km) southwest of Hartford, Connecticut. The mall sits on the town line between Farmington and West Hartford, and takes its name from the two. The mall was developed, and is managed by, The Taubman Company. It is the third largest indoor mall in the state.

neg: The Crossroads (Portage, Michigan) The Crossroads is a shopping mall located in Portage, Michigan. The mall features four anchor stores (Macy's, JCPenney, Sears, and Burlington Coat Factory), as well as 100 stores and a food court. The Crossroads Mall has been owned since 1999 by General Growth Properties.

neg: Western Crossing Western Crossing, formerly known as Western Plaza, is a shopping mall in Amarillo, Texas, United States. It opened in 1968 with a construction cost of approximately US$13 million. Western Plaza was once a main shopping point in Amarillo, but from the 1980s to 2000s has suffered stores leaving its complex. It is demolished and a new shopping center is being built. The Western Crossings shopping center is estimated to cost US$40 million.


query: American politician Joe Heck ran unsuccessfully against Democrat Catherine Cortez Masto, a woman who previously served as the 32nd Attorney General of where?

pos: Joe Heck Joseph John “Joe” Heck (born October 30, 1961) is an American politician, physician, and U.S. Army Brigadier General who had served as the U.S. Representative for Nevada's 3rd congressional district from 2011 to 2017. Heck, a member of the Republican Party, is a board-certified physician and served as a Nevada State Senator from 2004-08. He ran unsuccessfully against Democrat Catherine Cortez Masto in the general election for the open Nevada United States Senate seat in 2016. In the same year, Heck made headlines by joining a long list of Republicans who opposed the GOP nominee for President, Donald Trump.

pos: Catherine Cortez Masto Catherine Marie Cortez Masto (born March 29, 1964) is an American attorney and politician who is the junior United States Senator from Nevada. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She previously served as the 32nd Attorney General of Nevada from 2007 to 2015.

neg: Stephanie Rawlings-Blake Stephanie C. Rawlings-Blake (born March 17, 1970) is an American politician and attorney who served as the 49th Mayor of Baltimore from 2010 to 2016, the second woman to hold that office. She has also served as secretary of the Democratic National Committee and president of the United States Conference of Mayors.

neg: Ted Kulongoski Theodore Ralph "Ted" Kulongoski ( ; born November 5, 1940) is a retired American politician, judge and lawyer who served as the 36th Governor of Oregon from 2003 to 2011. A Democrat, he served in both houses of the Oregon Legislative Assembly and also served as the state Insurance Commissioner. He was the Attorney General of Oregon from 1993 to 1997 and an Associate Justice on the Oregon Supreme Court from 1997 to 2001.

neg: Kate Brown Katherine Brown (born June 21, 1960) is an American politician who is the 38th and current Governor of Oregon. Brown, a Democrat and an attorney, previously served as Oregon Secretary of State and as majority leader of the Oregon State Senate, where she represented portions of Milwaukie and of Northeast and Southeast Portland.

neg: Katherine Fernandez Rundle Katherine Fernandez Rundle (born March 5, 1950) is the current State Attorney for Miami-Dade County in Florida.

neg: Grace Napolitano Graciela Flores "Grace" Napolitano (born December 4, 1936) is the U.S. Representative for California 's 32 congressional district , serving in Congress since 1999. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She previously served in the California State Assembly and the Norwalk City Council.

neg: David L. Norvell David Lee Norvell (born January 1, 1935) is a U.S. Democratic politician who served as Attorney General of New Mexico from 1971 to 1975. Norvell was born in Kansas City, Missouri and was raised in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. In 1955, he received a B.S. degree from Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma and a J.D. from the University of Oklahoma 1958.

neg: Donald B. Ayer Donald Belton Ayer (born April 30, 1949) was the United States Deputy Attorney General from 1989 to May 1990, under Republican President George H.W. Bush.

neg: Debra Wong Yang Debra Wong Yang (; pinyin: Yáng Huáng Jīnyù) was the United States Attorney for the Central District of California. She was appointed in May 2002 by President George W. Bush, who made her the first Asian American woman to serve as a United States Attorney. In 2009, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa nominated Yang to a vacancy on the Los Angeles Police Commission. In 2016, she was listed as the potential choice for SEC Chief in Donald Trump's cabinet.

neg: David M. Louie David M. Louie (born October 8, 1951 in Oakland, California) is an American attorney, who served as Attorney General of Hawaii for 4 years.

neg: Maria Syms Maria Syms is an American politician and a Republican member of the Arizona House of Representatives elected to represent District 28 in 2016. Syms is an Arizona Assistant Attorney General, a Paradise Valley Town Councilwoman and a former Assistant United States Attorney. She was also on the Paradise Valley planning Commission from 2003 until 2013.

neg: Attorney General of Oklahoma The Attorney General of Oklahoma is the State Attorney General for the state of Oklahoma. The attorney general serves as the chief legal and law enforcement officer of the State of Oklahoma. As head of the Office of the Oklahoma Attorney General, he or she is responsible for providing legal advice to the other departments and agencies of the executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch of the state government. The attorney general is also responsible for the prosecution of offenses to Oklahoma law and advocate for the basic legal rights of Oklahoma residents.

neg: Susan Engeleiter Susan Shannon Engeleiter (born March 18, 1952) is an American Republican politician, lawyer, and businesswoman.

neg: Tricia Hunter Patricia Rae Hunter, known by her nickname Tricia, is a former California state Assemblywoman in San Diego, California. A nurse by profession and a former member of the Registered Nurse Board, she won a special election to the state Assembly in 1989 in a major upset that caught both political parties by surprise. In the Assembly, she became known as an expert in health care and an advocate for the practicing registered nurses. Considered a moderate, she was disliked by conservatives and faced vigorous primary challenges. She was reelected by a comfortable margin in 1990, and in 1991, an attempt was made to recall her but it failed. However, the following year, redistricting dramatically changed the boundaries of her district and she had to run in a different district in 1992. That year, she was narrowly defeated by Democrat Julie Bornstein. After the election, she also worked for the Flannery Group, a lobbying firm. She sought to return to the state Assembly in 1996, but lost a close race to Democrat Howard Wayne, a former state Assistant Attorney General. After her second election loss, she was appointed Special Assistant to the Health and Human Services Agency and to the California Medical Assistance Commission by Governor Pete Wilson. In 2004, she sought to return to the state Assembly again in, but lost the election to Democrat Lori Saldaña.

neg: Suzanne Haik Terrell Suzanne Haik Terrell (born July 8, 1954) is the first and only Republican woman elected to statewide office in Louisiana. A practicing attorney, Terrell was the state's final commissioner of elections, a position which she held from 2000 to 2004. In 2002, she was the Republican nominee for United States Senate, losing a hotly contested and closely watched race against incumbent Senator Mary Landrieu. In 2005, U.S. President George W. Bush appointed Terrell to a position as Deputy Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of Commerce's Economic Development Administration. Terrell is currently a partner with the New Orleans firm of Hangartner, Rydberg, and Terrell.

neg: Elizabeth Barrett-Anderson Elizabeth Barrett-Anderson (born July 21, 1953) is a Guamanian lawyer, judge, and politician. She serves as the Attorney General of Guam, a U.S. territory. She previously held the office from 1987 to 1994. She is the longest-serving attorney general in Guamanian history and was the first woman to serve as attorney general.

neg: Steven Engel Steven Andrew Engel is an American lawyer who is the nominee to become United States Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel in the Donald Trump administration. Engel, who previously worked in the George W. Bush administration as deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Counsel, was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31, 2017. A graduate of Yale Law School, Engel clerked for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. He practiced law at Kirkland & Ellis before becoming a partner at the Dechert law firm.

neg: Kelli Ward Kelli Ward ("née" Kaznoski; born January 25, 1969) is an American politician and osteopathic physician. A member of the Republican Party, Ward was elected in 2012 to serve in the Arizona State Senate representing the fifth legislative district. She was unopposed for election in 2014. While serving in office, she continued to practice medicine in the emergency departments in Lake Havasu City and Kingman, Arizona.

neg: Catherine Tizard Dame Catherine Anne Tizard {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (née Maclean; born 4 April 1931) is a New Zealand politician who served as Mayor of Auckland City from 1983 to 1990, and the 16th Governor-General of New Zealand from 1990 to 1996. She was the first woman to hold either office.

neg: Tom Strickland Tom Strickland is an American lawyer who was formerly chief of staff to Interior Secretary Ken Salazar and Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks in the Interior Department. Strickland served as United States Attorney for Colorado and was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate for Colorado in 1996 and 2002. He joined WilmerHale as a partner in September, 2011.

neg: John T. Chisholm John Theodore Chisholm (born March 14, 1963) is an American prosecutor and politician who has served as Milwaukee County District Attorney since 2007. A career prosecutor, Chisholm specialized in complex conspiracy prosecutions before his election as district attorney in 2006.


query: Between the Vizsla and the Saint-Usuge Spaniel which dog breed national breed club was founded in 1990?

pos: Vizsla The Vizsla is a dog breed originating in Hungary, which belongs under the FCI group 7 (Pointer group). The Hungarian or Magyar Vizsla are sporting dogs and loyal companions, in addition to being the smallest of the all-round pointer-retriever breeds. The Vizsla's medium size is one of the breed's most appealing characteristics as a hunter of fowl and upland game, and through the centuries the Vizsla has held a rare position among sporting dogs – that of household companion and family dog.

pos: Saint-Usuge Spaniel The Saint-Usuge Spaniel (or Épagneul de Saint-Usuge) is a breed of Spaniel originating in the Bresse region of France. The breed has origins dating back to at least the 16th century, but was nearly extinct by the end of World War II. Through the efforts of Father Robert Billard, the breed was resurrected during the second half of the 20th century; its national breed club was founded in 1990. The breed was recognised by the Société Centrale Canine (French Kennel Club) in 2003.

neg: Spaniel A spaniel is a type of gun dog. Spaniels were especially bred to flush game out of denser brush. By the late 17th century spaniels had been specialized into water and land breeds. The extinct English Water Spaniel was used to retrieve water fowl shot down with arrows. Land spaniels were setting spaniels—those that crept forward and pointed their game, allowing hunters to ensnare them with nets, and springing spaniels—those that sprang pheasants and partridges for hunting with falcons, and rabbits for hunting with greyhounds. During the 17th century, the role of the spaniel dramatically changed as Englishmen began hunting with flintlocks for wing shooting. Charles Goodall and Julia Gasow (1984) write that spaniels were "transformed from untrained, wild beaters, to smooth, polished gun dogs."

neg: Miniature Schnauzer The Miniature Schnauzer is a breed of small dog of the Schnauzer type that originated in Germany in the mid-to-late 19th century. Miniature Schnauzers developed from crosses between the Standard Schnauzer and one or more smaller breeds such as the Poodle and Affenpinscher, as farmers bred a small dog that was an efficient ratting dog. They are described as "spunky" but aloof dogs, with good guarding tendencies without some guard dogs' predisposition to bite. Miniature Schnauzers are recognized in three colors internationally: solid black, black and silver, and a color known as 'salt and pepper'. There is a controversial fourth color variant in Miniature Schnauzers, pure white, which is not recognized universally.

neg: Seskar Seal Dog The Seskar Seal Dog ("Seiskarinhyljekoira") is an extinct dog breed from Finland that was recently recreated. The modern dogs are not direct descendants of the original breed. Moreover, they are not used for the same purpose as the original breed. The original breed is typically called Seskar Seal Dog and the modern version Seskar (or Seiskari) Dog. Some 200 individuals in Finland represent the modern breed.

neg: Shelillon (dog) The Shelillon is a breed of dog of both Spaniel and the Scottish Collie type. It is a loyal friendly breed with moderate shedding, and minimum exercise requirements. To best understand this mixed-breed dog one must understand both its parents, the Papillon and Shetland Sheepdog. A Shelillon is not an American Kennel Club recognized breed.

neg: Welsh Springer Spaniel The Welsh Springer Spaniel is a breed of dog and a member of the spaniel family. Thought to be comparable to the old Land Spaniel, they are similar to the English Springer Spaniel and historically have been referred to as both the Welsh Spaniel and the Welsh Cocker Spaniel. They were relatively unknown until a succession of victories in dog trials by the breed increased its popularity. Following recognition by The Kennel Club in 1902, the breed gained the modern name of Welsh Springer Spaniel. The breed's coat only comes in a single colour combination of white with red markings, usually in a piebald pattern. Loyal and affectionate, they can become very attached to family members and are wary of strangers. Health conditions are limited to those common among many breeds of dog, although they are affected more than average by hip dysplasia and some eye conditions. They are a working dog, bred for hunting, and while not as rare as some varieties of spaniel, they are rarer than the more widely known English Springer Spaniel with which they are sometimes confused.

neg: French Spaniel The French Spaniel (Epagneul Français) is a breed of dog of the Spaniel-like setter. It was developed in France and Canada as a hunting dog, descended from dogs of the 14th century. Popular with royalty during the Middle Ages, it nearly became extinct by the turn of the 20th century but was saved by the efforts of Father Fournier, a French priest. One of the largest breeds of Spaniel, it typically has a white coat with brown markings. It is a friendly breed that has few health issues, but can be affected by a syndrome called acral mutilation and analgesia. The breed is recognised by Canadian and international kennel clubs but not by The Kennel Club (UK). The American Kennel Club has included the breed in its Foundation Stock Service, the first step to full recognition.

neg: Water dog Water dogs are a type of gun dog bred to flush and retrieve game from water, often serving the waterfowl hunter. Strong swimming desire is a characteristic of these dogs. Some of the oldest dog breeds are water dogs. The term was originally water spaniels (a misnomer, as not all are spaniels). With the advent of kennel clubs many "water spaniels" were accepted under the names including the designation retriever rather than spaniel.

neg: Northern Inuit Dog The Northern Inuit Dog is a crossbred dog that originated in the late 1980s, in an attempt to create a domestic dog breed more closely resembling the wolf. It is currently only recognized by its own independent breed club, but by no other major kennel clubs. The dog originates from crosses among German Shepherd Dogs, Siberian Huskies, and a variety of Inuit breeds. Although the original stock is Canadian in origin, the breed was developed in the UK.

neg: Shar Pei The Chinese Shar-Pei, is a breed of dog known for its distinctive features of deep wrinkles and a blue-black tongue. The breed originates from Canton, China. The English name (沙皮, pinyin: "shā pí"; probably derived from British spelling of the Cantonese equivalent, "sā pèih") translates to "sand skin" and refers to the texture of its short, rough coat. As puppies, Shar Pei have numerous wrinkles, but as they mature, these loosen and spread out as they "grow into their skin". Shar Pei were named in 1978 as one of the world's rarest dog breeds by "TIME" magazine and the "Guinness World Records". Although the Shar Pei has been identified as a basal breed that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century, the American Kennel Club did not recognize it as a breed until 1992.

neg: Eurohound A Eurohound (also known as a Eurodog or Scandinavian hound) is a type of dog bred for sled dog racing. The Eurohound is typically crossbred from the Alaskan husky group and any of a number of pointing breeds ("pointers").

neg: Boston Terrier The Boston Terrier is a breed of dog originating in the United States. This "American Gentleman" was accepted in 1893 by the American Kennel Club as a non-sporting breed. Color and markings are important when distinguishing this breed to the AKC standard. They should be either black, brindle or seal with white markings. Bostons are small and compact with a short tail and erect ears. The AKC says they are highly intelligent and very easily trained. They are friendly and can be stubborn at times. The average life span of a Boston is around 11 to 13 years, though some can live well into their teens.

neg: German Shepherd The German Shepherd (German: Deutscher Schäferhund , ] ) is a breed of medium to large-sized working dog that originated in Germany. The breed's officially recognized name is German Shepherd Dog in the English language (sometimes abbreviated as "GSD"). The breed is also known as the Alsatian in Britain and Ireland. The German Shepherd is a relatively new breed of dog, with their origin dating to 1899. As part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and even acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and fourth-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom.

neg: Serbian Tricolour Hound The Serbian Tricolour Hound ("srpski trobojni gonič" or "trobojac") is a breed of dog of the hound type. Formerly called the Yugoslavian Tricolour Hound, the name was changed for clarity after the breakup of SFR Yugoslavia in 1991. The breed was first exhibited at shows in 1950. At one time it was considered a variation of the Serbian Hound, but was recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale as a separate breed in 1961.

neg: Illyrian Shepherd The Illyrian Shepherd was a dog breed registered with the Fédération Cynologique Internationale FCI since 1939 under Standard number 41 "Illirski Ovcar". In 1957 the FCI changed the name of the breed to "Yugoslavian Shepherd Dog Sharplanina" (Šarplaninac). Up to 16 March 1968 the Karst Shepherd (kraški ovčar) carried the same name. Since then the two breeds are independent.

neg: National Leather Association International National Leather Association International is a contemporary BDSM organization based in the United States with chapters in various cities in the United States and Canada. Along with similar organizations, the NLA brought together gay leathermen, kinky heterosexuals and bisexuals, SM lesbians and transgender sadomasochists into a national integrated organization. When it formed, prosecutions against sadomasochistic media and even individuals who practiced it consensually and in private, such as in the 1990 UK Operation Spanner case, had increased. Organisations such as the National Leather Association were a response to this environment, and the NLA played a leading role in raising funds for the Spanner defendants.

neg: Pembroke Welsh Corgi The Pembroke Welsh Corgi ( ; Welsh for "dwarf dog") is a cattle herding dog breed which originated in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is one of two breeds known as a Welsh Corgi. The other is the Cardigan Welsh Corgi, and both descend from the line that is the northern spitz-type dog (examples include that of the Siberian Husky). Another theory is that Pembrokes are descended from the Swedish Vallhunds, which were crossed with the local Welsh herding dogs. The Pembroke Welsh Corgi is the younger of the two Corgi breeds and is a separate and distinct breed from the Cardigan. The corgi is one of the smallest dogs in the Herding Group. Pembroke Welsh Corgis are famed for being the preferred breed of Queen Elizabeth II, who has owned more than 30 during her reign. These dogs have been favored by British royalty for more than seventy years, but among British Commoners, have recently fallen into decline in terms of popularity and demand.

neg: Kuvasz The Kuvasz (] ), is an ancient breed of a livestock dog of Hungarian origin. Mention of the breed can be found in old Hungarian texts. It has historically been used as a royal guard dog, or to guard livestock, but has been increasingly found in homes as a pet over the last seventy years.

neg: Field Spaniel The Field Spaniel is a medium-sized breed dog of the spaniel type. They were originally developed to be all-black show dogs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and were unpopular for work as a hunting dog. However, during the mid-20th century they were redeveloped as a longer-legged dog that was more suitable to be used for field work. They are now considered to be a rare breed, and are registered as a Vulnerable Native Breed by The Kennel Club.

neg: Toy Trawler Spaniel The Toy Trawler Spaniel is an extinct breed of Spaniel which physically was similar to the King Charles Spaniel of the 16th century. It is considered to have descended from the original King Charles Spaniel, and the older variety of Sussex Spaniel. It was originally used as a sporting dog, but became used as a toy and show dog. It was considered to be on the verge of extinction by 1920. A preserved specimen is kept in Tring at the Natural History Museum.

neg: Terceira Mastiff The Terceira Mastiff (Portuguese: ] ) is a landrace Portuguese dog breed, also known as the Rabo Torto ("rabo"=tail, "torto"=curled/twisted). Neither the Fédération Cynologique Internationale nor the local Clube Português de Canicultura has officially recognized it. It is a remarkable ancestor to both the Cão Fila de São Miguel and the Fila Brasileiro . This breed is fully different from the Barbado da Terceira