query: Inter Milan, coached by legendary manager Giovanni Trappatoni, missed out on the scudetto title in 1991, but what trophy did they win?

pos: 1990–91 Inter Milan season Inter was thought to be a favourite for the Serie A title, having - between others - three world champions in their squad. Well placed in the league, the side also reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup after comebacks against Rapid Wien and Aston Villa. Trapattoni's team managed to progress to the final, beating also Atalanta and Sporting Lisboa. Lost hopes for the "Scudetto", due to losses from the Genoa sides in May, Inter saved the season by winning the UEFA cup. The triumph was over fellow Italian side Roma, 2–1 on aggregate.

pos: Giovanni Trapattoni Giovanni Trapattoni (] ; born 17 March 1939), sometimes popularly known as "Trap" or "Il Trap", is an Italian football manager and former footballer, considered the most successful club coach in the history of Serie A. A former defensive midfielder, as a player he spent almost his entire club career with A.C. Milan, where he won two Serie A league titles (1961–62 and 1967–68), and two European Cups, in 1962–63 and 1968–69. Internationally, he played for Italy, earning 17 caps and participating in the 1962 FIFA World Cup in Chile.

neg: Coppa Campioni d'Italia The Coppa Campioni d'Italia is the trophy that in Italian football represents the victory of the Serie A championship.

neg: 1991 Intercontinental Cup The 1991 Intercontinental Cup was a football match played on 8 December 1991 between Red Star of Yugoslavia, winners of the 1990–91 European Cup, and Colo-Colo of Chile, winners of the 1991 Copa Libertadores. The match was played at the neutral venue of the National Stadium in Tokyo in front of 60,000 fans. Vladimir Jugović was named as man of the match.

neg: 1970–71 Serie A The 1970–71 Serie A season was won by F.C. Internazionale Milano.

neg: 1999–2000 A.C. Milan season Associazione Calcio Milan did not repeat its successful season in 1998–99, and fell back to third in Serie A, as well as crashing out of the Champions League, following a lackluster performance in the First Group Phase. In fact, Milan ended up last in the group, and was not even qualifying for the remainder of the UEFA Cup.

neg: 1993–94 Serie A The 1993–94 Serie A was won by Milan, being the 14th title for the "rossoneri" and their third in succession, complemented by glory in the UEFA Champions League. It was a disappointing season in the league for Inter Milan, whose 13th-place finish saw them avoid relegation by a single point, but they compensated for this by winning the UEFA Cup. Piacenza, Udinese, Atlanta and Lecce were all relegated. A.C. Milan's visit to struggling Reggiana at San Siro on 1 May 1994 came on a day when the sporting world was overshadowed with the death of racing driver Ayrton Senna in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, but the football world was focused on AC Milan's attempts to seal a 14th scudetto title. It was a narrow 0–1 defeat for Reggiana, with a goal from Massimiliano Esposito, but enough to seal the "Scudetto".

neg: F.C. Internazionale Milano (basketball) F.C. Internazionale Milano, commonly referred to as Internazionale or simply Inter, and colloquially known as Inter Milan outside of Italy, has been one of Italian men's basketball team in the city of Milan, the section of the most popular football club with the same name.

neg: 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup The 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup saw Strasbourg and Bordeaux win their semi-finals to advance to the UEFA Cup. It also saw Wimbledon and Tottenham banned from UEFA European competition for the following season, after fielding under-strength sides. The ban was lifted on appeal.

neg: 1991–92 Torino Calcio season Torino Calcio enjoyed its most successful season in the 1990s, finishing third in the extremely competitive Serie A, plus nearly added the UEFA Cup to the trophy room, only missing out on away goals against Dutch side Ajax in the two-legged final.

neg: Saul Malatrasi Saul Malatrasi (born 17 February 1938) is a former Italian football player and coach who played as a defender for Inter Milan and A.C. Milan and was part of their European Cup victories in 1965 and 1969 respectively, thus becoming the first player to participate in the European Cup campaigns of two different winning teams. Malatrasi played in the 1969 final, but not in the 1965 final.

neg: Pietro Paolo Virdis Antonio Pietro Paolo Virdis (born 26 June 1957) is an Italian football manager and former player, who played as a forward. Throughout his career, he played for Nuorese, before playing in Serie A with Cagliari Calcio, Juventus F.C., Udinese Calcio, and A.C. Milan; he ended his career with Lecce. Known for his eye for goal, with Juventus, he won two league titles and a Coppa Italia; with Milan, he was the league's top-scorer in 1987, also winning a league title and the Supercoppa Italiana in 1988, and was part of the club's European Cup victory in 1989. At international level, he represented the Italy under-23 side at the 1988 Summer Olympics, helping the team to a fourth-place finish.

neg: 1989 Supercoppa Italiana The 1989 Supercoppa Italiana was a match played by the 1988–89 Serie A winners Internazionale and 1988–89 Coppa Italia winners Sampdoria. It took place on 29 September 1989 at the San Siro in Milan, Italy. Inter won the match 2–0, to earn their first Supercoppa.

neg: 1963 European Cup Final The 1963 European Cup Final was a football match between Milan and Benfica, held at Wembley Stadium, London, on 22 May 1963. Milan won the match 2–1, winning the European Cup for the first time.

neg: Inter Milan F.C. Internazionale Milano, commonly referred to as Internazionale (] ) or simply Inter and colloquially known as Inter Milan outside Italy, is a professional Italian football club based in Milan, Lombardy. The club has played continuously in the top tier of the Italian football league system since its debut in 1909.

neg: 1992 UEFA Cup Final The 1992 UEFA Cup Final was played on 29 April 1992 and 13 May 1992 between Ajax of the Netherlands and Torino of Italy. Ajax won on away goals after a 2–2 draw in the first leg in Turin and a 0–0 draw in the second in Amsterdam.

neg: Graziano Bini Graziano Bini (born 7 January 1955 in San Daniele Po) is a retired Italian professional footballer and manager, who played as a defender. He spent the majority of his club career with Italian side Inter, where he won a Serie A title and two Coppa Italia titles; he ended his career with Genoa.

neg: Parma F.C. in European football Parma Football Club is an Italian football club based in Emilia-Romagna. The club was founded in 1913 (as Verdi F.B.C.) and has competed in the Italian football league system since 1919. Their first involvement in European competition – run by UEFA, the chief authority for football across Europe – was in 1991, entering the UEFA Cup. Since then, the club has competed in every UEFA-organised competition, with the exception of the now-defunct Intertoto Cup. The competition in which the club has had the most success is the UEFA Cup (now known as the UEFA Europa League); they have won two UEFA Cups, the first of which came in 1995 and the second in 1999. The club has also won the Cup Winners' Cup, which they won in 1993; and the Super Cup, also won in 1993.

neg: Supercoppa Italiana (ice hockey) The Supercoppa Italiana is the national ice hockey supercup in Italy. It was first played in 2001, and is contested by the previous season's Serie A and Coppa Italia champions.

neg: Slovenian Supercup The Slovenian Supercup (Slovene: "Slovenski superpokal" ) was a football match between the club that has won the Slovenian PrvaLiga and the club that has won the Slovenian Cup. Prior 2007, the match was held only twice, in 1995 and 1996. The competition was resurrected in 2007 and was held annually for nine seasons, before it was abolished after the 2015 edition.

neg: 1991–92 Juventus F.C. season Juventus F.C. finished second in Serie A and reached the final of the Coppa Italia in this season.

neg: Enzo Bearzot Vincenzo "Enzo" Bearzot (] ; 26 September 1927 – 21 December 2010) was an Italian professional football manager and former footballer, who played as a defender or midfielder. He led the Italian national team to a triumph in the 1982 FIFA World Cup.


query: Abdellah Bidane, also known as Abdellah Bidar, is a Moroccan football defender who played for Morocco in which tournament, held in Mexico from 31 May to 29 June 1986?

pos: Abdellah Bidane Abdellah Bidane (born 19 August 1967), also known as Abdellah Bidar, is a Moroccan football defender who played for Morocco in the 1986 FIFA World Cup. He also played for CODM Meknès.

pos: 1986 FIFA World Cup The 1986 FIFA World Cup, the 13th FIFA World Cup, was held in Mexico from 31 May to 29 June 1986. The tournament was the second to feature a 24-team format. With European nations not allowed to host after the previous World Cup in Spain, Colombia had been originally chosen to host the competition by FIFA but, largely due to economic reasons, was not able to do so and officially resigned in 1982. Mexico was selected as the new host in May 1983. This was the third FIFA World Cup tournament in succession that was hosted by a Hispanophonic country, after Spain in 1982, and Argentina in 1978.

neg: 1986 Tel Aviv Open The 1986 Tel Aviv Open was a tennis tournament played on hard courts that was part of the 1986 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was played at the Israel Tennis Centers at Ramat HaSharon near Tel Aviv in Israel from October 6 through October 13, 1986.

neg: Morocco at the FIFA World Cup The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of "Fédération Internationale de Football Association" (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, due to World War II.

neg: UNAF U-23 Tournament The UNAF U-23 Tournament (Arabic: دورة شمال إفريقيا تحت 23 سنة  ) is a football (soccer) tournament held between nations who are members of the UNAF association; however, some other teams which are not members are invited. Algeria will hosts the tournament in January 2015.

neg: 1988 African Cup of Nations The 1988 African Cup of Nations was the 16th edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the soccer championship of Africa (CAF). It was hosted by Morocco, who replaced original host Zambia. Just like in 1986, the field of eight teams was split into two groups of four. The tournament final was held in Casablanca at Stade Mohamed V. Cameroon won its second championship, beating Nigeria in the final 1−0.

neg: 1986 CONCACAF Champions' Cup The 1986 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was the 22nd edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CONCACAF region (North America, Central America and the Caribbean), the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. It determined that year's club champion of association football in the CONCACAF region and was played from 4 May 1986 till 11 February 1987.

neg: Athletics at the 1986 Central American Games Athletics competitions at the 1986 Central American Games were held at the Estadio Nacional Mateo Flores in Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala, in January 1986.

neg: UEFA Euro 1984 The 1984 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in France from 12 to 27 June 1984. It was the seventh European Football Championship, a competition held every four years and endorsed by UEFA. West Germany also submitted a bid to host the tournament, but France were the favoured hosts.

neg: Yugoslavia at the 1983 Mediterranean Games Yugoslavia competed at the 1983 Mediterranean Games held in Casablanca, Morocco.

neg: 1977 CONCACAF Championship The 1977 CONCACAF Championship, the seventh edition of the CONCACAF Championship, was held in Mexico from 8 October to 23 October. Mexico, as the host nation, easily secured a third title and a place in Argentina '78 since the tournament also served as qualification to the World Cup. The North, Central American and Caribbean zone was allocated 1 place (out of 16) in the final tournament.

neg: 1982 FIFA World Cup The 1982 FIFA World Cup, the 12th FIFA World Cup, was held in Spain from 13 June to 11 July 1982.

neg: ConIFA World Football Cup The ConIFA World Football Cup is an international football tournament organized by ConIFA, an umbrella association for states, minorities, stateless peoples and regions unaffiliated with FIFA, planned to be held every two years.

neg: 1988 African Cup of Nations qualification This page details the qualifying process for the 1988 Africa Cup of Nations in Morocco. Morocco, as hosts, and Egypt, as title holders, qualified automatically.

neg: Mexico national American football team The Mexico national American football team (Spanish: "Selección de fútbol americano de México") represents Mexico in international American football competitions. The team is controlled by the Mexican American Football Federation. Mexico has participated in competitions such as the Aztec Bowl, the IFAF World Cup, and the IFAF Junior World Cup.

neg: 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship The 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship, the 10th edition of the football tournament, was held in Qatar from 13 April to 28 April 1995. The tournament took place in three venues within the city of Doha. The tournament was originally going to be held in Nigeria. Due to a meningitis outbreak, however, Nigeria withdrew from hosting duties and FIFA relocated the event to Qatar.

neg: 2000 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament The 2000 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament was the third edition of this international football competition. It took place in the summer of 2000, less than a week before the Euro 2000. Matches were held on 4 and 6 June 2000 in Morocco. Host nation Morocco, France (who went on to win the Euro the following month), Japan and Jamaica participated in the tournament, and all matches took place at the Stade Mohamed V, home of Moroccan clubs Raja Casablanca and Wydad Casablanca. The tournament was played in a cup format, with only four games played (two semifinals, a final and a third-place match).

neg: Algeria at the 1983 Mediterranean Games Algeria (ALG) competed at the 1983 Mediterranean Games in Casablanca, Morocco.

neg: 1962 FIFA World Cup The 1962 FIFA World Cup was the 7th FIFA World Cup. It was held from May 30 to June 17, 1962 in Chile. Teams representing 57 national football associations from all six populated continents entered the competition, with its qualification process beginning in August 1960. Fourteen teams qualified from this process, along with host nation Chile and defending champion Brazil, for the finals tournament.

neg: 1990 African Cup of Nations squads The 1990 African Cup of Nations was an international football tournament held in Algeria from 2 to 16 March. Eight national teams where involved in this competition, below are their squads.

neg: 1986 FIFA World Cup Group F Group F of the 1986 FIFA World Cup was one of the groups of nations competing at the 1986 FIFA World Cup. The group's first round of matches began on June 2 and its last matches were played on June 11. Most matches were played at the Estadio Universitario and the Estadio Tecnológico in Monterrey. Morocco surprisingly topped the group, joined in the second round by England and Poland. Portugal were the other team in this group, making their first appearance since 1966.

neg: 1999 Grand Prix Hassan II The 1999 Grand Prix Hassan II was an Association of Tennis Professionals tennis tournament held in Casablanca, Morocco. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and was held from March 22 to March 29, 1999.


query: The colonies of St. Thomas, St. John, St. Croix, Ghana, Tharangambadi, Serampore, and Nicobar Islands were involved in what 1807-1814 war?

pos: Gunboat War The Gunboat War (1807–1814) was the naval conflict between Denmark–Norway and the British Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. The war's name is derived from the Danish tactic of employing small gunboats against the conventional Royal Navy. In Scandinavia it is seen as the later stage of the English Wars, whose commencement is accounted as the First Battle of Copenhagen in 1801.

pos: Denmark–Norway Denmark–Norway (Danish and Norwegian: "Danmark–Norge ") was an early modern multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including Norwegian regions Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, et cetera), the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein. The state also claimed sovereignty over two historical peoples: Wends and Goths. In addition, the state included colonies: St. Thomas, St. John, St. Croix, Ghana, Tharangambadi, Serampore, and Nicobar Islands. The state's inhabitants were mainly Danes, Norwegians (along with Inuit and Sami), and Germans. The state's largest cities were Copenhagen, Altona, Bergen, Trondheim, and Christiania (Oslo).

neg: Invasion of Isle de France The Invasion of Isle de France was a complicated but successful amphibious operation in the Indian Ocean, launched in November 1810 during the Napoleonic Wars. During the operation, a substantial British military force was landed by the Royal Navy at Grand Baie on Isle de France (now Mauritius). Marching inland against weak French opposition, the British force was able to overwhelm the defenders in a series of minor engagements, culminating in the capture of the island's capital Port Napoleon and the surrender of Charles Decaen, the French governor. The surrender eliminated the last French territory in the Indian Ocean and among the military equipment captured were five French Navy frigates and 209 heavy cannon. Isle de France was retained by Britain at the end of the war under the name of Mauritius and remained part of the British Empire until 1968.

neg: HMS Dominica (1810) HMS "Dominica" was the French letter of marque schooner "Duc de Wagram", which the British captured in 1809 in the Leeward Islands and took into the Royal Navy in 1810. The American privateer "Decatur" captured her in 1813 in a notable single-ship action. However, "Majestic" recaptured her in 1814. She was wrecked in 1815

neg: Bombardment of Algiers (1784) The 2nd Bombardment of Algiers took place between 12 and 21 July 1784. A joint Spanish-Neapolitan-Maltese-Portuguese fleet commanded by the experienced Spanish Admiral Antonio Barceló bombarded the city, which was the main base of the Barbary corsairs, with the aim of forcing them to interrupt their activities. Massive damage and casualties were inflicted to the Algerians, while the loss aboard the allied fleet was low. The Dey of Algiers refused to start negotiations immediately but the fear of a third planned expedition under José de Mazarredo convinced him to negotiate a peace with the Spanish by which he was forced to cease large-scale piracy, signalling the effective end of the Barbary privateering until the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars.

neg: Invasion of Île Bonaparte The Invasion of Île Bonaparte was an amphibious operation in 1810 that formed an important part of the British campaign to blockade and capture the French Indian Ocean territories of Île Bonaparte (now Réunion) and Isle de France (now Mauritius) during the Napoleonic Wars. These islands formed a fortified base for a French frigate squadron under Commodore Jacques Hamelin to raid British convoys of East Indiamen travelling between Britain and British India. Hamelin's ships had destroyed two convoys the previous year despite the attention of a squadron of Royal Navy ships under Commodore Josias Rowley. Rowley had responded by raiding the fortified anchorage of Saint Paul on Île Bonaparte and capturing one of Hamelin's frigates and two captured East Indiamen.

neg: Barrackpore mutiny of 1824 The Barrackpore mutiny was a rising of native Indian sepoys against their British officers in Barrackpore in November 1824. The incident occurred when the British East India Company was fighting the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) under the leadership of the governor-general of India William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst.

neg: Dutch West Indies campaign The Dutch West Indies campaign was a series of minor conflicts in 1781 and 1782, in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War and the Anglo-French War. Following Great Britain's declaration of war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, British Admiral George Brydges Rodney, the commander of the Royal Navy in the West Indies, was notified by a fast-sailing packet of the declaration. He immediately acted to gain control over as many of the Dutch colonies as possible, seizing Sint Eustatius, a vital entrepot of French and Dutch trade with the Americans, in early February 1781. He also captured Saba and Sint Maarten, and orchestrated the seizure of the Dutch colonial outposts of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo in South America. A planned expedition by Samuel Hood against Curaçao was called off on rumors that a French fleet was approaching. French action later in 1781 and in 1782 recovered the territories taken by the British, although Sint Eustatius never recovered its importance as a trading point.

neg: Battle of Roncesvalles (1813) The Battle of Roncesvalles (French: "Roncevaux" ) (25 July 1813) was a battle between French and Anglo-Portuguese forces during the Peninsular War (1808–1814).

neg: Tecumseh's War Tecumseh's War or Tecumseh's Rebellion was a conflict between the United States Army and an American Indian confederacy led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory. Although the war is often considered to have climaxed with William Henry Harrison's victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, Tecumseh's War essentially continued into the War of 1812, and is frequently considered a part of that larger struggle. The war lasted for two more years, until the fall of 1813, when Tecumseh, as well as second-in-command Roundhead died fighting Harrison's Army of the Northwest at the Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada, near present-day Chatham, Ontario, and his confederacy disintegrated. Tecumseh's War is viewed by some academic historians as being the final conflict of a longer term military struggle for control of the Great Lakes region of North America, encompassing a number of wars over several generations, referred to as the Sixty Years' War.

neg: Opium Wars The Opium Wars were two wars in the mid-19th century involving Anglo-Chinese disputes over British trade in China and China's sovereignty. The disputes included the First Opium War (1839–1842) and the Second Opium War (1856–1860). The wars and events between them weakened the Qing dynasty and forced China to trade with the other parts of the world.

neg: First Carib War The First Carib War (1769 - 1773) was a military conflict between the Carib inhabitants of Saint Vincent and British military forces supporting British efforts at colonial expansion on the island. Led primarily by Black Carib chieftain Joseph Chatoyer, the Caribs successfully defended the windward side of the island against a military survey expedition in 1769, and rebuffed repeated demands that they sell their land to representatives of the British colonial government. Frustrated by what they saw as intransigence, the British commissioners launched a full-scale military assault on the Caribs in 1772 with the objective of subjugating and deporting them from the island. British unfamiliarity with the windward lands of the island and effective Carib defence of the island's difficult mountain terrain blunted the British advance, and political opposition to the expedition in London prompted an enquiry and calls for it to be ended. With military matters at a stalemate, a peace agreement was signed in 1773 that delineated boundaries between British and Carib areas of the island.

neg: Battle of Saint Kitts The Battle of Saint Kitts, also known as the Battle of Frigate Bay, was a naval battle that took place on 25 and 26 January 1782 during the Anglo-French War between a British fleet under Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood and a larger French fleet under the Comte de Grasse.

neg: Northeast Coast Campaign (1745) The Northeast Coast Campaign (1745) occurred during King George's War from 19 July until 5 September 1745. Three weeks after the British Siege of Louisbourg (1745), the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia retaliated by attacking New England settlements along the coast of present-day Maine below the Kennebec River, the former border of Acadia. They attacked English settlements on the coast of present-day Maine between Berwick and St. Georges (Thomaston, Maine), within two months there were 11 raids - every town on the frontier had been attacked. Casco (also known as Falmouth and Portland) was the principal settlement.

neg: Second Archipelago Expedition The Second Archipelago Expedition was an expedition by the Russian Baltic Fleet under Admiral Dmitry Senyavin into the Mediterranean between 1805 and 1807. It formed part of the War of the Third Coalition, War of the Fourth Coalition and the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812). The Russian fleet defeated the Turkish fleet in the Dardanelles and at the Battle of Athos and - in combination with Russian land successes on the Danube and in the Caucasus - the campaign forced the Ottomoan Empire to conclude a truce with Russia in August 1807. After the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit with Napoleon, the Russian Navy lifted its blockade of the Dardanelles and returned to the Baltic.

neg: Invasion of Martinique (1809) The invasion of Martinique of 1809 was a successful British amphibious operation against the French West Indian island of Martinique that took place between 30 January and 24 February 1809 during the West Indies Campaign 1804–1810 of the Napoleonic Wars. Martinique, like nearby Guadeloupe, was a major threat to British trade in the Caribbean, providing a sheltered base from which privateers and French Navy warships could raid British shipping and disrupt the trade routes that maintained the British economy. The islands also provided a focus for larger scale French operations in the region and in the autumn of 1808, following the Spanish alliance with Britain, the Admiralty decided to order a British squadron to neutralise the threat, beginning with Martinique.

neg: Invasion of Portugal (1807) The invasion of Portugal (19–30 November 1807) saw an Imperial French corps under Jean-Andoche Junot invade the Kingdom of Portugal, which was headed by its Prince Regent John of Braganza. The military operation resulted in the almost bloodless occupation of Portugal. The French presence was challenged by the Portuguese people and by the United Kingdom in 1808. The invasion marked the start of the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars.

neg: Second Barbary War The Second Barbary War (1815), was the second of two wars fought between the United States and the North African Barbary states of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algeria. The war between the Barbary states and the U.S. ended when "the U.S. Senate ratified Decatur’s Algerian treaty on December 5, 1815". However, Dey Omar Agha, the ruler of Algeria, repudiated the US treaty, refused to accept the terms of peace that had been ratified by the Congress of Vienna, and threatened the lives of all Christian inhabitants of Algiers. William Shaler, the US commissioner who had negotiated alongside Decatur, had to flee aboard British vessels and later watched "shells and rockets fly over [his] house like hail" as a result of the subsequent Bombardment of Algiers (1816). Shaler then negotiated a new treaty after the Bombardment of Algiers in 1816, which was not ratified by the Senate until February 11, 1822, owing to an accidental oversight.

neg: Embargo Act of 1807 The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general embargo enacted by the United States Congress against Great Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars.

neg: HMS Calcutta (1795) HMS "Calcutta" was the East Indiaman "Warley", converted to a Royal Navy 56-gun fourth rate. This ship of the line served for a time as an armed transport. She also transported convicts to Australia in a voyage that became a circumnavigation of the world. The French 74-gun "Magnanime" captured "Calcutta" in 1805. In 1809, after she ran aground during the Battle of the Basque Roads and her crew had abandoned her, a British boarding party burned her.

neg: Capture of HMS Penguin On 23 March 1815 USS "Hornet" captured HMS "Penguin" in a short battle off Tristan da Cunha. It was one of several engagements that took place after the War of 1812 had ended, and was the final action between British and American forces. The American gunnery was far more effective than the British, despite the two vessels being virtually identical in strength. After exchanges of broadsides and musket fire, the British commander was killed. The British brig rammed the American ship in an attempt to board, but the two were separated and "Penguin" was disabled shortly afterwards when the foremast fell, forcing the British to surrender. The British brig was too badly damaged to be salvaged and was set ablaze by the victors after its stores were removed.

neg: Blockade of Africa The Blockade of Africa began in 1808 after Britain outlawed the Atlantic slave trade, making it illegal for British ships to transport slaves. The Royal Navy immediately established a presence off Africa to enforce the ban, called the West Africa Squadron. Although the ban initially applied only to British ships, Britain negotiated treaties with other countries to give the Royal Navy the right to intercept and search their ships for slaves. A notable exception was the United States, which refused such permission. The 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves technically abolished the intercontinental slave trade in the United States but the ban was not widely enforced and many of the slave ships which escaped the blockade were destined for the southern United States.


query: Ramblin' Root Beer was made by the Coca-Cola Company until which brand of root beer was purchased by them in 1995?

pos: Ramblin' Root Beer Ramblin' Root Beer is a root beer formerly made by The Coca-Cola Company. The product disappeared after Coca-Cola bought Barq's in 1995. A famous ad campaign for the product featured Sarah Jessica Parker. By the 1980s, it was available primarily only in fountain outlets.

pos: Barq's Barq's is an American soft drink. Its brand of root beer is notable for having caffeine.<ref name="http://www.overcaffeinated.org/database/soda-pop/barqs-root-beer.php">Caffeine Database | Caffeine and Ingredients in Barqs Rootbeer, OverCaffeinated.org's Report on the Ingredients in Barq's Rootbeer</ref> Barq's, created by Edward Barq and bottled since the turn of the 20th century, is owned by the Barq family but bottled by the Coca-Cola Company. It was known as Barq's Famous Olde Tyme Root Beer until 2012.

neg: Emile A. Zatarain, Sr. Emile A. Zatarain, Sr. (1866–1959) was a grocer and food entrepreneur who trademarked a root beer and then built a business selling spices, condiments, and foods flavored in the culinary traditions of New Orleans and Louisiana's Creole and Cajun cultures to the world via the brand that today is known simply as Zatarain's.

neg: Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated, headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, is the largest independent Coca-Cola bottler in the United States.

neg: Root beer Root beer is a sweet North American soft drink traditionally made using the sassafras tree "Sassafras albidum" (sassafras) or the vine "Smilax ornata" (sarsaparilla) as the primary flavor. Root beer may be alcoholic or non-alcoholic, come naturally free of caffeine or have caffeine added, and carbonated or non-carbonated. It usually has a thick, foamy head when poured. Modern, commercially produced root beer is generally sweet, foamy, carbonated, nonalcoholic, and flavoured using artificial sassafras flavouring. Sassafras root is still used to flavor traditional root beer, but since sassafras was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration due to the controversially claimed carcinogenicity of its constituent safrole, most commercial recipes do not contain sassafras. Some commercial root beers do use a safrole-free sassafras extract.

neg: Tab Clear Tab Clear was a variation of Tab. It is Coca-Cola's contribution to the short-lived "clear cola" movement during the early 1990s. It was introduced in the United States on December 14, 1992, in the United Kingdom a month later and in Japan in March 1993 to initially positive results. Tab Clear was, however, discontinued after only a short time of marketing in 1994. Unlike most other "clear" soft drinks, Tab Clear contained caffeine and, according to the company, had the flavor of cola.

neg: OK Soda OK Soda was a soft drink created by The Coca-Cola Company in 1993 that aggressively courted the Generation X demographic with unusual advertising tactics, including endorsements and even outright negative publicity. It did not sell well in select test markets and was officially declared out of production in 1995 before reaching nationwide distribution. The drink's slogan was "Everything is going to be OK."

neg: Coca-Cola Raspberry Coca-Cola Raspberry was a Coca-Cola drink with a raspberry flavor that was sold in New Zealand on a trial basis. A Diet Coke Raspberry version was also sold. Both were first introduced on June 1, 2005 and had been discontinued by the end of the year.

neg: Swaziland Beverages Ltd Swaziland Beverages Ltd (SBL), a subsidiary of SABMiller, is a beverage and brewing company in Matsapha, Swaziland. The company was formed in 1995 by the merger of Swaziland Breweries, Ngwane Breweries, and Swaziland Bottlers. SBL produces and markets soft drinks, beer, and other alcoholic drinks.

neg: The Root Glass Company The Root Glass Company originated as Root Glass Works in Vigo County, Indiana. Businessman and Pennsylvania native Chapman J. Root (November 22, 1864 - November 20, 1945) opened the original glass company on May 27, 1901, at Third and Voorhees Streets a year after he moved to the city of Terre Haute, Indiana. By 1904 the company was manufacturing beverage bottles for Coca-Cola as well as several other beverage companies in the area. Between 1905 and 1912 the Root Glass Company workforce increased from 600 to 825 employees.

neg: National Supermarkets National Supermarkets was a grocery chain in both the St. Louis, Missouri and New Orleans, Louisiana areas of the United States. Both firms were owned by Loblaw Companies of Canada, but in June 1995, they were sold by Loblaw to Schnucks Markets. Immediately after that, per the FTC, Schnucks sold the National New Orleans division to Schwegmann Giant Super Markets of Metairie, Louisiana, which later sold them to Great A&P, which finally sold them to Rouse Markets in 2007. National itself had cemented the number two spot in St. Louis by acquiring several former Kroger locations and the Kroger distribution center in the market when the latter exited St. Louis in 1986. Kroger and National had been battling for the number two and three spots since the 1970s, swapping rankings several times over throughout the 1970s and 1980s.

neg: Bear Republic Brewing Company The Bear Republic Brewing Company is an American microbrewery located in Cloverdale, California, USA. It was established by the Norgrove family in 1995, with Richard G. Norgrove as brewmaster. The name is said to refer to California's 1846 Bear Flag Revolt. In 2006, Bear was named Small Brewing Company and Small Brewing Company Brewer of the Year at the Great American Beer Festival.

neg: Coca-Cola Freestyle Coca-Cola Freestyle is a touch screen soda fountain introduced by The Coca-Cola Company in 2009. The machine features 165 different Coca-Cola drink products, as well as custom flavors. The machine allows users to select from mixtures of flavors of Coca-Cola branded products which are then individually dispensed. The machines are currently located in major Coca-Cola partners and retail locations as a part of a gradual and ongoing deployment.

neg: AdeS AdeS is a brand of drinking water available in Indonesia. The mineral water is also known as I-Lohas in Japan. The Coca-Cola Company acquired the Ades bottled water brand for $20 million in 2000 as part of its $45 million investment in the country since 1999 under PT Akasha Wira International Tbk. It is currently made by PT Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia in Bekasi, West Java, where it also made Coca-Cola, Fanta and Sprite.

neg: IBC Root Beer The Independent Breweries Company was a syndicate founded in St. Louis, Missouri, by the combination of Griesediecks' National Brewery, Columbia (Alpen Brau), the Gast brewery in Baden, A.B.C., and Wagner Brewing Company. This combination was ill fated due to high overhead with too many executives and low profits forcing IBC into receivership. The IBC Root Beer was the main survivor of the syndicate.

neg: Mug Root Beer MUG Root Beer, A PepsiCo Subsidiary/Root Beer Corporation is a brand name of root beer made by the New Century Beverage Company of San Francisco, California, a subsidiary of PepsiCo.

neg: Coca-Cola with Lemon Coca-Cola with Lemon is a soft drink brand owned by The Coca-Cola Company, launched to compete with Pepsi Twist. It is produced and distributed by The Coca-Cola Company's bottlers. Diet Coke with Lemon was introduced in the United States in 2001 and is still available as a semi-sugar free version in Coca-Cola Freestyle machines.

neg: Reed's Reed's, Inc. manufactures brewed sodas including "Reed's Ginger Brews", Virgil's Root Beer, and "Reed's Culture Club Kombucha". Founded by Christopher J. Reed, the company is located in Los Angeles, California. CEO Christopher Reed and his wife Judy Reed own 19.3% of all outstanding shares, and family member Robert Reed owns 6.4% of outstanding shares in an irrevocable trust. Reed's also owns China Cola and "Sonoma Sparklers". In 2009, Reed's Inc. began creating soda for its private label initiative, which brought in $5 million in revenue in 2012. Reed's line created "Reed's Nausea Relief" under the Reed's RX line, "Reed's Natural Energy Elixir", "Reed's Ginger Ice Cream", "Reed's Ugly Ginger Candy, and "Reed's Ginger Potatoes".

neg: Sprite Remix Sprite Remix was a line of colorless caffeine-free sodas and drink-flavoring packets made by the Coca-Cola company. Although based on Sprite, the Remixes were each flavored differently from the original. It was discontinued in 2005 in the United States. In Spring of 2015, the Tropical Sprite flavor was reintroduced into the Coca-Cola product line up.

neg: Banks Barbados Brewery Banks (Barbados) Breweries Ltd. is a Caribbean brewery founded in 1961 in St. Michael, Barbados. The company's main brand, the Banks Beer brand is also the flagship product of the wider Banks Holdings Limited. ("BHL Group") which owns the Banks (Barbados) Breweries Ltd. company.

neg: Frostop Frostop is the name of an American root beer brand and chain of fast food drive-in restaurants. The restaurants are known for their rotating oversized root beer mugs used as outdoor signage.

neg: Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Northern New England Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Northern New England


query: Which division does veteran Maximum Fighting Championship Jay Silva belong to?

pos: Maximum Fighting Championship Maximum Fighting Championship is a Canadian mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion based in Edmonton, Alberta. MFC’s former home, in Canada, is the River Cree Resort and Casino in Enoch, Alberta, located just outside Edmonton, Alberta but has also held events at the Edmonton Expo Centre. MFC events are broadcast on The Fight Network, AXS TV (formerly HDnet) in North America and most recently TSN2. MFC is known to be the biggest MMA promotion in Canada and one of the top MMA shows in the World. MFC has notable Canadian fighters, such as Ryan Jimmo, Graham Spencer, Tom Watson and Douglas Lima, plus MMA veterans, such as Jason MacDonald, Thales Leites, Jay Silva, Trevor Prangley, and Paul Daley.

pos: Jay Silva Jay Silva (born May 25, 1981) is a Brazilian-Angolan mixed martial artist currently competing in the Middleweight division. A professional competitor since 2008, Silva has also formerly competed for the UFC, Bellator, the MFC, KSW, and Tachi Palace Fights.

neg: Pat Healy (fighter) Patrick "Pat" Healy (born July 20, 1983) is an American professional mixed martial artist currently competing in the Lightweight division of Titan FC. A professional competitor since 2001, Healy has also formerly competed for the UFC, Strikeforce, the WEC, the IFL, the MFC, King of the Cage, ACB and Shark Fights. His twin brother, Ryan, is also a professional mixed martial artist.

neg: Fabrício Guerreiro Fabrício de Assis Costa da Silva (born July 24, 1990), better known as Fabrício Guerreiro, is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who competes in Bellator's Featherweight division. A professional competitor since 2009, Guerreiro was also a contestant on "."

neg: Jeff Monson Jeffrey William Monson (born January 18, 1971) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since 1997, he has competed for the UFC, Strikeforce, DREAM, PRIDE, M-1 Global, Impact FC, World Victory Road, and Cage Warriors. In Brazilian jiu-jitsu and grappling, Monson is a two-time winner of the ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship, and a No Gi Brazilian jiu-jitsu World Champion. Monson is also an anarcho-communist known for his radical political views. He is the host of "Monson TV" on RT.

neg: Dave Jansen David Hendrik Jansen (born August 21, 1979) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in Bellator's Lightweight division. A professional competitor since 2007, Jansen has also formerly competed for the WEC and M-1 Global.

neg: Eric Wisely Eric Wisely (born July 25, 1984) is an American professional mixed martial artist competing in the Welterweight division. A professional competitor since 2006, Wisely has also fought for the Ultimate Fighting Championship, Bellator, and Strikeforce.

neg: James Irvin (fighter) James Lee Irvin (born September 12, 1978) is an American professional mixed martial artist currently competing in the Middleweight division of Bellator MMA. A professional competitor since 2003, Irvin is the former WEC Heavyweight Champion and has also competed in the UFC, Strikeforce and KSW.

neg: Jonathan Wilson (fighter) Jonathan Wilson is an American professional mixed martial artist currently competing in the Light Heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).

neg: War Machine (mixed martial artist) War Machine (born Jonathan Paul Koppenhaver, November 30, 1981) is an American former professional mixed martial artist, pornographic actor and convicted felon. In MMA, he competed in the Welterweight division. He was a fighter on "" as part of Team Serra and also competed for Bellator MMA, Tachi Palace Fights, BAMMA, and the Xtreme Fighting Championships. In 2008, he legally changed his name to "War Machine".

neg: 2005 in Maximum Fighting Championship The year 2005 is the 5th year in the history of the Maximum Fighting Championship, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Canada. In 2005 Maximum Fighting Championship held 1 event, "MFC 8: Resurrection".

neg: 2002 in Maximum Fighting Championship The year 2002 is the 2nd year in the history of the Maximum Fighting Championship, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Canada. In 2002 Maximum Fighting Championship held 4 events beginning with, "MFC 3: Canadian Pride".

neg: Chad Leonhardt Chad Leonhardt (born February 19, 1980) is an American mixed martial artist who fought for Strikeforce and Bellator Fighting Championships.

neg: Super lightweight (MMA) The super lightweight division in MMA sits between the lightweight division and the welterweight division. It was approved by the Association of Boxing Commissions on July 26, 2017. The upper limit was set at 165 lbs.

neg: Ricardo Arona Ricardo Arona (] ; born July 17, 1978) is a retired Brazilian mixed martial artist. He has competed in PRIDE Fighting Championships and RINGS in his mixed martial arts career, and was a member of Brazilian Top Team. He is the former RINGS Middleweight Champion, as well as the 2001 RINGS Middleweight Championship Tournament Winner, and 2005 PRIDE Middleweight Grand Prix Runner-Up. In submission wrestling, he holds an undefeated record of 13-0, never losing a single point in a match, and is a three-time ADCC Champion. He has notable wins in both MMA and submission grappling competition over Tito Ortiz, Jeff Monson, Renato Sobral, Vitor Belfort, Mark Kerr, Kazushi Sakuraba, Wanderlei Silva, Dan Henderson, Alistair Overeem, Murilo Rua, Jeremy Horn, Guy Mezger, and Dean Lister.

neg: Jacob Volkmann Jacob Joseph Volkmann (born September 5, 1980) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Welterweight division. A professional MMA competitor since 2007, Volkmann has formerly competed for the UFC, Bellator, and the World Series of Fighting.

neg: Warrior Xtreme Cagefighting The Warrior Xtreme Cagefighting (WXC) is the largest mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion company in Michigan that hosts most of the top-ranked fighters in the state and is looking in 2017 to produce events Nationwide. Based in the United States, the WXC has eight weight divisions and enforces the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts. Norbert Pasztor serves as the president of the WXC.

neg: List of Strikeforce champions Strikeforce was an American mixed martial arts organization. It crowned male champions in the lightweight, welterweight, middleweight, light heavyweight and heavyweight divisions, and female champions in featherweight and bantamweight.

neg: Warlley Alves Warlley "Slingshot" Alves Andrade (born January 4, 1991), is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who competes in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional MMA competitor since 2011, Warlley made a name for himself fighting at Jungle Fight. He is the winner of Middleweight tournament.

neg: Guilherme Viana Guilherme Viana (born May 13, 1986) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist currently competing in Bellator's Light Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since 2012, Viana was a contestant on .

neg: Shawn Jordan Shawn Jordan (born October 24, 1984) is an American professional mixed martial artist who competes in the World Series of Fighting's Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since 2009, Jordan has also formerly competed for Strikeforce, Bellator MMA and Ultimate Fighting Championship.

neg: Shamar Bailey Shamar Bailey is a retired American mixed martial artist who competed in the Lightweight division. A professional MMA competitor since 2006, Bailey has formerly competed for the UFC, Strikeforce, Bellator, M-1 Global, and was a competitor on .


query: Walter Devereux of Bodenham lived during the reigns of Henry III of England and an English King that died in what year?

pos: Walter Devereux of Bodenham and Bromwich Walter Devereux of Bodenham and Bromwich was an Anglo-Norman knight and sheriff of Herefordshire living during the reigns of Henry III of England and Edward I of England. The Devereux were a prominent family along the Welsh Marches during the thirteenth century, and integral to the control of this region during the Second Barons' War.

pos: Edward I of England Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots (Latin: "Malleus Scotorum" ), was King of England from 1272 to 1307. He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. Through an extensive legal inquiry, Edward investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties, while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law. Increasingly, however, Edward's attention was drawn towards military affairs.

neg: Walter Dyer (MP) Walter Dyer (died c.1423), of Wells, Somerset, was an English politician.

neg: Eadred Eadred (also Edred) (923 – 23 November 955) was King of the English from 946 until his death. He was the son of Edward the Elder and his third wife Eadgifu of Kent, and a grandson of Alfred the Great. Eadred came to the throne following the assassination of his older brother, Edmund I. The chief achievement of his reign was to bring the Kingdom of Northumbria under total English control, which occurred with the defeat and expulsion of Eric Bloodaxe in 954. Eadred died at the age of 32 having never married, and was succeeded by his 15-year-old nephew, Eadwig.

neg: Richard II of England Richard II (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed on 30 September 1399. Richard, a son of Edward, the Black Prince, was born in Bordeaux during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. His father was Prince of Aquitaine. Richard was the younger brother of Edward of Angoulême, upon whose death Richard, at three years of age, became second in line to the throne after his father. Upon the death of Richard's father prior to the death of Edward III, Richard, by primogeniture, became the heir apparent to the throne. With Edward III's death the following year, Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten.

neg: William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 or 1147 – 14 May 1219), also called William the Marshal (Norman French: "Williame le Mareschal"), was an Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman. He served four English kings – Henry II, his sons the "Young King" Henry, Richard I, and John, and John's son Henry III.

neg: William Brandon (standard-bearer) Sir William Brandon (1456 – 22 August 1485) of Soham, Cambridgeshire was Henry Tudor's standard-bearer at the Battle of Bosworth, where he was killed by King Richard III. He was the father of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk.

neg: William Devereux (died 1376/7) William Devereux of Bodenham was a prominent knight in Herefordshire during the reign of Edward III, and an important member of the retinue of the Earls of Hereford. He is the ancestor of the Devereux Earls of Essex and Viscounts of Hereford.

neg: Siege of Meaux The Siege of Meaux was fought in 1422 between the English and the French during the Hundred Years' War. The English were led by King Henry V. Henry became ill while fighting this long battle, which took place during the winter months. He died on 31 August as a result.

neg: William Bigod William Bigod, the heir to the Norfolk earldom, drown in the disaster of the White Ship as she set sail from Normandy in 1120. The ship also carried the son of the King of England Henry I, William Adelin, who also died. The succession of Henry I to the throne of England was secured not only by the mysterious death of his brother King William II Rufus and by the defeat of his eldest brother Robert Courthouse, Duke of Normandy. The death of Henry's heir to the throne set in motion a succession crisis that lasted many years.

neg: Edward III (disambiguation) Edward III of England (1312–1377) was King of England from 1327 until his death.

neg: Edward II of England Edward II (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also called Edward of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. The fourth son of Edward I, Edward became the heir to the throne following the death of his older brother Alphonso. Beginning in 1300, Edward accompanied his father on campaigns to pacify Scotland, and in 1306 he was knighted in a grand ceremony at Westminster Abbey. Edward succeeded to the throne in 1307, following his father's death. In 1308, he married Isabella of France, the daughter of the powerful King Philip IV, as part of a long-running effort to resolve the tensions between the English and French crowns.

neg: William I, Count of Boulogne William I of Blois (c. 1137 – 11 October 1159) was Count of Boulogne (1153–1159) and Earl of Surrey "jure uxoris" (1153–1159). He was the third son of King Stephen of England and Countess Matilda I of Boulogne.

neg: Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (c. 20 July 1375 – 5 August 1415) was the second son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and Isabella of Castile. At the age of forty, he was beheaded for his part in the Southampton Plot, a conspiracy against King Henry V. He was the father of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and the grandfather of King Edward IV and King Richard III.

neg: Henry I of France Henry I (4 May 1008 – 4 August 1060) was King of the Franks from 1031 to his death. The royal demesne of France reached its smallest size during his reign, and for this reason he is often seen as emblematic of the weakness of the early Capetians. This is not entirely agreed upon, however, as other historians regard him as a strong but realistic king, who was forced to conduct a policy mindful of the limitations of the French monarchy.

neg: William II of England William II (Old Norman: "Williame"; c. 1056  – 2 August 1100), the third son of William I of England, was King of England from 1087 until 1100, with powers over Normandy, and influence in Scotland. He was less successful in extending control into Wales. William is commonly known as William Rufus or William the Red, perhaps because of his red-faced appearance.

neg: Edmund, Earl of Rutland Edmund, Earl of Rutland (17 May 1443 – 30 December 1460) was the fifth child and second surviving son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. He was born in Rouen. At the time Rouen was the capital of English occupied France and his father held the office of Lieutenant of France. He was killed at the age of 17 either during or shortly after the Battle of Wakefield, during the Wars of the Roses.

neg: William Giffard William Giffard (d. 23 January 1129, was the Lord Chancellor of England of William II and Henry I, from 1093 to 1101, and Bishop of Winchester (1100–1129).

neg: Walter Clopton Sir Walter Clopton (died 1400) was an English lawyer, and Chief Justice of the King's Bench from 1388 until his death in 1400.

neg: Ralph Basset Ralph Basset (sometimes Bassett; died c. 1127) was a medieval English royal justice during the reign of King Henry I of England. He was a native of Normandy, and may have come to Henry's notice while Henry held land in Normandy prior to becoming king. Basset is first mentioned in documents about 1102, and from then until his death around 1127, he was frequently employed as a royal justice. His son Richard Basset also became a royal judge.

neg: Dictum of Kenilworth The Dictum of Kenilworth, issued on 31 October 1266, was a pronouncement designed to reconcile the rebels of the Barons' War with the royal government of England. After the baronial victory at the Battle of Lewes in 1264, Simon de Montfort took control of royal government, but at the Battle of Evesham the next year Montfort was killed, and King Henry III restored to power. A group of rebels held out in the stronghold of Kenilworth Castle, however, and their resistance proved hard to crush.

neg: Gilbert fitz Roger fitz Reinfried Gilbert fitz Roger fitz Reinfried, or Gilbert the son of Roger fitzReinfrid, (died about 1220) was an Anglo-Norman feudal baron whose administrative career in England began in the time of Henry II (1154-1189), for whom his father Roger fitzReinfrid had been steward, and continued during the reigns of Richard I, King John, and Henry III.


query: the secretary of the Australian Council of Trade Unions

pos: Combet v Commonwealth Combet v Commonwealth was an Australian court case commenced in the original jurisdiction of the High Court of Australia by Greg Combet, then the secretary of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, and Nicola Roxon. The plaintiffs challenged the Australian Government's use of public funds to advertise the new Work Choices legislation. The High Court found that the expenditure was authorised by the "Appropriation Act (No. 1) 2005-2006".

pos: Greg Combet Gregory Ivan "Greg" Combet {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; born 28 April 1958) is a former Australian politician and trade unionist. He was Secretary of the Australian Council of Trade Unions between 2000 and 2007. He was elected member for the New South Wales Federal seat of Charlton for the Australian Labor Party at the 2007 election and was immediately appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Procurement in the First Rudd Ministry on 3 December 2007. Combet was the Minister for Climate Change, Industry and Innovation in the Second Gillard Ministry before announcing his resignation from the ministry on 26 June 2013 following Gillard's defeat in a leadership ballot. He previously served as Parliamentary Secretary for Climate Change, when Penny Wong was the Minister.

neg: Eliot V. Elliott Eliot Valens Elliott, also known as Vic Elliott, (12 September 1902 – 26 November 1984) was a trade union leader of the Seamen's Union of Australia (SUA) from 1941 to 1978.

neg: Unions ACT Unions ACT is a representative body of trade union organisations in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The secretary is Alex White, who sits on the Board of Directors of Greenpeace Australia-Pacific.

neg: Mick Veitch Michael Stanley "Mick" Veitch (born 19 December 1962) is an Australian politician and Australian Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. Veitch has been a member of the Council since 24 March 2007.

neg: Gillard Government The Gillard Government was the Government of Australia led by the 27th Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard, of the Australian Labor Party. The Gillard Government succeeded the First Rudd Government by way of the Labor Party leadership spill, and began on 24 June 2010, with Gillard sworn in as Prime Minister by the Governor-General of Australia, Quentin Bryce. The Gillard Government ended when Kevin Rudd won back the leadership of the Australian Labor Party on 26 June 2013 and commenced the Second Rudd Government.

neg: Kathy Jackson Kathy Jackson (born c. 1966) was the national secretary of the Health Services Union of Australia (HSU) between January 2008 and February 2015. In August 2015, Jackson was found by the Australian federal court to have misappropriated union funds and was ordered to repay $1.4 million in compensation, with a criminal investigation pending.

neg: Errol Hodder Errol Raymond Hodder (born 4 September 1938), former Queensland branch secretary of the Australian Workers' Union (1982-1988), general secretary of the Australian Workers' Union (1987-1991) and retired Commissioner of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (1991-2003) and of the Queensland Industrial Relations Commission (1997-2003).

neg: Permanent Representative of Australia to the World Trade Organization Permanent Representative of Australia to the World Trade Organization

neg: Tony Kelly (politician) Anthony Bernard "Tony" Kelly (born 25 August 1948), is an Australian former politician, who was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council representing the Australian Labor Party from 1997 until 2011.

neg: John Pierce (public servant) John Pierce is a senior Australian public servant and policymaker. He is currently Chairman of the Australian Energy Market Commission.

neg: A. J. Cook (trade unionist) Arthur James Cook (22 November 1883 – 2 November 1931), known as A. J. Cook, was a British trade union leader who was General Secretary of the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain from 1924 until 1931, a period that included the 1926 General Strike.

neg: Ian West Ian William West (born 3 August 1951) is an Australian politician and former Australian Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, serving from 2000 until his retirement in 2011.

neg: Paddy Crumlin Padraig "Paddy" Crumlin is the National Secretary of the Maritime Union of Australia (MUA) and the President of the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF).

neg: Builders Labourers Federation The Builders Labourers Federation (BLF) is an Australian trade union organisation which existed from 1911 until 1972, and from 1976 until 1986, when it was permanently deregistered in various Australian States by the federal Labor government and some state governments of the time. This occurred in the wake of a Royal Commission into corruption by the Union. About the same time, BLF Federal Secretary Norm Gallagher was jailed for corrupt dealings after receiving bribes from building companies which he used to build a beach house

neg: Edward Grayndler Edward Grayndler (12 October 1867 – 12 March 1943) was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1921 to 1934 and 1936 to 1943, and General Secretary of the Australian Workers' Union from 1912 to 1941. The federal electorate of Grayndler in Sydney's metropolitan inner-west is named after him.

neg: Terry Moran (public servant) Terence Francis "Terry" Moran {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 19 October 1947 in Melbourne, Victoria) was, as Secretary of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, the most senior official in the Australian Public Service from March 2008 to September 2011.

neg: Martin Bowles Martin Gerard Bowles {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} is a senior Australian public servant. He is currently Secretary of the Department of Health, a position to which he was appointed in 2014.

neg: Chris Kitchen Christian James Ronald Kitchen (born 23 June 1966) is a British trade union leader who has held the position of General Secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) since 2007.

neg: Queensland Council of Unions The Queensland Council of Unions (QCU) is a representative, peak body of Queensland trade union organisations, also known as a labour council, in the State of Queensland, Australia. As of 2014 there are 35 affiliated unions and 13 regional branches. The QCU represents unions covering more than 370,000 Queensland workers. The QCU is the state branch of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU). Its offices are located in the suburb of South Brisbane, Queensland.

neg: Ged Kearney Gerardine "Ged" Kearney (born 29 October 1963) is an Australian trade unionist. Since 2010 she has been the President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, the peak trade union organisation in that country.

neg: Paul Howes Paul Howes (born 23 August 1981) was involved in the Australian trade union movement from 1999 through 2014. His most recent position was as National Secretary of the Australian Workers' Union, the youngest individual to serve in that position. In 2008, Howes was elected as Vice President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, and he served on a number of Government boards.


query: What is the birth year of the actress that portrays Alex Drake?

pos: Alex Drake DI Alexandra "Alex" Drake is a fictional character in BBC One's science fiction/police procedural drama, "Ashes to Ashes". The character is portrayed by Keeley Hawes and as a child by Lucy Cole.

pos: Keeley Hawes Keeley Clare Julia Hawes (born 10 February 1976) is an English actress. She starred in the film version of "The Last September" (1999) and has voiced roles in video games, such as Lara Croft in several of the "Tomb Raider" games. She is also known for her roles as Kitty Butler in "Tipping the Velvet", Zoe Reynolds in "Spooks" (2002–2004), Alex Drake in "Ashes to Ashes" (2008–2010), Lady Agnes in the 2010 reboot of "Upstairs, Downstairs", Detective Inspector Lindsay Denton in the second and third series of "Line of Duty" (2014–2016), as a mother in search of her abducted child in the BBC series "The Missing", and as Louisa Durrell in the ITV series "The Durrells".

neg: Alexia Khadime Alexia Khadime (born June 9, 1983) is an English actress and mezzo-soprano, known for her roles in British musical theatre and television. She was born in London to a white mother and a Nigerian father.

neg: Ashley Benson Ashley Victoria Benson (born December 18, 1989) is an American actress, known for portraying the role of Hanna Marin in the teen mystery-drama television series "Pretty Little Liars" (2010-2017). She has also portrayed Abigail Deveraux on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives", Mia Torcoletti on the supernatural television series "Eastwick", and Brit in the 2013 crime thriller film "Spring Breakers".

neg: Erin Davis (actress) Erin Denise Davis (born 1989) is an American actress. She is most notable for portraying Zana Beckley in Fox's short-lived sitcom "The Sinbad Show" in 1993 – 1994.

neg: Alex Taylor (musician) Alexander "Alex" Taylor (February 28, 1947 – March 12, 1993) was an American singer. Alexander Taylor was the eldest child of Dr. Isaac M. Taylor and Gertrude Taylor.

neg: Carmen Electra Tara Leigh Patrick (born April 20, 1972), better known by her stage name Carmen Electra, is an American glamour model, actress, television personality, singer, and dancer. She began her career as a singer after moving to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where she met Prince, who produced her debut record. She later relocated to Los Angeles, California, to pursue a career as an actress, gaining notoriety for her role as Lani McKenzie on the television series "Baywatch".

neg: Alexandra Dreyfus Alexandra "Ra" or "Lexie" Dreyfus (born April 7, 1986) is an American director, photographer, writer, actress, artists. She is best known for her work directing music videos and commercials, photographing celebrities, portraying Sarah Genatiempo in the Internet series "lonelygirl15" and its spinoff "".

neg: Kim Matula Kimberly Marie "Kim" Matula (born August 23, 1988) is an American actress, best known for her role as Hope Logan in the CBS daytime soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful".

neg: Kara Taitz Kara Eve Taitz (born May 11, 1981) is an American actress, who starred as Lily Miran, a socially awkward and sex-crazed girl who has feelings for the main character on the now cancelled sitcom "The Hard Times of RJ Berger". Her on-screen debut was as Millicent, a recurring character on "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody". Millicent was a quirky candy counter girl who often fainted out of panic. Other appearances include episodes of "Samantha Who?", "Wizards of Waverly Place" and the USA television-movie "Operating Instructions" as Christine Lahti's meek, lovestruck assistant

neg: Jadey Duffield Jadey Duffield (born 15 February 1991) is an English actress, model and dancer. Duffield rose to prominence for her role as Lara Darwin in feature film "C.O.O.L.I.O" (2014) and "Skin Traffik" (2015) starring Mickey Rourke, Eric Roberts and Gary Daniels. She is currently filming British Drama romance thriller "The Singleton" (2015), action feature film "1603" (2015), "Londinium" (The Beginning) (2015), "Londinium" (2016) "The Levellers" (2015) short movie "Serving Miss Garbo" (2015), western feature film "A Fistful Of Bullets" (2015), and "" (2016), with Chris Hemsworth, Charlize Theron, Emily Blunt and Jessica Chastain.

neg: Miranda Rae Mayo Miranda Rae Mayo (born August 14, 1988) is an American television actress. She starred as Lacey Briggs on "Blood & Oil" (2015) and now appears on "Chicago Fire".

neg: Andrea Anders Andrea Anders (born May 10, 1975) is an American actress, known for her roles as Alex Garrett in the NBC sitcom "Joey", Nicole Allen in the CBS sitcom "The Class", and Linda Zwordling in the ABC sitcom "Better Off Ted".

neg: Liz White (actress) Elizabeth White (born 5 November 1979) is an English actress born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. She is best known for her role as Annie Cartwright in the two series of the BBC speculative fiction drama "Life on Mars", which was originally transmitted in 2006 and 2007. She was trained at the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts, appearing in the 2003 TV series "Teachers" and the 2004 Mike Leigh's film "Vera Drake".

neg: Alex Kingston Alexandra Elizabeth Kingston (born 11 March 1963) is an English actress, who trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. Active from the early 1980s, Kingston became noted for her television work in both Britain and America in the 1990s, including her portrayal of the title role in the British miniseries "The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders" (1996) and her regular role as Dr. Elizabeth Corday in the NBC medical drama "ER" (1997–2004).

neg: Odette Annable Odette Juliette Annable ("née" Yustman; born May 10, 1985) is an American actress. She is known for various roles in film and television, including her starring role as Dr. Jessica Adams in the Fox medical drama series "House", Beth McIntyre in the monster film "Cloverfield", and Aubrey Diaz in the ABC drama series "October Road".

neg: Amber Montana Amber Dawn Frank also known as Amber Frank (born December 2, 1998) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Taylor Hathaway in the Nickelodeon series "The Haunted Hathaways".

neg: Miriam McDonald Miriam McDonald (born July 26, 1987) is a Canadian actress best known for playing the lead female character Emma Nelson on the television series "".

neg: Alexandra Dahlström Lena Marina Alexandra Dahlström (born 12 February 1984) is a Swedish actress.

neg: Emily Rios Emily Clara Rios (born April 27, 1989) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her role as Andrea Cantillo on the AMC series "Breaking Bad". In 2013 she began portraying newspaper reporter Adriana Mendez on the FX series "The Bridge". She is slated to star as Lucía Villanueva on the upcoming FX drama "Snowfall".

neg: Julia Lee (actress) Julia Lee Stander (born October 31, 1975) is an American actress. Her roles include Anne Steele in "Angel" (2001–2004) and the title character in the cult comedy film "Ophelia Learns to Swim" (2001). She has also appeared in "Charmed".

neg: Brinke Stevens Brinke Stevens (born Charlene Elizabeth Brinkman; September 20, 1954) is an American actress, model and writer.


query: The author of Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit was born in what year?

pos: Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit (1777) is a major work of metaphysics written by eighteenth-century British polymath Joseph Priestley and published by Joseph Johnson.

pos: Joseph Priestley Joseph Priestley FRS ( ; 24 March [O.S. 13 March] 1733 – 6 February 1804) was an 18th-century English theologian, English Dissenters clergyman, natural philosopher, chemist, innovative grammarian, multi-subject educator, and liberal political theorist who published over 150 works.

neg: Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ( ; 5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book "Leviathan", which established the social contract theory that has served as the foundation for most later Western political philosophy. In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes also contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, jurisprudence, geometry, the physics of gases, theology, ethics, and general philosophy.

neg: W. D. Ross Sir William David Ross KBE FBA ( ; 15 April 1877 – 5 May 1971), known as David Ross but usually cited as W. D. Ross, was a Scottish philosopher who is known for his work in ethics. His best-known work is "The Right and the Good" (1930), and he is perhaps best known for developing a pluralist, deontological form of intuitionist ethics in response to G.E. Moore's intuitionism. Ross also , in addition to writing on Greek philosophy.

neg: Jean le Rond d'Alembert Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert ( ; ] ; 16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. Until 1759 he was also co-editor with Denis Diderot of the "Encyclopédie". D'Alembert's formula for obtaining solutions to the wave equation is named after him. The Wave equation is sometimes referred to as d'Alembert's equation.

neg: Diogenes of Apollonia Diogenes of Apollonia ( ; Greek: Διογένης ὁ Ἀπολλωνιάτης ; fl. 5th century BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, and was a native of the Milesian colony Apollonia in Thrace. He lived for some time in Athens. His doctrines are known chiefly from Diogenes Laërtius and Simplicius. He believed air to be the one source of all being, and, as a primal force, to be intelligent. All other substances are derived from it by condensation and rarefaction. Aristotle has preserved a long passage by Diogenes concerning the organization of the blood vessels.

neg: Leon Battista Alberti Leon Battista Alberti (] ; February 18, 1404 – April 25, 1472) was an Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer; he epitomised the Renaissance Man. Although he is often characterized exclusively as an architect, as James Beck has observed, "to single out one of Leon Battista's 'fields' over others as somehow functionally independent and self-sufficient is of no help at all to any effort to characterize Alberti's extensive explorations in the fine arts." Although Alberti is known mostly for being an artist, he was also a mathematician of many sorts and made great advances to this field during the 15th century. Alberti's life was described in Giorgio Vasari's "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.

neg: Anthony Kenny Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 16 March 1931) is an English philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient and scholastic philosophy, the philosophy of Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion. With Peter Geach, he has made a significant contribution to Analytical Thomism, a movement whose aim is to present the thought of St. Thomas Aquinas in the style of modern philosophy of traditional Thomism. He is one of the executors of Wittgenstein's literary estate. He is a former President of the British Academy and the Royal Institute of Philosophy.

neg: Leslie Weatherhead Leslie Dixon Weatherhead (14 October 1893 – 5 January 1976) was an English Christian theologian in the liberal Protestant tradition. Weatherhead was noted for his preaching ministry at City Temple in London and for his books, including "The Will of God", "The Christian Agnostic", and "Psychology, Religion, and Healing".

neg: The Over-Soul "The Over-Soul" is an acclaimed essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson, first published in 1841. With the human soul as its overriding subject, several general themes are treated: (1) the existence and nature of the human soul; (2) the relationship between the soul and the personal ego; (3) the relationship of one human soul to another; and (4) the relationship of the human soul to God. Influence of Eastern religions, including Vedantism, is plainly evident, but the essay also develops ideas long present in the Western tradition, e.g., in the works of Plato, Plutarch, and Neoplatonists like Plotinus and Proclus – all of whose writings Emerson read extensively throughout his career – and Emanuel Swedenborg.

neg: Mitrofan Lodyzhensky Mitrofan Vasilyevich Lodyzhensky (Russian: Митрофа́н Васи́льевич Лоды́женский , in some sources Лады́женский (Ladyzhensky ); February 27 [O.S. February 15] 1852 – May 31 [O.S. May 18] 1917 ) was a Russian religious philosopher, playwright, and statesman, best known for his "Mystical Trilogy" comprising "Super-consciousness and the Ways to Achieve It", "Light Invisible", and "Dark Force".

neg: Richard Congreve Richard Congreve (4 September 1818 – 5 July 1899) was an English philosopher, one of the leading figures in the specifically religious interpretation of Auguste Comte's form of positivism. In that capacity he founded the London Positivist Society in 1867 and the Comtist Church of Humanity in 1878. He also wrote political tracts.

neg: Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal ( ; ] ; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic theologian. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalising the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defence of the scientific method.

neg: Johann Sturm Johann Christoph Sturm (3 November 1635 – 26 December 1703) was a German philosopher. Sturm is the author of "Physica Electiva" (1697), a book which criticized Leibniz and prompted him to publish a rebuke. Sturm's critique was aimed at Leibniz's view that Nature and/or its constituent parts possess some creative force of their own. This criticism was partly theological, in that Sturm claimed Leibniz's view of Nature undermined the sovereignty of the Creator.

neg: Charles Babbage Charles Babbage {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer.

neg: Roderick Chisholm Roderick Milton Chisholm ( ; November 27, 1916 – January 19, 1999) was an American philosopher known for his work on epistemology, metaphysics, free will, value theory, and the philosophy of perception. He was often called "the philosopher's philosopher."

neg: Metaphysics (Aristotle) Metaphysics (Greek: τὰ μετὰ τὰ φυσικά; Latin: "Metaphysica") is one of the principal works of Aristotle and the first major work of the branch of philosophy with the same name. The principal subject is "being qua being," or being insofar as it is being. It examines what can be asserted about any being insofar as it is and not because of any special qualities it has. Also covered are different kinds of causation, form and matter, the existence of mathematical objects, and a prime-mover God.

neg: Theology of Søren Kierkegaard Søren Kierkegaard's theology has been a major influence in the development of 20th century theology. Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) was a 19th-century Danish philosopher who has been generally considered the "Father of Existentialism". During his later years (1848–1855), most of his writings shifted from being philosophical in nature to being religious.

neg: On Floating Bodies On Floating Bodies (Greek: Περὶ τῶν ἐπιπλεόντων σωμάτων ) is a Greek-language work consisting of two books written by Archimedes of Syracuse (287 – c. 212 BC), one of the most important mathematicians, physicists, and engineers of antiquity. "On Floating Bodies", which is thought to have been written around 250 BC, survives only partly in Greek, the rest in medieval Latin translation from the Greek. It is the first known work on hydrostatics, of which Archimedes is recognized as the founder.

neg: Martin Lings Martin Lings (24 January 1909 – 12 May 2005), also known as Abū Bakr Sirāj ad-Dīn, was an English Muslim writer, scholar, and philosopher. A student of the Swiss metaphysician Frithjof Schuon and an authority on the work of William Shakespeare, he is best known as the author of "", first published in 1983 and still in print.

neg: George Berkeley George Berkeley ( ; 12 March 168514 January 1753) — known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne) — was an Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others). This theory denies the existence of material substance and instead contends that familiar objects like tables and chairs are only ideas in the minds of perceivers and, as a result, cannot exist without being perceived. Berkeley is also known for his critique of abstraction, an important premise in his argument for immaterialism.

neg: David Hume David Hume ( ; born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.


query: Are both Vladimir Drinfeld and Lev Pontryagin counted as mathematicians?

pos: Vladimir Drinfeld Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld (Russian: Влади́мир Гершо́нович Дри́нфельд ; born February 14, 1954), surname also romanized as Drinfel'd, is a Ukrainian mathematician currently working at the University of Chicago.

pos: Lev Pontryagin Lev Semyonovich Pontryagin (Russian: Лев Семёнович Понтрягин , also written Pontriagin or Pontrjagin) (3 September 1908 – 3 May 1988) was a Soviet mathematician. He was born in Moscow and lost his eyesight due to a primus stove explosion when he was 14. Despite his blindness he was able to become one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century, partially with the help of his mother Tatyana Andreevna who read mathematical books and papers (notably those of Heinz Hopf, J. H. C. Whitehead, and Hassler Whitney) to him. He made major discoveries in a number of fields of mathematics, including algebraic topology and differential topology.

neg: David Hilbert David Hilbert (] ; 23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician. He is recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including invariant theory and the axiomatization of geometry. He also formulated the theory of Hilbert spaces, one of the foundations of functional analysis.

neg: Dmitri Anosov Dmitri Victorovich Anosov (Russian: Дми́трий Ви́кторович Ано́сов ; November 30, 1936 – August 5, 2014) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician, known for his contributions to dynamical systems theory.

neg: Vladimir Gennadievich Sprindzuk Vladimir Gennadievich Sprindzuk ("Russian" Владимир Геннадьевич Спринджук, "Belarusian" Уладзімір Генадзевіч Спрынджук, 22 July 1936, Minsk – 26 July 1987) was a Soviet-Belarusian number theorist.

neg: Lev Fink Lev Fink (Russian: Лев Матве́eвич Финк, 1910–1988) was a Soviet physicist. He was a Doktor nauk in Telecommunication.

neg: Pontryagin's maximum principle Pontryagin's maximum (or minimum) principle is used in optimal control theory to find the best possible control for taking a dynamical system from one state to another, especially in the presence of constraints for the state or input controls. It was formulated in 1956 by the Russian mathematician Lev Pontryagin and his students. It has as a special case the Euler–Lagrange equation of the calculus of variations.

neg: Nikolay Nekhoroshev Nikolai Nikolaevich Nekhoroshev (Russian: Николай Николаевич Нехорошев ; 2 October 1946 – 18 October 2008) was a prominent Soviet Russian mathematician, specializing in classical mechanics and dynamical systems. His research concerned Hamiltonian mechanics, perturbation theory, celestial mechanics, integrable systems, dynamical systems, the quasiclassical approximation, and singularity theory. He proved, in particular, a stability result in KAM-theory stating that, under certain conditions, solutions of nearly integrable systems stay close to invariant tori for exponentially long times .

neg: Yuri Zhuravlyov (mathematician) Yuri Ivanovich Zhuravlyov (Russian: Юрий Иванович Журавлёв ; born 14 January 1935 in Voronezh) is a Russian mathematician specializing in the algebraic theory of algorithms. His research in applied mathematics and computer science has become foundational for a number of specialties within discrete mathematics, pattern recognition, and predictive analysis. Zhuravlev is a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the chairman of its "Applied Mathematics and Informatics" section. He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the international journal "Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis".

neg: Suren Arakelov Suren Yurievich Arakelov (Russian: Суре́н Ю́рьевич Араке́лов , ) (born October 16, 1947 in Kharkiv) is a Soviet mathematician of Armenian descent known for the influential theory that bears his name.

neg: Vladimir Voevodin Vladimir Voevodin (Russian: Влади́мир Воево́дин ; ] ; born May 25, 1962, Moscow) is a computer scientist, professor at Lomonosov Moscow State University, the Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics (MSU CMC) , Deputy Director of MSU Research Computing Center, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Dr.Sc..

neg: Sergey Stechkin Sergey Borisovich Stechkin (Russian: Серге́й Бори́сович Сте́чкин ) (6 September 1920 – 22 November 1995) was a prominent Soviet mathematician who worked in theory of functions (especially in approximation theory) and number theory.

neg: Lev Gutenmaher Lev Israilevich Gutenmaher (Russian: Лев Изра́илевич Гутенма́хер ) was a Soviet mathematician who conducted pioneering research in the area of computing technologies and made significant contributions to the early development of computer science. He was a recipient of the Stalin and National awards for his work.

neg: Boris Rufimovich Vainberg Boris Rufimovich Vainberg (Russian: Борис Руфимович Вайнберг ) is a professor of mathematics at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He was born in 1938. He received his Dr.S. from Moscow State University, under the supervision of Samarii Galpern. He taught mathematics at Moscow State University himself for nearly 30 years, then held a visiting professor position at the University of Delaware before taking his current position at UNCC.

neg: Boris Yakovlevich Bukreev Boris Yakovlevich Bukreev Russian: Борис Яковлевич Букреев (6 September 1859 – 2 October 1962) was a Russian and Soviet mathematician who worked in the areas of complex functions and differential equations. He studied Fuchsian functions of rank zero. He was interested in projective and non-Euclidean geometry. He worked on differential invariants and parameters in the theory of surfaces, and also wrote many papers on the history of mathematics.

neg: Emil Artin Emil Artin (] ; March 3, 1898 – December 20, 1962) was an Austrian mathematician of Armenian descent. Artin was one of the leading mathematicians of the twentieth century. He is best known for his work on algebraic number theory, contributing largely to class field theory and a new construction of L-functions. He also contributed to the pure theories of rings, groups and fields.

neg: Augustin-Louis Cauchy Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy FRS FRSE (] ; 21 August 1789 – 23 May 1857) was a French mathematician and physicist who made pioneering contributions to analysis. He was one of the first to state and prove theorems of calculus rigorously, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra of earlier authors. He almost singlehandedly founded complex analysis and the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra. A profound mathematician, Cauchy had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors. His writings range widely in mathematics and mathematical physics.

neg: Mikhail Kovalchuk Mikhail Valentinovich Kovalchuk (Russian: Михаил Валентинович Ковальчук ; born September 21, 1946 in Leningrad, Soviet Union) is a Russian physicist and official. He is a brother of Yury Kovalchuk, known as "Putin's personal banker".

neg: Vadim Knizhnik Vadim Genrikhovich Knizhnik (Russian: Вади́м Ге́нрихович Кни́жник; 20 February 1962, Kiev – 25 December 1987, Moscow) was a Soviet physicist of Jewish and Russian descent.

neg: Felix Gantmacher Felix Ruvimovich Gantmacher (Russian: Феликс Рувимович Гантмахер ) (23 February 1908 – 16 May 1964) was a Soviet mathematician, professor at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, well known for his contributions in mechanics, linear algebra and Lie group theory. In 1925–1926 he participated in seminar guided by Nikolai Chebotaryov in Odessa and wrote his first research paper in 1926.

neg: Lev Vaidman Lev Vaidman (born 4 September 1955) is a Russian-Israeli physicist and Professor at Tel Aviv University, Israel. He is noted for his theoretical work in the area of quantum teleportation and the Elitzur–Vaidman bomb-testing problem in quantum mechanics. He was a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of "The American Journal of Physics" from 2007 to 2009. His work and the experiments which they have inspired have lent support to the many-worlds interpretation of quantum physics. In 2010, their experiment was chosen as one of the "Seven Wonders of the Quantum World" by New Scientist Magazine.

neg: Albert Shiryaev Albert Nikolayevich Shiryaev (Russian: Альбе́рт Никола́евич Ширя́ев ; born October 12, 1934) is a Soviet and Russian mathematician. He is known for his work in probability theory, statistics and financial mathematics.


query: During his studies in Harvard Benjamin Darrow gained membership to a club founded in what year ?

pos: Benjamin Darrow Benjamin Darrow (born 14 November 1868) was a lawyer, politician and author. He served as a District Attorney in New York City around the turn of the century, was a prominent Deist and later nominee for Mayor of New York. Darrow was born in Liberty, New York. He attended Phillips Andover preparatory academy. He spent his undergraduate years at Harvard University, wherein he gained membership to the prestigious Hasty Pudding Club, after which he went to Yale Law School. Darrow famously prosecuted the Phelps-McMurphy case and was subsequently elected District Attorney for Kings County, the Borough of Brooklyn, New York. He died a month short of his forty-third birthday in October 1911, after being run over by a wagon while crossing Bedford Avenue. He was a close friend of famed journalist Samuel Hopkins Adams.

pos: Hasty Pudding Club The Hasty Pudding Institute of 1770 is a social club for Harvard students.

neg: Merchants Club The Merchants Club was a predecessor club to The Commercial Club of Chicago. It was organized in Chicago in 1896. It merged with the Commercial Club in 1907. Its leaders included Charles G. Dawes, Frederic A. Delano, and Charles H. Wacker. It was responsible for commissioning Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago (1909), also known as Burnham's plan.

neg: Flat Hat Club The Flat Hat Club is the popular name of a collegiate fraternity and honor society founded in 1750 at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, and twice revived there in the twentieth century. The fraternity, formally named the "F.H.C. Society", was founded at the College on November 11, 1750.

neg: Harvard Glee Club The Harvard Glee Club is a 60-voice, all-male choral ensemble at Harvard University. Founded in 1858 in the tradition of English and American glee clubs, it is the oldest collegiate chorus in the US. The Glee Club is part of the Holden Choruses of Harvard University, which also include the all-female Radcliffe Choral Society and the mixed-voice Harvard-Radcliffe Collegium Musicum. All three groups are led by Harvard's current Director of Choral Activities Andrew Clark.

neg: Brooklawn Country Club Brooklawn Country Club is a private country club in Fairfield, Connecticut. Founded in 1895, Brooklawn became one of the earliest members of the United States Golf Association (USGA) when it was admitted on January 22, 1896. Sited on the property's highest point, the club's 57,667-square-foot clubhouse was opened in 1916.

neg: Collectors Club of New York The Collectors Club, often referred to as the Collectors Club of New York, is a private club and philatelic society in New York City. Founded in 1896, it is one of the oldest existing philatelic societies in the United States. Its stated purpose is "to further the study of philately, promote the hobby and provide a social, educational, and non-commercial setting for the enthusiastic enjoyment of our common passion".

neg: Elihu (secret society) Elihu, founded in 1903, is the fourth oldest senior society at Yale University, New Haven, CT. While similar to Skull and Bones, Scroll and Key and Wolf's Head societies in charter and function, Elihu favors privacy over secrecy. Founded in 1903 as "the first non-secret senior society," Elihu held itself up as a model of openness at a time "when prestige of membership in a senior society was reaching its zenith." The society's building, located at 175 Elm Street, has windows, though they are blinded. In several interviews and commentaries on their society experience, many Elihu members have referred to their ancient building as a home rather than a tomb, in contrast to other societies. Like the other societies, the organization's building is typically closed to non-members. Elihu is likely the first society to tap an undergraduate from an ethnic minority – Henry Roe Cloud, a Native American who graduated in 1910 – and one of Yale's first black female undergraduates, in keeping with its contemporary reputation for diversity. It was the third of the above-ground societies to tap women. It takes its name from Elihu Yale.

neg: Madras Club Madras Club, or Adyar Club, is a gentleman's club in the city of Chennai, India. Founded in 1832, it is the second oldest of its kind in India.

neg: Garden Club of America The Garden Club of America is a nonprofit organization made up of around 18,000 club members and 200 local garden clubs around the United States. Founded in 1913, by Elizabeth Price Martin and Ernestine Abercrombie Goodman, it promotes the recording and enjoyment of American gardens as well as conservation and horticulture.

neg: President and Fellows of Harvard College The President and Fellows of Harvard College (also called the Harvard Corporation) is the smaller of Harvard University's two governing boards, the other being its Board of Overseers.

neg: Quiet Birdmen The Quiet Birdmen is a secretive club in the United States for male aviators. Founded in 1921 by World War I pilots, the organization meets in various locations, never announced to the public. Members, called QBs, must be invited to join, and they join for life. Today, the club's membership, organized into regional "hangars", is made up primarily of retired airline, military and freight pilots, as well as a few astronauts. It is also known as ye Anciente and Secret Order of Quiet Birdmen.

neg: Hellfire Club (disambiguation) The Hellfire Club was a name for several exclusive clubs for high-society rakes established in Britain and Ireland in the 18th century.

neg: Samuel Pepys Club The Samuel Pepys Club is a London club founded in 1903 to do honour to the memory of Samuel Pepys (1633–1703), the English naval administrator and Member of Parliament now best known as a diarist.

neg: Hawks' Club The Hawks' Club is a members-only social club for sportsmen at the University of Cambridge. Founded in 1872, the club represents the best sportsmen in the University of Cambridge. Membership is by election only, and the usual criterion is that the candidate should have his Blue – ie have taken part in the match or race against the University of Oxford in his particular sport. Many famous sporting names have been, or are, members – Rob Andrew, Mike Atherton, Chris Brasher, Ted Dexter, Gavin Hastings, Tony Lewis, and George Nash to name just a few.

neg: Fox Club (Harvard) The Fox Club is one of the eight originally male-only final clubs at Harvard University.

neg: Commercial Club of Chicago The Commercial Club of Chicago resulted from the 1907 merger of two predecessor Chicago clubs: the Merchants Club (organized in 1896) and the Commercial Club (organized in 1877). In 1932, the Industrial Club of Chicago (organized in 1905) joined. Its most active members included George Pullman, Marshall Field, Cyrus McCormick, George Armour, Frederic Delano, Sewell Avery, Rufus C. Dawes, and Julius Rosenwald. The club promotes the economic development interests of its members. It championed member Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago (1909), also known as Burnham's plan. The plan gave the blueprint for the future growth and development of the entire Chicago region.

neg: 1917 Club The 1917 Club was a club for socialists that met in 4 Gerrard Street, Soho, in Central London, during the early part of the 20th century. It had been founded in December 1917 by Leonard Woolf and some of his friends. Although its name marked the February Revolution of 1917, it was not a Bolshevik club, and comprised mostly Labour Party members along with some Liberal Party members of the Union of Democratic Control, and some figures from the arts, particularly the Bloomsbury Set.

neg: Delta Sigma Phi Delta Sigma Phi (ΔΣΦ, also known as Delta Sig or DSP) is a national men's fraternity established at the City College of New York (CCNY) in 1899 and is a charter member of the North-American Interfraternity Conference. The Fraternity is headquartered in the Fairbanks Mansion, the former home of Charles Warren Fairbanks, the U.S. vice president under Theodore Roosevelt. Delta Sigma Phi is one of three fraternities founded at CCNY (now a part of the City University of New York (CUNY)).

neg: Young Zoroastrian Club The Young Zoroastrian Club was a cricket club formed by the Parsee community in Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1850. The club was founded by Hiraji Gosta, also known as Kuka Daru, with financial support from the Tatas and Wadia corporate houses.

neg: 1805 Club The 1805 Club was founded in 1990 to accomplish three objectives. To assist in the preservation of monuments and memorials relating to Vice- Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson and seafarers of the Georgian era. To promote research into the Royal Navy of the Georgian period, and especially of Vice Admiral Lord Nelson. To organize cultural and historical events.

neg: Ivy Club The Ivy Club, often simply the Ivy, is the oldest eating club at Princeton University, and it is "still considered the most prestigious." It was founded in 1879 with Arthur Hawley Scribner as its first head.