query: Coppull is a village and civil parish in Lancashire, England, it is bounded by which river, in Lancashire, with its source at an area called "Will Narr" at "Hordern Stoops", along Spitlers Edge - the Chorley/Blackburn boundary - on the West Pennine Moors?

pos: Coppull Coppull is a village and civil parish in Lancashire, England. It is part of the Borough of Chorley, lies around 300 ft above sea level. Its population is around 8,000, having been counted at 7,959 in the 2011 Census. It is bounded by Whittle Brook, Clancutt Brook, the River Yarrow, Eller Brook, Hic-Bibi Brook and Stars Brook. Coppull is located between Chorley and Standish, Greater Manchester, to the east of the A49 road near Charnock Richard. Coppull has been represented on Chorley Borough Council since 2011 by Cllrs Matthew Crow and Robert Finnamore and one other Councillor.

pos: River Yarrow (Lancashire) The River Yarrow is in Lancashire, with its source at an area called "Will Narr" at "Hordern Stoops", along Spitlers Edge - the Chorley/Blackburn boundary - on the West Pennine Moors. The river feeds the Yarrow Reservoir, which in turn feeds the Anglezarke and Upper and Lower Rivington Reservoirs. Upon leaving the reservoirs via a pumping station, the river passes through an area that was formerly known as "Abyssinia". Currently, this area is within the boundaries of Heath Charnock and Limbrick, but the original name was given because it was a route frequented by coal miners, and the workers were said to look like natives of Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia): until the mid 20th century it was usual for miners to return from work covered in coal dust.

neg: Moor House-Upper Teesdale Moor House-Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve covers 7,400 ha of the Pennine moors in the north of England. It straddles Cumbria and County Durham. It was designated a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1976.

neg: Ribble Way The Ribble way is a long-distance walk between the Lancashire coast and the Yorkshire Dales National Park largely following the course of the River Ribble.

neg: River Trent The River Trent is the third-longest river in the United Kingdom. Its source is in Staffordshire on the southern edge of Biddulph Moor. It flows through and drains most of the metropolitan central and northern Midlands south and east of its source north of Stoke-on-Trent. The river is known for dramatic flooding after storms and spring snowmelt, which in past times often caused the river to change course.

neg: Wasdale Horseshoe The Wasdale Horseshoe is a group of hills on the eastern fringe of the English Lake District, to the west of the A6, south of Shap, Cumbria. They surround the valley of Wasdale Beck, a tributary of Birk Beck and ultimately of the River Lune. The horseshoe is the subject of a chapter of Wainwright's book "The Outlying Fells of Lakeland". This Wasdale should not be confused with the better known Wasdale, containing Wast Water, on the west of the Lake District.

neg: Burnley Burnley ( ) is a market town in Lancashire, England, with a population of 73,021. It is 21 mi north of Manchester and 20 mi east of Preston, at the confluence of the River Calder and River Brun.

neg: Lancaster Canal The Lancaster Canal is a canal in North West England, originally planned to run from Westhoughton in Lancashire to Kendal in south Cumbria (then in Westmorland). The section around the crossing of the River Ribble was never completed, and much of the southern end leased to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, of which it is now generally considered part.

neg: Swaledale Swaledale is one of the northernmost dales (valleys) in the Yorkshire Dales National Park in northern England. It is the dale of the River Swale on the east side of the Pennines in North Yorkshire.

neg: Pennine Cycleway The Pennine Cycleway is a Sustrans-sponsored route in the Pennines range in northern England, an area often called the "backbone of England". The route passes through the counties of Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, Lancashire, North Yorkshire, Cumbria and Northumberland. It is part of the National Cycle Network (NCN No. 68). Sustrans founder John Grimshaw calls it 'the best National Cycle Network route of the lot'.

neg: Greengate, Salford Greengate is an area of Salford, Greater Manchester, England, bounded by Chapel Street, Gravel Lane and Sacred Trinity Church and across the River Irwell from Manchester Cathedral.

neg: Stretford Stretford (pop. 37,500) is a town in Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. Lying on flat ground between the River Mersey and the Manchester Ship Canal, it is 3.8 mi to the southwest of Manchester city centre, 3.0 mi south-southwest of Salford and 4.2 mi northeast of Altrincham. Stretford is contiguous with the suburb of Chorlton-cum-Hardy to the east, and the towns of Urmston to the west, Salford to the north, and Sale to the south. The Bridgewater Canal bisects the town.

neg: South Pennines The South Pennines is a region of moorland and hill country in Northern England lying towards the southern end of the Pennines. In the west it includes the Forest of Rossendale and the West Pennine Moors. It is bounded by the Greater Manchester conurbation in the west and the Yorkshire Dales to the north. To the east it is fringed by the towns of West and South Yorkshire whilst to the south it is often considered to end at the northern edge of the Peak District national park.

neg: Withnell Withnell is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Chorley, Lancashire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 3,631, reducing to 3,498 at the 2011 Census. Withnell is about 5 mi north-east of Chorley itself and about 5 mi from Blackburn. It constituted an urban district from 1894 to 1974. It was originally called 'Withinhull' around 1160, later appearing as 'Withinhulle' in the 1332 Subsidy Rolls of Lancashire, meaning 'a hill where willow trees grow'. It borders the villages of Brinscall and Abbey Village which are part of the parish.

neg: Blackburn Hundred Blackburn Hundred (also known as Blackburnshire) is an ancient sub-division of the county of Lancashire, in northern England. Its chief town was Blackburn, in the northwest of the hundred. It covered an area similar to modern East Lancashire, including the current districts of Ribble Valley (excluding the part north of the River Ribble and east of the Hodder, which was then in Yorkshire), Pendle (excluding West Craven, also in Yorkshire), Burnley, Rossendale, Hyndburn, Blackburn with Darwen, and South Ribble (east from Walton-le-dale and Lostock Hall).

neg: Crimple Beck Crimple Beck or the River Crimple is a beck which flows through North Yorkshire, England. It is a tributary of the River Nidd which it joins between Little Ribston and Walshford north of Wetherby.

neg: Cropton Cropton is a village and civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England. It is on the border of the North York Moors National Park, 2 mi north-west of Pickering. At the 2001 census, the parish (including Aislaby) had a population of 254, increasing to 321(including Stape) at the 2011 Census.

neg: River Dibb The River Dibb is located in North Yorkshire, England. It is a tributary of the River Wharfe. Grimwith Reservoir is at the head of the River Dibb at a point some 2.5 mi from Appletreewick. The name is possibly derived from the Olde English "dib", a dialectical form of "dip" meaning "hollow" and recorded in local 13th century records as "Dybbe", a now lost hamlet near Burnsall.

neg: Chell, Staffordshire Chell is a suburb of the city of Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire, England, that can be subdivided into Little Chell, Great Chell and Chell Heath. It lies on the northern edge of the city, approximately 1 mile from Tunstall, 2 miles from Burslem and 3 miles from Cheshire. Chell borders Pitts Hill to the west, Tunstall to the south west, Stanfield and Bradeley to the south, with the outlying villages of Packmoor and Brindley Ford to the north and Ball Green to the east.

neg: River Chelt The River Chelt is a tributary of England's largest river, the Severn. The Chelt flows through the western edge of the Cotswolds and the town of Cheltenham, before its confluence with the River Severn at Wainlodes Hill.

neg: Cartmel Peninsula Cartmel Peninsula is a peninsula in Cumbria in England. It juts in a southerly direction into Morecambe Bay, bordered by the estuaries of the River Leven to the west and the River Winster to the east. It is, along with the Furness Peninsula, (from which it is separated by the River Leven) one of the two areas of that formed "Lancashire North of the Sands"; these two areas are now referred to as the "Lake District Peninsulas" by marketing road signs, even though they fall outside of the Lake District National Park (this term has not fallen into local use). The peninsula is often mistakenly included as part of the better-known Furness. To its north, the peninsula's borders are usually given to end at the border with the historic county of Westmorland.

neg: River Culm The River Culm flows through the Devon Redlands in Devon, England and is the longest tributary of the River Exe. It rises in the Blackdown Hills at a spring near RAF Culmhead in Somerset, and flows west through Hemyock, then Culmstock (in the Culm Valley) to Uffculme. The river turns south, through Cullompton (and alongside the M5 motorway), skirting the northern boundary of Killerton Park to join the River Exe on the north-western outskirts of Exeter. The name of the river is thought to mean 'knot' or 'tie', in reference to the river's twists and loops.


query: Which genus of plants contains more specieis, Gaura or Corokia?

pos: Gaura Gaura is a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae, native to North America. The genus includes many species known commonly as beeblossoms. Recent genetic research has shown that the genus is paraphyletic unless the monotypic genus "Stenosiphon" is included within "Gaura", increasing the number of species in the genus to 22.

pos: Corokia Corokia is a genus in the Argophyllaceae family comprising about ten species native to New Zealand and one native to Australia. "Corokia" species are shrubs or small trees with zigzagging (divaricating) branches. In fact, "Corokia cotoneaster" is commonly known as "wire-netting bush". The stems of the shrubs are dark when mature, covered with downy or silky hairs (tomentum) when young. In spring, they produce clusters of small, star shaped yellow blossoms. Berries are red or yellow. The shrubs prefer forests and rocky areas, sun or light shade, reasonably well drained soil, and moderate watering.

neg: Hillia (plant) Hillia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It has 24 species. All are indigenous to tropical America.

neg: Karenia Karenia is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to:

neg: Lagunaria Lagunaria is a monotypic genus in the family Malvaceae. It is an Australian plant endemic to Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island and parts of coastal Queensland. It has been introduced to many parts of the world. The genus was named for its resemblance to the earlier genus "Laguna" Cav., which was named in honour of Andrés Laguna, a Spanish botanist and a physician to Pope Julius III.

neg: Zehneria Zehneria is a genus of flowering plants – of vines in the cucumber and gourd family Cucurbitaceae. It contains about 35 species ranging from Africa, through Southeast Asia to Australia and Oceania. The name honours botanical artist Joseph Zehner.

neg: Sporobolus Sporobolus is a nearly cosmopolitan genus of plants in the grass family.

neg: Gamochaeta Gamochaeta is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family. There has not always been agreement among botanists regarding its status as a recognized genus, but it has become more accepted in recent years. It currently includes many plants that previously belonged in genus "Gnaphalium". Like many species of "Gnaphalium", many "Gamochaeta" are called cudweeds or everlastings.

neg: Rostraria These grasses are sometimes included in genus "Koeleria".

neg: Chorisiva Chorisiva is a genus of plants in the sunflower family.

neg: Cooronga Cooronga is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.

neg: Couroupita Couroupita is a genus of flowering plants of Lecythidaceae family first described as a genus in 1775. It is native to tropical South America and Central America.

neg: Brugmansia Brugmansia is a genus of seven species of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae. They are woody trees or shrubs, with pendulous flowers, and have no spines on their fruit. Their large, fragrant flowers give them their common name of angel's trumpets, a name sometimes used for the closely related genus "Datura". (Datura differs from Brugmansia in that they are herbaceous bushes, with erect rather than pendulous flowers - and most have spines on their fruit).

neg: Erica Erica is a genus of roughly 860 species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae. The English common names "heath" and "heather" are shared by some closely related genera of similar appearance. The genus "Calluna" was formerly included in "Erica" – it differs in having even smaller scale-leaves (less than 2–3 mm long), and the flower corolla consisting of separate petals. "Erica" is sometimes referred to as "winter (or spring) heather" to distinguish it from "Calluna" "summer (or autumn) heather".

neg: Peripleura Peripleura is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae.

neg: Coriaria Coriaria is the sole genus in the family Coriariaceae described by Linnaeus in 1753. It includes 14 species of subshrubs, shrubs and small trees, with a widespread but disjunct distribution across warm temperate regions of the world, occurring as far apart as the Mediterranean region, southern and eastern Asia, New Zealand (where some are alpine species), the Pacific Ocean islands, and Central and South America.

neg: Menispermaceae Menispermaceae is a family of flowering plants. Tubocurare, a neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare, is derived from plants of this family. The family contains 68 genera with some 440 species, which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions.

neg: Ehretia Ehretia is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It contains about 50 species. The generic name honors German botanical illustrator Georg Dionysius Ehret (1708–1770).

neg: Oricia Oricia is a genus of plant in family Rutaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):

neg: Gaudinia Gaudinia is a genus of Mediterranean plants in the grass family.

neg: Borya Borya is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boryaceae, endemic to Australia.

neg: Gardenieae Gardenieae is a tribe of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family and contains about 586 species in 53 genera.


query: What nationality is the author of the book Dark Slayer ?

pos: Dark Slayer Dark Slayer is the twentieth title in Christine Feehan’s Dark Series, a series of paranormal/romances featuring the Carpathians (race).

pos: Christine Feehan Christine Feehan (b. Christine King in California) is an American romance-paranormal writer. She has published more than 40 novels, including five series, and numerous novellas since 1999.

neg: Resurrecting Ravana Resurrecting Ravana is an original novel based on the U.S. television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Tagline: "A dark evil is rising".

neg: Dark Lord of Derkholm The Dark Lord of Derkholm, simply Dark Lord of Derkholm in the United States, is a fantasy novel by the British author Diana Wynne Jones, published autumn 1998 in both the U.K. and the U.S. It won the 1999 Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Children's Literature.

neg: Kat Falls Kat Falls (born 1964) is an American novelist specializing in science-fiction. Some of her works are "Dark Life", the sequel "Rip Tide", and "Inhuman".

neg: Michael H. Payne Michael H. Payne (born February 10, 1965) is an American science fiction and fantasy writer, cartoonist, and reviewer. He holds an M.A. in Classics from the University of California, Irvine, and has hosted the Darkling Eclectica, a radio program originally on Saturday mornings, now on Sunday afternoons, on KUCI for more than 30 years.

neg: Don D'Ammassa Donald Eugene D'Ammassa (born April 24, 1946) is an American fantasy, science fiction and horror reviewer and author. He is chiefly known for his numerous reviews, written over a period of more than thirty years. He writes as Don D'Ammassa.

neg: Richard A. Knaak Richard A. Knaak (born 28 May 1961 in Chicago) is the author of "Dragonlance" novels, "Dragonrealm", six novels for Blizzard Entertainment's "Diablo" series, and ten works in the Warcraft universe. He has also written five non-series fantasy books.

neg: Karen Lee Field Karen Lee Field (born in 1961 in London, England) is an author of fantasy novels for younger readers, 9 to 12-year olds, as well as adults. She also writes short fiction.

neg: R. A. Salvatore Robert Anthony Salvatore (born January 20, 1959), who writes under the name R. A. Salvatore, is an American author best known for "The DemonWars Saga", his "Forgotten Realms" novels, for which he created the popular character Drizzt Do'Urden, and "Vector Prime", the first novel in the "Star Wars: The New Jedi Order" series. He has sold more than 15 million copies of his books in the United States alone and twenty-two of his titles have been "New York Times" best-sellers.

neg: Kathryn Le Veque Kathryn Elizabeth Bouse Le Veque Hogan is an American USA Today bestselling independent author of Historical Romance fiction novels. She is the author of over 60 historical romance novels, as well as ten contemporary romance novels. She is most known for writing "The Dark One: Dark Knight", "Rise of the Defender", "The Wolfe", "The Savage Curtain", and "Island of Glass".

neg: Clifford Meth Clifford Lawrence Meth (born February 22, 1961) is an American writer, editor, and publisher best known for his dark fiction, as well as his publishing imprint Aardwolf Publishing. He has said that his work is often "self-consciously Jewish."

neg: The Dark Heroine The Dark Heroine is a series of vampire-themed fantasy romance novels written by English author Abigail Gibbs, published by HarperCollins in 2012. The first novel in the series, "Dinner with a Vampire," revolves around London-born Violet Lee, who is kidnapped and held hostage by a Royal Family of vampires known as the Varns. The series is told from both Violet Lee and Kaspar Varn's perspective, the latter being heir to the Vamperic Throne in the novel.

neg: Colin Duriez Colin Duriez (born 19 July 1947) is a writer on fantasy and related matters.

neg: Jennifer Fallon Jennifer Fallon (born 1959) is an Australian author of fantasy and science fiction. She is also a businesswoman, trainer and business consultant.

neg: Darksong Darksong is a Parallel universe fantasy novel by Isobelle Carmody. The sequel of "Darkfall", it is the second book in the Legendsong Saga. Conceived and written while Carmody was living in Prague, it was published by Viking books in 2002, and Penguin in 2003. The third book in the trilogy is as yet unpublished.

neg: Sergei Lukyanenko Sergei Vasilievich Lukyanenko (Russian: Серге́й Васи́льевич Лукья́ненко , ] ; born 11 April 1968) is a Russian science fiction and fantasy author, writing in Russian. His works often feature intense action-packed plots, interwoven with the moral dilemma of keeping one's humanity while being strong.

neg: List of Slayers characters This is a list of major characters from the Japanese anime, manga and light novel series Slayers. The series of novels written by Hajime Kanzaka was serialized in "Dragon Magazine", adapted into several manga titles, five televised anime series, two three-episode original video animations, and five anime films. "Slayers" follows the adventures of teenage sorceress Lina Inverse and her companions as they journey through their world. Using powerful magic and swordsmanship, they battle difficult overreaching wizards, demons seeking to destroy the world, dark lords, and the occasional hapless gang of bandits.

neg: The Dark Angel (Waltari novel) The Dark Angel (original title Johannes Angelos) is a novel by Finnish author Mika Waltari about a hopeless love affair and the Fall of Constantinople. The Finnish version was originally published in 1952, with an English edition being published in Great Britain in 1953.

neg: Joseph Delaney Joseph Henry Delaney (born 25 July 1945) is a British author of science fiction and fantasy books.

neg: Doomsday Deck Doomsday Deck is an original novel based on the U.S. television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".

neg: The Vampire Huntress Legend Series The Vampire Huntress Legend Series (VHL) is a twelve book series written by Leslie Esdaile Banks under the pen name L.A. Banks. The series centers around a young "twenty-something" woman named Damali Richards who is a spoken word artist but is also the Neteru, a human who is born once every thousand years to fight the Dark Realms. Her most dangerous and most constant enemy from The Dark Realms are vampires.


query: Where was the Northern Pacific Depot built after the previous depot was destroyed in the 200000 acre fire on September 1, 1894?

pos: Northern Pacific Depot (Hinckley, Minnesota) The Northern Pacific Depot in Hinckley, Minnesota, United States, is a wood-framed depot built in 1895, the year after the previous depot was destroyed in the Great Hinckley Fire on September 1, 1894. The depot was built from the plans of the previous depot. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The building was originally built by the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad, which was acquired by the Northern Pacific Railway in 1900. The Northern Pacific operated the depot until the mid-1960s. The building had separate men's and women's waiting rooms, a freight room, a restaurant known as the "Beanery", and a stationmaster's living quarters on the second floor.

pos: Great Hinckley Fire The Great Hinckley Fire was a conflagration in the pine forests of Minnesota in September 1894, which burned an area of at least 200000 acre (perhaps more than 250000 acre ) including the town of Hinckley. The official death count was 418; the actual number of fatalities was likely higher.

neg: Soo Line Passenger Depot The Soo Line Passenger Depot, built in 1912, now houses the Old Soo Depot Transportation Museum. It is located in historic Downtown Minot, North Dakota, USA. The depot once served the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad, which is now part of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

neg: Hudson's Bay Warehouse (Yellowknife) The Hudson's Bay Company began a trading post in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada in 1938 at the height of the first gold rush in the region. Fire destroyed the original building in January 1945, and the HBC rebuilt and reopened this expanded trading post store and warehouse in November 1945. It served the Old Town waterfront of Yellowknife for several years. The post was primarily designed for prospector’s bush orders during the gold boom years. With the opening of a modern downtown department store in 1947, the Old Town post catered almost exclusively to bush orders, fur trappers, commercial fishers, and prospector supplies. The store closed in 1960 when all HBC operations were centralized to the downtown location. Thereafter, the building was used only as a warehouse for HBC retail operations. The Bay retail stores were rebranded as Northern Stores Inc in 1987 and the warehouse was sold to Les Rocher who has owned it ever since.

neg: Great Seattle Fire The Great Seattle Fire was a fire that destroyed the entire central business district of Seattle, Washington, on June 6, 1889. The fire burned for several hours, destroying 25 blocks and causing as much as $20 million in damage ($527 million in today's dollars).

neg: Missouri Pacific Depot (Bald Knob, Arkansas) The Missouri Pacific Depot is a historic railroad station at Market and Ramey Streets in Bald Knob, Arkansas. It is a rectangular single-story structure, framed in wood and finished in brick, with a broad shallow-pitch hip roof. The northern side of the roof, where passengers waited, is supported by brick posts and has large L-shaped brackets. Built in 1915, it is Bald Knob's second railroad station, a reminder of the role the railroad played in the city's development.

neg: Quitman Depot (Mississippi) Quitman Depot, also known as GM&O Railroad Depot, is a historic railway station located at 100 South Railroad Avenue in Quitman, Mississippi. The depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 and was designated a Mississippi Landmark in 1996.

neg: 1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire The 1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire was a conflagration on the morning of August 27, 1891, that consumed the only building then housing the State Normal School at Cheney in Cheney, Washington. No lives were lost, but the destruction of the building sparked a multi-year battle with the governor and state legislature regarding whether the normal school would be shuttered, or whether the state would authorize funds for the construction of a replacement building.

neg: Sawmill Fire The Sawmill Fire was a 2016 wildfire that burned in Cloverdale, Sonoma County, California. The fire, which started on September 25, burned 1,547 acre of land from before being contained on September 29. Approximately 30 homes were evacuated and two minor injuries were reported.

neg: Nelson station (British Columbia) The Nelson station (located in Nelson, British Columbia, Canada) and was built by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1900. The 2-story, wood-frame, railway station is located near the lakefront to serve as an important meeting point between rail and steamboat transportation. This station is no longer used as a passenger station and the building has been designated a national heritage railway station.

neg: Arcade Depot The Arcade Depot was the main Southern Pacific Railroad passenger railway station, from 1888 until 1914. It was located on Alameda Street, between 5th and 6th Streets, in Los Angeles, California.

neg: Southern Pacific Depot The names Southern Pacific Depot, Southern Pacific Railroad Station, Southern Pacific Railroad Depot, and variations, apply to a number of train stations operated by the Southern Pacific Railroad. Many of these are historic and are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

neg: Dumpville San Francisco's Dumpville was a permanent village along the shores of Mission Bay that existed from the 1860s until 1895. Dumpville was an early refuse site on Southern Pacific Railroad land, a loosely structured community of mostly men, not unlike dump sites across the planet. It was on the shore of Mission Creek, the waters called "poverty lake."

neg: Cerro Grande Fire The Cerro Grande Fire was a disastrous forest fire in New Mexico, United States of America, that occurred in May 2000. The fire started as a controlled burn, and became uncontrolled owing to high winds and drought conditions. Over 400 families in the town of Los Alamos, New Mexico, lost their homes in the resulting 48,000-acre (190 km² = 75 mi² ) fire. Structures at Los Alamos National Laboratory were also destroyed or damaged, although without loss or destruction of any of the special nuclear material housed there. There was no loss of human life. The US General Accounting Office estimated total damages at $1 billion.

neg: Greeley, Salt Lake and Pacific Railway The Greeley, Salt Lake and Pacific Railway was a railroad that operated in northern Colorado in the United States during the 1880s. Founded with heavy backing with the Union Pacific Railroad, it was controlled by the Union Pacific from its inception, but was incorporated into the new Colorado and Southern Railway in 1898, becoming part of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad in 1908.

neg: North Bank Depot Buildings The North Bank Depot Buildings, located in central Portland, Oregon, United States, are a pair of buildings formerly used as a freight warehouse and passenger terminal for the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway (SP&S). Formed in 1905, the SP&S was commonly known as the North Bank Road (or North Bank road, "road" being short for railroad) during the period in which these buildings were in use. The Portland buildings' passenger facilities were also used by the Oregon Electric Railway after that railway was acquired by the SP&S. Located in what is now known as the Pearl District, the buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. They were in use by the SP&S and its successor, Burlington Northern Railroad, from 1908 until the 1980s. Only the east building was used as a passenger station, and this usage lasted from 1908 until 1931.

neg: Northern Pacific Railway The Northern Pacific Railway (reporting mark NP) was a transcontinental railroad that operated across the northern tier of the western United States, from Minnesota to the Pacific Northwest. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly 40000000 acre of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction.

neg: Cedar City Historic District The Cedar City Historic District is a set of one hundred and seventy-two buildings in Cedar City, Utah. Of these, one hundred and four contribute to its historical integrity. Cedar City was originally an iron works near the Mormon city of Parowan. After Brigham Young shut down the iron facilities, two-thirds of Cedar City's residents left for other settlements. The remaining families prospered from sheep ranching. The Union Pacific Railroad connected to the town in the early 1900s and provided a tourism boom for the city. The district represents some of the oldest houses for Cedar City residents, most of which were farmers or ranchers. Later houses in the district represent early 20th century revivals.

neg: Chicago Great Western Depot The Chicago Great Western Depot at 726 East Main Street in Red Wing, in the U.S. State of Minnesota, is a former railroad station listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The depot was built in 1906 after the Chicago Great Western Railway (CGW) acquired two small railroads: the Minnesota Central, which connected to Cannon Falls; and the Duluth, Red Wing, and Southern, which connected to Zumbrota. CGW established a divisional headquarters and built this depot in 1906, with passenger space on the first floor and office space on the second floor. The red brick structure was the largest depot the railroad built in Minnesota.

neg: Ponderosa Fire (2017) The Ponderosa Fire was a wildland fire near Forbestown in Butte County, California in the United States. The fire started on August 29, 2017. The cause is still under investigation. The fire was 100% contained on September 9 and had burned 4016 acre .

neg: Tennessee and Alabama Railroad Freight Depot The Tennessee and Alabama Railroad Freight Depot was a historic property dating from c.1858 in Franklin, Tennessee that was evaluated for its historic merit and deemed eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It was not however listed due to owner objection. It has also been known as the Louisville and Nashville Railroad Freight Depot. Its NRHP reference number for the evaluation was 00000231.

neg: Bridgeport Depot Museum The Bridgeport Depot Museum, sometimes called the Bridgeport Depot in Bridgeport, Alabama is home to railroad memorabilia as well as a range of local artifacts. Items in the museum's collection date back to 1807 with "Bridgeport News" issues going back to 1891, post office and tax records as well as items related to Bridgeport's role in the so-called War Between the States The museum, operated by the Bridgeport Area Historical Association, is located on the site of the town's fourth railroad depot, which was constructed in 1917.


query: What do Theodore Wharton and Fatih Akin have in common?

pos: Theodore Wharton Theodore Wharton (1875–1931) was an American film director, producer and writer. He directed 48 films in the 1910s and 1920s, including the 1915 "The New Adventures of J. Rufus Wallingford", which featured Oliver Hardy.

pos: Fatih Akin Fatih Akin (Turkish: "Fatih Akın" , born 25 August 1973) is a German film director, screenwriter and producer. He is of Turkish descent.

neg: Norris Houghton Charles Norris Houghton (26 December 1909 – 9 October 2001) was a renowned theatre visionary whose career spanned seven decades. Credited with over 50 theatre productions, he was stage manager, scenic designer, producer, director, theatre manager, academician, author, and public policy advocate: these myriad roles reflect his chosen life as a “generalist,” a multifaceted “theatre man.” He is celebrated for accomplishments that reflect this span: as the premier American expert of 20th-century Russian Theatre; as a major force in creating the “off-Broadway” movement and inspiring live theater throughout the country; as a mentor to actors and innovators in world theatre; as an influential advocate of arts education; and as a student and educator of global theater chosen by prestigious foundations to study and report on theater across the U.S., Europe, and Asia. His career culminated with his accomplishments as a distinguished scholar and teacher, selected to teach and promote theatre as part of a liberal education in such prominent universities as Princeton, Columbia, and Vassar; his academic career was completed at the State University of New York, where he helped create the SUNY Purchase campus and served as founding Dean of Theatre and Film. A prolific author, this multifaceted life is documented in his books and articles, and his work has been the subject of analysis and commentary by admiring colleagues and reviewers in numerous articles, books, journals, and newspapers. His books and papers are preserved for study in prestigious university and college library, archives, and rare book collections.

neg: Theodore Levin Theodore Levin (February 18, 1897 – December 31, 1970) was a prominent immigration lawyer and United States federal judge who served on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan from 1946 until his death in 1970.

neg: Sudarshan Faakir Sudarshan Faakir (1934–2008) better known by his takhalus ("nom de plume") Faakir (सुदर्शन 'फाकिर') was an Indian poet and lyricist. His ghazals and nazms were sung by Begum Akhtar and Jagjit Singh.

neg: Sir Hugh Rankin, 3rd Baronet Sir Hugh Charles Rhys Rankin (1899- 25 April 1988) was a soldier and sheep farmer and noted eccentric, who was the President of the British Muslim Society in 1935 for a short period.

neg: Theodore Hope (lawyer) Theodore S. Hope Jr. (1903–1998) was a corporate lawyer in New York City for over 50 years.

neg: Ásíyih Khánum Ásíyih Khánum (Persian:    18201886) was the wife of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith. She is viewed by Bahá’ís as the paragon of a devoted mother and wife. She is also known by her titles of Navváb, the Most Exalted Leaf, Búyúk Khánum or Hadrat-i-Khánum. Khánum is a title usually given to a Persian lady and is equivalent to madam. Bahá’u’lláh and Ásíyih Khánum were known as the "Father of the Poor" and the "Mother of Consolation" for their extraordinary generosity and regard for the impoverished. Bahá'u'lláh, along with Ásíyih Khánum and her children, are regarded as the Bahá'í holy family.

neg: James Roosevelt Roosevelt James Roosevelt "Rosy" Roosevelt (April 27, 1854 – May 7, 1927) was an American heir, diplomat and the older half-brother of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

neg: Ted Malloch Theodore Roosevelt "Ted" Malloch (born September 22, 1952) is an American author, consultant, and television producer. He was a professor at the Henley Business School of the University of Reading, England. Malloch is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the family firm Global Fiduciary Governance and served as Chairman and CEO of The Roosevelt Group. He is author of several books including "Doing Virtuous Business".

neg: Ethel du Pont Ethel du Pont Roosevelt-Warren (January 30, 1916 – May 25, 1965) was an American heiress and socialite and a member of the prominent du Pont family. She is known for her widely publicized marriage to Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr., son of the 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt and her eventual suicide in 1965.

neg: Herbert Reiner Jr. Herbert Thomas "Tom" Reiner Jr. (September 21, 1916 – December 28, 1999) was an American diplomat who played a key role in capturing Mahatma Gandhi's assassin, Nathuram Godse. Reiner was among those present when Godse fatally shot Gandhi at an evening prayer meeting in New Delhi on January 30, 1948. Moments after the shooting, while the attending crowd was still in shock, Reiner rushed forward, grasping Godse by the shoulders, and restraining him until military and police personnel took him away. In the days following, Reiner's action was reported in newspapers around the world.

neg: B. C. Sanyal Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal commonly known as B. C. Sanyal (22 April 1901 – 9 August 2003), the doyen of modernism in Indian art, was an Indian painter and sculptor and an Art teacher to three generations of artists. During his lifetime he not just saw the partition of the Indian subcontinent three times, 1905, 1947 and 1971, but also witnessed 20th century Indian art in all its phases. His notable paintings include "The flying scarecrow", "Cow herd", "Despair" and "Way to peace", which depicts Mahatma Gandhi with a Hindu and a Muslim child.

neg: Theodore Ford Sir Theodore Thomas Ford (1829–1920) was a British lawyer and judge. He served as Chief Justice of the Straits Settlements in the 19th Century

neg: Abu Bakar Bashir Abu Bakar Bashir ( ; Arabic: أبو بكر باعشير  ; ; ] ) also Abubakar Ba'asyir, Abdus Somad, and Ustad Abu ("Teacher Abu"); born 17 August 1938) is an Indonesian Muslim cleric and leader of Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid.

neg: Warren Terhune Warren Jay Terhune (May 3, 1869 – November 3, 1920) was a United States Navy Commander, and the 13th Governor of American Samoa. Terhune was born in Midland, New Jersey, and lived in New Jersey most of his life when not posted elsewhere. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in 1889, and graduated as a Lieutenant in 1899. He was stationed on numerous ships, and held command of various ships and stations throughout his career. His most notable command posts include the Seventh Naval District of South Florida and the Naval Air Station Key West within his jurisdiction. His largest engagement came when President William Howard Taft ordered the United States Marine Corps to Nicaragua in an attempt to put down a rebellion there, primarily out of the city of Managua. Terhune commanded the "USS Annapolis", which landed hundreds of troops to quell the violence and protect American civilians and property.

neg: Fatima Jinnah Fatima Jinnah English IPA: , (Urdu:  ; 31 July 1893 – 9 July 1967) was a Pakistani dental surgeon, biographer, stateswoman and one of the leading of Pakistan.

neg: Fatih Mosque, Tirilye The Fatih Mosque (Turkish: "Fatih Camii" ) is a mosque in Tirilye, which was converted from an 8th-century Byzantine church dedicated to Saint Theodore. The building was constructed between 720 and 730 AD, originally as the Church of Christ and Saint Stephen. After the Ottoman conquest of the town, it was converted to a mosque and named ""Fatih"", which means "conquest". The mosque was briefly rededicated as a church during the Greek occupation of the area in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922.

neg: Michael Wharton Michael Wharton (19 April 1913 – 23 January 2006) was a newspaper columnist who wrote under the pseudonym Peter Simple in the British "Daily Telegraph". He began work on the "Way of the World" column with illustrator Michael ffolkes three times a week in early 1957, and wrote the column four times a week for a lengthy period ending in 1987. On 13 May 1990 he began a weekly "Peter Simple" column in the "Sunday Telegraph", before returning to the "Daily Telegraph" as a weekly columnist on 8 March 1996. He remained there until his death, aged 92, in 2006, his last column appearing on 20 January 2006.

neg: Harold L. Sirkin Harold "Hal" L. Sirkin (born 1959) is an American business consultant and author, who often writes about trends in innovation and global business competition. He graduated summa cum laude from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1980 with a B.S. in Economics, and from the University of Chicago in 1981 with an M.B.A. He is also a Professor at Kellogg School of Management and a CPA.

neg: Jesse Wharton (Maryland) Jesse Wharton (died 1676) was the 7th Proprietary Governor of Maryland during a brief period in 1676. He was appointed by the royally chartered proprietor of Maryland, Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore. Following his death, Wharton was briefly succeeded by Cecil Calvert, infant son of Charles Calvert, before the next Governor, Thomas Notley, was appointed.

neg: S. Theodore Baskaran Sundararaj Theodore Baskaran (born 1940) is an Indian film historian and wildlife conservationist.


query: Greg Cumbel is a broadcaster on NFL for CBS alongside which former American football quarterback?

pos: Greg Gumbel Greg Gumbel (born May 3, 1946) is an American television sportscaster. He is best known for his various assignments on the CBS network (most notably, the National Football League and NCAA basketball). The older brother of news and sportscaster Bryant Gumbel, he became the first African-American (and Creole) announcer to call play-by-play of a major sports championship in the United States when he announced Super Bowl XXXV for the CBS network in 2001. He is of Creole ancestry. Gumbel is currently a play-by-play broadcaster for the "NFL on CBS" alongside Trent Green as well as the studio host for CBS' men's college basketball coverage.

pos: Trent Green Trent Jason Green (born July 9, 1970) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for fifteen seasons. He played college football for Indiana University. He was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the eighth round of the 1993 NFL Draft, and also played for the BC Lions, Washington Redskins, St. Louis Rams, Kansas City Chiefs and Miami Dolphins. He earned a Super Bowl ring with the Rams and was selected to two Pro Bowls with the Chiefs.

neg: Tom Waddle Gregory Thomas Waddle (born February 20, 1967) is a former American football player in the National Football League (NFL). Waddle is currently a co-host of ""Waddle and Silvy"" on "ESPN 1000", and a football analyst for WLS-TV in Chicago. He also appears on Pro Football Weekly and NFL Network. He spent his entire six-year career with the Chicago Bears. He attended Boston College.

neg: Mike Jay Mike Jay is a former American football quarterback for Texas A&M University.

neg: James Brown (quarterback) James Brown (born May 17, 1975) is a former American football quarterback. He was the starting quarterback of the Texas Longhorns from 1994 to 1997. At the time, he was only the second black quarterback to guide Texas through an entire season (after Donnie Little in 1978), and is credited for "opening doors" for future black quarterbacks at Texas, such as Vince Young.

neg: Don Majkowski Donald "Majik Man" Vincent Majkowski, "Majik", (born February 25, 1964) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers, Indianapolis Colts, and Detroit Lions.

neg: Dan Manucci Daniel Joseph Manucci (born September 3, 1957) is a former American football quarterback and sports radio personality.

neg: Ted Constanzo Ted Louis Constanzo (born c. 1956) is an American former football player who started as quarterback and later at punter for the Texas Longhorns in the late 1970s.

neg: Charley Johnson Charley Lane Johnson (born November 22, 1938) is a former American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 years with three teams: the St. Louis Cardinals, Houston Oilers, and Denver Broncos.

neg: Steve DeBerg Steven Leroy "Steve" DeBerg (born January 19, 1954) is a retired American football player, a quarterback in the National Football League for 21 years. Although large portions of his career were spent as a backup, DeBerg ultimately accumulated some impressive NFL statistics, particularly during the early 1990s, when he was the starting QB for the Kansas City Chiefs.

neg: Joe Shield Joe Shield is a former quarterback in the National Football League.

neg: Gus Frerotte Gustave Joseph "Gus" Frerotte ( ; born July 31, 1971) is a former American football quarterback. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the seventh round of the 1994 NFL Draft. He played college football at Tulsa.

neg: Jim Kubiak James Kubiak (born May 12, 1972) is the color commentator for the Buffalo Bulls football team and the director of the WNY Quarterback Academy. Kubiak was the director of football operations and offensive coordinator for the Georgia Force of the Arena Football League. He is also a retired American and Arena football Quarterback. He was originally signed by the Carolina Panthers. He played college football at Navy.

neg: Charlie Batch Charles D'Donte Batch (born December 5, 1974) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the second round of the 1998 NFL Draft and played 15 seasons in the NFL, most of it as a backup with his hometown Pittsburgh Steelers, with whom he earned two Super Bowl rings (Super Bowl XL and Super Bowl XLIII). He played college football at Eastern Michigan.

neg: Cale Gundy Joseph Cale Gundy (born April 10, 1972) is a former American football quarterback who played for the Oklahoma Sooners from 1990 to 1993. While at Oklahoma he was a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity. After coaching running backs for 16 years at Oklahoma Gundy was promoted to Assistant Head Coach and moved to Inside Receivers for the 2015 season. His brother, Mike, is the head football coach at Oklahoma State University.

neg: Gary Keithley Gary Keithley (born January 11, 1951) is a former professional American football quarterback in the National Football League. He was the backup quarterback of the BC Lions in 1977 and 1978.

neg: Matt Blanchard Matthew Ryan Blanchard (born March 21, 1989) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football for Wisconsin–Whitewater, and signed with the Chicago Bears after going undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft. Blanchard has also been a member of the Carolina Panthers, Green Bay Packers, Cleveland Browns, and Indianapolis Colts.

neg: Neil Lomax Neil Vincent Lomax (born February 17, 1959) is a former American football quarterback.

neg: John Paye John Paye (born March 30, 1965) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League and a high school basketball coach.

neg: Todd Hons Todd Hank Hons (born September 5, 1961) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League and Arena Football League. He played for the Detroit Lions and Detroit Drive. He played college football for the Arizona State Sun Devils.

neg: Kenny Hill (quarterback) Kenneth Wade Hill, Jr. (born December 20, 1994), is an American college football quarterback for the TCU Horned Frogs. He previously played for the Texas A&M Aggies. In his first start with the Aggies, he broke Johnny Manziel's school single-game passing yards record with 511 yards.

neg: Frank Harris (quarterback) Frank Harris is a former American football quarterback.


query: The band Clock features P.J. Smith and a man that replaced what Def Leppard member?

pos: Clock (band) Clock is a band featuring Def Leppard guitarist Vivian Campbell and P.J. Smith, who sang backing vocals on Def Leppard's cover of the Sweet song "Action" on Def Leppard's "Retro Active" (1993) album.

pos: Vivian Campbell Vivian Patrick Campbell (born 25 August 1962) is a Northern Irish rock guitarist. He came to prominence in the early 1980s as a member of Dio, and has been a member of Def Leppard since 1992 (replacing Steve Clark). Campbell has also worked with Thin Lizzy, Whitesnake, Sweet Savage, Trinity, Riverdogs, and Shadow King.

neg: Mark 'Snake' Luckhurst Mark Luckhurst, (born 15 April 1961) and nicknamed 'Snake' was a founding member of the British hard rock band Thunder, playing bass on their first two albums. "Backstreet Symphony" and "Laughing on Judgement Day". He parted company with the band at the end of 1992 citing 'personal differences'. He did not fail the audition for the touring band for the short-lived Coverdale-Page project, but little was heard from him until he appeared with Def Leppard vocalist Joe Elliott's side project Down 'n' Outz in 2011. He is now working in property development.

neg: Animal (Def Leppard song) "Animal" is a song recorded by English hard rock band Def Leppard in 1987 from the album "Hysteria". It was the second single release off the album, and became the band's first Top 10 hit in their native UK, reaching No. 6 on the UK Singles Chart.

neg: Marc Danzeisen Marc Stewart Danzeisen (born in Riverside, CA, January 17, 1961) is an American drummer and musician. He is best known for his work with Riverdogs, Gilby Clarke, Little Caesar, his contributions to Def Leppard, and his appearance in the 1995 film, "The Brady Bunch Movie".

neg: List of Megadeth band members Megadeth is an American thrash metal band formed by guitarist/vocalist Dave Mustaine—after he departed from Metallica—along with bassist David Ellefson, guitarist Greg Handevidt, and drummer Dijon Carruthers, in 1983. Early in 1984, Megadeth recorded a demo that featured new drummer Lee Rausch, who replaced Carruthers. Slayer guitarist Kerry King covered live dates while a permanent replacement was sought. This lineup was short-lived and after a few shows in 1984, Lee Rausch was replaced by jazz fusion drummer Gar Samuelson, in addition to the second guitarist Chris Poland. During the Megadeth's 1985 tour promoting their debut, "Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!", Poland left the band and was temporarily replaced by Mike Albert. Poland then rejoined Megadeth in October of the same year, shortly before they began work on "Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?". After years of problems stemming from substance abuse, Mustaine fired both Poland and Samuelson before recording the third album "So Far, So Good... So What!"; being replaced by Jeff Young and Chuck Behler, respectively.

neg: Derrick Bostrom Derrick Edwin Bostrom (born June 23, 1960) is an American musician. He was the original drummer of the band Meat Puppets.

neg: Rickey Medlocke Rickey Medlocke (born February 17, 1950) is an American musician best known as the frontman/guitarist for the southern rock band Blackfoot and a member of Lynyrd Skynyrd. During his first stint with Lynyrd Skynyrd from 1971-1972 he played drums and sang lead on a few songs that would initially be released on 1978's "First and Last". Medlocke would rejoin Blackfoot in 1972 and later returned to Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1996 as a guitarist with whom he continues to tour and record today.

neg: High 'n' Dry (Saturday Night) "High 'n' Dry (Saturday Night)" is the 1981 title track by British heavy metal band Def Leppard from their multi-platinum album "High 'n' Dry". It was ranked number 33 on VH1's 40 Greatest Metal Songs. It is one of five songs by Def Leppard, which had a promotional video, but however were not single releases. This song was released as a single in Australia.

neg: The Crew of the Flying Saucer The Crew Of The Flying Saucer was former The Minutemen/Firehose bassist Mike Watt's second touring band, formed to continue touring behind his first solo album, 1995's "Ball-Hog or Tugboat?". The band consisted of, along with Watt on bass and vocals, guitarist Nels Cline and two drummers, Vince Meghrouni and Michael Preussner. Meghrouni also doubled on saxophone. All three had played on various cuts on "Ball-Hog...".

neg: Stephen Carpenter Stephen "Stef" Carpenter (born August 3, 1970) is an American musician, known as the co-founder and lead guitarist of the rock band Deftones.

neg: Roger Patterson Roger Patterson (November 29, 1968 – February 12, 1991) was an American bass player, well known for his work in the Florida death metal band Atheist. His playing style is characterized by its speed and complexity. Alex Webster, bassist with Cannibal Corpse, has acknowledged Patterson as "a big influence," describing his playing on the album "Piece of Time" as "phenomenal."

neg: Johnny Colt Johnny Colt (born Charles Brandt; May 1, 1966) is an American bass guitar player who formerly played with the southern rock bands Lynyrd Skynyrd and The Black Crowes.

neg: Janitor Joe (band) Janitor Joe was an American noise rock band formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1992. The band's founding members were vocalist and guitarist Joachim Breuer, former member of the Minneapolis-based rock band Bastards, bassist and vocalist Kristen Pfaff and drummer Matt Entsminger. Pfaff was replaced by Wayne Davis following her departure in 1993 to join Hole.

neg: Pepper Keenan Pepper J. Keenan (born May 8, 1967), is an American guitarist and vocalist, best known for his work with heavy metal bands Corrosion of Conformity and Down. He joined Corrosion of Conformity in 1989, but did not become the lead singer until the recording of "Deliverance" in 1994. In 1991 he formed Down with Phil Anselmo of Pantera, Jimmy Bower of Eyehategod, and Kirk Windstein and Todd Strange of Crowbar.

neg: Darryl Jones Darryl Jones (born December 11, 1961),<ref name="darryljones/bio"> </ref> also known as "The Munch", is an American bass player for The Rolling Stones. He has also played in bands with Miles Davis and Sting.

neg: Ed King Edward C. "Ed" King (born September 14, 1949 in Glendale, California) is an American musician. He is best known as the guitarist for the psychedelic rock band Strawberry Alarm Clock and guitarist and bassist for the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from 1972 to 1975 and again from 1987 to 1996.

neg: Def Leppard discography The English hard rock band Def Leppard have released eleven original studio albums, two live albums, four compilation albums, one cover album, and three extended plays.

neg: Traa Daniels Mark "Traa" Daniels (born December 30, 1970) is the bass guitarist of the San Diego rock band P.O.D. He has been a member since 1994 and has performed on all of the band's official records. The band has released ten albums – "Snuff the Punk", "Brown", "Payable on Death Live", "The Fundamental Elements of Southtown", "Satellite", "Payable on Death", "Testify", "", "When Angels & Serpents Dance" and "Murdered Love". Traa is married and has two children, and as a bassist, has a jazz and funk background. He is the oldest member of P.O.D.

neg: Lard (band) Lard is a hardcore punk/industrial band founded in 1988 as a side project by Jello Biafra (vocals), Al Jourgensen (guitar), Paul Barker (bass), and Jeff Ward (drums). Biafra is perhaps best known as the former frontman of the hardcore punk band Dead Kennedys. Jourgensen is the founder and only continuous member of industrial metal band Ministry, of which Barker was an official member between 1986 and 2004, and Ward was also once a touring member. Over the years, several other members of Ministry played with Lard, namely Bill Rieflin, Mike Scaccia, and Rey Washam.

neg: Damon Atkinson Damon Atkinson is an American drummer. He replaced Roy Ewing as the drummer of Braid in 1997 and stayed in the band until it disbanded in 1999. His playing style is often noted for being heavy on complex time signatures, sometimes going into polyrhythmic territory.

neg: Hysteria (Def Leppard song) "Hysteria" is a love song by the English hard rock band Def Leppard. It is the tenth track on their 1987 album of the same name and was released as the third single from that album in November 1987. On "VH1 Storytellers: Def Leppard", lead singer Joe Elliott revealed that the song title came from drummer Rick Allen.


query: Helena Dragaš was the empress consort of the last reigning emperor of what empire?

pos: Helena Dragaš Helena Dragaš (Serbian: Јелена Драгаш, "Jelena Dragaš" , Greek: , "Elenē Dragasē"; c. 1372 – 23 March 1450) was the empress consort of Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos and mother of the last two emperors, John VIII Palaiologos and Constantine XI Palaiologos. Later in life she became a nun. She is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church under her monastic name, as Saint (Ὑπομονὴ ), translated in English as "Saint Patience".

pos: Constantine XI Palaiologos Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos, Latinized as Palaeologus (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος ΙΑ' Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος , "Kōnstantinos XI Dragasēs Palaiologos", Serbian: Константин XI Драгаш Палеолог, "Konstantin XI Dragaš Paleolog" ; 8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453) was the last reigning Byzantine Emperor, reigning as a member of the Palaiologos dynasty from 1449 to his death in battle at the fall of Constantinople. Following his death, he became a legendary figure in Greek folklore as the "Marble Emperor" who would awaken and recover the Empire and Constantinople from the Ottomans. His death marked the end of the Roman Empire, which had continued in the East for 977 years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

neg: Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg (21 April 1673 – 10 April 1742) was Holy Roman Empress, Queen of the Germans, Queen of Hungary, Queen of Bohemia, Archduchess consort of Austria etc. as the spouse of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor.

neg: Theodosius I Theodosius I (Latin: "Flavius Theodosius Augustus" ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also known as Theodosius the Great, was Roman Emperor from AD 379 to AD 395. Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire. On accepting his elevation, he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the empire. He failed to kill, expel, or entirely subjugate them, and after the Gothic War, they established a homeland south of the Danube, in Illyricum, within the empire's borders. He fought two destructive civil wars, in which he defeated the usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius at great cost to the power of the empire.

neg: Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas II or Nikolai II (Russian: Николай II Алекса́ндрович , "Nikolay II Aleksandrovich" ; 18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. Due to the Khodynka Tragedy, anti-Semitic pogroms, Bloody Sunday, the violent suppression of the 1905 Revolution, the execution of political opponents and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War, he was given the nickname Nicholas the Bloody by his political adversaries. Soviet historiography portrayed Nicholas as a weak and incompetent leader, whose decisions led to military defeats and the deaths of millions of his subjects.

neg: Theodora (6th century) Theodora (Greek: Θεοδώρα; c. 500 – 28 June 548) was empress of the Byzantine Empire by marriage to Emperor Justinian I. She was one of the most influential and powerful of the Byzantine empresses. Some sources mention her as empress regnant with Justinian I as her co-regent. Along with her spouse, she is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, commemorated on November 14.

neg: Olga Nikolaevna of Russia Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (11 September 1822 – 30 October 1892), later Queen Olga of Württemberg, was a member of the Russian imperial family who became Queen consort of Württemberg.

neg: Constantine the Great Constantine the Great (Latin: "Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus" ; Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας ; 27 February 272 AD – 22 May 337 AD), also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine (in the Orthodox Church as Saint Constantine the Great, Equal-to-the-Apostles), was a Roman Emperor of Illyrian-Greek origin from 306 to 337 AD. He was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman Army officer, and his consort Helena. His father became "Caesar", the deputy emperor in the west, in 293 AD. Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a military tribune under Emperors Diocletian and Galerius. In 305, Constantius raised himself to the rank of "Augustus", senior western emperor, and Constantine was recalled west to campaign under his father in Britannia (Britain). Constantine was acclaimed as emperor by the army at Eboracum (modern-day York) after his father's death in 306 AD, and he emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against Emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole ruler of both west and east by 324 AD.

neg: Helena Argyre Helena Argyre or Argyropoulaina (Greek: , Georgian: ელენე , "elene") (died c. 1033) was a Byzantine noblewoman of the Argyros family and Queen Consort of Georgia as the first wife of King Bagrat IV of the Bagratids. She was given off in marriage by her uncle, the Byzantine emperor Romanos III Argyros, to the boy-king Bagrat c. 1032. Helena died within a year or so, without issue.

neg: Empress of Russia Empress of Russia was a title in the Russian Empire between 1721 and 1917.

neg: Theodora Porphyrogenita (11th century) Theodora Porphyrogenita (Greek: Θεοδώρα, "Theodōra" ; AD 980 – 31 August 1056) was a Byzantine Empress born into the Macedonian dynasty that had ruled the Byzantine Empire for almost two hundred years. She was co-empress with her sister Zoë for two months in 1042 and sole empress regnant from 11 January 1055 to 31 August 1056. She was the last of the Macedonian line, and upon her death the empire entered a period of decline that lasted until the ascension of Alexios I Komnenos in 1081.

neg: Emperor Charles (film) Emperor Charles (German:Kaiser Karl) is a 1921 Austrian silent film directed by Hans Otto and starring Josef Staetter, Louise Seemann and Grit Haid. It portrays the life of Charles I of Austria, the last ruler of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

neg: Amalia of Oldenburg Amalia of Oldenburg (Greek: Αμαλία ; 21 December 1818 – 20 May 1875) was queen consort of Greece from 1836 to 1862 as the spouse of King Otto (1815–1867).

neg: Helena of Hungary, Duchess of Austria Helena (Ilona) of Hungary (  1155 – 25 December 1199), a member of the royal Árpád dynasty, was Duchess of Austria from 1177 and Styria from 1192 to 1194 by her marriage with the Babenberg duke Leopold V of Austria.

neg: Gülüstü Hanım Gülüstü Hanım (] ); ( 1831 – 1861; Ottoman Turkish: کلستو خانم ) was a consort of Sultan Abdülmecid I. She was the mother of Mehmed VI, the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

neg: Helena Palaiologina (disambiguation) Helena Palaiologina was Queen consort of Cyprus (1428–1458); daughter of Theodore II Palaiologos.

neg: Constantine VIII Constantine VIII (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Η΄ , "Kōnstantinos VIII") (960 – 11 November 1028) was reigning Byzantine Emperor from 15 December 1025 until his death in 1028. He was the son of the Emperor Romanos II and Theophano, and the younger brother of the eminent Basil II, who died childless and thus left the rule of the Byzantine Empire in his hands.

neg: Michael III Michael III (Greek: Μιχαήλ Γʹ , "Mikhaēl III"; January 19, 840 – September 23/24, 867) was Byzantine Emperor from 842 to 867. Michael III was the third and traditionally last member of the Amorian (or Phrygian) dynasty. He was given the disparaging epithet "the Drunkard" (ὁ Μέθυσος ) by the hostile historians of the succeeding Macedonian dynasty, but modern historical research has rehabilitated his reputation to some extent, demonstrating the vital role his reign played in the resurgence of Byzantine power in the 9th century.

neg: Galla (wife of Theodosius I) Flavia Galla (died 394 CE) was an Empress of the Roman Empire and a Princess of the Western Roman Empire. She was the second Empress consort of Theodosius I. She was daughter of Valentinian I and his second wife Justina.

neg: Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia (Russian: О́льга Алекса́ндровна ; 13 June [O.S. 1 June] 1882 – 24 November 1960) was the youngest child and younger daughter of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and younger sister of Emperor Nicholas II.

neg: Archduke Joseph Franz of Austria Archduke Joseph Franz Leopold of Austria (9 April 1799 – 30 June 1807) was the second son and seventh child of Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and his wife Maria Carolina of Austria. He was their fourth child to die.

neg: Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma (17 January 1870 – 31 January 1899) was the eldest daughter of Robert I, the last reigning Duke of Parma. She became Princess-consort of Bulgaria upon her marriage to Ferdinand of Bulgaria, the then prince-regnant (who became Tsar after her death). She was the mother of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria.


query: Pēteris Dzelzītis fought for the Latvian partisans during which armed struggle against Soviet rule that spanned for 1944 until the mid-1950s?

pos: Pēteris Dzelzītis Pēteris Dzelzītis (September 21, 1921 – February 16, 1948) was a Latvian soldier. He fought for the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS during World War II and the Latvian partisans during the Guerrilla war in the Baltic states.

pos: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states The Guerrilla war in the Baltic states or the Forest Brothers resistance movement was the armed struggle against Soviet rule that spanned from 1944 to the mid-1950s. After the occupation of the Baltic territories by the Soviets in 1944, an insurgency started. According to some estimates, 10,000 partisans in Estonia, 10,000 partisans in Latvia and 30,000 partisans in Lithuania and many more supporters were involved. This war continued as an organised struggle until 1956 when the superiority of the Soviet military caused the native population to adopt other forms of resistance. While estimates related to the extent of partisan movement vary, but there seems to be a consensus among researchers that by international standards, the Baltic guerrilla movements were extensive. Proportionally, the partisan movement in the post-war Baltic states was of a similar size as the Viet Cong movement in South Vietnam.

neg: 1934 Latvian coup d'état The 1934 Latvian coup d'état, known in Latvia as the May 15 Coup or Ulmanis' Coup, was a self-coup by the veteran Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis against the parliamentary system in Latvia. His regime lasted until the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940.

neg: Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–20) The Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–20) comprised a series of uprisings, which took place in the Ossetian-inhabited areas of what is now South Ossetia, a breakaway republic in Georgia, against the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic and then the Menshevik-dominated Democratic Republic of Georgia which claimed several thousand lives and left painful memories among the Georgian and Ossetian communities of the region.

neg: Battle of the Dukla Pass The Battle of the Dukla Pass, also known as the Dukla / Carpatho-Dukla / Rzeszów-Dukla / Dukla-Prešov Offensive was the scene of bitterly contested battle for the Dukla Pass (borderland between Poland and Slovakia) on the Eastern Front of World War II between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in September–October 1944. It was part of the Soviet East Carpathian Strategic Offensive that also included the Carpathian-Uzhgorod Offensive. The operation's primary goal to provide support for the Slovaks was not achieved, though it concluded the full liberation of the Ukraine in its modern borders by the occupation of the Subcarpathian region as a territory of the former Carpatho-Ukraine.

neg: Polish–Lithuanian War The Polish–Lithuanian War was an armed conflict between newly independent Lithuania and Poland in the aftermath of World War I. The conflict primarily concerned territorial control of the Vilnius Region, including Vilnius, and the Suwałki Region, including the towns of Suwałki, Augustów, and Sejny. The conflict was largely shaped by the progress in the Polish–Soviet War and international efforts to mediate at the Conference of Ambassadors and later the League of Nations. There are major differences in Polish and Lithuanian historiography regarding treatment of the war. According to Lithuanian historians, the war was part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and spanned from spring 1919 to November 1920. According to Poland, the war included only fighting over the Suwałki Region in September–October 1920 and was part of the Polish–Soviet War.

neg: Battle of Ilomantsi The Battle of Ilomantsi was a part of the Continuation War (1941–1944). It was fought from July 26 to August 13, 1944, between Finland and the Soviet Union in an area roughly 40 kilometers wide and 30 kilometers deep, near the Finnish-Soviet border, close to the small Finnish town of Ilomantsi, in North Karelia. The battle ended with a Finnish victory—the last major Soviet attack against Finland was stopped here.

neg: VI SS Army Corps (Latvian) VI SS Army Corps (Latvian) or VI. SS-Freiwilligen-Armeekorps (Lettisches) (German) was a unit of the Waffen SS during World War II. It was formed in October 1943, to command the Latvian Waffen SS divisions. It fought in the northern sector of the Eastern Front as part of the 18th Army. They were part of the Army Group North until early 1945, when it was subordinated to Army Group Kurland. In October 1944, they were encircled by the Red Army offensives and spent the remainder of the war in the Courland Pocket, until they surrendered to the Red Army at end of the war.

neg: Battle of Turjak Castle The Battle of Turjak Castle (Slovene: "bitka za Turjak" ) on 19 September 1943 was an encounter between the Slovene Partisans or Liberation Front of the Slovene People in cooperation with Italian Militias, the Slovene Partisans were the Allies of the Soviet Union in Slovenia this alliance had the objective to extend the communism and to obtain the power they could not in democratic elections in Slovenia. They cooperate with Soviet Union on the Comintern and in the battlefield many times with Italian forces (Grčarice, Turjak, etc.). Their objective was obtain the power and start the revolution in Slovenia during the occupation of the Axis forces creating a dramatically civil war. The battle was against the pro-western democracies men formed as Village Guards (Slovene: Vaške straže), and other forces detachments of Royal Yugoslav Army. Vaške straže are also mentioned as White Guard by communist as an example of being the enemies of the Soviet revolutionaries.

neg: Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) The Soviet occupation of the Baltic states covers the period from the Soviet–Baltic mutual assistance pacts in 1939, to their invasion and annexation in 1940, to the mass deportations of 1941.

neg: Jonas Žemaitis Jonas Žemaitis (also known under his codename "Vytautas"; March 15, 1909 in Palanga – November 26, 1954 in Moscow) was one of the leaders of the Lithuanian partisans, armed resistance against the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, and acknowledged as the head of state by independent Lithuania.

neg: Soviet partisan brigade 1941–44 Soviet partisan brigade (1941—1944) (Belarusian: партызанская брыгада ), was the organisational form of the Soviet partisan units, the principal organisational form of the units operating on the territory of BSSR.

neg: Soviet Latvia The term Soviet Latvia usually refers to the Latvian SSR, a Union Republic of the USSR from 1940 to 1991.

neg: World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia started with the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia. Macedonian communist Partisans of the People's Liberation Army of Macedonia, part of the Yugoslav Partisan movement, started a political and military campaign on 11 October 1941 to resist the occupation of Vardar Macedonia by Bulgarian, German, Italian, and Albanian forces. Initially it had no real success, starting to grow only in 1943 with the capitulation of Italy and the Soviet victories over Nazi Germany. The resistance lasted until the end of 1944 when communist Yugoslavia was established.

neg: Arturs Sproģis Arturs Sproģis (6 March 1904 – 2 October 1980; Russian: "Артур Карлович Спрогис" ) was a Latvian colonel and commander of the Soviet partisans during the occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany in World War II.

neg: August Uprising The August Uprising (Georgian: აგვისტოს აჯანყება , "agvistos adjanq’eba") was an unsuccessful insurrection against Soviet rule in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic from late August to early September 1924.

neg: Black Sea campaigns (1941–44) The Black Sea Campaigns were the operations of the Axis and Soviet naval forces in the Black Sea and its coastal regions during World War II between 1941 and 1944, including in support of the land forces.

neg: Riga Ghetto The Riga Ghetto was a small area in Maskavas Forštate, a neighborhood of Riga, Latvia, designated by the Nazis where Jews from Latvia, and later from Germany, were forced to live during World War II. On October 25, 1941, the Nazis relocated all Jews from Riga and the vicinity to the ghetto while the non-Jewish inhabitants were evicted. Most of the Latvian Jews (about 24,000) were killed on November 30 and December 8, 1941 in the Rumbula massacre. The Nazis transported a large number of German Jews to the ghetto; most of them were later killed in massacres.

neg: Greek Operation of the NKVD The Greek Operation (Russian: Греческая Операция , translit. Grecheskaya Operatsiya; Ukrainian: Грецька операція ) was an organised mass persecution of the 450,000 Greeks of the Soviet Union that was ordered by Joseph Stalin. Greeks often use the term "pogrom" (πογκρόμ) for this persecution, though this term usually refers to mob violence rather than persecution by police acting under direct orders, as this one was. It began on December 15, 1937 and marked the beginning of the repressions against Greeks went on for 13 years.

neg: Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 The Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 refers to the re-occupation of Latvia by the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1991. During World War II Latvia was first occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940 and then was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941–1944 after which it was re-occupied by the Soviet Union.

neg: Red Terror (Hungary) The Red Terror in Hungary (Hungarian: "vörösterror" ) was a period of heightened political tension and suppression in 1919 during the four-month period of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, primarily towards anti-communists. It received its name in reference to the name of the Red Terror of Soviet Russia. It was soon followed by the White Terror against communists.

neg: Šiauliai Offensive The Šiauliai Offensive (Russian: Шяуляйская наступательная ) was an operation of the Soviet forces of the 1st Baltic Front, commanded by General Hovhannes Bagramyan, conducted from July 5 to August 29, 1944, during the Second World War. It was part of the third phase of the Belorussian Strategic Offensive Operation (also known as Operation Bagration), and drove German troops from much of Lithuania, with the main tactical objective of the city of Šiauliai (Russian: Шяуля́й , German: "Schaulen" ).


query: Which Archduke of Austria-Este was assassinated by Bosian Serb, Mihajlo "Miško" Jovanović?

pos: Miško Jovanović Mihajlo "Miško" Jovanović, (Serbian Cyrillic: Михајло "Мишко" Јовановић; ? – 3 February 1915) was a Bosnian Serb who was involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

pos: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia and, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

neg: Charles, Margrave of Burgau Charles, Margrave of Burgau, also known as "Charles of Austria", (22 November 1560 at Křivoklát Castle in Bohemia – 30 October 1618 in Überlingen), was the son of Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria and his first morganatic marriage to Philippine Welser. He was the brother of Andrew of Austria.

neg: Jovan Dovezenski Jovan Stanojković (, 8 April 1873 – 2 May 1935), known by his "nom de guerre", the demonym Dovezenski (Довезенски), was a Serbian Chetnik commander ("vojvoda"), and participant in the Balkan Wars, in the Battle of Kumanovo, and World War I. He was originally a teacher who turned into a guerilla fighter following Bulgarian oppression on Serb people in Macedonia. He rose in ranks and became one of the supreme commanders in Macedonia.

neg: Cvjetko Popović Cvjetko Popović (Serbian Cyrillic: Цвјетко Поповић; 1896 – 9 June 1980) was a Bosnian Serb who was involved in the 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

neg: Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria Joseph Ferdinand Leopold of Bavaria (28 October 1692 – 6 February 1699) was the son of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (1679–1705, 1714–1726) and his first wife, Maria Antonia of Austria, daughter of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, maternal granddaughter of King Felipe IV of Spain.

neg: Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria Maria Amalia of Austria (26 February 1746 – 18 June 1804) was the Duchess of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla by marriage. Maria Amalia was a daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. She was thus younger sister to Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and older sister to Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Marie Antoinette, Queen of France.

neg: Archduchess Ludovika Elisabeth of Austria Archduchess Ludovika Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (18 February 1790 Vienna, Austria - 24 June 1791 Vienna, Austria) was the daughter of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, later Francis I of Austria, and Elisabeth of Württemberg. She died in infancy and is buried in the Imperial Crypt, Vienna, Austria.

neg: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor Francis I (German: "Franz Stefan" , French: "François Étienne" ; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions. With his wife, Maria Theresa, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine. Francis traded the duchy to the ex-Polish king Stanisław Leszczyński in exchange for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany as one of the terms ending the War of the Polish Succession in November 1738. The duchy and the ducal title to Lorraine and Bar passed to King Louis XV of France upon Leszczynski's death in 1766, though Francis and his successors retained the right to style themselves as dukes of Lorraine and Bar.

neg: Archduchess Maria Immakulata of Austria Archduchess Maria Immakulata of Austria (German: "Maria Immakulata Rainera Josepha Ferdinande Theresia Leopoldine Antoinette Henriette Franziska Karoline Aloysia Januaria Christine Philomena Rosalia, Erzherzogin von Österreich, Prinzessin von Toskana" ) (3 September 1878, Baden bei Wien, Lower Austria, Austria–Hungary – 25 November 1968, Schloss Altshausen, Altshausen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) was a member of the House of Habsburg-Tuscany and Archduchess of Austria, Princess of Tuscany by birth. Maria Immakulata was the seventh child and fifth eldest daughter of Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria and his wife Princess Maria Immaculata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

neg: Bosnian crisis The Bosnian crisis of 1908–09, also known as the Annexation crisis or the First Balkan Crisis, erupted when on 8 October 1908, Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formally within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire. This unilateral action—timed to coincide with Bulgaria's declaration of independence (5 October) from the Ottoman Empire—sparked protestations from all the Great Powers and Austria-Hungary's Balkan neighbours, Serbia and Montenegro. In April 1909 the Treaty of Berlin was amended to reflect the "fait accompli" and bring the crisis to an end. The crisis permanently damaged relations between Austria-Hungary on one hand and Serbia, Italy and the Russian Empire on the other. The Italian historian Luigi Albertini regarded it as laying the grounds for World War I. Although the crisis ended with what appeared to be a total Austro-Hungarian diplomatic victory, Russia became determined not to back down again and hastened its military build-up. Austrian–Serbian relations became permanently stressed.

neg: Truce of Adrianople (1547) The Truce of Adrianople in 1547, named after the Ottoman city of Adrianople (present-day Edirne), was signed between Charles V and Suleiman the Magnificent. Through this treaty, Ferdinand I of Austria and Charles V recognized total Ottoman control of Hungary, and even agreed to pay to the Ottomans a yearly tribute of 30,000 gold florins for their Habsburg possessions in northern and western Hungary. The Treaty followed important Ottoman victories in Hungary, such as the Siege of Esztergom (1543).

neg: Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria, in Italian Carlo Salvatore Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Battista Filippo Jacopo Gennaro Lodovico Gonzaga Raniero, in German Karl Salvator Maria Joseph Johann Baptist Philipp Jakob Januarius Ludwig Gonzaga Ranier (Florence, 30 April 1839 – Vienna, 18 January 1892), was a member of the Tuscan branch of the House of Habsburg.

neg: Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria (Ludwig Viktor Joseph Anton; 15 May 1842 – 18 January 1919) from the House of Habsburg was the youngest son born to Archduke Franz Karl of Austria and Princess Sophie of Bavaria and younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.

neg: Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen (German: Erzherzog Carl Ludwig Johann Joseph Laurentius von Österreich, Herzog von Teschen; 5 September 1771 – 30 April 1847) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of Emperor Leopold II and his wife, Maria Luisa of Spain. He was also the younger brother of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. Despite being epileptic, Charles achieved respect both as a commander and as a reformer of the Austrian army. He was considered one of Napoleon's most formidable opponents.

neg: Princess Maria Annunciata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Princess "Maria Annunciata" Isabella Filomena Sabasia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, full Italian name: "Maria Annunziata Isabella Filomena Sabasia, Principessa di Borbone delle Due Sicilie" (24 March 1843 – 4 May 1871) was the mother of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the archduke whose assassination in Sarajevo in 1914 precipitated the start of World War I.

neg: Vojislav Tankosić Vojislav Tankosić (, September 20, 1880 – November 2, 1915) was a Serbian military officer, "vojvoda" of the Serbian Chetnik Organization, major of the Serbian Army, and member of the Black Hand, who participated in events from the May Coup to the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

neg: Siege of Szigetvár The Siege of Szigetvár or Battle of Szigeth (pronunciation: [ˈsiɡɛtvaːr] Hungarian: "Szigetvár ostroma" , Croatian: "Bitka kod Sigeta "or" Sigetska bitka" , Turkish: "Zigetvar Kuşatması" ) was a siege of the fortress of Szigetvár, Kingdom of Hungary, that blocked Suleiman's line of advance towards Vienna in 1566 AD. The battle was fought between the defending forces of the Habsburg Monarchy under the leadership of Nikola Šubić Zrinski (Hungarian: "Zrínyi Miklós" ), former Ban of Croatia, and the invading Ottoman army under the nominal command of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (Ottoman Turkish: سليمان "Süleymān").

neg: Miloš Obrenović Miloš Obrenović (] ; ; 18 March 1780 – 26 September 1860) was Prince of Serbia from 1815 to 1839, and again from 1858 to 1860. He participated in the First Serbian Uprising, led Serbs in the Second Serbian Uprising, and founded the House of Obrenović. Under his rule, Serbia became an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire. Prince Miloš ruled autocratically, permanently refusing to share power. During his rule, he was the richest man in Serbia and one of the richest in the Balkans.

neg: Rade Malobabić Rade Malobabić (d. June 26, 1917) was a Serbian government operative. He was best known for helping the Black Hand in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand is what initiated World War I.

neg: Bogdan Žerajić Bogdan Žerajić (Serbian: Богдан Жерајић ; 1 February 1886 – 15 June 1910) was a Bosnian Serb student of the Faculty of Law at the University of Zagreb. In 1910 he attempted assassination of General Marijan Varešanin, a Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the day of opening of the Austro-Hungarian Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina because he believed it was illegal and illegitimate. His attempt was his own initiative, an act of personal revolt against Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Žerajić was first among young people of Bosnia and Herzegovina to pursue tyrannicide as a method of political struggle. His act had great impact on young people in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while official press in Sarajevo and Belgrade generally referred to it as an act of a disturbed lunatic, which was also generally the view of an older generation of Sarajevo Serbs.

neg: Petar Parchevich Petar Parchevich (Bulgarian: Петър Парчевич , pronounced ] ; Croatian: Petar Parčević ) or Petar Mihaylov Parchev (Петър Михайлов Парчев) (c. 1612–23 July 1674) was a Bulgarian Roman Catholic archbishop, diplomat, scholar, baron of Austria and one of the architects behind the anti-Ottoman Chiprovtsi Uprising.


query: Jerry Farley worked at what college that was founded under the Morril Act?

pos: Jerry Farley Jerry B. Farley, PhD, (born September 20, 1946) is an American educator and Washburn University's current president. Since graduating college in 1968, Farley has served in various administrative positions at the University of Oklahoma ("OU" or "Oklahoma") and Oklahoma State University–Stillwater ("Oklahoma State").

pos: Oklahoma State University–Stillwater Oklahoma State University (also referred to informally as Oklahoma State, OKState, and OSU), is a land-grant, sun-grant, coeducational public research university located in Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States. OSU was founded in 1890 under the Morrill Act. Originally known as Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College (Oklahoma A&M), it is the flagship institution of the Oklahoma State University System. Official enrollment for the fall 2010 semester system-wide was 35,073, with 23,459 students enrolled at OSU-Stillwater. Enrollment shows the Freshman class of 2012 was the largest on record with 4,298 students. OSU is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a research university with high research activity.

neg: Work college Work colleges are distinctive liberal arts colleges in the United States that promote the purposeful integration of work, learning, and service. At a work college all students work regardless of their academic program or their financial need. A work college is a public or private non-profit, four-year degree-granting institution of higher learning where student work is an integrated, essential and federally required core component of the educational work-learning-service program. Unlike Federal Work Study, which is solely need-based, work colleges do not differentiate between those that can afford to pay for their education from those that must work to cover their educational costs. At work colleges, students are regularly evaluated and assessed on their work performance and can be dismissed from the institution for non-performance in the work program. Students do not have the ability to "buy" their way out of the work requirement. Students perform essential institutional functions in every area imaginable on their campuses and gain a strong sense of ownership and responsibility for their campus community. Student labor enables work colleges to be far more operationally efficient and administratively lean (compared to more traditional colleges). This, in turn, contributes to lower operational costs which results in lower – and more affordable – tuition.

neg: Bates College Bates College ( ; legally incorporated as the President and Trustees of Bates College) is a private liberal arts college in Lewiston, Maine. It was founded by abolitionist statesmen and established with funds from industrialist and textile tycoon, Benjamin Bates. The college is the oldest coeducational college in New England, the third oldest in Maine, and the first to grant a degree to a woman in New England.

neg: Arapahoe Community College Arapahoe Community College (ACC) is a community college in Littleton, Colorado. It was founded in 1965 as the first community college to open in the Denver area.

neg: Jones College (Jacksonville) Jones College is a private college in Jacksonville, Florida. Founded in 1918, the college is non-profit and has an undergraduate body of roughly 350 students. It offers courses in business, education, management, medical assistant training, computer science, and general studies. The school is not regionally accredited. It was nationally accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS).

neg: Midwestern College Midwestern College was a private liberal arts college that operated from 1965 to 1970 in Denison, Iowa. Midwestern was one of several colleges in the upper Midwest established by local civic leaders with the support and encouragement of Parsons College in Fairfield, Iowa. These Parsons "satellite schools" were by-products of the strong growth and apparent success of Parsons during the late 1950s and early 1960s, and all followed the "Parsons Plan" academic model developed at that school. None of the schools, however, were ultimately successful.

neg: Spring Hill College Spring Hill College is a private, Roman Catholic, Jesuit, liberal arts college in the Spring Hill neighborhood of Mobile, Alabama, United States. It was founded in 1830 by Most Rev. Michael Portier, Bishop of Mobile. It was the first Catholic college in the South, is the fifth-oldest Catholic college in the United States, and is the third-oldest of the 28-member Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. It is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2010, "U.S. News & World Report" reported that Spring Hill College ranked 14th among the top colleges in the South offering both bachelor's and master's level degrees.

neg: Grinnell College Grinnell College is a private liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa, U.S., known for its rigorous academics and tradition of social responsibility. It was founded in 1846, when a group of New England Congregationalists established the Trustees of Iowa College.

neg: Edward Waters College Edward Waters College is a private college located in Jacksonville, Florida. It was founded in 1866 to educate freed former slaves and is the oldest historically black college in Florida. It is affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and is part of the Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida. Its current president is Nat Glover, the former Sheriff of Jacksonville.

neg: Allegheny College Allegheny College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college in northwestern Pennsylvania in the town of Meadville, approximately 35 miles (56 km) south of Erie. Founded in 1815, Allegheny is the oldest college in continuous existence under the same name west of the Allegheny Mountains. Allegheny is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the North Coast Athletic Conference and it is regionally accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

neg: Masonic College Masonic College was a higher education institution in Missouri that was established by Freemasons in 1844 and operated until 1857.

neg: Pierson College Pierson College is a residential college at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Opened in 1933, it is named for Abraham Pierson, a founder and the first rector of the Collegiate School, the college later known as Yale. With just under 500 undergraduate members, Pierson is the largest of Yale's residential colleges by number of students.

neg: Experimental College (Tufts University) The Experimental College at Tufts University (also known as the Ex College), is located in Medford, Massachusetts. The college was founded in 1964, to expand the offerings of the undergraduate course curriculum, and has remained an integral part of the university ever since.

neg: Great Basin College Great Basin College is a member of the Nevada System of Higher Education, located in Elko, Nevada, United States. Opened in 1967 as "Elko Community College", it was later renamed to "Northern Nevada Community College" and then to its current name. It has 3,436 students.

neg: Mount Saint Agnes College Mount Saint Agnes College was a Catholic women's college located in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. It opened in 1890 and was operated by the Sisters of Mercy. In 1971, Mount Saint Agnes merged with nearby Loyola College in Maryland, which still oversees the Mount Saint Agnes Alumnae Association. The college closed as its own degree-granting institution in 1972.

neg: Jack Manley Joseph Jackson Manley (born September 20, 1929) is a former American football center who played for the San Francisco 49ers. He played college football at Mississippi State University, having previously attended Hazelwood High School in Alabama.

neg: Mount St. Mary's University (Los Angeles) Mount Saint Mary's University (known as Mount St. Mary's College until January 2015) is a private, independent, Catholic liberal arts college, primarily for women, in Los Angeles, California, United States. The college was founded in 1925 by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet, and today has two campuses, which are just over 16 mi apart: Chalon in Brentwood and Doheny in North University Park, near Downtown Los Angeles.

neg: Jordan College (Michigan) Jordan College was a small, four year liberal arts college in Michigan that closed in 1996. It had campuses at Cedar Springs, Flint, Grand Rapids (School of Hair Design/ Business) and Detroit. Earlier in the 1990s Jordan College had been involved in litigation regarding claims of mismanagement of federal student aid dollars.

neg: California College of Ayurveda California College of Ayurveda is an American private college specializing in the field of Ayurvedic medicine. It is located at 700 Zion Street, in Nevada City, California. Founded in 1995 by Marc Halpern, the California College of Ayurveda was the first state-approved ayurvedic college in the United States to train practitioners of Ayurvedic medicine.

neg: Morrill Hall (University of Vermont) Morrill Hall is a campus building of the University of Vermont (UVM), which is located on the southeast corner of the "University Green" in Burlington, Vermont (on the corner of Main Street and University Place). The building was named after U.S. Senator, Justin Smith Morrill who authored the Morrill Land-Grant Acts of 1862 and 1890, which created the American Land-Grant universities and colleges. Senator Morrill also served as a trustee of the university from 1865 until 1898. The building was constructed during 1906-07 to serve as the home of the UVM Agriculture Department and the Agricultural Experiment Station. It was added to National Register of Historic Places as part of University Green Historic District on April 14, 1975. As of 2015, the building continues to house the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and the UVM Agricultural Extension Service.

neg: World College West World College West was an undergraduate liberal arts college in Marin County, California. Founded by Dr. Richard M. Gray, it offered a program that integrated a grounding in the liberal arts with work-study and a required two-quarter "World Study" in a developing country. It opened with its first seven students on September 17, 1973.