query: Do both Nickelodeon Magazine and The Advocate have the same audience bases?

pos: Nickelodeon Magazine Nickelodeon Magazine is an American children's magazine based on the television network Nickelodeon. Its first incarnation appeared in 1990, and was distributed at participating Pizza Hut restaurants; this version of the magazine only saw two issues. The magazine returned in Summer 1993 with different type of content, primarily humor and comics. Originally published on a quarterly basis, it switched to bi-monthly with the February/March 1994 issue. It then went to 10 times per year starting March 1995, with a bi-annual December/January and June/July issue.

pos: The Advocate The Advocate is an American LGBT-interest magazine, printed bi-monthly and available by subscription. "The Advocate" brand also includes a website. Both magazine and website have an editorial focus on news, politics, opinion, and arts and entertainment of interest to lesbians, gay men, bisexuals and transgender (LGBT) people. The magazine, established in 1967, is the oldest and largest LGBT publication in the United States and the only surviving one of its kind that was founded before the 1969 Stonewall Riots in New York City, an incident that is generally credited as the beginning of the LGBT rights movement.

neg: Nick Rocks Nick Rocks: Video to Go, usually shortened to Nick Rocks, is a music video television series that aired on American cable channel Nickelodeon from 1984 to 1989. It featured pop and rock music videos over a 30-minute timeframe, presented in a countdown format. The show was typically hosted by a man identified on-air as "Joe from Chicago". Most episodes feature Joe traveling to various locations to hear viewers request specific music videos. Several guest hosts were featured over the program's run, such as the Monkees and They Might Be Giants.

neg: The Nick Cannon Show The Nick Cannon Show is an American television comedy spin-off of "All That". It aired on Nickelodeon's SNICK block 2002-2003 along with "All That", "The Amanda Show" and "Taina". The premise of the semi-scripted show was that its star, Nick Cannon, a former cast member on "All That", would come across a situation he thought needed changing and then "take over" to make things better, or at least funnier. After production and crew changes occurred in the second season, the program suffered from low ratings and was canceled in February 2003. On November 11, 2013, iTunes release volumes 1 and 2 of The Nick Cannon Show with a total of 19 episodes.

neg: 2006 Kids' Choice Awards The 19th annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards were held on April 1, 2006 at UCLA’s Pauley Pavilion. They were hosted by actor/musician Jack Black. Chris Brown, Bow Wow, and Pink performed songs.

neg: Nick at Nite international versions Nick at Nite, a network that was originally established as a nighttime cable channel/programming block broadcasting over the channel space of the flagship Nickelodeon channel in the United States, has expanded to include worldwide versions.

neg: The Spinoff The Spinoff is a New Zealand online commentary and opinion magazine started by Duncan Greive in 2014. It focuses on New Zealand politics, pop culture and social issues, often from a politically progressive or left-wing perspective.

neg: Punk (magazine) Punk was a music magazine and fanzine created by cartoonist John Holmstrom, publisher Ged Dunn, and "resident punk" Legs McNeil in 1975. Its use of the term "punk rock", coined by writers for "Creem" magazine a few years earlier, further popularized the term. The founders were influenced by their affection for comic books and the music of The Stooges, the New York Dolls, and The Dictators. Holmstrom later called it "the print version of The Ramones". It was also the first publication to popularize the CBGB scene.

neg: Adam Block Adam Parker Block (February 7, 1951 – January 27, 2008) was a San Francisco-based writer and music critic for "The Advocate", for which he wrote a regular column entitled "Block on Rock". He interviewed numerous pop stars as well as lesser known music artists, helping to raise awareness of the emerging queercore movement.

neg: The Advocates The Advocates is a legal drama television pilot created by Bruno Heller for CBS, starring Mandy Moore, Benjamin McKenzie, C. C. H. Pounder, Esai Morales, and Brit Morgan. CBS ordered the pilot episode on January 23, 2013, and shooting began in March 2013 in Pasadena, California. On May 11, 2013, CBS passed on the pilot.

neg: Spike (Netherlands & Flanders) Spike is a Dutch television channel in the Netherlands and Flanders, based on the American channel of the same name. It is the third Spike channel next to the US and UK version of the channel. The television channel aims at an audience of mainly men. In the Netherlands and Flanders, the channel started broadcasting on 1 October 2015. Initially it only broadcast daily between 21:00 and 2:30, time-sharing with Nickelodeon. As of 12 December 2016 the channel is broadcasting 24 hours a day in the Netherlands.

neg: Nickelodeon Animation Podcast Nickelodeon Animation Podcast is a 39-40 minute Podcast series posted on YouTube, iTunes and SoundCloud, which dedicated to the animation works of Nickelodeon Animation Studio, through animators, voice actors, and others. the podcast gives voice to creators and talent from inside and outside of Nickelodeon who brought to life some of the most innovative, hilarious, and heart-tugging animation in the history of television and animation.

neg: Scaredy Camp Scaredy Camp is an American television series that aired on Nickelodeon. It was hosted by Emma Wilson (the daughter of Weakest Link host, Anne Robinson).

neg: Nickelodeon (Latin America) Nickelodeon Latin America is a cable and satellite television channel, counterpart of the American network Nickelodeon. It is oriented to the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin American and the Caribbean, mainly for children and teens. It is owned by MTV Networks Latin America. The channel was launched on December 20, 1996. It includes shows like Skimo and the hit teen drama Isa TKM and its successor Isa TK+.

neg: TeenNick TeenNick is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Nickelodeon Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. Aimed primarily at teenagers aged 13-18, the channel features a mix of original programming, Nickelodeon-produced series, and acquired programs initially geared towards pre-teens and young teenagers.

neg: Nickelodeon (Canada) Nickelodeon (commonly known as Nick) is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel based on the main Nickelodeon network from the United States. It is wholly owned by Corus Entertainment, under a brand licensing agreement with Viacom's International Media Networks division.

neg: Nick Jr. (Australia) Nick Jr. is a 24-hour children's channel in Australia designed for pre-schoolers. Nick Jr. was a morning programming block on Nickelodeon until 2004, when Foxtel launched it as a full 24-hour kids channel. The channel is run by Foxtel Networks, under license from Viacom, and is also available on Optus Television and FetchTV.

neg: MTV Base (Africa) MTV Base is a 24-hour music channel from Viacom International Media Networks Africa. Available in Nigeria, West Africa, Kenya and South Africa. There are two different feeds of MTV Base Africa, with one catering for the South African audience and another for rest of Africa, although there have been criticisms that the rest of Africa feed caters to only Nigerian music, which MTV Base has denied, stating that Nigerian music is popular across Africa, hence why it gets a lot of airplay.

neg: MTV Animation MTV Animation is the animation department of the television network MTV. It was created in the late 1980s where it made several of the animated shorts that aired as bumpers for the network. It is often grouped with its Nickelodeon Animation Studios but they are completely separate departments. During the 2000s MTV Animation productions have decreased as MTV began importing more cartoons from their sister networks Comedy Central and Nickelodeon. Most of MTV cartoons are known for their dark humor, sexual jokes, graphic violence, pop culture references, and irreverence.

neg: David B. Goodstein David B. Goodstein (June 6, 1932 – June 22, 1985) was the publisher of "The Advocate" and an influential spokesperson on behalf of LGBT people and causes.

neg: Nick Marino Nick Marino is managing editor at "Paste" magazine and a former pop music critic at the "Atlanta Journal-Constitution". In addition to Paste and the AJC, his work has appeared in several other music entertainment publications, including "Entertainment Weekly", "Spin" and "CMJ".

neg: Nick Video Nick Video (known as TurboNick in international markets) is an online Nickelodeon-branded broadband channel that launched in 2005 as TurboNick. It features up to 15 hours of new programming every week and includes advertising.


query: Of the following, who, Alain Robbe-Grillet or Rupert Brooke, was an English poet known for his idealistic war sonnets written during the First World War?

pos: Alain Robbe-Grillet Alain Robbe-Grillet (] ; 18 August 1922 – 18 February 2008) was a French writer and filmmaker. He was one of the figures most associated with the "Nouveau Roman" (new novel) trend of the 1960s, along with Nathalie Sarraute, Michel Butor and Claude Simon. Alain Robbe-Grillet was elected a member of the Académie française on 25 March 2004, succeeding Maurice Rheims at seat No. 32. He was married to Catherine Robbe-Grillet (née Rstakian).

pos: Rupert Brooke Rupert Chawner Brooke (middle name sometimes given as "Chaucer"; 3 August 1887 – 23 April 1915) was an English poet known for his idealistic war sonnets written during the First World War, especially "The Soldier". He was also known for his boyish good looks, which were said to have prompted the Irish poet W. B. Yeats to describe him as "the handsomest young man in England".

neg: Wild with All Regrets "Wild With All Regrets" is a poem by Wilfred Owen. It deals with the atrocities of World War I. It describes the regrets a soldier feels after joining war.

neg: Colin Gill Colin Unwin Gill (12 May 1892 – 16 November 1940) was an English artist who painted murals and portraits and is most notable for the work he produced as a war artist during the First World War.

neg: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage Childe Harold's Pilgrimage is a lengthy narrative poem in four parts written by Lord Byron. It was published between 1812 and 1818 and is dedicated to "Ianthe". The poem describes the travels and reflections of a world-weary young man who, disillusioned with a life of pleasure and revelry, looks for distraction in foreign lands. In a wider sense, it is an expression of the melancholy and disillusionment felt by a generation weary of the wars of the post-Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras. The title comes from the term "childe", a medieval title for a young man who was a candidate for knighthood.

neg: Thomas Hood Thomas Hood (23 May 1799 – 3 May 1845) was an English poet, author and humorist, best known for poems such as "The Bridge of Sighs" and "The Song of the Shirt". Hood wrote regularly for "The London Magazine", the "Athenaeum", and "Punch". He later published a magazine largely consisting of his own works. Hood, never robust, lapsed into invalidism by the age of 41 and died at the age of 45. William Michael Rossetti in 1903 called him "the finest English poet" between the generations of Shelley and Tennyson. Hood was the father of playwright and humourist Tom Hood (1835–1874).

neg: William Denis Browne William Charles Denis Browne (3 November 1888 – 4 June 1915), primarily known as Billy to family and as Denis to his friends, was a British composer, pianist, organist and music critic of the early 20th century. He and his close friend, poet Rupert Brooke, were commissioned into the Royal Naval Division together shortly after the outbreak of the First World War. Denis Browne was killed in action during the Gallipoli Campaign.

neg: Vanity Fair (novel) Vanity Fair is an English novel by William Makepeace Thackeray which follows the lives of Becky Sharp and Emmy Sedley amid their friends and families during and after the Napoleonic Wars. It was first published as a 19-volume monthly serial from 1847 to 1848, carrying the subtitle PenandPencilSketches of EnglishSociety, reflecting both its satirisation of early 19th-century British society and the many illustrations drawn by Thackeray to accompany the text. It was published as a single volume in 1848 with the subtitle ANovelwithoutaHero, reflecting Thackeray's interest in deconstructing his era's conventions regarding literary heroism. It is sometimes considered the "principal founder" of the Victorian domestic novel.

neg: Laurence Binyon Robert Laurence Binyon, CH (10 August 1869 – 10 March 1943) was an English poet, dramatist and art scholar. His most famous work, "For the Fallen", is well known for being used in Remembrance Sunday services.

neg: Meeting at Night "Meeting at Night" is a Victorian English love poem by Robert Browning. The original poem appeared in "Dramatic Romances and Lyrics" (1845) in which "Night" and "Morning" were two sections. In 1849, the poet separated them into the two poems "" and "".

neg: Dulce et Decorum est "Dulce et Decorum est" (read , on WikiSource) is a poem written by Wilfred Owen during World War I, and published posthumously in 1920. The Latin title is taken from the Roman poet Horace and means "it is sweet and honorable...", followed by "pro patria mori", which means "to die for one's country". One of Owen's most renowned works, the poem is known for its horrific imagery and condemnation of war. It was drafted at Craiglockhart in the first half of October 1917 and later revised, probably at Scarborough but possibly Ripon, between January and March 1918. The earliest surviving manuscript is dated 8 October 1917 and addressed to his mother, Susan Owen, with the message "Here is a gas poem done yesterday (which is not private, but not final)."

neg: Anthony Barnett (poet) Anthony Barnett is an English poet, essayist and music historian.

neg: Barry Pain Barry Eric Odell Pain (28 September 18645 May 1928) was an English journalist, poet and writer.

neg: Roundel (poetry) A roundel (not to be confused with the rondel) is a form of verse used in English language poetry devised by Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909). It is the Anglo-Norman form corresponding to the French "rondeau". It makes use of refrains, repeated according to a certain stylized pattern. A roundel consists of nine lines each having the same number of syllables, plus a refrain after the third line and after the last line. The refrain must be identical with the beginning of the first line: it may be a half-line, and rhymes with the second line. It has three stanzas and its rhyme scheme is as follows: A B A R ; B A B ; A B A R ; where R is the refrain.

neg: Thomas Grey (poet) Thomas Grey (1863-1928) was an English poet who wrote about his local area of the Scottish Borders, the First World War and rail transport.

neg: Edmund Gosse Sir Edmund William Gosse CB (21 September 184916 May 1928) was an English poet, author and critic. He was strictly brought up in a small Protestant sect, the Plymouth Brethren, but broke away sharply from that faith. His account of his childhood in the book "Father and Son" has been described as the first psychological biography.

neg: R. S. Thomas Ronald Stuart Thomas (29 March 1913 – 25 September 2000), published as R. S. Thomas, was a Welsh poet and Anglican priest who was noted for his nationalism, spirituality and deep dislike of the anglicisation of Wales. John Betjeman, in his 1955 introduction to "Song at the Year's Turning", the first collection of Thomas's poetry to be produced by a major publisher, predicted that Thomas would be remembered long after he himself was forgotten. M. Wynn Thomas said: "He was the Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn of Wales because he was such a troubler of the Welsh conscience. He was one of the major English language and European poets of the 20th century."

neg: Samuel Taylor Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( ; 21 October 177225 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He wrote the poems "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and "Kubla Khan", as well as the major prose work "Biographia Literaria". His critical work, especially on William Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture. Coleridge coined many familiar words and phrases, including suspension of disbelief. He was a major influence on Ralph Waldo Emerson and American transcendentalism.

neg: Arthur Brooke (British Army officer) Sir Arthur Brooke KCB (1772 – 26 July 1843) was an officer of the British Army during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the Peninsular War and War of 1812. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-general.

neg: Elizabeth Barrett Browning Elizabeth Barrett Browning (née Moulton-Barrett, ; 6 March 1806 – 29 June 1861) was one of the most prominent English poets of the Victorian era, popular in Britain and the United States during her lifetime.

neg: Derek Savage (poet) Derek Stanley Savage (6 March 1917 – 14 October 2007), was a pacifist poet and critic, and usually published as "D.S.Savage". He was General Secretary of the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship.

neg: Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich, KG, FRS (27 July 1625 – 28 May 1672) was an English landowner and Infantry officer who later became a naval officer and a politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1645 and 1660. He served Oliver Cromwell loyally in the 1650s, but went on to play a considerable part in the Restoration of Charles II, and was rewarded with several Court offices. He served as the English Ambassador to Portugal 1661-1662, and Ambassador to Spain 1666-1668. He became an Admiral, serving in the two Anglo-Dutch Wars in the reign of Charles II, and was killed at the Battle of Solebay. Our best picture of him is contained in the diary of Samuel Pepys, who was his cousin and protégé.


query: Which singer is best known for being the lead singer in a band named after himself: Toby Rand or Jonah Matranga?

pos: Toby Rand Toby William Lloyd Rand (born 21 December 1977) is an Australian singer best known for being lead singer of rock band RAND, previous band Juke Kartel, and his appearance on "".

pos: Jonah Matranga Jonah Rzadzinski Matranga (born Jonah Sonz Matranga, August 11, 1969, Brookline, Massachusetts) is a singer, songwriter, and guitarist who has released a variety of solo material under his own name and onelinedrawing, and has previously been part of the bands Far and New End Original (an anagram of "onelinedrawing") and Gratitude. He now continues to work and tour under onelinedrawing'.

neg: Kevin Tihista Kevin Tihista is a singer-songwriter and musician. He is a former bassist for the Chicago group Triple Fast Action and contributed songs to the Veruca Salt album Resolver. Tihista's solo music is a mixture of pop and rock combining orchestration, electronica, vamping, and multi-tracking. Much of his solo work has been released under the eponym, "Kevin Tihista's Red Terror," a musical collaboration between Tihista and brothers Tom and Ellis Clark of the band "Epicycle."

neg: Sneaky Feelings Sneaky Feelings was a 1980s New Zealand pop/rock band, led by Matthew Bannister, which recorded on the Flying Nun label. Initially recording with the line-up of Bannister (guitar), David Pine (guitar), Kat Tyrie (bass guitar) and Martin Durrant (drums), Tyrie was replaced by John Kelcher early in the band's career. Durrant left shortly before the band's demise, and was replaced by Ross Burge.

neg: Ron Peno Ronald "Ron" Stephen Peno (born 1950s), who also performed as Ronnie Pop, is an Australian rock singer, he fronted Died Pretty from 1984 to 2002; and was a member of early Sydney punk band The Hellcats (1977), and followed with The 31st (in Brisbane, 1979–1981) and Screaming Tribesmen (Brisbane then Sydney, 1981–1983).

neg: Mads Langer Mads Langer (born 1984) is a Danish singer-songwriter, who became internationally known for his cover of "You're Not Alone" by the British band Olive. While the song is cheerful, his own songs are frequently typified as emotional guitar ballads, because many of them are in a minor scale and have a melancholic feel to them. He has explained that even when he tries to write an uplifting song, it often ends up being a sad song, even though he does consider himself to be an optimist rather than an emotional person and says about himself that he is not that sensitive but rather a very tough guy. Langer also writes more powerful songs and performs various songs on piano. His third studio album "Behold" was released on 9 May 2011.

neg: Fish (singer) Derek William Dick (born 25 April 1958), better known by his stage name Fish, is a Scottish singer-songwriter and occasional actor. He achieved prominence as the lead singer and lyricist of the neo-progressive rock band Marillion from 1981 until 1988. In his solo career, Fish has explored contemporary pop and traditional folk.

neg: 78 Saab 78 Saab were a rock band from Australia that consisted of Ben Nash (vocals and guitar), Jake Andrews (guitar and vocals), Garth Tregillgas (bass and vocals) and Nicholai Danko (drums and percussion). The band has stated that it was influenced by acts such as the Rolling Stones, R.E.M. and The Church. After forming in Canberra, Australia, during the summer of 1995-6, they relocated to Sydney in February 1997.

neg: Vitor Assan Vitor Assan Paulo (Arabic: فيتور أسان  , born April 30, 1996) is a Brazilian singer, songwriter and musician. He is best known as the lead singer and guitar player of the Brazilian alternative metal band Quimere, which he co-founded in 2015.

neg: Nazril Irham Nazril Irham, (Jawi: نازريل الهام ; more popularly known as Ariel; born September 16, 1981), is an Indonesian singer-songwriter. He is the lead singer of Indonesian band Noah (former name Peterpan).

neg: Later That Same Year Later That Same Year is the 1970 album by country rock/folk rock musician Ian Matthews' band, Matthews Southern Comfort. This was Ian's third album after his departure from Fairport Convention in 1969, and was released in November 1970 shortly after the band's single "Woodstock" had reached Number One in the UK singles chart. For the US release in Spring 1971, "Jonah" was left off the album and was replaced with "Woodstock" which became the lead track.

neg: Jeff Fatt Jeffrey Wayne Fatt AM (born 21 July 1953 in Casino, New South Wales, Australia), is an Australian musician and actor. He is best known as a member of the children's band The Wiggles and the 1980s and 90s band The Cockroaches.

neg: Nessa Morgan Nessa Morgan is a New Zealand born, Australian R&B singer and song writer based in Sydney, Australia.

neg: Tartar Lamb Tartar Lamb is an experimental avant-garde band, consisting of Toby Driver and Mia Matsumiya, both leading members of the experimental band Kayo Dot. The band originally was formed in 2006 as a means for Toby Driver to experiment with his ideas for a guitar-violin duo. The duo released their first album, "Sixty Metonymies", in 2007. The band was augmented by trumpet and percussion by Tim Byrnes and Andrew Greenwald, respectively. In 2011, the band returned with their sophomore effort, "Polyimage of Known Exits", under the name Tartar Lamb II. This album was funded entirely by fans via a Kickstarter project.

neg: Russell Morris (disambiguation) Russell Morris (born 1948) is an Australian singer-songwriter.

neg: Joel Houston Joel Timothy Houston (born 19 September 1979) is an Australian musician, songwriter, pastor, and leader in the Sydney-based band Hillsong United, the youth worship band of Hillsong Church.

neg: Jonah Sithole Jonah Sithole (1952–1997) was a Zimbabwean guitarist, vocalist and composer, known particularly for the mbira-inspired style known as mbira-guitar or chimurenga music.

neg: Toby Wright Toby Wright is a record producer and mixing engineer who has worked with artists such as Alice in Chains, Metallica, Sevendust and Korn. He currently resides in Nashville, TN.

neg: Toby Love Toby Love is an American singer and songwriter. Love is known for performing a style of bachata music that combines traditional and urban singing and production.

neg: Gary Pine Gary Pine, also Gary "Nesta" Pine is a Jamaican singer best known for the vocals on several Bob Sinclar songs, including "Love Generation", "Shining from Heaven", "Miss Me", "Give a Lil' Love", and "Sound of Freedom". He was the frontman of The Wailers Band from 1998 to 2006 (He shares the mic with Marcia Griffiths on the "Live in Jamaica" album, among others).

neg: The Screaming Jets The Screaming Jets are an Australian hard rock band formed in Newcastle, Australia in 1989 by front man Dave Gleeson (vocals), Paul Woseen (bass guitar), Grant Walmsley (guitar), Richard Lara (guitar) and Brad Heaney (drums). The band has three albums that peaked in the top five on the Australian ARIA Charts, "All for One" (1991), "Tear of Thought" (1992) and "The Screaming Jets" (1995). Their 1991 single, "Better", reached No. 4 on the related singles chart. Walmsley left in 2007 and formed his own band. In 2013, bassist Paul Woseen released an acoustic solo album, "Bombido".

neg: Bomba (band) Bomba are an Australian funk and reggae band from Melbourne. Led by Maltese-Australian Nicky Bomba, they are renowned internationally for their "energetic live shows and passionate performances", although they are more popular at home. They have released four albums, the latest of which is "Bomba Vs. Laroz". They also feature on the CD "Stir Music" with the track "Hold Your Ground".


query: The Spy Who Loved Me is the ninth novel in the James Bond series authored by Ian Fleming, who was educated at Eton, Sandhurst, Munich, and what other university?

pos: The Spy Who Loved Me (novel) The Spy Who Loved Me is the ninth novel in Ian Fleming's James Bond series, first published by Jonathan Cape on 16 April 1962. It is the shortest and most sexually explicit of Fleming's novels, as well as a clear departure from previous Bond novels in that the story is told in the first person by a young Canadian woman, Vivienne Michel. Bond himself does not appear until two thirds of the way through the book. Fleming wrote a prologue to the novel giving Michel credit as a co-author.

pos: Ian Fleming Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a wealthy family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co., and his father was the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910 until his death on the Western Front in 1917. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva, Fleming moved through several jobs before he started writing.

neg: Nelson Mandela University Nelson Mandela University (formerly Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, NMMU) is a South African university with its main administration in the coastal city of Port Elizabeth. Nelson Mandela University was founded through a merger of three institutions in January 2005, but its history dates back to 1882, with the foundation of the Port Elizabeth Art School. The University draws international students from all over the world. There are over 3,000 international students, including students from the United States, France, China, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom and many African countries.

neg: Smiley's People Smiley's People is a spy novel by John le Carré, published in 1979. Featuring British master-spy George Smiley, it is the third and final novel of the "Karla Trilogy", following "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy" and "The Honourable Schoolboy". George Smiley is called out of retirement to investigate the death of one of his old agents: a former Soviet general, the head of an Estonian émigré organisation based in London. Smiley learns the general had discovered information that will lead to a final confrontation with Smiley's nemesis, the Soviet spymaster Karla.

neg: James Bond (disambiguation) James Bond is a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming.

neg: Barry Perowne Barry Perowne, born in the New Forest area of Wiltshire, England, was a pseudonym of the British writer Philip Atkey (25 June 1908 – 24 December 1985), best known for his crime fiction. He was educated at St John's College, Portsmouth. Another pseudonym he used was Pat Merriman and he also published books under his own name. By agreement with the E W Hornung Estate, he continued the A. J. Raffles series after its creator E. W. Hornung's death, as well as other stories with his own characters.

neg: M (James Bond) M is a fictional character in Ian Fleming's James Bond book and film series; the character is the Head of the Secret Intelligence Service—also known as MI6—and is Bond's superior. Fleming based the character on a number of people he knew who commanded sections of British intelligence. M has appeared in the novels by Fleming and seven continuation authors, as well as appearing in twenty-four films. In the Eon Productions series of films, M has been portrayed by four actors: Bernard Lee, Robert Brown, Judi Dench and Ralph Fiennes, the incumbent; in the two independent productions, M was played by John Huston, David Niven and Edward Fox.

neg: Murder of Giulio Regeni Giulio Regeni ( , 15 January 1988 – 2016) was an Italian Cambridge University graduate who was abducted and tortured to death in Egypt. Regeni was a PhD student at Girton College, Cambridge, researching Egypt's independent trade unions, and a former employee of the international consulting firm Oxford Analytica. He grew up in Fiumicello, a comune in the Province of Udine in the northeast Italy.

neg: Robert Fleming (author) Robert Fleming is a journalist and writer of erotic fiction and horror fiction. He is also a contributing editor for "Black Issues Book Review". He began writing in the early 1970s while studying full-time for a degree in psychology at a local college.

neg: Paul Strathern Paul Strathern (born 1940) is a British writer and academic. He was born in London, and studied at Trinity College, Dublin, after which he served in the Merchant Navy over a period of two years. He then lived on a Greek island. In 1966 he travelled overland to India and the Himalayas. His novel "A Season in Abyssinia" won a Somerset Maugham Award in 1972.

neg: 00 Agent In Ian Fleming's James Bond novels and the derived films, the 00 Section of MI6 is considered the secret service's elite. A 00 (typically read ""Double O"" and denoted in Fleming's novels by the letters "OO" rather than the digits "00") is a field agent that holds a licence to kill in the field, at his or her discretion, to complete any mission. The novel "Moonraker" establishes that the section routinely has three agents concurrently; the film series, beginning with "Thunderball", establishes the number of 00 agents at a minimum of 9, with the likelihood of more.

neg: The Man with the Red Tattoo The Man with the Red Tattoo, first published in 2002, was the sixth and final original novel by Raymond Benson featuring Ian Fleming's character James Bond. Carrying the Ian Fleming Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton and in the United States by Putnam. It was later published in Japan in 2003. The novel's working title was "Red Widow Dawn".

neg: Adrian Thorpe (diplomat) Adrian Charles Thorpe {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born in Cambridge) is a British retired ambassador.

neg: Marilyn Galsworthy Marilyn Galsworthy (born 1954) is a British actress, who acted for 15 years in the Royal Shakespeare Company, appearing opposite Patrick Stewart and Alfred Molina. She is also had number of television and film roles including a small one in the James Bond film "The Spy Who Loved Me" as the secretary/assistant to the villain Karl Stromberg. In the film, Stromberg requests her to leave the dining room where he shuts off the lift, which has a hidden trap door where a section of the lift shaft extends into his aquarium containing a captive shark to which she is fed.

neg: Arnold J. Toynbee Arnold Joseph Toynbee {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975) was a British historian, philosopher of history, research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and the University of London and author of numerous books. Toynbee in the 1918–1950 period was a leading specialist on international affairs.

neg: Alistair MacFarlane Professor Sir Alistair George James MacFarlane (born 9 May 1931) CBE FRS FRSE is a British electrical engineer; leading academic; past Principal and Vice Chancellor of Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, and past Rector, University of the Highlands and Islands.

neg: Martin Wolff Martin Wolff (26 September 1872 – 20 July 1953) was a professor of law at the University of Berlin in Germany. In 1934, he was expelled from his post by the Nazis and emigrated to Britain, where he became a fellow at Oxford University. He specialized in private international law and property law, writing numerous works, including standard works in German and English.

neg: André Hurst André Hurst, born in 1940, in Geneva, is a Hellenist, professor and former Rector of the University of Geneva.

neg: Spy High Spy High is an English book series by English writer A. J. Butcher about a high school for secret agents in training. It is divided into two series of six books each. Series One, first published in 2003 and 2004, is about Bond Team as a whole. Series Two, first published in 2004 and 2005, follows each member of Bond Team on a mission, taking place two years after graduation.

neg: Spy in Chancery (novel) Spy in Chancery is a spy novel by Kenneth Benton set in Rome during the Cold War in the 1970s. The book begins with a foreword by novelist Michael Gilbert, and is the third novel to feature Overseas Police Adviser Peter Craig. Craig travels to Rome for a conference, and is caught up in investigating a spy at the British Embassy.

neg: Peter Kemp (writer) Peter Mant MacIntyre Kemp (Bombay, 19 August 1913 – London, 30 October 1993), known as Peter Kemp, was an English soldier and writer. The son of a judge in British India, Kemp was educated at Wellington College and proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge where he studied classics and law. He became notable for his participation in the Spanish Civil War and during World War II as a member of the Special Operations Executive.

neg: Charles Fraser-Smith Charles Fraser-Smith (26 January 1904 – 9 November 1992) was an author and one-time missionary who is widely credited as being the inspiration for Ian Fleming's James Bond quartermaster Q. During World War II, Fraser-Smith worked for the Ministry of Supply, fabricating equipment nicknamed "Q-devices" (after Q-ships) for SOE agents operating in occupied Europe. Prior to the war, Fraser-Smith had worked as a missionary in North Africa. After the war he purchased a dairy farm in Bratton Fleming, Devon, where he died in 1992.


query: Brian McCardie is a Scottish actor/writer who appeared in a tv series of a movie made in what year?

pos: Brian McCardie Brian McCardie is a Scottish actor/writer. He just portrayed both the young Bolshevik Bandit Stalin, then the older Stalin of 1941 in two BBC Radio 4 Plays. He has just finished filming Agatha Christie's "Ordeal by Innocence" playing Bellamy Gould. He also recently playing Ziggy Campbell in the upcoming 21st Century Fox Film "Walk Like a Panther". He appears in the TV series of Guy Ritchie's "Snatch". He wrote and is performing his one-man play "Connolly" about the life of James Connolly around Ireland and Scotland in 2017-18. He appeared in Jon Baird's "Filth", based on the Irvine Welsh novel of the same name, playing Dougie Gillman and Jacob Engstrand in Richard Eyre's production of Henrik Ibsen's "Ghosts" at the Almeida Theatre then transferring to The Trafalgar Studios in the West End, then New York.

pos: Snatch (film) Snatch (stylised as snatch.) is a 2000 British crime comedy film written and directed by Guy Ritchie, featuring an ensemble cast. Set in the London criminal underworld, the film contains two intertwined plots: one dealing with the search for a stolen diamond, the other with a small-time boxing promoter (Jason Statham) who finds himself under the thumb of a ruthless gangster (Alan Ford) who is ready and willing to have his subordinates carry out severe and sadistic acts of violence.

neg: James McAvoy James McAvoy ( ; born 21 April 1979) is a Scottish actor. He made his acting debut as a teen in 1995's "The Near Room" and continued to make mostly television appearances until 2003, when his feature film career began and he continued to work in both areas from then on. His notable television work includes the drama show "State of Play" and the science fiction show "Frank Herbert's Children of Dune".

neg: Carry On Laughing Carry On Laughing is a British television comedy series produced in 1975 for ATV. Based on the "Carry On" films, it was an attempt to address the films' declining cinema attendance by transferring the franchise to television. Many of the original cast members were featured in the series.

neg: Don Henderson Donald Francis Henderson (10 November 1931 – 22 June 1997) was an English actor of stage, television and screen. Henderson was known for playing both "tough guy" roles and authority figures, and is remembered for his portrayal of detective George Bulman between 1976 and 1987 in the popular Granada Television police drama series "The XYY Man", "Strangers", and "Bulman", as priest Frank Kane in BBC drama "The Paradise Club" (1989–90), and as General Tagge in the first "Star Wars" film (1977). This last role also brought him attention from science fiction fans, and he later appeared in cult science fiction television series "Red Dwarf" and "Doctor Who".

neg: The Treaty (film) The Treaty is a 1991 Irish historical television film written by Brian Phealan and directed by Jonathan Lewis.

neg: Bordertown (miniseries) Bordertown is a 1995 Australian TV miniseries, set in 1952 in a refugee camp located in a dusty, remote Australian town called Baringa (apparently inspired by a real migrant camp near the town of Bonegilla, Victoria). The story depicts a year in the lives of the camp residents, displaced persons from World War II who are learning English and awaiting jobs and new lives in Australia. The series starred Hugo Weaving as an English teacher, and also featured Cate Blanchett in a smaller role as an albino Italian migrant.

neg: Taggart Taggart is a Scottish detective television programme, created by Glenn Chandler, who wrote many of the episodes, and made by STV Productions for the ITV network. It originally ran as the miniseries "Killer" from 6 until 20 September 1983, before a full series was commissioned that ran from 2 July 1985 until 7 November 2010. The series revolved around a group of detectives, initially in the Maryhill CID of Strathclyde Police, though various storylines were set in other parts of Greater Glasgow and in other areas of Scotland. The team operated out of the fictional John Street police station.

neg: Executive Suite (TV series) Executive Suite is an American drama television series based on the 1954 film of the same name. It aired from September 20, 1976 until February 11, 1977.

neg: Highlands (TV series) Highlands is a 6-part documentary series produced by STV Productions ("then known as "SMG Productions"") and broadcast on STV in Northern and Central Scotland and The History Channel (UK), presented by "Taggart" actor John Michie.

neg: Mr. Boogedy Mr. Boogedy is a 1986 made-for-television family film, and failed pilot directed by Oz Scott and written by Michael Janover, which originally aired as an episode of "The Disney Sunday Movie." It tells the story of a gag gift salesman and his family moving into a new house in New England which they soon find to be haunted by ghosts from the colonial period.

neg: Breaking Away (TV series) Breaking Away is a 1980 American comedy-drama television series that was based on the 1979 film of the same name. It was created by Steve Tesich, who wrote the original film, and the film's director Peter Yates served as Executive Producer.

neg: Raffles (TV series) Raffles was a 1977 television adaptation of the A. J. Raffles stories by Ernest William Hornung. The series was produced by Yorkshire Television and written by Philip Mackie. The episodes were largely faithful adaptations of the stories in the books, though occasionally two stories would be merged to create one episode such as "The Gold Cup" which featured elements from both "A Jubilee Present" and "The Criminologist's Club". The complete series has been released on DVD.

neg: The Lakes (TV series) The Lakes is the title of a television drama series in the United Kingdom, made by the BBC and created and principally written by Jimmy McGovern.

neg: The High Life (1994 TV series) The High Life was a Scottish situation comedy written by and starring Forbes Masson as Steve McCracken and Alan Cumming as Sebastian Flight. Cumming and Masson met at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama and united after several solo projects to create the theatrical BBC sitcom, "The High Life". The two leads were based heavily on their famous Scottish comedy alter-egos, Victor and Barry.

neg: Maggie (1981 UK TV series) Maggie is a British television series produced by the BBC between 1981 and 1982. It was based on a quartet of books written by Joan Lingard during the 1970s – "The Clearance", "The Resettling", "The Pilgrimage" and "The Reunion".

neg: Battlestar Galactica: Razor Battlestar Galactica: Razor is a television film of the re-imagined "Battlestar Galactica" television series. It premiered in the United States on Sci-Fi, in Canada on the Space channel and in the United Kingdom on Sky One.

neg: Matthew and Son (film) Matthew and Son is a 1984 Australian television film about a single parent who is a police surgeon. It was filmed May to June 1984 and is a pilot for a TV series that never eventuated.

neg: Shane (TV series) Shane is an American Western television series aired in 1966 and based on the 1949 book of the same name by Jack Schaefer (there had also been a 1953 film of the novel, "Shane"). The series starred David Carradine as the title character, a former gun fighter and sometimes outlaw who takes on work as a hired-hand at the ranch of a widowed woman, her son, and her father. The series, which aired on ABC, was filmed as a continuing story.

neg: Comedy Connections Comedy Connections was a BBC One documentary series produced by BBC Scotland that aired from 2003 to 2008. The show looked at the stories behind the production of some of Britain's comedy television programmes, showing how they tied in with the production of other comedy shows (hence "connections"). The show featured interviews with some of the cast and crew of the subject programme, as well as footage from the series.

neg: ReBoot ReBoot is a Canadian CGI-animated action-adventure television series that originally aired from 1994 to 2001. It was produced by Vancouver-based production company Mainframe Entertainment, Alliance Communications and BLT Productions. The animated series was created by Gavin Blair, Ian Pearson, Phil Mitchell, and John Grace, with the visuals designed by Brendan McCarthy after an initial attempt by Ian Gibson.

neg: Ian Hendry Ian Mackendrick Hendry (13 January 1931 – 24 December 1984) was an English film, television and stage actor. He was best known for his work on several British TV series of the 1960s and 1970s, including the lead in the first series of "The Avengers" and "The Lotus Eaters", as well as for his roles in films such as "The Hill" (1965), "Repulsion" (1965), "Get Carter" (1971), and "Theatre of Blood" (1973).


query: Which band split up first, Copeland or Elastica?

pos: Copeland (band) Copeland is an American rock band formed in 2001 by the singer, pianist Aaron Marsh (who also plays guitar) with his friend, the bass guitarist and backing vocalist James Likeness, in Lakeland, Florida.

pos: Elastica Elastica were an English alternative rock band that played punk rock, post-punk and new wave-influenced music. They formed in 1992, and are best known for their 1995 album "Elastica", which produced singles that charted in the United Kingdom and the United States. They split amicably in 2001 roughly a year after releasing their second LP.

neg: Buffalo (band) Buffalo was an Australian rock band formed in August 1971 by founding mainstay Dave Tice on lead vocals (ex-Head). Fellow founders, also from Head, were Paul Balbi on drums, John Baxter on guitar, and Peter Wells on bass guitar; together with Alan Milano on lead vocals (ex-Mandala). Milano left after their debut album, "Dead Forever..." (June 1972), and Balbi was replaced on drums by Jimmy Economou. Their next two albums, "Volcanic Rock" (July 1973) and "Only Want You For Your Body" (June 1974), were also issued by Vertigo Records. After 1975 line-up changes resulted in a more commercial sound and the group disbanded in March 1977. Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane noted that there was "nothing subtle about Buffalo's primal, heavyweight sound, but it was delivered with a great deal of conviction ... combining the dense, occult riffing ... with the progressive blues chops ... the band certainly captured the arrogant disposition of the times in a bold and thunderous fashion". Alongside Billy Thorpe & The Aztecs and Blackfeather, Buffalo pioneered Australia's heavy metal, pub rock and alternative rock movements. Peter Wells died on 27 March 2006, aged 58.

neg: Alta Moda Alta Moda were a Canadian funk rock band formed in 1979 in Toronto. It originally consisted of singer Molly Johnson and guitarist Norman Orenstein. Drummer Steven Gelineau and bassist Etric Lyons were added in 1982 and 1983 respectively.

neg: Scissor Sisters discography The discography of Scissor Sisters, an American pop group, consists of four studio albums, two extended plays, seventeen singles, two video albums and seventeen music videos. The band was formed in New York City in 2001 by Babydaddy, Jake Shears, Ana Matronic, Del Marquis and Paddy Boom, who was later replaced by Randy Real. After signing a contract with independent record label A Touch of Class in 2002, Scissor Sisters released their debut single "Electrobix". The critical success of its B-side, a cover version of Pink Floyd's song "Comfortably Numb", brought the group to the attention of Polydor Records, which signed them in 2003.

neg: The Need The Need is an American queercore band formed by singer/drummer Rachel Carns and guitarist Radio Sloan in Portland, Oregon in the mid-1990s. After issuing a series of seven-inches on labels including Kill Rock Stars and Outpunk, The Need relocated to Olympia, Washington and released two albums for Chainsaw Records. The duo's unsettling brand of post-punk art rock (combined with Carns' distinctive artwork) would set them apart and ensure their versatility. During the band's initial run, they played shows with such diverse acts as Tribe 8, Fugazi, The Ex and Bright Eyes, and toured with Le Tigre, BS 2000 and Blonde Redhead. Their third album, "The Transfused", acted as a soundtrack to the rock opera of the same name. The Need dissolved in 2001, with Carns and Sloan shifting their focus to other projects. After briefly reuniting for benefit shows in 2010, The Need reformed for a second time in 2013 and released the album "Resurrection".

neg: Honeyblood Honeyblood is a Scottish musical duo formed in Glasgow, Scotland in 2012. The band is composed of Stina Tweeddale (vocals and guitar) and Cat Myers (vocals and drums).

neg: The Spangle Maker The Spangle Maker is an EP by the Scottish post-punk band Cocteau Twins, released on 4AD in April 1984. It was the first recording to be issued after bassist Simon Raymonde joined the band. The EP featured two versions of "Pearly-Dewdrops' Drops", and two B-sides. All three songs appeared in the band's live set.

neg: Elastic Love "Elastic Love" is a song recorded by American recording artist Christina Aguilera, taken from her sixth studio album, "Bionic" (2010). The song was written by Aguilera, M.I.A., John Hill and Switch, while production was handled by the latter two. Originally, "Elastic Love" was recorded by M.I.A., but later it was given to Aguilera. However, M.I.A. was disappointed when Aguilera didn't want to do her "trademark warbling" in the studio. "Elastic Love" is an electro and electropop song with strong elements from 1980s new wave music. Lyrically, Aguilera compares her love to office supplies, from paperclips to rubber-bands.

neg: Darren Copeland Darren Copeland is an electroacoustic music composer born June 18, 1968 in Bramalea, Ontario, Canada, and currently living in Brampton, Ontario, Canada.

neg: Merger (band) Merger were an English reggae band of Jamaican/Ghanaian descent that formed in 1977 and lasted until 1980. Their name "Merger" comes from the fact that they blended reggae music with their other musical influences. Their debut album, "Exiles Ina Babylon" was released in the UK in 1977 at a time when many British reggae bands, such as Aswad and Steel Pulse, were popular. Politically, the band's songs addressed issues of racial injustice in Britain and other countries, but they rejected the Marcus Garvey idea that all black people should return to Africa.

neg: The Unicorns The Unicorns were a rock band from Montreal, Canada formed in 2000 by Nicholas Thorburn (Nick Diamonds) and Alden Penner (Alden Ginger), who were later joined by Jamie Thompson (J'aime Tambeur) in December 2003. The band announced their split in late 2004, before reuniting for a short run of shows in 2014.

neg: Split Habit Split Habit was a power pop band founded in Lemont, Illinois in 1997.

neg: Sparta (band) Sparta is an American rock band from El Paso, Texas, formed in 2001. Founding members Jim Ward (vocalist/guitarist) and Tony Hajjar (drummer) are also members of post-hardcore group At the Drive-In. Keeley Davis (guitarist) is the former frontman of Engine Down.

neg: Junius / Rosetta Junius / Rosetta is a split EP by American art rock band Junius and American post metal band Rosetta. After several years of planning, the title was made available on September 27, 2011 through Translation Loss in CD format and on November 22, 2011 through The Mylene Sheath in vinyl format. However, the vinyl release was limited, and only 1,000 copies have been pressed for distribution. "Junius / Rosetta" includes two original tracks by both bands and a download card to obtain additional content online, including two cover songs originally by Soundgarden and Hum.

neg: Six D Six D were a British dance group and band who formed in early 2011 and split up in January 2012. The band was made up of six members, hence the name Six D, short for Six Dimensions. The members were Chantelle Bernard, Pierre Angus, Kieran Edmonds, Kimmy Campbell, Cassie Macmillan and Levon De Silva. They ranged in age from 16 (De Silva) to 24 (Edmonds). The band performed a school tour throughout the UK during 2010 and 2011 until the release of their first single "Best Damn Night" on 24 July 2011. They also toured with JLS and The Saturdays in 2011 and performed at T4 on the Beach 2011.

neg: Hype Williams (band) Hype Williams is a music and art group best known for consisting of UK-born artist Dean Blunt and Russian-born artist Inga Copeland between 2007 and 2012. Supposedly founded in 2005 as a "relay" project passed between artists every five years, the group has given few interviews, leaving the media in doubt as to the exact nature of the project.

neg: Purple Feather Records Purple Feather Records is an independent record label started by the members of the rock band The Donnas. In or before May 2006, The Donnas and Atlantic Records "parted ways." The band then sought a deal with other record companies but was unable to get one with terms that were to their liking , so the following year, they formed their own label. The Donnas announced their decision in "Billboard"' s July 2007 'Independents Day' issue, which they were on the cover.

neg: Nona Reeves Nona Reeves (ノーナ・リーヴス) is a Japanese Pop band founded in 1995 by musicians Gota Nishidera, Kensuke Okuda and Shigeru Komatsu. The name Nona Reeves derives from the surnames of Nona Gaye and Martha Reeves. In 1996 Nona Reeves released their debut album "SIDECAR" under the independent label Giant Robot a division of Under Flower Records. In 1998 Nona Reeves released their first major single WARNER MUSIC after joining the Warner Music Japan label.

neg: Kiske/Somerville Kiske/Somerville is a melodic heavy metal duet project, put together in late 2009 by Frontiers Records. The project features vocalist Michael Kiske (ex-Helloween, Unisonic, Place Vendome) collaborating with American singer Amanda Somerville (Aina, HDK, Trillium, Epica).

neg: Elastica 6 Track EP When released in 1999, Elastica's 6 Track EP was the first new material issued by the band since their self-titled debut four years earlier. According to bandleader Justine Frischmann the EP represented more of a document of what the band was up to during the interim rather than a return to form: "The material has been chosen to allow people to hear rarities and demos which reflect all stages of the bands recording between 1996 and 1999. The EP is certainly not intended to be some big comeback record." Indeed, several of the songs would later find themselves on their second album "The Menace" (2000) although in more polished form.

neg: Acrassicauda Acrassicauda is an American-based Iraqi heavy metal band formed in 2001. It is often credited as being the first heavy metal group to emerge from Iraq. The original band consisted of three Arab members and one Assyrian (Tony Aziz Yaqoo). The band formed and played concerts under the regime of Saddam Hussein. It became well known outside of the local Iraqi metal scene after Vice magazine did a profile of the band. It received even greater coverage when it was profiled in a feature-length documentary about the band and its troubles in Iraq called "Heavy Metal in Baghdad". The band's first album was released on March 9, 2010.


query: Which band was formed earlier, Dave Matthews Band or Porno for Pyros?

pos: Dave Matthews Band Dave Matthews Band, also known by the initialism DMB, is an American rock band that was formed in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1991. The founding members were singer-songwriter and guitarist Dave Matthews, bassist Stefan Lessard, drummer and backing vocalist Carter Beauford, and saxophonist LeRoi Moore. Boyd Tinsley joined the band as a violinist soon after the band was formed. Moore died suddenly in August 2008 due to complications from injuries sustained in an ATV accident. Grammy Award winner Jeff Coffin (of Béla Fleck and the Flecktones) has since filled Moore's spot as the band's saxophonist; trumpeter Rashawn Ross and guitarist Tim Reynolds have also become full-time members of the band. Other past members include keyboardists Peter Griesar and Butch Taylor. The group's 2009 album "Big Whiskey & the GrooGrux King", their first after Moore's death, debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200, earning them their fifth consecutive number-one debut; their most recent album, 2012's "Away from the World", debuted at number one on the Billboard chart, making Dave Matthews Band the first group to have six consecutive studio albums debut in the top spot (Metallica would be the second to do so in 2016). As of 2010, the Dave Matthews Band has sold over 50 million records worldwide.

pos: Porno for Pyros Porno for Pyros were an American alternative rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1992, following the break-up of Jane's Addiction. The band comprised former Jane's Addiction members Perry Farrell (vocals) and Stephen Perkins (drums), and Peter DiStefano (guitar) and Martyn LeNoble (bass).

neg: Electric Apricot: Quest for Festeroo Electric Apricot: Quest For Festeroo is a mockumentary film by Primus lead-man Les Claypool, featuring himself as well as others using pseudonyms. The band Electric Apricot played occasional shows in 2004 and 2005, unannounced, in the California area for footage. The Electric Apricot also made an appearance at the SXSW music festival in Austin, TX in 2007. The movie has been screened at film festivals internationally, including the Bonnaroo Music Festival and The Raindance Festival in London.

neg: Swearing at Motorists Swearing At Motorists is a two-piece rock and roll band composed of Dave Doughman (guitar, vocals, etc.) and a drummer (previously Joseph Siwinski). They formed in Dayton, Ohio in 1994, releasing their self-titled debut cassette in 1995. Joseph Siwinski replaced Don Thrasher (formerly of Guided by Voices), who had originally been on drums.

neg: Saudades de Rock Saudades de Rock (which roughly translates from Portuguese as "Nostalgic Yearnings of Rock") is Extreme's fifth studio album, released on August 12, 2008. It was the band's first album of new material since 1995's "Waiting for the Punchline", and also their first release with new drummer Kevin Figueiredo.

neg: The Hype (David Bowie band) Hype was a band formed by David Bowie in 1970. They were originally called "Harry the Butcher", then "David Bowie's imagination". Bowie settled on the name Hype. Bowie has said he choose the name tongue in cheek. The band has been credited with helping to form the glam rock scene in the 1970s. The band was also the debut for Mick Ronson when they played at the Roundhouse.

neg: Good God's Urge Good God's Urge is the second studio album by American alternative rock band Porno for Pyros, released on May 28, 1996 on Warner Bros. It was the band's final album, and the only release to feature bass guitarist Mike Watt, who assisted the band in finishing the album after Martyn LeNoble left before all his bass tracks had been completed. There were three singles released from the album.

neg: Cro-Mags The Cro-Mags are an American hardcore punk turned crossover thrash band from New York City. The band, which had a strong cult following, has released five studio albums, their first two considered the most influential. With a Hare Krishna background, they were among the first bands to fuse hardcore punk with thrash metal and were associated with the birth of a tougher attitude within the hardcore scene in the late 1980s, related to the world of martial arts. John Joseph McGowan and Harley Flanagan (formerly drummer for The Stimulators), are practitioners of boxing and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu respectively. The Cro-Mags have gone through several line-up changes, and as of 2016, there are no constant members left in the band.

neg: The Central Park Concert The Central Park Concert is a 2003 live album by the American rock group, Dave Matthews Band, recorded in Central Park, New York City.

neg: Murphy's Law (band) Murphy's Law is an American hardcore punk band from New York City, New York, United States, formed in 1982. While vocalist Jimmy Gestapo remains the only founding member of the band, in the past the line-up has consisted of former members of bands such as Skinnerbox, Danzig, The Bouncing Souls, Mucky Pup, Dog Eat Dog, Hanoi Rocks, Agnostic Front, and D Generation.

neg: The Getaway Plan The Getaway Plan is an alternative rock band from Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, that was formed in 2004. The band consists of lead vocalist, pianist and rhythm guitarist, Matthew Wright, lead guitarist, Clint Ellis, bassist, Mike Maio and drummer, Dan Maio.

neg: Club Mondo Bizarre – For Members Only Club Mondo Bizarre – For Members Only is the third album of the Austrian death metal band Pungent Stench. It was originally released in 1994 on Nuclear Blast. The lyrical subject matter has shifted from cannibalism to BDSM and other extreme forms of sexual acts. The album booklet shows various weird pornographic images that are slightly censored in black and white, but also a fully censored cover exists. Four songs had been put on the album as hidden tracks, being a karaoke version - i.e. without the main vocals. The idea was that fans could send their versions of the songs to the band and the best performances would appear on-stage with Pungent Stench. This never happened as the band fell apart shortly after this release.

neg: Stoneground Stoneground was a rock band formed in 1970 in Concord, California. Originally a trio, Stoneground expanded to a 10-piece band by the time of their eponymous 1971 debut album. The group appeared in two films, "Medicine Ball Caravan" (1971) and "Dracula A.D. 1972" (1972), and released three albums before singer Sal Valentino quit in 1973. Three other band members—Cory Lerios, Steve Price and David Jenkins—left to form pop group Pablo Cruise. Stoneground continued as an act through 1982, with only Tim Barnes and Annie Sampson remaining from the early incarnation of the band. Barnes and Price led a reformed Stoneground in 2003 and released a studio album the following year.

neg: Sonic Porno Sonic Porno are an alternative rock band from Queensland, Australia.

neg: The Life and Hard Times of Guy Terrifico The Life and Hard Times of Guy Terrifico is a Canadian mockumentary film released in 2005. Written and directed by Michael Mabbott, the film stars Matt Murphy, a musician previously associated with the bands The Super Friendz and The Flashing Lights, as Guy Terrifico, a country singer long rumoured to have died three decades earlier, but now reemerging from his disappearance and releasing a new album.

neg: Energy dome The American new wave band Devo has often worn a red, terraced energy dome as part of its stage outfit. The dome was first worn during the band's "Freedom of Choice" campaign of 1980. It reappeared in the 1982, 1988, and 1990 tours, as well as most performances since 1997. The domes were custom made for the band from vacuum formed plastic, in a distinctive round, ziggurat shape, and are occasionally - and incorrectly - referred to as "power domes" or "flowerpots". The shape is also reminiscent of the Waldviertel Pyramid. When asked about the story behind the hats, Mark Mothersbaugh recounted:

neg: The Obsessed The Obsessed is a heavy metal band from Maryland led by Scott "Wino" Weinrich which combines elements of doom metal, stoner rock and punk rock. Formed in 1980, they recorded a few demos and played a handful of live shows until they first split up in 1986 when Weinrich joined as lead vocalist for Saint Vitus, but reformed four years later. After releasing three albums (including the one that was originally recorded in 1985), The Obsessed broke up for a second time in 1995. After briefly reuniting for some shows in 2012 and 2013, The Obsessed announced their third reunion in March 2016.

neg: Pornography (band) Pornography is an American punk rock band, from New York, featuring Make Out vocalist Leah Hennessey, singer-songwriter Ryan Adams and drummer Johnny T. Yerington.

neg: P.I.F. (band) P.I.F. is a Bulgarian alternative rock band with lead singer Dimo Stoyanov, known as Dimo. During the 1990s, inspired by the grunge sound, Dimo and Ivan (guitarist), the core of band, found Resemblance with musicians from later formed group Crowfish. In 1992, they had already created around 40 records in English. They even lived in Hungary and held performances there for a month. After that period, they decided to return to Bulgaria and try singing in their mother language. They moved to the capital Sofia, and Resemblance fell apart. Pavlin Bachvarov (pianist), Valeri Cenkov (drummer), and Emilian Bonev (bassist) joined Dimo and Ivan to form P.I.F.

neg: Characters in Devo music videos In Devo's music videos, early concerts, literature, and short films, the band created a pastiche and parody of the real world via the idea of "Spudland". Many characters and concepts reoccur in different media.

neg: Girl Monstar Girl Monstar were an all female Australian rock band which formed 1988 with the line-up of Damian Child on bass guitar; Anne McCue on lead guitar and vocals; Sherry Valier (aka Sherry Rich) on vocals and rhythm guitar (ex-Cactus Fever); and Sue World on drums and vocals (ex-Wet Ones). Both of their singles, "Surfing on a Wave of Love" / "He's Hell" (1989) and "Joe Cool" (1990), topped the Australian Independent charts. They issued one album, "Monstereo Delicio", in July 1992 on Timberyard Records. Child was replaced by Janene Abbott but the group disbanded in 1993. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described their sound "trash pop style mixed tough guitar riffs with strong harmonies". Valier as Rich, is a country rock artist and has issued solo material as well as performing in bands. McCue is also an alternative country artist, she relocated to Nashville and has released several solo albums.

neg: Satellite (Dave Matthews Band song) "Satellite" is a song by American rock group Dave Matthews Band. It was released in 1995 as the fifth and final single from their LP "Under the Table and Dreaming". It reached #18 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The song originally debuted on their album "Remember Two Things". The guitar part for this song evolved from a finger exercise that Dave Matthews used to do.


query: What is the name of this Nobel Prize-winning English physiologist and biophysicist, who was born in Nobember 1917 and who, along with Rolf Niedergerke, revealed that muscle contraction is due to shortening of the muscle fibers?

pos: Rolf Niedergerke Rolf Nidergerke (30 April 1921 – 27 December 2011) was a German physiologist and physician, and one of the discoverers of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. He and Andrew Huxley, complimenting the independent works of Hugh Huxley and Jean Hanson, revealed that muscle contraction is due to shortening of the muscle fibres. He studied medicine throughout the Second World War, and obtained his MD degree as the war ended in 1945. After a brief practise in his hometown, he chose a research career. He became associated with Huxley, whom he joined at Cambridge University. Together they published a landmark paper in "Nature" in 1954, which became the foundation of muscle mechanics.

pos: Andrew Huxley Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (22 November 191730 May 2012) was a Nobel Prize-winning English physiologist and biophysicist. He was born into the prominent Huxley family. After graduating from Westminster School in Central London, from where he won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, he joined Alan Lloyd Hodgkin to study nerve impulses. Their eventual discovery of the basis for propagation of nerve impulses (called an action potential) earned them the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963. They made their discovery from the giant axon of the Atlantic squid. Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Huxley was recruited by the British Anti-Aircraft Command and later transferred to the Admiralty. After the war he resumed research at The University of Cambridge, where he developed interference microscopy that would be suitable for studying muscle fibres.

neg: George Whipple George Hoyt Whipple (August 28, 1878 – February 1, 1976) was an American physician, pathologist, biomedical researcher, and medical school educator and administrator. Whipple shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George Richards Minot and William Parry Murphy "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anemia," making Whipple the only Nobel laureate born in New Hampshire.

neg: Jakob von Uexküll Jakob Johann Baron von Uexküll (] ; 8 September 1864 – 25 July 1944) was a Baltic German biologist who worked in the fields of muscular physiology, animal behaviour studies, and the cybernetics of life. However, his most notable contribution is the notion of "Umwelt", used by semiotician Thomas Sebeok and philosopher Martin Heidegger. His works established biosemiotics as a field of research.

neg: Edgar Adrian Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian (30 November 1889 – 4 August 1977) was an English electrophysiologist and recipient of the 1932 Nobel Prize for Physiology, won jointly with Sir Charles Sherrington for work on the function of neurons. He provided experimental evidence for the all-or-none law of nerves.

neg: Thomas Hunt Morgan Thomas Hunt Morgan (September 25, 1866 – December 4, 1945) was an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist, embryologist, and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity.

neg: Shin'ichi Ishiwata Shin'ichi Ishiwata (石渡 信一 , Ishiwata Shin'ichi ) is a Japanese scientist, a professor at Waseda University department of science and engineering physics course. His specialty is biophysics, particularly the mechanism of muscles and motor proteins.

neg: Piero Giorgio Bordoni Piero Giorgio Bordoni (Rome, 18 July 1915 – 19 September 2009) was an Italian physicist, who first measured the anelastic relaxation effect (dissipation of elastic energy and softening of the elastic modulus), named after him, due to the stress induced motion of dislocations in metals. That experiment, together with a similar one by T.S. Kê, opened the way to the study of the dynamics of dislocations in solids. Those were also the first experiments of anelasticity in solids, a branch of physics studying defects, excitations and phase transitions in condensed matter, first systematised by Clarence Zener.

neg: Muscle reading Muscle reading, also known as "Hellstromism", "Cumberlandism" or "contact mind reading", is a technique used by mentalists to determine the thoughts or knowledge of a subject, the effect of which tends to be perceived as a form of mind reading. The performer can determine many things about the mental state of a subject by observing subtle, involuntary responses to speech or any other stimuli. It is closely related to the ideomotor effect, whereby subtle movements made without conscious awareness reflect a physical movement, action or direction which the subject is thinking about. The term "muscle reading" was coined in the 1870s by American neurologist George M. Beard to describe the actions of mentalist J. Randall Brown, an early proponent of the art.

neg: W. H. Gaskell Walter Holbrook Gaskell FRS (1 November 1847; Naples – 7 September 1914; Great Shelford) was a British physiologist.

neg: Arnold William Reinold Arnold William Reinold CB, FRS 1(9 June 1843 – 11 April 1921) was an English physicist.

neg: William Watson (physicist) William Watson CMG, FRS (4 August 1868 – 3 March 1919) was a British physicist and Lieutenant-Colonel in World War I.

neg: James Watson (disambiguation) James Watson (born 1928) is an American biologist and chemist, the co-discoverer of the double-helical structure of DNA, awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

neg: Ronald Rivlin Ronald Samuel Rivlin (6 May 1915 in London – 4 October 2005) was a British-American physicist, mathematician, rheologist and a noted expert on rubber.

neg: Hans von Euler-Chelpin Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (15 February 1873 – 6 November 1964) was a German-born Swedish biochemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1929 with Arthur Harden for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and enzymes. He was a professor of general and organic chemistry at Stockholm University (1906–1941) and the director of its Institute for organic-chemical research (1938–1948). Euler-Chelpin married Astrid Cleve, the daughter of the Uppsala chemist Per Teodor Cleve and was the great-great-great grandson of Leonhard Euler. In 1970, his son Ulf von Euler, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

neg: David Bohm David Joseph Bohm FRS (December 20, 1917 – October 27, 1992) was an American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind.

neg: Carl Bergmann (anatomist) Carl Georg Lucas Christian Bergmann (18 May 1814 – 30 April 1865) was a German anatomist, physiologist and biologist who developed the Bergmann's rule.

neg: Roger C. Thomas Roger Christopher Thomas FRS (born 2 June 1939) is a British physiologist, former Professor of Physiology, Cambridge University 1996-2006.

neg: Thomas Porter McMurray Thomas Porter McMurray (5 December 1887, Belfast – 16 November 1949, London) was a British orthopaedic surgeon remembered for describing the McMurray test.

neg: Nanomechanics Nanomechanics is a branch of "nanoscience" studying fundamental "mechanical" (elastic, thermal and kinetic) properties of physical systems at the nanometer scale. Nanomechanics has emerged on the crossroads of classical mechanics, solid-state physics, statistical mechanics, materials science, and quantum chemistry. As an area of nanoscience, nanomechanics provides a scientific foundation of nanotechnology.

neg: List of Nobel laureates in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: "Nobelpriset i fysik" ) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in physics. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.

neg: John Cockcroft Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, (27 May 1897 – 18 September 1967) was a British physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1951 for splitting the atomic nucleus with Ernest Walton, and was instrumental in the development of nuclear power.


query: On Physical Lines of Force, is a famous four-part paper written by James Clerk Maxwell, he was able to model which English scientist lines of force?

pos: On Physical Lines of Force "On Physical Lines of Force" is a famous four-part paper written by James Clerk Maxwell published between 1861 and 1862. In it, Maxwell derived the equations of electromagnetism in conjunction with a "sea" of "molecular vortices" which he used to model Faraday's lines of force. Maxwell had studied and commented on the field of electricity and magnetism as early as 1855/6 when "On Faraday's Lines of Force" was read to the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Maxwell made an analogy between the density of this medium and the magnetic permeability, as well as an analogy between the transverse elasticity and the dielectric constant, and using the results of a prior experiment by Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch performed in 1856, he established a connection between the speed of light and the speed of propagation of waves in this medium.

pos: Michael Faraday Michael Faraday FRS ( ; 22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.

neg: Standard Model The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces in the universe (the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions (not including gravitational force)), as well as classifying all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists around the world, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, confirmation of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons with great accuracy.

neg: Maxwell stress tensor The Maxwell stress tensor (named after James Clerk Maxwell) is a second-order tensor used in classical electromagnetism to represent the interaction between electromagnetic forces and mechanical momentum. In simple situations, such as a point charge moving freely in a homogeneous magnetic field, it is easy to calculate the forces on the charge from the Lorentz force law. When the situation becomes more complicated, this ordinary procedure can become impossibly difficult, with equations spanning multiple lines. It is therefore convenient to collect many of these terms in the Maxwell stress tensor, and to use tensor arithmetic to find the answer to the problem at hand.

neg: Le Sage's theory of gravitation Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mundane corpuscles) impacting all material objects from all directions. According to this model, any two material bodies partially shield each other from the impinging corpuscles, resulting in a net imbalance in the pressure exerted by the impact of corpuscles on the bodies, tending to drive the bodies together. This mechanical explanation for gravity never gained widespread acceptance, although it continued to be studied occasionally by physicists until the beginning of the 20th century, by which time it was generally considered to be conclusively discredited.

neg: Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss ( ; German: "Gauß" , ] ; Latin: "Carolus Fridericus Gauss" ) (30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, mechanics, electrostatics, magnetic fields, astronomy, matrix theory, and optics.

neg: Isaac Newton in popular culture Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, natural philosopher, theologian, alchemist and one of the most influential scientists in human history. His "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" is considered to be one of the most influential book in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics by describing universal gravitation and the three laws of motion. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus.

neg: Philo line In geometry, the Philo line is a line segment defined from an angle and a point. The Philo line for a point "P" that lies inside an angle with edges "d" and "e" is the shortest line segment that passes through "P" and has its endpoints on "d" and "e". Also known as the Philon line, it is named after Philo of Byzantium, a Greek writer on mechanical devices, who lived probably during the 1st or 2nd century BC. The Philo line is not, in general, constructible by compass and straightedge.

neg: Van der Waals surface The van der Waals surface of a molecule is an abstract representation or model of that molecule, illustrating where, in very rough terms, a surface might reside for the molecule based on the hard cutoffs of van der Waals radii for individual atoms, and it represents a surface through which the molecule might be conceived as interacting with other molecules. Also referred to as a "van der Waals envelope," the van der Waals surface is named for Johannes Diderik van der Waals, a Dutch theoretical physicist and thermodynamicist who developed theory to provide a liquid-gas equation of state that accounted for the non-zero volume of atoms and molecules, and on their exhibiting an attractive force when they interacted (theoretical constructions that also bear his name). van der Waals surfaces are therefore a tool used in the abstract representations of molecules, whether accessed, as they were originally, via hand calculation, or via physical wood/plastic models, or now digitally, via computational chemistry software. Practically speaking, CPK models, developed by and named for Robert Corey, Linus Pauling, and Walter Koltun, were the first widely used physical molecular models based on van der Waals radii, and allowed broad pedagogical and research use of a model showing the van der Waals surfaces of molecules.

neg: Fields of Force Fields of Force: The Development of a world view from Faraday to Einstein (1974) is a book by William Berkson, published by John Wiley & Sons. It is an extension of his doctoral thesis, which was supervised by Karl Popper and examined by A.I. Sabra. Berkson credits the book with an influence from Joseph Agassi.

neg: James Clerk Maxwell Foundation The James Clerk Maxwell Foundation is a registered Scottish charity set up in 1977. By supporting physics and mathematics, it honours one of the greatest of physicists, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), and works to increase the public awareness of science. It maintains a small museum in Maxwell's birthplace which is in the ownership of the Foundation.

neg: Frenet–Serret formulas In differential geometry, the Frenet–Serret formulas describe the kinematic properties of a particle moving along a continuous, differentiable curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space ℝ, or the geometric properties of the curve itself irrespective of any motion. More specifically, the formulas describe the derivatives of the so-called tangent, normal, and binormal unit vectors in terms of each other. The formulas are named after the two French mathematicians who independently discovered them: Jean Frédéric Frenet, in his thesis of 1847, and Joseph Alfred Serret in 1851. Vector notation and linear algebra currently used to write these formulas were not yet in use at the time of their discovery.

neg: Liénard–Wiechert potential Liénard–Wiechert potentials describe the classical electromagnetic effect of a moving electric point charge in terms of a vector potential and a scalar potential in the Lorenz gauge. Built directly from Maxwell's equations, these potentials describe the complete, relativistically correct, time-varying electromagnetic field for a point charge in arbitrary motion, but are not corrected for quantum-mechanical effects. Electromagnetic radiation in the form of waves can be obtained from these potentials. These expressions were developed in part by Alfred-Marie Liénard in 1898 and independently by Emil Wiechert in 1900.

neg: Theory of heat In the history of science, the theory of heat or mechanical theory of heat was a theory, introduced in 1798 by Sir Benjamin Thompson (better known as 'Count Rumford'), and developed more thoroughly in 1824 by the French physicist Sadi Carnot, that heat and mechanical work are equivalent. It is related to the mechanical equivalent of heat. Over the next century, with the introduction of the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by Rudolf Clausius, this theory evolved into the science of thermodynamics. In 1851, in his "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat", William Thomson outlined the view, as based on recent experiments by those such as James Joule, that “heat is not a substance, but a dynamical form of mechanical effect, we perceive that there must be an equivalence between mechanical work and heat, as between cause and effect.”

neg: Coulomb's constant Coulomb's constant, the electric force constant, or the electrostatic constant (denoted ) is a proportionality constant in electrodynamics equations, roughly equaling 8.99·10 NmC. It was named after the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806) who introduced Coulomb's law.

neg: Newton's law of universal gravitation Newton's law of universal gravitation states that a particle attracts every other particle in the universe using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning. It is a part of classical mechanics and was formulated in Newton's work "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" ("the "Principia""), first published on 5 July 1687. (When Newton's book was presented in 1686 to the Royal Society, Robert Hooke made a claim that Newton had obtained the inverse square law from him; see the History section below.)

neg: Dirac equation In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all spin- massive particles such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry. It is consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity, and was the first theory to account fully for special relativity in the context of quantum mechanics. It was validated by accounting for the fine details of the hydrogen spectrum in a completely rigorous way.

neg: George Johnstone Stoney George Johnstone Stoney FRS (15 February 1826 – 5 July 1911) was an Irish physicist. He is most famous for introducing the term "electron" as the "fundamental unit quantity of electricity".

neg: Sophie Germain Marie-Sophie Germain (] ; 1 April 1776 – 27 June 1831) was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by society, she gained education from books in her father's library including ones by Leonhard Euler and from correspondence with famous mathematicians such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss. One of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after. Because of prejudice against her sex, she was unable to make a career out of mathematics, but she worked independently throughout her life. Before her death Gauss had recommended that she be awarded an honorary degree, but that never occurred. At the centenary of her life, a street and a girls school were named after her. The Academy of Sciences established the Sophie Germain Prize in her honor.

neg: Thomas–Fermi model The Thomas–Fermi (TF) model, named after Llewellyn Thomas and Enrico Fermi, is a quantum mechanical theory for the electronic structure of many-body systems developed semiclassically shortly after the introduction of the Schrödinger equation. It stands separate from wave function theory as being formulated in terms of the electronic density alone and as such is viewed as a precursor to modern density functional theory. The TF model is correct only in the limit of an infinite nuclear charge. Using the approximation for realistic systems yields poor quantitative predictions, even failing to reproduce some general features of the density such as shell structure in atoms and Friedel oscillations in solids. It has, however, found modern applications in many fields through the ability to extract qualitative trends analytically and with the ease at which the model can be solved. The kinetic energy expression of Thomas–Fermi theory is also used as a component in more sophisticated density approximation to the kinetic energy within modern orbital-free density functional theory.

neg: Clifford parallel In elliptic geometry, two lines are Clifford parallel or paratactic lines if the perpendicular distance between them is constant from point to point. The concept was first studied by William Kingdon Clifford in elliptic space. Since parallel lines have the property of equidistance, the term "parallel" was appropriated from Euclidean geometry, but in fact the "lines" of elliptic geometry are curves, and they have finite length, unlike the lines of Euclidean geometry. The algebra of quaternions provides a descriptive geometry of elliptic space in which Clifford parallelism is made explicit.

neg: William Maxwell (physician) William Maxwell (1581–1641), or (1619–1669), was a Scottish physician and writer, physician in ordinary to Charles I of England. He is known for his work "De Medicina Magnetica" (1679), and as a follower of Robert Fludd.