query: The Shrewsbury & Newport Canals Trust exists to restore a canal in what country?

pos: Shrewsbury & Newport Canals Trust The Shrewsbury & Newport Canals Trust is a waterway society and a registered charity which exists to promote the restoration of the Shrewsbury Canal and the Newport Arm of the Shropshire Union Canal. The trust was created in 2000.

pos: Shropshire Union Canal The Shropshire Union Canal is a navigable canal in England. The Llangollen and Montgomery canals are the modern names of branches of the Shropshire Union ("SU") system and lie partially in Wales.

neg: Wilts & Berks Canal Trust The Wilts & Berks Canal Trust is a registered charity no. 299595, and a waterway society based in Wiltshire, England, concerned with the restoration of the Wilts & Berks Canal.

neg: Dukinfield Junction Dukinfield Junction (grid reference [ SJ933984] ) is the name of the canal junction where the Peak Forest Canal, the Ashton Canal and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal meet near Ashton-under-Lyne, Greater Manchester, England. The area has been designated by Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council as a conservation area.

neg: Cheshire Ring The Cheshire Ring is a canal cruising circuit or canal ring, which includes sections of six canals in and around Cheshire and Greater Manchester in North West England: the Ashton Canal, Peak Forest Canal, Macclesfield Canal, Trent and Mersey Canal, Bridgewater Canal and Rochdale Canal.

neg: Glamorganshire Canal local nature reserve The Glamorganshire Canal local nature reserve is a nature reserve in Coryton, Cardiff, Wales. Formed in 1967, it comprises a disused section of the Glamorganshire Canal (constructed 1794), the Long Wood (designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest) and an area of the flood plain of the River Taff. The reserve is also known as Forest Farm, and the old farm buildings are used to support the reserve.

neg: Petworth Canal The Petworth Canal was one of Britain's shorter lasting canals, opened in 1795 and dismantled in 1826. On completion of the Rother Navigation the Earl of Egremont used his estate workforce to build the 1¼ mile long canal from just upstream of the Shopham Cut to Haslingbourne, with two locks, each with a rise of 8 feet and 6 inches. The Haslingbourne Stream was diverted to provide the water supply, and still flows in the canal bed from Haslingbourne to the site of Haines Lock. The initial intention was to extend the canal through the Shimmings Valley to Hamper's Green on the north side of Petworth, then northwards to join the Wey Navigation at Shalford.

neg: Peak Forest Canal The Peak Forest Canal is a narrow (7 ft gauge) locked artificial waterway in northern England. It is 14.8 mi long and forms part of the connected English/Welsh inland waterway network.

neg: Galton's Canal Galton's Canal was a 1-mile 3 furlong (2.2 km) canal with one lock, crossing Westhay Moor in Somerset, England, and connecting the River Brue to the North Drain. It was operational by 1822, and ceased to be used after the 1850s.

neg: Black country ring The Black Country Ring is a UK canal ring composed of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, Birmingham Main Line, Birmingham and Fazeley Canal, Coventry Canal and Trent and Mersey Canal.

neg: Cardiff Bay Cardiff Bay (Welsh: "Bae Caerdydd" ) is the area of water created by the Cardiff Barrage in south Cardiff, the capital of Wales. It is also the name commonly given to the areas of the city surrounding the Bay. The creation of Cardiff Bay is now widely regarded as one of the most successful regeneration projects in the United Kingdom. The Bay is supplied by two rivers (Taff and Ely) to form a 500 acre freshwater lake around the former dockland area south of the city centre. The Bay was formerly tidal, with access to the sea limited to a couple of hours each side of high water but now provides 24-hour access through three locks.

neg: Sheffield Lock Sheffield Lock, at grid reference [ SU648706] , is a lock on the Kennet and Avon Canal, in the civil parish of Burghfield in the English county of Berkshire. It is also sometimes known as Shenfield Lock.

neg: Weston Lock Weston Lock is a canal lock situated on the River Avon, on the western outskirts of Bath, England, in what now forms the Newbridge suburb of Bath.

neg: Kilkenny Canal The Kilkenny Canal is a short stretch of unfinished canal which was originally intended to make the River Nore navigable as far as Kilkenny City. Funding for the canal was provided by the Parliament of Ireland in 1755, to the value of £10,000. Work was abandoned in 1761, and no barges ever completed the journey from the navigable section of the Nore to Kilkenny. It is recognised in the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage.

neg: Tralee Ship Canal The Tralee Ship Canal (Irish: "Long Chanáil Trá Lí" ) is a canal built for freight and passenger transportation from Tralee Bay to the town of Tralee in County Kerry, Ireland. The canal fell into disuse in the mid-20th century but has since been restored.

neg: Kennet & Avon Canal Museum The Kennet & Avon Canal Museum in Devizes, Wiltshire, England has a range of exhibits about the conception, design, usage and eventual commercial decline of the Kennet and Avon Canal, as well as its subsequent restoration.

neg: River Perry, Shropshire The River Perry is a river in Shropshire, England. It rises near Oswestry and flows south to meet the River Severn above Shrewsbury. Along its 24 mi length, its level drops by some 320 feet (95 m). The channel has been heavily engineered, both to enable water mills to be powered by it, and to improve the drainage of the surrounding land. There were at least seven corn in the 1880s, and the last one remained operational until 1966. The middle section of the river crosses Baggy Moor, where major improvements were made in 1777 to drain the moor. The scheme was one of the largest to enclose and improve land in North Shropshire, and the quality of the reclaimed land justified the high cost. A section of the river bed was lowered in the 1980s, to continue the process.

neg: Pidcock's Canal Pidcock's Canal was a canal in Gloucestershire, England, which connected ironworks at Upper Forge and Lower Forge, and also ran to an inlet from the River Severn called Lydney Pill. It was constructed from 1778 onwards,

neg: Listed buildings in Middlewich Middlewich is a town and a unitary authority in Cheshire East, England. It contains 41 buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings. Of these, two are listed at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II. The history of the area goes back to the Roman era when it was important for the production of salt. The salt industry in the region has continued since then, but it is not reflected in its listed buildings, other than by the canals. The Trent and Mersey Canal was opened in 1777, and the listed buildings associated with it consist of locks, mileposts, and other buildings and structures. The Middlewich Branch of the Shropshire Union Canal dates from 1829, and the listed buildings associated with this include aqueducts, locks, bridges, and a lock keeper's house. Otherwise, the listed buildings in the town are those usually found in towns, including a church with a sundial in the churchyard, houses, shops, and a former mill. Outside the town, the area is rural, and the listed buildings include farmhouses and farm buildings.

neg: Stourport Ring The Stourport Ring is a connected series of canals forming a circuit, or canal ring, around Worcestershire, The Black Country and Birmingham in The Midlands, England. The ring is formed from the River Severn, the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, the Stourbridge Canal, the Dudley Canals, the Birmingham Canal Navigations (Netherton Tunnel Branch Canal and Birmingham New Main Line) and the Worcester and Birmingham Canal.

neg: Barnton, Cheshire Barnton is a civil parish and village in the north-west of England, just outside the town of Northwich, in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire. It lies north and east of the Trent & Mersey Canal which goes through two tunnels (Barnton and Saltersford) to the west of the village.

neg: City Road Basin The City Road Basin is an English canal basin and part of the Regent's Canal in London, owned by the Canal & River Trust. It opened in 1820, and made a large contributuion to the prosperity of the Regent's Canal. By the 1950s, its surroundings were largely derelict, but a programme of regeneration began in 2004, involving several large-scale residential developments, and public access to the basin was provided for the first time in 2009. The basin is used for canoeing by the Islington Boat Club.


query: Were both Martin Adams and Sid Haig American actors?

pos: Martin Adams Martin Adams (born 4 June 1956) is an English professional darts player. Nicknamed Wolfie, he is a three-time BDO World Champion and three-time World Masters champion. He represents Cambridgeshire at county darts level and was the captain of England from 1993/94 to 2013, the longest any player has held that role. Adams was diagnosed with prostate cancer in April 2016. He had the all clear near the end of 2016.

pos: Sid Haig Sid Haig (born July 14, 1939) is an American actor. His roles have included acting in Jack Hill's blaxploitation films of the 1970s as well as his role as Captain Spaulding in Rob Zombie's horror films "House of 1000 Corpses" and "The Devil's Rejects". He had a leading role on the television series "Jason of Star Command", as the villain Dragos. He has appeared in many television programs including "Batman", "", "", "Gunsmoke", "The Rockford Files", "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century", "Get Smart", "Fantasy Island", "Sledge Hammer!", "The A-Team", "The Fall Guy", "The Dukes of Hazzard" and "MacGyver".

neg: Mack Swain Mack Swain (February 16, 1876 – August 25, 1935) was an American actor and vaudevillian, prolific throughout the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s.

neg: Al Rosen (actor) Albert "Al" Rosen (May 9, 1910 – August 2, 1990) was an American actor. He is known for his recurring role of "Al" in the television sitcom "Cheers".

neg: Evan Adams Evan Tlesla Adams (born November 15, 1966) is a Canadian actor, playwright and medical doctor. A Coast Salish from the Sliammon First Nation near Powell River, British Columbia, he is best known internationally for his roles in the films of Sherman Alexie, as Thomas Builds-the-Fire in the 1998 film "Smoke Signals" and Seymour Polatkin in the 2002 film "The Business of Fancydancing".

neg: Martin King (actor) Martin King is a British actor, voice actor and former continuity announcer.

neg: Martin Sheen Ramón Antonio Gerardo Estévez (born August 3, 1940), known professionally as Martin Sheen, is an American actor who first became known for his roles in the films "The Subject Was Roses" (1968) and "Badlands" (1973), and later achieved wide recognition for his leading role in "Apocalypse Now" (1979).

neg: Martin Shaw (disambiguation) Martin Shaw is an actor.

neg: Vance Colvig Vance DeBar Colvig Jr. (March 9, 1918 – March 3, 1991) was an American character actor.

neg: Haig (surname) Haig is an English surname of Anglo-Saxon origin, and may refer to:

neg: Stanley Adams (actor) Stanley Adams (April 7, 1915 – April 27, 1977) was an American actor and screenwriter.

neg: Martin Crewes Martin Crewes is an Australian stage, television and movie actor.

neg: Stella Adams Stella Adams (April 24, 1883 – September 17, 1961) was an actress of the silent and early sound film eras. Her forte was in short films.

neg: Martin Ballard Martin Ballard (born in Derby) is an English radio presenter for the BBC in the East Midlands with more than thirty years of broadcasting experience. He is also a writer, an actor with three decades of theatre work, and voice-over artist. He can be seen in professional pantomime every Christmas and heard on BBC Radio Leicester 104.9FM and as the matchday announcer at the Leicester Tigers in England's Rugby Union Premiership.

neg: Mark Stevens (actor) Mark Stevens (December 13, 1916 – September 15, 1994) was an American actor, one of four who played the lead role in the television series, "Martin Kane, Private Eye", which aired on NBC from 1949 to 1954.

neg: Martin's Day Martin's Day is a 1985 American drama film directed by Alan Gibson. It stars Richard Harris and Lindsay Wagner.

neg: Rob Adams (actor) Rob Adams (born Robert Lee Adams II; February 27, 1970) is an American actor, Owner of The Actors Workshop, film acting coach and former college football quarterback.

neg: Fran Adams Fran Adams is an American actress who performed with Second City.

neg: Lee Montgomery Elliott "Lee" Harcourt Montgomery is a former Canadian-American child actor best known for his role as a lonely little boy who befriends a pack of killer rats in the film "Ben" (1972) and for his role as Sarah Jessica Parker's hunky dance partner, Jeff Malene, in "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" (1985).

neg: Lynne Adams Lynne Adams (born October 8, 1946) is an American actress.

neg: Who's Got the Action? Who's Got the Action? is a 1962 American comedy film about a man suffering from an addiction to gambling starring Dean Martin, Lana Turner, Eddie Albert, and Walter Matthau. The film was written by Alexander Rose and Jack Rose, and directed by Daniel Mann.

neg: Andy Sidaris Andrew W. "Andy" Sidaris (February 20, 1931 – March 7, 2007) was an American television and film director, film producer, actor, and screenwriter.


query: Friedrich Klose (1862–1942) was a German composer, his opera "Ilsebill" (1903) is inspired by the music of Richard Wagner and which leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras?

pos: Friedrich Klose Friedrich Klose (1862–1942) was a German composer. His opera "Ilsebill" (1903) is inspired by the music of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss, and the plot is based on the Brothers Grimm tale of a fisherman who catches a huge fish which grants wishes.

pos: Richard Strauss Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. He is known for his operas, which include "Der Rosenkavalier", "Elektra", "Die Frau ohne Schatten" and "Salome"; his Lieder, especially his "Four Last Songs"; his tone poems, including "Don Juan", "Death and Transfiguration", "Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks", "Also sprach Zarathustra", "Ein Heldenleben", "Symphonia Domestica", and "An Alpine Symphony"; and other instrumental works such as "Metamorphosen" and his Oboe Concerto. Strauss was also a prominent conductor in Western Europe and the Americas, enjoying quasi-celebrity status as his compositions became standards of orchestral and operatic repertoire.

neg: Karl Klindworth Karl Klindworth (25 September 183027 July 1916) was a German composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, violinist and music publisher. He was one of Franz Liszt's pupils and later one of his closest disciples and friends, being also on friendly terms with composer Richard Wagner, of whom he was an admirer.

neg: Leo Blech Leo Blech (21 April 1871 – 25 August 1958) was a German opera composer and conductor who is perhaps most famous for his work at the Königliches Opernhaus (later the Berlin State Opera / Staatsoper Unter den Linden) from 1906 to 1937, and later as the conductor of Berlin's Städtische Oper from 1949 to 1953. Blech was known for his reliable, clear, and elegant performances, especially of works by Wagner, Verdi, and Bizet's "Carmen" (which he conducted over 600 times), and for his sensitivity as an accompanist.

neg: The Case of Wagner The Case of Wagner (German: "Der Fall Wagner" ) is a book by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, originally published in 1888. Subtitled "A Musician's Problem", it has also been known as "The Wagner Case" in English.

neg: Carl Zeller Carl Adam Johann Nepomuk Zeller (19 June 1842 – 17 August 1898) was an Austrian composer of operettas.

neg: Hanns Eisler Hanns Eisler (6 July 1898 – 6 September 1962) was an Austrian composer. He is best known for composing the national anthem of the German Democratic Republic, for his long artistic association with Bertolt Brecht, and for the scores he wrote for films. The Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler" is named after him.

neg: Albert Lortzing Gustav Albert Lortzing (October 23, 1801 – January 21, 1851) was a German composer, actor and singer. He is considered to be the main representative of the German "Spieloper", a form similar to the French "opéra comique", which grew out of the "Singspiel".

neg: Simplicius (operetta) Simplicius is an operetta by Johann Strauss II. It was conceived from the work of HJC von Grimmelhausen titled "Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus" or simply "Adventurous Simplicissimus", which was opined by many to be the 17th century's greatest German novel. The libretto for this work was furnished by Victor Léon who was one of Vienna's promising talents of that era, with music by Johann Strauss II.

neg: Veneen luominen Veneen luominen ("The Building of the Boat") is an unfinished composition by Jean Sibelius. The work was intended to be a grand opera, in the style of Richard Wagner's "Der Ring des Nibelungen", but was never completed, as Sibelius became disenchanted with Wagner's compositional techniques.

neg: Neo-romanticism The term neo-romanticism is used to cover a variety of movements in philosophy, literature, music, painting, and architecture, as well as social movements, that exist after and incorporate elements from the era of Romanticism. It has been used with reference to late-19th-century composers such as Richard Wagner particularly by Carl Dahlhaus who describes his music as "a late flowering of romanticism in a positivist age". He regards it as synonymous with "the age of Wagner", from about 1850 until 1890—the start of the era of modernism, whose leading early representatives were Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler . It has been applied to writers, painters, and composers who rejected, abandoned, or opposed realism, naturalism, or avant-garde modernism at various points in time from about 1840 down to the present.

neg: List of compositions by Gustav Mahler The musical compositions of Gustav Mahler (1860–1911) are almost exclusively in the genres of song and symphony. In his juvenile years he attempted to write opera and instrumental works; all that survives musically from those times is a single movement from a Piano Quartet from around 1876–78. From 1880 onwards Mahler was a professional conductor whose composing activities had to be fitted around concert and theatrical engagements. Nevertheless, over the next 30 years he produced nine complete symphonies and sketches for a tenth, several orchestral song cycles and many other songs with piano or orchestral accompaniment. Mahler's symphonies are generally on an expansive scale, requiring large forces in performance, and are among the longest in the concert repertoire.

neg: Johann Ernst Eberlin Johann Ernst Eberlin (27 March 1702 – 19 June 1762) was a German composer and organist whose works bridge the baroque and classical eras. He was a prolific composer, chiefly of church organ and choral music. Marpurg claims he wrote as much and as rapidly as Alessandro Scarlatti and Georg Philipp Telemann, a claim also repeated by Leopold Mozart - though ultimately Eberlin did not live nearly as long as either of those two composers.

neg: Eugen Haile Eugen Haile (February 21, 1873 – August 14, 1933) was a German-American composer, singer, and accompanist, primarily known for his songs. In his lifetime, it was claimed that he was one of the "truly inspired melodists, a lineal descendent of the great lyricists, Schubert, Schumann, Franz and Brahms."

neg: Sophie Diez Sophie Diez or Dietz ("née" Hartmann) (1 September 1820 – 3 May 1887) was a German soprano who sang leading roles with the Munich Hofoper (now known as the Bavarian State Opera) in a career spanning 40 years. She is most remembered today for having created the role of Magdalena in Wagner's "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg", but she also sang in the world premieres of several other operas by lesser-known German composers.

neg: Der Ring des Nibelungen Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung), WWV 86, is a cycle of four German-language epic music dramas composed by Richard Wagner. The works are based loosely on characters from the Norse sagas and the "Nibelungenlied". The composer termed the cycle a "Bühnenfestspiel" (stage festival play), structured in three days preceded by a " " ("preliminary evening"). It is often referred to as the Ring Cycle, "Wagner's Ring", or simply "The Ring".

neg: Rudolf Nelson Rudolf Nelson (4 April 1878 – 5 February 1960) was a German composer of hit songs, film music, operetta and vaudeville, and the founder/director of the Nelson Revue, a significant cabaret troupe on the 1930s Berlin nightlife scene.

neg: Alfred Lorenz Alfred Ottokar Lorenz (11 July 1868, Vienna – 20 November 1939 Munich) was an Austrian-German conductor, composer, and musical analyst. His principal work is the four-volume "Das Geheimnis der Form bei Richard Wagner", which attempts to comprehensively analyze some of Richard Wagner's best-known operas. Lorenz's work reflects to a great extent his sympathy with Nazi ideology, and has only recently been discredited by scholarship.

neg: Die Hochzeit Die Hochzeit ("The Wedding", WWV 31) is an unfinished opera by Richard Wagner which predates his completed works in the genre. Wagner completed the libretto, then started composing the music in the second half of 1832 when he was just nineteen. He abandoned the project after his sister Rosalie, who was the main supporter and the spokesman of the family, expressed her disgust at the story. Wagner destroyed the libretto.

neg: Carl Orff Carl Heinrich Maria Orff (] ; (1895--)10 1895 – (1982--)29 1982 ) was a German composer, best known for his cantata "Carmina Burana" (1937). In addition to his career as a composer, Orff developed an influential approach toward music education for children.

neg: Louis Köhler Christian Louis Heinrich Köhler (5 September 1820 – 16 February 1886) was a German composer, conductor and piano teacher.

neg: Tonkunst Tonkunst, literally "The Art of Tone", is an obsolete term in the German language applied for art music of the 19th century, and often used in music history and musical aesthetic representations. It probably originated from the need to give the music a place among the classical arts like architecture, sculpture, painting, prose and poetry, and also recognize the composer or musician as a creative individual. The term is found for example in the inscriptions of the Walhalla memorial built in 1842, where a good example is Joseph Haydn, titled as "Doctor der Tonkunst" ("Doctor of Tone-Art"), and Ludwig van Beethoven as "Tondichter" ("Tone-poet"). Today the term is rarely used, but lives on, for example, in the name of the Tonkünstler Orchestra.


query: Are Victoria Azarenka and Ellis Ferreira both from South Africa?

pos: Victoria Azarenka Victória Fyódorovna Azárenka (Belarusian: Вікторыя Фёдараўна Азаранка ; Russian: Виктория Фёдоровна Азаренко; born 31 July 1989) is a Belarusian professional tennis player. She is a former world No. 1.

pos: Ellis Ferreira Ellis Ferreira (born 19 February 1970 in Pretoria, South Africa) is a former professional male tennis player from South Africa. He played collegiately at the University of Alabama, earning all-SEC and all-American honors. He won 2 Grand Slam doubles titles, the Men's title at the 2000 Australian Open with Rick Leach and the mixed doubles at the Australian Open with Corina Morariu in 2001. Ferreira was named the Senior Assistant Men's and Women's Tennis Head Coach at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, in July 2007. Ferreira is now the co-owner of the Eagleton/ Ferreira Tennis Academy on Longboat Key in Florida (www.eftennis.com).

neg: Evne Webber Evne Webber (alternatively Erné Webber, born 1 June 1977) is a former international cricketer who made one One Day International appearance for South Africa national women's cricket team in 1999.

neg: Alida Neave Alida Neave is a former South African female tennis player.

neg: Anthony Pollock Anthony Graeme Pollock (born 7 April 1973 in Port Elizabeth, Cape Province, South Africa) is a South African cricketer. He is the son of Graeme Pollock and cousin of the all-rounder Shaun Pollock. His brother Andrew also played for Transvaal and Gauteng.

neg: Mark Swanepoel Mark Swanepoel (born 26 October 1990 in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a rugby union player.

neg: Kelly Anderson (tennis) Kelly Anderson (born 20 April 1985, in Port Shepstone) is a former South African tennis player. Her career high singles ranking is World No. 625, which she achieved in October 2008. Her highest doubles ranking is No. 135, achieved in November 2008. who has played for the South Africa Fed Cup team numerous times. Anderson also participated in WTA doubles events regularly during the 2000s. Anderson retired from tennis 2010.

neg: Emma Ferreira Emma Ferreira (born 14 December 1975) is an English contemporary artist, sculptor, photographer, entrepreneur and philanthropist. She lives and works in Los Angeles and maintains a studio in Culver City, California.

neg: Asavela Mbekile Asavela Shakespeare Mbekile (born 1 November 1986) is a South African international footballer who plays for Mamelodi Sundowns, as a central midfielder.

neg: Victoria Koblenko Victoria Koblenko (Ukrainian: Вікторія Кобленко ) (born 19 December 1980, in Vinnitsa, Soviet Union) is a Ukrainian-Dutch actress, presenter and columnist.

neg: Raymond Moore (tennis) Raymond J. "Ray" Moore (born 24 August 1946) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa. During his career he won eight doubles titles, finishing runner-up an additional 12 times in doubles. Moore participated in 12 Davis Cup ties for South Africa from 1967 to 1977, including the 1974 South African victory, posting a 12–10 record in singles and posting an 0–1 mark in doubles.

neg: Schalk van der Merwe Schalk van der Merwe (16 April 1961 – 24 January 2016) was a former professional tennis player from South Africa.

neg: Danie Visser Danie Visser (born 26 July 1961) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa. A doubles specialist, he won 3 Grand Slam men's doubles titles (2 Australian Open and 1 US Open). Visser reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in January 1990.

neg: Elizabeth Akehurst Elizabeth Akehurst (born 24 June 1975) is an international cricketer who made eight One Day International appearances for South Africa national women's cricket team between 1997 and 1999.

neg: Victoria Georgieva Victoria Georgieva (Bulgarian: Виктория Георгиева , born 21 September 1997) is a Bulgarian singer and songwriter who was part from 4th season of Bulgarian X Factor. She was called the sensation of the 4th season and the Bulgarian Adele.

neg: Avril Phali Avril Phali (born 17 August 1978) is a South African professional footballer who plays for Jomo Cosmos, as a goalkeeper.

neg: Thomas Oosthuizen Thomas Oosthuizen ( ; born 2 April 1988) is a South African professional boxer. He is a two-time former IBO world champion, having held the super-middleweight title from 2011 to 2014, and the light-heavyweight title in 2015.

neg: Andrew Anderson (tennis) Andrew Anderson (born 8 April 1983) is a South African tennis player playing on the ATP Challenger Tour.

neg: Ellis Park Arena The Ellis Park Arena (formerly Standard Bank Arena and often acknowledged as Ellis Park Indoor Arena) is an indoor sporting arena located in Johannesburg, South Africa. The capacity of the arena is 5,000 people. A large number of sports events and concerts have occurred in this arena.

neg: 2013 China Open – Women's Singles Victoria Azarenka was the defending champion, but lost to Andrea Petkovic in the first round.

neg: Mark Fish Mark Anthony Fish (born 14 March 1974 in Cape Town) is a retired South African footballer.

neg: Iain Evans (field hockey) Iain Evans (born May 29, 1981 in Johannesburg, Gauteng) is a male field hockey player from South Africa, who was a member of the national squad that finished tenth at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.


query: In what year did The Hacienda open and release their first single "Go Exciting"?

pos: Quando Quango Quando Quango was a British electronic music group, formed by The Haçienda DJ and Factory Records A&R man Mike Pickering, Hillegonda Rietveld and Reinier Rietveld. Their unique sound influenced the underground dance music scenes in New York and Chicago in the 1980s. Their first release was the "Go Exciting" twelve-inch single on Factory Records in 1982, and their last release of new music was the 1985 full-length album "Pigs + Battleships" (reissued on CD in 2003 and 2013).

pos: The Haçienda The Haçienda was a nightclub and music venue in Manchester, England, which became famous in the Madchester years of the 1980s and early 1990s. The Haçienda opened in 1982, and despite considerable and persistent financial troubles survived until 1997 – the club was mainly supported by record sales from New Order. The Haçienda is associated with the rise of acid house and rave music.

neg: Hacienda Chichí Suárez Hacienda Chichí Suárez is located in the Mérida Municipality in the state of Yucatán in southeastern Mexico. It is one of the properties that arose during the nineteenth century henequen boom. It was founded by a Spanish conquistador, owned by the grandson of the founder of Mérida and at least two governors of the State of Yucatán. The home is one of the oldest structures in Mérida.

neg: Tropicana Club Tropicana, also known as Tropicana Club, is a world-known cabaret and club in Havana, Cuba. It was launched in 1939 at Villa Mina, a six-acre (24,000 m²) suburban estate with lush tropical gardens in Havana's Marianao neighborhood.

neg: Viva Forever "Viva Forever" is a song by the Spice Girls from their second album, "Spiceworld". The song was released on 20 July 1998 in the United Kingdom and received critical acclaim. The song also charted fairly well becoming the band’s seventh UK number one single gaining a Platinum certification whilst also topping the charts in New Zealand. The single was a commercial success despite the poor promotion.

neg: Go Radio Go Radio was an American rock band from Tallahassee, Florida, formed by former Mayday Parade vocalist, guitarist and lyricist Jason Lancaster in April 2007.

neg: High/Low (Nada Surf album) High/Low is Nada Surf's debut album, released on June 18, 1996. The album is best known for its single "Popular".

neg: I Get Hot I Get Hot is the debut studio album from American contemporary R&B group LeVert, released in 1985 (1985) via independent imprint Tempre Records. The album did not chart in the United States; however, the lead single, "I'm Still", peaked at #70 on the "Billboard" R&B chart.

neg: Open Fire (Y&T album) Open Fire was the first live album released by American hard rock/heavy metal band Y&T. It was released in 1985 by A&M Records. The live material was recorded at various locations earlier in that same year. All of the tracks are live, with the exception of "Summertime Girls," which is the studio version. The song would eventually become the band's biggest hit. The studio version of the song also appeared on the band's next proper studio album, "Down for the Count", which was released in November 1985. The material used on this album was recorded after the release of their previous album (1984's "In Rock We Trust"), but none of those songs appeared on this album.

neg: Cruising (song) "Cruising" is a pop song by American-British singer Sinitta. The song was released in 1984 as the first single from Sinitta's debut album "Sinitta!" (1987). It was written by James George Hargreaves and produced by James George Hargreaves and Mick Parker. It was re-released in 1986 as a double A side along with "So Macho", although it was never promoted as the lead track. "Cruising" was re-recorded in 1999 and included on her compilation album "The Very Best of...Sinitta". No music video was made for this song.

neg: Haciendo Punto en Otro Son Haciendo Punto en Otro Son is a "Nueva Trova" band from Puerto Rico, founded in 1975. They recorded fourteen albums and performed in Latin America, the Caribbean and United States.

neg: Golden Cue The Golden Cue Billiard Lounge (also known as Golden Cue Billiards and Sports Pub) is the only extant billiard hall in Albany, New York, the state capital, and one of the oldest poolrooms in the Northeast. Bordering on Colonie in the state's Capital District, it was opened in 1963, "riding the wave" of the popularity of "The Hustler" (1961), and bought in 1973 by Rocco Spinelli, Sr., whose son Rocco, Jr. owns it today. The venue has hosted Joss Tour events for many years.

neg: Open (Blues Image album) Open is Blues Image's second album and most acclaimed album, which featured the No. 4 hit single, "Ride Captain Ride".

neg: Open Your Heart (M People song) "Open Your Heart" is the eleventh overall single from British band M People. It is the second single from their third album "Bizarre Fruit" (1994). Written by Mike Pickering and Paul Heard. Produced by M People. It was released on 23 January 1995. The song peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart.

neg: Elliot Eastwick Elliot Eastwick is a House and deep house DJ and music producer. He is one of the founders of Manchester-based, Paper Recordings. He held a residency at famous Manchester club, The Haçienda for around a year before it closed.

neg: The Hype (David Bowie band) Hype was a band formed by David Bowie in 1970. They were originally called "Harry the Butcher", then "David Bowie's imagination". Bowie settled on the name Hype. Bowie has said he choose the name tongue in cheek. The band has been credited with helping to form the glam rock scene in the 1970s. The band was also the debut for Mick Ronson when they played at the Roundhouse.

neg: Belinda (Belinda Carlisle album) Belinda is the first solo album by Belinda Carlisle, notable as her first recording after the break-up of new wave band The Go-Go's, for whom she was their lead singer. Released in mid-1986 it featured a hit single "Mad About You" which went to No. 3 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 1 in Canada.

neg: Hi-NRG Hi-NRG (pronounced "high energy") is a genre of uptempo disco or electronic dance music (EDM) that originated in the United States during the late 1970s and early 1980s.

neg: Ten City Ten City (derived from "intensity") was a Chicago, Illinois-based R&B and house-music act that enjoyed a number of club hits and Urban radio hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was one of the first exponents of deep house. Formerly known as Ragtyme, the group comprised vocalist Byron Stingily, guitarist Herb Lawson and keyboardist Byron Burke and were augmented by producer Marshall Jefferson. The group was signed by Atlantic Records and released the album "Foundation" in 1989, which became the group's only album to cross over, peaking at No. 49 on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

neg: A-ha A-ha (usually stylized as a"-h"a; ] ) is a Norwegian band formed in Oslo in 1982. The band was founded by Morten Harket (vocals), Magne Furuholmen (keyboards) and Pål Waaktaar-Savoy (guitars). The group rose to fame during the mid-1980s after being discovered by musician and producer John Ratcliff, and continued global success in the 1990s and 2000s.

neg: C·30 C·60 C·90 Go "C·30 C·60 C·90 Go!" is a song and the debut single by English new wave band Bow Wow Wow.

neg: Better Scream 'Better Scream' was the debut 7" single released by the first band incarnation of Pete Wylie, Wah! Heat after being member of the short-lived The Crucial Three and The Mystery Girls. It was also Pete Wylie's third serious project (the first being the heavily-funded but short-lived Liverpool super group English Opium Eaters with future Lightning Seeds leader Ian Broudie, future Frankie Goes to Hollywood dancer Paul Rutherford on lead vocals, and future Siouxsie and the Banshees drummer Budgie). When the English Opium Eaters collapsed due to musical differences. Wylie then joined local band Crash Course but left taking drummer Rob Jones with him. Wah! Heat was formed in late 1979.


query: What award was Australian entrepreneur that founded the company Dickheads awarded in 2015?

pos: Dickheads (brand) Dickheads were a brand of matches released by Australian businessman Dick Smith in 1999, and later discontinued. The name is a pun on the Redheads brand of matches.

pos: Dick Smith (entrepreneur) Richard Harold Smith, AC (born 18 March 1944) is an Australian entrepreneur, businessman, record-breaking aviator, philanthropist, and political activist. He is the founder of Dick Smith Electronics, Dick Smith Foods and Australian Geographic, and was selected as the 1986 Australian of the Year. In 2010 he founded the media production company Smith&Nasht with the intention of producing films about global issues. In 2015 he was awarded the Companion of the Order of Australia, and is a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.

neg: Wicked Weasel Wicked Weasel is an Australian manufacturer of "risqué" swimwear and lingerie for women. It is especially known for its microkinis. The company was founded in 1994 by Peter Gifford, formerly the bass player for Midnight Oil, and named after his girlfriend's nickname. Initially, the company's products were trial-marketed to Melbourne area strippers.

neg: Clive Berghofer Clive John Berghofer (born 4 March 1935) is an Australian property developer, politician and philanthropist.

neg: Daniel Tzvetkoff Daniel Kim Tzvetkoff (born October 1983 in Ipswich, Queensland) is the founder of Intabill.

neg: Alex Beard (businessman) Alexander Frank "Alex" Beard (born 1967) is a British billionaire businessman, based in London and responsible for Glencore's worldwide oil operations.

neg: Matilda Awards The Matilda Awards are awards which recognise excellence in cabaret, dance, theatre, and performance in southeast Queensland.

neg: Huddle Money Huddle is an Australia-based peer-to-peer financial services company that launched in July 2016.

neg: Billie McKay Billie McKay (born 11 July 1991) is an Australian television cook. She is perhaps best known as the winner of "MasterChef Australia 2015". Her prizes included $250 000, an Alfa Romeo Giulietta and a monthly column in Delicious., an Australian food magazine. Following the final, guest judge Heston Blumenthal offered her a job at his restaurant The Fat Duck, which she accepted.

neg: The Australasian College Broadway The Australasian College Broadway was a private college in Sydney, Australia, offering training in beauty, make-up and hairdressing skills. It was founded by Maureen Houssein-Mustafa OAM in 1994, and placed into administration on December 23, 2016. In 2015 the College earned more than $10.4 million from taxpayer funded loans.

neg: Tammy Barton Tammy Barton (formerly May; born 27 January 1978) is an Australian entrepreneur and the founder of MyBudget.

neg: Tony Wheeler Tony Wheeler (born 20 December 1946) {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , is an English-Australian publishing entrepreneur, businessman and travel writer, co-founder of the Lonely Planet guidebook company with his wife Maureen Wheeler.

neg: John Ilhan John Ilhan (born Mustafa İlhan; 23 January 1965 – 23 October 2007) was an Australian businessman. He was the founder of Crazy John's mobile phone retail chain and the richest Australian under 40 years of age in 2003. He was an Australian Muslim of Turkish origin.

neg: 2015 Dally M Awards The 2015 Dally M Awards were presented on Monday 28 September 2015 at Sydney's Star Casino and was broadcast on Fox Sports. They are the official annual awards of the National Rugby League and are named after Dally Messenger. Halfback Johnathan Thurston won the Dally M Medal with a record margin of 11 votes, overtaking Andrew Johns in becoming the first player to claim the award for the fourth time.

neg: Brett Godfrey Brett Godfrey (born 8 August 1963) is an Australian businessman and co-founder of Virgin Australia Airlines. Godfrey was awarded the Centenary Medal for his service to Tourism and Aviation in 2003 and inducted into the HM Awards’ ‘Hall of Fame’ in 2015.

neg: Australian International Beer Awards Australian International Beer Awards (AIBA) is an annual brewing competition that commenced in 1992.

neg: Greg Calloway Greg Calloway is an American entrepreneur, artist and filmmaker from the Washington, D.C. area. In 2006, He won the AOL and Warner Music Group online reality show, "The Biz".

neg: 2015 Adelaide Film Festival The 7th Adelaide Film Festival was held in Adelaide, Australia, from 15–25 October 2015. Amanda Duthie was again the Festival Director. On the opening night of the festival, Director and screenwriter Andrew Bovell received the 2015 Don Dunstan Award for his contribution to the Australian film industry.

neg: Alan Manly Alan Philip James Manly (born in 1950) is an Australian entrepreneur, company director and published author.

neg: Educating The Future Educating The Future is a nonprofit organisation founded by Young Australian of the Year nominees Adam Hegedus and Alessandro Piovano, aged 18. Following the completion of their High School Certificates, both students embarked on a walk from Waverley College near Bondi Beach to Byron Bay, spanning 758 km and lasting 21 days. Each day consisted of approximately 35 km of walking, which was just the two young students supported by a variety of sponsors and an array of media organisations. Following completion of the walk, being first to "Walk To Schoolies", Adam & Alessandro alleviated the negative stigma attached to 'schoolies' and raised $20,000 which would be used to build their first school in Timor-Leste and begin their organisation Educating The Future. This student-run organisation aims to "empower disadvantaged youth through the power of education" with the objectives of enabling, educating and empowering. The organisation supports the achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, and Australia's "Close The Gap" campaign.

neg: Ruslan Kogan Ruslan Kogan (born November 1982) is a serial entrepreneur, and founder and CEO of Kogan.com as well as several other eCommerce related companies in Australia. He was Australia's richest person under the age of 30 from 2011 to his 30th birthday in November 2012. His wealth has multiplied more than 20 times in half a decade, making him number 162 of the richest 200 in BRW Australia's Rich List 2014, and one of the top 10 richest in Australia's Young Rich List 2014, with a personal wealth of $349 million.

neg: Peerbackers Peerbackers is a crowdfunding web site where entrepreneurs can post projects and raise money to fund those projects. It was founded in 2011 by Andrew Rachmell and Sally Outlaw. Entrepreneurs will submit proposals which will be reviewed by Peerbackers staff, after which they are posted and members of the public can make individual investments. Peerbackers takes 5% of the money raised.


query: Which person connected with Andy Warhol's Bad became his roommate for 12 years?

pos: Andy Warhol's Bad Andy Warhol's Bad is a 1977 comedy film, directed by Jed Johnson, starring Carroll Baker, Perry King and Susan Tyrrell. It was written by Pat Hackett and George Abagnalo, and was the last film produced by Andy Warhol before his death in 1987.

pos: Jed Johnson (designer) Jed Johnson (December 30, 1948 – July 17, 1996) was an American interior designer and film director. Initially hired by Andy Warhol to sweep floors at Warhol's Factory, he subsequently moved in with Warhol and for twelve years was his lover. As a passenger in the first class cabin, he was killed when TWA Flight 800 exploded shortly after takeoff in 1996.

neg: Bill Graham (promoter) Bill Graham (born Wulf Wolodia Grajonca; January 8, 1931 – October 25, 1991) was a German-American impresario and rock concert promoter from the 1960s until his death in 1991 in a helicopter crash. On July 4, 1939 he was sent from Germany to France to escape the Holocaust. At age 10 he settled in a foster home in the Bronx, New York. Graham graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School and from City College with a business degree.

neg: Blake Nelson Boyd Blake Nelson Boyd, commonly known as Blake Boyd, (born October 1, 1970) is an American film actor, comedian, and visual artist who lives and works in New Orleans and London. Boyd was mentored by Andres Serrano and Andy Warhol Factory manager Billy Name in the 1990s. Boyd's visual art takes many different forms of expression including painting, photography, drawing, sculpture, video and installation.

neg: Joseph Beuys Joseph Beuys (] ; 12 May 1921 – 23 January 1986) was a German Fluxus, happening, and performance artist as well as a sculptor, installation artist, graphic artist, art theorist, and pedagogue.

neg: Eva Braun Eva Anna Paula Hitler ("née" Braun; 6 February 1912 – 30 April 1945) was the longtime companion of Adolf Hitler and, for fewer than 40 hours, his wife. Braun met Hitler in Munich when she was a 17-year-old assistant and model for his personal photographer; she began seeing him often about two years later. She attempted suicide twice during their early relationship. By 1936, she was a part of his household at the Berghof near Berchtesgaden and lived a sheltered life throughout World War II. Braun was a photographer, and many of the surviving colour photographs and films of Hitler were taken by her. She was a key figure within Hitler's inner social circle, but did not attend public events with him until mid-1944, when her sister Gretl married Hermann Fegelein, the SS liaison officer on his staff.

neg: Paul Morrissey Paul Morrissey (born February 23, 1938) is an American film director, best known for his association with Andy Warhol.

neg: Brandon Maggart Brandon Maggart (born December 12, 1933) is an American actor, painter and author.

neg: Andy Warhol (song) "Andy Warhol" is a song written by David Bowie in 1971 for the album "Hunky Dory". It is an acoustic song about one of Bowie's early artist inspirations, the American pop artist Andy Warhol.

neg: Shot Marilyns The Shot Marilyns is a work of art produced in 1964 by Andy Warhol. It consists of four canvases, each a square measuring 40 inches and each consisting of a painting of a Marilyn Monroe, each shot through in the forehead by a single bullet.

neg: Joe Dallesandro Joseph Angelo D'Allesandro III (born December 31, 1948), better known as Joe Dallesandro, is an American actor and Warhol superstar. Having also crossed over into mainstream roles like mobster Lucky Luciano in "The Cotton Club", Dallesandro is generally considered to be the most famous male sex symbol of American underground films of the 20th century, as well as a sex symbol of gay subculture.

neg: Dorothy Dean Dorothy Dean (December 22, 1932 – February 13, 1987) was an African American socialite, connected to Andy Warhol's The Factory—for which she appeared in the films "Batman Dracula" (1964), "Space" (1965), "My Hustler" (1965), "Afternoon" (1965), and "Chelsea Girls" (1966)—and Max's Kansas City, where she worked as door person. She also appeared in the documentary film "Superartist" (1967) about Warhol and his films.

neg: Mark Enger Mark Enger (1963–2011) and Matt Enger (b. 1963) are American artists living and working in New York City. They were identical twins and frequently collaborated on projects until Mark's death from cancer in 2011.

neg: Andy Warhol filmography The following are the films directed or produced by Andy Warhol. Fifty of the films have been preserved by the Museum of Modern Art. In August 2014, the Museum of Modern Art began a project to digitise films previously unseen and to show them to the public.

neg: Fred Draper Frederick Paul Draper II (September 2, 1923 – December 28, 1999) was an American film and television actor. He was roommates in New York City with Harry Mastergeorge and John Cassavetes while attending The American Academy of Dramatic Arts, New York with Grace Kelly, Anne Bancroft, John Cassavetes, and others. He graduated May 1, 1950. He appeared on numerous television programs and films.

neg: George Kuchar George Kuchar (August 31, 1942 – September 6, 2011) was an American underground film director and video artist, known for his "low-fi" aesthetic.

neg: 15 minutes of fame 15 minutes of fame is short-lived media publicity or celebrity of an individual or phenomenon. The expression was inspired by Andy Warhol's words "In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes", which appeared in the program for a 1968 exhibition of his work at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm, Sweden. Photographer Nat Finkelstein claims credit for the expression, stating that he was photographing Warhol in 1966 for a proposed book. A crowd gathered trying to get into the pictures and Warhol supposedly remarked that everyone wants to be famous, to which Finkelstein replied, "Yeah, for about fifteen minutes, Andy."

neg: Editta Sherman Editta Sherman (née Rinaldo; July 9, 1912 – November 1, 2013) was an Italian-American photographer, often referred to as the "Duchess of Carnegie Hall", since she lived and worked in Carnegie Hall Artist Studios for over 60 years. Originally formed as a diverse artist enclave and bohemian work-live rental studios to financially support Andrew Carnegie's struggling concert hall, Sherman's home from the 1940s until 2010 allowed her to be part of a unique artistic community of neighbors. Her life's work consists of thousands of historical large format 8×10 negative camera portrait images taken of celebrities, writers, poets, models, sports heroes, politicians, and many others (including many of the famed former tenants of Carnegie Hall).

neg: George Herriman George Joseph Herriman (August 22, 1880 – April 25, 1944) was an American cartoonist best known for the comic strip "Krazy Kat" (1913–1944). More influential than popular, "Krazy Kat" had an appreciative audience among those in the arts. Gilbert Seldes' article "The Krazy Kat Who Walks by Himself" was the earliest example of a critic from the high arts giving serious attention to a comic strip. "The Comics Journal" placed the strip first on its list of the greatest comics of the 20th century. Herriman's work has been a primary influence on cartoonists such as Will Eisner, Charles M. Schulz, Robert Crumb, Art Spiegelman, Bill Watterson, and Chris Ware.

neg: The Autobiography and Sex Life of Andy Warhol The Autobiography and Sex Life of Andy Warhol (ISBN  ) is a 1971 book by the British journalist John Wilcock. It was republished in June 2010 by Trela Media.

neg: Tub Girls Tub Girls is a 1967 American avant garde film directed by Andy Warhol.

neg: Hildebrand Gurlitt Hildebrand Gurlitt (15 September 1895 – 9 November 1956) was a German art dealer and art historian who traded in "degenerate art" during the Nazi era. His collection of 1,406 works (by Marc Chagall, Paul Klee, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso, among others) was confiscated in 2012 by Bavarian authorities from the apartment of his son, Cornelius Gurlitt.


query: Blast bomb, is a term used in Northern Ireland, for a type of improvised explosive device, a police officer was killed by a blast bomb in Northern Ireland during which ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century, by loyalists?

pos: Blast bomb Blast bomb is a term used in Northern Ireland for a type of improvised explosive device. More specifically, these devices are usually a form of homemade grenade, which is thrown at a target. These devices have been used in a number of public order situations, and in attacks on the Royal Ulster Constabulary, its successor Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) and British Army. A police officer was killed by a blast bomb in Northern Ireland during The Troubles by loyalists and in 2001 Loyalist protesters threw a blast bomb at Catholic schoolgirls, some as young as 4 years old, making their way to school in September 2001. Ordinary fireworks are sometimes used in a similar fashion to blast bombs. Such devices which are packed with nails are referred to as nail bombs.

pos: The Troubles The Troubles (Irish: "Na Trioblóidí" ) was an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as a "guerrilla war" or a "low-level war". The conflict began in the late 1960s and it is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Although the Troubles mainly took place in Northern Ireland, at times the violence spilled over into parts of the Republic of Ireland, England and mainland Europe.

neg: The Troubles in Rosslea The Troubles in Rosslea recounts incidents during, and the effects of, The Troubles in Rosslea, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland.

neg: Deal barracks bombing The Deal barracks bombing was an attack by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) on the Royal Marine Depot, Deal, England. It took place at 8:22 am on 22 September 1989, when the IRA exploded a time bomb at the Royal Marines School of Music building. The building collapsed, killing 11 marines from the Royal Marines Band Service and wounding another 21.

neg: Sean Kelly (Irish republican) Sean Kelly, (born c. 1972) is a former volunteer in the Belfast Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), and a convicted murderer, who was a member of the active service unit which carried out the Shankill Road bombing in 1993.

neg: Northern Ireland peace process The Northern Ireland peace process is often considered to cover the events leading up to the 1994 Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) ceasefire, the end of most of the violence of the Troubles, the Good Friday (or Belfast) Agreement of 1998, and subsequent political developments.

neg: Molotov cocktail A Molotov cocktail (Finnish: "Polttopullo" or "Molotovin koktaili"), also known as a petrol bomb, bottle bomb, poor man's grenade, fire bomb (not to be confused with an actual fire bomb) or just Molotov, is a generic name used for a variety of bottle-based improvised incendiary weapons. Due to the relative ease of production, Molotov cocktails have been used by street criminals, protesters, rioters, gangsters, urban guerrillas, terrorists, irregular soldiers, or even regular soldiers short on equivalent military-issue weapons. They are primarily intended to set targets ablaze rather than obliterate them.

neg: Northern Campaign (Irish Republican Army) The Northern Campaign was a series of attacks by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) Northern Command between September 1942 and December 1944 against the security forces in Northern Ireland. The action taken by the Northern Ireland and Irish Free State governments as a result of these attacks shattered the IRA and resulted in the former being free from IRA activity by the end of World War Two.

neg: Holy Cross dispute The Holy Cross dispute occurred in 2001 and 2002 in the Ardoyne area of north Belfast, Northern Ireland. During the 30-year conflict known as the Troubles, Ardoyne had become segregated – Ulster Protestants lived in one area and Irish Catholics in another. This left Holy Cross, a Catholic primary school for girls, in the middle of a Protestant area. In June 2001, Protestant loyalists began picketing the school, claiming that Catholics were regularly attacking their homes and denying them access to facilities. For weeks, hundreds of protesters tried to stop the schoolchildren and their parents from walking to school through their area. Some protesters shouted sectarian abuse and threw stones, bricks, fireworks, blast bombs and urine-filled balloons at the schoolchildren and their parents. Hundreds of riot police, backed up by British soldiers, escorted the children and their parents through the protest each day. The "scenes of frightened Catholic schoolgirls running a gauntlet of abuse from loyalist protesters as they walked to school captured world headlines". Death threats were made against the parents and school staff by the Red Hand Defenders, a loyalist paramilitary group. The protest was condemned by both Catholics and Protestants, including politicians. Some likened the protest to child abuse and compared the protesters to American white supremacists in 1950s Alabama.

neg: Barrack buster Barrack buster is the colloquial name given to several improvised mortars, developed in the 1990s by the engineering group of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA).

neg: Irish Republican Army and the Anglo-Irish Treaty The Irish Republican Army was a guerrilla army that fought the Irish War of Independence against Britain from 1919–1921. It saw itself as the legitimate army of the Irish Republic declared in 1919. The Anglo-Irish Treaty, which ended this conflict, was a compromise which abolished the Irish Republic, but created the self-governing Irish Free State, within the British Empire. The IRA was deeply split over whether to accept the Treaty. Some accepted, whereas some rejected not only the Treaty but also the civilian authorities who had accepted it. This attitude eventually led to the outbreak of the Irish Civil War in late June 1922 between pro- and anti-Treaty factions.

neg: Claudy bombing The Claudy bombing occurred on 31 July 1972, when three car bombs exploded mid-morning on the Main Street of Claudy in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The attack killed nine civilians, and became known as "Bloody Monday". Those who planted the bombs had attempted to send a warning before the explosions took place. The warning was delayed, however, because the telephones were out of order due to an earlier bomb attack. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) issued an immediate denial of responsibility, and later claimed that "an internal court of inquiry" had found that its local unit did not carry out the attack.

neg: Explosive train A triggering sequence, also called an explosive train, is a sequence of events that culminates in the detonation of explosives. For safety reasons, most widely used high explosives are difficult to detonate. A primary explosive of higher sensitivity is used to trigger a uniform and predictable detonation of the main body of the explosive. Although the primary explosive itself is generally a more sensitive and expensive compound, it is only used in small quantities and in relatively safely packaged forms. By design there are low explosives and high explosives made such that the low explosives are highly sensitive (i.e. their 'Figure of Insensitivity' is low) and high explosives are comparatively insensitive. This not only affords inherent safety to the usage of explosives during handling and transport, but also necessitates an explosive triggering sequence or explosive train. The explosive triggering sequence or the explosive train essentially consists of an 'initiator', an 'intermediary' and the 'high explosive'.

neg: Northern League (United Kingdom) The Northern League was a neo-Nazi organization active in the United Kingdom and in northern continental Europe in the latter half of the 20th century.

neg: Andrew Robb and David McIlwaine killings The Tandragee killings took place in the early hours of Saturday 19 February 2000 on an isolated country road outside Tandragee, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. Two young Protestant men, Andrew Robb and David McIlwaine, were beaten and repeatedly stabbed to death in what was part of a Loyalist feud between the loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and their rivals, the breakaway Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF). The men were not members of any loyalist paramilitary organisation. It later emerged in court hearings that Robb had made disparaging remarks about the killing of UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade leader Richard Jameson by an LVF gunman the previous month. This had angered the killers, themselves members of the Mid-Ulster UVF, and in retaliation they had lured the two men to the remote lane on the outskirts of town, where they killed and mutilated them.

neg: Peter Barnes (Irish republican) Peter Barnes (c. 1907 – 7 February 1940) was a member of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and, along with James Richards (also known as James McCormack), participated in the Coventry explosion of 1939 which killed five people on 25 August 1939. Although he and McCormack admitted constructing the bomb, which was intended to be used to destroy a power station, they claimed not to be involved in planting the bomb.

neg: Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) The Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Irish: "Óglaigh na hÉireann" ) was an Irish republican revolutionary paramilitary organisation. The ancestor to many groups also known as the Irish Republican Army, it was descended from the Irish Volunteers, an organisation established on 25 November 1913 that staged the Easter Rising in April 1916. In 1919, the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly (Dáil Éireann), and the Irish Volunteers were recognised by Dáil Éireann as its legitimate army. Thereafter, the IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against the British occupation of Ireland in the 1919–21 Irish War of Independence.

neg: Billy Wright (loyalist) William Stephen "Billy" Wright (7 July 1960 – 27 December 1997) was a prominent Ulster loyalist during the ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland known as the Troubles. He joined the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) in 1975 and became commander of its Mid-Ulster Brigade in the early 1990s, having taken over from Robin "the Jackal" Jackson. According to the Royal Ulster Constabulary, Wright was involved in the sectarian killings of up to 20 Catholics, although he was never convicted for any. It has been alleged that Wright, like his predecessor, was an agent of the British security forces.

neg: Blast injury A blast injury is a complex type of physical trauma resulting from direct or indirect exposure to an explosion. Blast injuries occur with the detonation of high-order explosives as well as the deflagration of low order explosives. These injuries are compounded when the explosion occurs in a confined space.

neg: Operation Flavius Operation Flavius (also referred to as the "Gibraltar killings") was a controversial military operation in which three members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) were shot dead by the British Special Air Service (SAS) in Gibraltar on 6 March 1988. The three—Seán Savage, Daniel McCann, and Mairéad Farrell—were believed to be mounting a bombing attack on British military personnel in Gibraltar. Plain-clothed SAS soldiers approached them in the forecourt of a petrol station, then opened fire, killing them. All three were found to be unarmed, and no bomb was discovered in Savage's car, leading to accusations that the British government had conspired to murder them. An inquest in Gibraltar ruled that the SAS had acted lawfully, while the European Court of Human Rights held that, although there had been no conspiracy, the planning and control of the operation was so flawed as to make the use of lethal force almost inevitable. The deaths were the first in a chain of violent events in a fourteen-day period; they were followed by the Milltown Cemetery attack and the corporals killings in Belfast.

neg: Encounter killings by police "Encounter killing" is a term used in India since the late 20th century to describe killings by the police or the armed forces, allegedly in self-defence, when they encounter suspected gangsters or terrorists. In the 1990s and the mid-2000s, the Mumbai Police used encounter killings to attack the city's underworld, and the practice spread to other large cities.

neg: The Troubles in Castlederg The Troubles in Castlederg recounts incidents during, and the effects of the Troubles in Castlederg, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.


query: Autolux and Polvo are both types of what?

pos: Autolux Autolux is an American alternative rock band consisting of Eugene Goreshter (vocals, bass), Greg Edwards (vocals, guitar, piano) and Carla Azar (drums, vocals). The trio formed in 2001 and have released three full-length albums, "Future Perfect" (2004), "Transit Transit" (2010) and "Pussy's Dead" (2016). Their eclectic sound draws from post-punk, electronic music and krautrock.

pos: Polvo Polvo is an American indie noise rock band from Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The band, formed in 1990, is fronted by guitarists/vocalists Ash Bowie and Dave Brylawski. Brian Quast plays drums, and Steve Popson plays bass guitar. Eddie Watkins was the band's original drummer, but did not rejoin the band upon its reunion in 2008.

neg: Automóvil Panamericano Automóvil Panamericano or simply Automóvil (Spanish for "Panamerican automobile") is a Mexican automotive enthusiast magazine first published in 1995. Owned by Motorpress-Televisa and partner of the German "Auto, Motor und Sport", it is the ninth most read magazine in Mexico, and the most read Spanish language automotive magazine in the world.

neg: Zaječarsko pivo Zaječarsko pivo is a type of beer which comes in two forms, light and low-pasteurized.

neg: Renova Group Renova Group is a Russian conglomerate with interests in aluminium, oil, energy, telecoms and a variety of other sectors. The main owner and president is Viktor Vekselberg who founded the company in 1990.

neg: Lamborghini Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. (] ) is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury supercars, sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy. The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi.

neg: Opel 4/8 PS The Opel 4/8 PS or known as the doctor's car (Doktorwagen in German) is an automobile from the German automaker Opel.

neg: Autolink Autolink AS is a Norwegian distributor of automobiles. With port facilities in Drammen, Oslo and Malmö, Autolink prepares and redistributes to dealerships three quarters of all automobiles in Norway. The company has outsourcing agreements with many of the largest automotive importers in the country. It also owns the railway company Cargolink and the shipping company Motorships.

neg: Aviadvigatel Aviadvigatel OJSC (Russian: ОАО "Авиадвигатель", lit. Aeroengine) is a developer and builder of aeroengine like Turbofan and Gas Turbine based on Perm Engine Plant , notably for the Ilyushin Il-76MF, Ilyushin Il-96, Tupolev Tu-204, Tupolev Tu-214. It also designs and builds high-efficiency gas turbine units for electric power stations and for gas pumping plants. The company has it backgrounds in the Experimental Design Bureau-19 plant, set up to manufacture aircraft engines.

neg: Põlva Põlva (] ) is a town in southeastern Estonia, the capital of Põlva County, and the centre of Põlva Parish.

neg: Pancar Motor Pancar Motor was founded in 1956 and manufactured Turkey's first diesel engines. The company is still producing today.

neg: Voronezh Aircraft Production Association Voronezh Aircraft Production Association (Russian: ПАО «Воронежское акционерное самолётостроительное общество» , "Voronezhskoye Aktsionernoye Samoletostroitelnoe Obshestvo " , abbreviated as VASO) is one of the largest aircraft production plants in Russia.

neg: Android Auto Android Auto is a mobile app developed by Google that allows enhanced use of an Android device within a vehicle equipped with a compatible head unit. The arrangement enables the Android device, especially a smartphone, to broadcast a simple, driver-friendly user interface onto the vehicle's touchscreen, leveraging the latest, most powerful phones and their readily updatable applications to the vehicle — including GPS mapping/navigation, music playback, SMS, telephony, and web search.

neg: Autoreview Autoreview is a Russian car magazine that was founded in 1991 and originated as "Autoreview Newspaper." It is published monthly with each edition running between 80 and 160 pages. The magazine is known for its ARCAP safety rating of cars sold in Russia.

neg: Polski Fiat 125p The Polski Fiat 125p is a motor vehicle manufactured between 1967 and 1991 in the People's Republic of Poland (1968–1990) and the Republic of Poland (1990–1991) by the state-owned manufacturer Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych ("FSO") under a license agreement with Fiat. It was a simplified variation of the Fiat 125, with engines and mechanicals from the Fiat 1300/1500. To distinguish between the models, Fiat and FSO revived the marque Polski Fiat. After the termination of the license agreement, the car was also branded as the FSO 1300, FSO 1500 or FSO 125p.

neg: Kia Provo The Kia Provo is a concept hatchback made by Kia Motors. It is "designed for fun".

neg: Sava (Spain) Sociedad Anónima de Vehículos Automoviles (SAVA) was a Spanish producer of light and medium commercial vehicles, based in Valladolid.

neg: Atlas Copco Atlas Copco is a Swedish industrial company that was founded in 1873. It manufactures industrial tools and equipment.

neg: Polivoks The Polivoks (also occasionally referred to as the Polyvox) (Rus.: Поливокс) is a duophonic, analog synthesizer manufactured and marketed in the Soviet Union between 1982 and 1990. It is arguably the most popular and well known Soviet synthesizer in the west, likely due to the uniqueness of both its appearance and sound.

neg: Petropoulos Petropoulos (the full name of the company is Petros Petropoulos A.E.B.E.) is today a major importer and distributor of vehicles and heavy machinery, having been, at the same time, one of the "historic" Greek engine and vehicle manufacturers.

neg: Trilux The TRILUX GmbH & Co. KG is a company based in Arnsberg, Germany, which deals with the development and production of luminaires and in providing lighting solutions.

neg: Ros (vehicles) Ros (its badge was only in Greek, the brand spelled 'ΡΩΣ') was the trade name of vehicles produced by the Greek company 'Stavros Konstantinides O.E.', based in Athens. The "Ros" three-wheeler trucks were the most successful of its kind in Greece, having been produced by the thousands. Ros surpassed in sales even "Greek classics" like "Alta" and "Styl Kar", and the characteristic shape of its trucks could be seen for several years in every corner of the country. And for good reason: The 'Rosaki' (meaning 'little Ros', as was fondly referred as by its owners) was one of the most robust and reliable vehicles ever used in Greece. In 2006, 30 years after the end of three-wheeler production, several "Ros" were still in use in excellent condition, more than any other three-wheeler type.


query: Louis Leterrier, is a French film director whose films include the first two "Transporter" films, The Transporter, is an English-language French action thriller film directed by Corey Yuen and Louis Leterrier, released in what year?

pos: Louis Leterrier Louis Leterrier (born June 17, 1973) is a French film director whose films include the first two "Transporter" films, "Unleashed" (2005), "The Incredible Hulk" (2008), "Clash of the Titans" (2010) and "Now You See Me" (2013).

pos: The Transporter The Transporter (French: Le Transporteur) is a 2002 English-language French action thriller film directed by Corey Yuen and Louis Leterrier (who is credited as artistic director on the project), and written by Luc Besson, who was inspired by BMW Films' "The Hire" series. The film stars Jason Statham as Frank Martin, a driver for hire – a mercenary "transporter" who will deliver anything, anywhere – no questions asked – for the right price. It also stars Shu Qi as Lai Kwai.

neg: Once Upon a Time in China and America Once Upon a Time in China and America, also known as Once Upon a Time in China VI, is a 1997 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Lau Kar-wing and Sammo Hung in his last directorial effort until "The Bodyguard", who also worked on the film's fight choreography. The film is the sixth and final installment in the "Once Upon a Time in China" film series. It also saw the return of Jet Li as Chinese folk hero Wong Fei-hung, who was replaced by Vincent Zhao in the fourth and fifth films. The film was released in the Hong Kong on 1 February 1997.

neg: L'Aventurier (film) L'Aventurier (English: The Venturer ) is a French drama film from 1934, directed by Marcel L'Herbier, written by Marcel L'Herbier, starring Victor Francen.

neg: Phantom of the Theatre Phantom of the Theatre () is a 2016 Chinese-Hong Kong thriller film directed by Raymond Yip, starring Ruby Lin, Tony Yang, Simon Yam and Huang Lei. The film depicts a story happened in voluptuous Shanghai in the 1930s, re-presenting the prosperity and charm of Shanghai in its peak time, with distinctive characteristics of that time and irreproachably interpreting the humanity. It was released in China on April 29, 2016.

neg: SK1 (film) SK1 (French: L'Affaire SK1 ), known in the US as Serial Killer 1, is a 2014 French thriller drama film directed by Frédéric Tellier. The term "SK1" is a codename given by the police to the first serial killer who was identified and arrested via DNA analysis in France.

neg: Kennedy et moi Kennedy et moi is a French film directed by Sam Karmann released on 22 December 1999. It is a comedy drama about an apathetic writer whose only interest is in his psychiatrist's watch which may have belonged to John F. Kennedy at the time of his assassination in 1963.

neg: Louis J. Gasnier Louis Joseph Gasnier (September 15, 1875 – February 15, 1963) was a French-born American film director, producer, screenwriter and actor. A cinema pioneer, Gasnier shepherded the early career of comedian Max Linder, co-directed the enormously successful film serial "The Perils of Pauline" (1914) and capped his output with the notorious low-budget exploitation film "Reefer Madness" (1936) which was both a critical and box office failure.

neg: Laurent Buson Laurent Buson (born 10 November 1978), also known as Lohan, is a French actor, martial artist, action choreographer and film producer.

neg: Love on the Run (1979 film) Love on the Run (French: L'amour en fuite ) is a 1979 French film directed by François Truffaut. It is Truffaut's fifth and final film about the character Antoine Doinel. A significant portion of the film is made up of selected clips from the previous films in the series. It was entered into the 29th Berlin International Film Festival.

neg: Qerq Qerq is a Maltese thriller released in 2007. The film was written and directed by Louis Cuschieri, and stars Frida Cauchi, Maria Farrugia and Fabian Scerri de Carlo.

neg: Paradox (2017 film) Paradox is a 2017 Hong Kong-Chinese action film directed by Wilson Yip, with action direction by Sammo Hung, written by Jill Leung and Nick Cheuk, and stars Louis Koo as a police negotiator who travels to Bangkok to search for his teenage daughter and is aided by local detectives played by Tony Jaa and Wu Yue. Along the way, he encounters the mastermind of an organ trafficking gang (Chris Collins) who colludes with a local politician (Gordon Lam), leading to a series of hot pursuit. "Paradox" is the third installment of the "SPL" film series, following the 2005 film, "" and 2015's "". The film was released in China on 17 August 2017 and in Hong Kong on 25 August 2017.

neg: Dealer/Healer Dealer/Healer is a 2017 Hong Kong-Chinese action crime drama film directed by Lawrence Ah Mon and starring Sean Lau, Gordon Lam and Jiang Yiyan, with special appearances by Louis Koo and Zhang Jin. The film is based on the story of former Hong Kong triad member, 's recovery from drug addiction. Chan, who is portrayed in the film by Lau, served as one of the producers of the film. It was released in China on 12 May 2017 and in Hong Kong on 18 May 2017.

neg: Angel at Sea Angel at Sea (French: Un ange à la mer ) is a 2009 drama film directed by Frédéric Dumont. The film follows Louis, a 12-year-old boy, who lives with his parents and older brother in southern Morocco. Louis is very happy until the day his father shares a secret with him.

neg: Last Flight (film) Last Flight (Chinese: 绝命航班) is a 2014 Chinese supernatural action thriller film starring Ed Westwick and Zhu Zhu. The film was directed by Vincent Zhou. The screenplay was written by Vincent Zhou and Peter Cameron.

neg: The Black Enforcer The Black Enforcer () is a 1972 Hong Kong dramatic action film directed by Ho Meng Hua. The original Hong Kong Mandarin release title is "Hei ling guan" (Cantonese: "Hak leng goon"). It was released in Hong Kong cinemas on 28 January 1972.

neg: The One (2001 film) The One is a 2001 American science fiction-martial arts film written and directed by James Wong and starring Jet Li, Delroy Lindo, Jason Statham and Carla Gugino. The film was released in the United States on November 2, 2001.

neg: 1981 (film) 1981, longer title "1981: L'année où je suis devenu un menteur" ("1981: The Year I Became a Liar") is a 2009 Canadian French language comedy-drama film from Quebec written and directed by Ricardo Trogi. It was released on 4 September 2009. The film is autobiographical about the youth years of the director as told by him during the film.

neg: Pater (film) Pater is a 2011 French drama film directed by Alain Cavalier. It premiered In Competition on 17 May at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.

neg: Raging Fists Raging Fists (French: La Rage au poing ) is a 1975 French drama film directed by Éric Le Hung.

neg: The Last Tunnel (2004 film) The Last Tunnel (French: "Le Dernier tunnel" ) is a Canadian crime drama film, directed by Érik Canuel and released in 2004. Based on the autobiography of convicted bank robber Marcel Talon, the film stars Michel Côté as a recently released prisoner reuniting his criminal colleagues to pull off one last heist. The cast also includes Jean Lapointe, Christopher Heyerdahl, Sébastien Huberdeau and Céline Bonnier.

neg: Kill Time (film) Kill Time () is a 2016 romance suspense crime film directed by Fruit Chan. A Chinese-Hong Kong co-production, the film was released on February 14, 2016 in China by Wuzhou Film Distribution and Wanda Pictures and is scheduled for release in Hong Kong on March 10, 2016.


query: Before 21 Lithuanian dukes signed a peace treaty with Galicia–Volhynia, what is an example of the war-related functions the group who made up the majority of the military-economic staff of the state performed?

pos: Leičiai Leičiai (singular: leitis) were a distinct social group of the Lithuanian society in the early Grand Duchy of Lithuania subordinate to the Lithuanian ruler or the state itself. Leičiai were native to the Lietuva Land and formed the core of the Lithuanian society in the pre-state era and during the establishment of the state. Leičiai made up the majority of the military-economic staff of the state: they enforced state authority in the periphery, protected state borders, and performed various other war-related functions, such as breeding riding horses. By the 15th and 16th centuries, leičiai were in decline, already losing some of their functions and prestige, and they disappeared as a social class after the implementation of the Wallach Reform.

pos: History of Lithuania (1219–95) The history of Lithuania between 1219 and 1295 concerns the establishment and early history of the first Lithuanian state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The beginning of the 13th century marks the end of the prehistory of Lithuania. From this point on the history of Lithuania is recorded in chronicles, treaties, and other written documents. In 1219, 21 Lithuanian dukes signed a peace treaty with Galicia–Volhynia. This event is widely accepted as the first proof that the Baltic tribes were uniting and consolidating. Despite continuous warfare with two Christian orders, the Livonian Order and the Teutonic Knights, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was established and gained some control over the lands of Black Ruthenia, Polatsk, Minsk, and other territories east of modern-day Lithuania that had become weak and vulnerable after the collapse of Kievan Rus'.

neg: Union of Kėdainiai Union of Kėdainiai (or Agreement of Kėdainiai, Polish: "Umowa Kiejdańska") was an agreement between several magnates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the king of the Swedish Empire, Charles X Gustav. It was signed on 20 October 1655 during the "Swedish Deluge", part of the Second Northern War. In contrast to the preceding Treaty of Kėdainiai of 17 August, which put Lithuania under Swedish protection, the purpose of the Swedish-Lithuanian union was to end Lithuania's union with Poland, and set up two separate principalities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. One of these was to be ruled by the Radziwiłł ("Radvila") family, while the rest of the duchy was to remain a Swedish protectorate.

neg: Estonia under Swedish rule Estonia under Swedish rule signifies the time between 1558 and 1710, when parts of present-day Estonia (and after 1645 all of the present-day country) were under Swedish rule. In the wake of the breakup of the State of the Teutonic Order, the Baltic German local aristocracy in the areas of Harrien (Harjumaa) and Wierland (Virumaa), as well as the city of Reval (Tallinn) in June 1561 (and somewhat later Jerwen (Järvamaa)) asked for and were granted protection by the Swedish king Eric XIV, leading to Swedish involvement in the Livonian War. At the conclusion of hostilities in 1583, Sweden was in control of the northern parts of modern Estonia and Hiiumaa island; this territory was created the Duchy of Estonia. Following renewed wars between Poland and Sweden, the southern parts of present-day Estonia (then Livonia) were incorporated into Sweden by the Treaty of Altmark in 1629. In 1645, Sweden also conquered the island of Ösel (Saaremaa) from Denmark, and were thus in control of all of present-day Estonia.

neg: Act of Tilsit The Act of Tilsit (Lithuanian: "Tilžės aktas" ) was an act, signed in Tilsit by 24 members of the National Council of Lithuania Minor (Lithuanian: "Mažosios Lietuvos tautinė taryba" ) on November 30, 1918. Signatories demanded unification of Lithuania Minor and Lithuania Proper into a single Lithuanian state. This would mean detaching the northern areas of East Prussia, inhabited by Prussian Lithuanians, from the German Empire.

neg: Polish–Lithuanian War The Polish–Lithuanian War was an armed conflict between newly independent Lithuania and Poland in the aftermath of World War I. The conflict primarily concerned territorial control of the Vilnius Region, including Vilnius, and the Suwałki Region, including the towns of Suwałki, Augustów, and Sejny. The conflict was largely shaped by the progress in the Polish–Soviet War and international efforts to mediate at the Conference of Ambassadors and later the League of Nations. There are major differences in Polish and Lithuanian historiography regarding treatment of the war. According to Lithuanian historians, the war was part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and spanned from spring 1919 to November 1920. According to Poland, the war included only fighting over the Suwałki Region in September–October 1920 and was part of the Polish–Soviet War.

neg: Little Treaty of Versailles Little Treaty of Versailles or the Polish Minority Treaty was one of the bilateral Minority Treaties signed between minor powers and the League of Nations in the aftermath of the First World War. The Polish treaty was signed on 28 June 1919, the same day as the main Treaty of Versailles was signed, which is the reason for one of its names. It was the first of the Minority Treaties and served as a template for the subsequent ones; together with Articles 87-93 of Treaty of Versailles, it also formally established Poland as a sovereign and independent state on the international arena.

neg: House of Griffins The House of Griffins or House of Pomerania (German: "Greifen" ; Polish: "Gryfici" ), also known as "House of Greifen", was a dynasty of dukes ruling the Duchy of Pomerania from the 12th century until 1637. The name "Griffins" was used by the dynasty after the 15th century and had been taken from the ducal coat of arms. Wartislaw I (around 1091 – died August 9, 1135) was the first historical ruler of the Duchy of Pomerania and the founder of the Griffin dynasty. The most prominent Griffin was Eric of Pomerania, who became king of the Kalmar Union in 1397, thus ruling Denmark, Sweden and Norway. The last Griffin duke of Pomerania was Bogislaw XIV, who died during the Thirty Years' War, which led to the division of Pomerania between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden. Duchess Anna von Croy, daughter of Duke Bogislaw XIII and the last Griffin, died in 1660.

neg: Ukrainian nobility from Galicia The shliakhta (Ukrainian: шля́хта , Polish: "szlachta" ) were a noble class of ethnic Ukrainians in what is now western Ukraine, that enjoyed certain legal and social privileges. Estimates of their numbers vary. According to one estimate, by the mid-nineteenth century there were approximately 32,000 Ukrainian nobles in the western Ukrainian territory of Galicia, over 25% of whom lived in 21 villages near the town of Sambir. They comprised less than 2% of the ethnic Ukrainian population. Other estimates place the number of nobles at 67,000 people at the end of the 18th century and 260,000 by the end of the nineteenth century, or approximately 6% of the ethnic Ukrainian population. The nobles tended to live in compact settlements either in villages populated mostly by nobles or in particular areas of larger villages.

neg: Duchy of Livonia The Duchy of Livonia (Polish: "Księstwo Inflanckie" ; Lithuanian: "Livonijos kunigaikštystė" ; Latin: "Ducatus Ultradunensis" ; Estonian: "Üleväina-Liivimaa hertsogkond" ; Latvian: "Pārdaugavas hercogiste" ; also referred to as Polish Livonia or Inflanty) was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania—and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth—that existed from 1561 to 1621. It corresponds to the present-day areas of northern Latvia and southern Estonia.

neg: Treaty of Vilnius (1559) The Treaty of Vilnius or Vilna was concluded on 31 August 1559, during the Livonian War, between the Livonian Order and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at Vilnius (Vilna, Wilna, Wilno). Gotthard von Kettler put the lands of the order under protection of Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus. The alliance was intended to neutralize the imminent threat of annexation of the order's lands by Russia, yet despite earning military support from Polish-Lithuanian chancellor Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Kettler was unable to prevent the occupation of most of Livonia by Russian forces. Thus, Kettler concluded a second treaty with Poland-Lithuania on 28 November 1561, transferring the remnants of the Teutonic Order State to the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, himself becoming a vassal of Sigismund II Augustus.

neg: List of early Lithuanian dukes Early dukes of Lithuania (including Samogitia) reigned before Lithuanians were unified by Mindaugas into a state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. While the Palemonids legend provides genealogy from the 10th century, only few dukes were mentioned by contemporary historical sources. All of them were mentioned in written sources the 13th century. Data about them is extremely scarce and is usually limited to few brief sentences. The primary sources are the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia and Hypatian Codex.

neg: List of Galician rulers This is a list of rulers and officials of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a state under the Habsburg Monarchy from 1772 to 1918. From the Partitions of Poland starting in September 1772 up to the fall of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the province was directly subordinate to the Emperors of Austria and the government in Vienna, and then a local Galicia Diet in Lemberg, hence the list includes governors, ministers and other people in charge of the local administration.

neg: Lithuania proper Lithuania proper (Latin: "Lithuania propria" , literally: "Genuine Lithuania"; Lithuanian: "Didžioji Lietuva" ; Yiddish: ליטע , "Lite") refers to a region which existed within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and where the Lithuanian language was spoken. The primary meaning is identical to the Duchy of Lithuania, a land around which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania evolved. The territory can be traced by Catholic Christian parishes established in pagan Baltic lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania subsequent to the Christianization of Lithuania in 1387. They were quite distinguishable, since Ruthenian parts of the Duchy have been already baptised in an orthodox manner. The term in Latin was widely used during the Middle Ages and can be found in numerous historical maps until World War I.

neg: Jan Karol Chodkiewicz Jan Karol Chodkiewicz ("c". 1560 – 24 September 1621; Belarusian: Ян Караль Хадкевіч, "Jan Karal Chadkievič" , Lithuanian: "Jonas Karolis Chodkevičius" ) was a military commander of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army who was from 1601 Field Hetman of Lithuania, and from 1605 Grand Hetman of Lithuania, and was one of the most prominent noblemen and military commanders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth of his era. His coat of arms was Chodkiewicz, as was his family name.

neg: Imperial Guard (Russia) The Russian Imperial Guard, officially known as the Leib Guard (Russian: Лейб-гвардия "leyb-gvardiya", from German "Leib" "Body"; cf. Life Guards / Bodyguard) were military units serving as personal guards of the Emperor of Russia. Peter the Great founded the first such units following the Prussian practice in the 1690s, to replace the politically motivated Streltsy. The Imperial Guard subsequently increased in size and diversity to become an elite corps of all branches within the Imperial Army rather than Household troops in direct attendance on the Tsar. Numerous links were however maintained with the Imperial family and the bulk of the regiments of the Imperial Guard were stationed in and around Saint Petersburg in peacetime.

neg: Imperial Knight The Free Imperial knights (German: "Reichsritter" Latin: "Eques imperii" ) were free nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, whose direct overlord was the Emperor. They were the remnants of the medieval free nobility ("edelfrei") and the ministeriales. What distinguished them from other knights, who were vassals of a higher lord, was the fact that they had been granted Imperial immediacy, and as such were the equals in most respects to the other individuals or entities, such as the secular and ecclesiastical territorial rulers of the Empire (margraves, dukes, princes, counts, archbishops, bishops, abbots, etc.) and the Free Imperial cities, that also enjoyed Imperial immediacy. However, unlike all of those, the Imperial knights did not possess the status of Estates ("Stände") of the Empire, and therefore were not represented, individually or collectively, in the Imperial Diet.

neg: State Council (Russian Empire) The State Council (Russian: Госуда́рственный сове́т ; ] ) was the supreme state advisory body to the Tsar in Imperial Russia.

neg: Targowica Confederation The Targowica Confederation (Polish: "konfederacja targowicka" , ] , Lithuanian: "Targovicos konfederacija" ) was a confederation established by Polish and Lithuanian magnates on 27 April 1792, in Saint Petersburg, with the backing of the Russian Empress Catherine II. The confederation opposed the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, which had been adopted by the Great Sejm, especially the provisions limiting the privileges of the nobility. The text of the founding act of the confederation was written by the Russian general Vasili Stepanovich Popov, Chief of Staff of Prince Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin. Its purpose was proclaimed in the small town of Targowica (now in Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukraine) on May 14, 1792. Four days later two Russian armies invaded the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth without a formal declaration of war.

neg: Operational Group Operational Group (Polish: "Grupa Operacyjna" , abbreviated GO) was the highest level of tactical division of the Polish Army before and during World War II and the Invasion of Poland. It was corps-sized, although various Operational Groups varied in size. Operational groups first appeared in Polish tactical scheme during the Polish-Bolshevik War, most probably under the influence of French Military Mission to Poland. After the war they were dissolved.

neg: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk (Polish: "Brześć Litewski" ; since 1945 Brest), after two months of negotiations. The treaty was agreed upon by the Bolshevik government under threat of further advances by German and Austrian forces. According to the treaty, Soviet Russia defaulted on all of Imperial Russia's commitments to the Triple Entente alliance.

neg: Polish–Swedish War (1617–18) The Polish–Swedish War (1617–18) was a phase of the longer Polish–Swedish War of 1600 to 1629. It continued the war of 1600–11 and was an attempt by Sweden to take Polish pressure off Russia. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was then also fighting Tartars and (on the southern front) the Ottoman Empire. Russia and Sweden were at that stage allied, prior to the Ingrian War, part of the Polish–Muscovite Wars. The 1617–18 war's cause was a dispute over Livonia and Estonia, and a dispute between Sigismund III Vasa and Gustavus Adolphus over the Swedish throne.